text:
Thermomechanical effects in supercritical binary fluids
Z. Q. Long, P. Zhang, Biao Shen
Thermal Science and Engineering Division
Thermomechanical effects, i.e., Piston effect (PE), Soret effect (SE), and Dufour effect (DE), occur in supercritical binary fluids when subjected to boundary thermal perturbation due to the diverging compressibility, vanishing thermal diffusivity and mass diffusion. We numerically study those effects in a 1-D slab with a size of 10 mm by solving a complete set of governing equations, which are derived considering the supercritical hydrodynamics, mass transfer and energy conservation simultaneously. The characteristics of these thermomechanical effects in the supercritical binary fluid and liquid binary fluid on different timescales (acoustic and diffusion timescales) are clarified, respectively. Because of the existence of the strong PE in the supercritical binary fluid, the fluid bulk is heated up uniformly, and the SE appears on both sides simultaneously. The direction of mass diffusion is determined by the relative magnitude between concentration gradient and temperature gradient, i.e., gradient ratio γ, and there is a balance gradient ratio γb in each specific binary fluid under a certain condition. The DE is verified by comparing the results of binary fluid and the corresponding pseudo-pure fluid with the same thermo-physical properties. The DE is considerable in supercritical binary fluid, but negligibly small in liquid ethanol/water binary fluid because of the weak SE. These thermomechanical effects in different binary fluids (including supercritical, liquid and gaseous ones) mainly differ in the relative magnitudes and the traveling speed of thermoacoustic wave.
International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2016.03.104
binary fluids
Supercritical fluids
Thermal diffusivity
Thermal gradients
thermophysical properties
Long, Z. Q., Zhang, P., & Shen, B. (2016). Thermomechanical effects in supercritical binary fluids. International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, 99, 470-484. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2016.03.104
Thermomechanical effects in supercritical binary fluids. / Long, Z. Q.; Zhang, P.; Shen, Biao.
In: International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, Vol. 99, 01.08.2016, p. 470-484.
Long, ZQ, Zhang, P & Shen, B 2016, 'Thermomechanical effects in supercritical binary fluids', International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, vol. 99, pp. 470-484. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2016.03.104
Long ZQ, Zhang P, Shen B. Thermomechanical effects in supercritical binary fluids. International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer. 2016 Aug 1;99:470-484. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2016.03.104
Long, Z. Q. ; Zhang, P. ; Shen, Biao. / Thermomechanical effects in supercritical binary fluids. In: International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer. 2016 ; Vol. 99. pp. 470-484.
@article{c4c5cb61d4f54a818984c6e59aaab8f8,
title = "Thermomechanical effects in supercritical binary fluids",
abstract = "Thermomechanical effects, i.e., Piston effect (PE), Soret effect (SE), and Dufour effect (DE), occur in supercritical binary fluids when subjected to boundary thermal perturbation due to the diverging compressibility, vanishing thermal diffusivity and mass diffusion. We numerically study those effects in a 1-D slab with a size of 10 mm by solving a complete set of governing equations, which are derived considering the supercritical hydrodynamics, mass transfer and energy conservation simultaneously. The characteristics of these thermomechanical effects in the supercritical binary fluid and liquid binary fluid on different timescales (acoustic and diffusion timescales) are clarified, respectively. Because of the existence of the strong PE in the supercritical binary fluid, the fluid bulk is heated up uniformly, and the SE appears on both sides simultaneously. The direction of mass diffusion is determined by the relative magnitude between concentration gradient and temperature gradient, i.e., gradient ratio γ, and there is a balance gradient ratio γb in each specific binary fluid under a certain condition. The DE is verified by comparing the results of binary fluid and the corresponding pseudo-pure fluid with the same thermo-physical properties. The DE is considerable in supercritical binary fluid, but negligibly small in liquid ethanol/water binary fluid because of the weak SE. These thermomechanical effects in different binary fluids (including supercritical, liquid and gaseous ones) mainly differ in the relative magnitudes and the traveling speed of thermoacoustic wave.",
author = "Long, {Z. Q.} and P. Zhang and Biao Shen",
doi = "10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2016.03.104",
journal = "International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer",
T1 - Thermomechanical effects in supercritical binary fluids
AU - Long, Z. Q.
AU - Zhang, P.
AU - Shen, Biao
N2 - Thermomechanical effects, i.e., Piston effect (PE), Soret effect (SE), and Dufour effect (DE), occur in supercritical binary fluids when subjected to boundary thermal perturbation due to the diverging compressibility, vanishing thermal diffusivity and mass diffusion. We numerically study those effects in a 1-D slab with a size of 10 mm by solving a complete set of governing equations, which are derived considering the supercritical hydrodynamics, mass transfer and energy conservation simultaneously. The characteristics of these thermomechanical effects in the supercritical binary fluid and liquid binary fluid on different timescales (acoustic and diffusion timescales) are clarified, respectively. Because of the existence of the strong PE in the supercritical binary fluid, the fluid bulk is heated up uniformly, and the SE appears on both sides simultaneously. The direction of mass diffusion is determined by the relative magnitude between concentration gradient and temperature gradient, i.e., gradient ratio γ, and there is a balance gradient ratio γb in each specific binary fluid under a certain condition. The DE is verified by comparing the results of binary fluid and the corresponding pseudo-pure fluid with the same thermo-physical properties. The DE is considerable in supercritical binary fluid, but negligibly small in liquid ethanol/water binary fluid because of the weak SE. These thermomechanical effects in different binary fluids (including supercritical, liquid and gaseous ones) mainly differ in the relative magnitudes and the traveling speed of thermoacoustic wave.
AB - Thermomechanical effects, i.e., Piston effect (PE), Soret effect (SE), and Dufour effect (DE), occur in supercritical binary fluids when subjected to boundary thermal perturbation due to the diverging compressibility, vanishing thermal diffusivity and mass diffusion. We numerically study those effects in a 1-D slab with a size of 10 mm by solving a complete set of governing equations, which are derived considering the supercritical hydrodynamics, mass transfer and energy conservation simultaneously. The characteristics of these thermomechanical effects in the supercritical binary fluid and liquid binary fluid on different timescales (acoustic and diffusion timescales) are clarified, respectively. Because of the existence of the strong PE in the supercritical binary fluid, the fluid bulk is heated up uniformly, and the SE appears on both sides simultaneously. The direction of mass diffusion is determined by the relative magnitude between concentration gradient and temperature gradient, i.e., gradient ratio γ, and there is a balance gradient ratio γb in each specific binary fluid under a certain condition. The DE is verified by comparing the results of binary fluid and the corresponding pseudo-pure fluid with the same thermo-physical properties. The DE is considerable in supercritical binary fluid, but negligibly small in liquid ethanol/water binary fluid because of the weak SE. These thermomechanical effects in different binary fluids (including supercritical, liquid and gaseous ones) mainly differ in the relative magnitudes and the traveling speed of thermoacoustic wave.
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DO - 10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2016.03.104
JO - International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer
JF - International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer
10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2016.03.104


text:
The Beartooth Highway is an All-American Road in the western United States on a section of U.S. Route 212 in Montana and Wyoming between Red Lodge and the Northeast entrance of Yellowstone National Park. It crests at Beartooth Pass in Wyoming at  above sea level, and was called "the most beautiful drive in America," by late CBS News correspondent Charles Kuralt. Because of heavy snowfall at the top, the pass is usually open for about five months per year, from mid-May to mid-October, weather conditions permitting.

Route description
The Beartooth Highway is the section of U.S. Route 212 between Red Lodge and Cooke City, Montana. It traces a series of steep zigzags and switchbacks, along the Montana–Wyoming border (45th parallel) to the  Beartooth Pass in Wyoming. The approximate elevation rise is from  to  in  in the most daring landscapes.

When driving east to west, the highest parts of the Beartooth Highway level off into a wide plateau near the top of the pass, then descend to the junction with Wyoming Highway 296 (Chief Joseph Scenic Byway) near Cooke City, the northeast gateway to Yellowstone National Park. On the way one passes numerous lakes typical of the Absaroka–Beartooth Wilderness which borders the highway along much of its route.

The highway officially opened June 14, 1936.

At this elevation and latitiude, snowstorms can occur even in the middle of the summer, and the pass is also known for strong winds and severe thunderstorms. Drivers should plan on a driving time of at least two hours for the  trip from Red Lodge to Cooke City, and it is advised to check with the Red Lodge Chamber of Commerce or the Beartooth Ranger District beforehand in case of road closures. Montana Traveler Information and Wyoming Travel Information Service both provide online information on Beartooth Highway travel conditions for their respective portions of the highway.

The Beartooth Highway passes through portions of Custer, Shoshone, and Gallatin national forests, and near the Absaroka–Beartooth Wilderness.

