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A look back, Part II — Coach fired and political vandalism a hallmark of 2020
By Jamie Wiggan
Editor's note: Join us as we look back on the highs and lows of the second half of 2020. News of note from January through June was previously chronicled in the Dec. 24 edition and is available online at gazette20.com.
State Rep. Anita Kulik's Carnegie office was chalked with the phrases, "Blue Lives Matter" and "Marxist" on Aug. 8, 2020.
McKees Rocks council accepted a 20-year agreement committing the Allegheny County Housing Authority to voluntary cash contributions each year in lieu of property taxes on its new administrative headquarters on Chartiers Avenue.
The agreement ensures the borough will continue to receive $5,860.25 annually while the housing authority – exempt from property tax payments as a county authority – remains the primary tenant of the new building.
The Sto-Rox School District approved a similar agreement during its July legislative meeting, accepting $14,905.69 annually over the next 20 years.
By approving a virtual reopening plan July 14, Carlynton was among the first area school districts to commit to starting the 2020-21 school year remotely.
The plan developed by Carlynton officials included three tiers depending on the severity of local coronavirus spread, however, the board committed to remote-only instruction for the first four and a half weeks out of an abundance of caution.
Carlynton later reopened on a hybrid basis (where students alternate between remote and in-class learning), however, pivoted back to all-virtual as cases started spiking again in late November.
Coach fired
Sto-Rox Head Basketball Coach Ryan Hughes was let go as part of an athletics reshuffle led by incoming program director LaRoi Johnson.
A Sto-Rox graduate, Hughes coached basketball at the district for more than 20 years and ended his tenure with an impressive playoff run that was ultimately cut short by the onset of the coronavirus in March.
Former Aliquippa head coach Dwight Hines was later named as the program's new head.
Coin shortage
Among the unanticipated setbacks of the coronavirus pandemic, a national coin shortage began to impact local and regional businesses during the summer months.
Local gas stations, general stores and supermarkets running low on coins posted signs on their doors requesting customers pay by card to ensure they're not overcharged.
Describing the problem on a national scale, Federal Reserve chairman Jerome Powell said the various economic shutdown measures had disrupted the flow of coins through the economy, resulting in an overall shortage.
Personnel shuffle
Crafton's council approved the hiring of a new assistant manager during a rocky public meeting July 27, where they also voted not to retain a police officer upon the completion of his 12-month probationary period.
Residents and two councilmembers opposed to the hiring protested that the deal – not publicly advertised – had been worked out largely behind closed doors.
The decision not to retain a probationary officer – which cleared council 4-3 – also drew flak in light of protests against law enforcement that remained a feature of national headlines during the summer period. One councilmember referred to the move as "defunding the police."
Political vandalism
An already heated election campaign ramped up further when the husband of State Rep. Anita Kulik accused her political opponent Danny DeVito of defacing her Carnegie office Aug. 9.
DeVito shot back, insisting his campaign was not in any way involved with the incident and pressed Kulik to release security video footage to reveal the perpetrator.
The perpetrator, who chalked "BLUE LIVES MATTER" and "MARXIST" along the sidewalk in front of Kulik's office, was never identified.
The McKees Rocks borough agreed to carry out lead testing on its rental housing stock as part of a regional pilot program overseen by Pittsburgh-based nonprofits Allies for Children and Rebuilding Together Pittsburgh.
Speaking at council's public business meeting Aug. 11, Laura Stephany, policy director at Allies for Children, said testing by Allegheny County found elevated lead levels in 3.3% of children living within the square mile borough.
The aim of the fully-funded program is to pool data from McKees Rocks and a handful of other participating municipalities and spark conversations around common solutions.
Striking a balance between the risks of in-school participation and the costs of prolonged remote learning, the Cornell District approved a hybrid reopening plan during its Aug. 10 business meeting.
The plan divided students into rotating groups, with each spending half a day learning from home and the other in the classroom.
While many schools have flipped back and forth between online and in-school learning models, Cornell has stuck to the hybrid model throughout the fall term, except for a brief interlude of online-only days in early December.
'Back the Blue'
At the end of a summer dominated by protests against racially-motivated police brutality, the Kennedy Township Republican Committee held an event Aug. 20 to rally support for law enforcement.
The "Back the Blue" event drew a crowd of around 50. The speakers, including a number of local office-seekers, focused on local and national issues, with several weighing in against adopting a police review board for Allegheny County.
Census count
As census counting efforts drew close to the national deadline, local census advocate groups targeted "hard-to-reach" communities, including Zip code areas 15136 and 15204.
McKees Rocks-based Zellous Hope Project joined with other community organizations to help residents respond to the census survey and understand the significance of doing so.
"[I chose to do this] because of the importance of the impact that having everyone counted has on the funding we receive in the community," said Director Denise Zellous.
While discussion on term lengths for federal offices is a well-worn talking point, many local officials retain their seats for several decades without drawing the same scrutiny.
We spoke to local residents and officeholders to get their take on the issue.
Although many area municipalities are under the thumb of long-time politicos, those we spoke to argued for new blood at regular intervals.
NAACP chapter
A local chapter National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) was launched in Coraopolis following a summer infused with racial strife.
Chapter founder Carter Spruill described a vision for change that entailed people of all colors fighting together to raise living standards for all. Spruill said his mission is broader than that of the Black Lives Matter movements and emphasized a desire to work alongside local law enforcement.
For the second year running, Gazette 2.0 made it to the finals of the Press Club of Western Pennsylvania's Golden Quill award ceremony.
This year, Dave Ficarri's column "Diversions with Dave" caught the judge's eyes, landing Gazette 2.0 among two other finalists. The team celebrated with Ficarri during a small gathering while the awards ceremony was broadcast remotely Sept. 3.
Photo by Jamie Wiggan
President Donald Trump held a campaign rally in Moon Township just 6 weeks before the Nov. 4 election.
Just six weeks before the presidential election, President Donald Trump stirred up a large crowd in Moon Township, promising economic growth and new jobs across the region during a campaign rally Sept. 22.
Before Trump touched down on Air Force one, a slate of other speakers including Sean Parnell, the Republican nominee who failed to unseat Democrat Conor Lamb from Pennsylvania's 17th Congressional District.
The event, which drew supporters from far across the region, also attracted several local residents, including political hopeful Tristan Yoder, a McKees Rocks resident who intends to challenge State Rep. Dan Deasy (D-35) on the Republican ticket.
During the first school board meeting of the fall term, Sto-Rox parents complained that a new academic policy excluding students from school athletics after failing a single class was overly harsh.
Although the policy required the high school football team to forfeit a scheduled game against Carlynton, school board directors maintained it was necessary to ensure high academic standards.
