text:
Biometrics Add a Unique Layer of Security to Access Control
Rebecca Douglas
San Francisco International has used biometrics to limit field-side access since the early 1990s.
Once merely a fictional prop for sci-fi shows and spy movies, biometric devices that authenticate employees by their fingerprints or hand geometry are standard equipment at some U.S. airports.
Although the Transportation Security Administration doesn't mandate them, it nthusiastically champions their use. "We strongly encourage biometrics and other advance technology measures," says TSA spokesperson Ann Davis.
Dennis Treece, director of corporate security for the Massachusetts Port Authority (Massport), considers high-tech biometric units "exceptional security tools."
"The technology is mature enough that airports no longer have to wonder if they work," Treece says. "Industry standards for false acceptance and false rejection rates are less than 1%. That means they let the right people in and keep the wrong people out. Now, it's more a question of cost, maintenance and where to use them."
At Indy
Indianapolis International Airport recently added fingerprint scanners to supplement access control in two key areas of its new terminal. Units are being phased in gradually as employees become accustomed to the new technology.
"They are another powerful tool in our arsenal," says Robert Spitler, director of security for the Indianapolis Airport Authority. "We can use them to turn the security heat up or down as needed."
System designer Ross & Baruzzini considers Indy's biometric readers the "top tier" of authentication in a highly effective multi-layer system.
"It goes beyond badges and pinpad codes to verify that people trying to get in are, in fact, who they claim to be," explains David McGhee, assistant practice leader of Security Engineering.
Ross & Baruzzini recommended fingerprint units (Bioscrypt PIV Stations) rather than other biometrics such as voice recognition or eye scans based on input from sources within the airport industry and experience using the equipment for clients in other sectors.
The equipment's size was also a key factor. "Hand geometry readers were too big for the physical footprint we had available," notes McGhee. "We needed smaller equipment for ADA (Americans with Disabilities Act) requirements and cart clearances."
Iris scanners, he notes, were eliminated from consideration for slower throughput.
"We wanted to be cutting edge," says Spitler, "but we also needed to be confident in the equipment's reliability."
Photo Credit: Scott Rae, Massport
"False positives are extremely rare with biometric readers," stresses McGheee. "False negatives are more likely, but usually because something is on the employee's finger, or it has been injured."
Although the index finger is usually used, other fingers are scanned as backups to minimize false negatives.
Employees using biometrics at Indy have not expressed concern regarding privacy issues. "They're used to a high level of scrutiny," explains Spitler. "Plus, the scan of their fingerprints is encrypted and converted into an algorithm before it's loaded onto their smartcard. The format isn't meaningful outside the airport."
Passengers who take note of the readers located in public areas are "awed" at Indy's state-of-the-art equipment. "The 'wow factor' goes a long way," says Spitler.
Out East
Security technology manufacturers deluged officials at Boston Logan International after the 9/11 attacks in 2001, and facial recognition biometric units were selected for technical trials. Massport, which manages and operates the high-profile airport, concluded that facial recognition wasn't the right biometric application for Logan.
"It's impressive technology that can operate from quite a distance," notes Treece. "But without pictures of terrorists to match against, it wouldn't do us much good."
Logan did, however, invest in finger scanners as part of a $30 million access control upgrade in 2005. Hand geometry readers were also installed at its corporate headquarters in late 2003. Units that measure vascular characteristics, specifically patterns of veins on the back of the hand, are currently being discussed.
Some airports counseled Massport to wait for specific TSA standards before installing biometric equipment. Convinced of the technology's benefits, it pressed ahead - a move that proved strategic given the current lack of such standards.
"We kept them apprised of what we were doing," recalls Treece, noting that the risk of getting stuck with equipment at odds with subsequent standards was low.
Fingerprint scanners from Bioscrypt were added at roughly 600 doors leading from public to secure areas. Jetway doors, hatches to the roof, rooms with baggage belts leading out to aircraft and other sensitive areas are now protected with a three-factor system. "It requires something you have, an ID badge; something you know, a pin code; and who you are," Treece explains.
The third biometric level is the toughest, he notes, because faking someone else's fingerprints is very difficult - despite how it looks in movies.
"We've never had a single incident where an unauthorized person got through an access point with biometrics," Treece reports.
Logan's equipment is also performing well on the flipside: granting prompt access to properly authorized employees. Biometric industry standards call for verification transaction times of less than six seconds, but Treece estimates it usually takes units at Logan three seconds or less to scan an employee's finger, compare it to the data on file and open the access door.
In addition, Massport has encountered few "enrollment failures" at Logan. "I've seen estimates that 5% of the general population doesn't have enough distinguishing characteristics in their fingerprints to ensure a positive match," reports Treece. "But we've experienced failure to enroll rates well below the industry standard of less than 3%."
Providing employees with ample notice about enrollment and assuring them that scans don't hurt was critical, he notes.
Project: Biometric Scanner Installation
Locations: Boston Logan Int'l, Indianapolis Int'l, San Francisco Int'l
Equipment at BOS: Bioscrypt, Amag Systems
Equipment at IND: Bioscrypt
Equipment at SFO: Ingersoll Rand
Cost: Varies; see article for specifics
How They Work: Biometric readers verify employee identity by measuring unique characteristics such as fingerprints or hand geometry and comparing them to scans on file
Key Benefit: Adds high-tech layer of security to access control
Secondary Use: Verifies time and attendance of hourly employees
"It was important to demystify the process," he recalls. "People were nervous about it at first. But they got comfortable as soon as they saw how quickly and easily it works."
At its corporate headquarters, Massport supplies hand wipes at reader stations to quell possible hygiene concerns.
Another vital precursor, says Treece, was assuring airport officials that glitches with the biometric readers wouldn't cause employees to be late for work.
On the contrary, Logan actually uses biometrics (a single digitized fingerprint) to record time and attendance of hourly employees. "It's more effective than a timeclock," explains Treece, "because it prevents 'buddy punching' - one employee clocking in for someone who isn't really there."
Some of the units measure vascular characteristics, specifically the pattern of veins on the back of employees' hands.
Hand geometry units by Amag Systems were selected for outdoor access control, Treece notes, because they can be outfitted with protective covers and are less sensitive to inclement weather than fingerprint scanners.
"Also, equipment that doesn't require two hands to operate is best," notes Treece. "Otherwise employees have to put down whatever they're carrying to get through."
Fingerprint units using ultrasound technology that penetrates to soft tissue were considered for placement outside ramp areas because of their ability to read through dirt and grease on fingers. Incompatibility with Logan's access control software, however, eliminated them as an option.
Officials were initially drawn to the accuracy of iris scan technology, but higher per unit costs and employees' general reticence about having their eyes scanned ruled it out.
Retinal scanners were similarly eliminated from consideration because retinas change with age and injury. "It's important to measure a characteristic that's unique and unlikely to change," explains Treece.
Massport has been so pleased with the performance of fingerprint and hand scanners at Boston Logan, it is installing units at Hanscom Field in Bedford. It's also considering deploying biometric equipment at other properties under its purview, which include seaports and a two-level toll bridge.
In the West
San Francisco International (SFO) is among the most experienced U.S. airports when it comes to biometrics. It has been using hand geometry units to control field-side access for 16 to 17 years, reports director of community affairs Mike McCarron.
"Lou Turpen, airport director at the time, saw it as the wave of the future," explains McCarron. "When it was time to upgrade security, they went to a whole new level."
The "new level" included approximately $2 million of biometrics - specifically 100+ hand geometry readers from Ingersoll Rand. Another 50 to 60 biometric readers were added when the international terminal was built in 2000. Still more are scheduled for installation during the remodel of Terminal 2 that's expected to be complete in two years. These days, each reader costs about $5,000, notes McCarron.
With roughly 15,000 badged employees, biometrics help limit access to specific subsections of the overall employee pool. Carriers working in Terminal 1, for instance, are only registered to clear relevant access points in Terminal 1.
Like Logan, SFO also uses biometric devices to verify employee attendance. That application, however, required more tweaking than the access control placements. "It's been an ongoing learning process," notes McCarron.
Cameras and turnstiles have been added to some employee check-in areas to prevent "tailgaiting" - employees with expired or forgotten badges attempting to pass through with a properly badged employee.
High Satisfaction
At Massport, Treece continually monitors reports of attempts to "fool" biometric devices throughout the world and consequently considers a breech of Logan's very unlikely.
"Even if someone somehow managed to steal a badge and find out a pinpad code, it would be even tougher to get past the biometric equipment," he explains. "Most are in public places or areas where other employees are waiting to use the same reader. They wouldn't be able to use a fake finger or any other elaborate method to alter their fingerprint without drawing attention to themselves."
Spitler and McCarron are similarly confident in the biometrics at their respective airports. All three unanimously recommend biometrics for consideration at other airports.
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The American Cancer Society Cancer Action Network (ACS CAN) is a grassroots member organization that gives cancer advocates,survivors, and caregivers the opportunity to shape legislative agendas to ensure that they include important cancer issues.
This year, secondhand smoke will cause nearly 42,000 deaths nation-wide among nonsmokers and an estimated 7,500 Oklahomans will die from smoking-related illness. We need to protect ALL Oklahoma workers from the dangers of secondhand smoke!
Why are you a cancer advocate?
Fighting cancer is something that requires collective action. I hope to work with the legislature, public health, and healthcare organizations to reduce the burden of cancer.