Despite this, and the U.S. highway number, and also connecting to state highway 296, it is not maintained by the Wyoming Department of Transportation or even the U.S. Forest Service, with WYDOT stating it does not meet standards for Wyoming state highways. It is instead maintained by the National Park Service, despite not being part of the park (like the Foothills Parkway or Skyline Drive) or being its own unit (like the Blue Ridge Parkway and Natchez Trace Parkway). The Montana Department of Transportation does maintain its portions in Custer and Gallatin national forests at the east and west ends of the highway, respectively.

Neither MDT nor NPS perform snow removal except for once in the spring, typically in May, but sometimes not until June if there has been heavy snowfall.  Once the road opens, Beartooth Basin Ski Area opens near the state line at Beartooth Pass, for a short summer-only season that lasts until July.

History

In August 1872, the pass was crossed by Civil War General Philip Sheridan and 120 men returning from an inspection tour of Yellowstone National Park. Rather than take the long detour down the Clarks Fork Yellowstone River to return to Billings, Sheridan took the advice of an old hunter named Shuki Greer, who claimed intimate knowledge of the Beartooth Mountains. When the road was opened in 1936, it essentially followed Sheridan's route over the pass.

2005 closure
During the spring of 2005, several large mudslides and rockslides on May 19–20 damaged or destroyed the Montana side of the Beartooth Highway in a dozen places between mile markers 39 and 51. The road was closed for reconstruction, and a $20.4 million construction contract issued which stipulated an October 2005 completion date. Construction was completed ahead of schedule however the highway did not reopen for a year.
An estimated  of rock was removed from a  section of the highway near the top of the switchbacks, and construction crews drilled down to solid bedrock to create new supports for the road.

Major intersections

Gallery

References

Current Conditions
Montana Scenic Byway: Beartooth Highway
National Scenic Byways Project: Beartooth Highway, US Department of Transportation: National Scenic Highways Program.

External links

Beartooth Highway website
Historic American Engineering Record (HAER) documentation, filed under Cody vicinity, Park County, WY:

All-American Roads
Shoshone National Forest
National Forest Scenic Byways
Transportation in Carbon County, Montana
Transportation in Park County, Montana
Transportation in Park County, Wyoming
Historic American Engineering Record in Montana
Historic American Engineering Record in Wyoming

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


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So… this happened tonight. Kaitlyn was helping illustrate how safe and secure we are because of the Holy Spirit.
So… this happened tonight. It was a contest to build the biggest tower.
Students interested in baptism or church membership should sign up in the Youth Center by Sunday, October 5.
The 2014-2015 Student Ministry Calendar is available. You can pick up a copy in the Youth Center, or download it here: 2014-2015_StudentMinistriesCalendar.
Tonight we played a goofy version of Rock – Paper – Scissors. If you want to see pictures – you'll have to checkout our Instgram feed. Enjoy.
Church Workday: Join us this Saturday from 8 am – Noon. We'll be working hard to clear the new property and prepare for the next stage of our pavilion project. It's fun and exciting work – you'll be encouraged to see the progress!
This past Sunday our Summer Mission Team – CLE2014, enjoyed lunch with the Hunsickers and their Growth Group to celebrate their win in the food drive contest. We had a blast playing and sharing what God did in and through us this summer.
Tonight, our group started off with a fun and crazy game – Bite the Bag. Ask them to show you – it's challenging.
And just like that, the summer's gone, and the school year is well underway. I enjoyed our School Year Kickoff Cookout two Sundays ago. I'm excited for all that God has in store for our group throughout this year.
One thing that was missing from our gathering was the 2014-2015 Student Ministry Calendar. You can pick up a copy in the Youth Center, or download it here: 2014-2015_StudentMinistriesCalendar.
… And just like that, the summer's gone and we're back to another school year. I'm looking forward to all that God has in store for our Youth Ministry in 2014-2015. That's why I'm inviting you and your family to join us this Sunday, August 24, from 5:00-7:30 pm for our School Year Kickoff Cookout.
This is an opportunity to connect with other families, enjoy dinner, play games, and hear about our upcoming ministry year.
Checkout our website for more info and to RSVP.
I'm looking forward to seeing you then and there!


Imagine having your landscape lights slowly fade when the sun comes up as your bathroom lights power on with a soft, gentle glow to greet you as you rise. As you prepare for work, the lights in your bedroom and kitchen come at increasingly higher levels, helping you get into gear for a morning in traffic and a day in the office. While you read the paper over morning coffee, you can touch a remote and raise the shades to let the sunlight in. When you leave, simply turn everything off with a single button, and after a hard day's work, turn them back with a visor control as you pull into your driveway.
Regardless of the time, day or night, Lutron HomeWorks gives you total control and optimal convenience in programmed, user-friendly task, decorative, and security lighting control.
Consider the benefits that this lighting control system can offer to your home, and how it will enrich your lifestyle by making your interior and exterior lighting systems a virtual extension of your thoughts, will, and desire. Illuminations Lighting and Design can equip you with this skillful blend of user friendly interface and state of the art software with a Lutron HomeWorks lighting control system. Built upon a foundation of 40 years in lighting control innovation, Lutron HomeWorks represents a true home automation lighting solution that is fully compatible with home security systems and home entertainment audio/visual devices. Not only will HomeWorks give you more freedom and choice when it comes to manipulating lighting effects and levels, but it also filters out externally induced voltage variance in order to stabilize lighting levels at the desired settings. This in turn helps to buffer your home's electrical systems from intermittent power spikes and better protects your equipment from power spikes.
The strength of Lutron HomeWorks lies in three key elements integral to the system control software. These key elements handle the intuitive, timing, and personalized control elements of your lighting control system. Conditional logic allows the HomeWorks lighting control system the ability to behave intuitively, activating certain features of your program only after specific conditions have been fulfilled. Exterior low voltage lighting, for example, will only come on when system sensors determine it is dark. Different lights can be set to turn on at the push of a single button, indicating that it is time for lunch and dinner. They can even add music to the lighting theme to set the mood for guests! This blend of user control and automated functionality is enabled by flexible programming at the keypad control level and an astronomical clock that knows when sunrise and sunset will occur on any given day in your particular location. This tells the system to when to turn outdoor garden lights on at specific times before or after dark, and to turn them off again at a certain point at or around daybreak. Most clients feel this provides them with an additional layer of security lighting, because the lights can be set to turn themselves on before a person drives home after dark in the evening, or to come on just before sunrise when the homeowner goes outside to water the plants, work in the garden, or sweep the patio.
In spite of the high-end lighting technology that constitutes a HomeWorks control system, ILD makes the interface so user friendly that even children and guests can use the system. Lutron keypads can be engraved with labels that allow you to quickly remember, giving you quick, one-touch access to a 2-way command system that causes lights to respond in a fraction of a second. Because today's eclectic homeowner centers so many of his or her activities in and around the home, Lutron HomeWorks is engineered on a custom, per client basis for multi-functionality and maximum flexibility. Lutron Home works controls are aesthetically pleasing and designed to blend into a multiplicity of decorative themes and interior designs. With simple commands to low profile wall units and remotes, you can change the brightness and tone of everything from art lighting in the living room to task lighting in the kitchen. When movie time comes, a single command can lower your projector screen, dim the lights in your home theater, and close the shades for an evening at home that rivals the spectacle of public theater.
ILD is a reputable, established, licensed Lutron installation vendor who will customize your Lutron HomeWorks system to the interior architecture of your house and the core activities of your personal lifestyle. It doesn't matter either if your home is a newly planned dwelling pending construction, or an older, historical home with character and established personality of its own. With Lutron RF HomeServe technology, even homes with older wiring designs can be retrofitted with wireless Lutron Radio Ra technology that controls everything from chandeliers, floor lights, desk lamps, bathroom lights, and utility lights over washroom and work areas.
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text:
Sun Fuling (; September 1921 – 18 May 2018) was a Chinese business executive and politician. He was General Manager of Fuxing Flour Mill, one of the largest Chinese-owned factories in Beijing, on the eve of the city's takeover by the Communist forces during the Chinese Civil War. He was subsequently appointed the first director and general manager of the nationalized Beijing General Flour Mill before entering politics. He served as deputy mayor of Beijing from 1983 to 1993 and Vice Chairman of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference from 1993 to 2003. He was a member of the China Democratic National Construction Association (Minjian).

Early life and education
Sun was born in September 1921 in Heihe, Heilongjiang Province, but was a considered a native of his ancestral home Shaoxing, Zhejiang, by Chinese convention.

From 1938 to 1940, he studied in the Department of Physics, Yenching University and the Department of Mathematics, Southwest Union University. From 1941 to 1945, he studied at the Political Economics Department of Guanghua University (then exiled in Chengdu during World War II) and the Economics Department of West China Union University, from which he graduated in 1945.

