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Стромы́нская дорога, или Стромынский тракт, или , или Стромынский торговый тракт (в просторечии Стромы́нка) — одна из старейших сухопутных дорог Центральной России, известная ещё в Древней Руси периода удельных княжеств. Соединяла города Москву, Юрьев-Польский, Суздаль, Владимир-на-Клязьме и Шую. Располагалась между двумя другими старыми дорогами: Владимирской (расположенной южнее) и Троицкой (расположенной севернее).

Начиная с XII века территория Мещерской низменности была политико-административно разделена между враждебно настроенными княжествами (Муромским, Московским, Владимирским и Рязанским.) Когда в конце XIV—XV веков начала формироваться сеть грунтовых дорог, отходящих во все стороны от Москвы, Мещера оказалась слишком заболочена и не удобна для строительства дорог. Все дороги, идущие от столицы княжества, проходили по окраинам низменности. С юга Мещеру окаймлял Рязанский тракт, связывающий Москву, Коломну и Переяславль-Рязанский. Вплоть до XVI века единственным сухопутным путем из Москвы во Владимир оставалась Стромынская дорога, с появлением Владимирского тракта окружная дорога по ополью потеряла свое значение.

По мнению известного краеведа П. П. Копышева — Стромынская дорога, как большой проезжий тракт, получивший в позднее время значение торгового, являлся по существу лишь более поздним участком древнейшей дороги от Москвы на Суздаль и далее, сокращавшим в значительной мере путь от Москвы до города Юрьева-Польского; этот её участок возник не позднее ХIV столетия.

Происхождение названия
П. В. Хавский, как и многие другие авторы считает, что название дороги дано по названию находящемуся на ней монастырю: «Стромынская большая дорога от Кремля на северо-восток… Название её происходит по существовавшему в 1764 году Стромынскому монастырю».

В Географическом словаре Российского государства, составленном в начале XIX века написано: «В середине по ней, в 50 верстах от Москвы, есть село Стромынское, по которому она и прозвана и в котором находился уничтоженный в 1764 году Стромынский монастырь». В Никоновской летописи об устроении («о составлении») этого монастыря говорится: «…игумен Сергий созда монастырь на реце Дубенке на Стромыни». Этимология старинного слова «Стромынь» не однозначна.

Время появления
О времени появления Стромынского тракта никаких сведений в исторических источниках не обнаруживается. Предполагается, что с образованием Московского великого княжества, то есть со времен княжения Ивана Калиты и Дмитрия Донского, подмосковные грунтовые пути были уже довольно развиты и наезжены. Предполагается, что значимость этого тракта повышается после основания Стромынского монастыря, который, по-видимому, некоторое время мог быть местом великокняжеского богомолья, так как он был основан Сергием Радонежским по просьбе великого князя Дмитрия Ивановича Донского в память победы над Мамаем в результате Куликовской битвы. Этот путь не обрывался у Стромынского монастыря, а пролегал далее на восток — через древнее митрополичье вотчинное село Филипповское — на Киржачский Благовещенский монастырь и соседний с ним Троицкий Махрищский Стефанов монастырь на речке Махрище (приток Молокчи). Эти монастыри были основаны ранее Стромынского — в 1360-х годах. Помимо монастырей и сами местности, лежавшие по средним течениям рек Шерны и Киржача ещё с первой половины XIV века находились в вотчинном владении московской митрополии.

История
Начальным временем развития грунтовых дорог на Руси вообще, в Подмосковье и на Владимирщине в частности можно считать XI век. А. Г. Кузьмин, ссылаясь на Лаврентьевскую летопись, говорит, что с конца XI века "налаживается путь полем с юга через Курск на Муром по окраинам вятической земли".

Конец XVI — XVII века
М. Н. Тихомиров пишет, что в XVI веке Стромынка выводившая на Юрьев и Суздаль являлась старой дорогой, постепенно терявшей свое значение.

С. Ф. Платонов в своих очерках по истории Смуты в Московском государстве пишет: "На Москву шла от Шуи и Суздаля через Юрьев-Польский сухопутная дорога, очень известная и теперь и в старину под названием Стромынки. И Владимир через Суздаль по этой дороге сносился с Москвою.

В расходных росписях 1690 года монастырских слуг Суздальского Покровского монастыря описывается февральский путь на Москву. Описание начинается с остановки на постоялом дворе в Юрьеве-Польском, далее ночёвка в селе Ильинском, в деревне Желдыбине кормили лошадей, в селе Стромыне ночевали, следующий день остановка на Клязьме (речь идет о селении), далее короткая остановка в селе Пахра и в тот же день приехали в Москву. На обратном пути ночёвка на Клязьме (селение) ночевали, далее остановка в селе Стромыни, в тот же день ночёвка в деревне Храпкове, остановка в селе Киржач, остановка в деревне Лодыгине. Весь санный путь от Суздаля до Москвы занимал, в среднем, не более трёх суток, включая и время ночёвок.

Середина XVIII века

Начало упадка Стромынского тракта. С 1796 года город Киржач перешёл из уездного на положение заштатного города, а уездным стал город Покров на Владимирском тракте.

Конец XVIII — начало XIX веков
В Географическом словаре Российского государства, составленном в начале XIX века Л. М. Максимовичем и А. М. Щекатовым Стромынка описывается, как большая проезжая дорога от Москвы до города Юрьева Польского.

По данным на 1804 год Стромынская дорога имела длину 182 версты и проходила через село Анискино (Московская губерния), село Коровцино (Московская губерния), город Киржач (Владимирская губерния), деревни Старая (Владимирская губерния), Дубки (Владимирская губерния), Ставрово (Владимирская губерния), город Владимир.

Известный исследователь Владимирской губернии С. А. Харизоменов писал: Стромынка — большая торговая дорога шла из Москвы через Филипповскую волость на город Киржачъ и затем направлялась в Юрьев, Гавриловский Посад, Владимир и Нижний Новгород. Громадное торговое движение, происходившее по этому пути до постройки Московско-Нижегородского шоссе в середине XIX века, имело весьма важное экономическое значение для крестьян тех селений, которые были расположены вдоль него. Селения, расположенные по Стромынке, занимались извозом (перевозка на своих лошадях чужой клади, иногда в качестве извозчика на хозяйской лошади), дворничеством (содержанием постоялых дворов), содержанием питейных заведений, торговля фуражём, дёгтем, продовольствием, увязочным материалом (рогожи, кули, верёвки и пр.), а так же содержанием кузниц и экипажеремонтных мастерских; эти занятия давали значительные заработки. Еще в середине XIX века крестьяне села Филипповского ездили с товаром по санному пути в Казань, Ирбит и сибирские города.

Середина XIX века
По данным на 1852 год Страмынский путь проходил из Москвы в город Шую сначала по Московскому и Богородскому уездам Московской губернии, далее по уездам Покровскому, Юрьевскому, Суздальскому и Шуйскому через заштатный город Киржач и уездный город Юрьев Владимирской губернии. Упоминаются следующие населённые пункты Владимирской губернии: Филипповское, Дубки, Храпково, город Киржач, Ильинское. От города Юрьева до Гавриловского посада дорога идёт почтовым трактом из Переславля-Залесского во Владимир. От Гавриловского посада до станции Золотницкой-Пустыни дорога длиной 23 версты. Через реку Нерль около Кибергино дорога переходила по мельничной плотине (весной паром). От Золотницкой-Пустыни в Шую дорога следовала почтовым трактом из Владимира в Шую.

В середине XIX века дорога активно использовалась для снабжения фабрик перечисленных выше уездов и торговли. Стромынский тракт соединял Москву и промышленно развитую Вологодскую губернию. Часть тракта, от Юрьева до Шуи, составляла этапный путь.

Спад транспортного напряжения на Стромынке начался с времени появления пароходного движения и прокладки шоссейных, а затем и железных дорог. Сначала возник грунтовый Владимирский тракт, потом он стал Московско-Нижегородским шоссе. От Москвы до Владимира по Московско-Нижегородскому шоссе было около 180 вёрст, а путь по Стромынке, до того же Владимира, насчитывал около 250 вёрст. К 1862 году построена Московско-Нижегородская железная дорога.

Конец XIX века.
В 1880-х годах извоз по Стромынке полностью прекратился.

В 1880-х годах Московским губернским земством в числе прочих было построено Стромынское шоссе.

География
Начиная от Красной площади в Москве, на Стромынку ближайшим путем выводила Никольская улица, а далее через Лубянскую площадь, Мясницкую улицу, через бывшие Красные ворота на Каланчёвскую площадь, далее дорога шла через село Преображенское, Черкизово, Колотино, Щетниково (Щитниково), Лупина (Лупиха), через сёла Никольское и Пехра, деревню Жеребцы, и пройдя северным берегом Медвежьих озёр, оставляя влево село Щелково, уходила далее на северо-восток через село Анискино, деревню Гайково, Мизинова, Дядькина, Черноголовка, Обухова (Обуховская), село Стромынь, деревни Чёрново (Чёрная) и Александровка (Мележа).

В деревне Александровка (Мележа) Стромынка согласно некоторым литературным источникам будто бы разветвлялась: одна ее ветвь уходила вправо, лесом, к устью речки Мележи и через так называемый Буянов мост через реку Шерну шла сплошным лесом, встречая единственное небольшое селение Любимеж, и минуя с левой стороны село Филипповское, выходила на деревню Храпки (Храпково), а от неё уже на близлежащий Киржачский монастырь, на месте которого основался город Киржач.