text:
Chelsie McLeod makes joke about ex Matt Agnew
Matty J had no say in naming daughter Marlie-Mae
Abbie on how she moved on from Matt: "I went on a d*ck spree"
Channel 10 slip up reveals who finds love on Bachelor in Paradise
Bachie star Rachael takes a swipe at newly-single Matt Agnew
Timm hints at return to reality TV
The Bachelor: Matt and Chelsie open up about their "challenging" relationship
She's coming back! Abbie Chatfield confirmed as Bachelor 2020 star
The Bachelor Matt's friend Kate hates Abbie
The Bachelor: Helena Sauzier has A LOT to say about Abbie Chatfield
Eliminated contestant Emma Roche dishes on who she thinks will win The Bachelor
SPOILER ALERT! Bachelor winner sensationally dumps Matt Agnew after huge blow up
Axed Bachie contestant Emma just hinted she's scored a spot on Bachelor in Paradise
The Bachelor: Despite every red flag, Elly says Matt will always be team Abbie
Insider claims The Bachelor's Matt Agnew slept with Abbie Chatfield
When the cameras stopped rolling... - by Madi Spira
With their steamy romps taking up most of their time together, Bachelor viewers have long been convinced that Matt Agnew and Abbie Chatfield slept together while filming for the show took place.
And after a source claimed early on that Matt did bed one of the many women vying for his heart, a well-placed insider has since revealed to New Idea that it was with the property analyst!
In spite of their obvious sexual chemistry and intense hookups— which some angry viewers branded as softcore porn— Matt dumped the 23-year-old during the final rose ceremony, revealing Chelsie McLeod had won his heart.
Since she had her heart broken in front of the entire nation, Abbie has copped an intense amount of online hate, with Lisa Wilkinson even stepping in to defend her after an Instagram troll claimed the controversial reality star deserves the hate directed towards her because she "knew what social media was like before even going on the show".
Under a photo posted to her Instagram page with Matt Agnew and this year's winner Chelsie McLeod, The Project host replied to a nasty user, saying, "Whatever you think of these shows, no-one deserves the next-level nastiness, the threats of violence, the vicious pile-on, and the mean girls mentality that has gone on around her— both on and off the show— just because she decided to run her own race."
WATCH: Abbie bursts into tears on live television after revealing she's been struggling to cope since the finale aired.
The mum-of-three continued: "She found him— and he clearly found her— sexually attractive. That was caught on camera but judging her, and not him, for taking part in that...is an attitude that belongs to the 1950s. Abbie is, clearly, heartbroken, and not the tough cookie she tried to portray in that final episode, so let's all be mindful of that, at the very least.
The runner up revealed through tears last week that she's been struggling to cope with the abhorrent comments and Instagram DM's she's been receiving from nasty viewers who have taken exception to her "controversial" actions on the Bachelor.
"I've been getting a lot of horrible DMs," she told the hosts. "I've got a few threats of violence, saying—'Your mother shouldn't have had you'— those sort of things just hundreds of times a day."
abbiechatfield View Profile
17.2k likes - View Post on Instagram
The only way I can describe this moment is complete and utter shock. I was numb. I couldn't and didn't want to feel anything. I had felt for weeks that what Matt and I had was real and I trusted him wholeheartedly when he told me how he felt about me. From Hometowns, I forgot the cameras were there. It didn't feel like we were filming a show at all, it felt like we had this real relationship built in a little bubble of "The Bachelor" and we would be out soon and able to live a normal life. Hearing Matt say "my heart is with someone else" reminded me that we were filming and that Matt had to make a difficult decision, and he did not see in me what I saw in him. I felt silly for ever imagining Matt would love me. It was like emotional whiplash. I was so confused and it felt like I was in a dystopian reality. The second the cameras turned off, I sobbed. I screamed. I couldn't breathe. I didn't think think this would be how we would end. I spent weeks crying about this relationship that had almost no closure. I still haven't fully healed from my relationship with Matt, but I know he and the gorgeous woman he is with are happy, and that's all that matters. #thebachelorau
Last Friday night, the property analyst— who recently admitted she's been crying for four months straight since being dumped during the season finale— broke down on The Project after Channel 10 forced her into an uncomfortable confrontation with Matt and Chelsie. The network had planned for Abbie's interview to be filmed mere metres away from where the couple was sitting.
With one clear glass window separating Abbie from her ex-boyfriend and his current girlfriend, the 23-year-old went into a state of panic when she looked over her shoulder and saw the loved up couple holding hands while being interviewed by Nova 9.69's Fitzy and Wippa.
"I don't want to weird you out right now but they are in that studio over there," Smallzy told Abbie before she awkwardly responded, "that's alright."
However, it was clear by the look in her eyes she was far from ok. Unable to look away, the runner up finally turned back to the camera and said, "holy f**k. That is the most horrible thing I have ever experienced in my life."
Matt and Chelsie were also alerted that Abbie was in the studio, with the Bachelor revealing that he spotted Abbie from afar, however swiftly avoided an awkward run-in.
You can watch Abbie's devastating reaction below.
After what was no doubt one of her toughest interviews to date, Abbie was reduced to tears once again when Kyle Sandilands decided it was an apt opportunity to tell her about the first time Matt and Chelsie had sex.
"Get over him," Kyle told Abbie. "Because I asked those two this morning what the sex was like. They were on a couch in a hotel in South Africa making out and feeling each other, and then he lifted her up and took her to the bedroom, took all his clothes off and inserted himself... You need to move on as well."
After a brief moment of silence, Abbie could be heard crying on the other end of the phone.
"She didn't need to hear that," Jackie O said to which Abbie replied, "Umm... sorry."
"Good one, Kyle," Jackie said awkwardly as the radio shock jock desperately tried to defend himself by saying: "It happened months ago!"
After Abbie hung up, Kyle appeared to feel horrible about the conversation, admitting: I didn't mean to make her cry. I was trying to help her get over it… In hindsight, you're right. I don't like when girls cry."
Madi Spira
Madi is WHO's Digital Content Editor. She lives and breathes all things reality TV, so you'll probably find her byline on every story to do with The Bachelor and the Kardashians.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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THE FIVE FIRST SATURDAYS:
A LOVING DEVOTION
THIS WEBPAGE IS AVAILABLE
Would you like to practice a devotion that is a true-win-win on so many levels? It is known as the First Saturday Devotion, also called the Five First Saturdays Devotion. Its requirements are very simple and yet they can have a profound impact on your spiritual life. This devotion is one of reparation for sins committed against the Immaculate Heart of Mary.
It goes back in part to the third apparition Our Lady of Fatima gave on July 13th 1917 to the three Fatima Visionaries, including Lucia dos Santos when, after having shown them a terrifying glimpse of hell she told them:
"You have seen hell where the souls of poor sinners go. To save them, God wishes to establish in the world devotion to my Immaculate Heart. If what I say to you is done, many souls will be saved and there will be peace... I shall come to ask for the Communion of reparation on the first Saturdays of the month"
Lucia, after she became a nun, later wrote the following account (illustrated above) in following up on this devotion, referring to herself in the third person: "On December 10, 1925, the Most Holy Virgin appeared to Lucia, and by Her side, elevated on a luminous cloud, was the Child Jesus…She [that is Mary] showed her [Lucia] a Heart encircled by thorns."
At the same time, the Child said: 'Have compassion on the Heart of your Most Holy Mother, covered with thorns, with which ungrateful men pierce It at every moment, and there is no one to make an act of Reparation to remove them.' Then the Most Holy Virgin said: 'Look My daughter, at my Heart, surrounded with thorns with which ungrateful men pierce me at every moment by their blasphemies and ingratitude.
You at least try to console me and announce in my name that I promise to assist at the moment of death, with all the graces necessary for salvation, all those who, on the First Saturday of five consecutive months shall confess, receive Holy Communion, recite five decades of the Rosary, and keep me company for fifteen minutes while meditating on the fifteen mysteries of the Rosary, with the intention of making Reparation to me.'
Jesus Himself later revealed to Sister Lucia on the night of May 29-30, 1930 the reason for their being five Saturdays of reparation. He told her "My daughter, the reason is simple. There are five types of offenses and blasphemies committed against the Immaculate Heart of Mary:
1: Blasphemies against the Immaculate Conception.
2: Blasphemies against Her Perpetual Virginity.
3: Blasphemies against Her Divine Maternity, in refusing at the same time to recognize Her as the Mother of men.
4. The blasphemies of those who publicly seek to sow in the hearts of children indifference or scorn, or even hatred of this Immaculate Mother.
5. The offenses of those who outrage Her directly in Her holy images.
"Here, My daughter, is the reason why the Immaculate Heart of Mary inspired Me to ask for this little act of Reparation."
Clearly Jesus was showing Sister Lucia, and by extension all of us as well, His immense love for His Blessed Mother!
You may well notice how spiritually nourishing the First Saturday devotion is right away! In practicing it you make reparation to Mary in her Immaculate Heart and partake of the two essential sacraments in our faith, the Eucharist and Penance. And you can "bond" with her in the 15 minute meditation, as well as in praying the Rosary. (Note that the 15 minute meditation is in addition to not instead of praying the Rosary that day.)
We need to practice the devotion on five consecutive First Saturdays. If you miss one, by all means start fresh the following month, but it shouldn't be too difficult to keep to a schedule on this. This checklist might be helpful.
Here is a summary of the four requirements for this devotion, as mentioned earlier in Sister Lucia's account. These should all be done with the intention of making reparation to the Immaculate Heart of Mary.
First: Receive communion on that Saturday. Our Lord told Sister Lucy during the night of May 29-30, 1930 in answer to the question concerning those who did not have Mass in their parish on Saturdays that, as he put it: "The practice of this devotion will be equally acceptable on the Sunday following the first Saturday when My priests, for a just cause, allow it to souls."
(When in doubt check with your priest or bishop on this. Fathers Richard Heilman and John Zuhlsdorf, both very solid priests, say that communion within 24 hours of the first Saturday will suffice. To me it shows our Lord's mercy at work here, as in the second requirement, which follows.)
Second: Go to confession on that Saturday, although this can be done either 8 days before or afterwards. If for some reason this is not possible you can go to confession even beyond those 8 days afterwards, but you should go as soon as possible.
On February 15, 1926, when appearing before Sister Lucia the Child Jesus, told her that confession could be made beyond this time frame as long as souls were in a state of grace when receiving Him in communion on the First Saturday, and that they had the intention of making Reparation to His Mother's Immaculate Heart.
If they forgot that intention, they could make it at their next confession at the earliest opportunity. You should go at least once a month in any case.
Third: Recite 5 decades of the Holy Rosary.
Fourth: Last, but by no means least, keep Our Lady company for 15 minutes while meditating on one or more mysteries of the Rosary (this being separate from your praying the actual prayer). You can do those 15 minutes covering any or all of the Rosary mysteries. It's a great way to give our Lady some love and comfort as well!
In this regard, I think of what Mary told Sister Lucy, as mentioned above: "you at least try to console me." Think of this yourself as you meditate with our Blessed Mother in this devotion. She herself could use consolation from us all, especially nowadays. We've seen her weeping for us "Banished Children of Eve" (as we say in the Hail Holy Queen) in the Apparitions at La Salette, France in 1846 and Akita, Japan in the 1970's.
It's as if she is saying to us, in a warning especially applicable nowadays in this age of schism in the church and increasing paganism, division, and violence in society at large, "Will you people please listen to me, obey, and love my Son?"
The image mentioned earlier of our Blessed Mother's heart encircled by thorns brings to mind another tragic one, that of our Sorrowful Mother's heart pierced with seven swords, for the Seven Sorrows Mary suffered during her Divine's Son's earthly ministry, and more specifically in His Passion and Death.
You may recall that Simeon, described in Scripture as being "just and devout" (Luke 2:25) informed our Lady when she and St. Joseph presented the infant Jesus in the Temple fulfilling the Mosaic Law requirements, that as he put it quite memorably, both for her, no doubt and for us as well, that "thy own soul a sword shall pierce" (Luke 2:35).
In all this it is important, if not crucial to remember that we do not worship Mary in our prayers and devotions to her. But rather we honor her in love and gratitude for being our Spiritual Mother par excellence, always lovingly ready and willing to assist us with receiving the Divine graces we need for our salvation.
Sadly, many non-Catholic Christians still feel somewhat uncomfortable when Mary is mentioned. Some in the multitude of different Christian denominations we see today even look upon our prayers to her as being somehow idolatrous, when nothing could be farther from the truth! Marian devotion is intrinsically Christian. The bond and love between the Blessed Mother and her Divine Son are that strong and that close!!
We pray to Mary for her intercession on our behalf to her Divine Son. She in no way has meant to compete with Jesus for His love for us. After all, what are her last words in Scripture? "Do whatever He [that is, Jesus] tells you" (John 2:5).
Keep in mind again how great it is to have a devotion in which we can comfort our Lord's mother and strengthen ourselves spiritually so much at the same time! You can't get a better reinforcement of the Armor of God St. Paul spoke in Chapter 6 of his letter to the Ephesians than this powerful combination of the Eucharist, Penance and the Rosary, the prayer St. Padre Pio once referred to as his weapon! And notice the great mercy of our Lord in allowing us extra time to complete this devotion in Confession!
Once you've completed the Five First Saturdays you can also continue this devotion on subsequent Saturdays as well. Think of this as a way of getting an important monthly spiritual "tune-up", as Father Donald Calloway once referred to it. I've found it great for keeping to a regular confession schedule!
And time spent with our Mother in meditation on the Rosary is also a great way to practice Mental Prayer as well! And don't think that she will ever be too busy for you to keep her company or that somehow it's a bother. It's quite the opposite, in fact!
If more people took the time to spend with our Lady in prayer, and of course with her Divine Son in Eucharistic Adoration in front of the Blessed Sacrament for example, we would have far less trouble in the world in these days!
Both our Lord and our Lady will be grateful for your fervent practicing of the Five First Saturdays. Your loving devotion to this devotion can help save souls and give you graces from our Blessed Mother. And the First Saturday Devotion is needed now more than ever!
Return from Five First Saturdays
to Marian Prayers