Further down the line, school officials reported student-athletes stepped up academic efforts in response to the policy.
Responding to the national scrutiny drawn by George Floyd's death in May, local police departments began pushing for body cameras as a means of helping all parties stay safe and accountable.
Several area municipalities approved body camera purchases during the summer months of 2020, while others, including, Stowe, McKees Rocks and Kennedy, were eyeing up funding avenues to acquire cameras for their departments.
During interviews for the story, local police chiefs emphasized cameras protect officers as much as they do crime suspects.
Viagra mixup
Allegheny County police were called in to investigate a convenience store in Stowe after a mother reported her 14-year-old child came home with several sexual enhancement pills mixed in with her purchase.
According to the child's mother, when confronted in the store with the pills in hand, an employee said they were intended for another customer. The store's owner declined to comment on the incident.
Allegheny County police confirmed they were investigating but released no further details.
Police blotters
More than six months after the borough stopped submitting police blotters to Gazette 2.0 for publication, McKees Rocks Councilwoman Liz Delgado inquired about the policy during a public meeting Oct. 13.
Delgado said it reflected badly on McKees Rocks that subsequent issues of Gazette 2.0 include a note informing readers the borough is withholding the reports, and said the decision had been made without council's approval.
McKees Rocks first began withholding police reports after the publication of an incident in February involving a McKees Rocks councilwoman.
Restaurants fearful
As chilly weather began to set in and efforts to pass relief bills stalled in the house legislature, local restaurant owners voiced fears they might not survive the winter.
Joe Caliguire, owner of Sarafino's in Crafton, said he had held on through the first seven months of COVID-19 restrictions by accommodating diners in an outdoor tent, but with the costs of gas heating he felt he couldn't depend on that during winter.
Joe Willet, owner of Lynn's Cafe in Stowe, said for him survival is a question of how long he can hold out until restrictions are lifted again.
Both restaurant owners said they felt abandoned by the government officials, who had failed to distribute meaningful financial support.
Ballot issues
A faulty batch of 29,000 Allegheny County mail-in ballots prompted several affected residents to question the processes involved.
In total 32,318 ballots were sent out in October with incorrect address information. When it became aware of the error, the county issued new ballot applications to all affected residents.
Whether and how incorrect ballots should be counted in various scenarios became the focus of several lawsuits before and after election day. County officials maintained Cleveland-based printing company Midwest Direct was at fault for the mixup.
Crivelli acquisition
The Allegheny County Sanitary Authority (ALCOSAN) board authorized staff to acquire the former Crivelli Chevrolet property in McKees Rocks during its Oct. 22 monthly meeting, despite pressure from local officials to consider alternative plans.
According to Borough President Paul Krisby, the sanitary authority's Oct. 22 decision followed months of talks where ALCOSAN had assured of its willingness to work alongside the borough to find common solutions.
Krisby and other local officials including Sto-Rox School Board President Samantha Levitzki-Wright said removing the former dealership building from the local tax rolls would land a big hit to already tight budgets.
Pittsburgh spotlight
The Pittsburgh region drew international attention in the days before and after Nov. 3, as western Pennsylvania voters were expected to help tip the presidential race in favor of one of the two major-party candidates.
President Trump and President-elect Joe Biden both made campaign stops in the region during final days on the trail, while Biden capped off his event schedule with a drive-in concert and rally in Pittsburgh Nov. 2.
While voters across the nation anxiously awaited confirmation of a winner, batches of absentee ballots counted in Allegheny and Philadelphia counties finally tipped the scales in favor of Biden Nov. 7.
Delayed results
Prolonged absentee ballot counting in several states resulted in four turbulent days of waiting before Joe Biden was declared president-elect by mainstream observers.
The days of uncertainty added to the tension in national politics between Republican and Democrat voters, both of which turned out in unprecedented numbers to nominate their candidate this year.
Locally, the strain was no less visible. Some residents we spoke to breathed a sigh of relief when they learned of Biden's eventual victory; others voiced disgust at what they saw as a compromised election process given the high number of mail-in ballots.
Online suspensions
Having quickly brought the district up to speed on technology following the onset of coronavirus, Sto-Rox administrators adjusted the suspensions policy to require students to stay engaged with classwork online while they're banned from the classroom.
Administrators, who have frequently discussed the role of punishments in changing student attitudes, said the new policy should show them their actions have consequences while keeping them engaged with school work.
After catching up on student technology access during spring and summer, Sto-Rox launched a new cyber option that will remain available to all students after the virus subsides.
Suspended students will be temporarily enrolled in this school during their disciplinary period.
Gazette anniversary
We at Gazette 2.0. chronicled the paper's third birthday on Nov. 5 with a short history of our three years in the local news business.
New employees commented alongside founding members, celebrating our accomplishments and voicing what it means to serve the community as a local news source in an ever-changing digital age.
Shenango sale
Several months after a group of regional stakeholders presented a vision for redeveloping the former Shenango Coke Works on Neville Island, Beaver County-based Lindy Paving, Inc. bought the site for $5.5 million.
Officials from Lindy Paving confirmed the sale but said the company — which operates a separate facility on the island — had no fixed plans for the location.
United as the Shenango Reimagined Advisory Council, local stakeholders said they were blindsided by the move.
On the books earlier in the year, provisions to redistribute millions of dollars from charter schools to regular public schools were put aside when the Pennsylvania legislature passed a six-month spending plan Nov. 20.
Locally, several public school districts have attributed rising charter and cyber enrollment to current budgetary struggles. School districts are financially responsible for students who reside in their district that attend charter and cyber schools.
Officials from both the Sto-Rox and Cornell districts voiced support for charter school funding reforms touted by the Pennsylvania Gov. Tom Wolf earlier in the year.
Crafton Borough officials approved a non-discrimination policy Nov. 23, with particular provisions in place to protect LGBTQ residents.
In approving the policy, councilmembers did not cite specific incidents of discrimination but hailed it as a gesture of the community's tolerant outlook. Reported violations will be heard by an Equal Opportunity Board, established by the same ordinance.
Crafton is one of 62 municipalities in Pennsylvania with a non-discrimination policy in place.
In response to a recent uptick in violent crime in the Stowe community, Commissioner's President Robin Parilla suggested the psychological costs of coronavirus restrictions may have played a role.
During a two-week period in late November and early December, Allegheny County police were called out five times to assist with violent crimes.
Nationally, data available for 2020 suggests violent crime fell during the first months of the coronavirus pandemic but soared in summer and stayed high during fall and winter.
Crafton ousts second manager in less than 12 months
Claims of illegal billboard approvals may land Robinson Township in
Council president disagrees with fire chief naming
© 2021 by The Gazette 2.0