Business career
Sun was deeply influenced by his paternal uncle, the famous entrepreneur , who believed in saving China through industry. In December 1948, during the Chinese Civil War, he was appointed general manager of Fuxing Flour Mill (), then one of the largest Chinese-owned factories in Beijing, just before the city was taken by the Communist Party's People's Liberation Army. He made major donations to the People's Volunteer Army during the Korean War, and cooperated with the new Communist government in its campaign to nationalize China's private businesses. When 11 private-owned flour mills were partially nationalized and reorganized into the Beijing General Flour Mill, Sun was appointed its first director and general manager.

Political career
From 1958 to 1983, Sun served as director of the Beijing Municipal Bureau of Service Management, deputy director of the Municipal Foreign Trade Bureau, chairman of the Beijing Federation of Industry and Commerce, deputy chairman of Minjian Beijing Committee, and deputy chairman of the Beijing CPPCC.

From 1983 to 1993, he served as deputy mayor of Beijing, and vice chairman and executive vice chairman of All China Federation of Industry and Commerce. In March 1993, he was elected Vice Chairman of the Eighth National Committee of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference (CPPCC). In March 1998, he was re-elected as the vice chairman of the Ninth CPPCC National Committee, serving until 2003. He was also a member of the 2nd to 5th CPPCC National Committee and the 6th and 7th CPPCC Standing Committee.

Death
On 18 May 2018, Sun died in Beijing at the age of 96. His body was cremated on 24 May and his ashes buried at the Babaoshan Revolutionary Cemetery. Before the cremation, Chinese Communist Party general secretary Xi Jinping, Premier Li Keqiang, and all other members of the Party Politburo Standing Committee paid their final respects at the cemetery.

References

1921 births
2018 deaths
Chinese chief executives
Businesspeople from Heilongjiang
Deputy mayors of Beijing
Vice Chairpersons of the National Committee of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference
20th-century Chinese businesspeople


Subscribe to Scottish Caravans and Motorhomes magazine and get an additional 2020 Annual Parks Guide, available late 2019!
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We are spilling the beans on this one!
We have been working on this one for a while now and we are very close to launching it. It has been hard to keep this a secret for so long!
The success of the Easy Serve Espresso Paper Coffee Pods that has quickly spread to become an industry standard in the fast food franchises as well as businesses wanting to serve premium coffee without the need for skilled staff, has pushed us to create a larger ESE Paper Coffee Pod! We have been listening to everyone's feedback and we have done it!
That's right! The barriers have been pushed aside and before the end of the month we will be releasing the new 18g ESE Paper Coffee Pods!
That's a whole 4 grams more worth of aroma, flavour and body in the cup!
It means we are getting ever so closer to producing an ESE Paper Coffee Pod that can start to compete with the 21g double shot baskets that most cafes use these days.
In the meantime though, we want to continue providing our loyal clients who embraced this method and stuck by it with an improved product, as the 7g and 10g ESE Paper Coffee Pods are steadily phasing out in the commercial market due to the high demand for larger baskets and more coffee.
We are currently waiting on the new adapter baskets to arrive so just like with the 14g ESE Paper Coffee Pods it's still the same method, you just need to place the respective adapter basket in the group handle and away you go!
If you would like to be one of the first to use the 18g ESE Paper Coffee Pods in your store, and claim the bragging rights that comes with this, please show your interest and enter into contact with us by email to alexander@gourmetgold.com.au or sales@gourmetgold.com.au.
We are currently offering an early bird promo if you order (3 cartons minimum), we will include 2 x 18g adapter baskets for free! If you're wondering, shelf life is still two years!
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PS: Our 2017 Australian International Coffee Awards bronze medalist blends are also available in all four ESE Paper Coffee Pod formats!
Please don't hesitate if you have any questions or inquiries! We are excited and looking forward to hearing from you!
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Desert drivers know all too well what it's like to be struck by little rocks that get kicked up on the road. The usual culprits are semitrailer trucks and pickup trucks with oversized tires.
Frances Alongi can commiserate. Her windshield got hit by a pebble, and the remnant of the event is still there.
Her insurance company would not replace the windshield. Ever since, when she gets behind an 18-wheeler, she slows down to let it get well ahead of her.
In 2010, the U.S. saw 26,649 in auto-glass claims, according to autoinsurance.org. CostHelper reports that replacing a windshield will run between $100 and $400. Opting for a non-OEM (original equipment manufacturer) windshield can save hundreds of dollars.
According to the Society of Automotive Engineers, windshields are the No. 1 insurance claim America, with 30 percent of auto insurance claims being windshield damage. Cracks around the edges account for roughly 70 percent to 80 percent of windshield replacements. Called "edge cracks," they occur because the outer 2 inches of a windshield's perimeter are the weakest part and prone to"residual stresses." While it can handle the initial impact, that area has a tendency to fracture soon after, sometimes into cracks as long as 12 inches. Windshield replacements were reduced in 1990, after the introduction of Ultra Bond, a resin injected into cracks.
Even so, as many as 63 percent of windshield replacements (totaling 56 million) in America resulted from edge cracks, according to an Ultra Bond survey based on invoices from 1997 to 2002.
Many windshields never crack from thrown-up pebbles, but may have smaller damage called stars. On average, insurance companies pay for 10 star repairs for every windshield replacement, the National Windshield Repair Association reports, with the average replacement claim running about $400. The average repair, it shows, costs $50.
Big rigs are just as apt to sustain damage as are cars. Saul Jauredui, 27, has been a truck driver for six years and does local runs. He said tires on an 18-wheeler and other big rigs have deeper tread, so they are more likely to pick up pebbles.
"And we do a lot of construction site deliveries, so we get them there," he said of the rocks.
He said it would take too long to pick out the pebbles every time he passes through a construction site. Time, after all, is money. But he's been a victim of trucks throwing off rocks, too.
"Sometimes, other trucks break my windshields. It happened again about a month ago and it's happened with my car, too," he said.
There is one area of their trucks they keep free from pebbles: the flatbed.
Tristan Barnes, manager of TechnaGlass, 2515 W. Craig Road, estimated the store helps 15 patrons who've had their windshields hit each week. Only 2 percent require a full window being replaced, he said.
"It's usually just a chip," he said.
"There's a test they (glass manufacturers) do, a bowling ball that they drop from 80 feet and if it punctures the windshield, then that whole batch can't (be used)," he said.


