Through my own fault I missed the quiz at recreation on St Stephen's day, so let me take this opportunity to create another quiz. The first question is: where will you find a horse that has a connection with the burial of Jesus, wearing high-heeled shoes? And then, three short extracts from sermons preached on this day in very different times and places: can you identify the preachers?
Each of these sermons touches on themes familiar to us: the constant mixture of disclosure and hiddennness, – something developed particularly by late 19th theologians who explored the fruitfulness of kenosis, self-emptying, as a way in to understanding the Incarnation; and the extension of the boundaries, in the declaration that the mission of God in Christ is not simply for the children of Abraham, but for all people; and thirdly, the lesson the Epiphany has for us about the nature of faith and mission – what it does and doesn't mean.
But you may also have been struck by the cover of the latest Mattheiserbrief, with that remarkable image of Balthasar, one of those wise men from the East. It is, apparently, part of a 13th century Spanish altarpiece, now in the national museum in Barcelona. What is really striking about the image is not so much Balthasar, though he looks very resolute and purposeful, with his large hand pointing up to the star in the top right hand corner. No, what is really dramatic is the horse – or rather the horse's feet. For this horse is shod in the most modish, delicate, ornately decorated high-heeled shoes! Now another insight inserts itself into our reflection on the Lord's Epiphany: incongruous. What is a horse doing in high heels? Is this something of what we know today as gender fluidity?
But the incongruity is really more fundamental. There is something outrageous about this journey, in the very dead of winter. These visitors do not belong; they are not supposed to be here. The shepherds belong: they may be poor and uneducated, but they are our kind. And here is a dimension of the revelation of glory that we see in the Epiphany that is not directly addressed by Keble, or Andrewes, – though Augustine comes close. In our generation, the magi are surely the many who are seeking truth and spiritual meaning, but who have no connection to the church. The challenge for us is twofold. First, it is to recognise how God is inviting them to draw near – what star is leading people to God today? And secondly, what do we need to do to unencumber ourselves, to free ourselves from the kind of trappings of religion that now constitute a barrier between us and the searching world without losing those practices, those skilful means that shape our faith?
Listening to William Temple's biography in the refectory at the moment only underlines how much has changed in our lifetime. This is no longer a Christian country, if it ever was; and Anglicans cannot claim to be a worldwide church of the kind Temple believed it to be. But far from discouraging or depressing us, we are struck by our affinity with the times in which the story all began. Roman occupied Palestine was a difficult environment. The start reality of occupation encouraged dependence on a cultic version of Judaism that was seen to have less and less relevance for many of the population. Yet God was mightily at work: unpredictable, unexpected, exciting, veiled, ambiguous – but above all, present, in the midst of it all. And the divine generosity is revealed freely. So it is that shepherds go to see, summoned by angels. They may have been good Jewish shepherds, we do not know. What matters is that they went. And then those three who make their way from the East, a cold coming they had of it, at the very dead of winter, summoned to the presence of God among us by the light of the star. They are received, welcomed into the presence – and they worship. How? By kneeling and offering gifts, signifying the shape of human lives, and this human life in particular: gold suggesting status, a person of authority; incense, pointing to the presence of the divine; and myrrh, the reminder of mortality. And all is in response to the divine initiative. God acts: we respond. This Epiphany challenges us to be more alert for the signs of God's activity; more ready to see God in surprising places; more wiling to venture beyond the safe space of our religious practices – and all because, as the second letter of Peter puts it, "the divine power has given us everything needed for life and godliness, through the knowledge of him who called us by his own glory and goodness." (1 Peter 1.3) In the world we indeed have tribulation – and we feel helpless. Before God we are truly helpless, but God has poured upon his love and light and life. So rejoice that this Epiphany marks the decisive turn in our understanding: this love and life of God is for all, and we are to play our part in welcoming others in. No wonder even the horses wear fancy high heels!


Ancient Maya arithmetic and numeration system, with its Dot-and-Bar notation and concept of zero, is a fascinating topic. In this article, we will explain how to read the Maya numerals and how to do mathematical operations in the Maya vigesimal system.
This resource can be use for the History Key Stage 2 (KS2) curriculum.
NB: specialists of the Maya civilisation say "Maya numerals", "Maya number system", "Maya mathematics" and not "Mayan numerals" etc. The adjective "Mayan" is used only in reference to languages (see: 10 red-flags for spotting unreliable online resources).
The Maya were advanced mathematicians. Their numerical system, possibly one of the world most advanced at the time, allowed the Maya to do the elaborate calculations needed to make precise astronomical predictions and the precision of their observations along with their astronomical and calendrical recordkeeping were astonishingly accurate.
It now appears that the Maya had begun to use a system of numeration by position as early as the Late Preclassic (ca 400 BC-150 AD). Also called place-value notation, a positional notation is a system for representation of numbers -like our own- in which the value of a numeral symbol depends on its position (e.g. the "ones place", "tens place", "hundreds place").
One of the great intellectual accomplishment of the Maya was the use of the mathematical concept of zero. They were one of the only ancient civilisations to use it (the great Egyptians never used the concept of zero!) and the appearance of the zero in Maya inscriptions is one of the earliest known instance of this concept in the world.
Contrary to popular belief, due to geographical disconnect before the Conquest, Maya and Mesoamerican never had any influence on -and reciprocally, had not been influenced by- Old World mathematics.
In their numeral system, the ancient Maya only used three symbols to represent all numbers. A dot has a numerical value of 1, a line (or bar) a numerical value of 5 and a shell has the value of "completion" or 0. That's the Dot-and-Bar notation used all over Mesoamerica.
These symbols (dot, bar and shell) are thought to represent items that the Maya people might have first used to count with, such as: pebbles, sticks and shells.
So where we learn to count on our fingers, Maya children counted on their fingers and toes.
The numbers above nineteen are indicated on the basis of their vertical position. The Maya used a vigesimal (Base-20) system, so each position is a power of twenty.
Our own Hindu-Arabic numeral system uses powers of tens ("ones place", "tens place", "hundreds place"); it's a decimal or Base-10 system. The ancient Maya used a vigesimal (Base-20) notation in which each position is a power of twenty (instead of ten as in our decimal system).
In a Base-10 system, there are 9 digits (1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9) plus a zero. When writing numbers, once we get to '9' we then have to move across to the next column. We write a 'one' followed by a 'zero' to show that we have moved across. Zero is a 'place-holder'. From there, we're going to use the 9 numerals to represent the number we want up to 99. Then, when we go beyond '99', we move across to the next column and write '100'.