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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


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Once feared to be at risk of dying out when larger retailers made their move into the convenience store sector, they have proven successful at seeing off the competition.... With over 100 stores across South Australia, the majority offering petrol, convenience stores and brands you know and love, you�re bound to find everything you need, open 24 hours a day, every day. Fill up at your nearest petrol station and stay On The Run.
In the convenience store industry, low cost and availability are the two success criteria. We plan to create these advantages in a new, high-tech environment that will retain customers. We plan to create these advantages in a new, high-tech environment that will retain customers.
I have spent 6 years working as a District Manager (Consultant) for 7-Eleven, Inc. In that time, I have learned about every aspect of store operations, what it takes to run a successful convenience store, how to maximize store profits, and of course how to cut costs effectively (not at the expense of sales).
The more your store looks like a retail store, the more likely you are to attract customers willing to pay top dollar for high-quality resale items. Price It Right Consignment shops take a commission on the items sold rather than buying them outright.


British watch brand FARER has a new limited and beautifully designed timepiece that is now available. Numbered 1-50 and reasonably priced at $1,425, this British designed automatic watch features a Swiss movement and Barenia bridle leather strap. Named after legendary explorer and photographer Herbert George Ponting, who is known for his work during Scott's expeditions to the South Pole in 1910.
A strictly limited run of 50 colour-way designs inspired by the British Coast. The Ponting II's super-smooth dolphin grey sunray dial creates a subtle backdrop to the boldly coloured dial framed by a second track outer step in split aqua and navy blue that catches the eye whatever the time zone. The main numerals clearly placed around the dial are 14 times micro over printed and finished in detail with a aqua outline at every hour. The overprinting creates a subtle domed effect that catches the light to show highlights and extra depths to the colour. The main hour and minute hands are finished in rhodium-plated flag red and infilled in Super-LumiNova, transforming the watch at night. The classic sweep second hand is finished with a powder blue Farer A tip giving constantly changing effects as it glides over the aqua and navy blue.
Their limited Editions sell out fast! They have a bunch of other nice watches though, look for a feature this week!


The Voralpen-Express operates an hourly service between St. Gallen and Lucerne. You can marvel the route and the wonderful view also on social media. Follow, like and rate us!
The Südostbahn AG is also on social media.


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HomeHip-Hop News
DMX's Family Warns of Scammers Raising Money For His Funeral
Members of DMX's family have warned that the rumors of them raising money for the funeral of the fallen legend are completely off the mark. The artist died on the 9th of April, after 6 days in a coma following an overdose. Information has circulated over the last few days that the family is raising money because it won't be able to afford a glamorous funeral.
The family has warned of scammers who are trying to feed off of the situation with false campaigns announcing fundraisers for X's funeral day. Those fundraisers should be avoided by the rap artist's faithful following because they are in no way related to the late rapper's actual family, which will have no financial difficulty to fund the upper-mentioned ceremony. Members of the family also confirmed that they're not selling any DMX merchandise so be aware of hoaxed in that sense as well.
There was one last piece of false rumors circulating in the media space over the last few days. Many claimed that Jay-Z and Beyonce had bought DMX's masters for a hefty 10 million dollars, to financially back X's 15 children down the line. That rumor also has no legs to stand on, however, as the family of the fallen rapper made it clear that some masters are under Def Jam's control, but not actually owned by Jay.
Lots of rumors are flying around, so look out for fake news. What's true, however, is that DMX's fantastic fans certainly showed their love for the legend in the final days of his earthly days, as well as in the days right after his death. A massive makeshift memorial was built up in front of the hospital, where X spent his final days, whilst we're still waiting for DMX's hometown to show their love for him. New York's major has announced that the family of the artist can hold a public memorial at the city's famous raceway. Many plans are being made and we wait for concrete info in the next few days.
See Also DMX Dead At The Age Of 50 After 6 Days In Hospital
Snoop Dogg Says DMX Was The Rebirth Of 2Pac
Def Jam To Release Posthumous DMX Album 'Exodus' On May, 28
Hip-Hop News May 12, 2021
Funeral for Gregory Jacobs aka Shock G set for May 01...
Hip-Hop News April 30, 2021
DMX: "I'm not the next Pac, I'm the first X"
Holla 2 'Pac April 16, 2021
Swiss Beatz Emotional Farewell Video in Honor of DMX
Fans Create a Massive Memorial in Honor of DMX
DMX Dead At The Age Of 50 After 6 Days In...
Afeni Shakur Net Worth Of $50 Million
Who Will Inherit The Assets Of Tupac? Gust Davis Vs. Sekyiwa...
EXCLUSIVE Video: 2Pac Telling Faith Evans To "Suck My D*ck" For...
Look How Discovered Three Notebooks And CD's Containing Unreleased Tupac Shakur...
Faith Evans Lies About Tupac Again! Here's The Truth!
Director Sues Universal Music Group Over Rare Tupac Video
Danny Steward aka Danny Boy Confirms Puffy Put A $75,000 Bounty...
30 Years Later The Girl From Tupac's "Brenda's Got A Baby"...

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Women enter retirement with less saved due to a lifetime of lower earnings. The average pay for a woman is just seventy-seven cents for every dollar earned by a man, and even less for black and Hispanic women. The Center for American Progress estimates that over the average working woman's 40-year career, this difference may add up to $431,000.
Women also tend to work fewer years in the workforce than men due to childcare, many living as single moms during their wage-earning years. The result is that women have secured fewer promotions. They end their careers with smaller pensions, if they get one, and lesser retirement benefits. This reduces the amount they are able to save for their retirement years. According to a 2014 Aon Hewitt annual retirement survey, women had saved 40% less than men in their 401(k)s — $59,300 for women versus $100,000 for men.
Women also are more likely to leave the workforce as the primary caregivers for elderly parents. Caretaking in this "sandwich" fashion drains their resources of time, money, energy, and opportunity.
When women leave the workforce for childcare and eldercare, it may reduce their Social Security benefits - often the only pension they will receive. Women on average receive one-fourth less than men in Social Security benefits.
Women live longer than men. This is just a simple, actuarial fact. But what it means for women retirees is that their already lessened savings, and purchasing power, are more seriously depleted by inflation each year of their lives.
Because women live longer than men, they often out-live their spouses. Unlike men, who are statistically more likely to remarry after the loss of a spouse through death or divorce, women are more likely to live alone, and therefore have higher per capita household expenses.
In short, women live longer, with fewer resources, and are more likely to be financially challenged in retirement, especially in their later years.
Women need to take a new and different approach to retirement planning.
Women should consider non-traditional residence sharing, such as renting out empty bedrooms, getting a roommate and downsizing if necessary, and using their savings to invest.
Women should consider delaying their retirement start date and working longer. Women are living longer and may need more than they think. Women should also consider working part-time in retirement.
Women should learn how to optimize their Social Security benefits, possibly with spousal benefits.
Women will always need income, so they should create income for life (IFL). Some annuities may provide income that is guaranteed by the insurance company to pay income for life.
Women need to always be earning (ABE). Strategies may include taking income from bonds, dividends from stocks and profits from mutual funds.
Women should monetize their hobbies and develop profitable home-based businesses with the skills, tools and talents they already possess.
Women need to start a new retirement conversation. Women should start talking to each other about retirement planning. How will women thrive in retirement without running out of money?
Women need to start SISTERS Clubs. A SISTERS Club is similar to a book club, but the sole purpose is to discuss how to create Stackable Income Streams to Empower Retirement Security (SISTERS).
What do you need to start a SISTERS club? You need a place to meet, a few friends, a pad of paper and some perseverance. Pick those friends with whom you are compatible, and who share your enthusiasm.
A SISTERS Club creates an environment where women can come together to brainstorm ideas, share their skills and experience, pool their talents, and create income generating investments and business ventures - either individually or as a group — that will provide on-going retirement income. What do an artist, a bookkeeper and a marketing person have in common? The makings of a start-up!
A SISTERS Club is a community of women helping women and helping themselves to improve their retirement planning success.
What do successful women know that you don't know?