Taxi drivers in cities across Canada have taken to the streets to pressure municipalities to enforce existing taxi industry regulations in the face of the Uber challenge.
Just over five years after it began offering rides in San Francisco, the Uber passenger service now operates in 342 cities spread across more than 60 countries. It retains some 327,000 freelance drivers in the U.S. and hundreds of thousands more around the world. In Uber's most recent round of financing, investors assigned it a value of $51 billion—a milestone it reached faster than Facebook had before it. According to a recent report by Reuters, Uber has told prospective investors that it will reach $10.8 billion in global ride payments in 2015—giving it $2 billion in revenue when it takes its 20% cut. It projected those numbers, the Reuters report says, to more than double to $26.12 billion this year.
While it primarily offers car rides today, Uber is aiming to be much more. With its UberRush service, the company has experimented with delivery. Uber CEO Travis Kalanick has described Uber as a new platform to help replace inefficient 20th-century transportation systems.
But it's not just CEO Kalanick that sees Uber through rose coloured glasses. Uber is viewed by many as the model for the 21st century corporation – a poster child of the so-called sharing economy. Implicit in this view of the company is that Uber's success in "disrupting" existing industries (such as the taxi industry) is due to its innovative technology – particularly its app that connects drivers with potential passengers and expedites cashless payment.
But attributing Uber's success to its app is a complete mis-reading of the Uber phenomenon. While the explosive growth of the company has been well documented, Uber's relentless efforts to avoid the costs associated with different jurisdictions' regulatory (including tax) regimes is less well known.
The truth of the matter is that Uber's app is really not all that different from apps used by many established taxi companies. What gives Uber its competitive advantage is a business strategy that is as old fashioned as they come: Uber exploits regulatory grey areas and weak enforcement and in so doing, avoids the costs associated with having to comply with the regulatory regimes that govern its competitors.
To date, this strategy has been successful in most jurisdictions that Uber has entered. However, where governments have been nimble enough to close the relevant legal loopholes and vigorously enforce existing regulations, Uber has tended to close down its operations or not enter the market in the first place. In other words, the record suggests that when Uber is forced to comply with the existing regulatory regime in any given jurisdiction and incur the associated costs, it doesn't try to compete on an even playing field with its competitors and simply pulls out (or never enters the market in the first place).
Before examining Uber's tactics in Canada, it is useful to take a look at Uber's experience in Germany.
Last October, Uber suspended services in Hamburg, Frankfurt and Duesseldorf, citing "a difficult regulatory environment".
The "difficult regulatory environment" that Uber is referring to emanated from a Frankfurt regional court ban on Uber using unlicensed drivers which decreed that for each violation of the ban Uber would be subject to a €250,000 (C$375,000) fine. This legal challenge to Uber was driven by German taxi operator group Taxi Deutschland targeting the lower cost UberPop service.
Since then, Uber in Germany has limited itself to drivers that hold a passenger transport license, among other legal requirements, through its UberX and UberBlack smartphone apps, but it has run into a shortage of suppliers of ride services.
"For many prospective Uber partners the process of registering an independent rental car enterprise has proved too costly and time consuming," Uber said in a statement.
But Germany isn't the only European jurisdiction that is causing Uber problems. In fact, the company's UberPOP service, which relies on non-professional drivers, has been outlawed in France, Italy, Spain, Belgium as well as Germany.
And its pattern of avoiding jurisdictions where it can't find a way to exempt itself from existing regulatory regimes (and where enforcement of those regimes is strong), has repeated itself in Canada as well.
Uber in Vancouver and Toronto: Illegal in both but a stronger enforcement regime in Vancouver keeps UberX out.
UberX, Uber's most popular service, is illegal in both Vancouver and Toronto for exactly the same reason: Uber refuses to apply for a licence to operate it as a taxi service under existing regulations. And it doesn't apply for an operating licence because it doesn't want to pay the same licencing fees, carry the same insurance, and operate under the same fare structure, as the rest of the taxi industry in those cities.
But then why has Uber decided to keep UberX out of Vancouver in contrast to Toronto where it is equally illegal but where it has a huge presence? In Toronto, the illegal UberX service now has about 18,000 local unlicensed drivers carrying passengers in unmarked, private cars instead of cabs.
According to observers, Uber decided against operating illegally in Vancouver because the B.C. Passenger Transportation Board (PTB) regulatory system has much more legal heft than the fragmented, municipally-based taxi licensing regimes in Ontario and other Canadian provinces.
In Vancouver, Uber has been given a stern warning that any attempt to set up shop in B.C. without licensing from the provincial PTB could result in immediate undercover enforcement and legal action.
Observers also point to B.C.'s public auto insurer, ICBC, as another hurdle for Uber in B.C.
The ICBC has been very clear that anyone who wants to operate a ride-sharing service requires commercial insurance. And being pretty much the sole auto insurer in the province – with a unique ability to closely co-ordinate its insurance requirements with the licencing requirements of the provincial government – ICBC has the heft to enforce its insurance rules.
Contrast that with Ontario where over 100 private insurance companies with limited working relationships with municipal taxi licencing authorities (auto insurance is regulated through the Government of Ontario's Financial Services Commission of Ontario), provide auto insurance coverage to the province's drivers. There is simply no way to replicate in any Ontario municipality the combined regulatory clout that the provincial PTB and the ICBC have in B.C. And Uber knows it and that is why it has pushed its UberX service so hard in Toronto and stayed out of Vancouver.
Again, it is important to emphasize that despite having over 18,000 unlicensed drivers at its disposal, UberX's Toronto operations are unambiguously illegal. While a July 3, 2015 Ontario Superior Court decision dismissed the City of Toronto's attempt to shut down the ride-sharing service on the grounds that the city's narrow definition of "taxicab service" and "taxi broker" don't technically apply to UberX, the relevant taxi bylaws were amended at a subsequent September 30th City Council meeting and now clearly apply to the company's UberX service.
However, since the by-law change that removed any and all ambiguity regarding UberX's legal status, Uber has made it clear that while it fully appreciates that its UberX service is now operating illegally in Toronto, it still intends to ignore the by-law licensing requirement and continue to operate its UberX service unlicensed. As a result, Uber is racking up tickets from the City of Toronto's Licensing department on its UberX service (Uber operates its much smaller Uber Taxi legally in Toronto). In fact, since Oct. 22, Toronto licensing enforcement officers have laid 120 charges against Uber and its drivers for alleged bylaw violations related to UberX. A further 180 to 210 charges are being processed.
Of the charges, 96 were laid against five different Uber corporate entities. The companies charged are: Uber Canada Inc., Uber International B.V., Uber B.V., Uber Technologies Inc., and Rasier Operations B.V. Three of the ticketed Uber owned companies are based in the Netherlands (ergo the B.V.), a key element of Uber's sophisticated tax avoidance strategy (see Part 2 of this post).
Operating a taxicab brokerage without a licence.
Entering into an arrangement or agreement with an unlicensed taxi driver and/or unlicensed taxicab owner to connect the driver with passengers seeking taxicab services.
In addition to the 96 City of Toronto charges against Uber proper, 12 vehicle owners were served with a total of 24 charges (two charges per owner). The first charge is for operating a taxicab without a licence and the second is for using or allowing the use of a vehicle that hasn't been approved by licensing staff.
Why does Uber think it's in its interest to ignore the Toronto licensing requirements when it is sure to be ticketed? Simple, a first time cab driver's licencing fee is $362 plus $225 for the course and another $75.70 CPR fee for a total of $662. And then there is the renewal fee of $338. And you can't operate a car without an Owner's License. In Toronto, the owner's license costs $4,983 on issuance, plus a renewal fee of $1,279.32. Bottom line: paying the tickets simply costs far less than licencing as a taxi driver/owner and for UberX's huge Toronto operations, tickets have just become a very small factor in the price of doing business in the city.
UberX drivers are also seriously deficient when it comes to meeting the insurance requirements for cabs in Toronto.
Toronto taxicabs are required to have $2M in commercial automobile insurance. The City of Toronto verifies that licensed taxicabs have the appropriate insurance but since UberX cars are unlicensed, the city has no mechanism to enforce the requirement. Commercial policies with this amount of coverage can cost in the range of $4,000 to $10,000 annually. The exact cost depends on driving record, the model, and if the vehicle is on the road 24-7.
Of course, very few of Uber's drivers carry this sort of commercial auto insurance and the company has indicated that its business model simply can't accommodate the $2M in commercial insurance requirement (Uber officials have said that every Uber ride is backed by $5 million of contingent auto liability insurance covering bodily injury and property damage but they refuse to release the details of the coverage). And while a number of Ontario insurers have made it clear to drivers that they are in danger of having their personal auto insurance pulled if they drive for UberX, there is no equivalent to the combined enforcement clout of B.C.'s province-wide licensing regime and its provincially run public auto insurer, ICBC.
To summarize things, Uber refuses to apply for a taxi licence for its UberX service because Uber does not want to operate under the same rules as the rest of the taxi industry. And it doesn't want to operate under the same rules as the rest of the taxi industry because it doesn't want to incur the licencing fee, insurance, and consumer safety costs associated with the existing regulatory framework.
But perhaps more importantly, Uber most emphatically does not want to be subject to the same flat fare structure as its competitors in the taxi industry. That's because in order to make its business model work, it needs to have absolute freedom to implement its "surge" price fares when passenger demand is high. Surge pricing kicks in when the number of available Uber cars falls below a certain threshold. Once the surge starts, the app warns users that the normal rate will be multiplied by a certain amount. In a much reported incident in Montreal on New Year's Eve, a multiplier of 8.9 times was added to a rider's $125 base fare resulting in a $1,115 charge for a 60-minute ride that covered 63 kilometres.
The bottom line is this: while Uber is competing for the exact same passenger dollars as the rest of the taxi industry, Uber wants to play by its own rules when it comes to fares and industry regulatory costs. To accomplish this, Uber has written its own rules and hired high powered lobbyists to shop them around to key Canadian licensing jurisdictions – including Toronto and British Columbia. And on January 27, Uber had its first big Canadian political success when Edmonton became the first Canadian municipality to implement an Uber dictated regulatory framework.
What does an Uber dictated regulatory framework look like? First, it makes a clear distinction between services such as the UberX service and the existing taxi industry. Edmonton's new rules set the existing taxi industry up as a "public transportation provider." People taking a traditional, marked cab would have the certainty of a price calculated by a city-issued taxi meter whenever they hail a cab on the street, find one at a taxi stand or use a phone to call a dispatcher.
In contrast, UberX and similar services would be considered a "private transportation provider". Uber drivers could only take rides through an app but Uber could set its own rates, as long as they're more than $3.25 per trip. Drivers must also have provincially approved insurance, a Class 4 driver's licence, a criminal record check and a vehicle safety inspection before they get a city-issued licence.
Under the Edmonton rules, the existing taxi industry could compete in the "private transportation provider" space as well and set its own rates for pre-arranged fares booked by app or pre-contracted with a corporate package.
But Uber's big wins in Edmonton are that its UberX service pays a significantly lower licensing fee per car than the existing taxi industry and more importantly, it gets to operate its "surge pricing" fare structure. Neither of these, of course, have anything to do with what is supposed to be the source of its competitive advantage and "disruptive" power: its innovative app. But Uber has little interest in operating its "world-beating" app within the existing regulatory framework because, well, the app doesn't make it any money unless Uber can play by its own fare and licensing fee rules.
So the truth of the matter is that where Uber has been successful it has been able to either re-write the taxi rules to its advantage or, as in the case of Toronto, has simply ignored the existing rules on taxi fares and licensing and operated according to its own rules illegally. Where it hasn't been able to change the rules and/or where the enforcement of existing rules has been rigorous, Uber has either pulled out (a number of German cities) or not entered the local market in the first place (Vancouver).
But there are two other major areas where Uber plays by different rules that give it an additional competitive advantage: its (apparently legal) international tax avoidance strategy and its (legally contested) claim that Uber drivers are independent contractors as opposed to employees. These issues, of course, are not regulated within municipal (or provincial) taxi licensing regimes but are central to Uber's global growth strategy.
Uber's global tax avoidance and labour strategies will be dealt with in detail in a subsequent article to be posted here in the next few days.
Note: This is the first of a 4-part series on Uber in Canada. Click here for Part 2, The secret strategy behind the Uber invasion of Canada; click here for Part 3, Uber in Canada – cutting corners on taxes and employee benefits; and click here for Part 4, Uber in Canada and the public interest.
Precisely executed and duly appreciated ,cheers mate.
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text:
Romney's choice: Vetting veeps
A look at Republican presidential candidate Mitt Romney's unpalatable options for a running mate.
Cliff Schecter
Cliff Schecter is an author, pundit and public relations strategist whose firm Libertas, LLC handles media relations for political, corporate and non-profit clients.
Ohio Senator Rob Portman has been mentioned as a possible Mitt Romney vice presidential pick [AFP]
Rumours are making the rounds that Mitt Romney, a man not known to exhibit a McCainian temperament, might pick his vice presidential candidate earlier than usual to shake things up – meaning to stop people from talking about the fact that his money has spent more time living abroad than he has.
So just as Mr Romney now believes he must "vet the president" – because nobody has ever heard of Reverend Wright or Bill Ayers – I think it is time to get to know who our second-in-command might be come January 2013, should Mitt Romney find a way to bring his brand of jet-ski conservatism to 1600 Pennsylvania Avenue.
Ohio Senator Rob Portman:
Benefits: So white he makes Wonder Bread look like pumpernickel. This should make Tea Party adherents bask in the warmth of feeling that we're still in the 1950s with 1920s tax rates. He is also popular in Ohio, an important swing state.
Drawbacks: Part of the brilliant George W Bush budgeting machine that turned the first three consecutive balanced budgets since 1947-49 into a pile of debt so large it developed the ability to reason – because, as his buddy Dick Cheney has said: "Reagan taught us that deficits don't matter." Portman was also Bush's trade representative, something that should make him hugely popular to non-college-educated whites, who make up a large part of the GOP base and are most hurt by our trade deals.
Miscellaneous: Does a mean impression of a chicken.
Minnesota Governor Tim Pawlenty:
Benefits: So boring he makes Mitt Romney seem like Axl Rose. Comes off like a decent guy, so he might be able to win back some of "you people" the Romneys alienate with Swiss bank accounts, Mitt's stated love of firing people, and other socially glorious moments. Could possibly, although not likely, turn Minnesota red.
Drawbacks: Every time he gives a speech, ten more cases of narcolepsy are diagnosed and Baby Jesus cries.
Miscellaneous: Like Mitt, Pawlenty flip-flopped on believing in 21st century science (global warming), so perhaps if the Tea Party shouts loud enough, he and Mitt could also team up to oppose gravity and creeping Sharia law.
South Dakota Senator John Thune:
Benefits: A heartland conservative who doesn't have to pretend to do his own laundry for the cameras to fit in with people who don't have a horse named Rafalca, which performs in the Olympics and provides Romney with a $77,000 tax writeoff.
Drawbacks: From South Dakota. Without looking, I think it has like 1.5 electoral votes. Sponsored the Concealed Carry Reciprocity bill that would give George Zimmerman a pat on the back, an assault weapon and release him on a street near you.
Miscellaneous: Wait, who is John Thune again?
Wisconsin Congressman Paul Ryan:
Benefits: Wins in what should be a Democratic state, and is 30 years younger than your average Republican.
Drawbacks: Released a budget so full of fantasy and danger that it is scheduled to be the villain in the next Avengers film. This budget actually ends Medicare as a guarantee and cuts Social Security – you know, the programme that allowed Ryan to attend college with survivor benefits after his father passed away.
Miscellaneous: Eerily resembles what a grown-up Eddie Munster would look like.
Louisiana Governor Bobby Jindal:
Benefits: Not white.
Drawbacks: Not white.
Miscellaneous: Performed an exorcism while in college (not kidding), so if any demons are haunting the FY 2014 budget or White House Map Room, he's your guy.
All other Republicans being mentioned because they are not old, Caucasian guys:
Florida Senator Marco Rubio, New Hampshire Senator Kelly Ayotte, New Mexico Governor Susana Martinez, South Carolina Governor Nikki Haley, former Secretary of State Condoleezza Rice
Benefits: Leaking their names makes the campaign seem more tolerant to "white moderates" without alienating the Republican base.
Drawbacks: Not one of them has expressed the slightest interest in the job, with many, such as Rubio, Martinez and Rice, explicitly saying they are not interested.
Miscellaneous: There is a greater chance of Dick Cheney riding into Washington on Halley's Comet waving his hat and offering gifts to war orphans than there is of any one of these people being offered the job.
One more dark horse (or knight):
Benefits: Can definitely warm to the attack dog role.
Drawbacks: Won't stop going after Bane.
Miscellaneous: Similar belief in transparency to Mitt Romney.
So there you have it, the GOP vice-presidential field in a nutshell. I hope you can feel the excitement – I know I do.
Follow Cliff Schecter on Twitter: @cliffschecter
Cliff Schecter is an author, pundit and public relations strategist whose firm Libertas, LLC handles media relations for political, corporate and non-profit clients. In 2008, his first book, The Real McCain: Why Conservatives Don't Trust Him - And Why Independents Shouldn't, was published by PoliPoint Press and became a political (#2) and non-fiction (#17) bestseller at Amazon. As founder and President of Libertas, he has counselled Mayors Against Illegal Guns (MAIG), Chaired by New York City Mayor Michael Bloomberg, and The Alliance For Climate Protection, run by former Vice President Al Gore. Other clients have included IBM, The American Association for Justice (previously The American Trial Lawyers Association), Global Strategy Group, Andrews McMeel Publishing, LLC, and the Earth Day Network. Schecter was an analyst at polling firm Penn & Schoen in 1996, helping re-elect President Bill Clinton. As a political and media strategist overall, he has helped advise the Democratic National Committee and Democratic Congressional Campaign Committee, as well as the campaigns of former Virginia Governor and current US Senator Mark Warner, former New York Attorney General and Governor Elliot Spitzer, former Connecticut Democratic Senate nominee Ned Lamont and former Ohio Congressional candidate Paul Hackett, among others. Schecter's been a lecturer for the US State Department - delivering briefings on US politics to diplomats, journalists and academics in countries such as South Africa, Australia, Romania and Malta. He was a contributor to The Guardian, and regularly contributes to the Huffington Post. Previously, Schecter had columns syndicated nationally by United Press International and Knight Ridder Inc. His writing has been featured in the San Francisco Chronicle, Philadelphia Daily News, Miami Herald, USA Today, American Prospect, Salon.com and Washington Monthly Magazine. His ideas have been quoted in the New York Times, Los Angeles Times and Baltimore Sun, and he's been profiled in US News & World Report, Wired.com and the Huffington Post. Over the past decade, Schecter has been a regular guest on PBS, MSNBC, CNN FoxNews, BBC and NPR. He was an on-air political analyst for the Sinclair Broadcast Network in 2004, syndicated on 60 local broadcast-news affiliates to 38 media markets around the country. He served in a similar capacity for Al Jazeera in 2008, with his analysis reaching countries spanning the globe. Currently he is a regular panellist on Your Voice, a Sunday morning public affairs show broadcast on Fox and ABC in the Columbus, Ohio area. Schecter is a graduate of the Columbia School of International and Public Affairs (MA), where he concentrated in International Journalism and Public Relations, the University of Pennsylvania (BA), where he studied American History and Legal Studies, and the Institut de Francais, where he received a French Immersion Certificate. He is ABD (all but dissertation) in his studies for his PhD in American History from American University in Washington, DC.
Senator Durbin: Don't sell us short on Social Security
Washington's waiting game
The scandal of scandal in Washington
Grow up already