The Maya used a similar system using their 19 numerals and then moving to the next section and putting a zero (represented by the shell) as a placeholder. Another difference is that the Maya used rows instead of columns, starting from the bottom and working upwards. So the place values were multiples of 20s: 1s, 20s (20 x 1), 400s, (20 x 20), 8,000s (20 x 400) and so on.
The Maya vigesimal system is every bit as useful and efficient as our own decimal-place system. Besides being base 20 instead of base 10, it differs from ours in using combinations of just three symbols (shell, bar, dot) whereas we have to use 10 different symbols (0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9).
How did we get there: we know that 4285 is smaller than 8000 (20³) so we're going to divide it by 400 (20²) which gives us '10'. The remainder is 285 which we're going to divide by 20 (20¹). That gives us '14' plus '5' units left over.
Adding and subtracting numbers using the Maya numeral system is very simple.
Addition is performed by combining the numeric symbols at each level.
Similarly with subtraction, simply remove the elements.
Smithsonian National Museum of the American Indian– Pupils can take the Maya Maths Challenge where they are asked to calculate numbers in the Maya number system. The game has varying levels of difficulty.
9 Responses to "Maya Numerals & Mathematics"
Thank you for your comments – a lot of work goes into creating these resources for children/teachers/general public, so comments such as yours are greatly appreciated!
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Date of publishing 12 May 2021
Supplied by : DENSO
The 'League of True Mechanics' competition is back! You can now join DENSO's e-Learning platform, where you can learn and earn our fantastic prizes!
All 2020 courses accredited by the IMI, so complete all the modules for an IMI certificate
New courses on Wipers, A/C and Diesel added
Parts distributors can also take part in a dedicated competition
Participation is 100% FREE
Registrations are now open to all based in the UK & Ireland. It's simple:
Take the online courses and quizzes
Collect 'D-coins' and be rewarded for being at the top of the league.
Prizes includes Bose headphones, Toyota Gazoo racing merchandise, branded overalls and more.
The competition is only open to technicians but anyone dealing with car parts can join the e-Learning platform to refine their knowledge.
By taking the online courses, you will get technical know-how and tips. You will improve your technical knowledge & prove your skills through tests.
Contact DENSO
DENSO introduces more cabin filter references to cater for aftermarket demand
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The Original Equipment Suppliers Aftermarket Association (OESAA) is pleased to reveal details of its upcoming webinars, which will be spearheaded by DENSO and Schaeffler....
DENSO to showcase new offerings digitally at Automechanika 2021
An exclusive live web session will headline DENSO's attendance at Automechanika Frankfurt 2021, Europe's leading trade fair for the automotive service industry, on 14th-16th September....
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DENSO Aftermarket has extended its technical training offering with the launch of its 'Denso in the Workshop' webinar series....
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When it comes to wiper blades, they're an overlooked yet essential feature on cars. Wiper blade replacement can also be delayed, and common signs of worn wiper blades can be…...
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Today we present a product review on a great book entitled Attacking Judo authored by Katsuhi Kashiwazaki and Hidetoshi Nakanishi. Kashiwazaki and Nakanishi are two of the most famous Judo teachers in Japan, both former world champions.
Unlike most Judo or martial arts books that focus on detailed technical instruction, Attacking Judoteaches the art of combinations and counters. This book does a great job of teaching beginner through advanced Judoka the theory behind many common combination and counter sequences you will find occurring during Judo randori or competition. It is also a great way to understand and develop your own combinations into and out of your favorite techniques. This book is a godsend to beginners looking for a way to string together attacks that make sense or that will lead to a big throw. Advanced Judo students will love how the author gives them a great reference point as new techniques start to present themselves in training.
Overall we at Scranton MMA rate this book a 9/10. You simply will not find a better manual that will walk you through the concepts and principles behind effective combinations and counters. The book is also very easy to read and refer back to when you want to start working on or adding a new throw to your game. See you on the mat!


By Eric Litke on Tuesday, March 26th, 2019 at 3:18 p.m.
Criticizing the Wisconsin Economic Development Corp. as a "constant source of controversy, inefficiency and ineffectiveness," Gov. Tony Evers pledged while campaigning to disband the agency.
He also said he would "replace it and return the majority of economic development dollars to local communities and regional organizations."
That plan hit a snag when Republicans passed a series of lame-duck bills that gave the state Legislature control over the WEDC for the first nine months of 2019. That is, the start of Evers' term. That blocked Evers' ability to act, so we gave Evers a Full Flop for a promise to dissolve WEDC in his first budget.
But the Republican blockade hit a snag of its own March 21, 2019, when a judge blocked all the lame-duck laws, saying they were passed in an illegally convened session (Republicans have moved to appeal). Evers acted shortly thereafter to address other actions blocked by the bills, but he has not yet taken any action against WEDC.
Melissa Baldauff, Evers' deputy chief of staff, said Evers is not planning to make any changes at WEDC immediately.
"Once the governor regains control of WEDC he will be in a position to begin laying out a vision for the state's economic development agency," she said in an email.
That makes this promise Stalled.


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Helena Vašáková (born April 27, 1961) is a Czechoslovak sprint canoer who competed in the early 1980s. She was eliminated in the semifinals of the K-2 500 m event at the 1980 Summer Olympics in Moscow.

References

1961 births
Canoeists at the 1980 Summer Olympics
Czechoslovak female canoeists
Living people
Olympic canoeists of Czechoslovakia

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We wished the room to be as spacious as possible while still carving out areas for the crib, storage, and other bed room necessities. The mattress anchors the area perfectly, and its chequered headboard provides a stunning visual texture. Discrete nightstands minus bedside lamps create an airier feel. An off-centre ceiling lamp allows Kaustubh to read (or work) in bed. With the addition of a capacious dresser and bookshelf, the bed room is the whole lot the young mother and father need.
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Cliff (John Ratzenberger) is none too thrilled when his mother (Frances Sternhagen) pays an extended visit. Making matters worse, Mom takes a shine to Woody (Woody Harrelson), virtually adopting the affable bartender as "the son I never had." Back at Cheers, the gang tangles with some construction workers, and Norm (George Wendt) gets stuck in a barred window.


Today is a day of great joy and delight in the Archdiocese of Tuam. It gives me great pleasure this day to ordain two young, courageous individuals for service in the priesthood of Jesus Christ in the Archdiocese of Tuam. Two talented young men of great calibre and strength of mind and will – delighted to respond – happy to commit to the call of God at this most challenging of times.