Другая ветвь Стромынского тракта от деревни Александровка (Мележа) шла на село Филипповское, в котором тракт снова двоился. Одна его ветвь (зимник) направлялась по мосту через реку Шерну (этот мост с обоих концов имел в старину запирающиеся ворота, вероятно с целью взимания мостовой пошлины, и в документах XV века он назывался Большим и даже Великим мостом на реке Шерне), где она поворачивала круто влево и, пройдя через деревню Дубки, проходила лесом в деревню Храпки, соединяясь тут с мелёженской ветвью. Другая ветвь Стромынки из села Филипповского направлялась в тот же Киржач через деревню Оленино (Аленино), Никулкино (Микулкино), Грибаново и Ельцы.

В Киржаче, Стромынка снова разветвлялась: одна её ветвь шла через Махру (Махрищский монастырь) и Александрову Слободу в город Юрьев-Польский, а другая - более прямо в тот же Юрьев-Польский через селения Давыдовское, Ефремово, Желдыбино, Фролищи, Софьино, Жердево, Старое, Павловку, Ильинское и Клины. Из Юрьева-Польского дорога шла на Суздаль.

По выходе из Москвы, Стромынка на всем своем протяжении пролегала по трем древним уездам: Московскому, Переславль-Залесскому к Юрьевскому, пересекая примыкавшие к Москве дворцовые земли, тянувшие к селу Тайнинскому. А пройдя через них, дорога Стромынка пересекала Пехорский, Бохов, Воря и Корзенев станы, волость Черноголовль, станы Шеренский, Борисоглебский (ранее Марининская вол.), Кодяев, Кривцов, Шуткин и Золоцкой, после которого Стромынка входила в Юрьев-Польский, сливаясь в нем с прежней старой дорогой на Суздаль и Владимир.

Товарный поток
Весь товарный поток на Стромынке имел двоякое происхождение: местное и дальнее. Товары местного населения представлялись продукцией крестьянского хозяйства, промыслов и ремесла всего разнообразия кустарного, а впоследствии мануфактурно-фабричного производства. Товарный поток на Стромынке вероятно возрастал от века к веку и становился более разнообразным, в соответствии с изменениями хозяйственной деятельности населения местностей, расположенных по тракту и его окрестностям, а также и от развивавшихся торговых связей государства с отдаленными районами и зарубежными странами на востоке. О большом торговом обороте на этом тракте можно судить по тому, что в XVII веке в Юрьеве-Польском существовала таможня.

Покрытие
Мощение камнем Стромынки проводилось лишь местами и главным образом в пределах Московской губернии. По данным 1830—1890-х годов Стромынское шоссе было со сплошным каменным покрытием только в пределах Московского уезда, на протяжении 40 километров. В иных местах каменное полотно дороги можно было встретить только на городских въездах и выездах, и на гатевых насыпях через очень сырые участки местности. По бокам дороги были прорыты канавы.

Сохранившиеся участки
В 1960-х годах остатки грунтовой Стромынки были заметны на участке между селениями Стромынью и Мележей, в находящемся поблизости лесу; в лесу же между селениями Дубки и Храпки, по дороге к городу Киржачу. В районе села Ильинского около Юрьева-Польского.

Легенды
 По Стромынке разбойничала шайка под предводительством атамана Бирлюка (или Берлюка). Когда разбойники решили прекратить свою противоправную деятельность, то поселились на погосте, как отшельники. Впоследствии в этом месте возникла Николо-Берлюковская пустынь.
 В месте впадения реки Мележа в Шерну находилось глухое лесистое место. Там исстари и до сих пор существует мост через реку Шерну, который называется Буяновым, по аналогии с мостом названо и расположенное тут лесное урочище (Буяны или Буяни). Местная легенда упорно приписывает такое название моста и леса по действовавшим там некогда "буянам" (разбойникам). В окрестностях циркулировали слухи о том, что некоторые местные крестьяне, заходя далеко в лес, натыкались там на какие-то таинственные землянки и шалаши. Говорили, что по лесу и около Буянова моста зарывали разбойники свои клады, которые не давали покоя некоторым окрестным кладоискателям из среды крестьян. Рассказывали, что некоторые кладоискатели-крестьяне вскоре разбогатели. Но больше было несчастливцев и неудачников.
 Ходило предание о том, что у мелёженских мужиков будто бы не совсем чисты руки, и что нет-нет, да и "запачкают" их об проезжих обозников. Даже называлась фамилия одного содержателя постоялого двора, который вместе со своими сыновьями убивал путников, и что на Чёрновском лесу было место, которое называлось по фамилии этого хозяина, где он зарывал трупы убитых и ограбленных.

Криминал
 В 1910 году убийство с целью ограбления, возчика красильного фабриканта деревни Боровково - Е. П. Смирнова - отвозившего партию окрашенного шелка окрестным заказчикам-фабрикантам, содержавшим ткацкое производство.
 В 1911 году кража 13 пудов шёлка (на сумму 5000 руб.) из двух фабрикантских контор одновременно в придорожном селе Филипповском.

Название
В дореволюционной литературе и на картах Стромынский тракт имеет много названий:
 Хомутовка (потому, что с подлинной Стромынки отходила дорога влево, к селу Хомутово).
 Большая Стромынская дорога (или просто Стромынка).
 Из Москвы в Стромынск. На картах 1797 г. «Московский уезд. План Генерального Межевания. 2 верстка».
 Большая Киржачская дорога. На картах 1797 г. «Московский уезд. План Генерального Межевания. 1 верстка» дорога указана Большая дорога на Киржач.
 Торговая Стромынская дорога
 Юрьевская дорога.
 Киржачская дорога.
 Юрьево — Польская дорога. Указана у русского историка П. В. Хавского как одно из названий
 Суздальская дорога.
 Стромынское шоссе — до 1 марта 1960 года.
 Большая Владимирская дорога. XIV век.

См. также
 Великая Владимирская дорога
 Владимирский тракт
 Переяславская дорога, Троицкая дорога.
 Хомутовская дорога
 Черноголовский тракт
 Троицкий тракт

Примечания

Литература

 Кусов В. С. Земли Московской губернии в XVIII веке. Карты уездов. Описания землевладений. — М., Изд. дом «Московия», 2004. — SBN 5-7151-0081-Х.
 Кусов В. С. Московское государство XVI — начала XVIII века. Сводный каталог русских географических чертежей. — М., Русскій міръ, 2007. — 704 с., ил. — ISBN 978-5-89577-094-8.
 Кусов В. С. Земли Большой Москвы. Картографические произведения XVII—XVIII столетий. — М., Русскій міръ, 2008. — 224 с., ил. — ISBN 978-5-89577-079-5.
 Хавский П. В. "Указатель дорог от Кремля московскаго к заставам и к границам Московскаго уезда. Москва, 1839.С.8, 9.
 Видов К. А. Стромынская дорога // Наука и жизнь. 1992. № 11. С. 134.

Ссылки
 Исторические очерки — Стромынская дорога
 Богородский атлас — Копышев — К истории древних трактов
 Богородский атлас — Щёлковский район-1
 Богородский атлас — Щёлковский район-2
 А. Ерофеева Город Лосино-Петровский и его окрестности
 Николо-Берлюковская пустынь
 Юшко А. А. О междукняжеских границах в бассейне р. Москвы
  Стромынка
 М. Дроздов Стромынский тракт

