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State Voting Laws Roundup for 2022
LPETTET/Getty
Voters in some states are facing new barriers as they cast ballots in the midterms.
As voters cast ballots in the 2022 midterms, they face significant changes in the voting rights landscape since 2020. 2021 was a record-breaking year for legislative activity around voting rights, and many of the same trends have continued into 2022.
Between January 1, 2022, and September 12, 2022, state lawmakers have enacted the following voting laws:
At least seven states enacted 10 laws that make voting more difficult — of these, 5 laws in five states are in place for the midterms.1 In addition, the Arizona legislature passed a restrictive constitutional amendment proposal that is on the ballot for the midterms.2 Legislation is categorized as restrictive if it would make it harder for eligible Americans to register, stay on the voter rolls, and/or vote as compared to existing state law.
At least seven states have enacted 12 election interference laws, of which 11 are in place for the midterms.3 Legislation is categorized as election interference if it does one of two things: opens the door to partisan interference in elections or threatens the people and processes that make elections work.
At least 12 states have enacted 19 laws that expand access to the vote.4 Legislation is categorized as expansive if it would make it easier for eligible Americans to register, stay on the rolls, and/or vote as compared to existing state law.
Since the beginning of 2021, lawmakers have passed at least 42 restrictive voting laws in 21 states.5 Among those laws, 33 contain at least one restrictive provision that is in effect for the midterms in 20 states.6
The 10 restrictive state laws enacted in 2022 amount to the second-highest number of such laws enacted in any single year in the last decade behind 2021. This is particularly noteworthy since this is an election year, which typically has less legislative activity overall than nonelection years.7
State legislatures have enacted election interference laws at about the same rate as restrictive voting laws this year: 12 election interference laws in seven states compared to the 10 restrictive laws in seven states. While lawmakers have enacted restrictive voting legislation in the past, election interference laws emerged in significant numbers just last year. Both types of legislation appear to derive from the same set of debunked conspiracy theories about election fraud, 2020 being a "stolen" election, and other myths about voting that gained renewed national attention during the Trump presidency.
There is considerable overlap among the states that have enacted restrictive, interference, and expansive laws this year. Three (Arizona, Missouri, Oklahoma) of the seven states that enacted election interference laws have also enacted restrictive laws, signaling an ongoing legislative push to both increase the risk of partisan meddling and make it harder to vote. Five (Arizona, New Hampshire, New Jersey, Oklahoma, and South Carolina) of the seven states that enacted restrictive laws also enacted expansive laws, though they don't cancel each other out. The restrictive provisions passed in these states impose significant burdens, while most of the expansive provisions are relatively narrow.8
Restrictive Legislation
Between January 1 and September 12, at least seven states enacted 10 restrictive laws.9 Eight of the new laws were enacted since our last Voting Laws Roundup, published in May. In addition, legislators placed a restrictive constitutional amendment proposal on the ballot in Arizona.10 Five of these new laws are in effect for the 2022 midterm elections in five states.11 Overall, lawmakers in 39 states have proposed at least 405 restrictive bills for the 2022 legislative session.12
These new laws restrict access to the ballot box in a number of ways: they make it harder to vote by mail, establish or expand documentary proof of citizenship requirements for voter registration, impose new photo ID requirements, limit Election Day registration, make it more difficult for individuals without traditional addresses to register to vote, and increase the likelihood of faulty voter purges.
State lawmakers continue their focus on mail voting, as they did in 2021, with half of the 10 new restrictive laws creating new barriers to voting by mail.13 Like last year's laws, they include new requirements that voters provide identification numbers when they apply to vote by mail, prohibitions against drop boxes, and limitations on permanent absentee voting. This backlash against mail voting followed the 2020 elections, when a much larger proportion of the electorate relied on mail voting than in the past due to the Covid-19 pandemic. The expansion of mail voting in 2020 helped ensure that elections could continue during the height of the pandemic and would be beneficial to many voters — including voters with disabilities, elderly voters, and student voters away from home — regardless of the pandemic. Despite the lack of evidence that 2020's expansion of mail voting led to any significant fraud, many of the conspiracy theories claiming that the 2020 election was rigged continue to revolve around mail voting. Our research has shown the many links between these conspiracy theories and trends in restrictive legislation.
Another set of laws targets the maintenance of voter rolls, in apparent response to conspiracy theories that people are able to cast ballots on behalf of those who have moved or died and that people who aren't citizens can register and vote. Three laws in Arizona, Oklahoma, and South Carolina increase the risk of faulty voter purges.14 The Arizona and Oklahoma laws are not in effect for the midterms. The South Carolina law is effective, but any systemic purge that takes place within 90 days of the November midterms would violate federal law. AZ H.B. 2243 and SC S.B. 108 both allow voters to be purged based on information from public safety or national databases that suggest they are not citizens. Purges based on similar databases have been found unreliable. The South Carolina law does not give notice to the affected voters or provide them with an opportunity to correct an error, which greatly increases the risk that eligible voters will be mistakenly removed from the rolls.15
As discussed in the May roundup, Arizona and Mississippi enacted laws imposing or expanding restrictive documentary proof of citizenship requirements for voter registration.16 These laws also seem to respond to the conspiracy theory that people who aren't citizens are voting. The Arizona law, although not effective for the midterms, applies retroactively and risks the voter registration status of some 200,000 voters. It is currently the subject of numerous legal challenges over what the head of the Justice Department's Civil Rights Division described as "a textbook violation of the National Voter Registration Act."17
In addition, Oklahoma enacted a relatively unique law that will make it more difficult for voters without traditional addresses — such as voters living on tribal lands and homeless voters — to register to vote and cast a ballot. OK H.B. 3365 requires any newly registered voter to complete an address confirmation form before being allowed to vote if the voter ID card mailed to the voter is returned undeliverable or if the voter has an "invalid address." The law defines a "valid address" as one with "a street name, street number, city, state, and ZIP code," rendering other types of nontraditional addresses invalid.18 Many voters living on tribal land do not have traditional street addresses. In addition, the law could restrict access for homeless voters, despite courts affirming that a homeless person can't be denied the right to vote if they are otherwise eligible, merely because they lack a traditional street address.19 Already, less than 10 percent of individuals experiencing homelessness in the United States exercise their right to vote. This new law could make registering to vote while experiencing homelessness even more difficult.
Proposed Constitutional Amendments
In addition to the restrictive voting laws enacted so far in 2022, the Arizona legislature approved a restrictive proposed constitutional amendment that is on the ballot for the 2022 midterms.20 The proposal would impose stricter voter photo ID requirements for in-person and mail voting and would require mail voters to provide an ID number — an Arizona driver's license number, an Arizona state ID card number, the last four digits of a Social Security number, or a voter ID number — on the ballot return envelope in order for the ballot to be counted.
A restrictive constitutional amendment proposal also passed in the Pennsylvania legislature this year. The proposal would require government-issued ID for voting in person or by mail.21 Current law provides more flexibility, allowing voters to use various forms of photo and non-photo identification to vote. The amendment must pass again during the next legislative session and be approved by voters before it can go into effect. The proposal could go before voters as early as 2023.
Election Interference Legislation
Between January 1 and September 12, at least seven states enacted 12 election interference laws.22 Three of the laws were enacted since our roundup in May. Eleven of these new laws will be in effect for the November 2022 midterm elections.
Election interference laws create risks of partisan meddling with elections or threaten the people and processes that make elections work.23 Overall, at least 151 election interference bills have been introduced in 27 states this year.24
Legislation That Risks Partisan Interference with Elections
At least four new laws in two states create a risk of partisan interference with elections and election results.25 These laws rearrange who can regulate elections or declare the results, placing more power in the hands of partisan actors or eliminating valuable checks and balances. Three of these laws were passed in Georgia. While these laws vary in their specifics, all three create a risk of partisan interference in elections by shifting authority over elections from experienced election administrators to partisan-controlled county election boards, either by establishing a partisan election board for the first time or changing the way members are appointed on an existing election board. Similar bills passed in 2021 allowed county officials to remove a number of Black Democrats from election boards across the state.
The fourth such law, and the only one passed since our May roundup, is OK S.B. 523, which is in effect for the midterms. It forbids any state entity, including the governor, state election board, or state courts, from altering or amending election laws, effectively removing any checks on the state legislature. Barring the governor and election officials from implementing policies to respond to unexpected situations could cause complications in the administration of future elections. But taken a step further, assuming this law effectively bars state courts from even hearing challenges to burdensome or discriminatory election laws because they are now unable to "amend or alter" them is a dangerous move. It violates separation of power principles, fits with a national trend of undermining the power of the court to serve as a check on other branches of government, and leaves many state constitutional protections practically unenforceable. It essentially makes an extreme version of the "independent state legislature theory" the law of the land in Oklahoma.
Legislation That Imposes or Increases Likelihood of Election-Related Civil or Criminal Penalties
At least eight of the election interference laws passed this year, however, threaten elections in a different way. At least six laws in five states create new criminal or civil penalties for election officials.26 And as discussed in our May roundup, at least two laws in two states dedicate new resources toward pursuing election crimes against voters or election officials.27 These laws serve to intimidate election officials, election workers, and voters themselves. They contribute to an atmosphere of fear surrounding elections and create a risk that the people who run elections may be more concerned with avoiding criminal liability than protecting voters.
For example, in an apparent response to a conspiracy theory about private funding for election administration, laws passed in Alabama, Kentucky, Missouri, and Oklahoma make it a crime or impose a civil penalty if an election official receives or spends private funding for election-related activity.28 In 2020, election officials' acceptance and use of private funding and private donations of space for polling locations, volunteers' time, and supplies enabled them to run safe and secure elections. Criminalizing that action prevents election officials from accessing funding beneficial for election administration and puts them at risk for prosecution for otherwise ordinary conduct.
Such laws add to an already fraught climate for election officials, compounding the threats of violence and harassment from private actors motivated by conspiracy theories about elections. Retaining and recruiting election officials is a growing problem.
The new laws creating criminal penalties can also intimidate voters. Voters in Florida are already experiencing the impact of this election-related criminalization. Under the directive of FL S.B. 524, discussed in the May roundup and which created a new state office to initiate investigations into "election irregularities," several people were recently arrested. The individuals were all people with past felony convictions confused about the byzantine nature of Florida's voting rights restoration rules, and many were told by official actors that they were eligible to vote. Prosecuting voters for honest mistakes creates fear and intimidation among voters and demonstrates how dangerous these laws can be in the hands of politically motivated state officials.
Expansive Legislation
Between January 1 and September 12, at least 12 states enacted 19 laws that expand access to the vote.29 Fourteen of these laws were enacted since our roundup in May. Eighteen of the expansive laws will be in effect for the November 2022 midterm elections.30
Nine laws in six states make mail voting easier or improve the mail voting process,31 eight laws in six states make voting easier for voters with disabilities,32 six laws in six states expand opportunities for individuals to register to vote,33 and three laws in three states create or expand early in-person voting.34 Overall, lawmakers in 44 states and Washington, DC, have proposed at least 628 expansive bills for the 2022 legislative session.35
Notably, in June, New York enacted the landmark John Lewis Voting Rights Act, a state expansion of the federal Voting Rights Act.36 It expands access to the vote for racial-, ethnic-, and language-minority voters by creating new legal protections against voter suppression, vote dilution, and voter intimidation. The act additionally requires jurisdictions with a history of discrimination to seek preclearance before enacting certain changes to elections, a process similar to the federal preclearance system that the Supreme Court made ineffective in 2013.37
New York was not alone in passing significant expansive laws in June. Massachusetts enacted S. 2924, a comprehensive expansive law that makes several pandemic-era reforms permanent and enacts other new expansive policies. The law pushes back the voter registration deadline by 10 days, codifies the state's no-excuse mail voting policy implemented as a response to the pandemic, expands the number of days of early voting, creates new protections for voters with disabilities, and requires correctional facilities to assist eligible incarcerated voters in casting mail ballots. South Carolina's mixed omnibus bill SC S.B. 108 established no-excuse early in-person voting, and Delaware's DE H.B. 25 enacted Election Day registration.
AZ H.B. 2243, AZ H.B. 2492, MS H.B. 1510*, MO H.B. 1878*, NH S.B. 418*, NJ A.B. 3819, NJ A.B. 3820, OK H.B. 3364*, OK H.B. 3365, SC S.B. 108*. (* Indicates the law is in effect for the midterms.)
AZ S.C.R. 1012.
AL H.B. 194*, AZ H.B. 2237*, AZ H.B. 2492*, FL S.B. 524*, GA H.B. 1015, GA H.B. 1368*, GA H.B. 1432*, GA S.B. 441*, KY H.B. 301*, MO H.B. 1878*, OK H.B. 3046*, OK S.B. 523*. (* Indicates the law is in effect for the midterms.)
AZ H.B. 2119*, AZ S.B. 1170*, AZ S.B. 1638*, CT H.B. 5262*, DE H.B. 25*, LA H.B. 423*, LA H.B. 646*, LA H.B. 1074*, MA S. 2924*, NH H.B. 1594*, NJ A.B. 3929*, NY S.B. 253*, NY S.B. 1046*, NY S.B. 7565*, OK H.B. 1711*, OR H.B. 4133, RI H.B. 7100*, RI S.B. 2007*, SC S.B. 108*. (* Indicates the law is in effect for the midterms.) The California legislature also passed CA A.B. 2815, which would require the establishment of additional drop box locations. The bill was signed into law on September 26, after the cutoff date of this report, and is not reflected in the number of expansive bills. CA A.B. 2815 is not in effect for the midterms. Delaware also enacted DE S.B. 320, an expansive law that established no-excuse mail voting, but that law was struck down after the cutoff date of this report. Higgin v. Albence, No. 2022–0641-NAC (Del.Ch., filed July 20, 2022).
AL H.B. 285, AL H.B. 538, AR H.B. 1112, AR H.B. 1244, AR H.B. 1715, AR S.B. 643, AZ H.B. 2243, AZ H.B. 2492, AZ S.B. 1003, AZ S.B. 1485, AZ S.B. 1819, FL S.B. 90, GA S.B. 202, IA S.F. 413, IA S.F. 568, ID H.B. 290, IN S.B. 398, KS H.B. 2183, KS H.B. 2332, KY H.B. 574, MO H.B. 1878, MS H.B. 1510, MT H.B. 176, MT H.B. 530, MT S.B. 169, MT S.B. 196, MT S.B. 319, NH H.B. 523, NH S.B. 31, NH S.B. 418, NJ A.B. 3819, NJ A.B. 3820, NY S.B. 264, OK H.B. 2663, OK H.B. 3364, OK H.B. 3365, SC S.B. 108, TX H.B. 3920, TX S.B. 1, TX S.B. 1111, UT H.B. 12, WY H.B. 75.
AZ H.B. 1819, AZ H.B. 2243, MT H.B. 530, and MT S.B. 319 have been struck or enjoined and the laws' restrictive voting provisions will not be in effect for the midterms. AZ S.B. 1485, NJ A.B. 3819, and NJ A.B. 3820 are in effect, but no voter will be impacted by these laws this November. AZ H.B. 2492 and OK H.B. 3365 will go into effect after the midterms.
Not all state legislatures meet in even-numbered years. Most legislatures that met this year were in the second year of their two-year sessions. All but a handful of state legislatures meeting in 2022 have now ended their legislative sessions. Legislative sessions are ongoing in Michigan, New Jersey, Ohio, and Pennsylvania.
One exception is SC S.B. 108, which enacted no-excuse early in-person voting for the first time, a significant expansion of voting access. The same law also enacted several restrictive provisions.
AZ H.B. 2243, AZ H.B. 2492, MS H.B. 1510, MO H.B. 1878, NH S.B. 418, NJ A.B. 3819, NJ A.B. 3820, OK H.B. 3364, OK H.B. 3365, SC S.B. 108.
MS H.B. 1510, MO H.B. 1878, NH S.B. 418, OK H.B. 3364, SC S.B. 108. While SC S.B. 108 is in effect, any systemic purge that takes place within 90 days of the November midterms would violate federal law. AZ H.B. 2243 has been preliminarily enjoined and will not be in effect for the November midterms. Arizona Asian American Native Hawaiian and Pacific Islander for Equity Coalition v. Hobbs, No. 2:22-cv-01381 (D. Ariz., filed Aug. 22, 2022). AZ H.B. 2492 and OK H.B. 3365 will take effect after November 2022.
Legislation with restrictive provisions was introduced in or carried over into the 2022 legislative sessions in Alabama, Alaska, Arizona, California, Colorado, Delaware, Georgia, Idaho, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Massachusetts, Michigan, Minnesota, Mississippi, Missouri, Nebraska, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New Mexico, New York, North Carolina, Ohio, Oklahoma, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, South Carolina, South Dakota, Tennessee, Utah, Virginia, Washington, West Virginia, Wisconsin, and Wyoming.
MO H.B. 1878, NJ A.B. 3819, NJ A.B. 3820, OK H.B. 3364, SC S.B. 108.
AZ H.B. 2243, OK H.B. 3365, SC S.B. 108.
Myrna Pérez, Brennan Center for Justice, Voter Purges (September 2008), https://www.brennancenter.org/sites/default/files/legacy/publications/Voter.Purges.f.pdf. It is important to note that the South Carolina law is a mixed omnibus law that affects many different provisions of South Carolina's election code. The law also contains expansive provisions that are discussed below.
AZ H.B. 2492, MS H.B. 1510.
Complaint, Living United for Change in Arizona v. Hobbs, No. 2:22-cv-00519 (D. Ariz., filed Mar. 31, 2022); Complaint, Mi Familia Vota v. Hobbs, No. 2:22-cv-00509 (D. Ariz., filed Mar. 31, 2022). Complaint, Poder Latinx v. Hobbs, No. 2:22-cv-01003 (D. Ariz., filed June 9, 2022); Complaint, United States v. Arizona, No. 2:22-cv-01124 (D. Ariz., filed July 5, 2022).
OK H.B. 3365.
Pitts v. Black, 608 F.Supp. 696 (S.D.N.Y. 1984); Collier v. Menzel, 176 Cal. App. 3d 24 (Ct. App. 1985) (both finding a violation of the 14th Amendment's Equal Protection Clause for refusing to allow homeless individuals to register to vote because they lacked a traditional residential address). According to the National Coalition for the Homeless, "when registering to vote, homeless voters only need to designate their place of residence, which can be a street corner, a park, a shelter, or any other location where an individual stays at night." (https://www.nationalhomeless.org/projects/vote/Manual_2012.pdf)
PA S.B. 106. In addition, this amendment, if approved, would enshrine that the state constitution does not grant any right "relating to abortion."
AL H.B. 194, AZ H.B. 2237, AZ H.B. 2492, FL S.B. 524, GA H.B. 1015, GA H.B. 1368, GA H.B. 1432, GA S.B. 441, KY H.B. 301, MO H.B. 1878, OK H.B. 3046, OK S.B. 523.
GA H.B. 1015 will take effect after the November midterms. A number of election interference laws were passed in 2021 that will be in effect for the November 2022 elections. Will Wilder, Derek Tisler, and Wendy Weiser, The Election Sabotage Scheme and How Congress Can Stop It, Brennan Center (Nov. 8, 2021), https://www.brennancenter.org/our-work/research-reports/election-sabotage-scheme-and-how-congress-can-stop-it. However, the Brennan Center did not begin tracking this legislation comprehensively until 2022.
Election interference bills have been introduced in Alabama, Alaska, Arizona, Colorado, Florida, Georgia, Hawaii, Illinois, Iowa, Kansas, Kentucky, Minnesota, Mississippi, Missouri, Nebraska, New Hampshire, New Jersey, Oklahoma, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, South Carolina, South Dakota, Tennessee, Virginia, Washington, West Virginia, and Wisconsin.
GA H.B. 1015, GA H.B. 1368, GA H.B. 1432, OK S.B. 523.
AL H.B. 194, AZ H.B. 2237, AZ H.B. 2492, KY H.B. 301, MO H.B. 1878, OK H.B. 3046. The Alabama law has an exception for private funding during a state public health emergency. The Pennsylvania law exempts the donation of facilities to be used as polling locations, volunteer services, and goods valued at less than $100.
FL S.B. 524, GA S.B. 441.
AL H.B. 194, KY H.B. 301, MO H.B. 1878, OK H.B. 3046, SC S.B. 108.
AZ H.B. 2119, AZ S.B. 1170, AZ S.B. 1638, CT H.B. 5262, DE H.B. 25, LA H.B. 423, LA H.B. 646, LA H.B. 1074, MA S. 2924, NH H.B. 1594, NJ A.B. 3929, NY S.B. 253, NY S.B. 1046, NY S.B. 7565, OK H.B. 1711, OR H.B. 4133, RI H.B. 7100, RI S.B. 2007, SC S.B. 108. The California legislature also passed CA A.B. 2815, which would require the establishment of additional drop box locations. The bill was signed into law on September 26, after the cutoff date of this report, and is not reflected in the number of expansive bills. CA A.B. 2815 is not in effect for the midterms. Delaware also enacted DE S.B. 320, but that law was struck down after the cutoff date of this report. Higgin v. Albence, No. 2022–0641-NAC (Del.Ch., filed July 20, 2022).
OR H.B. 433 will take effect after the November midterms.
AZ S.B. 1638, CT H.B. 5262, LA H.B. 646, LA H.B. 1074, MA S. 2924, NY S.B. 253, NY S.B. 7565, RI S.B. 2007, RI H.B. 7100.
AZ S.B. 1638, LA H.B. 646, MA S. 2924, NH H.B. 1594, NY S.B. 7565, OK H.B. 1711, RI S.B. 2007, RI H.B. 7100.
AZ S.B. 1170, DE H.B. 25, LA H.B. 423, MA S. 2924, NH H.B. 1594, OR H.B. 4133.
LA H.B. 646, MA S. 2924, SC S.B. 108.
Expansive legislation was proposed in Alabama, Alaska, Arizona, California, Colorado, Connecticut, Delaware, Florida, Georgia, Hawaii, Idaho, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maine, Maryland, Massachusetts, Michigan, Minnesota, Mississippi, Missouri, Nebraska, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New Mexico, New York, North Carolina, Ohio, Oklahoma, Oregon, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, South Carolina, South Dakota, Tennessee, Utah, Vermont, Virginia, Washington, West Virginia, and Wisconsin.
NY S.B. 1046.
Shelby County v. Holder, 570 U.S. 529 (2013).
Originally published by the Brennan Center for Justice, 10.06.2022, under the terms of a Creative Commons Attribution-No Derivs-NonCommercial license.
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Wildfires producing more harmful pollution
Integrated construction model may have saved $200 million on new UCSF complex
Andis Robeznieks
Integrated-project delivery helped UCSF Medical Center save $200 million building its Mission Bay campus and stay on schedule.
One of the largest healthcare projects ever built through the integrated-project-delivery approach opened last month. And project leaders in charge of building UCSF Medical Center's $1.5 billion, 289-bed Mission Bay complex in San Francisco say the collaborative IPD approach reduced the total cost by $200 million.
"When we were starting to set this project up, we set the business terms to make sure all the participants knew what they were accountable for and how to deal with it collaboratively," said Stuart Eckblad, UCSF Medical Center's director of design and construction. "It wasn't just handing out the contract and saying, 'Here it is.' "
The IPD approach allowed the project partners to absorb some $55 million in late-in-the-game changes without being thrown into turmoil, he said. For example, beams were already going up when it was discovered that the extra steel needed to support a rooftop garden would cut the required ceiling height for the operating and C-section rooms planned below it.
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Laurel Harrison, who worked on the Mission Bay project as a principal in the San Francisco office of Stantec architects, said having everyone involved work on the problem together led to a satisfactory solution that involved just a slight shift of the rooms. "It was the kind of situation that could have resulted in a not-so-nice compromise," she said.
Collaborators in hospital construction projects often say that after using the integrated-project-delivery method, they never want to go back to the traditional process because the new approach reduces the multiple rounds of designing, bidding, rejecting, revising and litigating.
But results of Modern Healthcare's 36th annual Construction & Design Survey suggest that interest in the IPD approach is flattening. Some experts speculate that this is because IPD is better-suited to bigger projects and healthcare is on a downsizing trend. But others say people are using IPD precepts even if they don't realize it.
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Download the complete results of Modern Healthcare's Construction and Design Survey
In this year's survey, 49.6% of respondents reported working on an IPD project, down from 56.9% last year. The number of IPD projects reported for both years was 641.
The American Institute of Architects' California Council defined IPD in 2007 as an "approach that integrates people, systems, business structures and practices into a process that collaboratively harnesses the talents and insights of all participants to reduce waste and optimize efficiency through all phases of design, fabrication and construction."
The traditional construction approach involves designers and contractors working in silos, heightening the risks of miscommunication and the need for revisions. In contrast, IPD pulls architects, contractors, subcontractors and hospital owners together from the start to quickly resolve conflicts and push projects forward under shared risk-and-reward financial arrangements.
About 56% of respondents who worked on an IPD project said the methodology saved time. But only 37.5% said all the IPD projects they worked on included a shared risk-and-reward contract, while 41.7% said none had shared risk and reward.
Henry Chao, principal and healthcare design director for HOK architects in New York City, said IPD's focus on shared risks and rewards had been gaining popularity until the 2008 financial crash. "Now, if you're the owner, why do I want to share anything?" he asked. "What's the incentive if you have hungry contractors out there?"
He added that project speed was more important when it was more expensive to borrow money. Now that the costs of borrowing are lower, Chao said, some of the incentive to build fast has also come down.
Still, Andrew Quirk, senior vice president and national director of Skanska USA's Healthcare Center of Excellence, said Skanska was pursuing three East Coast projects that were true IPDs with shared risk and reward.
Eckblad said projects have to be a certain scale for IPD to work, but no one knows yet what the minimum size is. "A one-year project probably can't bring people together to make this work," he said. "It's a question of complexity and being able to respond to an unanticipated amount of change."

