text:
Home Illnesses and conditions Injuries Skin injuries Insect bites and stings
1. About insect bites and stings
2. Symptoms of insect bites and stings
3. Treating insect bites and stings
4. Complications of insect bites and stings
5. Preventing insect bites and stings
About insect bites and stings
Insect bites and stings are common and usually only cause minor irritation. However, some stings can be painful and trigger a serious allergic reaction.
In the UK, insects that bite include midges, mosquitoes, fleas, bedbugs and, although not strictly insects, spiders, mites and ticks, which are arachnids. Insects that sting include bees, wasps and hornets.
An insect bites you by making a hole in your skin to feed. Most insects sting as a defence by injecting venom into your skin.
Symptoms of an insect bite or sting
When an insect bites, it releases saliva that can cause the skin around the bite to become red, swollen and itchy.
The venom from a sting often also causes a swollen, itchy, red mark (a weal) to form on the skin. This can be painful, but it's harmless in most cases. The affected area will usually remain painful and itchy for a few days.
The severity of bites and stings varies depending on the type of insect involved and the sensitivity of the person.
In rare cases, some people can have a serious allergic reaction (anaphylaxis) to a bite or sting that requires immediate medical treatment.
Read more about the symptoms of insect bites and stings.
Non-urgent advice: Speak to a pharmacist if:
you've been bitten or stung and there's a lot of swelling and blistering
there's pus, which indicates an infection, your pharmacist can also treat this in some instances.
Adults and children over 2 years with insect bites or stings can get advice and treatment directly from a pharmacy
Find your local pharmacy on Scotland's Service directory.
Immediate action required: Phone 999 if you have been bitten or stung and you have:
wheezing or difficulty breathing
nausea, vomiting or diarrhoea
a fast heart rate
dizziness or feeling faint
confusion, anxiety or agitation
Read more about the complications of an insect bite or sting.
Treating insect bites and stings
Most bites and stings are treated by:
washing the affected area with soap and water
placing a cold compress (a flannel or cloth soaked in cold water) over the area to reduce swelling
Try not to scratch the affected area to avoid infection. If you're in pain or the area is swollen, take painkillers such as paracetamol or ibuprofen.
If you have a more serious reaction, your GP may prescribe other medication or refer you to an allergy clinic for immunotherapy (desensitisation).
Read more about treating insect bites and stings.
Preventing insect bites and stings
You're more likely to be bitten or stung if you work outdoors or regularly take part in outdoor activities, such as camping or hiking.
Using insect repellent and keeping your skin covered when outdoors will help you avoid being bitten or stung.
Try not to panic if you encounter wasps, hornets or bees, and back away slowly. Don't wave your arms around or swat at them.
Read more about preventing insect bites and stings.
There's a risk of catching diseases such as malaria from insect bites in certain parts of the world, such as:
It's therefore important to be aware of any risks before travelling to these areas, and to get any necessary medication or vaccinations.
An insect bite or sting often causes a small lump to develop, which is usually very itchy.
A small hole, or the sting itself, may also be visible. The lump may have an inflamed (red and swollen) area around it that may be filled with fluid. This is called a weal.
Insect bites and stings usually clear up within several hours and can be safely treated at home.
Different insect bites can cause different symptoms.
Midges, mosquitoes and gnats
Bites from midges, mosquitoes and gnats often cause small papules (lumps) to form on your skin that are usually very itchy. If you're particularly sensitive to insect bites, you may develop:
bullae – fluid-filled blisters
weals – circular, fluid-filled areas surrounding the bite
Mosquito bites in certain areas of tropical countries can cause malaria.
Flea bites can be grouped in lines or clusters. If you're particularly sensitive to flea bites, they can lead to a condition called papular urticaria, where a number of itchy red lumps form. Bullae may also develop.
Fleas from cats and dogs can often bite below the knee, commonly around the ankles. You may also get flea bites on your forearms if you've been stroking or holding your pet.
Horseflies
A bite from a horsefly can be very painful. As well as the formation of a weal around the bite, you may also experience:
urticaria – a rash of weals (also called hives, welts or nettle rash)
angio-oedema – itchy, pale pink or red swellings that often occur around the eyes and lips for short periods of time
Horseflies cut the skin when they bite, rather than piercing it, so horsefly bites can take a long time to heal and can cause an infection.
Bites from bedbugs aren't usually painful, and if you've not been bitten by bedbugs before, you may not have any symptoms.
If you have been bitten before, you may develop intensely irritating weals or lumps.
Bedbug bites often occur on your:
The Blandford fly
The Blandford fly (sometimes called blackfly) is usually found near rivers. It's common in:
However, there have also been reports of Blandford fly bites occurring in other areas of England.
You're most at risk of being bitten by a Blandford fly in May and June. Bites often occur on the legs and are very painful.
They can produce a severe localised reaction (a reaction confined to the area of the bite) with symptoms such as:
blistering
a high temperature of 38C (100.4F) or over
Arachnid bites
Tick bites aren't usually painful and sometimes only cause a red lump to develop where you were bitten. However, in some cases they may cause:
Ticks can carry a bacterial infection called Borrelia burgdorferi, which causes Lyme disease. Lyme disease can be serious if it isn't treated.
Mites cause very itchy lumps to develop on the skin and can also cause blisters. If the mites are from pets, you may be bitten on your abdomen (tummy) and thighs if your pet has been sitting on your lap. Otherwise, mites will bite any uncovered skin.
Spider bites from spiders native to the UK are rare. You're more likely to be bitten by a spider while you're abroad, if you keep non-native spiders as pets, or if you have a job that involves handling goods from overseas.
Spider bites leave small puncture marks on the skin, which can be painful and cause redness and swelling.
In severe cases, a spider bite may cause nausea, vomiting, sweating and dizziness. Very rarely, a spider bite may cause a severe allergic reaction.
Insect stings
Wasps and hornets
A wasp or hornet sting causes a sharp pain in the area that's been stung, which usually lasts just a few seconds.
A swollen red mark will often then form on your skin, which can be itchy and painful.
A bee sting feels similar to a wasp sting, but the sting and a venomous sac will be left in the wound. You should remove this immediately by scraping it out using something with a hard edge, such as a bank card.
Don't pinch the sting out with your fingers or tweezers because you may spread the venom.
Most people won't have severe symptoms after being bitten or stung by an insect, but some people can react badly to them because they've developed antibodies to the venom.
You're more likely to have an allergic reaction if you're stung by an insect. The reaction can be classed as:
a minor localised reaction – this is normal and doesn't require allergy testing, although the affected area will often be painful for a few days
a large localised reaction (LLR) – this can cause other symptoms, such as swelling, itching and a rash
a systemic reaction (SR) – this often requires immediate medical attention because it can cause a potentially life-threatening allergic reaction (anaphylaxis)
Although insect bites and stings are a common cause of anaphylaxis, it's rare to experience anaphylaxis after an insect sting, and it's rarely fatal.
Large localised reactions and systemic reactions are described in more detail below.
Large localised reaction (LLR)
If you have a large localised reaction (LLR) after being bitten or stung by an insect, a large area around the bite or sting will swell up. The area may measure up to 30cm (12in) across, or your entire arm or leg could swell up.
The swelling will usually last longer than 48 hours, but should start to go down after a few days. This can be painful, but the swelling won't be dangerous unless it affects your airways.
If you're bitten or stung many times by one or more insects, your symptoms will be more severe because a larger amount of venom will have been injected.
You may have an LLR several hours after being bitten or stung. This could include:
painful or swollen joints
Systemic reaction (SR)
You're more likely to have a systemic reaction (SR) if you've been bitten or stung before and become sensitised, particularly if it was recently. People who've been sensitised to bee stings are more likely to have an SR than people who are stung by wasps.
wheezing, hoarseness or difficulty breathing
a swollen face or mouth
It's rare for an SR to be fatal, particularly in children, although someone with an existing heart or breathing problem is at an increased risk.
Read about treating insect bites and stings.
Most insect bites and stings cause small reactions that are confined to the area of the bite (localised reactions). They can usually be treated at home.
However, see your pharmacist or GP as soon as possible if your symptoms are severe.
Removing a sting
As soon as you've been stung by a bee, remove the sting and venom sac if it's been left in your skin. Do this by scraping it out, either with your fingernails or something with a hard edge, such as a bank card.
When removing the sting, be careful not to spread the venom further under your skin and don't puncture the venom sac.
Don't pinch the sting out with your fingers or a pair of tweezers because you may spread the venom. If a child has been stung, an adult should remove the sting.
Wasps and hornets don't usually leave the sting behind, so they could sting you again. If you've been stung and the wasp or hornet is still in the area, walk away calmly to avoid being stung again.
Basic treatment
Most insect bites and stings cause itching and swelling that usually clears up within several hours.
Minor bites and stings can be treated by:
placing a cold compress (a flannel or cloth cooled with cold water) over the affected area to reduce swelling
not scratching the area as it can become infected (keep children's fingernails short and clean)
See your pharmacist if the redness and itching gets worse or doesn't clear up after a few days.
Additional treatment
If the bite or sting is painful or swollen, you can also:
wrap an ice pack, such as a bag of frozen peas, in a towel and place it on the swelling
take painkillers, such as paracetamol or ibuprofen (children under 16 years of age shouldn't be given aspirin)
use a spray or cream that contains local anaesthetic, antihistamine or mild hydrocortisone (1%) on the affected area to prevent itching and swelling
take an antihistamine tablet to help reduce swelling (antihistamine tablets are available on prescription or from pharmacies)
If local swelling is severe, your GP may prescribe a short course of oral corticosteroids, such as prednisolone, to take for 3 to 5 days.
If you have an allergic reaction after being bitten or stung, even if it's just a skin rash (hives), your GP may prescribe an adrenaline pen (an auto-injector) and show you how to use it. You'll also be referred to an allergy clinic for further tests and treatment.
If you develop blisters after being bitten by an insect, don't burst them because they may become infected.
Blisters don't usually cause pain unless they rupture (burst) and expose the new skin underneath. If possible, use an adhesive bandage (plaster) to protect the blistered area.
Infected bites
See your pharmacist if the bite or sting fills with pus and feels tender to touch, your glands swell up and you feel unwell with flu-like symptoms.
Your pharmacist may prescribe oral antibiotics (medicines to treat infections caused by bacteria). You'll need to take these as instructed, usually 2 to 4 times a day for 7 days.
If you have the symptoms of a systemic reaction (SR), it could lead to anaphylactic shock. Anaphylaxis may need to be treated with an adrenaline injection, antihistamines, oxygen or an intravenous drip directly into a vein.
You'll need emergency medical treatment.
Immediate action required: Phone 999 if:
you have swelling or itching anywhere else on your body after being bitten or stung
you're wheezing or have difficulty swallowing.
Allergy clinics
If previous insect bites or stings have caused a large skin reaction, such as redness and swelling more than 10cm (4 inches) in diameter, your GP may refer you to an allergy clinic.
The criteria for referring someone to an allergy clinic may vary depending on what's available in your local area.
Immunotherapy (desensitisation or hyposensitisation) is a possible treatment option if you're allergic to wasp or bee stings.
It involves being injected with small doses of venom every week to alter your body's immune response to venom.
You need to be observed after each injection to make sure you don't have an allergic reaction to the treatment.
Over time, your body becomes used to the venom (desensitised) and you're no longer at risk of anaphylaxis.
When a high enough dose has been reached, the injections are given at four to six-week intervals for a further two to three years.
Your allergist (allergy specialist) will decide how much venom is injected and how long the injections need to continue for. This will depend on your initial allergic reaction and your response to the treatment.
For more information about immunotherapy, see treating allergies.
If you've been bitten by a tick, remove it as soon as possible to reduce the risk of getting a tick-borne infection, such as Lyme disease (a bacterial infection that causes a pink or red circular rash to develop around the area of the bite).
If you suspect that you have a tick bite, complete our self-help guide to assess your symptoms and find out what to do next.
Avoid scratching the bite because it will cause further swelling and increase the risk of infection. Most tick bites will heal within three weeks.
Urgent advice: Speak to your GP if:
you've been unable to remove all of the tick.
You should also see your GP if you develop:
a pink or red rash
a temperature of 38°C (100.4°F) or above
other flu-like symptoms, such as a headache or joint pain
You may need antibiotics to prevent Lyme disease.
Read more about how Lyme disease is treated.
Complications of insect bites and stings
A number of complications can develop after being bitten or stung by an insect.
Secondary bacterial infections are a common complication of insect bites and stings. They include:
impetigo – a highly contagious bacterial infection that causes sores or blisters
cellulitis – an infection that makes your skin red, swollen and painful
folliculitis – inflammation of one or more hair follicles (the small holes in your skin that hair grows out of)
lymphangitis – an infection that causes red streaks in your armpit or groin and swollen lymph nodes (small glands that are part of the immune system)
An infection can occur if you scratch an insect bite or sting, or it may be introduced at the time you're bitten.
Infections are usually treated with antibiotics.
Lyme disease is an infection caused by a species of tick known as Ixodes ricinus. Ticks aren't insects – they're small arachnids.
There are an estimated 2,000-3,000 cases of Lyme disease in England and Wales each year, with about 15 to 20% of cases occurring while people are abroad.
Your risk of developing Lyme disease is increased if you spend a lot of time in woodland or heath areas as these areas are where tick-carrying animals, such as deer and mice, live.
The initial infection is characterised by a red rash that gradually expands outwards from the site of the bite. Antibiotics are usually used to treat the infection.
If untreated, the long-term effects of Lyme disease include problems with the nervous system, such as:
meningitis – an infection of the protective membranes that surround the brain and spinal cord
facial palsy – weakness of the facial muscles that causes drooping of one or both sides of the face
encephalitis – an uncommon but serious condition that causes inflammation of the brain
The condition can also damage the joints, which can lead to arthritis and, occasionally, heart problems, such as inflammation of the heart muscle (myocarditis) and inflammation of the fluid-filled sac that surrounds the heart (pericarditis).
West Nile virus is an infection with flu-like symptoms that is spread by mosquitoes.
There have been no reported cases of West Nile virus in the UK, but there have been cases elsewhere in the world.
Malaria is a tropical disease caused by an infection of the red blood cells. It can be transmitted to humans by the bite of an infected mosquito.
Each year, there are around 1,500 cases of malaria in travellers returning to the UK. A certain type of malaria caused by the parasite Plasmodium falciparum is potentially fatal. It accounts for more than half of all cases of malaria in the UK each year.
There are a number of precautions you can take to avoid being bitten or stung by insects.
It's particularly important to follow this advice if you've had a bad reaction to an insect bite or sting in the past.
move away slowly and don't panic if you encounter wasps, hornets or bees
cover exposed skin – if you're outside at a time of day when insects are particularly active, such as sunrise or sunset, cover your skin by wearing long sleeves and trousers
wear shoes when outdoors
apply insect repellent to exposed areas of skin, particularly in summer or early autumn, when stings are most likely to occur – repellents that contain diethyltoluamide (DEET) are most effective
avoid flowering plants, outdoor areas where food is served, rubbish and compost – regularly and carefully remove any fallen fruit in your garden and keep a well-fitting lid on dustbins
avoid camping near water, such as ponds and swamps – mosquitoes and horseflies are commonly found near water
keep food and drink covered when eating or drinking outside, particularly sweet things – wasps or bees can also get into open drink bottles or cans you're drinking from
keep doors and windows closed or put thin netting or door beads over them to prevent insects getting inside the house – also keep the windows of your car closed to stop insects getting inside
do not wave your arms around or swat at wasps, hornets or bees
do not use products with strong perfumes, such as soaps, shampoos and deodorants – they can attract insects
do not disturb insect nests – wasps build nests in sheltered areas such as trees and roof spaces; if a nest is in or near your house, arrange to have it removed (see the GOV.UK website for details about pest control services and how your local council can help)
Avoiding ticks
Ticks are small arachnids that are mainly found in woodland areas. They attach to your skin, suck your blood and can cause Lyme disease.
The best ways to avoid ticks include:
being aware of ticks and the type of habitats where ticks usually live
wearing appropriate clothing in tick-infested areas (a long-sleeve shirt and trousers tucked into your socks)
wearing light-coloured fabrics to help you spot a tick on your clothes
using insect repellents
inspecting your skin for ticks, particularly at the end of the day, including your head, neck and skin folds (armpits, groin, and waistband)
checking your children's head and neck areas, including their scalp
making sure ticks aren't brought home on your clothes
checking that pets don't bring ticks indoors on their fur
It's also important to remove any ticks you find as soon as possible.
If you're bitten by fleas, mites or bedbugs, you may have an infestation in your home. Try to find the source of the infestation before taking steps to eliminate it.
Signs of an infestation
The following are signs of an infestation:
fleas or flea faeces (stools) in your animal's fur or bedding are a sign of fleas
crusting on your dog's fur is a sign of fleas
excessive scratching and grooming are a sign of fleas in your cat
dandruff (flakes of skin) on your cat or dog is a sign of mites
spots of blood on your bed sheets are a sign of bedbugs
an unpleasant almond smell is a sign of bedbugs
Speak to your veterinary surgeon if you're unsure whether your pet has fleas.
Eliminating an infestation
Once you've identified the cause of the infestation, you'll need to eliminate it.
For flea infestations, treat the animal, its bedding, household carpets and soft furnishings with an insecticide. Thoroughly vacuum your carpets and soft furnishings.
For mite infestations, you should seek advice from your vet as aggressive treatment is required.
For bedbug infestations, your home will need to be thoroughly treated with an insecticide by a reputable pest control company. See the GOV.UK website for details of pest control services and more information about how your local council can help with an infestation.
Seek medical advice before travelling to a tropical area where there's a risk of catching malaria. You may need to take antimalarial tablets to avoid becoming infected.
When you reach your destination, make sure your accommodation has insect-proof screen doors and windows that close properly.
Sleeping under a mosquito net and spraying rooms with insecticide will also help prevent you being bitten.
Read more about preventing malaria.
Avoiding bugs and germs outdoors
Health Protection Scotland: Ticks and Lyme Disease in Scotland