Исторические дороги России
Автомобильные дороги Московской области


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Rutgers Women's Basketball: Scarlet Knights vs. Iowa Hawkeyes Preview
Robert Laura
The Rutgers Scarlet Knights will host the regular-season finale against No. 18 Iowa on Sunday at 12 p.m. at the RAC. The Scarlet Knights will have their fourth opportunity to take down a ranked team this season (0-3 in previous three). The Scarlet Knights will look to win their third consecutive game to close out the regular season. Doing so won't be easy, though, as Rutgers will face one of its toughest opponents of the season in the Iowa Hawkeyes.
Head-to-Head:
This will be the first meeting of the season between the two teams. Iowa (23-5, 14-3) holds a four-game advantage over Rutgers (20-8, 10-7) in the Big Ten standings. The Hawkeyes lead the all-time series, 8-2, including a victory in the last meeting between the two in the semifinal round of the Big Ten Tournament. Iowa has won eight straight meetings between the two, including all six since Rutgers joined the Big Ten.
In terms of statistics, the two teams could not be more opposite. While the Scarlet Knights thrive on the defensive side of the ball, the Hawkeyes success comes on the offensive end. Iowa is an offensive juggernaut and holds an advantage in points per game, field goal percentage, three-point percentage, and assists per game. Meanwhile, Rutgers has an advantage in every defensive category, including points per game against, steals per game, blocks per game, and rebounds per game. Additionally, the Scarlet Knights turn the ball over less than the Hawkeyes.
Keys to Victory:
Limit the Offense:
Iowa has one of the most dangerous offenses in all of college basketball. The Hawkeyes rank third in field goal percentage, fifth in assists per game, 10th in scoring offense, and 12th in three-point percentage. On the other end, the Scarlet Knights thrive on the defensive end of the ball. Rutgers ranks 14th in field goal percentage defense and 17th in scoring defense. The Scarlet Knights have been exceptional defensively all season long and have held 26 of their 28 opponents under their scoring average. However, the Hawkeyes are going to put up a challenge the Scarlet Knights have not faced all season. It will be nearly impossible for Rutgers to shutdown Iowa's offense. But if the Scarlet Knights hope to have a chance against the Hawkeyes, they are going to have to limit them wherever they can. The Scarlet Knights' defense has performed well all season long and they'll need their best performance yet in order to take down Iowa.
Take Advantage of Hawkeye Weaknesses:
While the Hawkeyes hold on of the most dominant offenses in the game, the opposite holds true on the defensive end. Iowa ranks 237th in scoring defense. Additionally, the Hawkeyes rank 20th in rebounds per game, 195th in steals per game, and 84th in blocks per game. They rely on their offense to win games. However, this gives Rutgers the opportunity it needs. While the Scarlet Knights are not a particularly dominant offense, they have the potential to put up big points. Rutgers is going to have to take advantage of the struggling Iowa defense and dominate on the glass if it hopes to stand up to the 18th ranked team in the nation.
Keep Rolling at Home:
It is no secret that the Scarlet Knights love to play at their home stadium. Rutgers is 13-2 at the RAC so far this season and will look to improve on that on Sunday. While the Hawkeyes have been unbeatable at home themselves (15-0), they have shown some weakness on the road. Iowa is 6-4 on the road, including losing two of their last three away from home. The Hawkeyes are beatable away from home and the Scarlet Knights are going to have to take advantage of the home-court advantage in order to win on Sunday.
Implications:
The season finale could hold some major implications for the Scarlet Knights in terms of seeding. While Rutgers has already clinched a first-round bye in the Big Ten Tournament, a victory on Sunday can still help the Scarlet Knights finish as high as fifth place. The fifth and sixth seeds begin the second-round against a team that played the day before.
The second round of the Big Ten Tournament takes place on Thursday, March 5th. The Scarlet Knights will have to wait and see who they'll match up against.
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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Home of late Williams Sonoma CEO on the block for $30M
By angelico@sfgate.com (AdminSF) on October 8, 2012 at 8:33 AM
W. Howard Lester in 2004. Photo: Chris Hardy, The Chronicle/SF
Always find yourself shopping at Williams Sonoma, Pottery Barn or West Elm? If you're a big fan of this family of brands, how about living in the house of the person that once headed this iconic company?
Howard Lester, the former chairman and CEO of Williams Sonoma passed away in November of 2010 and his estate has just put up his Holmby Hills property down in Southern California up for sale for $29.95 million. He purchased Williams Sonoma in 1978 when it only had 4 stores from Chuck Williams, who started the high end cookware shop up in Sonoma.
Mr. Lester grew the SF based company to more than 600+ stores including launching of the Pottery Barn and West Elm lines. Home products from the Williams Sonoma family of brands have invaded many American households.
The Italian style villia is just down the block from the Manor, which use to belong to Aaron and Candy Spelling but was sold to Petra Eccelstone recently for $85 million. Known as the Mapleton Estate, the grand property was purchased by Mr. Lester and his wife Mary for $17.5 million in 2004. The ~20,000 square foot home has 7 bedrooms and 13 baths spread over 1.4 acres and the couple added on a home theater, a wine cellar and a billiards room. There is also a guesthouse on the estate and the grounds have a pool and rose garden.
– Jenny Pisillo, SFGate.com
Recent Hot Topics Posts
Stanford coach David Shaw explains his two-a-day practice strategy


Hill Creek Elementary will use funds to purchase much needed technology for K through 8th grade students including 10 Tech4Learning licenses and 4 licenses for Read Naturally. The grant will also equip classrooms with three computing stations, one Dell desktop computer and 9 LED monitors, keyboards and mouse sets.
Since 2006, the Barona Band of Mission Indians has awarded over $2 million to more than 400 schools statewide to help bridge school budget gaps and share resources through its Barona Education Grant Program.
The Barona Band of Mission Indians, recognized by the United States government as a sovereign nation, has lived on the Barona Indian Reservation in rural eastern San Diego County since 1932. Prior to that, the Tribe lived on the Capitan Grande Reservation which was established by the federal government in 1875. Long before living on a reservation, the Tribe traveled across Southern California in tune with the seasons and what nature provided. Today, the sovereign nation, governed by an elected Tribal Council, is serving its Tribal members, their families, and sharing with the San Diego region. One of the most successful gaming Tribes in the country, Barona also owns and operates the Barona Resort & Casino, San Diego's leading gaming resort, casino and golf course. For more information, visit www.barona-nsn.gov.