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
/* */
"format register";
import {ResourceType} from 'aurelia-metadata';

var capitalMatcher = /([A-Z])/g;

function addHyphenAndLower(char){
  return "-" + char.toLowerCase();
}

function hyphenate(name){
  return (name.charAt(0).toLowerCase() + name.slice(1)).replace(capitalMatcher, addHyphenAndLower);
}

export class ValueConverter extends ResourceType {
  constructor(name){
    this.name = name;
  }

  static convention(name){
    if(name.endsWith('ValueConverter')){
      return new ValueConverter(hyphenate(name.substring(0, name.length-14)));
    }
  }

  load(container, target){
    this.instance = container.get(target);
    return Promise.resolve(this);
  }

  register(registry, name){
  	registry.registerValueConverter(name || this.name, this.instance);
  }
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
package org.gluu.oxtrust.action;

import static org.jboss.seam.ScopeType.CONVERSATION;

import java.io.Serializable;
import java.util.HashMap;
import java.util.List;

import org.gluu.oxtrust.ldap.service.AttributeService;
import org.gluu.oxtrust.ldap.service.TrustService;
import org.gluu.oxtrust.model.GluuSAMLTrustRelationship;
import org.gluu.oxtrust.util.OxTrustConstants;
import org.jboss.seam.annotations.In;
import org.jboss.seam.annotations.Logger;
import org.jboss.seam.annotations.Name;
import org.jboss.seam.annotations.Scope;
import org.jboss.seam.annotations.security.Restrict;
import org.jboss.seam.log.Log;
import org.xdi.model.GluuAttribute;
import org.xdi.model.GluuUserRole;