UPDATE: Jennylee has been found safe and well.
A Derby woman who went missing on Christmas Eve has sparked a police search.
Officers were concerned for the safety of Jennylee Topliss, 52, who was last seen in Derby.
She has connections to Long Eaton and Ilkeston and it is believed that she may be in one of these areas.
A spokesman from Derbyshire police said: "Jennylee was last seen wearing a long green coat with a fur hood, black leggings and black boots.
"She is described as having very long, mousey brown hair.
"Anyone with information of Jennylee's whereabouts is urged to contact us as soon as possible."
If you can help the police with their search call 101, quoting reference number 1120-241218.
We've also got Facebook groups for traffic and travel, crime, pets, what's on, good news and lost and found .


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Ajax pulled off another remarkable second-leg comeback on Tuesday night, this time defeating Juventus 2-1 to book their place in the Champions League semi-finals.
Juve took the lead against Ajax when Cristiano Ronaldo headed in from a corner with 28 minutes gone, the goal being confirmed by VAR after suspicions of a foul in the build-up.
But within six minutes the Dutch side had levelled the tie back up through Donny Van De Beek's goal.
Ajax then grabbed the lead and also the advantage on aggregate with a little over 20 minutes remaining when Matthijs de Ligt powered home a stunning header.
The Dutch side pushed on for a third goal to seal the victory, and although that never came, they ultimately held on to book their spot in the last four at the expense of the Italian giants.
Ajax are resigned to losing their captain this summer; it's their business model and their 19-year-old skipper just happens to be the best defender of his age anywhere on the planet.
He enjoyed a real coming of age performance in the Bernabeu in the last round and this was another dominant display.
His headed winner will ensure headlines, but it was the nature of his all-round display – cajoling teammates, winning physical battles, being calm in possession and using the ball well – that stood out again.
Mino Raiola, his agent, has another diamond on his hands.
The Morocco international midfielder doesn't have the profile of some of his Dutch colleagues.
But my word he's some player.
Capable playing wide or centrally, he eases away from opponents in transition, picks up smart positions and boasts a tremendous left foot.
The late strike he had disallowed showed his right isn't bad either. Arsenal and Bayern have both been linked – he'd be a smart signing for either.
It's not often that Max Allegri can be accused of getting things wrong.
Ajax were the better side, at 0-0, 1-0, 1-1, and yet he failed to make any telling alteration to get his side on the front foot.
Ultimately, he and his side were punished.
Make no mistake, this was a revenge mission for the Dutch side.
They were defeated by Juve on penalties in the 1996 final, then dumped out of the competition by the Italians again the following year.
Those losses still rankle, given accusations over drug use.
For Ajax chiefs who were around or even played then – particularly sporting director Marc Overmars – this will have been extremely sweet.
Florentino Perez is stuck on five European Cups after Los Blancos' last 16 exit at the hands of the Dutch side.
Ronaldo, determined to beat the Madrid president with whom he fell out during his final year in the Spanish capital, will now also remain on five.
Given how this competition is playing out and the respective strength of the two sides this term, it's a bigger missed opportunity for the Portuguese.


Requires 2 "AAA" batteries. Use high qualities batteries for best performance. Remove the batteries before traveling, especially on a plane.
Only use the sensor brushes on the sensor.
Only use the mirror/focusing screen brush on the mirror and focusing screen.
Be careful to not touch the sides of the chamber with any of the brushes so as to not contaminate them with oil or lubricant.
Spin device by sliding the on button. Spin for 5 seconds to enhance charge prior to every pass.
Carefully pass the bristles over your sensor/mirror/focusing screen from one side to another.
It is recommended to clean the brush fibers frequently with isopropyl alcohol (90% -99%). This should specially be done if the fibers have been in contact with any oil or lubricant. To remove the smear from the sensor, it is recommended that VisibleDust Ultra MXD-100™ (green) swabs and Smear Away™ be used to remove the stain. VDust Plus™ can also be used for lighter stains.
The base of the Arctic Butterfly® 724 is to be used as the spinning device for all the other brushes. Simply remove the APS brush, place in the adapter and insert the desired brush.
Spin the brush to recharge the bristles and remove any previous debris. After recharging bristles, insert brush width to width of sensor.
Rotate and gently rest bristles on far edge of sensor. Lightly draw the bristles over the width of sensor.
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Spin the brush to remove any debris that has been collected.