Lá thar laethannta é seo don Ard-deoise. Beirt fhear, cróga, stuama, spioradálta – iad sásta breith ar na maidí rámha – réidh le dul i mbunn oibre mar urlabhraí Íosa Críost in Árd-deoise Thuama.
God calls us in many different ways to different vocations in life. While the circumstances vary a great deal, nevertheless, each one's call shares with that of others a dramatic decisiveness, perhaps the element of surprise, which abruptly changes one's life in many different ways. A clear "yes" is demanded.
Both young men before us today have approached that call and have responded from very different backgrounds, Eugene from a rural town in the West of Ireland and Shane from the heart of the USA, Baxter, Minnesota. Both responding with outstanding generosity to the radical call of Jesus Christ to serve as diocesan priests in a diocese steeped in a wealth of faith and tradition, St. Patrick, St. Jarlath, St. Colmcille, St. MacDara, St. Colman, St. Ciarán, Our Lady of Knock, Ballintubber, Máméan!
The Prophet Isaiah in today's First Reading is summoned by God to a new ministry while at prayer in the Temple; Simon Peter and the others, James and John, receive a call while fishing. Paul received it while fiercely persecuting the early Christians. The message for all of us that we must be ready for God's call; no moment is too sacred or too secular for God to intervene and summon us to a new way.
In calling us to something new God is not suggesting that the previous way of life was unworthy. Look at the various calls, whether it be Isaiah, Peter or Paul, God was calling each one to something new which scared them. They felt very incapable of the new vocation in the way it brought them into the immediate presence of the all holy God. Their vocation called them beyond their realm of ability or desire. Rather than deny their talents and the dignity of their way of life up to this moment, God sanctifies all their talents and enables the disciples to achieve far more than they thought possible. Like Isaiah and his people we find ourselves in a time characterised by change, and, some might argue a vacuum in society. The Church may have lost it strong influence in society and it is unclear what public role it will play in the future.
Today, Eugene and Shane are being sent on a way where we have not set the goal ourselves and may not even know where we are going. The appearance of tomorrow's Church may have little in common with the Church of today. But the true Church of all times lives and acts based on the divine promise.
Today's gospel is appropriate on this Trinity Sunday but also on this special occasion as Eugene and Shane are being ordained and sent out on mission. This is a daunting task. Jesus promises his abiding presence to strengthen them in their mission. The authority which Jesus conferred on the disciples for their mission is one which through ordination is being conferred on Shane and Eugene in the Ordination ceremony today. It is the authority which Jesus enjoyed as the Son of Man who came not be served but to serve and to give his life as a ransom for many. It is an authority, then, designated to liberate rather than to dominate.
Beidh Shane agus Eugene ag freastal mar shearbhóntaithe úirísle, mar ghiollaí umhla – mar Shagairt nua oirnithe – agus iad i mbunn seirbhíse ar Dhia, ar Iosa Críost, tríd an Spiorad Naomh ar phobal Dé san Árd-deoise seo.
Eugene and Shane, you are called and sent to be a builder of communion between people and a sower of hope. Within your own family you have experienced what the Second Vatican Council described as "a community of life and love". Here you had a wonderful experience of this self-giving love. Christian families are not only the privileged place for human and Christian formation; they can also be 'the primary and most excellent seed bed of vocations to a life of consecration to the kingdom of God".
In your priestly ministry you will be mediators of God's healing grace to the human family. In the Sacrament of baptism you will introduce people to God's family; in the Sacrament of Reconciliation/Penance you will, through the grace of ordination, forgive sins not yet committed and reassure people of a forgiving and merciful God who comes to meet us in our brokenness and frailty. In the Eucharist you will help build community where the minds and attitudes of Jesus Christ will prevail. You will bring comfort and consolation to the sick and dying helping to rid them of fear and preparing them to meet a welcoming Lord. In the Sacrament of Marriage you will be present to reassure men and women of Christ's presence and his journeying with them through life.
In all of this you will be teaching them, not just by word, but principally by the example of your priestly life, lived generously and faithfully.
There is no priest who is not challenged by the goodness and fidelity of the people to whom he ministers. It will be important in your ministry to be open to and appreciative of this goodness.
There will be times in your ministry when you will feel discouraged and disillusioned, when despite your best efforts many will reject or refuse to respond to the message you preach. While the experts are predicting a bleak future for the Church and its ministers you are called to be men of irrepressible hope who will help people to read the signs of what is happening in our contemporary culture. It will be your responsibility to support them as they struggle to find meaning in life and to experience God's presence in the midst of pressure. You will be a bearer of hope for others if you have hope in your own heart, if at all times you are in close relationship with God in prayer. There is no need to be fearful as the risen Lord impressed upon the disciples in today's gospel: "I am with you always".
In spite of the problems which are highlighted today, this is a great time to be a priest. You will experience wonderful support from people, you have a tremendous privilege, as a member of a team to work with the people, religious and your brother priests in the priesthood here in the Archdiocese of Tuam. I look forward very much to working with you and I pray that the joy of this day will remain with you, your families and friends and all the people you serve.
On an occasion such as this it is appropriate to acknowledge and pay tribute to the generosity of our priests. There is something very attractive, inspiring and uplifting when we see priests who are men of prayer, close to the Lord, interested in and committed to their people and appreciative of their struggles and their strengths. Priesthood will always be indispensable for the Church and for society when lived in this way and thank God for our priests.
Comhgairdeachas libh beirt ar an lá mór seo. Thar ceann an phobail seo cuireann sé ríméad agus áthas orm fáilte a chur romhaibh mar sagairt nua in Árd-deoise Thuama. Go maire sibh bhur nuacht agus thar rud ar bith eile – go maire sibh an ola!
Shane and Eugene – heartiest and sincere congratulations to you both as I welcome you as the newest members of the family of the priesthood of Jesus Christ in the Archdiocese of Tuam. May God bless you both in the important and significant mission that lies ahead of you both.


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Justia › US Law › Case Law › Texas Case Law › Supreme Court of Texas Decisions › 2019 › In re A.L.M.-F.
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In re A.L.M.-F. (Opinion)
In this termination of parental rights case the Supreme Court affirmed the judgment of the court of appeals affirming the judgment of the trial court denying Mother's jury demand in a de novo hearing under Tex. Family Code 201.015 after Mother waived her right to a jury trial before the associate judge, holding that the trial court did not abuse its discretion.