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I'm trying to figure out why exactly the argument from tolerance fails. What I've come to so far is that to practice relativism means to see a cultures morals from a standpoint that of a person within the culture, while tolerance is understanding that cultures morals differ, and not holding subjective opinions against it. What would cause this to fail?
eHenry1eHenry1
Because it contradicts itself:"Cultural Relativism would certainly say that the person from a tolerant culture ought to be tolerant. But it would also say that a person from an intolerant culture ought to be intolerant. And with the very same force that we in our culture might be required to be tolerant, others should be intolerant.", see Applied Sentience blog. Tolerance has to be made into an absolute value over and above cultural differences, but this is inconsistent with relativism about values.
– Conifold
it's not the argument from tolerance that fails, it' the argument for cultural relativism. the latter doesn't work, the former does. Tolerance can be a core principle of a dominant culture without contradiction.
Tolerance of what? Should everything be tolerated? When you start defining what should and shouldn't be tolerated, the concept becomes subjected to those definitions such that it takes on more of an auxiliary role rather that what might be called a core principle. For that reason, it's kind of an absurdity of modern culture that it's become such an exalted watchword. Tolerance has its value, of course, but only when it brought into the context of a more definitive system of ethics.
– user3017
I don't think you're defining Tolerance correctly -- at least that's not how Locke defines it. Tolerance requires the conjunction of (a) a belief someone's view or behavior is wrong and (b) a belief that freedom or some other value makes it so that rather than extinguishing it that one should permit it even though one could prevent it.
– virmaior
May 8, 2017 at 6:41
I parse the question into this: why cultural relativism (CR) cannot be justified from the standpoint of tolerance? For this, let's first clarify what CR is. CR can be descriptive or prescriptive. As a descriptive idea, CR states the observation that morality is relative to each culture. As a prescriptive, moral theory, CR asserts that morality must be founded on each culture. All moral values are nothing more than customs, social norms and/or legal practices. I focus on this moral theory side of CR in this post.
As a (prescriptive) moral theory, CR is already very problematic, CR as a moral theory is based on the so-called naturalistic fallacy (inferring what one ought to do from what one is). Also, under CR, a moral revolutionist (like M.L. King) becomes a common criminal. CR cannot explain why stoning couples for marrying across different castes is wrong. Indeed, CR can defend any clearly morally wrong practice insofar as the practice is the norm in the society. Consequently, CR cannot offer guidance for moral progress. For this reason, no moral theorists are motivated to defend CR.
Setting aside the fact that CR is an inadequate moral theory, can CR be defended nevertheless for the reason that it is based on the value of tolerance? Surely, tolerance has some goodness going on. Like individuals, each culture has its own idiosyncrasies due to existential contingencies. Many cultures around the world find it offending when some globally dominant culture judges their cultural norms as morally wrong or inferior. Not exercising tolerance can be viewed as imperialistic or paternalistic.
Does this means that CR can be justified from the standpoint of tolerance? If tolerance is an intrinsic value, then CR can be, but it is not. Tolerance can be good or bad. While we should be tolerant towards differences in general, there are times when being tolerant borders on acting cowardly: e.g. tolerating a bully. Tolerance is valuable when it serves some higher values. John S. Mill, for instance, argued for tolerance for the sake of liberty, which he viewed as a source of human happiness (cf. David Brink's Mill's Progressive Principles). John Rawls argued for tolerance (through epistemic modesty and neutrality on the good) to show the ideal of equal respect. Since tolerance itself has no steady foundation, CR justified by tolerance will be even more unstable, which is why the argument from tolerance to CR fails.
Nanhee Byrnes PhDNanhee Byrnes PhD
One of the more interesting and difficult philosophical problems we face with this kind of question is the unfortunate tendency to flatland terms like 'tolerance'. The word 'tolerance' has a strong ethical cachet; it is often treated as a mono-dimensional moral good without reflection on what it is that we are expected to be tolerant of, and this can lead to a form of cultural relativism that is effectively moral relativism. The flatland version of tolerance is problematic; it does in fact fail because it creates practical and ethical paradoxes. The question is whether there are more dimensions to the term than we commonly recognize.
With that in mind, let me note the one dimension on which tolerance is essential. Without tolerance of some sort, communication becomes impossible. If we assert that a group or its actions are intolerable (for whatever reasons) then we automatically shut down any possibility of connecting with that group or discussing its case. We draw a line in the sand that we will not cross except to fight, and throw away any opportunities for diplomacy. This was the case in the Southern US during Jim Crow. Blacks were separated out — their presence in public spaces was considered intolerable, even though it was mandated by Federal law — and there was no possibility of resolving the issue through discussion. This led to the Civil Rights movement: protests and lynchings and defiance and arrests; all of the non-verbal communications of insurrection and suppression. To this day there are those who find blacks intolerable in public spaces, but the main effect of the Civil Rights movement is that blacks are now secured a place at the discussion table, and it's through that ongoing public discussion that blacks have been moving more and more into the US mainstream.
This effect becomes more pronounced when dealing with foreign cultures — US blacks, for all that they were alienated, were clearly part of US culture — but the same principle applies. It boils down to a distinction:
Showing tolerance to the group itself, for the sake of keeping lines of communication open
Showing intolerance to particular acts the group might perform, as they offend our own moral sensibilities
Maintaining this distinction allows us to discuss the acts we find intolerable with the group in question, and discussion allows us to gradually create a new ethical standard together with the other group that will give some relief to those intolerable positions. Thus, for an obvious example, it's well known that certain cultures traditionally eat canines, which most Americans — who think of dogs as beloved pets — find intolerable. Over time this has worked out so that people of those cultures in the US do not prepare dog meat, and Americans overseas do not complain about the practice, and in the future we can expect that the practice will disappear overseas or that Americans will grow accustomed to it domestically. But in any case, by separating out the intolerable act as a mere practice that is not part of cultural identity, we create a ground for eventual consensus.
On the other side of this coin, consider how certain people and groups in the US have gone out of their way to identify Muslim culture with intolerable acts (usually intolerable acts towards women). The argument generally runs that the degradation of women is an integral part of Islamic law, so there is no point discussing anything; all we can do is show intolerance to Islam as a whole. It's no use pointing out to these people that prior to the sexual revolution women in Christian nations were not much better off than women in Muslim nations; it's no use noting that the vast majority of Muslims worldwide do not practice the strict segregation of Islamic fundamentalism, and acclimate well to Western liberal (quasi-feminist) principles. The expressed intolerance of Islam as a group closes the door on any act of communication that implies even mild tolerance, and precludes the possibility of reaching some new ethical standard acceptable in both cultures.
If we do not make this distinction between cultural identity and cultural practices, then our only options are moral (cultural) absolutism or moral (cultural) relativism. But by making this distinction and giving the term 'tolerance' some philosophical depth, we find the capacity to shift cultures into alignment without destroying one or the other outright.
Ted WrigleyTed Wrigley
This is a nice stab at resolving the dilemma. And I love the notion of finding a "capacity to shift cultures into alignment without destroying one or the other outright." But as to your dog eating example, Do you really trust that "in the future we can expect that the practice will disappear overseas or that Americans will grow accustomed to it domestically. Either it stops overseas or we will take it up? This certainly has not been the case with cows and pigs, which we eat while many "overseas" do not...
– gonzo
Which goes to the heart of "tolerance" and adherence to the absolute values of identitarian epistemology, diversity, and inclusive multiculturalism that form an integral part of the West's current ethos, in that that they have essentially become indubitable Wittgenstein hinges. In such a world, where folk immigrate not with the intention to assimilate [ala melting pot), but with the idea of maintaining their cultures and practices intact, and the expectation that their group identities be recognized and dignified.
All of this bears some relationship to the epistemic slippery slope I addressed in a recent posting. Will we in the not too distant future, be justified, for instance, in outlawing dog eating, clitoral mutilation, the stoning of libertine females? Which goes to the heart of your distinction between types of tolerance, which in turn assumes that people will only insist upon consuming canines while "overseas." A time will come, given above described ethos' "hinges" that they will be justified in insisting that they be allowed to such consumption here.
@gonzo: what I was suggesting — and I'll be blunt here — is that there are only two ways to resolve intolerable acts: (1) destroying one culture utterly, or (2) maintaining a level of tolerance for each culture that allows the intolerable act to be discussed and addressed. The first is perhaps easier: it's what China is currently trying to do with the Uyghurs and Myanmar with the Rohingya. The second is more difficult, and riskier in the sense that it calls for a certain amount of change on both sides.
– Ted Wrigley
@gonzo: one can not tell what the outcome of an ethical discussion will be. It's clear that Liberal societies will never accept cliterodectamy or death by stoning for minor offenses, but those are extreme acts advocated by small segments of the Islamic world. They are hardly integral to Islamic culture, and not even integral to the tribal groups that practiced them culturally long before the arrival of Islam. If we want to take the effort to be surgical, we can work on eliminating the practice by building ties with the culture. If we don't, we can only destroy it, or turn a blind eye.
There is an issue of scale. This is a perfectly good political value. As an ethics, it is beyond human capacity.
Tolerance is a reasonable thing for a legal system to have. For people, it is an obnoxious thing. It readily falls apart into two different things: 1) acceptance, or 2) passive aggression.
We cannot 'tolerate' an alternative view without knowing it is wrong and therefore considering it lesser, which undercuts our ability to truly deal with the holder as an equal. So what we are really doing is passive aggressively refusing to act against something we actually actively disagree with. We can agree to disagree right up until it matters, at which point we have to either accept or deny it, in order to move forward. Meanwhile, that puts us in a false relationship that requires a lack of authenticity in order to avoid the issue.
There is no argument that a legal system anchored in some larger cultural value cannot be tolerant, up to the brink of logical consistency. But true cultural relativism between individuals is not psychologically tenable. We can legitimately accept their right to live out their principles, or we cannot. Tolerating them until they clash with ours is just evasion.
user9166user9166
I'm just passing by, and I really like "Nanhee Byrnes PhD"s answer. I would like to make a couple of offhand comments.
As a starting point… the whole "Postmodern" oeuvre is appallingly bad. Getting rid of reality, logical thought and meaning is really not a good idea.
What I want to say is that, to do philosophy properly or well, one must (philosophically) adopt one's opponent's view, and find some way of either showing that their beliefs are incoherent, or finding some more fundamental tenet that they would concede, that is inconsistent with their beliefs.
Here, CR is an appallingly difficult beast to kill. (How do you find any common ground with someone who rejects reality, meaning and thought?)
From my point of view, killing people for marrying across castes is morally wrong. My acquaintances would agree. However, the CR tenet is that, if I were an Indian, I would think that that was morally right. Similarly, the CR-ist might say that a moral revolutionist can not be taken as external to their society (not meaning to imply that that is a clever and good argument).
The idea of "tolerance" is that it would be misguided to judge another culture from outside, since, if one were inside that culture, one would now not think they were wrong; tolerance is not a clever moral position; it is just a self-evident approach to other cultures. We in the West talk about "tolerance" as though it were a moral principle used in dealing with those weird people. The CR-ist would argue that they are not talking about tolerance.
As a non-PM-ist [anti-CR], I take CR as descriptive or prescriptive — I observe from outside that {the idea that other cultures have different moral beliefs} is merely descriptive… and over here we have a proper ethical system. To a CR-ist, it ["{…different moral beliefs}"] is a raw fact about how the world is, such that setting a prescriptive against it is grossly naïve; one might just as well argue that one should not fall.
I suppose that the point is that, when arguing against CR, one must be aware of whether or not one is trying to argue from within or from without… and, if one is arguing from without, one must beware of simply arguing that you are wrong because I am right.
[ Parenthetically, as an aside… in real life, modern young people (read "PM-ists"/"CR-ists") have a strong tendency to make this very mistake — they tend to reject other views just on the grounds that they disagree with their own. (We all tend to do this, but it is especially poor when the root tenet was that everyone else is right too.) ]
I do think that arguing from moral intuitions is a decent approach. However, in a pitched battle with a CR-ist… their view would be that that is a Western notion. (One can (successfully) argue that moral intuitions are indeed shared; the point is that one can not just presuppose this as common ground.)
Finally… as a grand meta-comment: although normally it is proper philosophy to adopt one's opponent's view… that is not a good idea when that view rejects reality, meaning and logic; it is like using a sci-fi brain machine to understand a mad person. It is sufficient to observe that the person is mad. (I am serious; you will wreck your brain if you try to think in such terms.)
CarsogrinCarsogrin
Welcome to SE Philosophy! Thanks for your contribution. Please take a quick moment to take the tour or find help. You can perform searches here or seek additional clarification at the meta site.
– J D
Does an education that teaches relativism alone result in students who can not make ethical decisions?
Which limit for relativism?
Is there a distinction between Subjective and Objective Ethics, or not?
Why must relativists "allow that there is a subculture of rationalists, who believe that the principles of reasoning are universal"?
Looking for existing discourse on the category of fallacies exemplified by "paradox of tolerance"


Christmas may be approaching, and the small matter of Black Friday before that. But there are some dates in your creative calendar that mustn't be missed. One such date is 14 November, as it marks the day you can join us for a virtual front-row seat at Adobe's Creative Meet Up.
Yes, in a few days, the software giant will be dazzling London's creative community, where some of photography and design's brightest minds will be sharing their expertise. And you don't need to miss out, since we'll be live-streaming all the action as it happens, right here on Digital Camera World.
So, join us on 14 November from 18:30 GMT (19:30 CET) and you'll get to hear from some of the photography and design industries' most creative minds.
Proceedings will begin with Adobe's Principal Manager of Creative Cloud Evangelism, Rufus Deuchler, sharing details of the latest cutting-edge updates to Creative Cloud.
Swiftly after, you'll hear luminary talks from prolific art director Kate Moross, artist and print designer Kelly Anna , and multidisciplinary graphic designer Tina Touli.
Following that, there will be a headline talk from one of the world's most influential and visionary photographers, Nick Knight.
Director and Founder of SHOWstudio.com, Nick Knight has consistently challenged conventional notions of beauty and is renowned for his ground-breaking creative collaborations with leading designers including John Galliano and Alexander McQueen.
Alongside longstanding creative relationships with Bjork, Lady Gaga and Kanye West, Nick has taken on advertising campaigns for clients such as Christian Dior, Lancôme, Nike and Yves Saint Laurent, as well as award-winning editorial for W, British Vogue and American Vogue, amongst others.
Adobe Photoshop Lightroom CC - the all-new cloud-centric photo service for editing, organising, storing and sharing photos from anywhere.
Adobe XD CC - developed in open partnership with the design community through a public beta, Adobe XD is the go-to tool for designing and prototyping mobile apps and website.
Adobe Dimension CC - previously Project Felix, Dimension allows graphic designers to really get to grips with the power and flexibility of 3D, with the ease of working with 2D.
Character Animation CC - launched just a couple of weeks ago, this brilliant 2D animation tool helps bring still image artwork from Photoshop or Illustrator to life.
Other highlights at Adobe MAX included details of Adobe's AI platform Adobe Sensei, which has been implemented into all of the new CC updates. This means that the entire design process, from concept to completion, is accelerating dramatically. Attendees also heard about additional investment and expanded resources from Adobe to help people fully realise their creative potential. This includes the launch of AdobeLIVE on Behance, a livestreaming channel where 10 million Behance community members can learn from and inspire each other.
With all this development and innovation, it's no surprise that photographers and designers all over the world choose Adobe products as their go-to tools. To find out more, join us here on Digital Camera World for the Adobe Creative Meet Up live stream, right here on the 14 November from 18:30 GMT (19:30 CET).