▷ Provacyl SHOCKING Reviews 2019 - Does It Really Work?
What is Andropause and how a product called Provacyl can help?
Andropause occurs in men like menopause does in women with age. It brings reduction of hormones such as testosterone, DHEA and HGH (Human Growth Hormone). They begin to decline significantly when a person reaches the age of 30 years. You can feel it in weight gain, decrease in muscle tone, graying hair, wrinkles, general weakness, depression, memory problems and reduced sexual desire.
Why are these hormones so important for the body?
All of these hormones are produced by our body and they affect both physical and psychological health. They help to keep bones and muscles in tone and regulate the amount of liquid and fat. The reduction of these hormones leads to physical exhaustion of the body, because over time your body produces less and less of them.
What can be done to regain the second youth and continue to enjoy life?
Many specialists recommend conducting the regulation of hormone levels with the help of various drugs. However, to avoid side effects, it is important to keep them on the right level in complex, and not only to simply increase the level of one of them, such as testosterone. Also note that injections of HGH or testosterone (for which many people used to pay thousands of dollars in the nineties) can lead to heart disease!
Provacyl was specially developed for men who want to stay fit and live a full life. It is available to all people without a prescription. It helps to naturally balance your hormone levels and bring them back to the levels of youth. This balancing of hormone levels will decrease all the negative effects of andropause and you will feel young again!
I certainly want to say that Provacyl is not a magic bullet that will immediately solve all your problems. Its goal is to help you cope with andropause and it does this well, but to see the effect one has to take it at least 2 months (to be precise the manufacturer claims about 67 days), the most appropriate course consists of 3-6 months. I decided to check out what side effects may occur when taking this product. But I did not find any information about it. Even when I looked through the reviews of customers, I didn't find anything that deserves attention. I think this is due to the well-selected ingredients and completely natural methods. It's shocking but true. Below I offer quotations from the reviews that I found.
Ingredients of Provacyl - Does It Really Work? Is It a Scam?
Provacyl is created in order to solve all the problems caused by andropause, both large and small. That is why it consists of a well-balanced complex where each ingredient helps in its direction, and together they are doing their job 100%. Further I want to talk in detail about each ingredient and why it is necessary. I also want to show how naturally Provacyl works - it does not fill your body with artificial hormones but it activates the body's functions to the production of your own hormones bringing their levels into the perfect balance of youth!
Provacyl is a mixture of herbal ingredients, amino acids and ZMA (zinc, magnesium, vitamin B6) that will assist you to cope with the aging processes in your body.
Amino Acids like L-Glutamine (60 mg), L-Arginine (120 mg), L-Glycine (60 mg), GABA or Gamma-Aminobutryic Acid (40 mg), L-Tyrosine (60 mg), and L-Lysine (60 mg) are well known for their ability to normalize levels of HGH in the human body. Some modern athletes use them to increase their levels of free HGH.
D-Aspartic Acid (2300 mg) causes release of hormones LH, HGH and testosterone.
ZMA (215 mg) linked to stronger immune function, muscle health and higher energy levels.
Muira Puama (150 mg) is an ancient herbal aphrodisiac found in South American.
Ginkgo Biloba (125 mg) improves energy and focus.
Panax Ginseng (100 mg) increases endurance and energy.
DHEA (20 mg) is a predecessor of the male hormone. It helps to avoid heart disease and strengthen the immune system.
Long Jack or Tongkat Ali (25 mg) is able to increase testosterone levels and libido, as well as to build muscle mass.
Swedish Flower Pollen (40 mg) keeps a prostate healthy.
Chaste Berry (125 mg) brings the levels of testosterone and estrogen into the natural balance.
Soy Phosphate Complex (25 mg) can improve memory, mood, and attention.
Soy Phytosterol Complex (25 mg) boosts insulin production and supports the health of prostate.
All of its ingredients are confirmed by the FDA as safe and each of them has been studied.
Maybe the website of the product looks simple, but I want to say that the most important thing I take into consideration is that it is a high-quality product, and the result is even more important! I have checked the product and I can say that it's produced by company Leading Edge Health, which has been on the market since 2001 and has earned the trust. They release a few dozens of well-known products and, believe, they know what they are doing! They guarantee a refund for all of their products, including Provacyl.
The daily dose is two capsules which have to be taken with water or food. The minimal course is 67 days.
I believe that Provacyl is one of the best deals that can be found to neutralize the symptoms of andropause and bring your hormone levels back to normal. You can be confident in your choice, the results are impressive.
If you decide to take action to bring your hormones back to normal and feel yourself young again, I recommend you buying Provacyl only on the official site. In this way you'll be absolutely sure what you are getting and can trust the seller. Perhaps you could find the product elsewhere on the Internet, but it will be very difficult to check the validity of these sources. Also note that Lowerol is only available from the official website and you cannot buy it via Amazon, GNC or Walmart.


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Q: Explicit selenium waits in intern How can I use explicit waits using intern's leadfoot API for functional testing in intern?
There are multiple scenarios where I want to explicitly poll until a condition is met. For example, I want to wait until two or more elements exist in the DOM. Using findAllByCssSelector locks the execution for the whole implicit wait time instead of returning immediately after the condition is true.
All I can see that will help me is the pollUntil helper function, but it looks like this does not have access to any of the module dependencies defined in the test module.
How can I use something like jQuery within pollUntil?

A: findAllByCssSelector only waits for the implicit wait if no elements are found. If elements exist, the method finishes immediately with whatever it finds, so it's not ideal if you need to wait for a specific number of elements to appear.
pollUntil is the way to go for conditional waits. You are correct, though, that it doesn't have access to your module dependencies. Your dependencies are loaded in the context of Intern's test runner, while the pollUntil condition is going to run in the context of the browser. There are a couple ways to get the code you need into the browser. If you control the test page, you could just modify it to load whatever modules you need before the tests run. If you can't modify the test page, you could use an executeAsync call after loading the page in your test to inject whatever modules you need into the page context.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


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The Detroit Autorama, also known as America's Greatest Hot Rod Show, is a showcase of custom cars and hot rods held each year at TCF Center in Detroit, Michigan, in either late February or early March.

It is promoted by Championship Auto Shows Incorporated (CASI) and hosted by Michigan Hot Rod Association (MHRA), part of the International Show Car Association (ISCA) schedule for the Summit Racing Equipment Show Car Series, which includes other prestigious show car events such as the Chicago World of Wheels and Houston Autorama.

The Detroit Autorama is best known as home to the Don Ridler Memorial Award, which is presented to the "best in show" at each year's event, and has been won by many well-known car designers and builders, such as Chip Foose, Jerry Pennington, Troy Trepanier, and Bobby Alloway.