The trial court referred this case to an associate judge for adjudication on the merits, and the parties waived the right to a jury trial. Following a bench trial, the associate judge terminated Mother's parental rights. Mother then demanded a jury trial and requested a de novo hearing on the issue of evidence sufficiency. The referring judge denied the jury request and set a de novo hearing. The court then terminated Mother's parental rights. The court of appeals affirmed. The Supreme Court affirmed, holding (1) section 201.015 permits, but does not require, the referring court to grant a jury trial demand made for the first time at the de novo hearing stage; and (2) under the circumstances of this case, the trial court was not obligated to grant Mother's jury demand.
Opinion Annotation
IN THE SUPREME COURT OF TEXAS 444444444444 NO. 17-0603 444444444444 IN THE INTEREST OF A.L.M.-F., A.M., J.A.-F., N.A.-F., AND E.A.-F., CHILDREN 4444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444 ON PETITION FOR REVIEW FROM THE COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE TENTH DISTRICT OF TEXAS 4444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444 Argued January 10, 2019 JUSTICE GUZMAN delivered the opinion of the Court. To alleviate pressure on an overburdened court system, the Legislature allows judges in civil proceedings to refer cases to associate judges for disposition of a variety of case-related matters, including trials on the merits.1 Referral is not binding on the parties, so if either party timely objects, the referring court "shall hear the trial on the merits or preside at a jury trial."2 Barring an objection, however, the associate judge may determine the merits in either a bench or a jury trial,3 subject to the parties' post-trial right to request a "de novo hearing" before the referring court within thirty 1 TEX. FAM. CODE §§ 201.005(a) ("[A] judge of a court may refer to an associate judge any aspect of a suit over which the court has jurisdiction under [Title 5 of the Family Code, the Parent-Child Relationship], Title 1 [the Marriage Relationship], Chapter 45 [Name Changes], or Title 4 [Protective Orders and Family Violence], including any matter ancillary to the suit."), .102 (subchapter A applies to associate judges for Title IV-D cases, except to the extent of any conflict with subchapter B), .306 (allowing referral of juvenile justice court matters); TEX. GOV'T CODE §§ 54A.106(a) (allowing referral of "any civil case or portion of a civil case"), .207 (associate judge referrals in statutory probate court proceedings); see also TEX. FAM. CODE §§ 201.007 (associate judge powers in referable cases), .104 (powers in Title IV-D cases), .204 (powers in child-protection cases), .308 (powers in juvenile justice matters); TEX. GOV'T CODE §§ 54A.108 (powers in civil proceedings), .209 (powers in probate cases). 2 TEX. FAM. CODE § 201.005(b), (c); TEX. GOV'T CODE §§ 54A.106(b), (c), .207(b), (c). 3 Supra note 2. days.4 In this case, which involves termination of parental rights, the issue is whether a party who waived the right to a jury trial before the associate judge is entitled to demand a jury trial in a de novo hearing under section 201.015 of the Texas Family Code. The trial court denied the jury demand, and the court of appeals affirmed, finding no abuse of discretion.5 We hold that the statute permits, but does not require, the referring court to grant a jury-trial demand made for the first time at the de novo hearing stage. We therefore affirm the court of appeals' judgment. I. Background The Department of Family and Protective Services filed a petition to terminate Mother's parental rights to her five children based on child endangerment and noncompliance with a court order establishing the terms for reunification.6 Without objection by either party, the trial court referred the case to an associate judge for adjudication on the merits, and the parties waived the right to a jury trial. Following a two-day bench trial at which both sides called witnesses, the associate judge found sufficient evidence of grounds to terminate Mother's parental rights and that termination is in the children's best interests.7 The day after receiving the associate judge's report, Mother demanded a jury trial, and immediately following that, she timely requested a de novo hearing 4 TEX. FAM. CODE § 201.015 (de novo hearing in Family Code cases); see id. §§ 201.1042 (Title IV-D cases are subject to section 201.015, except as otherwise provided), .2042 (child-protection cases are subject to section 201.015, except as otherwise provided), .317 (de novo hearing in juvenile matters); TEX. GOV'T CODE §§ 54A.115, .216. 5 564 S.W.3d 441, 444 (Tex. App.—Waco 2017). 6 See TEX. FAM. CODE § 161.001(b)(1)(D), (E), (O). The children's fathers were also named in the termination petition, but they did not appear at trial and are not parties to this appeal. 7 See id. § 161.001(b)(1), (2). 2 before the referring court on the issue of evidence sufficiency.8 At a non-evidentiary hearing on Mother's jury-trial request, both the Department and the attorney ad litem for the children objected to the jury demand. The Department argued that (1) Mother had no right to a jury trial for the de novo hearing and (2) granting a jury demand at that juncture would prejudice both the Department and the children. Among other concerns, the Department cited the difficulty and expense of recalling all the witnesses to testify before a jury, including three expert witnesses and the interpreters required for several other witnesses. The attorney ad litem asserted that any delay occasioned by a jury trial would result in turmoil and uncertainty for the children. In response, Mother maintained that (1) section 201.015 of the Family Code grants the right to a jury trial in a de novo hearing so long as it is the first jury trial in the case, (2) it was theoretically possible for the referring court to hold a jury trial within the thirty-day window section 201.015 allows for conducting a de novo hearing,9 and (3) the expense of litigating the case to a jury after a previous bench trial is irrelevant to whether a jury trial is required when timely requested. The referring court denied the jury request and set a de novo hearing date in compliance with the statutory deadline. At the hearing, the transcripts and exhibits from the associate-judge proceedings were admitted into evidence, but no witnesses were called to testify. After taking the matter under advisement, the court terminated Mother's parental rights and appointed the Department permanent managing conservator. 8 Id. § 201.015(a), (b). 9 Id. § 201.015(f); see TEX. R. CIV. P. 216(a) ("No jury trial shall be had in any civil suit, unless a written request for a jury trial is filed with the clerk of the court a reasonable time before the date set for trial of the cause on the non-jury docket, but not less than thirty days in advance."). 