A listing of calls for papers, calls for proposals, and educational conferences that may be of interest to Howard University faculty.
Letters of interest are strongly encouraged, but not required.
GUIDELINES AND INSTRUCTIONS: Proposal must be inter-institutional (i.e., joint Howard University and Johns Hopkins). Research projects conducted primarily at the institutions in racial/ethnic and/or underserved communities with cancer health disparities may be in any area of cancer research, but research projects conducted primarily at the Cancer Center must specifically address cancer health disparities research.
Budget for Proposed Full Projects/Programs. Full Projects/Programs proposed for funding cannot exceed $275,000 per project/program in direct costs ($125,000 per institution) per year for up to 3 years. Funds may be used for the salaries of postdoctoral fellows or technicians, for equipment, and for consumable supplies but not for travel or faculty salaries.
In addition, and within the 12-page limit, describe the role played by each of the coinvestigators. Identify which aspects of the project/program will be conducted primarily at the institutions in racial/ethnic and/or underserved communities with cancer health disparities and which at the NCI-Designated Cancer Center. As applicable, describe training opportunities that the project may provide for students, post-docs, or early stage investigators and/or plans and approaches for community engagement.
Other Sections of PHS398 Research Plan must also be completed (but are excluded from page limitations).
Project Summary/Abstract – no more than 300 words.
Note: PHS398 Instructions to Research Plan, sections pertaining to human subjects and/or vertebrate animals (listed below), must be strictly followed and appropriate documentation (described in PHS398 instructions) is required. The NIH/NCI RFA instructions offer detailed instructions as well.
Career Development Plans - Individual Development Plans (IDPs) are required for early career and less experienced investigators. Applicants with the rank of instructor or assistant professor and who have more than two years remaining on their initial faculty appointment should submit an IDP following the attached guidance. Investigators as any career stage or faculty rank who wish to develop new skills or pursue a new area of inquiry may also submit an optional IDP.
Commitment from the Tribal Nation Leader is required. All support letters should be submitted in a single PDF file.
Hopkins University faculty must obtain letters of support as needed.
*IMPORTANT* In order to submit, you will need to select "create a new account" and follow those steps, then log in. If you already have an account with the Johns Hopkins funding opportunities page, then simply log in.
Through the Inclusion Imperative Program, partners UMBC, Bowie State University, Coppin State University, and Howard University are cultivating a regional network of scholars, who are committed to diversity and inclusion in the humanities. Over five years, the Inclusion Imperative's Diversity Teaching Network in the Humanities will expand conversations on diversity in the curriculum, help advance community-engaged and other socially aware humanities pedagogies, and create a supportive environment for faculty. Follow them on Twitter @UMBCHumanities.
Friday, May 3, 2019 9:00 a.m. - 1:00 p.m.
Bowie State University and the Dresher Center for the Humanities at UMBC invite proposals for the Inclusion Imperative Program's 2019 Diversity Teaching Network Symposium. We seek proposals for 10-minute panel or 5-minute "lightning round" presentations for our 2019 symposium showcasing how teaching and learning in the humanities and arts can expand boundaries and inspire action to address matters of diversity, inclusion, inequity, and social justice in the 21st century.
How does work in the humanities and arts change the way we think about, and act upon our contemporary world?
How do philosophical, historical, communicative, or aesthetic perspectives help us understand and work towards social justice?
What teaching practices help foster social and community engagement among our students?
How might we work together with students to expand boundaries and promote action on diversity, inclusion, inequity, and social justice?
This symposium will provide opportunities for connection among area scholars who share an interest in diversity and inclusion and will allow them to share ideas and resources for engaged pedagogy and teaching towards social justice.
We also welcome digital and table-top/wall poster exhibits for display during the symposium. Please let us know if you plan to bring an exhibit and, if so, the format and topic/title.
Submit proposals to inclusionimperative@umbc.edu. Contact Jessica Berman (jberman@umbc.edu), Director, Dresher Center for the Humanities, and Project Director of the Inclusion Imperative, with any questions.
Parking, morning refreshments, and lunch will be provided.
The Society of American Law Teachers (SALT) welcomes proposals by August 15, 2018, for the 2018 SALT Teaching Conference: Legal Education for a Changing Society. Suggested proposal topics should center around innovative strategies, techniques, and approaches to prepare students for practicing law in a time of profound technological and societal change. We are delighted that the Association of American Law Schools Section on Technology, Law, and Legal Education is holding its first conference collaboratively with SALT at the 2018 Teaching Conference.


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Iran's Charity Loophole
House Dems push for Iran sanctions exemptions
Iranian Red Crescent / AP
Adam Kredo • October 5, 2012 5:49 pm
A delegation of House Democrats is urging President Barack Obama's administration to extend an exemption on Iran sanctions—a move that could allow certain groups linked to terrorism to benefit from American philanthropic donations, experts say.
Twelve lawmakers, including Muslim Rep. Keith Ellison (D., Minn.), petitioned the Obama administration Thursday to extend a temporary waiver permitting various organizations and individuals to skirt U.S. sanctions on Iran.
The waiver, set to expire Oct. 5, enabled American-based nonprofit groups to expedite the "donation of funds" and shipment of "humanitarian relief" to Iranian charities that are purportedly helping their citizens recover from a deadly earthquake.
Experts warn that the well-intentioned effort to provide the Iranian people relief has actually benefited Iranian charities linked to terrorist activities such as bombings, weapons trafficking, and incitement against Israel.
"Everyone who watches Iran knows the regime uses charities as part of an asymmetrical warfare strategy," said Michael Rubin, a former Pentagon adviser on Iran and Iraq. "Just because Iran describes something as a charity doesn't mean we should accept their definition."
"If the Iranians truly wanted help, they would accept American relief workers who could keep a tight eye to ensure that the cash went to the earthquake victims," said Rubin, noting that Iran's principal charity, the Imam Khomeini Relief Committee (IKRC), has been cited by the U.S. government for supporting the terror group Hezbollah.
The Obama administration eased its regulatory procedures regarding charitable aid earlier this year after the National Iranian American Council (NIAC) orchestrated an advocacy campaign, the New York Times reported.
NIAC, an Iranian-American advocacy group, has long been accused of being a lobbying front for the Iranian regime, though it denies this charge.
The NIAC campaign led the Treasury Department to alter its policies, giving "high priority to processing" aid applications for Iran.
Now that the waiver is set to expire Oct. 5, NIAC galvanized several members of Congress to pressure Obama to reauthorize the charitable exemption.
The administration has yet to announce whether it will extend the waiver, and did not respond to a Washington Free Beacon request for comment.
The pro-charity lawmakers, led by Rep. Dennis Kucinich (D., Ohio), ask that the administration "take needed additional steps to ensure humanitarian goods that are legally permitted under this waiver … are able to reach the people of Iran."
Donations, the legislators claim, are needed to provide basic sundries for Iranians affected by earthquakes.
"We are concerned that the expiration of the earthquake relief waiver will hinder ongoing relief and reconstruction efforts at a time when it is still critically needed," the lawmakers write.
However, a number of the Iranian charities that benefit from such donations are closely tied to the Iranian regime, as well as to various terrorist actors across the Middle East, experts told the Free Beacon.
"A lot of the charities … are indeed under the control of the IRGC," or the Iranian Revolutionary Guard Corps, said Clare Lopez, a former CIA operations officer who currently serves as a senior fellow at the Center for Security Policy, a national security group. The IRGC plays a key role in Iran's clandestine nuclear enrichment program.
"With a lot of these groups controlled by the IRGC, a good deal [of their resources] goes to corruption … and other parts of it go to the nuclear program and weapons of mass destruction," Lopez said. "A number of these groups have been sanctioned by Treasury because they're known to be linked to the IRGC" and certain terrorist outfits.
All relief work relating to the earthquake has been "taken over by the Revolutionary Guards, the Red Crescent, and the state-run Imam Khomeini Relief Committee," the Telegraph reported in August. The regime has cracked down on the delivery of services by independent relief workers and organizations.
The IKRC has been sanctioned by the Treasury Department for its connections to Hezbollah, a long time supplicant of the Iranian regime.
In 2010, the Obama administration froze the assets of the IKRC's affiliate in Lebanon for "being owned or controlled by Hezbollah and for providing financial and material support to Hezbollah and its director," according to a statement released at the time.
"The IKRC has helped fund and operate Hezbollah youth training camps, which have been used to recruit future Hezbollah members and operatives," the Treasury stated. "Hezbollah Secretary General Hassan Nasrallah has acknowledged the IKRC branch in Lebanon as one of Hezbollah's openly-functioning institutions linked to and funded by Iran."
The so-called charity "and its assets are under the control of Iran's supreme leader," according to an investigative report by the American Enterprise Institute. "It receives government funding, donations from private individuals both inside and outside Iran, and religious taxes, and it engages in fundraising activities outside Iran."
The Treasury Department also cited several senior IRGC officials who are close to the Iranian regime, and who potentially have allies in organizations like the IKRC, experts explained.
"This is why back in 1997, we had to evacuate the U.S. Embassy in Tajikistan when the Imam Khomeini Relief Committee moved in next door, and why, 13 years later, the Treasury Department caught the same group in cahoots with Hezbollah," said Rubin, who recently wrote about the issue for Commentary magazine. "Something tells me that the Iranian charity was doing more than distributing food and medicine."
Another top Iranian charity touted by NIAC and its allies is the Iranian Red Crescent, which liaises with the International Committee of the Red Cross, a global humanitarian organization.
The Iranian Red Crescent organization has sent ships to the Gaza Strip in an effort to provoke the Israeli military and break the Jewish state's naval blockade of the terrorist-rich territory.
"U.S. intelligence suspects that the group is actually providing weaponry and other military equipment," rather than humanitarian aid to the Palestinians, Rubin noted in Commentary.
Iran has been a close ally of Hamas in the Gaza Strip and has helped arm the terrorist group, according to reports. In addition to the illicit tunnels that run through Egypt into the Gaza, humanitarian aid shipments have been used as cover for the smuggling of weapons in the area.
Lopez and Rubin chided lawmakers for participating in NIAC's campaign to extend humanitarian aid waivers.
"They don't understand this," Lopez said. "It's a charitable instinct, … but they just don't know all of this."
The NIAC campaign is actually about weakening sanctions on Tehran, Rubin alleged.
"Look, let's be real," he said. "Offering help in the wake of the quakes last August made sense. But this latest move isn't about earthquakes. If NIAC spent half as much time condemning Iran's terrorism and its repeated abuse of charities as it does trying to subvert sanctions, it could achieve something."
"Maybe it's time for Iran's lobbyists to explain why Iran derives billions of dollars each year from oil, but can't find enough cash to rebuild six villages, and repair 30 others," Rubin said. "Could it be, I don't know, but just maybe that the Iranian regime cares more for each centrifuge than it does for its citizens?"
Published under: Barack Obama, Congress, Gaza, Hezbollah, Iran, Keith Ellison, Lebanon, Middle East, Obama Administration, Treasury Department
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Iranian Americans: World a Safer Place After Trump Killed Iran's Soleimani
Illegal Iranian Oil Shipments to China Skyrocketed in 2021
GOP Slams Biden Decision To Ignore Mandate To Disclose How Iran Sanctions Relief Funds Terrorism
Iran Calls for Trump and Pompeo To Be Tried for Soleimani Assassination
Historian Says Princeton Left Him To 'Rot' in Iranian Prison