text:
Lewis Carroll, Alice's Adventures in Wonderland & Through the Looking-Glass
Opening Passages: From Alice:
Alice was beginning to get very tired of sitting by her sister on the bank, and of having nothing to do: once or twice she had peeped into the book her sister was reading, but it had no pictures or conversations in it, 'and what is the use of a book,' thought Alice 'without pictures or conversations?'
So she was considering in her own mind (as well as she could, for the hot day made her feel very sleepy and stupid), whether the pleasure of making a daisy-chain would be worth the trouble of getting up and picking the daisies, when suddenly a White Rabbit with pink eyes ran close by her.
From Looking-Glass:
One thing was certain, that the white kitten had had nothing to do with it:--it was the black kitten's fault entirely. For the white kitten had been having its face washed by the old cat for the last quarter of an hour (and bearing it pretty well, considering); so you see that it couldn't have had any hand in the mischief.
Summary: Both of Carroll's most famous works are attempts to capture, in a basic sort of fairy-tale narrative, the imagination of children. This is particularly obvious with Through the Looking-Glass, which, while it gets its structure from the chess game, gets its content from nursery rhymes, but it is true throughout. This is perhaps the simplest way to capture the new thing that Carroll was attempting: a fairy tale, but elaborated as much as possible from the perspective of a child of seven and a half years (as we discover Alice is in Through the Looking-Glass). This is a shift, since fairy tales typically had not been, indeed still aren't, constructed in an attempt to mimic a child's own imagination. The result is inevitably episodic; the overarching plots, to get to the garden party and to get queened, are minimal, and one thing comes after another in quick succession, and without much rhyme and reason. Carroll himself recognized this as a potential issue in his essay, Alice on the Stage, and attributes to his tendency simply to be struck by ideas and develop them on their own, but it fits with the child's-perspective approach.
In this sense, 'nonsense' is a misleading name for the genre; it is really concerned with fragmentary sense. It's not that the White Rabbit is nonsense; it's that the White Rabbit is sense on its own, and that is all. As Carroll notes in the same essay:
And the White Rabbit, what of him? Was he framed on the `Alice' lines, or meant as a contrast? As a contrast, distinctly. For her `youth', `audacity', `vigour', and `swift directness of purpose', read `elderly', `timid', `feeble', and `nervously shilly-shallying', and you will get something of what I meant him to be. I think the White Rabbit should wear spectacles. I am sure his voice should quaver, and his knees quiver, and his whole air suggest a total inability to say `Bo' to a goose!
The White Rabbit is not an allegory, but a fragment capable of serving as allegory for the oddness, from a child's perspective, of the adult tendency to rush around and 'nervously shilly-shally'. The nonsense is that of the adult world insofar as its sense cannot be fully grasped by a child. Thus the baffling conversations, which are like the conversations children sometimes have to get through with adults in which they don't understand half of the assumptions being made; hence the arbitrariness of the examination for being queen, or the endless tumble of apparently incomprehensible punishments. If you see the world of adult sense with a child's partial perspective and imagination, that is the sort of 'nonsense' that we get in the Alice books. In both books this is mediated by the fact that it is supposed to be a dream; this, however, I think mostly serves to help the adult reader get a foothold in a child's world, where the difference between dream and waking is not so sharp because the latter does not always seem as obviously more coherent than the former.
But all this is, perhaps, a bit too serious; it's not an allegory for children among adults, although it uses something of that as a basis. It's a lot of silliness, of course, just for the sake of it. There is, of course, a great deal of humor throughout. I found the tendency of the Looking-Glass folk to recite poetry to Alice whether she wanted to hear or not rather funnier than I remembered.
Favorite Passages: From Alice:
The Cat only grinned when it saw Alice. It looked good-natured, she thought: still it had very long claws and a great many teeth, so she felt that it ought to be treated with respect.
'Cheshire Puss,' she began, rather timidly, as she did not at all know whether it would like the name: however, it only grinned a little wider. 'Come, it's pleased so far,' thought Alice, and she went on. 'Would you tell me, please, which way I ought to go from here?'
'That depends a good deal on where you want to get to,' said the Cat.
'I don't much care where—' said Alice.
'Then it doesn't matter which way you go,' said the Cat.
'—so long as I get somewhere,' Alice added as an explanation.
'Oh, you're sure to do that,' said the Cat, 'if you only walk long enough.'
Alice felt that this could not be denied, so she tried another question.
'I know what you're thinking about,' said Tweedledum: 'but it isn't so, nohow.'
'Contrariwise,' continued Tweedledee, 'if it was so, it might be; and if it were so, it would be; but as it isn't, it ain't. That's logic.'
Recommendation: Highly Recommended.
Two New Poem Drafts
A Devil Rogue Yet Debonair
She saw him in the lunar light
on moonlit night of storm and dark;
the moon was horned and icy-bright
and painted shadows black and stark.
The wind was whipping through his hair,
a devil rogue yet debonair.
On nights of waning moon he went,
where lonely bent the wilder roads;
they say he howled from yearning pent;
they say his eyes with fury glowed.
A melancholy air he bore,
and sorrow like a mantle wore.
She loved him as a woman can;
a fire ran from eye to eye,
and all the charm of mortal man
like lightning from the tempest sky
upon her forest-heart then burned,
and, for a while, her love he earned.
But madness like contagious blight
of deadening spite through thought did spread;
his blood in fever raged at night
and ceaseless through the country led,
a second rot to turn love bad.
The first: that she a husband had.
As love grew stronger, she grew less,
as in each breath his passion grew,
an aching yearning to possess,
the power sought by love untrue.
For love seeks ways it may endure,
and impure love seeks ways impure.
He bade her swear to be his own
as shone the moon with wicked horn,
a vow to be like granite stone,
as if the wedded bond were torn.
She did; his words like heaven were,
for sweetness she her hell incurred.
such bonds are self-inflicted curse;
such thirsts can never steady last.
They soon will move from worse to worse
and worst of all as worse is passed.
You know it well, despite all lie:
a faithless love will faithless die.
She grew to hope, but he to tire;
the liar cast her off to roam.
She longed for death with heart's desire.
Her corpse is now beneath the loam.
Her husband wept in sable dressed;
his prayers alone her gravestone blessed.
And he, more driven night by night
as light of moon grew cold and fierce,
in madness born of moonlit sight
her shade he saw; his heart was pierced,
and madness from from its core,
and through his blood in fury poured.
Upon the rocks he cast his frame --
but blamed not he his own cruel deed.
And round his body demons flamed,
for sin to hell is as the seed.
A path through judgment ever goes,
and curse to loss like river flows.
She saw him in the lunar light,
on moonlit night of storm and dark.
a devil rogue and debonair.
Dionysian Cantillation
From the Father of lights a light goes out,
all-informing, undivided,
without confusion diversifying,
ever same and never changing.
Illuminated, the mind is exalted,
rising up to understanding,
where knower and known are one,
as spirits live in splendid choir.
But human thought is matter-mixed,
never rising on its own.
Through ministry of spirits bright,
a golden strand in heaven fixed,
the soul may put aside its chains,
seek the truth and find the truth,
and be restored to beauty.
Thrice by thrice does providence
enact through spirits endless things:
its first work, love, undying burns;
illumination springs from love;
righteous purity proceeds from both;
sublime in triple splendor,
these shape the world in threefold way,
by authority, by order, and by strength,
which are exercised in threefold way,
by presidence, by method, and by service due.
Thus ever spirit flows from light,
a light beyond what sight can see,
first in gift and first in splendor,
shining through each spiritual rank
like rays of sun through crystal pure.
Each order heralds those above it,
each manifesting from beginning to end,
each receiving from the light,
each instructing those below it.
Through hierarchies flows down endless light
to human hearts, by spirits taught
as eye is taught by burning lamp.
Rising, human reason travels
up that ladder raised to heaven,
growing ever more integral,
shining bright step by step,
until it is so bright with shining
it is life from light and without end.
Feast of the Immaculate Conception
By your Yes, O maiden, you made Truths true.
The prophets had spoken great things to come;
through your faith those prophecies were fulfilled.
They were the words of God, who does not lie,
and by the Son you bore they were made true.
So great a thing it is to bear the Lord!
And yet your faith is greater than that deed!
As you were made our Mother on His cross,
for our defense, O Mary, intercede!
By your Yes, O maiden, you gave us light,
for Light was born from your unsullied sky.
In His light, the light of God we will see
for from you comes a Priest forevermore,
the Lamb upon the Throne, who is our Light.
Honey from the Swarm
Today is the feast of St. Aurelius Ambrosius, better known in English as St. Ambrose of Milan, Doctor of the Church. He was in any many ways the most Roman of the Church Fathers. He was born in Gallia Belgica (modern day Belgium/Luxembourg/Netherlands) to a Roman family involved in the government there; he studied at Rome, and eventually was made governor of Aemilia-Liguria, whose capital, Mediolanum or Milan, was at the time the second most important city in the Empire in honors, and in practical importance probably the first. Milan had been rent by the controversy over Arianism, and its Arian bishop, Auxentius, had been one of the major Arian polemicists; after Auxentius's death, Ambrose went to the church to keep order, because the election of the bishop was likely to cause a serious uproar regardless of who was chosen. When he tried to give a speech encouraging people to be peaceful about the election, however, the crowd starting chanting "Ambrose, bishop!" While Ambrose was Christian, he was (like a lot of Romans at the time) merely a catechumen; he had never been baptized. Ambrose fled to a friend's house, but the Emperor Gratian had heard about the people's choice and sent a letter formally congratulating them on the excellent choice -- at which point Ambrose basically had very little choice. He was baptized, confirmed, ordained, and consecrated bishop of the second most important see in the West, all in the same week. And Ambrose, Roman to the core when it came to duty and honor, took it seriously; he started devoted himself to the study of theology, gave away most of his wealth, and began living ascetically. It actually turned out quite well; his top-notch Roman education, devoted to making him an excellent contributor to Roman government, had trained him for administration and public speaking and made him fluent in Greek, an increasingly rare thing in the West. This would be important in the fights to come, as he had showdown after showdown with increasingly powerful Arian patrons, including, eventually, Imperial ones.