/**
 * Action class for displaying trust relationships
 *
 * @author Pankaj
 * @author Yuriy Movchan Date: 11.05.2010
 *
 */
@Scope(CONVERSATION)
@Name("trustRelationshipInventoryAction")
@Restrict("#{identity.loggedIn}")
public class TrustRelationshipInventoryAction implements Serializable {

	private static final long serialVersionUID = 8388485274418394665L;

	@In
	protected AttributeService attributeService;

	@In
	private TrustService trustService;

	@Logger
	private Log log;

	private List<GluuSAMLTrustRelationship> trustedSpList;

	public List<GluuSAMLTrustRelationship> getTrustedSpList() {
		return trustedSpList;
	}

	public void setTrustedSpList(List<GluuSAMLTrustRelationship> trustedSpList) {
		this.trustedSpList = trustedSpList;
	}

	@Restrict("#{s:hasPermission('trust', 'access')}")
	public String start() {
		if (trustedSpList != null) {
			return OxTrustConstants.RESULT_SUCCESS;
		}

		return search();
	}

	@Restrict("#{s:hasPermission('trust', 'access')}")
	public String search() {
		try {
			this.trustedSpList = trustService.getAllTrustRelationships();

			setCustomAttributes(this.trustedSpList);
		} catch (Exception ex) {
			log.error("Failed to find trust relationships", ex);
			return OxTrustConstants.RESULT_FAILURE;
		}

		return OxTrustConstants.RESULT_SUCCESS;
	}

	private void setCustomAttributes(List<GluuSAMLTrustRelationship> trustRelationships) {
		List<GluuAttribute> attributes = attributeService.getAllPersonAttributes(GluuUserRole.ADMIN);
		HashMap<String, GluuAttribute> attributesByDNs = attributeService.getAttributeMapByDNs(attributes);

		for (GluuSAMLTrustRelationship trustRelationship : trustRelationships) {
			trustRelationship.setReleasedCustomAttributes(attributeService.getCustomAttributesByAttributeDNs(
					trustRelationship.getReleasedAttributes(), attributesByDNs));
		}
	}
}


Located in the heart of the Loop and inside one of Chicago's historic art deco buildings, this bright space is a perfect getaway for your next offsite meeting. This center is both an architectural icon and the ideal location for business and lifestyle. Public transport is right next door or underground parking is available.
This office space on 645 N Michigan Ave, Magnificent Mile, Chicago is available immediately. Details and prices are available by calling 1-877-693-6433 or by submitting the inquiry form.


text:
package ij.plugin.filter;
import ij.*;
import ij.gui.*;
import ij.process.*;
import java.awt.*;

/** This plugin implements the Invert, Smooth, Sharpen, Find Edges,
	and Add Noise commands. */
public class Filters implements PlugInFilter {

	private static double sd = Prefs.getDouble(Prefs.NOISE_SD, 25.0);
	private String arg;
	private ImagePlus imp;
	private int slice;
	private boolean canceled;

	public int setup(String arg, ImagePlus imp) {
		this.arg = arg;
		this.imp = imp;
		if (imp!=null) {
			Roi roi = imp.getRoi();
			if (roi!=null && !roi.isArea())
				imp.deleteRoi(); // ignore any line selection
		}
		int flags = IJ.setupDialog(imp, DOES_ALL-DOES_8C+SUPPORTS_MASKING);
		if ((flags&PlugInFilter.DOES_STACKS)!=0 && imp.getType()==ImagePlus.GRAY16 && imp.getStackSize()>1 && arg.equals("invert")) {
				invert16BitStack(imp);
				return DONE;
		}
		return flags;
	}

	public void run(ImageProcessor ip) {

		if (arg.equals("invert")) {
	 		ip.invert();
	 		return;
	 	}

		if (arg.equals("smooth")) {
			ip.setSnapshotCopyMode(true);
	 		ip.smooth();
			ip.setSnapshotCopyMode(false);
	 		return;
	 	}

		if (arg.equals("sharpen")) {
			ip.setSnapshotCopyMode(true);
	 		ip.sharpen();
			ip.setSnapshotCopyMode(false);
	 		return;
	 	}

		if (arg.equals("edge")) {
			ip.setSnapshotCopyMode(true);
			ip.findEdges();
			ip.setSnapshotCopyMode(false);
	 		return;
		}

	 	if (arg.equals("add")) {
	 		ip.noise(25.0);
	 		return;
	 	}

	 	if (arg.equals("noise")) {
	 		if (canceled)
	 			return;
	 		slice++;
	 		if (slice==1) {
				GenericDialog gd = new GenericDialog("Gaussian Noise");
				gd.addNumericField("Standard Deviation:", sd, 2);
				gd.showDialog();
				if (gd.wasCanceled()) {
					canceled = true;
					return;
				}
				sd = gd.getNextNumber();
			}
	 		ip.noise(sd);
	 		IJ.register(Filters.class);
	 		return;
	 	}

	}

	void invert16BitStack(ImagePlus imp) {
		imp.deleteRoi();
		imp.getCalibration().disableDensityCalibration();
		ImageStatistics stats = new StackStatistics(imp);
		ImageStack stack = imp.getStack();
		int nslices = stack.getSize();
		int min=(int)stats.min, range=(int)(stats.max-stats.min);
		int n = imp.getWidth()*imp.getHeight();
		for (int slice=1; slice<=nslices; slice++) {
			ImageProcessor ip = stack.getProcessor(slice);
			short[] pixels = (short[])ip.getPixels();
			for (int i=0; i<n; i++) {
				int before = pixels[i]&0xffff;
				pixels[i] = (short)(range-((pixels[i]&0xffff)-min));
			}
		}
		imp.setStack(null, stack);
		imp.setDisplayRange(0, range);
		imp.updateAndDraw();
	}

	/** Returns the default standard deviation used by Process/Noise/Add Specified Noise. */
	public static double getSD() {
		return sd;
	}