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SYRIA: Audit of Syrian refugees finds organised crime and child soldiers
Submitted by crinadmin on Wed, 07/08/2013 - 15:46
Summary: Many Syrians who have escaped their country are now desperate to escape from U.N.-run refugee camps, where women are not safe and teenage boys are recruited as soldiers to fight in the conflict, according to an internal U.N. report.
[5 August 2013] -
The U.N. refugee agency UNHCR is trying to cope with a massive humanitarian crisis, as 1.9 million Syrians have sought refuge abroad, mainly in Lebanon, Jordan, Turkey and the Kurdish region of northern Iraq.
The report, an self-evaluation of UNHCR's work in Syria entitled "From slow boil to breaking point", admits the United Nations could have done much better and "a far more substantial and coherent strategy is needed".
Organised crime networks are operating in the biggest refugee camp, Za'atari in Jordan, which is home to 130,000, it said. The camp is "lawless is many ways", with resources that are "constantly stolen or vandalised".
Preparations for a new camp needed to learn the lessons from Za'atari, including to "ensure the safety of women and girls".
Refugees can live outside the camp if they are "sponsored" by a Jordanian citizen, but many refugees are paying up to $500 to middlemen to get out, the report said.
In the Kurdish region of northern Iraq, Domiz camp is critically overcrowded and living standards are "unacceptable" in many parts of the camp.
"There is currently no agreed strategy in place to deal with the existing refugee population in Northern Iraq or any future influxes into the territory," the report said, adding that UNHCR and NGOs held "directly opposing views" about work to help refugees living outside the camps.
Although UNHCR is planning to crack down on crime in Za'atari, partly by strengthening the role of the Jordanian police, "opposition to the plan, possibly of a violent nature, can be anticipated," the report said.
"Given the harsh physical conditions to be found in Za'atri, coupled with the high level of criminality in the camp, it is not surprising to hear refugees speaking of their desire to 'escape.'"
Increasingly that means returning to Syria, the report said, adding that returnees needed to be closely monitored to be sure they were not going back against their will.
One concern was "recruitment by armed groups, including of under-aged refugees", the report said, without elaborating.
A U.N. official told Reuters that there were suspicions that boys of 15 or 16 were often taken back to fight, chaperoned by an uncle, elder brother or other relative.
"It's a war crime," the official said.
The official, who spoke on condition of anonymity, said child recruitment had not been a major problem until now because the opposition forces did not have enough arms and ammunition.
But the lifting of embargoes on supplying arms to opposition groups meant both sides would need more soldiers.
Even if it suspects child recruitment, the U.N. is almost powerless to stop suspected child soldiers because refugees have a right to return to their own country.
The report said many Syrian children were not attending school in Jordan or Lebanon, but the U.N. official said there was evidence that many were attending religious schools, or madrassahs.
There was also evidence of a new trend of minors, Europeans and North Africans from Tunisiaand Algeria, who had "apparently crossed into Syria for the Jihad", the U.N. official said.
Syria was likely to see a repeat of the so-called "Birds of Paradise", children trained by al Qaeda to carry out suicide bombings in Iraq, the official said.
Visit CRIN's page on Syria
'SYRIA: Children will continue to suffer unless conflict resolved, UN official says after visit' (19 July 2013)
pdf: http://uk.reuters.com/article/2013/08/05/uk-syria-crisis-refugees-idUKBR...
Attachment Link:
http://uk.reuters.com/article/2013/08/05/uk-syria-crisis-refugees-idUKBRE9740...
About this news
Armed conflict |
Optional Protocol on the involvement of children in armed conflict |
Article 1: Definition of a child |
Article 3: Best interests of the child |
Article 4: Implementation of rights |
Article 6: Survival and development |
Article 7: Name and nationality |
Article 8: Preservation of identity |
Article 9: Separation from parents |
Article 12: The childs opinion |
Article 17: Access to appropriate information |
Article 19: Protection from abuse and neglect |
Article 22: Refugee children |
Article 36: Other forms of exploitation |
Article 38: Armed conflicts |
Article 41: Respect for higher standards |
Articles 42-54: Implementation and monitoring |
x Not Used Freetags:
x News release |
News release |
Organisation Details:Reuters


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Q: Configure X-XSS Protection Header I have an Asp.Net website hosted on HTTP. I am currently working on it so that it can support HTTPS Protocol.
Now, as

HTTP X-XSS-Protection response header is a feature that can stops pages from loading when they detect reflected cross-site scripting (XSS) attacks.

Based on the definition above, I have following questions,

Knowing that the website will now support HTTPS Protocol, do I still need to configure "X-XSS-Protection" header?

If yes, then,

How can I configure the HTTP server to return the "X-XSS-Protection" header with every response?.

A: X-XSS-Protection is a response header that detects certain Cross Site Scripting (XSS) attack attempts. This has no direct relation with the website being served over HTTP or HTTPS.
This header is supported only in Internet Explorer and Safari and doesn't completely eliminate XSS risks from your application. The detection support these headers provide can be easily bypassed and this is not a way to mitigate from XSS attacks.
For XSS Protection,

*

*If you use any untrusted user input in your response use a Standard Encoder such as OWASP Encoder contextually.

*If you want your user input to be rendered as HTML but still want to filter out active javascript elements from your content, use a sanitizer API such as OWASP Antisamy