From his work De officiis ministrorum (Book II, Chapter II), which adapts, fairly radically, the Ciceronian approach to ethics to Christian ethics:
The philosophers have made a happy life to depend, either (as Hieronymus) on freedom from pain, or (as Herillus) on knowledge. For Herillus, hearing knowledge very highly praised by Aristotle and Theophrastus, made it alone to be the chief good, when they really praised it as a good thing, not as the only good; others, as Epicurus, have called pleasure such; others, as Callipho, and after him Diodorus, understood it in such a way as to make a virtuous life go in union, the one with pleasure, the other with freedom from pain, since a happy life could not exist without it. Zeno, the Stoic, thought the highest and only good existed in a virtuous life. But Aristotle and Theophrastus and the other Peripatetics maintained that a happy life consisted in virtue, that is, in a virtuous life, but that its happiness was made complete by the advantages of the body and other external good things.
But the sacred Scriptures say that eternal life rests on a knowledge of divine things and on the fruit of good works. The Gospel bears witness to both these statements. For the Lord Jesus spoke thus of knowledge: "This is eternal life, to know Thee, the only true God, and Jesus Christ Whom Thou hast sent." About works He gives this answer: "Every one that hath forsaken house, or brethren, or sisters, or father, or mother, or wife, or children, or lands, for My Name's sake, shall receive an hundred-fold, and shall inherit everlasting life."
Faith, then, has [the promise of] eternal life, for it is a good foundation. Good works, too, have the same, for an upright man is tested by his words and acts. For if a man is always busy talking and yet is slow to act, he shows by his acts how worthless his knowledge is: besides it is much worse to know what one ought to do, and yet not to do what one has learnt should be done. On the other hand, to be active in good works and unfaithful at heart is as idle as though one wanted to raise a beautiful and lofty dome upon a bad foundation. The higher one builds, the greater is the fall; for without the protection of faith good works cannot stand. A treacherous anchorage in a harbour perforates a ship, and a sandy bottom quickly gives way and cannot bear the weight of the building placed upon it. There then will be found the fulness of reward, where the virtues are perfect, and where there is a reasonable agreement between words and acts.
One of Ambrose's hagiographical symbols is a beehive (he is also patron saint of practically anything bee-related). According to the story, when Ambrose was a baby, he was suddenly surrounded by a swarm of bees. After he was rescued, he turned out to be completely unharmed, indeed, unaffected in any way, except for a drop of nectar or honey on his cheek. His family is said to have regarded it as an omen that he would be an eloquent orator. It's a good emblem for Ambrose's life during the Arian swarm.
Star and Soup
Star of the Evening
by James M. Sayle
Beautiful star in heav'n so bright,
Softly falls thy silv'ry light,
As thou movest from earth afar,
Star of the evening, beautiful star.
Beautiful star,
In Fancy's eye thou seem'st to say,
Follow me, come from earth away.
Upward thy spirit's pinions try,
To realms of love beyond the sky.
Shine on, oh star of love divine,
And may our soul's affection twine
Around thee as thou movest afar,
Star of the twilight, beautiful star.
by Lewis Carroll
Beautiful Soup, so rich and green,
Waiting in a hot tureen!
Who for such dainties would not stoop?
Soup of the evening, beautiful Soup!
Beau–ootiful Soo–oop!
Beau–ootiful Soo–oop
Soo–oop of the e–e–evening,
Beautiful, beautiful Soup!
Beautiful Soup! Who cares for fish,
Game or any other dish?
Who would not give all else
for two pennyworth only of Beautiful Soup?
Pennyworth only of beautiful Soup?
Meet Nicholas Steno (Re-Post)
Today is the feast of Bl. Nicholas Steno, so I re-post this with minor revision.
Depending on whether you date according to the Julian or the Gregorian calendar, Niels Stensen was born in Copenhagen January 1 (Julian) or January 11 (Gregorian) 1638. (The Gregorian calendar only began to be used in Denmark itself after 1700.) He was a second child of the goldsmith Sten Pedersen; his mother's name was Anne. He would become one of the great overachievers of the early modern period. While other people were often working on the same subjects, and there are several instances of 'firsts' typically attributed to him where it's possible to argue, depending on how you define terms, that he was really co-discoverer or independent discoverer, it is nonetheless extraordinary how often his name comes up as a candidate for a 'first'; whatever else may be said about his discoveries, Steno was at the forefront of a wide number of fields.
In 1656 he matriculated under the name Nicolaus Stenonis at Copenhagen University, and it is under variants of this name that he is most widely known. While he was attending University, Denmark and Sweden became involved in a war, and King Karl X Gustav of Sweden invaded. Because of winter ice in 1658, Karl Gustav was able to cross over to Zealand, the island on which Copenhagen was located. King Frederik III of Denmark had to cede territory to stop the advance. Karl Gustav invaded again in 1659 in an attempt to take all of Denmark; Copenhagen repelled the main attack, but remained under a landside siege until 1660. We know that Steno spent some time in a student company manning the ramparts, but not much more; most of what has survived of Steno's life is found in a text called the Chaos-manuscript (discovered in 1946 in the Biblioteca Nazionale Centrale of Florence, Italy, by Father Gustav Scherz): 92 folio pages of closely written observations, experiments, reflections, and excerpts.
In 1659 Steno seems to have sailed to Amsterdam, perhaps with an extended stop in Rostock, where he attended lectures by Gerard Blaes (Blasius), the City Physician. He was given leave at the time to do his own dissections, and entered the first major controversy of his life. During dissection of a sheep's head, he discovered the parotid excretory duct, and showed it to Blaes, who was inclined to dismiss it as either an artifact of dissection or a freak of nature. While it had been discovered before, this was not known at the time. Several days later he found the parotid excretory duct in a dog's head, and showed it to Blaes. After defending his thesis (on hot springs), he left Amsterdam for Leiden. At the University of Leiden, he showed his discovery to to several professors, one of whom (Van Horne) began demonstrating it in his anatomical lectures as the ductus Stenonianus (Stensen's duct, which is its name still). At about the same time, however, Blasius was demonstrating it in his lectures as his own discovery and by 1631 had published it, also as his own discovery. Niels found himself attacked as a plagiarizer by Blaes and his supporters. The dispute, quite fierce, lasted for some time, and did not entirely die out until it became more generally known just how brilliant an anatomist Steno actually was. Spurred on by the dispute, Steno plunged into his investigation of glands and ducts, and discovered (among many others) the lateral nasal gland, which is still called Steno's gland. Steno published his work, which was very well received. At this point he wanted to give anatomy a rest, but for various reasons soon returned to it. One of those reasons was the posthumous publication in 1662 of Descartes's Treatise on Man. Niels began to study the major subjects of that work: the heart, the muscles, and the brain. In 1662 he discovered sino-atrial and atrio-ventricular dissociation. He proved that the heart was entirely a muscle (which had been affirmed, without full explanation, by Harvey, but was not the common view at that time); he also discovered, pace Harvey, that the muscle was arranged spirally rather than circularly.
While in Leiden he made a number of acquaintances, which he would later call a very freethinking group, including Swammerdam, de Graat, and Spinoza, but he didn't stay long; in early 1664, he returned to Copenhagen. There he published De musculis et glandulis observationum specimen, one of the major early modern works in the history of cardiology. At this time he was 26.
In autumn of 1664, Steno left Copenhagen for Paris, and at some point in winter of 1665 he delivered a lecture on the brain (published in 1669 as Discours sur l'anatomie du cerveau). In the lecture he criticized Descartes's view of the brain, and, in particular, the appeal to animal spirits. After traveling in the south of France, Stensen arrived in Tuscany. In 1667 he published his major work on muscles, the Elementorum myologiae specimen, one of the distinctive features of which is that in it Steno develops a theory of muscle contractions that did not appeal to animal spirits. His alternative theory was attacked again and again, so that it was no longer held by anyone by the end of the 18th century. Work on the subject since 1980 has shown that parts of his argument actually did have some merit, and, on this point at least, myology has now caught up to where Steno was at age 29 in 1669.
The Elementorum myologiae specimen is also significant in that appended to it were two works describing shark dissections. One of these works, called Canis carchariae dissectum caput, noted the resemblance between shark's teeth and certain fossils; Steno agreed with those who had suggested that the latter were somehow versions of the former, and began to develop an argument that this was possible. The second treatise, the Historia dissecti piscis ex canum genere, showed that the 'testes mulierum' of the non-oviparous dogfish were sufficiently ovary-like to be considered ovaries. This is commonplace now, but at the time it was unclear whether the females of many species had ovaries. After the publication of this work, Steno continued his study of female reproductive organs, and is sometimes credited with being the first discoverer of the mammalian ovarian follicle.
In November 1667, Steno became Catholic. He was confirmed December 8, and on the same day he received a letter from Frederik III ordering him to return to Copenhagen; he replied with a letter asking if the order still stood given that he was no longer Lutheran. In the meantime, he studied geological formations, publishing a preliminary report on them in 1669: the De solido intra solidum naturaliter contento dissertationis prodromus (also here in Latin). In it he gives the first systematic classification by common origin for solids within solids, and in so doing laid down the principles of reconstruction of geological history. The Prodromus is a founding text of paleontology and dynamic geology; it is also, with the work of Erasmus Bartholin on Iceland spar, one of the founding works of crystallography. One of its many important contributions was the recognition that the faces of quartz crystals are related to each other by a constant angle, which is perhaps the fundamental insight of crystallography. Here and there it is referred to as "Steno's rule".