}


text:
Before heading to a court, make sure that you've read our rules and regulations. Follow our permit rules, wear smooth-sole tennis shoes, and use a maximum of six tennis balls on each court. Most courts are open from 8:00 a.m. to dusk, except at Central Park where courts open at 7:00 a.m. and Randall's Island where courts open at 7:00 a.m. and close at 7:00 p.m.
A game consists of a sequence of points played with the same player serving, and is won by the first side to have won at least four points with a margin of two points or more over their opponent. Normally the server's score is always called first and the receiver's score second. Score calling in tennis is unusual in that (except in tie-breaks) each point has a corresponding call that is different from its point value. The current point score is announced orally before each point by the judge, or by the server if there is no judge.
For a right-handed player, the forehand is a stroke that begins on the right side of the body, continues across the body as contact is made with the ball, and ends on the left side of the body. There are various grips for executing the forehand, and their popularity has fluctuated over the years. The most important ones are the continental, the eastern, the semi-western, and the western. For a number of years, the small, frail 1920s player Bill Johnston was considered by many to have had the best forehand of all time, a stroke that he hit shoulder-high using a western grip. Few top players used the western grip after the 1920s, but in the latter part of the 20th century, as shot-making techniques and equipment changed radically, the western forehand made a strong comeback and is now used by many modern players. No matter which grip is used, most forehands are generally executed with one hand holding the racket, but there have been fine players with two-handed forehands. In the 1940s and 50s, the Ecuadorian/American player Pancho Segura used a two-handed forehand to achieve a devastating effect against larger, more powerful players. Players such as Monica Seles or France's Fabrice Santoro and Marion Bartoli are also notable players known for their two-handed forehands.[76]
Another benefit of post-tensioning is that contractors can build larger slabs using thinner concrete sections, and they don't have to install control joints which can interfere with play. "In order to build a reinforced concrete court that has the same structural capabilities as a post-tensioned court, we would have to install so much steel and concrete that the reinforced court would actually cost more," says Kolkmann. "Also, a reinforced court needs control joints, usually at a spacing of 10 to 15 feet, including in the playing area. Eventually these joints may widen, as well as any cracks that appear."
We specialize in adult tennis lessons for young professionals in their 20's and 30s living in Miami. We have the complete pathway for adults who want to learn tennis and meet new friends including: Novice, Intermediate and Advanced level programs. See Our Class Schedule Here: http://www.backhand-city.com/group_lessons/lesson_series Our classes also feature a social component to our lesson series and included in your purchase as we head out for drinks after class. Players who join our classes also get on our email newsletter which offers things to do and place to play in and around the Miami tennis community. Get ready to imm ... View Profile
Flash Cookies (also called Local Shared Objects or "LSOs") are similar to cookies, except that they can store more complex data. They are used to provide greater website functionality and to remember your settings, preferences and usage, and other similar services. Flash cookies operate differently than regular browser cookies, and cannot be removed or blocked via regular web browser settings. To learn more about how to manage flash cookies, you can visit the Adobe website and follow the directions provided by Adobe with respect to the Flash Settings Manager and make changes as directed therein. For information on managing Flash cookies see https://helpx.adobe.com/flash-player/kb/disable-local-shared-objects-flash.html. Please note that setting the Flash Player to restrict or limit acceptance of Flash LSOs may reduce or impede the functionality of some Flash applications.
In 2004, the ITF implemented a new rankings scheme to encourage greater participation in doubles, by combining two rankings (singles and doubles) into one combined tally.[64] Junior tournaments do not offer prize money except for the Grand Slam tournaments, which are the most prestigious junior events. Juniors may earn income from tennis by participating in the Future, Satellite, or Challenger tours. Tournaments are broken up into different tiers offering different amounts of ranking points, culminating with Grade A.
The Babolat Pure Drive Junior racket has a child-friendly yet professional design so that even the youngest can feel great. Thanks to the high-quality workmanship and the use of only first-class materials, a junior player will certainly have a lot of fun with this children's tennis racket. The price-performance ratio of the Pure Drive Junior racquet is excellent.
Earlier this summer, I got to half-watch him play just a couple of courts away from where I was playing. The club had arranged a set of doubles pitting Kirill and another young tennis instructor against two players from the Pelham High School tennis team who had recently won the state championship in doubles. The two of them, terrific teenage players, had been playing together for years; Kirill had had a hand in their development. So what I was mostly interested in, honestly, as dozens of club members gathered on the veranda of the tennis house to watch, was how Kirill would deal with this, what the etiquette was. Would he be nervous or restrained?
Help: Live scores service on FlashScores.co.uk offers tennis live scores, final results and tennis information from Australian Open, Wimbledon, US Open , Davis Cup and 2000+ ATP, WTA and ITF tennis competitions over the world. FlashScores.co.uk website offers live scores, final results, tournament draws, match summary, odds comparison and H2H stats. FlashScores.co.uk Live Centre (available for major tennis tournaments) provides detailed statistics (aces, double faults, serve percentage, break points) and match history point by point.
Now that you know the basics about the game, it is time you start practicing with your tennis buddy. There is nothing like whacking a ball after a hard day at work to relieve stress. However, as a tennis coach, I do not encourage you to whack the ball because you will end up picking balls rather than rallying with your buddy. I strongly encourage that you start slow. You can start from the service line and then gradually progress to the baseline. So plan regular meetings with your tennis buddy.
The players (or teams) start on opposite sides of the net. One player is designated the server, and the opposing player is the receiver. The choice to be server or receiver in the first game and the choice of ends is decided by a coin toss before the warm-up starts. Service alternates game by game between the two players (or teams). For each point, the server starts behind the baseline, between the center mark and the sideline. The receiver may start anywhere on their side of the net. When the receiver is ready, the server will serve, although the receiver must play to the pace of the server.
Hi, my name is Jamie. I have been teaching tennis for about 14 years and have a love and passion for teaching tennis to anyone who is wanting to learn and improve their game. I have been working at Punahou School for the last 12 years and have done group, private, and cardio tennis lessons there and have a good foundation of how to build lessons and skills within my students through effective progressions that have worked to build state ranked juniors. I am USPTA Certified and Cardio Certified. Please let me know how I can help you to work on technique and strategy through a game based learning approach. ... View Profile
"Tennis Court" received positive reviews from music critics, with some highlighting the song's production and lyrical content. The single was a commercial success in Oceania, reaching number one in New Zealand and number 20 in Australia. It received platinum certification in Canada, double platinum certification in New Zealand and triple platinum certification in Australia. "Tennis Court" achieved modest chart success throughout Europe and North America, entering at low-tier positions on charts in Canada, Germany, the UK and the US. Joel Kefali directed the song's accompanying music video, a one shot in which Lorde stares to the camera throughout. "Tennis Court" was included on the set list of Lorde's Pure Heroine Tour (2013–14).
Modular tile systems are the newest cushioning option on the market and offer the benefits of easy snap-together installation, long service life, and minimal maintenance. These systems feature interlocking, 12-inch square tiles made of high-impact polypropylene. The tiles rest slightly above the base surface to allow for better drainage and eliminate puddling. The downside of this cushioned comfort is the cost, which can run as high as high as $3 per square foot installed (or over $21,000 for a 60 x 120-foot tennis court).
Have you always wanted to learn to play tennis, but you've been unsure of where to start? Do you love watching Rafael Nadal or Maria Sharapova dominate the courts, and hope to be just like them? Playing tennis can help you build speed, power, and fitness. It's also a great way to spend time with your family or your friends. Learn the layout of the court, the scoring system, and all the playing techniques you need to become a tennis pro!
On 21 May 1881, the oldest nationwide tennis organization in the world[20] was formed, the United States National Lawn Tennis Association (now the United States Tennis Association) in order to standardize the rules and organize competitions.[21] The U.S. National Men's Singles Championship, now the US Open, was first held in 1881 at the Newport Casino, Newport, Rhode Island.[22] The U.S. National Women's Singles Championships were first held in 1887 in Philadelphia.[23]


Mouth is one of the part of the body which is prone to get infected by bacteria very easily. But the problems are not visible easily. Our oral health can be maintained by brushing your teeth properly twice a day which kills almost all the bacteria's present in the mouth. The real risk increases when we do not brush our teeth properly and neglect our oral health. Our lack of attention towards our oral health can be seen when yellow buildup of dental plaque due to improper brushing. If such poor oral health continues the plaque buildup increases leading to the inflammation in the gums leading to gum swelling. One of the most common problem other than gum swelling is sensitivity that happens when the softer inner part of the tooth gets exposed which is called as "DENTINE". Thousand of microscopic channels run through the dentine and when den tine gets exposed to any external factor (such as cold drink) can lead to stimulation of nerves of the teeth causing short sharp sensitivity.
Salt water- Salt is an effective remedy for gum swelling which prevents the growth of bacteria in the mouth and prevents infections which may lead to several health issues. Just add one or half a table spoon of salt to a glass of lukewarm water and gargle with it twice a day till swelling subsides.
Clove- Clove bud extract is significantly used to control the growth of oral pathogens, which are responsible for many oral borne disease such as gingivitis and periodontics and also is used against tooth sensitivity.
Cinnamon- Cinnamon bark acts as an natural additive against tooth decay and gum swelling because of its antimicrobial property and its oil can be used to prevent teeth from becoming overly sensitive.
Peppermint oil- Peppermint essential oil acts against anaerobic bacteria which prevents gum disease and also ensures that dentin layer on the teeth remains intact. It also prevents bad breath due to its minty flavour.
These are some of the home remedies against gum swelling and sensitivity. But today when everyone has such a hectic busy schedule everybody wants it quick maybe it's even for their own health. Then why not use such a toothpaste which has all this ingredients in it and can remove all our gum and teeth problems. And the best toothpaste to be used is Ayurvedic toothpaste which is fluoride and chemical free. Such a toothpaste which is available in the market is Vithoba Ayurvedic toothpaste and Vithoba Ayurvedic Dantmanjan which has all ayurvedic ingredients such as clove, cinnamon, peppermint oil in it which prevents many dental problems such as gum bleeding, periodontics, gingivitis, gum swelling etc. that is one solution for all and that too in a affordable price. So switch to Vithoba Ayurvedic toothpaste and dantmanjan to keep your gums and teeth healthy.