3 Mother appealed, asserting (1) the trial court abused its discretion in denying her jury demand and (2) the evidence was factually insufficient to support the best-interest finding. Rejecting both complaints, the court of appeals affirmed.10 On petition for review to this Court, Mother challenges only the denial of her jury demand.11 As to that matter, the court of appeals assumed, without deciding, that Mother had a right to demand a jury trial at the de novo hearing and that her request was made within a reasonable time before trial.12 Even so, the court held that the trial court was not required to honor the request given the expense the Department would incur to relitigate the case to a jury and the harm that could befall the children if permanency were delayed.13 Mother argues that the Family Code protects her constitutional rights by guaranteeing that parties can demand at least one jury trial at any stage of the trial-court proceedings. Asserting a first-time jury trial is available in a de novo hearing as a matter of right, she complains that the lower courts failed to afford her a presumption that a timely jury demand must be granted. II. Discussion Only five states in the country permit or require a jury trial in cases involving termination of parental rights.14 10 Recognizing the importance of the interests at stake in termination 564 S.W.3d 441, 443 (Tex. App.—Waco 2017). 11 See Golden Eagle Archery, Inc. v. Jackson, 116 S.W.3d 757, 761 (Tex. 2003) ("Although this Court does not have jurisdiction to conduct a factual sufficiency review, we do have jurisdiction to determine whether a court of appeals has applied the correct standard in conducting a factual sufficiency review."). 12 564 S.W.3d at 444. 13 Id. 14 Linda A. Syzmanski, Is a Jury Trial Ever Available in a Termination of Parental Rights Case?, 16 NCJJ S NAPSHOT No. 3 (Mar. 2011), http://www.ncjj.org/pdf/Snapshots/2011/vol16_no3_Jury%20Trial %20In%20Termination%20of%20Parental%20Rights%20Case.pdf (as of 2010, Oklahoma, Texas, Virginia, Wisconsin, and Wyoming were the only states requiring or permitting, to varying degrees, a jury trial in termination cases). 4 proceedings,15 Texas is one of them. Under our permissive statute, parties may demand a jury trial or elect to have a judge decide a termination case on the merits.16 As with other civil proceedings, the trial court may refer termination cases to an associate judge for myriad purposes, including adjudication on the merits in either a bench or jury trial.17 Trial on the merits before an associate judge is not compulsory under our civil referral statutes and may be avoided if a party objects: Unless a party files a written objection to the associate judge hearing a trial on the merits, the judge may refer the trial to the associate judge. A trial on the merits is any final adjudication from which an appeal may be taken to a court of appeals.18 A party desiring a jury trial before the referring court need only object to the associate-judge referral and timely demand a jury trial: A party must file an objection to an associate judge hearing a trial on the merits or presiding at a jury trial not later than the 10th day after the date the party receives notice that the associate judge will hear the trial. If an objection is filed, the referring court shall hear the trial on the merits or preside at a jury trial.19 Here, by failing to object to the referral, Mother declined the opportunity to have a jury trial before the referring court in the first instance. She then elected to waive her statutory right to a jury trial in the associate-judge proceedings. Despite these choices, Mother claims section 201.015 of the Family Code guarantees a third opportunity to demand a jury trial in a "de novo hearing" before 15 See Holick v. Smith, 685 S.W.2d 18, 20 (Tex. 1985) ("The natural right existing between parents and their children is of constitutional dimensions."). 16 TEX. FAM. CODE § 105.002 (authorizing a jury trial except in specified matters). 17 See supra note 1. 18 TEX. FAM. CODE §§ 201.005(b), .306(b); TEX. GOV'T CODE §§ 54A.106(b), .207(b). 19 TEX. FAM. CODE § 201.005(c); TEX. GOV'T CODE §§ 54A.106(c), .207(c); see TEX. R. CIV. P. 216(a) (specifying the time for requesting a jury trial). 5 the referring court. A. De Novo Hearings Section 201.015 applies to associate-judge referrals in child-protection, Title IV-D, and juvenile justice cases20 and has near equivalents applicable to associate-judge referrals in other civil cases and probate proceedings.21 Under section 201.015, when a case is referred to an associate judge for any authorized purpose—including disposition on the merits—"[a] party may request a de novo hearing before the referring court by filing with the clerk of the referring court a written request not later than the third working day after the date the party receives notice of [the substance of the associate judge's ruling or order]."22 De novo hearings are limited to the specific issues stated in the de novo hearing request,23 and the referring court must conduct the de novo hearing within thirty days of the request.24 The parties may present witnesses at the de novo hearing, and the referring court "may also consider the record from the hearing before the associate judge, including the charge to and verdict returned by a jury."25 Notably, "[a] party may not demand a second jury in a de novo hearing before 20 TEX. FAM. CODE §§ 201.015, .1042, .2042, .317. 21 TEX. GOV'T CODE §§ 54A.115 (civil cases), .216 (probate proceedings). 22 TEX. FAM. CODE §§ 201.015(a), .2042(b) (in child-protection cases, the requesting party must also file the request with the referring court); cf. TEX. GOV'T CODE §§ 54A.115(a), .216 (same as section 201.015, except with a seven-working-day deadline). 23 TEX. FAM. CODE § 201.015(b); see In re L.R., 324 S.W.3d 885, 890 n.5 (Tex. App.—Austin 2010, no pet.) ("[T]he de novo hearing before the referring court is limited to those issues raised in the hearing request."); cf. TEX. GOV'T CODE §§ 54A.115(b), .216(b). 24 TEX. FAM. CODE § 201.015(f); cf. TEX. GOV'T CODE §§ 54A.115(e), .216(f). 25 TEX. FAM. CODE § 201.015(c); cf. TEX. GOV'T CODE §§ 54A.115(f), .216(c). 6 the referring court if the associate judge's proposed order or judgment resulted from a jury trial."26 Neither section 201.015 nor any other provision of the Family Code expressly confers a right to a jury trial in a de novo hearing. Unlike the statutes authorizing referral to an associate judge, which explicitly refer to jury trials, the de novo hearing statutes are uniformly silent on the matter.27 In claiming a right to a jury trial under section 201.015, Mother homes in on two of its aspects—(1) the prohibition on a "second" jury trial in a de novo hearing and (2) the word "de novo," which modifies the term "hearing." Relying on these terms, Mother contends section 201.015 contemplates an entirely new and independent proceeding in which she may try her case anew to a jury so long as she previously tried her case to the bench. The Department urges that section 201.015 permits, but does not require, a referring court to grant a first-time request for a jury trial in a de novo proceeding. As in all cases requiring us to construe a statute, we resolve this dispute by analyzing the statute's language to determine the Legislature's intent.28 We construe the statute "as a cohesive, contextual whole, accepting that [the] lawmaker-authors chose their words carefully, both in what they included and in what they excluded."29 Because we presume the Legislature intended for all the words in a statute to have meaning, we must harmonize statutory language when possible so that no terms are rendered useless.30 By negative implication, section 201.015's prohibition on "second" jury trials gives rise to 26 TEX. FAM. CODE § 201.015(i); cf. TEX. GOV'T CODE §§ 54A.115(h), .216(i). 