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Q: Extension of Bayes' Theorem coin flipping example - finding a fair coin in a bag of biased coins There's a fairly common example of Bayes' Theorem in which a coin is drawn from a population with a known amount of biased coins and fair coins. A coin is drawn, flipped a certain amount of times, and then one is challenged to determine the probability that the flipped coin was biased, resulting in a standard implementation of Bayes' Theorem.
I was thinking of an extension of this question, where the goal is to find a fair coin drawn from a population.
As a concrete example, suppose we have $N$ coins, of which $n$ are fair coins and the remainder will always flip heads. Our goal then is essentially to flip a tails so that we know we have a fair coin. Beforehand we decide after $m$ heads flipped from an individual coin, we will draw a new coin.
How would I approach the problem of calculating how many coins I would need to draw before reaching a certain probability threshold $p$ of having at some point flipped a tails?
In this case Bayes' Theorem tells us that the probability the first randomly chosen coin is biased after $m$ heads is given by:
$$\frac{\frac{N-n}{N}}{\frac{N-n}{N}+\frac{1}{2}^m*\frac{n}{N}}$$
My initial thought was to approach the problem in the vein of "how many coin flips do I need to have a probability $p$ of having flipped a heads?"-type problems and using Bayes' Theorem between each flip, but the examples of those questions that I've encountered require mutually independent events so I don't think that applies to this problem.
Additionally, would the question of finding an "optimal" $m$ be related to stopping time?
edit: After coming back to this question with a fresh mind, I had the thought that in the case there is only one fair coin (i.e. $n=1$) then we could say that the probability we would flip $i$ coins and not see a tails would be:
$$\frac{i}{N}*\frac{1}{2}^m+\frac{N-i}{N}$$
which would compute the probability that the fair coin was in the first $i$ coins drawn and that it was flipped $m$ times without seeing a tails, and add that to the probability that the fair coin hasn't yet been drawn. If this is valid, then I think I see how to extend it to $n$ fair coins (by summing over the different amounts of possibly drawn fair coins) as well as how to extend it to individual flips, but I'm also worried I'm violating some assumption in probability and intuiting something incorrectly. Would this work?

A: Start with $N$ coins of which $n$ are fair and $N-n$ always show heads.
Draw $k$ coin at random and flip each of them $m$ times.
The probability of not getting any tails is:
$$\sum_{i=0}^k P[\text{draw exactly } i \text{ fair coins}]\times \left(0.5^m\right)^i=\sum_{i=0}^k \frac{{n\choose i}{{{N-n}\choose {k-i}}}}{N \choose k}\times \left(0.5^m\right)^i$$
Now, find the smallest $k$ that makes this probability less than or equal to $1-p$.  Then, the probability of seeing at least one tail will be at least $p$.

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Updated March 08, 2021 by Christopher Thomas
The 10 Best Car Polishes
This wiki has been updated 14 times since it was first published in March of 2018. Whether you want to buff up your exotic supercar or have your daily driver looking its best, you'll need the right polish for the job. The elements are never kind to a car, and scratches can come from anywhere. So, to keep your vehicle at its best, we've ranked several formulas that remove or hide oxidation, abrasions, and more, for gleaming paint and an eye-catching appearance. When users buy our independently chosen editorial picks, we may earn commissions to help fund the Wiki.
This wiki has been updated 14 times since it was first published in March of 2018. Whether you want to buff up your exotic supercar or have your daily driver looking its best, you'll need the right polish for the job. The elements are never kind to a car, and scratches can come from anywhere. So, to keep your vehicle at its best, we've ranked several formulas that remove or hide oxidation, abrasions, and more, for gleaming paint and an eye-catching appearance. When users buy our independently chosen editorial choices, we may earn commissions to help fund the Wiki.
1. HD Speed All-Natural
Made in the United States, HD Speed All-Natural (around $32) is a powerful, all-in-one correction formula that not only remedies moderate surface imperfections and swirls, but also leaves a long-lasting sealant behind to protect your paintwork over time.
Produces a high-gloss effect
Pleasing grape scent
Great for quick restoration projects
2. Meguiar's Ultimate
Meguiar's Ultimate (around $8) prepares your surface for waxing by using conditioning oils to increase depth and gloss, while also filling in fine nicks to make them less obvious. This glaze will have almost-new finishes looking brand new with relatively little effort.
Contains no abrasives
Can be applied by hand
Safe on clear coats
3. Mothers California Gold 07100
Created as the first step in a system to help waxes last up to a year, Mothers California Gold 07100 (appx. $10) will enhance shine and do away with minor damage. It also smooths out the edges of large imperfections, so they're less evident while you wait for professional restoration.
Repairs micro scratches
Deep-cleans effectively
Removes oxidation
We still feel the same way about most of these selections, and in fact, some of them have been standards in the automotive world for years, such as Meguiar's Ultimate and Mothers California Gold 0710. Those are ideal choices for the gearhead who wants to really pamper their ride, as most users will want to follow them with a good waxing.
Alternatively, HD Speed All-Natural remains in the top spot because most consumers will appreciate an all-in-one option that leaves body panels and trim in nearly show quality. Another that's been around for a long time is Nu Finish Liquid, which is an especially good choice if you're not keen on actually spending hours polishing your vehicle. Finally, if you've already applied a good clear coat and want to add the finishing touches, Meguiar's Compound is one of the best choices around for quick touch-ups.
A true car polish is made to do two things: clean away contaminants left behind by regular washing, and remove surface scratches and other imperfections. It will not necessarily add gloss or shine (although some certainly do), but it can prepare the vehicle's surface for a protective coating and allow that to bond better to the paint. As these products evolve over time, however, many of them are now also capable of covering up imperfections (rather than actually removing them).
All of the products ranked here will improve the appearance of your car's finish; however, some will function quite differently from others. For instance, a true polish like Poorboy's will repair damage to the paint for a long-lasting improvement, while one like Meguiar's Ultimate will eventually wash away, leaving the finish looking like it did before. However, the latter will be much easier to apply by hand and provide more impressive results.
If you don't have access to a dual-action polisher machine, check out products like Dodo Juice or NuFinish, which can by easily applied by hand. Those new to the task of car polishing should consider HD Speed, as it contains a milder formula that's less likely to damage your paint if it's used too roughly. If you're short on time but are determined to get good results, look to Zymol Original, which contains a protective coating – so you won't have to apply one separately later.
Each of the products on our list has a proven track record and won't disappoint. However, as you can see, there are many different types of polishes, so be sure to determine which is right for your vehicle's needs.
For safety's sake, when using any of these products, be sure to follow the instructions on the label, which may include wearing protective gear for your hands and face.
4. Nu Finish Liquid
Since it contains no wax, Nu Finish Liquid (about $8) can be applied in direct sunlight, unlike many competitors. It's from a century-old manufacturer of car care products, and can be counted on to protect your vehicle for up to 12 months.
A good value for the price
No heavy buffing needed
Also great for fiberglass boats
5. Meguiar's Compound
Meguiar's Compound (around $7) is made to be used by hand, so it's great for those who wish to cover light imperfections with minimal effort. It's safe and effective for all clear coats, but be sure not to use it on satin, matte, or flat surfaces.
Restores hazy paints
Helpful for minor scuffs
Hides rather than repairs scratches
6. Zymol Original
With a 120-year-old formula, Zymol Original (appx. $21) is respected worldwide by car collectors for its high quality, natural ingredients. Not only will it improve the shine on all types of finish, but it'll also handle minor blemishes and abrasions.
No separate sealant required
Exotic carnauba and beeswax blend
Will not fix heavy damage
7. Dodo Juice Lime Prime
Look to Dodo Juice Lime Prime (appx. $20) to rid your vehicle of dirt, watermarks, and light swirls, while its glaze oils work to enhance the finish. This refreshingly-scented selection was named Polish Product of the Year in 2010 by Detailing World.
Apply by hand or machine
Not for more delicate paints
8. Meguiar's ScratchX 2.0
Meguiar's ScratchX 2.0 (appx. $10) is a special formula that does away with blemishes, scrapes, and bonded dirt. Since it eliminates such things, rather than filling in or hiding them, it leaves a lustrous shine that lasts longer than a few washes.
Works on bug and tar residue
Application is labor intensive
Only for light marks
9. Poorboy's World Professional
You can count on the water-based Poorboy's World Professional (about $20) to take away spots, oxidation, and imperfections from paint, glass, metal, and plastic surfaces. While it doesn't contain wax, it features cleaning agents that get the entire exterior of your car looking great.
Safe for use in the sun
Enhances depth of color
Will not add gloss
10. Chemical Guys VSS
Chemical Guys VSS (around $18) was developed to repair moderate to heavy imperfections quickly and efficiently. By using abrasives designed to wear down and disappear with use, this solution removes damaged paint without harming what's beneath, leaving behind a mirror-like finish.
Best results with a buffing machine
Pricey compared to competitors
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Last updated on March 08, 2021 by Christopher Thomas
Building PCs, remodeling, and cooking since he was young, quasi-renowned trumpeter Christopher Thomas traveled the USA performing at and organizing shows from an early age. His work experiences led him to open a catering company, eventually becoming a sous chef in several fine LA restaurants. He enjoys all sorts of barely necessary gadgets, specialty computing, cutting-edge video games, and modern social policy. He has given talks on debunking pseudoscience, the Dunning-Kruger effect, culinary technique, and traveling. After two decades of product and market research, Chris has a keen sense of what people want to know and how to explain it clearly. He delights in parsing complex subjects for anyone who will listen -- because teaching is the best way to ensure that you understand things yourself.