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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England looking to blaze a trail at Women's Rugby League World Cup
Danika Priim says impressing in Australia will put the sport on the map in the UK at a time when it is rapidly developing 'from zero to hero'
Aaron Bower
Wed 15 Nov 2017 04.59 EST Last modified on Sun 26 Nov 2017 22.09 EST
Australia and New Zealand have won all four of the Women's Rugby League World Cups between them but England are hoping to spring a surprise. Photograph: Mark Nolan/Getty Images
There was considerable outrage in New South Wales when the organisers of the 2017 Rugby League World Cup largely snubbed the sport's undisputed capital, Sydney, handing the city only two group games due to the local government's reported lack of financial commitment.
However, while this weekend's quarter-finals take place in Darwin, Christchurch, Melbourne and Wellington, there will still be a significant rugby league presence in Sydney over the next fortnight as the world's best women players do battle in their own World Cup, that tournament's fifth edition.
Rugby League World Cup has been snubbed in NRL-obsessed Australia
While some of the men's teams have attracted criticism from their own players about the low pay-rates for playing in their World Cup, not even the biggest and best teams in the women's tournament offer their players any payment to represent their country. They do it for the love, not the money – an attitude which comprises the backbone of women's rugby league at present. "I'd have paid my own way out here if I'd had to," says Danika Priim, the Bradford forward who was only convinced to try her hand at switching to rugby league from union two years ago after being asked to give it a go.
"I'm a PE teacher and yeah, I can't lie, I've had to give up my wages and take unpaid leave from work for this," she says. "Who wouldn't, though? It's the chance of a lifetime – it's not ideal having to take time off work … but the girls are well supported by their employers, and the school have been great with me."
Priim is an integral part of an England side who, much like their male counterparts, are looking to buck the Anzac trend at the World Cup. The first three tournaments were won by New Zealand before Australia won the event for the first time in 2013. But women's rugby league is quietly growing in the UK. This year, Bradford won the first-ever Women's Super League – a competition which will expand in 2018 when big names such as Widnes, Leeds and Wigan join the women's revolution.
"The sport has gone from zero to hero in such a short space of time," Priim says. "We're trying to bring things in line with the men as much as possible, and we're getting there."
The growth of the game in this country gives Priim belief that England can go all the way at this World Cup. To do so, they will have to not finish bottom of a pool that also contains Australia and the Cook Islands.
Pool B features New Zealand, Papua New Guinea and, for the first time, Canada. Sydney hosts all the group games and both semi-finals.
There is quite the prize awaiting England should they reach the final, though. Crowds do not run much higher than the hundreds in the Women's Super League at present; it's even unclear how high the pick-up in interest will be for the World Cup in Sydney given their rejection of the men's tournament.
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But the final will be played as part of a double-header with the men's World Cup final in Brisbane on 2 December, in front of more than 50,000 people.
"That's the aim for us," says Priim. "It's an exciting prize awaiting us if we can get the job done – an England-Australia double-header would be nice, wouldn't it?"
England's campaign begins on Thursday against PNG, followed by games against the Jillaroos on Sunday and the Cook Islands next Wednesday. Should they reach the final, they would match the England women's rugby union team, who lost their own World Cup final to New Zealand in the summer. The union side received mainstream media attention and a primetime TV slot – the rugby league side are unlikely to receive the same level of publicity, but it would certainly pique the interest of many should they get that far.
"There's no pay but we're setting the platform for future years, I think," Priim adds. "We're a bit of an unknown quantity, both the team and the sport in this country. Hopefully we can change that over the next few weeks."
Australia sport