History
The first Detroit Autorama was held at the University of Detroit Memorial Building on January 31 and February 1, 1953. It featured only 40 cars, and was hosted by members of the Michigan Hot Rod Association (MHRA), which was created only a year before to "organize small local clubs into one unified body that could raise the money needed to pull drag racing off the streets and into a safe environment". Eventually, the MHRA grew to also include clubs from the customizing and hot rodding scene, such as the Motor City Modified, Bearing Burners and Spark Plugs, who combined efforts to pull-off the first event, along with other Detroit Car Clubs such as The Road Kings, Shifters, and Milwinders.

For the second show, activities were moved to the Michigan State Fairgrounds Colosseum, where it was held from 1954 to 1960. For the fourth event in 1956, the Michigan Hot Rod Association (MHRA) hired local band and sporting-event promoter Don Ridler to help the show reach a broader audience. Ridler served as the show's first true promoter until his death in 1963. The following year, the Michigan Hot Rod Association (MHRA) created a "best in show" award for Autorama, named after the man who made the biggest impact in the show's first eleven years, and thus the Ridler Award was born.

The 9th Annual Detroit Autorama was the first to be held at the new Cobo Hall. That year featured a new-record 230 cars competing, and filled all  of Cobo's lower-level basement. The 1961 show's last day also broke the event attendance record by drawing a crowd of approximately 35,000 people. During these early years at Cobo, the event began to attract industry names from outside the Motor City, including George Barris, Darryl Starbird, Carl Casper, and "Big Daddy" Ed Roth. And as part of Ford Motor Company's "Ford Custom Car Caravan", the show also generated attention from other big name customizers, including Bill Cushenbery, Jack Florence, Dean Jeffries, and Gene Winfield.

Though the show was by then in its twelfth year, it was in 1964 the Don Ridler Memorial Award was introduced as the event's top prize. The inaugural Don Ridler Award went to Macomb's Al Bergler, with a Competition slingshot dragster. (Bergler went on to be known in the National Hot Rod Association (NHRA) as driver of the Motown Shaker Top Fuel Funny Car).

Following Bergler's win in 1964, the next ten years saw both a growth in the number of exhibitors, as well as the number of professional custom car builders competing for the show's new top prize. From 1965 to 1973, all nine Ridler-winning entries were either owned, or built, by Larry and Mike Alexander, Jerry Pennington, or George Busti-all of whom were professional builders.

The 1970s brought on unique cars to wn the Ridler. Jerry Pennington's rear-engine Corvette (Scorpion) and hand-built custom street rod (Devilfish) featured many of the era's trends, including shag carpeting, velvet seating, and sharp edges. 1974's event was a first for Autorama, as Wimauma, Florida's Don Campbell and his '27 Ford became the first out-of-state entry to capture the Ridler Award. The decade was then capped-off with a series of six Ford T-bucket Ridler winners, including three '23s ('76, '78, '79), two '27s ('74 & '75), and one '26 ('77). The Ford roadster trend continued throughout the 1980s as well, with two '34s ('81 & '82), a '28 ('80), a '29 ('83), a '33 ('85) and a '35 ('84). The first non-roadster to win the Ridler since 1973 was Dale Hunt's late-model Pro Stock Pontiac Grand Am at the 34th annual Detroit Autorama in 1986. Hunt's Grand Am remains one of only two Pro Stock cars to have won the Ridler (the other being Bob Rizzoli's '92 Mercedes 560 SEC).

Throughout the 1980s and 90s, the Autorama continued to grow into one of the most prestigious car shows in the country. To assist in growing, the next generation of professional builders and renowned car owners began to make their way to Cobo every winter in hopes of capturing the much-desired Ridler Award. Among them were California's Bobby Alloway and Boyd Coddington, Memphis' George Poteet, along with many others. The only downside to this growing national attention was Michigan's dwindling presence. As exhibitors started traveling from across the country to fight for the show's top prize, many local Detroit and Michigan entries became less competitive against cars from other states, most of whom were being built with much larger budgets. Though the Alexander Brothers continued to build local cars for the show (including a Great-8 competitor in 2012), to date, Rochester Hills's Dave Emery's '32 Ford Roadster ( Revolver) was in 1997 the last Michigan-built entries to win the Ridler Award.

The new millennium brought forth a new form of styling and look to the Ridler and Great 8 cars. It also brought with it yet another generation of professional car builders. Wes Rydell's '35 Chevy Grand Master became designer Chip Foose's first build to win the award in 2002. Foose returned again the following year with a '34 Ford, Stallion, for Arizona's Ron Whiteside, which made him only the third builder in the show's history, and the first since Jerry Pennington, to win the award two consecutive years in-a-row.

Foose returned again in 2005 with a '36 Ford (Impression), built for Littleton, Colorado's Ken Reister. It was with Impression Foose set a record, becoming the first builder to ever win three Ridler Awards, having won them all in a four-year span. Foose would snap his own record yet again ten years later, when his '65 Chevy Impala (Imposter, built for Don and Elma Voth) captured his fourth Ridler in 2015.

Beginning in 2007, Ridler cars transitioned from individual-builds to group-builds. Ross and Beth Myer's '36 Ford (First Love) was the first Ridler-winning car to be built by a custom car shop in the modern era (they hired "Rad Rides By Troy" owner/operator Troy Trepanier). The transition continued with 2010 winner Tammy Ray and her '34 Ford Phaeton, Gold Digger, built by T & T Customs' owner/operator Ted Thompson, 2012 winner Dwayne Peace and his '55 T-bird, built by Torq'd Design Lab & Greening Auto Company, and 2013 winner Rob & Deb Cizek and their 1940 Ford Coupe Checkered Past, built by Cal Customs.

In recent years, the roadster trend has begun to fade. Since 2008, only four roadsters or pre-1940 cars have won the Ridler (Ray's Gold Digger, the Cizeks' Checkered Past, Doug Cooper's '32 Ford Duecenberg, and Billy Thomas' |Olds Cool). Also, another streak dating back to Dave Emery's 1997 winner was snapped in 2014, when Osoyoos, British Columbia's J.F Launier and his '64 Buick Riviera won the Ridler as a single owner/builder entry.

In 2002, the Detroit Autorama celebrated its 50th anniversary with special promotions from Murray's Auto Parts, and inducted an honorary list of "50 People Who Made a Difference" during that year's "Ridler Ball". A hall of fame, entitled "The Autorama: Circle of Champions", was also introduced in 1997, and has inducted at least one member every year<!...--> since. Inductees include George Barris (1999), Ed Roth (2000), Crain Communications' Keith Crain (2003), Street Rodder's Brian Brennan (2010), Chip Foose (2013), and Hurst Shifter girl Linda Vaughn (2014). Autorama also introduced for their 50th anniversary a special "Builder/Owner of the Year" award-presented every year to a past Ridler-winning or major show contributor. The winner is honored at the annual Ridler Ball in Cobo's ball room, and is featured in a special exhibit within the show which showcases the owner/builder's previous work. Past "Builders of the Year" include the Alexander Brothers (2002), Blackie Gejeian (2004), Ed Roth (2006), So-Cal Speed Shop (2007), Gene Winfield (2008), Darryl Starbird (2009), Bobby Alloway (2011), and Troy Trepanier (2014).