text:
2018 NBA Catch-All - LeBron Fallout Edition
Posted by Jayhawker – October 17, 2017 7:01 PM
I'm more excited about the start of an NBA season more than I have been for many years. Tonight's doubleheader on TNT is a perfect way to start the season, with LeBron vs. Kyrie and the Splash Brothers vs. one off the new super teams in Houston.
But what made me come looking for this thread was this prediction by Mina Kimes.
Posted: July 13, 2018 1:13 PM
It's a trick. Get an axe.
IT was saying this just a year ago. It seems like he, or his agent, might have overvalued him and it bit him in the A. Crazy to think about.
Top_Shelf
Posted: July 14, 2018 4:27 AM
Bottom_Drawer
Outer Rim
And he's wearing a Sonic's hat in the vid! The curse never sleeps!
I swear I don't just post in the NBA threads to find the thinnest connection to Sonicsgate.
But I totally do.
AOC: "To quote Alan Moore: 'None of you understand. I'm not locked up in here with YOU. You're locked up in here with ME.' "
Vrikk: Blueshell the 1%.
ClockworkHouse: Microsoft's new platform is Game Pass.
Posted: July 18, 2018 11:32 AM
Emergent Tag
I did not expect Kawhi to Toronto trade rumours to come close to being something but:
@ShamsCharania
San Antonio and Toronto are engaged in serious talks on a trade centered on Kawhi Leonard and DeMar DeRozan, league sources tell Yahoo.
Giving up Anunoby or Siakam in the package would be a tough pill to swallow for a guy who hasn't played in a year and looks set to be a one-year rental, though I'm not a sophisticated basketball fan.
I also have a soft spot for DeMar and he was a Raptor who actually wanted to stay in Toronto so that would suck. His bad playoff performances have been frustrating. The Raptors being good in the regular season and fun the last few years was a big part of me watching basketball regularly and DeMar continually getting better as a player has been a big part of that.
*Only looks at the shots totals*
jowner
Posted: July 18, 2018 12:22 PM
jpwner
Capital of the Igloo People.
I call this the trade and pray.
Get him to Toronto and hope the city + management sell him on staying.
Depends on the rest of the package but seems like the Raptors clearly get the best player and if he walks then are they really that much worse off than trying to make this team win with no 1A player win? Not really.
jowner wrote:
Depends on the rest of the package but seems like the Raptors clearly get the best player and if he walks then are they really that much worse off than trying to make this team with no 1A player win? Not really.
Yup. Go for it, if Kawhi somehow wants to stay, great. If not the core's old and you're going to have to reset things pretty soon anyway.
Deal's agreed
@wojespn
Toronto has reached agreement in principle to acquire San Antonio's Kawhi Leonard for package that includes DeMar DeRozan, league sources tell ESPN. Trade is larger on both sides, and players are still being informed of their inclusion in the deal. Trade call with league today.
https://twitter.com/wojespn/status/1...
Spurs have agree to trade Kawhi Leonard and Danny Green to Toronto for DeMar DeRozan, Jakob Poeltl and a protected 2019 first-round pick, league sources tell ESPN. Trade call with league office is starting shortly.
I like the trade. Going to be tough to see DeMar in another uniform though. He seemed to love Toronto.
mindset.threat
Absentee.Princess
West Side, Bawlmer
Roke wrote:
How does this trade benefit Toronto? They traded the face of the franchise who loved being there for a guy who reportedly has no desire to be a Raptor and will most certainly opt out next summer.
XBL: Xosa17
PSN: Xosa17
bhchrist
Chances are I have something to say about this...
Middleton, Wisconsin
mindset.threat wrote:
The argument goes that DD is on a bad contract for the player that he is. Toronto's window is closing for making the finals and would likely be starting a tear down after the 18/19 season whether or not DD was there. They had an opportunity to grab a top 5 MVP player with no LeBron in the East, for a lower price than they should have. If (and a giant if, mind you) Kawhi is healthy and plays like Kawhi, he is a substantial upgrade to DD on both ends of the court. It also allows the front office an out for a rebuild starting 19/20, as they can say they made the effort to resign KL in the same fashion OKC convinced Paul George to stay.
Now, is Kawhi physically able and mentally engaged to play hard and well for Toronto?
Battle.net ID: bhchrist#1556
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LeapingGnome
Forum Ornament
Right, I think this was a bad trade for Toronto. Derozan's contract is not that bad and he is in it for 3 more years. You traded him for one year of Kawhi that you don't even know if he is healthy and he has already shown a willingness to subvert a team. Will he pout all year because he doesn't want to play there, or will he try hard since it is a contract year? Who knows.
I think they gave up too much for the risk involved.
boogle
the pot and the kettle
Its effectively a signal to the fanbase that the rebuild is on.
You get one year of dreams and prayers and then process time.
NormanTheIntern wrote:
oh my god boooooog
boogle was raised in one, he knows a barn when he sees one.
There's lots assuming going on here that are against each other logically.
So he's not going to try but then walk to the Lakers on a max deal?
If I'm a Lakers fan I'm not sure how stoked I'd be next year throwing big money at him if he doesn't prove this year he's healthy and he cares to actually play.
I think it's a brilliant move. Hardly gave up anything. Get the legitimate chance of selling Toronto (more about staying in the east) and him staying.
Technically if it's awful don't the Raps have the option to trade him at the deadline? Recoup some assets even earlier.
This is where I am at, along with boogle's statement. Who has ever said "DD is the piece we need to play for a championship." No one. Toronto got the best player in the trade and it isn't even close. Is it enough even if KL is motivated and healthy? Toronto is taking the chance that it is.
He seemed to quit on a hall of fame coach and one of the best organizations in all of sports, so why is it farfetched to think Kawhi wouldn't be all that motivated in Toronto of all places? All his shenanigans this year did nothing to quell the Lakers desire for him.
The last bit about trading him is really the only way this makes sense to me. Shed DD's contract (given how many awful contracts the NBA has right now, this one really isn't bad), pick up the 1st from the Spurs, trade Kawhi at the deadline for more picks and start rebuilding in earnest.
edit: I got that backwards...the Spurs got the 1st round pick. Ignore me, I'm tired.
Isaiah Thomas is the example for needing to show up this season. KL is obviously a way better player with a longer resume of being great.
There's other FAs available next year also.
Raps honestly didn't give much up.
The Lakers could have KL right now but I think their play was keep all our assets and actually make sure he comes back next year healthy.
Big question does LeBron actually want a guy who quit on a HF coach also? Depending on who actually hits FA next year + the youth develop the Lakers could go an entirely different direction.
In a counter-intuitive way, I think questions of KL quitting on a HOF Coach actually keeps his value higher. What is the alternative? That he really was hurt to the point that he would be a much lesser player, aka Isaiah Thomas. What is a better risk for a team, a guy who is highly talented and wants out of his current situation or a guy who shows diminished physical skills? Plenty of the former have gotten paid but few of the latter have.
Toronto better hope it is the former. Worst case for them is KL is not the player they traded for due to health AND he is a disgruntled head case.
DSGamer
Thumbs Up ... ish
Yeah. LeBron is an advocate of players and doesn't seem to put that much stock in the value of coaches.
fangblackbone
PIE MASTER
I was just thinking the thought "would LeBron quit on a Hall of Fame coach?"
Being fangoriously devoured by a gelatinous monster.
redfang#1780
Blind_Evil
Venetian Terror
Southern New Hampshire
Jesus, the Lakers really are just aiming for LeBron, the Kids, and the Island of Misfit Wackadoos.
Newest signing is Michael Beasley for 1 year, $3.5m. The human victory blunt!
IUH4L
Nintendo 3DS FC: 4553-9959-1561
Nintendo Network ID: Blind_Evil
Blind_Evil wrote:
The NBA FA market is currently interesting to me.
Historically it's been riddled with atrocious contracts that cripple a franchise. I'm sure there are plenty of those still around but LeBron + a shrewd gm with cap room to cobble together The Dirty Dozen might work.
Posted: August 24, 2018 8:37 PM
Looks like the one-and-done rule is really on its way out. Am I the only one that believes that college and NBA basketball would both be better if you had to be 21 to play in the NBA?
I don't agree with that at all. A lot of 18 year olds aren't served well by jumping right into pro sports, but then there are a lot of adults who aren't ready for college either.
The age limit rule made a joke of college basketball as well as enabling a corrupt cartel.
I'd much rather the NBA supported players going pro and just put in place a governance structure for helping with money management, life skills, etc. for young players. A robust D-League could be good for everyone.
ubrakto
Is Klingon for Nerd
+1 to what DS said.
I like the MLB route. If you are ready, go pro. But if you go to college, you push back your eligibility by three years. Of course, it helps that MLB has an entire tiered minor league system to develop young players they draft.
This eases the pressure on both the players and coaches in college. When you have a one and done, it's hard to develop the kid, as you need to play him sooner to get some value out of the scholarship you just spent on him. It helps link performance to playing time, and gives coaches the time and incentive to work on the little things.
Yes if the DG-League was actually legitimate, the MLB rule would work perfect. I've even seen it suggested as 2 years of college instead of 3. But either way, it's a much better system than the NBA has currently.
Posted: August 30, 2018 2:41 AM
I don't want the NCAA having any say over when people get paid to ply their trade. I think Jalen Rose is spot on when he says football and basketball have been over regulated because of institutional racism in the NCAA due to the fact that they're traditionally the black sports.
The NCAA lost out on the money they would have made off Lebron and KG and Kobe, the NBA owners got burnt on Eddy Curry, Kwame Brown, and Sebastian Telfair. Win win for the rich white folks. The rule needs to be abolished.
90 degrees of PAIN
Stele wrote:
Yes if the DG-League was actually legitimate
I think the league's trying to make this a reality. They increased the player pay to $35k for the season, and includes housing and insurance. It's not great money, but with housing covered(even if it's just for the 5 months the season's on), it's at least a semi-livable wage, especially compared to minor league baseball pay.
The main problem right now is that there are only 27 teams. The NBA needs to expand the last 3 so every team has a G-league affiliate.
clockworkhouse wrote:
Buncha fun haters around here...
dimmerswitch wrote:
When you really get down to it, isn't a hearse really just an unsuccessful ambulance?
Pay college players, have relegation and bring up the Final Four and downgrade the tanking teams.
And no salary cap.
When I said 21 and up would be good for both levels of basketball, I meant the on-court product. I don't want to go back to the days of drafting kids out of high school whose career dies on the bench because they don't get playing time, or who are forced into starting because they were a top 10 pick even though they are not ready and then I have to watch it. I want higher skill levels in both college and NBA and I think a 21 and up rule does that. Putting aside the 'right to work' and who is making money considerations, I am just talking about the basketball aspect.
I knew what you meant. I have nostalgia myself for the days of legendary basketball players like Lew Alcindor, Akeem Olajuwon and Drexler, Ewing, etc.
But it's wrong. It just is. It's morally wrong. As BlindEvil says it's a symptom of our racist country that baseball is regulated one way and basketball and football another.
The NBA can obviously make rules about who should play in their league. And the NCAA could restrict scholarships to 4 year students. But the days of the NBA and NCAA colluding to control the opportunities of young men has to be over.