From late 1668 to early 1670, Steno traveled through Europe confirming his geological theories and giving anatomical demonstrations. At one such demonstration (at Innsbruck in June) he dissected the head of a hydrocephalic calf, showing that the deformity was caused by a disease, and thus providing a strong argument against the view that it was caused by maternal fantasies, a view that still had some broad acceptance even up to the early nineteenth century. When he returned to Florence in 1670, he was made court geologist by the Grand Duke, Cosimo III. Steno became more involved in theological discussions, and on the publication of Spinoza's Tractatus Theologico-Politicus in 1670, he wrote a letter to his old acquaintance urging him to become Catholic.
In April 1675 he was ordained a priest in Florence and became tutor and moral preceptor to the Crown Prince. In 1677 he was appointed by Innocent IX apostolic vicar of the northern missions and was consecrated the titular bishop of Titiopolis. Steno went to Hanover at the invitationof Duke Johann Friedrich of Brunswick-Lüneburg. When Johann Friedrich died, Steno became auxiliary bishop to Prince Bishop Ferdinand von Fürstenberg of Münster. Catholicism there seems to have been rather lax; Steno spent much of his time there advocating pastoral reform against strong opposition, and eventually left in protest. He began to live an ascetic life of poverty at Hamburg, during which he began, but never completed, an essay reviewing confirmed knowledge of the nervous system.
Steno died November 25 (Julian, 5 December Gregorian), 1686. He was 48. His last words are said to have been Jesus sis mihi Jesus et misericordiam tuam, Domine, in aeternum cantabo. Cosimo III had Steno's body brought back to Florence, where it can be found in the Church of San Lorenzo:
On 23 October 1988, John Paul II beatified him. His feast, officially celebrated in certain areas of Europe, is celebrated (as they often are) on the day of his death, December 5.
A number of the details from above are from:
Troels Kardel. Steno: Life - Science - Philosophy. Acta Historica Scientarum Naturalium et Medicinalium, vol 42. Munksgaard (Copenhagen) 1994.
Hans Kermit. Niels Stensen: The Scientist who was Beatified. Michael Drake, tr. Gracewing (Leominster, Herefordshire) 2003.
'Embedded Questions' and Knowledge-Wh
A lot of current work in the logic of questions is concerned with what are known as 'embedded questions' in knowledge-wh propositions. For instance,
John knows who went to the store
is said to have the embedded question, "who went to the store". Likewise, you could have "John knows where the store is", "John knows what is at the store", "John knows whether there is a store down the street", and so forth. These kinds of claims are often known as knowledge-wh propositions. The object, e.g., "who went to the store" is sometimes known as the wh-complement.
The fundamental problem with all of this is that the wh-complement in knowledge-wh propositions is not a question at all. The "who went to the store" in "John knows who went to the store" is not a question; it does not mean "Who went to the store?" but is just a description for the person or persons of whom it can be said that they went to the store. The claim is not that John knows the question "Who went to the store?" John knows who it is that went to the store.
Contrast this with cases involving a real embedded question:
John wondered who the man was.
John wondered, "Who was that man?"
These give us genuine interrogative expressions (the first indirectly, the second directly). The examples noted above do not, and therefore have nothing whatsoever to do with questions and how they work.
The usual way of handling this is to treat the wh-complement as a question, but one indicating the set of answers to the question; but as questions are not their answers, or any set of them, this is simply worthless.
To be sure, there is a pattern linking the wh-complements with verbally similar questions, and this is, in fact, something found in a number of very different languages, albeit with considerable variation. But the link is made to seem stronger than it in fact is, simply by the facts that (1) English neglects the subjunctive and similar moods; and (2) picking and choosing examples given that English allows so many different ways to say the same thing, and does not require you always to say things like, "John knows who it is that went to the store" or "John knows where the place is located".
No doubt there are fields in the philosophy of language where these 'embedded questions' are of some use; but the name should not fool a philosopher into thinking that one of these fields is the study of questions.
Fat Minds
Then we should be careful to provide this wholesome food in proper amount. Mental gluttony, or over-reading, is a dangerous propensity, tending to weakness of digestive power, and in some cases to loss of appetite: we know that bread is a good and wholesome food, but who would like to try the experiment of eating two or three loaves at a sitting?
I have heard a physician telling his patient—whose complaint was merely gluttony and want of exercise—that 'the earliest symptom of hyper-nutrition is a deposition of adipose tissue,' and no doubt the fine long words greatly consoled the poor man under his increasing load of fat.
I wonder if there is such a thing in nature as a FAT MIND? I really think I have met with one or two: minds which could not keep up with the slowest trot in conversation; could not jump over a logical fence, to save their lives; always got stuck fast in a narrow argument; and, in short, were fit for nothing but to waddle helplessly through the world.
Charles Dodgson (Lewis Carroll), "Feeding the Mind". (This is a fairly nice essay, originally a public talk, in which, as the title suggests, is developed the analogy between eating well and learning well.)
Chrysorrhoas
The feast of St. John Damascene, Doctor of the Church, is today. His name at birth was probably (although not certainly) Yanah ibn Mansur ibn Sarjun, and he was a Christian in Muslim-occupied Syria in the eighth century. His family worked for the civil service under the Umayyad caliph, as they had under the Byzantine emperor before the conquest, and so, in turn, John did too, until he left for the monastery. His most famous work in the West is the Exposition of the Orthodox Faith. From Book I, Chapter V:
The Deity is perfect, and without blemish in goodness, and wisdom, and power, without beginning, without end, everlasting, uncircumscribed, and in short, perfect in all things. Should we say, then, that there are many Gods, we must recognise difference among the many. For if there is no difference among them, they are one rather than many. But if there is difference among them, what becomes of the perfectness? For that which comes short of perfection, whether it be in goodness, or power, or wisdom, or time, or place, could not be God. But it is this very identity in all respects that shews that the Deity is one and not many.
Again, if there are many Gods, how can one maintain that God is uncircumscribed? For where the one would be, the other could not be.
Further, how could the world be governed by many and saved from dissolution and destruction, while strife is seen to rage between the rulers? For difference introduces strife. And if any one should say that each rules over a part, what of that which established this order and gave to each his particular realm? For this would the rather be God. Therefore, God is one, perfect, uncircumscribed, maker of the universe, and its preserver and governor, exceeding and preceding all perfection.
Moreover, it is a natural necessity that duality should originate in unity.
Father William
The Old Man's Comforts and How He Gained Them
by Robert Southey
"You are old, father William," the young man cried,
"The few locks which are left you are grey;
You are hale, father William, a hearty old man;
Now tell me the reason, I pray."
"In the days of my youth," father William replied,
"I remember'd that youth would fly fast,
And abus'd not my health and my vigour at first,
That I never might need them at last."
"And pleasures with youth pass away.
And yet you lament not the days that are gone;
"I remember'd that youth could not last;
I thought of the future, whatever I did,
That I never might grieve for the past."
"And life must be hast'ning away;
You are cheerful and love to converse upon death;
"I am cheerful, young man," father William replied,
"Let the cause thy attention engage;
In the days of my youth I remember'd my God!
And He hath not forgotten my age."
You Are Old, Father William
"You are old, Father William," the young man said,
"And your hair has become very white;
And yet you incessantly stand on your head—
Do you think, at your age, it is right?"
"In my youth," Father William replied to his son,
"I feared it might injure the brain;
But now that I'm perfectly sure I have none,
Why, I do it again and again."
"You are old," said the youth, "As I mentioned before,
And have grown most uncommonly fat;
Yet you turned a back-somersault in at the door—
Pray, what is the reason of that?"
"In my youth," said the sage, as he shook his grey locks,
"I kept all my limbs very supple
By the use of this ointment—one shilling a box—
Allow me to sell you a couple?"
"You are old," said the youth, "And your jaws are too weak
For anything tougher than suet;
Yet you finished the goose, with the bones and the beak—
Pray, how did you manage to do it?"
"In my youth," said his father, "I took to the law,
And argued each case with my wife;
And the muscular strength which it gave to my jaw,
Has lasted the rest of my life."
"You are old," said the youth, "one would hardly suppose
That your eye was as steady as ever;
Yet you balanced an eel on the end of your nose—
What made you so awfully clever?"
"I have answered three questions, and that is enough,"
Said his father; "don't give yourself airs!
Do you think I can listen all day to such stuff?
Be off, or I'll kick you down stairs!"
The Type of the Divine Word
An interesting passage in Philo, discussing Genesis 9:6 (Questions and Answers on Genesis, II.62):
Why is it that he speaks as if of some other god, saying that he made man after the image of God, and not that he made him after his own image? Very appropriately and without any falsehood was this oracular sentence uttered by God, for no mortal thing could have been formed on the similitude of the supreme Father of the universe, but only after the pattern of the second deity, who is the Word of the supreme Being; since it is fitting that the rational soul of man should bear it the type of the divine Word; since in his first Word God is superior to the most rational possible nature. But he who is superior to the Word holds his rank in a better and most singular pre-eminence, and how could the creature possibly exhibit a likeness of him in himself? Nevertheless he also wished to intimate this fact, that God does rightly and correctly require vengeance, in order to the defence of virtuous and consistent men, because such bear in themselves a familiar acquaintance with his Word, of which the human mind is the similitude and form.