To celebrate the 50th anniversary of the Ridler Award in 2013, the 61st annual Detroit Autorama "Builder of the Year" exhibit was replaced with the largest gathering of former Ridler-winning cars ever assembled. Some of the cars included in the exhibition were Al Bergler's Aggravation, the Alexander Brothers' Venturian, Pennington's Devilfish, Bob Rizzoli's '92 Mercedes, Rydell's Grandmaster, Reister's Impression, Ray's Gold Digger, Bruce Rick's |Suncammer, and Peace's '55 Thunderbird. In addition to the gathering of former Ridler-cars, the exhibit included a special Saturday-autograph session, which brought out names like Bergler, Alloway, and Foode-to sign commemorative "50th Anniversary Artwork" with each of their cars on it. To cap-off the celebration, the winners of the 50th Ridler Award (Rob & Deb Cizek & their 1940 Ford "Checkered Past") were presented with a one-of-a-kind Gold Ridler trophy unlike any given-before or after.

The Detroit Autorama has been put together in-collaboration between the Michigan Hot Rod Association (MHRA) and Championship Auto Shows (CASI) since 1961. In 1963, CASI President Bob Larivee Sr. helped the Michigan Hot Rod Association (MHRA) form a new governing body for show car events, titled the International Show Car Association (ISCA). The ISCA has since become the leading promoter and governing body of show car events and competitions in the country. Along with CASI (now "North America's largest producer of indoor hot rod shows") they co-promote and judge events from coast-to-coast, ranging from the Boston World of Wheels to the Grand National Roadster Show in Pomona, California. All ISCA events have a series of "Outstanding Awards" for more than three-dozen classes. Each one counts as a single point in the ISCA point standings, which is split into four overall classes: Rod, Custom, Truck, and Bike. If at the end of a season, a single contributor has four Outstanding Awards in a single category, they are locked-into the ISCA Championship Finals, which is held every as part of the Chicago World of Wheels, the week following the show at Cobo. Many Ridler Winners and Great-8 cars have gone-on to attend other ISCA shows and win an overall Class Championship. Most recently Tammy Ray and her '34 Gold Digger did so in back-to-back seasons in 2010 & 2011.

The most events ever on an ISCA schedule was 99, set during the 1982–83 season. The current schedule features 30 events, including the Detroit Autorama, and the ISCA Championship Finals-held within the Chicago World of Wheels. It promotes and judges shows in 14 states and four provinces, and typically runs from Thanksgiving weekend through mid-April.

Ridler Award
Autorama's "best in show" award is the Don Ridler Memorial Award, named after Don Ridler, a former Michigan State Football Player, Lawrence Tech Basketball and Football Coach and Athletic Director, and Autorama's first promoter from 1956–1963.

It was awarded for the first time at the 12th annual Autorama in 1964, and has been awarded every year since.

The Pirelli "Great 8"

Since 1970, the Ridler Award recipient has been selected out of a pre-determined group of cars, known as "The Great 8", sponsored by Pirelli Tires.

On the application for Autorama, a box is to be checked to indicate to the promotional staff if the submitted entry is a Ridler contender. Those entries who've checked-off the box on their applications are told to move into Cobo the Wednesday before the show, a full day ahead of other exhibitors. Then on Thursday Night before the show opens, the ISCA judging staff goes through all the Ridler Contenders, and sort-out which eight of them outweigh the rest.  These "Great 8" entries were formally announced during the annual Ridler Ball inside the Cobo Ballroom the Friday Night of the show, but are now announced earlier in the day, usually before the show opens to the public at noon on Friday, in order to accommodate online-publications and social media outlets. Each car has a banner within its display, distinguishing it as part of the "Pirelli Great 8".On Friday night, while the owners and builders are attending the Ridler Ball, an entire staff of ISCA Judges are assigned to solely the Great 8 cars, and go through each one before making a final decision the following morning. Once a decision is made, the winner is announced during the Sunday Night Awards Ceremony-again in the Ballroom; after all Great-8 owners have been previously brought-up on stage, and a short video presentation showcasing all eight-nominees to the tune of Europe's "Final Countdown"-is completed.

The Ridler Award is presented to the winner by the management of GM Performance Parts, and is also given an embroidered jacket and a $10,000 check. Along with receiving a personal Ridler Award with only their name engraved in it, the owner's name is also engraved among the list of past recipients on the full-scale Ridler trophy, which is kept at GM Performance's Headquarters in Auburn Hills, Michigan.

The criteria to win the Ridler is to be the "most outstanding from among the cars being shown for the first time". It must also have "limited media exposure" prior to the event, and must be "minimally operable", which requires it to "start, stop, move forward and backward under its own power, turn left and right and stop using the brake pedal".

The 53 recipients of the Don Ridler Memorial Award are shown below:

Past winners

See also
Motorama
Cobo Center

References

External links
 http://www.mhraonline.org
 Autorama Online
 2009 brief history of Autorama since 1953, including leadership by Bob Larivee, Promotions, Inc.
 Autorama#58 - Detroit Free Press 2/28/2010 gallery of 16 photos plus link to story
 Autorama#58 - gallery of 78 photos, Detroit News 3 January 2012

Further reading
 Larivee, Bob. (2015). Hot Rod Detroit. Oxford, Michigan: DP Publishing. .
 Tregembo, Joseph T. (2015). The Illustrated History of the Roseville High School Auto Shop. Blurb Publishing. .

Auto shows in the United States
Events in Detroit
1953 establishments in Michigan


Vimeo Motorcycle Video Blog - let's have some fun with videos. I want to stay in touch using some videos for learning. These video's are random in nature and have either been taken on the fly or planned as part of any of our trips. I hope you enjoy watching them as much as we enjoyed making them.


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text:
Q: Create an array from HTML in a specific form with jQuery I'm having problems with the following piece. I'm trying to create some gallery of my own, but I'm in the very early beginning of learning jQuery, and all this array stuff is pretty hard for me to understand..
In my CMS I have created a looped output in the following form for all elements:

Description1

Link to Site1

Description2

Link to Site2

But I need to bring it into this form (for my jQuery playground):
var myDemoImages = [
    { src: 'path/to/image1.jpg', title: 'Description1', subtitle: 'http://www.somesite1.com' },
    { src: 'path/to/image2.jpg', title: 'Description2', subtitle: 'http://www.somesite2.com' }
];

I tried something like the following, but it's mixing up values, doubling values.
$('img.content').each(function() {
    for (var k = 0; k < this.attributes.length; k++)
    {
        var attr = this.attributes[k];
        if (attr.name != 'class')
            myImages.push("src:'"+attr.value+"'");
    }
});

Also the "value" I need from the p tag is actually not a value, but shouldn't something like this work?
myImages.push(this.innerHTML);

A: I would do something like:

Description1

Link to Site1

Note that I added a div around your elements to make it easier to access them.
And the jQuery:
var fos=$('.demoImage').map(function () {
    var $this=$(this);
    return {
        src: $this.find('img.content').attr('src'),
        title: $this.find('p.title').html(),
        subtitle: $this.find('a.link_img').attr('href'),
    };
}).get();

jsFiddle Demo
The solution uses the .map() function which is a great tool to create any arrays out of your jQuery collections.