BOSTON, Mass. – There was a true act of kindness and honesty outside a Dunkin' Donuts in Cambridge when a van driver found a purse, and went to find the owner. The purse was filled with credit cards, ID cards and thousands of dollars in cash.
The Good Samaritan, Mark Trocchio, admits he wasn't always this way. He showed WBZ-TV where he spotted the pocketbook when he hopped from his shuttle bus in Kendall Square Monday morning to grab some coffee.
"I just started at the company so I was trying to keep a low profile, but that didn't work out too well," Trocchio said.
He figured it might belong to someone still in the crowded coffee shop and was rummaging around for a name when something got his attention.
"A ton of money in there, like a ton of money," Trocchio said stunned.
The purse had more than IDs and credit cards inside. It belonged to a tourist from Georgia who was carrying $8000 cash.
"She was crying over in the corner," he said.
The woman's two teenage children were trying to console her at a corner table when Trocchio came in.
"I shouted out her name and she turned, and I knew it was her because I had her ID in my hand," Trocchio said.
So, he gave it back amid profuse thanks, declined her reward offer and made his exit. But she saw the name on his shuttle bus and called the company.
Made even greater, perhaps, by Mark's backstory.
Once lost in the fog of drugs and alcohol, the former Marine is now 17 years clean.
"Just moving forward, doing the right thing," Trocchio said.
At the very least, Mark hopes he saved a family's vacation, because he's lost his wallet before and can relate, sort of.
"Mine didn't have $8000 in it though, mine had about $8 in it," Trocchio said.


Please join us for the 12th annual Narrative Project at the Dragon's Egg!
Each year, I send out a prompt to actors and dancers, puppeteers and singers, local artists and distant who have been in residence at the Egg. The prompt is a piece of literature, and the task is to come up with a five minute riff on some portion of the text. The riff can be dance or theatre, monologue, song, etc.
Then I arrange these into an "assemblage" performance.
All the performers come together on the day of the show. Everyone has rehearsed his or her own bit, and we have also added various linking bits using beastie costumes.
Some arrive earlier, but basically, we put the pieces together, do a walk through, and then a run, and then, and then: show what we have!
This is a one time only event, and is amazing.
Saturday, November 7th, at 4 pm, at the Dragon's Egg.
Suitable for all ages. All donations happily accepted, and will help to support the creative work of the Egg.
This entry was posted on Tuesday, November 3rd, 2015 at 3:06 am.	It is filed under Special Events and Performances and tagged with all ages, dance, hooping, masks, monologue, music, theatre. You can follow any responses to this entry through the RSS 2.0 feed.


How Can I Keep From Weaving Meaning With Sound?
I waited until the workman had pulled his head from the ceiling.
He looked politely in my direction.
Working with the shared raw material of vibrating strings, air columns, skins and vocal chords, our species has created endless weavings of sonic beauty and meaning, reflecting individual traditions and ways of living. There is no human culture without its own distinctive music.
And now that countless human cultures are living under the looming threat of a suddenly hostile planet, triggered into uninhabitability by steadily increasing doses of atmospheric toxins, administered to the global community by its wealthiest and least responsible members, many musics will drown, or burn, or be displaced into irrelevance.
And as someone who's been fascinated since childhood by all those culturally-mediated non-semantic patterns in sound, I find that a tragedy.
Now, while making music has certainly made me a better person, I know that it doesn't work that way with everybody. Hell, according to Kevin Phillips, old Prescott Bush loved singing more than anything. And don't forget John Ashcroft. There's ample enough evidence that you can be tuneful and musical — and a raving, destructive sociopath. On the other hand, maybe if GHWB's daddy hadn't been a singer, he would have been an even worse human being. Scary.
But I'm an old hippie (well, a getting-old-hippie, anyway), and I'm proudly naive enough that I stand with Pete Seeger when he says, "I don't know if humanity's going to make it…but I do know that we're definitely not going to make if we can't learn to sing together." Thanks for everything, Pete; sometimes you're the evidence I need that our species is worth saving after all.


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GemLife Bribie Island is an incredible location for those who want to enjoy the pleasures of Queensland's beautiful weather and a relaxed coastal lifestyle. Discover luxury living, a wide range of leisure and social activities, and the convenience of a thriving local community surrounded by beautiful national park. Bribie Island is the place to put your feet up and relax into your retirement.
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GemLife Pacific Paradise promises a new level of luxury, with premium homes and five-star facilities.
Welcome to Paradise. You deserve it.
This is an opportunity you don't want to miss. GemLife Active Lifestyle Communities (we don't like to be referred to as a Retirement Village) are designed so you can escape the hustle and bustle of city life without losing access to any conveniences; after all, if you feel like heading into town it's just a short trip away. We all dream of the perfect future when it comes to our retirement, so why not make that dream a reality?
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Our collection leans toward the academic, but we have thousands of books, on just about everything from Austen and anarchy to Zola and zoology. Our books are generally half-price, including recent publisher's overstocks. Don't look for our catalogue on line; we're not that bookstore. But if we can't find the book you're looking for, we'll find you a better one you didn't know you wanted.
The Montague Mill is also home to Sawmill River Arts and the newest outpost of the Turn It Up! music and movie empire. There is great food and drink all day and deep into the night at the astonishing Lady Killigrew Cafe. And downstairs is the fantastic Alvah Stone Restaurant and Bar. If you were dining any closer to the water there would be fish in your lap.
We have concerts and performances spring, summer and fall. The Bookmill and its environs are an amazing and lovely place where you can lose yourself for hours. We've been lost here for years.
Katherine Brooks @huffingtonpost says we are one of the 50 best indie bookstores in America …but no rooms for rent, sorry!
Salon.com They say we're one of the "world's most inspiring bookstores." Aw, shucks.
Photo Tour – Publisher's Weekly An entirely unsolicited, yet exceptional, guided Photo Tour by Alison Morris of Publisher's Weekly.
The Boston Globe – New review!


Data from the Android apps for Facebook, Twitter or Google Calendar over the Internet are sent are not encrypted, discovered an American professor. Using Android social apps at public WiFi hotspots is a risk.
It was found that the social-networking apps sending unsecured data. It is still not known whether it Twitter just go to the official client or any apps that use the Twitter API. In the case of Twitter meant the lack of encryption that all tweets sent could be viewed, in private messages that would be a privacy issue could bring. Because Twitter uses OAuth login information was impossible to find.
It is unclear whether that Facebook can do, that app uses at least no OAuth. Google Calendar also be synchronized data without encryption, Gmail and Google Voice data were encrypted it again. The lack of a secure connection that allows data to public WiFi hotspots can be intercepted. There is also the danger of man in the middle attacks.
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Can you explain Mark 6:4? | For What Saith the Scriptures?
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Can you explain Mark 6:4?
Mark 6:4 says, "But Jesus said unto them, A prophet is not without honour, but in his own country, and among his own kin, and in his own house." If we read it in context, the meaning will become clearer.
Verse 1 says that Jesus is in "his own country" (Galilee, northern Israel). As an interesting comparison, note John 4:43-44: "Now after two days he departed thence, and went into Galilee. For Jesus himself testified, that a prophet hath no honour in his own country." Now, back to Mark chapter 6.
On the Sabbath day, the Jewish day of worship, the Lord Jesus Christ entered the synagogue or Jewish place of worship. As He taught, the crowds were amazed to hear such wisdom. They simply could not understand from where He had received such information and power. Here, their unfamiliarity with the Old Testament Scriptures is unmistakable. Had they believed those prophecies, their own Bible, they would have been able to see that Jesus was God in human flesh, their promised King-Redeemer (cf. John 5:39-47).
Read verse 3 again. They see Him as nothing but a mere "carpenter." "Is not this the carpenter, the son of Mary, the brother of James, and Joses, and of Juda, and Simon? and are not his sisters here with us? And they were offended at him." As soon as the crowd mentioned that Jesus had brothers and sisters, His siblings (whomever present) were ashamed to be identified as His immediate relatives. Embarrassment had filled them and so they did not want to be associated with Him. He was considered crazy, a fraud, and they did not want to share His reputation. Indeed, the Lord's own siblings in the flesh were unbelievers!
Verse 4 opens, "But Jesus said unto them, A prophet is not without honour, but in his own country, and among his own kin, and in his own house." These Galileans had grown so accustomed to Jesus during His childhood years and adolescence that they now could not care less about Him. You would think that they of all people—His family and acquaintances—would have accepted Him. Yet, their rejection of Him is easy to understand. When we spend a long time with someone or something, we eventually take him/her or it for granted. This is especially true if we did not value and esteem that someone or something in the first place. The same is true of Israel here. Had they had faith in their Old Testament (Bible), they would have had faith in Christ Jesus! Alas, Jesus' acquaintances and even His own brothers and sisters were in rank unbelief. They simply could not see Him as the Saviour that He was—but they did not care to see Him for whom He was, either.
The Lord Jesus was indeed true God, but He was also true Man. He showed emotion. As we would be surprised to see people remain in disbelief despite all the convincing evidence lying before them, so the Lord was amazed that His audience chose to sit in spiritual darkness when there was abounding light all around them!! He preached with great power and Divine authority, performed miracles to prove that He was Messiah, fulfilled Bible prophecy after Bible prophecy, and yet they still rejected Him. Friends, that is the spiritual madness that sin generates!!!
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