With the Indian festival season of Dussehra and Diwali just around the corner, storefronts and online retail stores will be decked up with the best shopping deals of the season. Keeping in tune with tradition, this is a time when you splurge on adding new things to your home, your wardrobe and spend on gifts for your near and dear ones. It is also a time when you can take some time off and go travelling. It is but natural that you may want to splurge to ring in the new into your life and have created a budget for that purpose, but more often than not you may end up overspending. Here is a handy guide to help you spend judiciously and yet make the most out of this festival and holiday season.
Before you hit the shopping sites or malls and have all your credit or debit cards ready, it is best to first make a wish list of all that you would want to buy for yourself and also as gifts for people. Do consult your family while making the list, as various opinions will help you flesh out the list and also make sure you keep everybody satisfied. This will help you prioritise your spending on things you really need and plan a budget accordingly.
Now that you know what all you are going to be spending on, make a budget for how much you will be willing to spend on each of the items on your list. ICICI Bank's My Money is a great money-management tool that allows you to track your expenses effectively. You can categorise your spends on different things, set budget goals and budget alerts to get a reminder when you are overspending. This way you will always be on top of how much you are spending on shopping for the festival season, or even when you are travelling and as a result, curtail your expenses.
Even if you have a budget you are working with, sometimes you may get tempted to pick up things that you may not need right away and give in to an impulse buy. Same goes for travelling when you may end up spending a bit more than you thought you would while you are dining out or engaging in a new experience. In that case, it may be wise to always have a savings plan in action so that you spend wisely and it does not hinder your financial goals. iWish by ICICI Bank is a flexi-recurring deposit to consider as it allows you to stack away money and avoid overspending. It allows you to deposit any amount as per your convenience and availability of funds multiple times a month. You will earn a higher rate of interest than your savings account with the benefit of being able to deposit any amount at any time. This way whenever you do return to normal life, you will not have burnt a hole in your pocket and not worry about having overspent.
The best part of the festival season is that many brands and retail outlets offer great discounts and offers on multiple products. To optimise on your spending, it is ideal to go in for offers that provide either heavy discounts or offer free gifts. This is most helpful if you start looking for gift ideas before the season starts. ICICI Bank's Offer Zone has some excellent offers to choose from online shopping to dining out to electronics and even on travel. Not only will this help you tick off things from your list of items to buy, but also help in planning for a meal out with friends and family or even taking travel trips during the season. If you are buying as a group with your family, you can always use Pockets by ICICI Bank to split your bills. If you are more of an online shopper, you can always send e-gifts through Pockets to your near and dear ones and avoid travelling from store to store.
While travelling or even while shopping for expensive gadgets, try and divide your high value transactions into EMIs. Not just credit cards, this service is also available on debit cards. ICICI Bank's EMI on Debit Cards gives you this facility and you can choose your tenure from 3 to 24 months.
A well-planned trip will help you make the most out of any destination you visit while on vacation. Maintaining a good travel log really goes a long way in planning your trip well. It must contain your itinerary, copies of your important document details just in case there is a loss of any, contact details of hotels you are staying at, people you are travelling with and of course, a designated budget plan. This way you will be able to track your expenses at every step of the way and also keep a tab on where you go overboard, if you do. You can either download an app like TripIt or even a general management app like Evernote for the same.
The smartest way to spend during the festival season is to do it on a budget, do not feel pressured to spend more than you can afford. Just following this simple process might help you make the most out of the holidays and begin the next month without a heavy dent in your bank account. So go ahead, make the best of the season.