text:
Bike Del
There are dozens of new miles of bike trails and "bikeways" for those ready
Sticky Situations: Meet The New Bond, Same As The Old Bond (But A Lot More Oily)
What I Did On My Summer Vacation
by Wildcat Rock Machine, age 6
Last week I had a summer vacation. It wasn't really a vacation because I don't work. Still I took a vacation anyway. One of the things I did on my vacation was ride bikes for no reason. Riding bikes doesn't count if you don't use a computer and tell everybody about it. So if you want to learn more about my biking rides please visit my Strava account. The end.
Also, as I become increasingly old I also find myself becoming increasingly disinterested in looking at pictures of special bike parts and then buying them. In fact, there are only about two Internet "webbing sites" that ever make me want a special bike part, and one of them isAll Hail the Black Market. (The other site isn't even about bikes, it's actually about macrame, but it does make me want to put macrame on my bikes.)
One day, I was reading All Hail the Black Market and the guy who writes it was talking about some tires. What he said about them made me want them, so I ordered some and put them on my traveling bike:
(What you're mistaking for bad photography is actually called "sun-mottled.")
Sadly, I don't have ready access to the sorts of mixed-terrain bicycling adventures that the AHTBM guy does, and even if I did I'd fall down and hurt myself almost immediately. Nonetheless, I did take my travel bike with my new fat tires on it to some local mountain bike trails and had myself a very enjoyable time:
(Someone on Twitter said that my valve stem was too long, which made me feel sad for them.)
Also, at another point during my summer vacation I took my hands off the handlebars while riding, which is something that very few people are able to do:
(Don't worry, I'm actually not doing that here, I'd never attempt to use a camera and ride at the same time. Instead I placed the bike on a home trainer and took the photo in an attempt to recreate the stunt.)
Never, ever take your hands off the handlebars, or you will die.
But recreation isn't just about bicycle cycling. It's also about going to the movies, and of course this past weekend marked the end of the summer blockbuster season. As such, I resolved to see a summer blockbuster myself, and as it happens there was one playing that was all about bikes. No, I'm not talking about "Perineum Rash" starring that Jennifer Jason-Leigh kid. I'm talking about "Cipollini Bond--The Movie" starring Mario "Hep B" Cipollini:
At first I thought "Cipollini Bond" was some kind of new denture adhesive made from the Lion King's various and sundry viscous secretions, but in fact it's a promotional video for his new racing bike. The word "tour de force" gets bandied about all too easily these days, but you can rest assured it will never, ever be used to describe a Mario Cipollini film. In fact, "tour de force" is to "Cipollini Bond--The Movie" as "Tour de France" is to the "USA Pro Cycling Challenge." "Cipollini Bond--The Movie" is also filmed entirely on location inside of Mario Cipollini's gigantic ego, and in this cinematic romp Cipo proves once and for all that he is the Tom Danielson of James Bond actors.
The film opens with some villain who may or may not be Mario Cipollini with his hair cleansed of styling products:
He speaks a guttural language and has Asian henchman, which means he probably represents any number of Belgian bike companies who have their products made for them in Taiwan.
Then, we meet the Cipollini Bond:
Note that his enemies have "Little Mario" right in the crosshairs.
We also meet Cipollini Bond's love interest, who may or may not be Cipollini in a wig:
If Cipollini is indeed playing all three roles, then surely you have to go all the way back to Eddie Murphy in "Norbit" to find such ambitious cinematic multitasking.
Like any movie, "Cipollini Bond--The Movie" contains symbolism, but unlike most movies every single symbol represents Mario Cipollini's penis. For example, here's Cipollini Bond examining the label on his penis:
("That's a fine vintage.")
And here's Cipollini Bond cooling his penis in a bucket of ice:
Naturally, Cipollini Bond is suave and well-versed in the twin arts of conversation and seduction:
("The sparkling wine we're drinking came from inside my penis.")
But just as he's about to lead out Little Mario for the final sprint, Cipollini Bond gets an urgent message on his tablet:
("A new photo set has been posted to 'Japanese Girls With Big Shoes!'")
So he leaps into his helicopter and slips on his headset--which, due to his oily skin and oilier hair, immediately pops right off again like a banana clip off of an ice sphere:
Fortunately, after coating himself with sawdust he finally gets the headset to remain in place, just as Dr. BadTeeth blows up the Cipollini Bond secret sex compound:
By the way, most actors would fall back on a stuntman, but Mario Cipollini does all his own flying:
We know this because the helicopter spends an hour and a half crying in the shower afterwards.
Next, Cipollini Bond dons his dinner jacket:
And further runs up the film's vehicle rental budget by getting into a Porsche:
Which he drives to some jewelry store:
Where a woman hands him the "secret:"
The "secret," evidently, is the answer to the riddle, "What's long, hard, and made of crabon?"
After obtaining the secret, Cipollini Bond spends a little time fondling his Cipollini in the dark:
And then bursts into the daylight dressed like an unctuously-coiffed sperm:
So Dr. BadTeeth dispenses his henchmen:
But sending motorcycles after a Cipollini bicycle is like sending a canary to a cockfight, and Cipollini Bond rides through traffic in a way that makes Gordon Joseph-Levine in "Premium Rush" look like Sean Connery in "Finding Forrester:"
Naturally, the motorcyclists get stuck in traffic that even the Beautiful Godzilla on the cellphone is able to clear:
While Cipollini narrowly avoids getting hit by a bus (assuming you consider 20 feet to be "narrow"):
By the time Cipollini Bond gets to the speedboat (obviously there was going to be a speedboat), he's powering the bicycle entirely with his crotch:
Then Cipollini Bond makes a deft transition:
Powers away:
And successfully captains the speedboat with one hand while fondling his accomplice with the other:
Meanwhile, the motorcyclists make the universal signal for "drat!"
Safe in international waters, the accomplice resumes tanning:
While Cipollini Bond finds a nice spot to drop anchor:
And then they start swabbing the deck:
Obviously, after a movie this powerful you stick around to read the credits, and while I was impressed by the acting of both Mansoure and Mustafa:
The real revelation here was director Max Barbot:
Who manages to hit the cinematic "sweet spot" between hip-hop music video and all-out porn, and whose directorial style is almost as "maniacal" as the Italian craftsmen who make the Cipollini bikes:
If you need me, I'll be crying in the shower.
Labels: bicycle marketing, cycling
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