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Executive Council 2019
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The Executive Council members are elected by the Institutional Representatives during the APSA Annual Meeting. All candidates for Executive Council positions must have previously served as an APSA Institutional Representative or on a Standing Committee. The elected terms follow an academic calendar year from July 1 to June 30 of each year. Detailed descriptions and additional eligibility requirements for these positions are described below. To see the current leaders of APSA, visit the current Executive Council page.
The Executive Council (voting members) will consist of the President, President-elect, Vice-President, 7 standing committees (Events, Fundraising, Membership, Partnerships, Policy, Public Relations, and Technology), as well as three Member-at-Large and two Liaison positions. Each standing committee also consists of a non-voting vice-chair position and committee members. The committees are expected to work closely together, as many of APSA's initiatives crosscut committee boundaries.
The President's responsibility is to chair the Executive Council, serve on the Board of Directors, and lead the organization toward new initiatives while focusing on collaboration, partnerships, and external affairs. The President will also take a lead role in managing the organization's finances and budget. The President will have served as the President-elect in the previous year.
The President-elect will assist the President in all responsibilities within the organization and help to organize the efforts of the organization. Following a year in this role, the President-elect will be expected to advance to the position of President the following year. The President-elect will also be encouraged to initiate and lead additional initiatives of his/her choosing. Candidates running for President-elect must have previously served on APSA's Executive Council and/or Standing Committees.
The Vice-President will assist the President and President-elect in managing the organization and will work closely with all standing committees to help coordinate APSA's various initiatives. The Vice-President will also be expected to assist standing committees as needed. The Vice-President will also be encouraged to initiate and lead additional initiatives of his/her choosing. Candidates running for Vice-President must have previously served on APSA's Executive Council and/or Standing Committees.
Events Committee Chair
The Events committee will be responsible for planning the annual and regional meetings. This includes such tasks as coordinating venue logistics, recruiting speakers, planning social events, and designing the meeting schedules. The Events Committee chair must have previous experience in planning meetings (either on APSA's Annual Meeting Committee or through another organization).
Fundraising Committee Chair
The Fundraising Committee is responsible for helping to build APSA's funding base. The committee works to seek funding from companies and charitable organizations. Fundraising Committee members should feel comfortable reaching out and networking with these organizations. The committee also helps to write grants aimed at securing additional funding for the APSA. The committee may also seek additional initiatives aimed at expanding APSA's funding base. The Fundraising Committee chair should have prior experience serving on a committee within APSA or as an Institutional Representative.
Membership Committee Chair
The Membership Committee is primarily responsible for growing APSA's membership base and expanding APSA's offerings to its members, working closely with the Members-At-Large and Liaisons. The Membership Committee will work to recruit additional members, with a special focus on undergraduates and residents. The Membership Committee will also lead the Institutional Membership initiative. The committee also serves as a liaison between APSA and local chapters and programs. The Membership Committee will work to expand mentorship and other benefits to its members. The Membership Committee chair should have prior experience serving on a committee within APSA or as an Institutional Representative.
Partnerships Committee Chair
The Partnerships Committee works to build partnerships with other organizations, with a focus on specialty societies. The goal of these partnerships is to expand the resources available to APSA members. The Partnerships Committee will work closely with the Events Committee to coordinate speakers and mentors at the Annual Meeting. Partnership Committee members should feel comfortable reaching out and networking with these organizations. The Partnership Committee chair should have prior experience serving on a committee within APSA, and ideally have served as a leader in another organization.
The Policy Committee Chair's duties and responsibilities include keeping the Executive Council abreast of the needs and issues facing physician-scientists in training through literature review, APSA surveys, and outcome measure studies. The Chair should have prior experience by previously serving on the APSA Policy Committee, prior outside experience, and should also have experience with Institutional Review Board (IRB) or its equivalent in order to carry out outcome measure studies by APSA. The Policy Committee chair should have prior experience serving on a committee within APSA and be comfortable through various communication avenues.
Public Relations Committee Chair
The Public Relations Committee Chair should have prior experience in serving on any one of APSA's Standing Committees. The committee is primarily responsible for communicating APSA's events and news to its members through email, social media, and periodic newsletters. The committee also helps to design and disseminate marketing materials for the organization. A secondary responsibility is to chronicle APSA's events, keeping both an internal and external history of various APSA projects and development. The Public Relations Committee chair should have prior experience serving on a committee within APSA and ideally have strong background in public relations, social media, and/or marketing.
Resident, Fellow, and Junior Faculty Committee Chair
The purpose of this committee is to create a community for physician-scientists at the stages of resident, fellow, and junior faculty, support them, and address obstacles they may be facing, including advocacy for availability of protected research time, mentorship, and funding. One of the core missions of APSA is to advocate for the entire spectrum of physician scientist training. Involvement in academic research often fades as trainees enter residency and fellowship, with some successful trainees never returning to research again in their careers. In addition, for many trainees, there is not sufficient mentorship, time, or funding to pursue research during residency and fellowship, making it difficult to balance clinical and research duties. Transitions amongst resident/fellow to junior faculty and early stage junior faculty are particularly vulnerable times for physician-scientists.
Technology Committee Chair
The Technology Committee will be primarily responsible for managing APSA's website, helping to update pages and create new webpages as needed. The committee will also help manage APSA's member and meeting registration process. In addition, the committee will work closely with the Public Relations Committee to manage APSA's social media outlets. Lastly, the Technology Committee will help organize APSA's audio/visual needs at the Annual Meeting. Individuals running for the Technology Committee chair position should have familiarity with website design and have served on a committee within APSA previously.
Members-At-Large and Liaisons
These positions help maintain representative voices for training pathway, and research/clinical fields on the Executive Council. These members act as direct liaisons between the APSA Membership and the Executive Council. Other Member-At-Large positions to represent other subgroups can be added at the discretion of the Executive Council with approval from the Board of Directors.
Member-At-Large (MD-PhD) is largely responsible for representing the dual-degree physician-scientists in training and advocating for the needs of this physician-scientist subgroup throughout each stage of training.
Member-At-Large (MD) is responsible for representing physician-scientists who are pursuing or have obtained MD degrees. These generally include non-dual-degree candidates who conduct research during medical training or plan to pursue formal research training during a research residency or a post-doctoral fellowship.
Member-At-Large (Social Sciences / Humanities) represents the social sciences and humanities subgroup of physician-scientists. Due to the increasing number of students receiving dual training in medicine and the social sciences and humanities, this position was created to help foster research and serve the needs of those within this training pathway.
Resident Liaison represents the interests of physician-scientist trainees in residency or fellowship programs. The resident liaison works to ensure that APSA continues to meet the changing needs of this group of APSA members.
Undergraduate Liaison represents undergraduate students considering a physician-scientist career. The undergraduate liaison works with APSA leadership to help the organization provide resources for undergraduate students exploring training options, career pathways, and choices for training programs.