Hello, and a playful Mid-May to you!
Welcome, or welcome back, to my newsletter. In the photo above I'm with a friend whom I unexpectedly ran into at an airport. She said something to make me laugh, then took our picture. I hope you have good friends and merriness in your life too.
Today's issue has an article about keeping a personal limitation in perspective, and not letting it dominate your awareness. Enjoy!
Has your limitation become your identity?
This picture of a person in leg braces running makes me smile. I can just feel the determination to keep moving forward. It also reminds me of the scene in the Forrest Gump movie when he's running away from his pursuers, faster and faster. Then his leg braces shatter and fly away, allowing him to run free. What an image of triumph over an obstacle! I tear up just thinking of it.
The person in the photo, and the Forrest Gump character in the movie, certainly know they're wearing leg braces. Yet that's not the totality of who they are. They want to run, so they do. Listen to people talk, and I'll bet you'll soon hear someone express a desire. Then in the next breath come the reasons why they can't: not enough money, too old or the wrong gender or the family would disapprove.
In the photo below, a woman is using a power drill to build something. Does this task have to be "men's work"? Challenge your assumptions, especially those with regard to yourself. Might your self-definition be too narrow? I hear women say "I'm a girly girl!" and I wonder if they've ever gone camping, or climbed a tree. Don't miss out on the joy of doing something new just because you've never done it before. You might really enjoy it, and you won't know until you try.
One place I often see this kind of self-imposed limitation is with physical problems. A woman in my neighborhood was out in her yard last summer when I walked by. As we started to chat, her 2nd or 3rd sentence was "I have fibromyalgia, so I can't...". Being a lifelong athlete who sometimes pushes myself too hard, it was all I could do not to urge her to try to expand her limits a bit. She was walking around the grassy lawn fine, not looking like she was in pain. What if the jogger in leg braces had that "I can't" attitude?
Finally, overcoming an obstacle feels great, whether it's a large or a small triumph. When the doctor says you'll keep getting worse, he may be talking from his experience of most people getting worse, but that doesn't have to be your story! "Whatever you can do or dream you can do, begin it!" is a famous quote attributed to Goethe. Believe in yourself, and take that first step forward toward your goal. Nothing ventured, nothing gained!
To read about seeing my vision limitation as too big a part of myself, click here.
Let me know what you've wondered about concerning energy medicine or vision or dreams. I'll be glad to write a short article addressing that topic. Thank you to those who have sent me questions, or see a question you asked me in a private session written about here. You're helping many other people! Enjoy the remainder of your May. I'll write again in a couple of weeks. Take care!