*As a defense-in-depth technique use CSP Headers to whitelist resource origin and escape from XSS and related attacks.
If you want to still implement a X-XSS-Protection protection, you could refer the first link cited to know allowed values in this response header and their working.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
Earthrise Media
TwitterLinkedInGithub
We believe that data and design can solve the climate crisis.
415-754-3035 / info@earthrise.media
About - Earthrise Media
Earthrise, the most famous photograph taken from space, did more than change the way we look at the planet. It changed the way we see ourselves.
All great stories do this, to some degree. The most persuasive climate stories today cause us to reflect on our role on this planet. They expose destruction. They offer hope. They help us see things from a different point of view.
At Earthrise, we provide a unique perspective on addressing global environmental change through the use of data and design.
We see a future where people everywhere are engaged in digital environmental products, and they're moved to take informed action for a better world.
At our core, we're data scientists, designers, and developers with expertise in sustainability and environmental change. We make things that matter.
Smart, unconventional, and full of moxie, we're independent thinkers motivated to effect change. We buck the rules—not because they don't apply to us, but because we're driven to find better ways.
Fundamentally, we believe that data and design are key to saving the planet.
Lori Garver
CEO, Earthrise Alliance; Deputy Administrator, NASA; General Manager, ALPA
Cady Coleman
NASA Astronaut; Former US Air Force Officer; Global Explorer in Residence, ASU
Steve McCormick
Former CEO of The Nature Conservancy; Former CEO of The Moore Foundation
Andy Revkin
Journalist; Environmental Author; Director of the Initiative on Communication and Sustainability at The Earth Institute of Columbia University.
CEO shift7; Former U.S. Chief Technology Officer; Former VP at Google[x]
Glen Low
Former Principal Bain & Company; Lecturer Haas, UC Berkeley
Jonathan Baillie
Former Chief Scientist at National Geographic
Andy Karsner
Managing Partner, Emerson Collective; Space Cowboy at Google[x]; Former Assistant Sec for Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy at DOE
Dan Hammer
Dan is a data scientist — he once had a great idea, but turned it into a "dad joke." He was the inaugural winner of the Pritzker Environmental Genius Award; a Climate Fellow at X; a National Geographic Fellow; a Presidential Innovation Fellow at NASA; and a Senior Policy Advisor in the Obama White House. Dan was the Chief Data Scientist at the World Resources Institute, where he co-founded Global Forest Watch. He received his PhD from UC Berkeley in environmental economics, where he was a Fellow at the Berkeley Institute of Data Science and received the top young alumnus award.
Stephen Downs
Stephen can make the Code of Federal Regulations read like a chapter from Harry Potter — he takes complicated and half-baked products and makes them seem effortlessly usable. He was previously the Managing Director of Ruder Finn Interactive, a leading creative agency, where he led digital product initiatives for the NFL, PepsiCo, and Johnson & Johnson. Stephen was also the Director of Digital Strategy for the University of California System, and Director of Product at TSG Consumer Partners.
Edward Boyda
Ed is a big brain. He doesn't consume food or water, subsisting only on electricity and ideas. Ed graduated from Harvard with a degree in Physics but then went to Oxford as a Rhodes Scholar in English Literature. He received both his masters and doctorate from UC Berkeley in Physics. Ed taught the NASA quantum computer to count every tree in California from satellite imagery, and was a professor of physics. His publications in Reuters, The Guardian, and many other outlets have received critical acclaim, including honors from the Webby Awards and the Malofiej International Infographic Gold Medal.
Glynis Lough
Glynis is a scientist-at-heart, who converts big ideas into reality before breakfast. She leads small teams to accomplish things that were previously thought to be impossible. She was previously a Vice President at National Geographic in charge of global grantmaking, a Deputy Director at the Union of Concerned Scientists, and the Chief of Staff for the National Climate Assessment. She holds a PhD in Atmospheric Chemistry from the University of Wisconsin-Madison, and was a AAAS Fellow at the Environmental Protection Agency.
Caleb Kruse
MACHINE LEARNING + AI
Caleb's curiosity may one day cure cancer. He tinkers his way into truly amazing projects, guided by an unnatural wisdom and fueled by an interest in just about everything. He was the former Machine Learning Manager at Leap Motion, a hand tracking technology company. Caleb was also a National Geographic Explorer, where he drove an ice cream truck across the country, talking to people (especially kids) about conservation. He graduated from Stanford University with a degree in Oceanography.
Hutch Ingold
Did you ever build models out of Balsa wood when you were a kid? Hutch didn't. Hutch built his models out of wrought iron. Hutch now builds digital infrastructure that won't fail. He was the Interim President and led engineering for Planet Labs (Federal), a small sat company that, through acquisition, delivered satellite imagery to the US Federal Government until it was rolled up into the mothership. He was the CTO of Boundless and a software engineer at Booz Allen and Northrop Grumman. Hutch holds a Bachelors in Natural Sciences from Harvard.
Bronwyn Agrios
Contributing Partner
Bronwyn is as rare and valuable as a unicorn — a product leader in the world of space-based imagery. She currently runs the platform development for Climate TRACE on behalf of Earthrise. Bronwyn was previously Head of Product and Co-Founder at Astro Digital, a satellite infrastructure company with roots in agriculture monitoring, and a Fellow at National Geographic. Bronwyn was also a product manager and strategic business advisor for Esri and Planet Labs.
Tom MacWright
Tom has built the thing behind the thing you used today. He was previously the Principle Engineer in the founding team at Mapbox, the company behind the maps on Uber, OpenTable, and many other common applications. He has a long history of building widely used geospatial products like geojson.io, and is further developing them for wide use. Tom helped to build, design, and grow Observable — an indispensable piece of technology for modern infographics — as the first hire and Principal Scientist.
Maria Edwards
PRODUCT & OPERATIONS
Maria can nail jello to a tree. She is our resident cat herder and ensures that both our products and our teams are able to deliver on our clients' wildest hopes and dreams. Previously she worked at the National Geographic Society supporting a wide range of complex global programs with brilliant analyses and phenomenal insights.
Jisoo Lee
Jisoo makes the magic of David Copperfield look like childs play. With a cool head and an eye on what's innovative, Jisoo brings a diverse toolkit of creative capabilities to breath life into solutions that transition organizations from where they are now to where they need to be tomorrow. Jisoo has graduate degrees in both Design and Technology, as well as 3D animation. She has led creative initiatives for Pepsico, Mountain Dew, Citi, MetLife, Mondelez, Samsung, HomeDepot, Pfizer, and ESPN.
Jose Valenzuela
Jose thought about the button that delighted you during your last online transaction so that you left, well, delighted and not frustrated. As a UX designer, Jose translates human factors into design solutions that address needs. Jose has led design teams for big brands, creative agencies and academic institutions. Most recently, Jose led UX design at Bloomberg, improving some of the most influential business tools on the planet.
Ann Marie Gardner
Ann Marie was once profiled in The New Yorker, holding a goat. She single-handedly outcompeted National Geographic for the National Magazine Award. She sold her latest company — Tempest, a weather-focused media start-up — to WeatherFlow in 2019. She is now a contributing partner at Earthrise Media, leveraging data science and satellite imagery for investigative environmental journalism. She was named a 2014 Folio 100 for Disruption and 'defying current media climates to start Modern Farmer.'
Matt Yarri
Matt may well solve the graph isomorphism problem out of pure modesty, humility, and goodness-of-heart. He was previously a Data Science Manager at Lyft and Biden for President. Matt was an Associate for IDinsight in Zambia, Uganda, and Kenya, where he worked on applications in education, nutrition, and sanitation. He recently hiked a portion of the Pacific Crest Trail and has rededicated his data science skills in the service of protecting the natural world. Matt holds a BS in Engineering Sciences from Harvard.
Mason Grimshaw
Mason is a data scientist for all the right reasons — family, justice, and sports. He was raised on the Rosebud Reservation as Sicangu Lakota in South Dakota, and was the grandson of a rancher and a mechanic. Mason chose data science as his craft. He graduated from MIT with a Bachelors and Masters in data analytics. Mason has been profiled in the New York Times for being a talented data scientist and a generally good person. It doesn't sound newsworthy — but it definitely is. He also runs a community called Indigenous in AI, with the intention of expanding knowledge of artificial intelligence and data science in Native American communities.
Sara Khalid
Academic Associate
Sara is a superhero. By day, Sara uses machine learning to detect disease in humans. By … another part of the day, Sara uses machine learning to detect disease on Earth — specifically, using satellite imagery to find and monitor plastic waste. She is a Rhodes Scholar and a Qualcomm Scholar and received a PhD and MSc at Oxford in engineering sciences, with a focus on biomedical engineering. She recently became a National Geographic Fellow for her work to track plastic pollution from land to sea.
Evan Munro
Have you heard the Ballad of Fairy Creek? The one about the mathematician who stood for the forests in British Columbia? It's the story of Evan — and most has yet to be written. Evan is a PhD candidate at Stanford studying machine learning and econometrics, where he is advised by the 2021 Nobel Laureate in Economics. He has earned a Masters from Oxford and a Bachelors from Columbia. Evan is an avid environmentalist and outdoorsman who recently attended the protests at Fairy Creek
Colorado Reed
Colorado is an outdoorsman that ran headlong into a computer — and ended up as an artificial intelligence researcher at UC Berkeley. I mean, what would you expect him to be with a name like Colorado Reed? A lawyer? Colorado is a PhD student at the Berkeley Artificial Intelligence Research (BAIR) lab, where he runs the Berkeley AI+Climate Reading Group to focus on understanding real-world, impactful ways that machine learning can help address climate change. He previously founded a tech startup called Fraction, and received a Masters in Bayesian nonparametrics from Cambridge. With all his publications on unsupervised learning, you'd think he could get a computer to do his PhD for him. Well, maybe that's what a PhD in computer science is, actually.
Sara Beery
Some people go to the zoo and think, "I love looking at animals." Sara goes to the zoo and thinks, "I love looking at computers that look at animals." Sara is a PhD Candidate in Computing and Mathematical Sciences at Caltech, where she builds computer vision methods that enable global-scale biodiversity monitoring. Her work is supported by the National Science Foundation, Amazon's AI4Science, Google Research, and Microsoft's AI for Earth. Her only allegiance is to wildlife — not any single tech company. Sara also founded the AI for Conservation slack community, which now has over 600 members to brainstorm on how to better use tech for the environment.
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text:
THUNDER: Thunder catch a break, Fox out of…
THUNDER: Thunder catch a break, Fox out of Reading's lineup
By Josh Norris |
PUBLISHED: September 7, 2012 at 6:42 p.m. | UPDATED: August 19, 2021 at 3:46 a.m.
TRENTON – The Thunder caught a break early Friday morning when a huge part of Reading's lineup had to make a quick escape out of town.
Jake Fox, the slugging veteran, had to return home to Michigan, where his wife had gone into labor. On the surface, the Reading lineup took a big hit by losing protection for league MVP Darin Ruf.
Both Fox and his replacement, second baseman Tug Hulett, have major league experience. The difference, however, is power. Each have nine seasons in the minors, but Fox has 148 longballs to Hulett's 56.
Despite the obvious disparity, Reading manager Dusty Wathan wasn't worried about his lineup taking a hit.
'Obviously he's a veteran guy, but we've got guys here who've done well and gotten us to this point,' he said. 'Jake was here a couple of weeks, but I think we've got the guys in place. We still have a solid lineup.'
Thunder manager Tony Franklin echoed Wathan's point in regard to playing stalwart Rob Segedin over newcomer Tyler Austin, and said he didn't expect things to be any easier on his pitchers with Fox out of the way.
'I didn't matter if it was Jake Fox or Redd Foxx or Jamie Foxx,' Franklin said. 'I don't think Ruf needs anybody behind him, to be honest with you. Ruf's going to be a pretty good hitter. You've got to do some great pitching with Ruf just the same – it doesn't matter who's behind him.'
*** After two days on the bench in favor of Segedin, Tyler Austin was in the lineup on Friday, albeit in an unfamiliar spot. Austin, arguably the best position prospect in the system was batting eighth for the first time in his pro career.
Franklin says Austin batting so low was more of a product of Trenton's lineup's strength than a comment on Austin's abilities.
'Is he going to replace (David) Adams? I don't think so. Is he going to replace Zoilo? No. Addy's hot. So when you look at it and you start constructing your lineup, that's more than likely where he's going to end up – sixth, seventh, somewhere around there,' he said.
Austin, just a day after turning 21, had no problem moving down after hitting in the middle of the order all season long between Charleston and Tampa. He also said he was more than comfortable moving over to first base, where he'd played just eight times this season and 24 times in his short pro career.
'That doesn't bother me at all,' he said. 'Hopefully I'm here to help the team get a 'W' tonight. Maybe they'll (pitch me differently), maybe they won't. That's not going to change my game.'
NOTES: Yankees area scout Scott Lovekamp, who signed starter Mikey O'Brien, relievers Mark Montgomery and Graham Stoneburner and second baseman was in town for Friday's game. Yankees farm director Pat Roessler was also on hand.
Josh Norris
L.A. PARKER: Wildcats honor deceased Yardville super Nova student Brandon Gonzalez
Tom Brady retires again, this time insisting it's for good
HS Boys Basketball Wrap: Notre Dame pulls away from Robbinsville