27 TEX. FAM. CODE §§ 201.015, .317; TEX. GOV'T CODE §§ 54A.115, .216. 28 Sommers v. Sandcastle Homes, Inc., 521 S.W.3d 749, 754 (Tex. 2017). 29 Id. 30 Spradlin v. Jim Walter Homes, Inc., 34 S.W.3d 578, 580 (Tex. 2000). 7 two alternative inferences: (1) a first jury trial is available as a matter of right in a de novo hearing or (2) the trial court is not prohibited from granting a first request for a jury trial in a de novo hearing and thus may allow one, in its discretion. Construing Chapter 201 as a whole, we conclude that the latter is a reasonable construction of the statute, but the former is not. 1. A "De Novo Hearing" is Not a "Trial De Novo" A "trial de novo" is a new and independent action in the reviewing court with "all the attributes of an original action" as if no trial of any kind has occurred in the court below.31 But under Chapter 201, a hearing is not equivalent to a trial, and review under section 201.015 is not entirely independent of the proceedings before the associate judge. Accordingly, the term "de novo hearing," as used in Chapter 201, cannot reasonably be equated to a "trial de novo." Rather, the term "de novo hearing" appears to bear a special meaning that is relatively unique to the associate-judge referral statutes and governed by the procedures specified in the authorizing statutes.32 31 Key W. Life Ins. Co. v. State Bd. of Ins., 350 S.W.2d 839, 846 (Tex. 1961) (defining "trial de novo" and describing its attributes); Lone Star Gas Co. v. State, 153 S.W.2d 681, 692 (Tex. 1941) (a trial de novo ordinarily requires the court to conduct a "full civil trial on the facts as well as the law" where the parties will "try the case as if the suit had been filed originally in that court"). 32 Aside from the various associate-judge referral statutes, "de novo hearings" are granted under only a handful of other statutes, most of which require expedited hearing settings and most of which do not implicate the right to a jury trial at all. See TEX. FAM. CODE § 54.01(n) (de novo detention hearing in juvenile justice cases is authorized in certain circumstances, but must be formally requested within ten working days, with a hearing required "not later than the second working day" after the request); TEX. HEALTH & SAFETY CODE §§ 574.106(d) (authorizing a judge to refer a hearing on an order authorizing psychoactive medication to a magistrate or associate judge with training regarding psychoactive medications), (e) (granting the right to a de novo hearing by the judge on appeal from a magistrate's or associate judge's report; hearing required within thirty days), 592.156(e), (f) (same); TEX. OCC. CODE § 301.455(c) (requiring the State Office of Administrative Hearings to make a preliminary determination on probable cause in a de novo hearing within eleven days following the nursing board's determination that probable cause exists to temporarily suspend or restrict a nurse's license); TEX. TAX CODE §§ 33.74(a) (authorizing an appeal for a de novo hearing "by the judge" from a tax master's recommendation of final judgment), .76(a) (precluding a tax master from presiding over a properly and timely demanded jury trial); TEX. REV. CIV. STAT. art. 7819 (Water Aux. Laws) ("The court shall set the matter down for hearing de novo, and the matters shall be tried and determined by the court."); TEX. REV. CIV. STAT. art. 6243e § 22 (authorizing an appeal from local board decisions under the Texas Local Fire Fighters Retirement Act to the State Office of Administrative Hearings as a contested case conducted as a "de novo hearing" under Chapter 2001 8 In several provisions, Chapter 201 distinguishes between hearings and trials in relation to one another and with respect to jury and non-jury trials.33 On the front end, Chapter 201 explicitly allows for a "trial" before either the associate judge or, on timely objection, the referring court.34 Associate and referring judges may "hear" a non-jury trial on the merits or "preside" over a jury trial.35 Associate judges may also "conduct a hearing," as textually distinguished from "trials" that an associate judge can refer back to the referring court "in the interest of justice."36 On the back end, the de novo hearing procedures in section 201.015 apply to all associate-judge rulings without making similar distinctions, describing the procedure only as a hearing, not a trial. When construing a statute, we "presume the Legislature selected statutory words, phrases, and expressions deliberately and purposefully and was just as careful in selecting the words, phrases, and expressions that were included or omitted."37 In that vein, the juxtaposition of word choice in the associate-judge referral statutes is compelling with regard to legislative intent.38 The procedures applicable to a section 201.015 "de novo hearing" are also inconsistent with of the Government Code). 33 Compare TEX. FAM. CODE § 201.005(b), (c) ("hearing a trial on the merits" versus "presiding over a jury trial") with id. § 201.007(a)(1), (b) (associate judge can "conduct a hearing" and may refer a case back to the referring court to "hear[] the trial on the merits" or to "presid[e] at a jury trial"). 34 Id. § 201.005(b). 35 Id. § 201.005(b), (c). 36 See id. § 201.007 (associate judge powers in referable cases); accord id. §§ 201.104 (powers in Title IV-D cases), .204(c) (powers in child-protection cases), .308 (powers in juvenile justice matters); TEX. GOV'T CODE §§ 54A.108 (powers in civil proceedings), .209 (powers in probate cases). 37 In re Xerox Corp., 555 S.W.3d 518, 527 (Tex. 2018). 38 See id. at 529. 9 the established understanding of a trial de novo. As described by the referral statutes, a de novo hearing is not entirely independent of the proceedings before the associate judge. The defining characteristic of a trial de novo is that it is a complete retrial on all issues on which the judgment was founded.39 Consequently, in such proceedings, the judgment of the first tribunal is ordinarily vacated. Not merely suspended, but nullified.40 For example, in authorizing a "trial de novo" review of administrative-agency decisions, the Legislature has specified that the reviewing court shall try each issue of fact and law in the manner that applies to other civil suits in this state as though there had not been an intervening agency action or decision but may not admit in evidence the fact of prior state agency action or the nature of that action except to the limited extent necessary to show compliance with statutory provisions that vest jurisdiction in the court.41 Notably, the statute is specific in stating that "[o]n demand, a party to a trial de novo review may have a jury determination of each issue of fact on which a jury determination could be obtained in other civil suits in this state."42 Statutes enacted by the Legislature and rules adopted by this Court generally use the term "trial de novo" to trigger these consequences.43 Those who lose a truancy case, for example, may appeal to a juvenile court.44 An appeal of the "case must be tried de novo," and "[o]n appeal, the 39 Key W. Life Ins. Co. v. State Bd. of Ins., 350 S.W.2d 839, 846 (Tex. 1961). 