text:
Accustomed to Violence
By Rob in education, movies, opinion, parenting August 19, 2011 4 Comments
There's been a surge of articles in parenting magazines, blogs, and news coverage about bullying lately. Children are being tormented in America's schools and online—sometimes to the point of committing suicide. It's hard to believe that something I had been so totally unaware of is such a huge problem, yet the media has declared bullying to be a national epidemic.
There's some contention about just how severe this has become; some experts insist that bullying is no more prevalent now than it was back when little boys yanked little girls' pigtails and that the media's portrayal is unrealistic and excessive, making behaviors that might simply be cruel into something more criminal. Maybe physical bullying has taken a backseat to psychological or emotional bullying, but even if the media has blown this out of proportion, there's no denying that bullying is a credible and increasing problem.
As a parent, I'm thankful for all of the efforts to shed some light on this problem and I fully support both punishing bullies and helping kids learn to better cope with pressure-filled situations. But maybe we should put forth as much effort looking at some of the root causes. I believe a big contributing factor is how acclimated we've become to violence.
Horrific, explicit, oppressive violence is now an accepted part of our everyday lives.
Remember the movie Robocop about a terminally-wounded Detroit cop who returns to the police force as a powerful cyborg? What you may not recall is that the 1987 movie was initially given an X rating by the MPAA due to its graphic violence. Right, the movie was rated "X" not because of explicit sexual content, but for its shockingly-violent imagery. To appease the requirements of the ratings board, writer/director Paul Verhoeven pulled back on the significant blood & gore in 3 scenes so the movie could be released with an "R" rating instead.
Yet compared to what we routinely see on TV, movies, and video games now, the uncut version of that movie is tame by today's standards. Within a 20 year span, what was shocking and socially repulsive has become acceptable, commonplace entertainment. Movies have become gleefully gruesome and morbidity is now mainstream. Consider the "Saw" series that let us watch as people are brutally murdered in twisted, torturous manners. Compare the likes of a Bruce Lee or Chuck Norris martial arts movie to that of the endless barrage of bloody carnage shown in contemporary movies like "Kill Bill."
Likewise, TV shows even feature a stunning degree of graphic violence. Procedural cop shows like C.S.I. are far more realistically gruesome than that X-rated version of Robocop. Even when the violence isn't necessarily visually graphic, there's still some extremely negative behaviors at play. Consider that toddlers now watch wrestling on TV, which was strictly the guilty pleasure of Dads when we were kids—much to the disapproval of most Moms.
And where playing video games in our teen years meant shooting squiggly blips to make pixelated aliens disappear, now video gamers are immersed in battles where they fire super-realistic weapons at convincingly-real, three-dimensional opponents who yowl in agony when hit, spurt blood, limp, and finally collapse in a nauseating mass on the ground when they've sustained too much damage. (Until recently, this is the sort of thing that only soldiers would have to endure—and sometimes suffer from post-traumatic stress disorder as a result.) Other video games reward players for beating up women, stealing cars, pistol-whipping passers-by, and inflicting varying degrees of terrible carnage on, well, anything that moves. According to some estimates, by the time typical American children reach the age of 18, they've already seen 200,000 acts of violence and 40,000 murders on some sort of screen.
We've allowed our society as a whole to become fully engulfed, acclimated, and accustomed to horrendous, gratuitous violence as a normal component of daily life. Perversely, our society actually savors and glorifies extreme cruelty and destructiveness! And as we've become numb and indifferent to negativity and violence, bullying has escalated to epidemic proportions. Surely, that's no coincidence.
Tags bullying
First Day of Kindergarten
Stacy Harrison
I absolutely agree with you! It is shocking what is acceptable to be shown even on the news at night–which we only now watch for the weather because of Aidan. I gave up TV one year for Lent and was absolutely shocked when I turned it back on at how acceptable the demeaning and demanding behavior or even cartoons was. Watch SpongeBob Square Pants for five minutes. . .it is absolutely terrible. No wonder our children are growing up confused bullies. We are now planning more family game nights. Hopefully that will help!
silverfiddle
So true. Monkey see, monkey do.
realitycheque
so if this article IS true.. why is it you don't see people jumping out of buildings after seeing it in a movie? or driving motorcycles against traffic after seeing it in a movie?
I'm surprised you didn't try to tie in violence with music aswell.
Adults can – or at least should be able to – differentiate between real and fantasy. Children don't have that.
And yes, there IS a social impact associated with music, but more often that's about degrading women and glorifying materialism than horrific violence.
Shopping the Perimeter
Netflix: A Story of Greed, Apathy & Karma
Scheduled For Surgery