Done! This was a race day sign-up, it wasn't really part of the plan, but I hadn't raced since October and I got the itch.
I've wanted to do this one ever since I heard about it, although it's a bit long for an early season effort. It's kept me running all winter, getting in those LSD's (long slow distance). I'm up to 25K and ready to race next weekend!
They advertise this one as the fastest 10K in Canada... it's predominantly downhill, and everyone who does it seems to set a Personal Best. I don't have a very good 10K time, so here's my chance! And 10K is easy to recover from, this shouldn't put a dent in my cycling, which will be ramping up big-time by this time.
2000m swim, 55k bike, 15k run... this will be my longest triathlon to date, and the longest I'll do before Ironman. I went back and forth with this one and a 1/2 Ironman, but the 1/2 was a little too close to the full for comfort. This gives me time to recover and get some solid miles in before Ironman.
Sprint Triathlon - pick one! Maybe Belwood.
I haven't decided which one I'll do, there are a bunch in Ontario in July. I just want that last race experience to get me pumped up for the big day! I'll treat it as a training run.
3800m swim, 180k bike, and a full 42.2k marathon... the is my ultimate goal for 2009, and most likely the longest distance and time I will ever attempt in my life. I want to get there healthy and prepared, it's the only race of the year that matters, everything else is just appetizers.
I'll play it by ear, but I want to do something to keep myself sharp before training for 2010 starts!
2009's theme is LONGER, 2010's will be FASTER. Stay tuned!
Please please sign yourself up for something in Sept (late?) or October. Even if it's just another sprint or a 5k or some crazy trail race.
For Sept and Oct - How about Scotia or Toronto Marathon?
I'm thinking of running the Toronto 1/2 with my sister, if she comes out here for it... we'll see! Definitely not the full, though, Ironman is going to need too much recovery.


text:
The Guns of August: The Pulitzer Prize-Winning Classic about the Outbreak of World War I
The Pulitzer Prize-Winning Classic About the Outbreak of World War I
Barbara W. Tuchman
Ballantine Books Inc.
KNV Besorgung
Erscheint in neuer Auflage
ePUB (Penguin Books Ltd)
wird besorgt, Lieferzeit unbekannt
Ballantine Books Inc. Fr. 19.90
KNV Besorgung Fr. 27.90
CD (2011) Fr. 92.90
Digital (2008) Fr. 125.00
Selected by the Modern Library as one of the 100 best nonfiction books of all time
The Proud Tower, the Pulitzer Prize–winning The Guns of August, and The Zimmerman Telegram comprise Barbara W. Tuchman's classic histories of the First World War era
In this landmark, Pulitzer Prize–winning account, renowned historian Barbara W. Tuchman re-creates the first month of World War I: thirty days in the summer of 1914 that determined the course of the conflict, the century, and ultimately our present world. Beginning with the funeral of Edward VII, Tuchman traces each step that led to the inevitable clash. And inevitable it was, with all sides plotting their war for a generation. Dizzyingly comprehensive and spectacularly portrayed with her famous talent for evoking the characters of the war's key players, Tuchman's magnum opus
is a classic for the ages.
Praise for The Guns of August
"A brilliant piece of military history which proves up to the hilt the force of Winston Churchill's statement that the first month of World War I was 'a drama never surpassed.'"
"More dramatic than fiction . . . a magnificent narrative—beautifully organized, elegantly phrased, skillfully paced and sustained."
"A fine demonstration that with sufficient art rather specialized history can be raised to the level of literature."
The Guns of August] has a vitality that transcends its narrative virtues, which are considerable, and its feel for characterizations, which is excellent."
Barbara W. Tuchman (1912–1989) achieved prominence as a historian with
The Zimmermann Telegram and international fame with
The Guns of August—a huge bestseller and winner of the Pulitzer Prize. Her other works include
Bible and Sword, The Proud Tower, Stilwell and the American Experience in China (for which Tuchman was awarded a second Pulitzer Prize),
Notes from China, A Distant Mirror, Practicing History, The March of Folly, and
The First Salute.


text:
Effect of postural variations on carbon monoxide diffusing capacity in healthy subjects and patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
Claudio Terzano, Vittoria Conti, Angelo Petroianni, Daniela Ceccarelli, Corrado De Vito, Paolo Villari
Istituto San Raffaele Pisana
Background: The scientific literature does not supply enough information about the effects of postural changes on diffusing lung capacity for carbon monoxide (DLCO) in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), in particular regarding the prone position. Objectives: We evaluated posture-related changes in DLCO in healthy subjects and in COPD patients in order to especially assess how prone posture affects gas exchange. Methods: In this cross-sectional study, DLCO was measured in 10 healthy subjects and 30 COPD patients in standing, seated, supine and prone positions. Results: In healthy individuals, DLCO tended to improve from the upright to the supine position (21.42 ± 2.90 and 26.07 ± 5.11 ml/min/mm Hg, respectively); in the same group, changing the position from upright to prone also caused significant improvements in DL CO (absolute value, 21.42 ± 2.90 vs. 24.80 ± 4.39 ml/min/mm Hg, p <0.05, or percent of predicted, 78.58 ± 11.12 vs. 91.44 ± 13.23, p <0.05) and in DLCO proportional to alveolar volume (DLCO/VA; 4.52 ± 0.57 vs. 5.66 ± 1.48 ml/min/mm Hg/l, p <0.05). No significant differences in DLCO have been observed in COPD patients from the standing to the prone position. Multivariate linear regression models showed that the posture-related changes in DLCO, DLCO expressed as percent of predicted and in DLCO/VA are directly correlated with the transition from upright/sitting to supine/prone. Conclusions: In healthy subjects, the effect of postural changes on DLCO could be explained by a more homogeneous perfusion, whereas the lack of variations in COPD patients could be attributed to the increased rigidity of lung capillaries, which could represent an early sensitive marker of damage of the alveolar capillary interface in these patients.
Prone Position
Supine Position
Lung Volume Measurements
Carbon monoxide diffusing capacity
Membrane diffusing capacity
Postural variations
Terzano, C., Conti, V., Petroianni, A., Ceccarelli, D., De Vito, C., & Villari, P. (2009). Effect of postural variations on carbon monoxide diffusing capacity in healthy subjects and patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Respiration, 77(1), 51-57. https://doi.org/10.1159/000137668
Effect of postural variations on carbon monoxide diffusing capacity in healthy subjects and patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. / Terzano, Claudio; Conti, Vittoria; Petroianni, Angelo; Ceccarelli, Daniela; De Vito, Corrado; Villari, Paolo.
In: Respiration, Vol. 77, No. 1, 01.2009, p. 51-57.
Terzano, C, Conti, V, Petroianni, A, Ceccarelli, D, De Vito, C & Villari, P 2009, 'Effect of postural variations on carbon monoxide diffusing capacity in healthy subjects and patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease', Respiration, vol. 77, no. 1, pp. 51-57. https://doi.org/10.1159/000137668
Terzano C, Conti V, Petroianni A, Ceccarelli D, De Vito C, Villari P. Effect of postural variations on carbon monoxide diffusing capacity in healthy subjects and patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Respiration. 2009 Jan;77(1):51-57. https://doi.org/10.1159/000137668
Terzano, Claudio ; Conti, Vittoria ; Petroianni, Angelo ; Ceccarelli, Daniela ; De Vito, Corrado ; Villari, Paolo. / Effect of postural variations on carbon monoxide diffusing capacity in healthy subjects and patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. In: Respiration. 2009 ; Vol. 77, No. 1. pp. 51-57.
@article{442d0494a8b144798a82dfc6aae94fa7,
title = "Effect of postural variations on carbon monoxide diffusing capacity in healthy subjects and patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease",
abstract = "Background: The scientific literature does not supply enough information about the effects of postural changes on diffusing lung capacity for carbon monoxide (DLCO) in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), in particular regarding the prone position. Objectives: We evaluated posture-related changes in DLCO in healthy subjects and in COPD patients in order to especially assess how prone posture affects gas exchange. Methods: In this cross-sectional study, DLCO was measured in 10 healthy subjects and 30 COPD patients in standing, seated, supine and prone positions. Results: In healthy individuals, DLCO tended to improve from the upright to the supine position (21.42 ± 2.90 and 26.07 ± 5.11 ml/min/mm Hg, respectively); in the same group, changing the position from upright to prone also caused significant improvements in DL CO (absolute value, 21.42 ± 2.90 vs. 24.80 ± 4.39 ml/min/mm Hg, p <0.05, or percent of predicted, 78.58 ± 11.12 vs. 91.44 ± 13.23, p <0.05) and in DLCO proportional to alveolar volume (DLCO/VA; 4.52 ± 0.57 vs. 5.66 ± 1.48 ml/min/mm Hg/l, p <0.05). No significant differences in DLCO have been observed in COPD patients from the standing to the prone position. Multivariate linear regression models showed that the posture-related changes in DLCO, DLCO expressed as percent of predicted and in DLCO/VA are directly correlated with the transition from upright/sitting to supine/prone. Conclusions: In healthy subjects, the effect of postural changes on DLCO could be explained by a more homogeneous perfusion, whereas the lack of variations in COPD patients could be attributed to the increased rigidity of lung capillaries, which could represent an early sensitive marker of damage of the alveolar capillary interface in these patients.",
keywords = "Carbon monoxide diffusing capacity, Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, Gas exchange, Membrane diffusing capacity, Postural variations",
author = "Claudio Terzano and Vittoria Conti and Angelo Petroianni and Daniela Ceccarelli and {De Vito}, Corrado and Paolo Villari",
journal = "Respiration; international review of thoracic diseases",
T1 - Effect of postural variations on carbon monoxide diffusing capacity in healthy subjects and patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
AU - Terzano, Claudio
AU - Conti, Vittoria
AU - Petroianni, Angelo
AU - Ceccarelli, Daniela
AU - De Vito, Corrado
AU - Villari, Paolo
N2 - Background: The scientific literature does not supply enough information about the effects of postural changes on diffusing lung capacity for carbon monoxide (DLCO) in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), in particular regarding the prone position. Objectives: We evaluated posture-related changes in DLCO in healthy subjects and in COPD patients in order to especially assess how prone posture affects gas exchange. Methods: In this cross-sectional study, DLCO was measured in 10 healthy subjects and 30 COPD patients in standing, seated, supine and prone positions. Results: In healthy individuals, DLCO tended to improve from the upright to the supine position (21.42 ± 2.90 and 26.07 ± 5.11 ml/min/mm Hg, respectively); in the same group, changing the position from upright to prone also caused significant improvements in DL CO (absolute value, 21.42 ± 2.90 vs. 24.80 ± 4.39 ml/min/mm Hg, p <0.05, or percent of predicted, 78.58 ± 11.12 vs. 91.44 ± 13.23, p <0.05) and in DLCO proportional to alveolar volume (DLCO/VA; 4.52 ± 0.57 vs. 5.66 ± 1.48 ml/min/mm Hg/l, p <0.05). No significant differences in DLCO have been observed in COPD patients from the standing to the prone position. Multivariate linear regression models showed that the posture-related changes in DLCO, DLCO expressed as percent of predicted and in DLCO/VA are directly correlated with the transition from upright/sitting to supine/prone. Conclusions: In healthy subjects, the effect of postural changes on DLCO could be explained by a more homogeneous perfusion, whereas the lack of variations in COPD patients could be attributed to the increased rigidity of lung capillaries, which could represent an early sensitive marker of damage of the alveolar capillary interface in these patients.
AB - Background: The scientific literature does not supply enough information about the effects of postural changes on diffusing lung capacity for carbon monoxide (DLCO) in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), in particular regarding the prone position. Objectives: We evaluated posture-related changes in DLCO in healthy subjects and in COPD patients in order to especially assess how prone posture affects gas exchange. Methods: In this cross-sectional study, DLCO was measured in 10 healthy subjects and 30 COPD patients in standing, seated, supine and prone positions. Results: In healthy individuals, DLCO tended to improve from the upright to the supine position (21.42 ± 2.90 and 26.07 ± 5.11 ml/min/mm Hg, respectively); in the same group, changing the position from upright to prone also caused significant improvements in DL CO (absolute value, 21.42 ± 2.90 vs. 24.80 ± 4.39 ml/min/mm Hg, p <0.05, or percent of predicted, 78.58 ± 11.12 vs. 91.44 ± 13.23, p <0.05) and in DLCO proportional to alveolar volume (DLCO/VA; 4.52 ± 0.57 vs. 5.66 ± 1.48 ml/min/mm Hg/l, p <0.05). No significant differences in DLCO have been observed in COPD patients from the standing to the prone position. Multivariate linear regression models showed that the posture-related changes in DLCO, DLCO expressed as percent of predicted and in DLCO/VA are directly correlated with the transition from upright/sitting to supine/prone. Conclusions: In healthy subjects, the effect of postural changes on DLCO could be explained by a more homogeneous perfusion, whereas the lack of variations in COPD patients could be attributed to the increased rigidity of lung capillaries, which could represent an early sensitive marker of damage of the alveolar capillary interface in these patients.
KW - Carbon monoxide diffusing capacity
KW - Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
KW - Gas exchange
KW - Membrane diffusing capacity
KW - Postural variations
JO - Respiration; international review of thoracic diseases
JF - Respiration; international review of thoracic diseases