A: *

*To get the HTML content from the p tag, use the $("p").html() method.

*To get inner text, use the .text() method :-)


text:
using System;
using System.Windows.Data;

namespace Backup_Manager.Core.ValueConvertors
{
    public class IntToBoolean : IValueConverter
    {
        public IntToBoolean Instance = new IntToBoolean();

        public object Convert(object values, Type targetType, object parameter, System.Globalization.CultureInfo culture)
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                return false;
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}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
Q: Remove email verification when new user register Please note I'm not posting this question without doing google search, but the problem is every single result I found is either about BuddyPress or WP Multisite, but I have a WP Single installation where I use Easy Digital Download and in terms to purchase anything user must have to register first.
But the problem is their account doesn't get activated after registering if they visit customer dashboard it will show up that "Your account is not verified yet so check your email and verify". This is really frustrating for most of my customers as people are so busy now a days and does not have time for these things. After registration user receives email like this - http://puu.sh/kv9fv/9b63ea34f6.jpg
So what I'm asking here is there any way bu which I can remove this step so that accounts get activated just after register. No need to to email verification. That's all I wanna know.
Hope to get a reply soon.

A: Yes, you can write your own user registration, write a form that gets user details and use wp_create_user to create it.
That said, I think email verification is even more important on eCommerce sites, but if you willing to give up the advantages it gives to you and the users, then why not to bypass the whole user registration thing?
Another option is to use SSO provider like facebook and google to make the user creation process faster (you basically rely on them to supply you the current email address of the user).

A: add_action( 'user_profile_update_errors', 'gowp_remove_new_user_email_error', 10, 3 );
function gowp_remove_new_user_email_error( $errors, $update, $user ) {
        unset( $errors->errors['empty_email'] );
}


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I checheck the document. But there seems

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NOTIFICATIONS

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Anyways, i would like just do it

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I checheck the document. But there seems

June Lane

                                      <time datetime="2015-06-16T18:38:40+08:00">2 days ago</time>

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Edward Fletcher

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A new order has been placed

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Completed the task

                                    <time class="media-meta" datetime="2015-06-11T18:29:20+08:00">2 days ago</time>

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                                    <time class="media-meta" datetime="2015-06-11T14:05:00+08:00">2 days ago</time>

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Message received

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                        3

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                          New 3

Mary Adams

                                      <time datetime="2015-06-17T20:22:05+08:00">30 minutes ago</time>

Anyways, i would like just do it

Caleb Richards

                                      <time datetime="2015-06-17T12:30:30+08:00">12 hours ago</time>

I checheck the document. But there seems

June Lane

                                      <time datetime="2015-06-16T18:38:40+08:00">2 days ago</time>

Lorem ipsum Id consectetur et minim

Edward Fletcher

                                      <time datetime="2015-06-15T20:34:48+08:00">3 days ago</time>

Dolor et irure cupidatat commodo nostrud nostrud.

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text:
Home Comics Art Amazon listing for 'The Art of Solo' is a haunting reminder that...
Amazon listing for 'The Art of Solo' is a haunting reminder that a Star Wars movie is opening in a few weeks
Heidi MacDonald
Disney is asking for privacy at this difficult time as they prepare for the arrival of Solo: A Star Wars Story. Even given the respectful silence , here and there you will find painful reminders that, there is, in fact, a Star Wars movie opening on May 25th.
One of them is this listing for The Art of Solo A Star Wars story on Amazon. Impressionist artwork suggests that the film stars a human male and a large, furry alien, something like a dog/orangutan cross. Little else is known about the film which has been shrouded in secrecy since a tragic accident on the set, in which two unprepared directors were hired to make a Star Wars movie about the most beloved character in the canon with Kathleen Kennedy and Lawrence Kasdan watching closely
A few hints about the tragedy can be gleaned from internet postings.
This morning it was revealed that Denny's will be serving a Solo-based menu, complete with collector cards. Denny's food and corporate policies are tragic in themselves, but the cards suggested a colorful world that was once envisioned as a playful, enjoyable movie.
Check out Val, Therm Scissorpunch, and Moloch! #soloastarwarsstory #starwars
A post shared by Jason Ward (@makingstarwars) on Apr 2, 2018 at 11:24am PDT
Check out Argus, Mudtrooper and Six Eyes! #SoloAStarWarsStory #StarWars
As you may recall, Solo's doomed journey began when Lego Movie directors Phil Lord and Chris Miller were hired to make a film starring Alden Ehrenreich. Shockingly, after nearly the entire movie was complete, Miller and Lord were unceremoniously removed from the premises, after doing things like improvising on the set.
Ron "Apollo 13" Howard was brought in to wear a baseball cap, look avuncular, and comfort stunned cast members and studio heads. Apparently he reshot practically the whole movie.
While a respectful silence has covered most of the disaster, a piece in Vulture – purported to be a "leak" but obviously a planned one that sought to craft a narrative for the survivors – laid out what went wrong and why Ron Howard was the right person to bring in:
>>>To hear our source tell it, the main difference between the co-directors' filmmaking style and Howard's boiled down to efficiency. Where Lord and Miller would typically demand more than 30 takes of a given scene — seemingly unsure of what they wanted other than a delivery "different" from the last — Howard got the job done in no more than two or three takes. "Phil and Chris are good directors, but they weren't prepared for Star Wars," says our source. "After the 25th take, the actors are looking at each other like, 'This is getting weird.' [Lord and Miller] seemed a bit out of control. They definitely felt the pressure; with one of these movies, there are so many people on top of you all the time. The first assistant director was really experienced and had to step in to help them direct a lot of scenes." (Joy Fehily, a spokesperson for Miller and Lord says: "This information is completely inaccurate," but declined to cite specific inaccuracies. She also declined to make the directors available for an interview.)
In Hollywood terms, this "leak" is what we call "a burial."
However Miller revealed that he wouldn't go gently into directing more for TV with this utterly devastating come back:
Maybe don't believe everything you read
— Chris Miller (@chrizmillr) March 27, 2018
Proving that he is the right man to deliver the message of comfort that a nation needs, Howard later assured everyone that there would actually be a movie, as it was in final edits:
#Solo vfx review with #ILM today at #SkywalkerRanch pic.twitter.com/SeXUEu6XKL
— Ron Howard (@RealRonHoward) March 31, 2018
Howard has also assured survivors that there WILL BE another trailer, the kind of assurance that is usually unnecessary with studio franchise tentpoles, but is not the case with Solo as everyone wants to get it over with as quickly and painlessly as possible, kind of like a chest hair wax.
Despite the devastation wrought by the Solo tragedy, there is believed to be one survivor: Donald Glover's career. His Lando Calrissian appears to be the hotter than a sidewalk in Atlanta in July.
Funeral rites for Solo will be held May 25th at a theater near you.
solo a star wars story
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http://www.comicsbeat.com
Heidi MacDonald is an award-winning editor/journalist with 20 years. An editor at Disney and DC Comics, she edited such titles as The Lion King, Scooby Doo, Swamp Thing, and Y: The Last Man. She cohosts Publishers Weekly's graphic novel podcast More to Come.
The Marvel Rundown
The Marvel Rundown: An Epic X-Men saga Concludes in AGE OF X-MAN: OMEGA #1 and Asgardian Mischief prevails in LOKI #1!
Joe Grunenwald, Boy Wonderful (@joegrunenwald) 04/03/2018 4:39 pm at 4:39 pm
I legitimately forgot that this movie is happening.
elfworld 04/04/2018 4:07 am at 4:07 am
For the first time in my life I'm not excited by a Star Wars movie coming out. Will this be the first flop of the franchise?
ushio 04/04/2018 2:04 pm at 2:04 pm
Shocking a studio is waiting for one big film to be released (Avengers) before cranking up promotion for the next one. It's also Avengers that's in the shit if it makes less than Black Panther compared to Solo needing to only match Rogue one.
Ben 04/07/2018 7:36 am at 7:36 am
I'd rather watch a flop by the LEGO directors than another film-by-numbers hit from Ron Howard.
I also want to know more about the rumours of an acting coach being required on set for the lead – he killed it in Hail Caesar, so I don't see how he couldn't be considered more than enough for Star Wars/Ron Howard. (Unless it wasn't an acting coach and more impersonate Harrison Ford coach).
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A Year of Free Comics: Read MAFIOSA #1 in its entirety...