VMware last week released a list of holes in its software, holes that support elevated privilege attacks, denial of service exploits and remote code execution.
Ultimately, holes in a hypervisor are more dangerous than a hole in an OS or application, as a single hypervisor supports many operating systems and applications.
Do you worry about hypervisor security? Fears and answers welcome at dbarney@redmondmag.com.


The vision for Arena Academy is inspired by CORE Education Trust's values of collaboration, opportunity, respect and excellence.
Our school provides a safe, secure and vibrant atmosphere. We work together to expand our minds and embrace new challenges.
Every student is encouraged and supported to achieve their best possible results, knowing how important this is for their futures. We achieve excellence together and every student and staff member celebrates being part of 'Our Arena'.


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Q: What exactly does the drawRect: method of an UIView object do? I have read the official documentation and I am a bit confused. Does this method draw the view itself (what we see on the screen)?

A: In short, yes. This method is called by the system when a view's backing layer needs to be drawn by the rendering system. This article gives a great explanation of how to method works, and how things are drawn onto the screen in general.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


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Jean Oppenheimer August 27, 1998 4:00AM
The idea of destiny--especially the notion that two people are fated to meet and fall in love--is a load of crap, but a surprising number of people buy into it. Probably for that reason, it has proved a popular element in movie romances, City of Angels and Sliding Doors being two recent examples. The latest picture celebrating life's whimsical turns of fate is Next Stop Wonderland, starring the always watchable Hope Davis (The Myth of Fingerprints, The Daytrippers). A hit at 1997's Sundance Festival, the picture is smart enough--and just cynical enough--not to alienate the skeptical, although director/co-writer (and editor) Brad Anderson clearly counts himself among the spiritually faithful.
Set in Boston, the movie is structured like Claude Lelouch's 1974 film And Now My Love, which followed the lives of two strangers--a man and a woman--whose paths come perilously close to converging but never actually cross until the final moments of the film, when they fall in love at first sight. Because, of course, it was meant to be.
The would-be lovers in Next Stop Wonderland (Wonderland is a station on the MBTA's Blue Line) are Erin (Davis), a smart and attractive but chronically depressed night-shift nurse, and Alan (Alan Gelfant), an ambitious ex-plumber pursuing his dream of becoming a marine biologist.
Dumped by her slovenly, self-absorbed, Greenpeace/Save-the-Whales-and-all-the-Indian-tribes boyfriend, Sean (Phil Hoffman), Erin becomes bitter, cranky and even more negative. Her stylish, high-powered mother (Holland Taylor, wonderful at projecting an "unsinkable" Molly Brown vivaciousness while also quietly allowing a glimpse of well-guarded vulnerability) tries to rouse her from her torpor, going so far as to place an ad in the personals column in Erin's name.
Erin, who mopes around while insisting that she is happy being alone, finally gives in and checks the messages from her prospective suitors. Sixty-two men have phoned, and in a deftly handled, very funny sequence, she proceeds to meet with each of them at a nearby bar. The men range from hopeless losers to attractive assholes--the kind who lie and say they're single. Nearly all of them possess an inflated self-image, and each one utters the same stupid come-on lines.
Meanwhile, Alan spends his days at the Boston Aquarium as a volunteer diver (swimming around inside a huge fish tank, doing whatever it is volunteer divers do). The rest of the time he is at school, fending off the advances of a randy classmate, drinking with his brother and his brother's friends (whose careless attitudes about women he abhors) and trying to pay off a growing debt to a loan shark.
Anderson and his co-writer, Lyn Vaus (who, just for the record, is also a man), come up with some clever, near-miss scenarios for their two protagonists: They nearly meet at the aquarium, they frequent the same bar (albeit at different hours) and they pass each other continually on the subway (one on the platform, the other inside the train).
The script contains some extremely choice lines, most of them observations on the male species. It's a safe bet that only women in the audience will appreciate the remarks, which is a pity, given that men would benefit greatly from seeing themselves the way far too many of them are. While the men aren't as reprehensibly caddish as those in Neil LaBute's In the Company of Men, they still have much to answer for. Kudos to Anderson and Vaus for painting such an unflattering but honest portrait of their gender. (And, no, not all the male characters are schmucks; just the majority of them.)
Unfortunately, the script also has its weaknesses. As good as Davis is, the character she plays never seems to grow. When we meet Erin, she is droopy and morose, and it's difficult to believe she became that way only after Sean dumped her. (What is she doing with an annoying slob like Sean anyway?) Even her mother remarks that Erin has been unhappy for many years. The film suggests that Erin has never recovered from her beloved father's death; his passing obviously had something to do with her decision to drop out of Harvard Medical School. But that story strand is never explored.
Furthermore, Erin has practically nothing in common with the sly, very together woman who faces the onslaught of suitors who have answered her personal ad. When she finally meets a man she thinks she might like (no, not Alan, but a sexy Brazilian musicologist played by Jose Zuniga), she still blows hot and cold. Even when she meets Alan--and given the premise, you know she's going to--she doesn't seem any different now than she was in the first scene. Whatever happened to character development?
One explanation for this, believe it or not, is found in the film's musical score, which consists almost exclusively of bossa nova and samba numbers. Apparently, Brazilian music combines happiness and sadness at the same time, and Erin, who loves the music, is supposed to embody these mixed emotions. For those of us who can hum only a few bars of "The Girl From Ipanema," the explanation doesn't carry much water, and Erin's character ends up seeming inadequately defined. This lack of definition gives the film a sort of hodgepodge feel.
That feeling is accentuated by the camera work, which favors a shaky, hand-held look and a preponderance of close-ups and tight medium shots. The avant-garde, film-school look fits the story well but definitely gives the picture a forced, low-budget indie feel.
Next Stop Wonderland.
Written by Brad Anderson and Lyn Vaus. Directed by Brad Anderson. Starring Hope Davis, Alan Gelfant and Jose Zuniga.
Jean Oppenheimer


At the end of each month, we highlight improvements we've made and bugs we've fixed. Take a look at the changes we made in October 2017.
Our Co-Founder and Co-CEO Abby Schneiderman's first article as a Forbes.com contributor addresses a topic that's extremely vital to the financial community: How can financial advisors cater to their next generation of clients?
It's important to prepare for the unexpected. Whether it's a flood, a fire, an illness, or something else, it's never too soon to get a plan in place. In the business section of The New York Times, Paul Sullivan wrote about planning for the unforeseen and promiently featured Everplans as a resource to help make your plans a reality.
At the end of each month, we highlight improvements we've made and bugs we've fixed. Take a look at the changes we made in September 2017.