Doing will be permanently deleted from tor-browser-settings. This cannot be undone.
Enhancement will be permanently deleted from tor-browser-settings. This cannot be undone.
Experiment will be permanently deleted from tor-browser-settings. This cannot be undone.
Feature will be permanently deleted from tor-browser-settings. This cannot be undone.
Research will be permanently deleted from tor-browser-settings. This cannot be undone.
To Do will be permanently deleted from tor-browser-settings. This cannot be undone.


Tuesday, February 5, 2019 12:00-2:00 p.m.
In this introductory workshop, learn the basic steps to starting your business, plus get tools and resources for in-depth training on what you "didn't know you needed to know" about business. Stay after the session for one-on-one consultations with business counselors from the City of Los Angeles BusinessSource centers.
Wai-Ling Chin is the Business Counseling Manager for PACE BusinessSource Center. She holds a Bachelor's degree in Business Administration in Marketing. Besides supervising the business counselors, Wai Ling also overseas the Individual Development Account (IDA) Programs, Financial Education, Credit Building, VITA and Asset Building programs.
Wai-Ling is the committed Site Coordinator of three Volunteer Income Tax Assistance (VITA) sites. She manages the VITA sites operations, recruiting and training volunteer tax preparers and actively reaching out to taxpayers to save their tax refunds such as the Earned Income Tax Credit (EITC), Child Tax Credit, and Education Credit.
As a credit counselor, Wai-Ling conducts credit workshops and one-on-on credit counseling. She emphasizes credit building because CREDIT BUILDING = ASSET BUILDING. Wai-Ling is a strong advocate for savings and asset building because they are the foundation for economic mobility and security.
As a loan counselor, Wai-Ling packages and underwrites business loans. Her goals are to help underserved individuals, entrepreneurs, and small business owners access to capital, accumulate wealth and build assets.
In her outreach, she emphasizes the importance of a healthy personal credit profile and strives to help develop skills and knowledge to build financial assets.
Wai-Ling is an immigrant from Malaysia. She is well versed in English, Mandarin, Cantonese, Hokkien and Bahasa Malaysia.
Ryan Metheny is the Managing Librarian, Legal Education at LA Law Library. After graduating from UCLA School of Law, Ryan practiced First Amendment law at a public interest firm in Berkeley. He transitioned to librarianship to focus on his passions of research and education, and earned a master's degree in library and information science from the University of Washington. When not on the reference desk, Ryan coordinates the educational programming at the law library, the law student internship program, and the Members Program. He also teaches legal research at the University of Southern California Gould School of Law.
Tuesday, February 12, 2019 12:00-2:00 p.m.
Tuesday, October 30, 2018 12:00 p.m. — 2:00 p.m.
Learn about government contracts, which can be a great source of steady revenue for small businesses. Officials from local and state agencies will present information on how to locate public solicitations, certification requirements, the bidding process, and how contracts are awarded.
Tuesday, November 6, 2018 12:00 p.m. — 2:00 p.m.
Exporting can be a great untapped source of revenue for Los Angeles area businesses. Learn about the resources available to beginning exporters and the nuts and bolts of starting your own export business.
Elizabeth Glynn facilitates ExporTech™ programs throughout Southern California for CMTC, an affiliate of the NIST Manufacturing Extension Partnership, which supports small- and medium-sized manufacturers to enhance their operational and business capabilities. ExporTech™ is a corporate management system that provides manufacturing executives and business owners with strategic focus and a structured process through which they create and implement actionable export plans that result in increased sales growth in global markets. To date, 50+ Executive Teams have completed ExporTech™ programs. Most are implementing their export plans and expanding sales in global markets. Six manufacturers have received export awards recognizing their export expansion efforts.
A global operations and business development professional, Glynn has worked with companies in export operations, compliance, trade finance, and global logistics with the objective of accelerating companies' investment in exporting and maximizing their competitive advantage in global markets.
Initially having worked in global logistics and sales, Glynn transitioned from global transportation to managing the export operations for a company. Glynn streamlined the global logistics infrastructure; managed export, import, and foreign-based transactions; facilitated multi-country shipments, free trade zone projects; and negotiated letters of credit. She achieved seamless in-transit logistics movement of third country shipments; and, secured resolution of a six-figure transshipment cargo insurance claim. Glynn has interfaced with a diverse range of companies that includes working with program units at Raytheon Space & Communications to provide export training and facilitate global delivery of communication systems to establishing export operations for a medical device manufacturer.
Since 1998 Glynn has taught courses in global business management, leadership, and ethics at the University of La Verne (M.B.A. program), and a number of global trade courses at UCLA Extension including global logistics and fundamentals of international trade. She has developed and presented customized programs at UCLA Extension and UC Riverside. Glynn holds a Master of International Management (M.I.M.) degree from the Thunderbird School of Global Management and a Bachelor of Arts (B.A.) degree in Linguistics from UC Irvine.
Tuesday, September 18, 2018 12:00 p.m. — 2:00 p.m.