40 S. Canal Co. v. State Bd. of Water Eng'rs, 318 S.W.2d 619, 622 (Tex. 1958). 41 TEX. GOV'T CODE § 2001.173(a). 42 Id. § 2001.173(b). 43 E.g., id. § 2001.173(a); TEX. LOC. GOV'T CODE § 161.207(b); TEX. NAT. RES. CODE § 89.087(b); TEX. WATER CODE § 68.312(b); TEX. AGRIC. CODE § 60.133(c); TEX. TRANSP. CODE § 372.108(d). 44 TEX. FAM. CODE § 65.151(a). 10 judgment of the truancy court is vacated."45 Likewise, cases first heard in justice courts may be appealed to a statutory county court for a full "trial de novo."46 The applicable rules are express in stating that trial de novo is "a new trial in which the entire case is presented as if there had been no previous trial."47 A trial de novo is not what the Legislature enacted as the mechanism for reviewing an associate judge's merits adjudications.48 Not in word and not in attribute. Rather, the Legislature created a process that is mandatory when invoked but expedited in time frame and limited in scope. The associate judge's judgment is not vacated, but pending review, is "in full force and effect and is enforceable as an order or judgment of the referring court . . . ."49 Nor is a de novo hearing a complete retrial on all issues—parties must specify the specific issues presented to the referring court.50 Issues not specified need not be reviewed.51 Witnesses may only be presented on the specified issues, but the referring court may also consider the record from 45 Id. § 65.151(b). 46 TEX. R. CIV. P. 506.3 (generally), 509.8(e) (repair and remedy cases), 510.10(c) (eviction cases). 47 TEX. R. CIV. P. 506.3, 509.8(e), 510.10(c); see Hankook Tire Am. Corp. v. Thomas, No. 05-95-01445-CV, 1997 WL 531188, at *1 (Tex. App.—Dallas Aug. 29, 1997, writ dism'd w.o.j.) (not designated for publication) ("In all respects, the case proceeds as though the dispute had not been previously resolved."). 48 See In re L.R., 324 S.W.3d 885, 890-91 (Tex. App.—Austin 2010, no pet.) ("[T]he granting of a de novo hearing under section 201.015 does not, like the granting of a motion for new trial, reinstate the case on the court's docket as if no trial had occurred for purposes of the statutory deadline for commencement of trial on the merits."). 49 TEX. FAM. CODE § 201.013(a). For child-protection cases, this is important because it results in a continuation of the proceedings pending disposition of the de novo hearing; nullifying the trial and commencing the proceedings anew might otherwise run afoul of the automatic dismissal provisions in section 263.401 of the Family Code. See id. § 263.401(a) (requiring dismissal "unless the court has commenced the trial on the merits" within a specified time period); see also L.R., 324 S.W.3d at 890-91 (rejecting mandamus petition seeking dismissal under section 263.401 on the basis that suit had not timely commenced because the referring court granted a jury trial in a de novo hearing—"no new trial was granted[,] . . . [only] a de novo hearing under family code section 201.015"). 50 TEX. FAM. CODE § 201.015(b). 51 See id. 11 the associate judge sua sponte.52 Participation in, or waiver of, a de novo hearing is without prejudice to "the right of a party to file a motion for new trial, motion for judgment notwithstanding the verdict, or other post-trial motion."53 In short, a de novo hearing is not an entirely new and independent action, but instead, is an extension of the original trial on the merits. This construction of the statute accords not only with its language but also with the overall design of the associate-judge system, which serves to streamline and expedite review of cases, not multiply proceedings and increase costs. 2. Timelines Are Incompatible With A Jury-Trial Right Proving the point, the deadlines for requesting and conducting a de novo hearing are inconsonant with Mother's construction of the statute as mandating a jury trial on timely demand. Under section 201.015, a de novo hearing is permitted only if requested within three working days after notice of the associate judge's decision54 and the hearing must be held within thirty calendar days after that,55 but under the rules of civil procedure, a jury demand must be made "a reasonable time" before a non-jury docket setting "but not less than thirty days in advance."56 If the statute said what Mother asserts, referring courts would be forced to fit jury trials within what would be at most 52 Id. § 201.015(c); In re J.T.T.J., No. 13-18-00319-CV, 2018 WL 5668567, at *9 (Tex. App.—Corpus Christi Nov. 1, 2018, pet. denied) (mem. op.); In re C.O., No. 04-17-00175-CV, 2018 WL 1733178, at *3 (Tex. App.—San Antonio Apr. 11, 2018, no pet.) (mem. op.). 53 TEX. FAM. CODE § 201.015(h). 54 Id. §§ 201.015(a)(1), .317(a). 55 Id. §§ 201.015(f), .317(e). 56 TEX. R. CIV. P. 216(a). Some courts have interpreted rule 216 more leniently, using the 30-day line as the time at which the requestor takes on the burden of proving the reasonableness of the request. Dawson v. Jarvis, 627 S.W.2d 444, 446 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 1981, writ ref'd n.r.e.) ("In every case that has been cited by either party, there is a consensus that in spite of the mandatory language of Rule 216, the rule is construed as being discretionary with the judge."); accord Gallagher v. Joyce, 459 S.W.2d 221, 223 (Tex. Civ. App.—Corpus Christi 1970, writ ref'd n.r.e.). 12 a five-day window, presenting nearly insurmountable docket-management issues. We must afford the statute a meaning consistent with its plain language that is also workable for all the cases for which a de novo hearing is authorized, not just this one. Even if a single case could theoretically be accommodated for a jury trial in the referring court within the short statutory time frame, the totality of the cases referring courts would have to accommodate on an expedited basis renders Mother's interpretation of section 201.015 facially improbable. Associate judges were granted the right to conduct merits-based adjudications to alleviate burdens on the court, not add to them.57 Giving weight to an inference that would neuter the effectiveness of these statutes as a relief valve for crowded court dockets is not reasonable.58 Though section 201.015 does not expressly authorize an extension of the thirty-day hearing deadline, some appellate courts have held that the deadline is not jurisdictional, so it is waivable when neither party objects.59 We express no opinion on that matter because the possibility of waiver and the availability of a continuance are immaterial to the statutory-construction issue presented here, which requires us to ascertain legislative intent from the language the Legislature enacted. Did the Legislature intend to grant a statutory right to a jury trial in a de novo hearing considering that 57 Accord Act of June 18, 1999, 76th Leg., R.S., ch. 1302, § 4, 1999 Tex. Gen. Laws 4448, 4449 (amending section 201.005 to permit associate judges to preside over jury trials and deleting the prior requirement that associate judges "refer any matters requiring a jury back to the referring court for a trial before the referring court and jury"); see S. Jurisprudence Comm., Bill Analysis, Tex. S.B. 1735, 76th Leg., R.S. (1999) (noting bill authorizing appointment of associate judges to handle child-protection cases was responsive to several task force initiatives that required additional judicial resources to address "pressure on an already overburdened court system"). 