When it is cold at home, or he has a couple of weeks with nothing to do but write his Times column, or when something unexpectedly stressful happens, like winning the Nobel Prize, the Princeton economist Paul Krugman and his wife, Robin Wells, go to St. Croix. Here it is warm, and the days are longer, and the phone doesn't ring much. Here they live in a one-bedroom condo they bought a few years ago, nothing fancy but right on the beach. The condo's walls are yellow and blue, the furniture is made of wicker, there are pillows and seashells. There are tall, sprawling bougainvillea bushes along the side of the road.
"We first fell in love with St. John," Krugman says. "It was New York lawyers who'd decided to give up on the whole thing and live on a houseboat and wear their gray ponytails."
"But St. John went too upscale," Wells says.
"Our complex is more Midwesterners. Retired car dealers and so on."


text:
Rock and Roll Music News
Tom Hanks in talks to play Elvis Presley's manager in Baz Luhrmann's biopic
The iconic figure behind much of The King of Rock and Roll's success.
on March 28, 2019, 4:44pm
Elton John's "first and only official autobiography" set for October release
"My life has been one helluva roller coaster ride and I'm now ready to tell you my story, in my own words," the Rocket Man tweeted Friday.
Greta Van Fleet: Fans can "definitely expect" another new album in 2019
Despite their debut album being only a few months old, the Michigan rockers plan to release a follow-up LP in 2019.
on January 28, 2019, 9:26pm
Dave Grohl falls off stage after chugging beer
At Foo Fighters' first gig of the year, no less.
Queen and Adam Lambert announce 2019 Rhapsody tour
The 23-date trek comes on the heels of the massively successful Freddie Mercury biopic.
on December 03, 2018, 10:19am
Congress voting on bill to name a post office after Jimi Hendrix
Bill H.R.6628 aims to "celebrate the legacy of one of the greatest musicians of our time."
by Pranav Trewn
on November 26, 2018, 5:27pm
Janis Joplin-led Big Brother & The Holding Company share unreleased outtake "Piece of My Heart (Take 4)": Stream
Plus, an extensive Origins on the 50th anniversary reissue of Cheap Thrills with Dave Getz.
on October 23, 2018, 10:18am
Paul McCartney does Carpool Karaoke: Watch
Macca rides shotgun and sings along to "Drive My Car" and "Let It Be", among other Beatles classics.
on June 22, 2018, 1:26am
Paul McCartney announces new album Egypt Station
The 14-track LP, produced by Greg Kurstin, arrives in September.
on June 20, 2018, 12:33pm
Pearl Jam's Jeff Ament launches solo project with Angel Olsen-featuring "Safe in the Car": Stream
Ament will release an album, Heaven/Hell, in the coming months.
Eddie Vedder covers U2's "Bad" in Brazil: Watch
Pearl Jam frontman also covers The Beatles' "You've Got to Hide Your Love Away", John Lennon's "Imagine", and Indio's "Hard Sun" with Glen Hansard.
on March 30, 2018, 11:34am
Albert Hammond Jr. announces new album, Francis Trouble, shares "Muted Beatings": Stream
The Strokes guitarist returns next month with a solo album about his stillborn twin brother.
on February 02, 2018, 11:05am


All businesses should have life insurance for all their key personnel. If something unforeseen should happen to one of them, the insurance policy would pay out and help the remaining staff to keep the business going until they could get a new member of staff to take over the deceased's position. The profits of the business could suffer while things were not running at normal pace. The proceeds of the loan would keep things running smoothly until such time as everything is back to normal again.
By taking out an insurance policy on your life it could be a good way of leaving a legacy for someone you love. The proceeds of the policy could be used to wind up your estate and the remaining amount could be left to someone of your choice.
Life insurance is so easy to get online. You can browse through the many sites and read all about the different policies that are available. When you have decided on the policy of your choice you can get a quote online. Once you are satisfied and want to get the policy this can be done online as well.
This will only take a few minutes and as soon as the policy has been issued it will be valid. You might on reflection not be happy with the policy you chose, but this need not be a problem as you are given a thirty one day period in which you can return the policy and have your premium reimbursed.


text:
Fremantle Herald Interactive
Your free, online, independent newspaper
Hanging path dropped
September 2, 2022 · by Your Herald · in News. ·
THE Bridge Alliance, which is Main Roads contractor for the bridge replacement, says plans to separate pedestrians from traffic with a path hanging underneath the bridge didn't pan out.
But community and stakeholder relations manager Thuy Acacio says what walkers will get will be wide and have new features.
"There'll be rest stops and benches along the way and lookout points as well; we'll have some safety buffers there, but it's going to provide new viewing opportunities that don't exist right now," Ms Acacio said at the launch.
"I believe it's around five and a half meters wide … there'll be lighting along it."
Ms Acacio said rerouting Canning Highway would divert traffic towards Victoria Quay, with the aim to cater for traffic when the precinct is redeveloped as the port operations are moved south to Kwinana.
"We are removing the traffic lights and the intersection up here at Queen Victoria Street and Canning Highway and prioritising the traffic movement north south into Fremantle.
"The project team was given a challenge to look at more innovative ways to reduce congestion and improve traffic flow and to accommodate any future plans for the quay."
Ms Acacio said while there would be new traffic lights at the intersection of the rerouted Canning Highway and Peter Hughes Drive, they would only be triggered when someone was leaving the port.
"So yeah, for the most part, it will be quite free flowing.
"That was that was the challenge, and that was something that the City of Fremantle were really keen for us to consider when we went back to look at this southern landing; 'what can we do to give back to the community in this space'."
Ms Acacio said they still hadn't found a new home for the Rainbow container sculpture, but were still in talks with artist Marcus Canning.
"He's got some great ideas for Containerbow," she said.
"We haven't landed on it yet because we're still working it through, but stay tuned. He's totally on board and very excited about what will happen with Containerbow."
Ms Acacio acknowledged trucks coming down Canning Highway would face a challenge if they wanted to head across the river, as the only option would be the tight circle turn from near Gate 2 at the port to Queen Victoria Street.
"That won't be the priority movement," Ms Acacio said.
← Could have been better
Bridging the divide →


text:
require_relative '../../test_helper'

# File SysWrite test class
class FileSysWriteTest < Minitest::Test
  def setup
    FakeFS.activate!
    FakeFS::FileSystem.clear
  end

  def teardown
    FakeFS.deactivate!
  end

  def test_returns_one_byte_when_written
    f = File.open 'foo', 'w'
    result = f.syswrite 'a'
    assert_equal 1, result
  end

  def test_returns_two_bytes_when_two_written
    f = File.open 'foo', 'w'
    result = f.syswrite 'ab'
    assert_equal 2, result
  end

  def test_syswrite_writes_file
    f = File.open 'foo', 'w'
    f.syswrite 'abcdef'
    f.close

    assert_equal 'abcdef', File.read('foo')
  end

  def test_writes_to_the_actual_position_when_called_after_buffered_io_read
    File.open('foo', 'w') do |file|
      file.syswrite('012345678901234567890123456789')
    end

    file = File.open('foo', 'r+')
    file.read(5)
    file.syswrite('abcde')

    File.open('foo') do |f|
      assert_equal '01234abcde', f.sysread(10)
    end
  end

  def test_writes_all_of_the_strings_bytes_but_does_not_buffer_them
    File.open('foo', 'w') do |file|
      file.syswrite('012345678901234567890123456789')
    end

    file = File.open('foo', 'r+')
    file.syswrite('abcde')

    File.open('foo') do |f|
      assert_equal 'abcde56789', f.sysread(10)
      f.seek(0)
      f.fsync
      assert_equal 'abcde56789', f.sysread(10)
    end
  end
end