Today we feature a guest-post by members of the AHRC-sponsored project, Medieval Francophone Literary Culture Outside France, a partnership between King's College London, University College London and the University of Cambridge, working with the British Library. Several of the project's manuscripts are housed at the British Library, and we're pleased to say that they have been newly digitised and added to our Digitised Manuscripts site. We're delighted to be able to support research of this kind, and hope that it encourages further investigation into the origins, dissemination and uses of these fascinating texts.
'Lengue franceise cort parmi le monde' ('the French language runs throughout the world', wrote the 13th-century Venetian chronicler Martin da Canale (d. 1275) at the start of his history of Venice, which he chose to write in French. This echoes another 13th-century Italian writer, Brunetto Latini (d.1295-96), who wrote in his very popular encyclopedia, the Tresor, that French was 'la parleure […] plus delitable et plus comune a touz languages' ('the most delightful and popular of all languages'). French language texts were composed and copied in many parts of Europe outside (and even a little beyond) present day France in the Middle Ages, most notably in the British Isles, Flanders and the Low Countries, the Rhineland, Italy, Catalonia, Cyprus, Greece and Palestine. Whereas traditionally this has been seen mainly as a sign of the prestige of French culture, recent research shows that the reasons for the use of French in such a diverse range of places were more complex, often pragmatic, and also that many parts of medieval Europe were profoundly multilingual. French was in fact a supralocal language in much of medieval Europe alongside Latin (and in some places where French was used alongside Greek, Hebrew and even Arabic).
This mobile use of French is nowhere more graphically illustrated than in Matthew Paris's famous maps showing the route from England to the Holy Land, one copy of which is to be found in Royal MS 14 C VII (ff. 2r-5r). This manuscript was made in the 1250s, almost certainly at St Albans. The language used for the text of these maps is French (with just a bit of Latin). Thus on ff. 4v-5r we see a map of the Holy Land, focusing on the City of Acre (which was to fall in 1291) with explanations almost entirely in French (the flaps on f. 4v relate to Rome and Sicily, which are on f. 4r).
As French is also used in the descriptions of Italy, France and England, French quite literally 'runs throughout the world' in this manuscript.
The project Medieval Francophone Literary Culture Outside France aimed to gauge the under-researched phenomenon of the production and circulation of French language manuscripts outside France, since traditional scholarship has often focused on manuscripts that were made in France: One immediate consequence of paying more attention to French language manuscripts that were made outside France is that a rather different view of the literary canon emerges. For example, the vast Arthurian prose cycle, Guiron le Courtois, little known today compared to the other two prose Arthurian cycles the Lancelot en prose and Tristan en prose, is remarkable for its European trajectory. The oldest parts of Guiron were probably written in northern France or francophone Flanders, c. 1230-1240. About 40 manuscripts of Guiron survive, dating from the end of the 13th to the beginning of the 16th century. Direct and indirect attestations are found from Sicily to Britain and from Catalonia to Venice. Unlike Lancelot and Tristan, which were translated and re-written in all the major European languages, as far as we know parts of Guiron were only translated or re-written in Italian. Indeed the cycle had special ties with Italy. Its first attestation is probably in a letter from Frederick II's chancery in Foligno, near Perugia. The letter is dated 1240, and makes reference to 54 quires sent, or about to be sent, to Frederick from Messina after the death of one 'Johannes Romanzor'.
Some important Italian witnesses are held in the British Library collections. For example Add MS 12228 (Naples, c. 1352-1362), despite its relatively late date, goes back to an early source and transmits the Roman de Méliadus, the oldest part of the cycle, in a pre-cyclic form. It was commissioned in the context of the Ordre du Nœud, a chivalric order founded by Louis of Taranto, the Capetian and francophone King of Naples on his coronation in 1352 with a view to giving his somewhat discredited court some courtly and chivalric gloss. The hand and some of the illustration appear to be close to Paris BnF ms fr. 4274, which is a presentation copy of the Order's statutes.
Guiron le Courtois was composed after Lancelot and Tristan as a sprawling prequel, telling the story of the older generation of knights: Méliadus de Leonois, Tristan's father; le Bon Chevalier sans Peur, father of Dinadan and Brunor le Noir; Lac, Erec's father; and so forth. It is a world without Merlin and without the Graal, muscular and misogynist, in which most of the strongest warriors belong to Guiron's family, the Bruns. They appear larger than life, incredibly strong, isolated – loners who spend their time wandering far from court. They periodically disappear below the surface of the plot, but resurface later in a complex web of intertwined stories. In Old French, Brun recalls the taboo name of the bear. The Bruns' ancestor, Fébus le Brun, renounced the crown of France: though he was the legitimate heir, he preferred to go seek adventure in England.
In another remarkable Italian witness, Add MS 23930 (Bologna-Padua, before 1369), the beginning of the story of Fébus has a typical northern Italian frontispiece, with bright colours and large motifs, proof of the text's status among Italian manuscript producers and readers. In several Italian copies, this episode circulated independently from the main narrative, was successful, and underwent many adaptations.
Add MS 23930 once belonged to the Gonzaga family: the coat of arms on f. 1r and f. 27r are identical for instance to those at f. 2r of Venice, Biblioteca Marciana, MS fr. Z. XVIII, another of our project manuscripts, transmitting the Roman de Troie. Both manuscripts are part of a rich group of medium sized manuscripts, copied in a southern Textualis, some of which are wonderfully illustrated in the bas de page, that circulated in northern Italian courts – where Guiron was appreciated well into the 16th century.