text:
thinkcpp
Activecode Exercises
Coding Practice
Mixed-Up Code Exercises
10.1 Vectors
10.2 Accessing elements
10.3 Copying vectors
10.4 for loops
10.5 Vector size
10.6 Vector functions
10.7 Random numbers
10.8 Statistics
10.9 Vector of random numbers
10.10 Counting
10.11 Checking the other values
10.12 A histogram
10.13 A single-pass solution
10.14 Random seeds
10.16 Multiple Choice Exercises
10.17 Mixed-Up Code Exercises
10.18 Activecode Exercises
Activecode Exercises¶
Answer the following Activecode questions to assess what you have learned in this chapter.
Construct a block of code that changes the first element of vec to a 6, multiplies the third element of vec by 2, and increments the last element of vec by 1 (in that order). This should work no matter what vec is.
#include #include using namespace std; // YOUR CODE HERE
Below is one way to construct the code.
#include #include using namespace std; int main() { vector vec; vec.assign(1,10); vec[0] = 6; vec[2] = vec[2] * 2; int last = vec.size() - 1; vec[last]++; }
Construct a block of code that creates a vector called digs whose elements are 7, 8, 7, 8. Then access elements to change the digs to contain the elements 7, 4, 7, 4. Important: Change the 8's to 4's in order of increasing index.
#include #include using namespace std; int main() { vector digs = {7, 8, 7, 8}; digs[1] = 4; digs.pop_back(); digs.push_back(4); }
Construct a block of code that creates a vector called nums whose elements are five 1's. Then make a copy of this vector called digits, and use vector operations to change digits to {1, 2, 3}.
#include #include using namespace std; int main() { vector nums (5, 1); vector digits = nums; digits.pop_back(); digits.pop_back(); digits[1]++; digits[2] = digits[2] * 3; }
Construct a block of code that loops over a vector called numbers and transforms the vector so each element is doubled.
#include #include using namespace std; int main() { vector numbers = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}; for (size_t i = 0; i < numbers.size(); i++) { numbers[i] = numbers[i] * 2; } }
Suppose you have the vector words. Construct a block of code that transforms the vector to: vector<string> words = {"cAr", "cAt", "switch", "mArio"}. Write the necessary code.
#include #include using namespace std; int main() { vector words = {"car", "cat", "switch", "princess"}; // YOUR CODE HERE }
#include #include using namespace std; int main() { vector words = {"car", "cat", "switch", "princess"}; words.pop_back(); words.push_back("mario"); for (size_t i = 0; i < words.size(); ++i) { for (size_t c = 0; c < words[i].size(); ++c) { if (words[i][c] == 'a') { words[i][c] = 'A'; } } } }
Suppose you run Club Keno, and you are in charge of picking the 20 random numbered balls between 1 and 80. Construct a block of code that chooses these random numbers, then saves them to a vector called keno.
Below is one way to construct the code
#include #include using namespace std; int main() { vector keno = {}; for (size_t i = 0; i < 20; i++) { int x = random (); int y = x % 80; keno.push_back(y + 1); } }
Suppose you have the defined vector album. Construct a block of code that counts how many songs in album start with b. Write the necessary code.
#include #include using namespace std; int main() { vector album = {"imagine", "needy", "NASA", "bloodline", "fake smile", "bad idea", "make up", "ghostin", "in my head", "7 rings", "thank u, next", "break up with your girlfriend, i'm bored"}; // YOUR CODE HERE }
#include #include using namespace std; int main() { vector album = {"imagine", "needy", "NASA", "bloodline", "fake smile", "bad idea", "make up", "ghostin", "in my head", "7 rings", "thank u, next", "break up with your girlfriend, i'm bored"}; int count = 0; for (size_t i = 0; i < album.size(); i++) { if (album[i][0] == 'b') { ++count; } } }
Suppose you have the defined vectors, temps and precip. Your family will go to the beach if the temperature at least 75 degrees and the chance of precipitation is less than 50%. Construct a block of code that counts how many days your family can hit the beach on your vacation.
#include #include using namespace std; int main(){ vector temps = {82.0, 76.8, 74.3, 58.8, 79.2, 73.4, 80.1}; vector precip = {0.00, 0.30, 0.60, 0.90, 0.10, 0.20, 0.80}; // YOUR CODE HERE }
#include #include using namespace std; int main() { vector temps = {82.0, 76.8, 74.3, 58.8, 79.2, 73.4, 80.1}; vector precip = {0.00, 0.30, 0.60, 0.90, 0.10, 0.20, 0.80}; int count = 0; for (int i = 0; i < 7; ++i) { if (temps[i] >= 75.0 && precip[i] < 0.50) { ++count; } } }
Suppose you have the defined vector nouns. Construct a block of code that creates a vector of the proper nouns in nouns. Use the isupper function to check if a letter is uppercase.
#include #include using namespace std; int main() { vector nouns = {"cereal", "Cocoa Puffs", "Mario", "luigi", "Aerosmith"}; // YOUR CODE HERE }
Below is one way to construct the code. For this question, the isupper function is not defined but it returns a bool determined by an input of a string.
#include #include using namespace std; int main() { vector nouns = {"cereal", "Cocoa Puffs", "Mario", "luigi", "Aerosmith"}; vector proper = {}; for (size_t i = 0; i < nouns.size(); ++i) { if (isupper(nouns[i][0])) { proper.push_back(nouns[i]); } } }
Suppose you have the already defined howMany function and excl vector. Construct a block of code that counts how many times ".", "!", and "?" occur in excl. Save the counts to a vector with "." count as the first element, "!" count as the second, and "?" count as the third.
#include #include using namespace std; int howMany (const vector& vec, char let) { int count = 0; for (size_t i = 0; i < vec.size(); i++) { for (size_t c = 0; c < vec[i].size(); c++) { if (vec[i][c] == let) { count++; } } } return count; } int main() { vector excl = {"what?!", "how???", "fine!", "STOP.", "yay!!!!!", "ugh...!"}; // YOUR CODE HERE }
#include #include using namespace std; int howMany (const vector& vec, char let) { int count = 0; for (size_t i = 0; i < vec.size(); i++) { for (size_t c = 0; c < vec[i].size(); c++) { if (vec[i][c] == let) { count++; } } } return count; } int main() { vector excl = {"what?!", "how???", "fine!", "STOP.", "yay!!!!!", "ugh...!"}; vector punc = {'.', '!', '?'}; vector counts = {}; for (int i = 0; (unsigned)i < punc.size(); ++i) { counts.push_back(howMany(excl, punc[i])); } }
© Copyright 2020 - Based on How to Think Like a Computer Scientist. Created using Runestone .