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


Choose make first Loading Make ..
Select Model Loading Model ..
Select Year Loading Year ..
Car has always been good for me. I live out in the country and always having to drive on bumpy roads and this car has always drove well without any problems at all. The mpg is decent I get around 20-22 I also love the way this SUV looks unlike most.
This truck is fun to drive. Off road it handles well. However, I've lost 2 sets of front bumpers with minor taps. The seats are very unconforibel for long drives.
visibility. Does very well off road.
Has been very reliable for 50k miles.
Take out a 2nd mortgage on your home!
shifting. In shop 4 days, no loan car.
the 3rd cyclinder to misfire.
needle to stay on empty.
the driver does not "fit like a glove"
I have had my Rodeo for almost 4 years.
very reliable. Only three complaints.
second not under warrenty so im stuck.
5)Major problem with wheel bearings.
rugged looks, and generous cargo space.
the status of a station car.
car to idle at higher than normal RPM.
module to fix ($250 part, 2hrs labor).
I just bought this suv and I love it, but the fuel gauge does not work. The motor has a slight knocking sound. Over all it's a very nice car, it looks good and rides great. So really I have no complaints.
I love this SUV. I have previously owned a few others and this would be my favorite of the lot. It's perfect for my life style and *knock on wood* the only issue I have had so far has been with the clutch. It has been very reliable and a good all around vehicle to drive for the past few years.
I've had this SUV for about 4 years and it has less than 100k miles on it (only 28K being put on by me). I would never buy another Isuzu. The following has gone out or been replaced: gas gauge stopped working, front and back brakes and drums replaced, in dash CD player rebuilt after eating my CDs, rebuilt the transmission, all four tires, shocks, air conditioning compressor, and the water pump. It was in the shop 3 months ago with a bill over over $1,000. There's now something wrong with the anti lock brakes as the car keeps shimmying when I apply the brakes. It rattles and squeaks all the time. A great SUV if you want to repair it yourself.
My second Rodeo was just as reliable as my first one.
This car serves its purpose of getting me to the mountains or on long freeway trips. I don't see it as an in-town car and don't use it much for that. I can easily drive it 16 hours straight without discomfort, so not sure why others complain about comfort. Even mountain driving has averaged 20-22 mpg, so again not sure why others get bad mileage. It's not a love affair, but I've had no repairs and it does what it's supposed to do. Granted, a set of Michelin cross track tires smoothed and silenced the highway ride like I could not believe. No rattles yet, and everything works. Compared to my Honda Accord, it has been a charm reliability wise -- no living at the dealership.
same noise as the first one.
Bought used in 3/05 & had problems right away. Fuel gauge broken, ABS light always on, rear lights all messed up, & hard down-shifting. All were fixed at the dealership's expense at the tune of $800.00! I have replaced rear wiring harnesses & sway bar links for $300.00. Was told by great garage of unusual 1/2-inch sludge on transmission magnet ... very bad sign of huge transmission problem. This was discovered while in the shop for a new solenoid. Seems like problem after problem. Shame, because it's a roomy, fast ride. Seats are hard and the spare squeaks all the way down the road on the back tailgate. Would not recommend. Not worth the money or hassles.
Overall, I would say I am happy with my purchase. I bought it new in '99 and although the manifold cracked and muffler broke off (under warranty) and had a few recalls, the vehicle has been very reliable. Especially when I replaced the stock Goodyear tires. It was a deathtrap when it rained. Unfortunately, I have 81K miles and I am afraid it's nearing the end. Gas millage is going south, gas gauge is on it's way out, seat is breaking down, oil burning, and it was not designed for desert heat. I had some rubber pieces melt and/or break in the last year. The service guy told me years ago not to keep it over 60K miles, and I see why. Overall, it has served me well, but not built to last a long time.
I was rear-ended on the interstate. The offender hit me at an estimated 55 mph. I hardly felt a thing! The design really held up! A small problem with the O2 sensors was quickly cleared up, otherwise ... no major problems. I love my Rodeo!
Probably the best SUV around.
I have loved this car. I think it is very capable of off-roading, driving around town, towing and driving around passengers. It has great features for the price. When compared to competitors, best bank for your buck. I would definitely consider buying another Rodeo when the time comes.
I bought my new Isuzu Rodeo in 1999. At 25,000 miles, the car died in a car parking lot, could not get it started. Contacted the Isuzu Customer Service to get Road Side Assistance and waited for more than 2 hours; no more showed up. Eventually managed to start the car myself and drove back home; gave the car to the dealership to fix the problem, but they could not find the problem. I ended up on telling them how to find the startup problem and they have no clue how to fix it and they ended up erasing the computer system in the car and reprogramming it. At 52,000 miles, the fuel gauge is gone. At 56,000 miles, the tires were gone. At 81,000 miles, the transmission went bad.
burned all the oil at about 1000mi.
car right from the start.
before they could figure it out.
left me with a bill for 500.
I purchased my 1999 Rodeo LS V6 4WD new with 68 miles on it. I currently have 121,000 miles on it and the engine is still as strong as day one. The vehicle is great for trips due to the size of the seating and cargo area. Mine has the tow package and the vehicle excels at towing. My vehicle has never let me down or left me stranded. The engine is rock solid. Note, I have always taken my vehicle to the dealership for major maintenance (30K, 60K, and 90K) which has kept the vehicle running in top shape. I would only recommend an Isuzu Dealership with a Master Isuzu Mechanic. At any rate, my Rodeo is still rolling very well!
the open road. I love it..
motors at the same time. WHY???
very happy with this vehicle.
times as much as most other SUV parts.
yrs, with close to 200k miles!!!
I have owned my 1999 Rodeo LS 4WD Auto since July 1999. The vehicle currently has 112,800 miles. The vehicle has been through several service bulletins (all covered by manufacturer), but no major mechanical problems. Still using the original engine, transmission, rotors, A/C, heating, power windows, fog lights, suspension. The shocks will get replaced soon. The fuel gauge/fuel sending unit needs replacing ($300). Overall a great vehicle. I have done all of the servicing at the dealership, and they have done a great job maintaining the vehicle. When buying a Rodeo, remember that it is not a car based SUY. It is built from a TRUCK and rides like a truck. Thus, the vehicle is very durable.
NEVER buy Isuzu. Worst make ever.
I purchased this vehicle new. The paint was defective from day one; rust permeates throughout. Dealer also failed to take responsibility for what it called "paint swirls" which were really a bad paint job. Car shakes constantly, probably due to rotors which have been machined twice. Worst fit and finish of any car I have ever owned. The car strangely idles at a high RPM. Defrost function works terribly. Terrible mileage, even by SUV standards. Burns oil. Seats are uncomfortable. There are cars much cheaper than this which are much better in quality. If there were any justice in this world Isuzu would be bankrupt and out of business. I wish this manufacturer nothing but the worst.
This auto has been very dependable. Winter and Power buttons in undesirable place. Would like longer sun visors. Haven't had any difficulties with this car. All in all, if I were to buy another SUV, I'd consider another Rodeo.
car then in SUV:-)Not problem till now.
warranty (just barely), otherwise OK.
reliable and not refined at all.
original stereo was a piece of crap.


text:
package main

import (
	"encoding/json"
	"flag"
	"fmt"
	"io"
	"log"
	"os"
	"strconv"
	"strings"
	"time"

	"github.com/bot-api/telegram"
	"github.com/chzyer/readline"
	"golang.org/x/net/context"
)

var nl = []byte("\n")

var cmdUsage = map[string]string{
	"getMe":      "Returns information about bot. ",
	"getUpdates": "Get updates. Usage: getUpdates [offset, [limit, [timeout]]]",
}

var completer = readline.NewPrefixCompleter(
	readline.PcItem("help"),
	readline.PcItem("quit"),
	readline.PcItem("q"),
	readline.PcItem("getMe"),
	readline.PcItem("getUpdates"),
	readline.PcItem("getFile"),
	readline.PcItem("getUserProfilePhotos"),
	readline.PcItem("sendChatAction"),
	readline.PcItem("sendMessage"),
	readline.PcItem("sendLocation"),
	readline.PcItem("openChat"),
	readline.PcItem("setWebhook"),
	readline.PcItem("removeWebhook"),
)

func readToken(rl *readline.Instance) (string, error) {
	for {
		token, err := rl.ReadPassword("Give me the token: ")
		if err != nil {
			return "", err
		}
		if len(token) > 0 {
			return string(token), nil
		}
	}
}

func usage(rl *readline.Instance, completer *readline.PrefixCompleter) {
	w := rl.Stdout()
	io.WriteString(w, "Available commands:\n")
	io.WriteString(w, completer.Tree("    "))
}

func help(rl *readline.Instance, cmd string) {
	fmt.Fprintln(rl.Stdout(), cmdUsage[cmd])
}

func writeJSON(rl *readline.Instance, method string, obj interface{}) {
	data, err := json.MarshalIndent(obj, "", " ")
	if err != nil {
		io.WriteString(
			rl.Stderr(),
			fmt.Sprintf("%s json error: %s\n", method, err.Error()),
		)
	}

	fmt.Fprintf(rl.Stdout(), "%s:", method)
	_, err = rl.Stdout().Write(data)
	if err != nil {
		log.Fatal(err)
	}
	fmt.Fprintln(rl.Stdout())
}

func getMe(rl *readline.Instance, ctx context.Context, cl *telegram.API) {
	me, err := cl.GetMe(ctx)
	if err != nil {
		log.Printf("getMe error: %s\n", err.Error())
		return
	}
	writeJSON(rl, "getMe", me)

}

func openChat(
	ctx context.Context,
	rl *readline.Instance,
	cl *telegram.API,
	args ...string) error {

	if len(args) != 1 {
		return fmt.Errorf("usage: openChat chatID")
	}
	chatID, err := strconv.ParseInt(args[0], 10, 64)
	if err != nil {
		return err
	}
	updateCh := make(chan *telegram.Update)
	upCtx, cancel := context.WithCancel(ctx)
	defer cancel()
	go func(
		ctx context.Context,
		cfg telegram.UpdateCfg,
		out chan<- *telegram.Update) {
	loop:
		for {
			updates, err := cl.GetUpdates(ctx, cfg)
			if err != nil {
				if err == context.Canceled {
					close(out)
					return
				}
				log.Println(err)
				if telegram.IsForbiddenError(err) {
					close(out)
					return
				}
				log.Println("Failed to get updates, retrying in 3 seconds...")
				select {
				case <-ctx.Done():
					return
				case <-time.After(time.Second * 3):
					continue loop
				}
			}

			for _, update := range updates {
				if update.UpdateID >= cfg.Offset {
					cfg.Offset = update.UpdateID + 1
					select {
					case <-ctx.Done():
						return
					case out <- &update:
					}
				}
			}
		}
	}(upCtx, telegram.UpdateCfg{Timeout: 30}, updateCh)

	go func() {
		for {
			line, err := rl.Readline()
			if err != nil {
				// io.EOF, readline.ErrInterrupt
				break
			}
			line = strings.TrimSpace(line)
			if strings.HasPrefix(line, "/q") {
				cancel()
				return
			}
			msg := telegram.NewMessage(chatID, line)
			msg.ParseMode = telegram.MarkdownMode
			_, err = cl.SendMessage(ctx, msg)
			if err != nil {
				log.Println(err.Error())
			}
		}
	}()