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(danska: Ørsbjerg) är en kommun och ort i Kreis Schleswig-Flensburg i förbundslandet Schleswig-Holstein i Tyskland. Den tidigare kommunen Toesdorf uppgick 1 januari 1971 i Oersberg.

Kommunen ingår i kommunalförbundet Amt Kappeln-Land tillsammans med ytterligare tre kommuner.

Referenser

Kommuner och städer i Kreis Schleswig-Flensburg

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


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Live Chat, 11 a.m.
March 6, 2014 Dustin Dopirak Just sayin' 11 comments
We'll be here.
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How can you not make a place for Matt Roth on this years IU team. His 3 point shooting could have maybe won a couple more games = tournament bid.
Jeremy and Devin (even though Devin played ok this last game) play like they are twins and that has not been good. You just hardly ever get much from either of them. You only need one player not 2 players that play like they do. I do not see the potential (they make a good play here and there)that either of them are going to be the caliber player IU competitively needs. Neither of them are not upper big ten level players. Yes they are young, but in both basketball and football there are young players on a lot of teams who consistently play well including Nebraska's basketball team. Will Sheehey, congratulations on a stellar IU basketball career.
Mike P. says:
Easy, he doesn't have any eligibility left.
I thought Matt Roth had one more year of eligibility due to medical red shirt.
Dustin Dopirak says:
Roth could have returned last year. Not this year. He had a medical redshirt available and for whatever reason he wasn't kept for 2012-13, which would have been his fifth year. He was a freshman in 2008-09, and you get five years to play four. You can't leave college and return after that five-year period and still have eligibility. There might be a BYU mission exception there, but otherwise no.
Thank You for getting me straightened out on that thought….how time flies!
Compared to this squads' abysmal outside shooting, Jeremy Rivers would have helped in keeping defenses respectful of our outside game. Remove Yogi's .388 3PT% and Vonleh's .667 3PT%(14-21), and here are your numbers:
00 Sheehey, Will .339
22 Robinson, Stanford. .250
05 Williams, Troy .214
10 Gordon, Evan .333
33 Hollowell, Jeremy .111
13 Etherington, Austin .273
Robinson, Williams, Gordon, Hollowell, and Etherington are a combined 18/69 (.261).
Other teams have just as athletic players and than can shoot the ball. Austin Etherington????? Isn't the only reason a kid like Austin is recruited is because the word on the street was a beautiful stroke?
Matt Roth or Peter Jurkin?
Mo Creek or Peter Jurkin?
Remy Abell or Austin Etherington?
Luke Fischer or Hanner Perea?
We protected the scholarships of some A-Hope projects..It's all fine and dandy. But every decision you make on a roster gets magnified many fold. Those decisions kept us out of a Final Four last year and they're keeping us out of the tournament this season(yes, I've conceded..We ain't winning the Big 10 Tournament).
CONE ON!!!! This is the state of Austin Carr, Scott Skiles, Rick Mount, Larry Bird, Oscar Robertson, Hallie Bryant, Mike Conley, Steve Alford, Bryce Drew, Damon Bailey, Garry Harris. It's bad enough to have stagnant offense…But it's even more disgraceful to have bricklayers instead of gentleman that shoot the ball like they've passed on the recipe for generations. Those are only the easy names to remember. Every year, teams all over the country benefit from kids from Indiana that have always been known to be fundamentally sound, heady players, that can stroke it. Everywhere! All over the country! All over the Big 10!…. except in Bloomington.
It's time to wake up and smell the coffee. The time we get these young men to hit the side of a barn, is the same time the NBA takes Crean's one blue ribbon out of a dozen where acrobatics actually converted into basketball. But teams are built with weapons abounding throughout the floor. They're built early and often. They are not built on the hopes of good deeds some kids with freakish athletic skills will find they can jump rope and chew gum at the same time.
oops..[COME] ON!
I keep hearing this repeated drumbeat that by simply finding behemoth lineman for our football team will translate into Hoosier Football suddenly being competitive with the powerhouse teams in conference.
I sorta think that's part of it, but isn't it so much more than simply size? Don't you need strength, quickness, and endurance? Doesn't a solid history of sound coaching at the lower levels mean anything? Don't you have to enjoy blocking and hitting somebody? Don't you have to be quick off the ball and disciplined in your assignments? Don't you have to finish through your blocks? Don't you have to be able to get up off the ground and quickly do it again and again and again and again? Isn't it more than just being a tub of lard that looks the part across from a Badger or a Buckeye polished and seasoned athlete of massive proportions?
I'm thinking that's sort of Crean's philosophy with basketball…Find the bodies…Find the necessary wing spans…Find the leapers and the long distance runners. Find all the components of your ideal creation. But that so ridiculously dumbs down the sport! It's insulting! Especially insulting at the college level!
Isn't there a mental side to sports? Isn't there an art still in this game? Do the artists all have to paint in the same style? Isn't there discipline and years upon years of perfecting something sometimes outside the perfect formula of a perfect body or set of paintbrushes for the game?
Isn't there game experience? Isn't there some history hinting of your own set of grit and savvy that count for something? Isn't there sound judgment? Isn't there team approach and unselfish pursuit? Isn't there tenacity in stopping a player that may be better on paper than yourself? Isn't there recognition? Isn't there collective desire to achieve beyond personal goals? Isn't there mission? Isn't there court vision? Isn't there love for the way the ball just beautifully rotates to perfection off your fingertips because it's something you've repeated millions of times on a dusty court nobody was ever paying much attention? I'm so sick of this game being dumbed down to OOOOOhhhh-LA-DIPO1 chants.
I'm so sick of watching Indiana lose what once made them the most unique place to go play the game. It was once a place of learning and appreciation in how different artists could combine all their unique talents into something special called a team. Now it's Dr. Frankenstein's castle always attempting to mirror god's one perfect creation…How would god make a basketball player? How would god make a tree? Guess the hell what, Dr. Frankencrean? He makes them all unique? They make a forest. They make a team. The ideal is to build upon what you have, not to build upon the expense of the rest.
iuhoosier1992 says:
HforH, I think times have changed. There aren't true post players. 7 foot kids don't want to play with their back to the basket anymore. They want to shoot from outside like Nowitzki and Garnett. AAU has ruined the game of basketball from a purist or traditionalist point of view. Defense is not emphasized in AAU only scoring. A fast break doesn't end in a dunk or layup, it is a kick-out for a 3 on a fast break. The type of players you talk about really rarely exist today. Again, it is a product of AAU ball and the downfall of fundamentals and the teaching of solid defense. I would even bet that not many high school coaches even do the shell drill to teach good defense techniques. I think that is why you see the 2-3 zone picking up in college basketball because it isn't as hard to teach as good man-to-man is.
I think your complaint is not with Crean, but the direction basketball is going now. Go to a sectional game this week and you will see it turning into AAU basketball. Pure shooters are few and far between. There are no more Alfords, Birds, or Rick Mounts in high school basketball. It is about the dunks and the 7 footer that can stroke the 3 ball. What is a college coach supposed to do? You recruit the best players that you think will fit into your system. Sometimes that works out, sometimes it doesn't.
1992….Then, recruit better players in whatever it is your trying to do, especially at the forwards……Vonleh needs some good quality dependable help equal to almost his skill level who can majorly impact the game(another star quality player)…Not Jeremy, Devin, Etherington, Howard, Hanner, but a high level star player….then keep Hanner, Etherington, and either Jeremy or Devin as backups or when you have big lead at end of game because none of the previously mentioned besides Vonleh are going to consistently impact any game….they just play for survival.
Just so it's clear… There is no "Luke Fischer or Hanner Perea"
At the beginning of the season Hanner was a healthy sophomore and Luke was an injured freshman. Neither played very much, but in the last 4 games before Luke left he played 54 minutes (and got at least 10 in all) to Hanner's 32. Luke was also coming off his best performance, where he played half the game (19 min) and scored 10 pts…
Quit fabricating nonsense Harvard.
Hoosier Clarion on IU's Stevie Scott will forgo senior season for NFL Draft


Make sure database has the column for the field you want to add.
Modify the sqlclass to have the field in question, if fetching information from openbravo it needs to be processed in SELECT clause, if sending to openbravo in INSERT.
Modify the class to have proper variable and get/set functions for the field in question.
Modify ExternalSalesImpl to handle the data within method.
Goal: to add SKU field in getProductsCatalog method within Product array.
Field wasn't made active in default installation, so I added it to Product Tab through System administration.
Thanks to Aarne Salminen to write this example in this post.
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