The rise of automation has brought with it countless efficiencies within the digital media ecosystem. But it has also created a lack of trust for some. Ad operations professionals are perfectly situated to heed the call of the industry to stem the rise of ad blocking and fraud while pushing toward a more accountable future.
The 2016 IAB Ad Operations Summit brings together operations professionals, including product managers, developers, designers, and engineers, in a day of education and networking on the most pressing issues surrounding transparency and accountability in the supply chain. Industry experts convene to participate in candid conversations about building trust in the supply chain, data reconciliation, and cross-device measurement. Gain practical knowledge and skills, and discover best practices and solutions for the greatest challenges facing the industry today.
Header Bidding: Fact or Fiction?
In this fireside chat, hear what GroupM is doing to embrace best practices for building trust in the supply chain today.
Chief Digital Investment Officer, GroupM U.S.
As viewing habits evolved, the convergence of digital video and TV became inevitable. Industry executives weigh in on how VPAID and VAST 4.0 enable more rapid evolution and shed light on what new technologies and measuring capabilities can ensure success.
There are many estimates about how much ad fraud is expected to cost the industry. But how do you quantify the value of a clean supply chain? Industry experts discuss various anti-fraud initiatives and the impact of the MRC's Invalid Traffic Guidelines, as well as collaborative strategies for the ecosystem to combat this type of criminal activity.
The New York Times recently launched Flex Frame ads, its new cross-platform ad product, in an effort to improve user experience for both marketers and consumers. Learn about the technology supporting these new ads, how they are performing, and what's in store for the future of ad innovation.
How is the industry using deterministic and probabilistic modeling—and, in some cases, a hybrid of the two—to work toward creating comparable, viewable, and optimizable metrics that are not only transparent and accountable, but also maintain consumer privacy? Industry experts dive into an exploration of cross-device technology used for measurement, including technical limitations and how to overcome them.
While many publishers have implemented header bidding, many are still struggling with weighing the costs and benefits of the technology. How much more incremental revenue is gained, and is it worth the added page load time? Industry experts weigh in.
Quality audience data is the key that unlocks better, more targeted consumer interactions, at the same time providing a competitive advantage to those with access to this information. But with this increased amount of first-, second-, and third-party data comes an increased amount of segmentation, the likelihood of discrepancies between vendors and internal sources, a higher level of required governance, and greater concern about consumer privacy. Learn where the marketplace is evolving.
George Ivie provides an update on the state of the market, including insights into an audience-based currency standard to facilitate cross-media comparisons.
Learn how the industry is navigating the complexity of digital's new currency, and discover whether time-based measurement is here to stay.
Discover blockchain technology and learn how it applies to the ever-changing digital media landscape.
CEO and Co-Founder, Blockchain of Things, Inc.
Pose Questions. Share Experiences. Exchange Insights. Walk away with new ideas and new connections.
The best conversations at conferences often happen in hallways and over cocktails when attendees engage one another in spirited discussion and debate. IAB Town Halls tap into this energy by creating interactive experiences focused on hot topics in digital operations.
Facilitated by an industry leader, each session is an open forum to share challenges, collaborate on solutions, find inspiration and ideas, and make contacts that translate into business solutions. Drinks will be served.
Measuring What Matters: Are We Losing Sight of ROI?
The availability of granular data at scale enables us to deliver ads that are viewable to the right consumer on the right platform at the right time – with the right message. But with this intense focus on ad delivery, have we lost sight of ROI? How do we prove that our targeting and validation efforts actually increase advertising effectiveness? This town hall discussion focuses on challenges and best practices for ensuring that activation efforts generate tangible results.
How does investing in interest-based targeting and ad validation drive advertising effectiveness?
How do advertisers deliver custom messages without undermining reach?
Beyond ensuring that impressions are viewable and free from fraud, how can we optimize for better campaign lift in-flight?
What techniques and technologies have the greatest impact on improving overall campaign ROI?
Header bidding burst upon the industry with promises to increase revenue for adopters. Over the last year, the relationship between buyer, seller, and intermediaries has been disrupted. This session explores the challenges and opportunities.
What are the actual upsides, and what turns out to be the biggest risks for header bidding?
Given the rapid pace of development to header bidding tactics, and the cost of adopting a new ad technology, some companies may be hesitant to adopt now. Are the current header bidding technologies mature, or at least future-proof?
Header bidding started out requiring parallel requests be made from the web browser, but recent implementations offload this. What additional complexity is introduced with this move to server-side, and how does the infrastructure of audience and impression measurement need to evolve to keep up?
The IAB New Standard Ad Unit Portfolio recognizes the diversity of digital media experiences and presents a shift in ad specs and a change in mindset – from fixed sizes ad specs with the current standard ad units to flexible and responsive aspect-ratio based creative canvas with the new ad portfolio. The IAB New Ad Portfolio will allow for flexible size ads to adapt easily across screens and for faster loading, non-intrusive advertising based on the LEAN Guidelines. During this town hall, we will discuss the opportunities and challenges that can be anticipated from this transition to the IAB New Ad Portfolio next year.
How do the new flexible ad sizes impact ad creative production and ad placements across different screen sizes and resolutions from mobile phones to large desktops?
What are your main concerns and/or the key elements to address during the transition to the IAB New Ad Portfolio?
What will be the business impact of discontinuing certain ad sizes and functionalities (e.g. auto-expand)?


text:
Q: Assigning new column based on other columns in Python In Python I am trying to create a new column(degree) within a dataframe and to set its value based on if logic based on two other columns in the dataframe (whether single rows of one or both these columns are null values or not..). Per row it should assign to the new column the value of either one of these columns based on the presence of null values in the column.
I have tried the below code, which gives me the following error message:
KeyError: 'degree'

The code is -
for i in basicdataframe.index:
    if pd.isnull(basicdataframe['section_degree'][i]) and pd.isnull(basicdataframe['model_degree'][i]):
        basicdataframe['degree'][i] = basicdataframe['model_degree'][i]
    elif pd.notnull(basicdataframe['section_degree'][i]) and pd.isnull(basicdataframe['model_degree'][i]):
        basicdataframe['degree'][i] = basicdataframe['section_degree'][i]
    elif pd.isnull(basicdataframe['section_degree'][i]) and pd.notnull(basicdataframe['model_degree'][i]):
        basicdataframe['degree'][i] = basicdataframe['model_degree'][i]
    elif pd.notnull(basicdataframe['section_degree'][i]) and pd.notnull(basicdataframe['model_degree'][i]):
        basicdataframe['degree'][i] = basicdataframe['model_degree'][i]

Does anybody know how to achieve this?

A: Let's say you have pandas Dataframe like this:
import pandas as pd
import numpy as np

df = pd.DataFrame(data={
    "section_degree": [1, 2, np.nan, np.nan],
    "model_degree": [np.nan, np.nan, np.nan, 3]
})

You can define function that will be applied to DataFrame:
def define_degree(x):
    if pd.isnull(x["section_degree"]) and pd.isnull(x["model_degree"]):
        return x["model_degree"]
    elif pd.notnull(x['section_degree']) and pd.isnull(x['model_degree']):
        return x["section_degree"]
    elif pd.isnull(x['section_degree']) and pd.notnull(x['model_degree']):
        return x["model_degree"]
    elif pd.notnull(x['section_degree']) and pd.notnull(x['model_degree']):
        return x["model_degree"]

df["degree"] = df.apply(define_degree, axis=1)

df

# output

    section_degree  model_degree    degree
0   1.0             NaN             1.0
1   2.0             NaN             2.0
2   NaN             NaN             NaN
3   NaN             3.0             3.0

A: The error is because you are trying to assign values inside a column which does not exist yet.
Since you are setting a new column as degree, it makes sense if you add the column first with some default value.
basicdataframe['degree'] = ''

This would set an empty string for all rows of the dataframe for this column.
After that, you can set the values.
P.S. Your code is likely to give you warnings about
SettingWithCopyWarning:  A value is trying to be set on a copy of a slice from a DataFrame.
To fix that, you could take help from https://stackoverflow.com/a/20627316/1388513

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