	for {
		select {
		case <-ctx.Done():
			return nil
		case update, ok := <-updateCh:
			if !ok {
				return nil
			}
			if update.Message.Chat.ID != chatID {
				continue
			}
			fmt.Fprintf(
				rl.Stdout(),
				"@%s: %s\n",
				update.Message.From.Username,
				update.Message.Text,
			)
			rl.Refresh()
		}
	}
}

func getUpdates(rl *readline.Instance, ctx context.Context, cl *telegram.API,
	cfg telegram.UpdateCfg) {

	updates, err := cl.GetUpdates(ctx, cfg)
	if err != nil {
		io.WriteString(rl.Stderr(),
			fmt.Sprintf("getUpdates error: %s\n", err.Error()))
		return
	}
	writeJSON(rl, "getUpdates", updates)
}

func main() {
	token := flag.String("token", "", "telegram bot token")
	debug := flag.Bool("debug", false, "show debug information")
	flag.Parse()

	rl, err := readline.NewEx(&readline.Config{
		Prompt:       "> ",
		HistoryFile:  "/tmp/tbot.history",
		AutoComplete: completer,
	})
	if err != nil {
		panic(err)
	}
	defer rl.Close()

	log.SetOutput(rl.Stderr())
	if *token == "" {
		*token, err = readToken(rl)
		if err != nil {
			panic(err)
		}
	}
	if *debug {
		log.Printf("token: %s\n", *token)
	}

	cl := telegram.New(*token)
	cl.Debug(*debug)

	ctx, cancel := context.WithCancel(context.Background())
	defer cancel()

	me, err := cl.GetMe(ctx)
	if err != nil {
		log.Printf("getMe error: %s\n", err.Error())
		log.Println("Exited")
		return
	}
	rl.SetPrompt(fmt.Sprintf("@%s> ", me.Username))

	fmt.Fprintln(rl.Stdout(), "Type 'help' for more information.")
loop:
	for {
		line, err := rl.Readline()
		if err != nil { // io.EOF, readline.ErrInterrupt
			break
		}
		line = strings.TrimSpace(line)
		switch {
		case line == "quit" || line == "q":
			break loop
		case line == "help":
			usage(rl, completer)
		case strings.HasPrefix(line, "help "):
			help(rl, line[5:])
		case line == "getMe":
			getMe(rl, ctx, cl)
		case line == "getUpdates":
			getUpdates(rl, ctx, cl, telegram.UpdateCfg{})
		case strings.HasPrefix(line, "getUpdates"):
			args := strings.Split(line[len("getUpdates "):], " ")
			cfg := telegram.UpdateCfg{}
			switch len(args) {
			case 3:
				cfg.Timeout, err = strconv.Atoi(args[2])
				if err != nil {
					log.Println(err.Error())
					continue loop
				}
				fallthrough
			case 2:
				cfg.Limit, err = strconv.Atoi(args[1])
				if err != nil {
					log.Println(err.Error())
					continue loop
				}
				fallthrough
			case 1:
				cfg.Offset, err = strconv.ParseUint(args[0], 10, 64)
				if err != nil {
					log.Println(err.Error())
					continue loop
				}
			}
			getUpdates(rl, ctx, cl, cfg)

		case strings.HasPrefix(line, "sendChatAction "):
			args := strings.Split(line[len("sendChatAction "):], " ")
			if len(args) != 2 {
				log.Println("usage: sendChatAction @to action")
				continue loop
			}
			chatID, err := strconv.ParseInt(args[0], 10, 64)
			if err != nil {
				log.Println(err.Error())
				continue loop
			}
			err = cl.SendChatAction(
				ctx,
				telegram.NewChatAction(chatID, args[1]),
			)
			if err != nil {
				log.Println(err.Error())
			}

		case strings.HasPrefix(line, "sendMessage "):
			args := strings.Split(line[len("sendMessage "):], " ")
			if len(args) < 2 {
				log.Println("usage: sendMessage @to text")
				continue loop
			}
			cfg := telegram.MessageCfg{
				Text: strings.Join(args[1:], " "),
			}
			if strings.HasPrefix(args[0], "@") {
				cfg.ChannelUsername = args[0]
			} else {
				chatID, err := strconv.Atoi(args[0])
				if err != nil {
					log.Println(err.Error())
					continue loop
				}
				cfg.ID = int64(chatID)
			}
			_, err = cl.SendMessage(ctx, cfg)
			if err != nil {
				log.Println(err.Error())
			}
		case strings.HasPrefix(line, "getUserProfilePhotos "):
			args := strings.Split(line[len("getUserProfilePhotos "):], " ")
			if len(args) != 1 {
				log.Println("usage: getUserProfilePhotos user_id")
				continue loop
			}
			userID, err := strconv.ParseInt(args[0], 10, 64)
			if err != nil {
				log.Println(err.Error())
				continue loop
			}
			cfg := telegram.NewUserProfilePhotos(userID)
			photos, err := cl.GetUserProfilePhotos(ctx, cfg)
			if err != nil {
				log.Println(err.Error())
				continue loop
			}
			writeJSON(rl, "getUserProfilePhotos", photos)

		case strings.HasPrefix(line, "getFile "):
			args := strings.Split(line[len("getFile "):], " ")
			if len(args) != 1 {
				log.Println("usage: getFile file_id")
				continue loop
			}
			cfg := telegram.FileCfg{
				FileID: args[0],
			}
			file, err := cl.GetFile(ctx, cfg)
			if err != nil {
				log.Println(err.Error())
				continue loop
			}
			writeJSON(rl, "getFile", file)
		case line == "openChat":
			err := openChat(ctx, rl, cl)
			if err != nil {
				log.Println(err.Error())
				continue loop
			}
		case strings.HasPrefix(line, "openChat "):
			args := strings.Split(line[len("openChat "):], " ")

			err := openChat(ctx, rl, cl, args...)
			if err != nil {
				log.Println(err.Error())
				continue loop
			}

		case strings.HasPrefix(line, "sendLocation "):
			args := strings.Split(line[len("sendLocation "):], " ")
			if len(args) != 3 {
				log.Println("usage: sendLocation @to lat lon")
				continue loop
			}
			chatID, err := strconv.ParseInt(args[0], 10, 64)
			if err != nil {
				log.Println(err.Error())
				continue loop
			}
			lat, err := strconv.ParseFloat(args[1], 64)
			if err != nil {
				log.Println(err.Error())
				continue loop
			}
			lon, err := strconv.ParseFloat(args[2], 64)
			if err != nil {
				log.Println(err.Error())
				continue loop
			}
			cfg := telegram.NewLocation(chatID, lat, lon)
			_, err = cl.Send(ctx, cfg)
			if err != nil {
				log.Println(err.Error())
				continue loop
			}
		case line == "removeWebhook":
			err := cl.SetWebhook(ctx, telegram.NewWebhook(""))
			if err != nil {
				log.Println(err.Error())
				continue loop
			}

		case strings.HasPrefix(line, "setWebhook "):
			args := strings.Split(line[len("setWebhook "):], " ")
			hookURL := ""
			if len(args) > 0 {
				hookURL = args[0]
			}
			var inputFile telegram.InputFile
			if len(args) > 1 {
				cert, err := os.Open(args[1])
				if err != nil {
					log.Println(err.Error())
					continue loop
				}
				inputFile = telegram.NewInputFile("cert.pem", cert)
			}
			cfg := telegram.NewWebhookWithCert(hookURL,
				inputFile)
			err = cl.SetWebhook(ctx, cfg)
			if inputFile != nil {
				if rc, ok := inputFile.Reader().(io.ReadCloser); ok {
					rc.Close()
				}
			}
			if err != nil {
				log.Println(err.Error())
				continue loop
			}
		}

	}
}


text:
Blitz Arts Walk back for fourth year
Since 2010, the Blitz Capitol Hill Arts Walk has showcased the neighborhood's art offerings in galleries, cafés, restaurants, and retail stores. On June 13, Blitz marks its fourth anniversary with special features including our fourth annual guided Blitz Walking Tours, an art walk after-party with roaming entertainment, and a new, mobile-friendly web app to help people navigate the arts on Capitol Hill.
Blitz's free guided walking tours have become an annual tradition for the Capitol Hill art walk in June. This year's tour guides include arts editor Jen Graves, artist Joey Veltkamp, cartoonist Ellen Forney, famous Capitol Hill denizen Purple Mark, performer/comedian Emmett Montgomery, arts coordinator Mylinda Sneed, and two Sisters from the Sisters of Perpetual Indulgence, Abbey of St. Joan. Tour meeting times and locations are listed below.
The Blitz Capitol Hill Arts Walk after-party is an informal gathering for art walkers, tour guides, venue hosts, and artists to unwind at the no-host bar while comedic magician Just Sage roams the room performing his unique take on magic tricks for adults. The after-party is at the Narwahl, located downstairs from The Unicorn (1118 E. Pike St.).
The walk's new mobile-friendly web app features a neighborhood map with art locations, show descriptions and images, and a responsive design that looks great on any mobile phone, tablet, or computer.
Blitz commissioned Seattle artist C.M. Ruiz to create a screen-print shirt design to commemorate the four-year anniversary. Look for these artist-designed shirts on walk volunteers, tour guides, and venue staff in art walk venues. A limited number of shirts may be available for purchase.
Produced by the Capitol Hill Chamber of Commerce every Second Thursday of the month, Blitz Capitol Hill Arts Walk invites residents and visitors to explore the neighborhood and see art being created and displayed in expected and unexpected places. Participants can check out drawings in a tattoo shop, purchase budget-friendly artwork at a gallery, and ponder works-in-progress in an artist's studio.
Artist C.M. Ruiz is a partner in the creative collective CMRTYZ. CMRTYZ has been featured in Obey, The Stranger, The New York Times, Pitchfork, and Vice, and has shown artwork in Seattle, Brooklyn, London, and elsewhere. Visit the collective online at www.cmrtyz.com.
Just Sage has been sharing his talents along the West Coast for over 14 years, taking events, parties, and celebrations to great heights through the use of stilts, magic, and mummery. He specializes in interactive theatrical ambiance and has entertained audiences from Cirque Du Soleil to Washington's state capitol rotunda. He can be found online at www.sagealicious.info.
Information about all the Blitz Capitol Hill Art Walk events can be found at www.blitzcapitolhill.com or on Facebook at www.facebook.com/CapitolHillArtsWalk.
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