58 Even if jury trials could regularly be set within the thirty-day time frame, the party bearing the burden of proof would no doubt face genuine challenges in presenting the case on the merits, as the Department has alleged here. Section 201.015 cannot reasonably be construed in a manner that weakens the protections afforded to Texas children under the child-protection statutes. 59 See Harrell v. Harrell, 986 S.W.2d 629, 631 (Tex. App.—El Paso 1998, no pet.); In re Office of Att'y Gen. of Tex., 264 S.W.3d 800, 808 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2008, no pet.) (with respect to the related child-support statute). 13 (1) the thirty-day deadline for holding the hearing is couched in mandatory terms, (2) the statute does not expressly authorize an extension of any length under any condition, and (3) no right to a jury trial is expressly stated? We think not.60 We must give the statute a meaning that is reasonable when the statute is construed as a whole, and against this backdrop, an expectation that referring courts would be able to accommodate first-time jury demands in de novo hearings does not comport with the overall statutory scheme. Referral to an associate judge—which is essentially voluntary—removes cases from crowded trial-court dockets and allows adjudication by specialized tribunals.61 Mother's construction of the statute would extend final disposition of cases and burden referring-court dockets with accelerated proceedings, a paradoxical result the Legislature could not have intended.62 The fallacy of this premise is even more evident here, because the Legislature has mandated expediency, efficiency, and judicial economy in parental-rights termination cases.63 Mother's attempt to analogize to master-in-chancery appointments under civil-procedure rule 171 falls flat.64 While Mother cites several cases as recognizing the right to a jury trial before the referring court after a master in chancery has issued a report, those cases are inapposite because, 60 Compare TEX. FAM. CODE § 201.015 with id. § 263.401 (setting a mandatory dismissal deadline subject to a limited extension period available only in "extraordinary circumstances"). 61 Id. § 201.005(a) (listing the types of cases referable to associate judges). 62 TEX. GOV'T CODE § 311.023(5) ("In construing a statute, whether or not the statute is considered ambiguous on its face, a court may consider [the] consequences of a particular construction."). 63 See, e.g., TEX. FAM. CODE § 263.401 (requiring timely conclusion of parental-termination cases); see id. § 109.002(a-1) (appeal from order terminating the parent–child relationship "shall be given precedence over other civil cases by the appellate courts, shall be accelerated, and shall follow the procedures for an accelerated appeal under the Texas Rules of Appellate Procedure"); In re B.L.D., 113 S.W.3d 340, 353 (Tex. 2003) ("In termination cases, judicial economy is not just a policy—it is a statutory mandate."). 64 See TEX. R. CIV. P. 171 (permitting appointment of a master in chancery "in exceptional cases, for good cause" to sit as a court of equity with specific and limited powers). 14 unlike Chapter 201, a jury trial is not an option in rule 171 proceedings.65 Participation in master-in-chancery proceedings does not preclude a jury trial in the referring court because that is the only opportunity for parties to claim one. Unlike rule 171, Chapter 201 provides other options for a jury trial, but Mother chose not to claim them. Considering section 201.015's "de novo hearing" requirement and "second jury" prohibition in harmony with the statute in its entirety, we conclude that Chapter 201 neither prohibits nor grants a right to a first-time jury trial in a de novo hearing, but permits the referring court to grant one in its discretion. B. Constitutional Right to A Jury Trial The rights inherent in the parent–child relationship are among the oldest of the fundamental liberty interests,66 but the existence of a substantive right is distinct from the procedures constitutionally required to protect that right. Mother asserts she is entitled to a jury trial in parental-rights termination cases based on the Texas Constitution's assurance that the right to a jury trial is "inviolate."67 But Chapter 201 indisputably affords parties the right to demand a jury trial before either the referring court or the associate judge, and Mother has not explained—with either argument or authority—why the Constitution requires more than the robust right to a jury trial the 65 See id. (listing powers, which may be limited by the referral order); see also San Jacinto Oil Co. v. Culberson, 101 S.W. 197, 198-99 (Tex. 1907) (parties do not waive their right to a jury trial by submitting to a process that does not allow one); Mann v. Mann, 607 S.W.2d 243, 246 (Tex. 1980) (approving the use of a master in chancery prior to a jury trial); Tex. Bank & Trust Co. v. Moore, 595 S.W.2d 502, 504, 511 (Tex. 1980) (assuming without deciding the same); Minnich v. Jones, 799 S.W.2d 327, 329 (Tex. App.—Texarkana 1990, no writ) ("The hearing before the master is not the trial, and the presentation of evidence to the master does not waive the right to a jury, even when the demand is made after the master's hearing.") (citing Mann, 607 S.W.2d at 246). 66 Santosky v. Kramer, 455 U.S. 745, 753-54 (1982). 67 TEX. CONST. art. I, § 15. 15 statute already offers in termination cases, a right she voluntarily waived.68 C. Standard of Review We review the "denial of a jury demand for an abuse of discretion."69 A trial court abuses its discretion when a "decision is arbitrary, unreasonable, and without reference to guiding principles."70 The distinction between a jury trial that is permissive under the law and one that is available as a matter of right is more than mere semantics. When a jury trial is available as a matter of right, a timely request is presumptively reasonable and ordinarily must be granted absent evidence that granting the request would "(1) injure the adverse party, (2) disrupt the court's docket, or (3) impede the ordinary handling of the court's business."71 But because section 201.015 does not afford a right to a jury trial in a de novo hearing, no presumption arises. Though injury, disruption, and impediment remain useful factors guiding the court's decision to grant or deny a first-time jury demand, no presumption tips the scale one way or the other, leaving the ultimate decision within the trial court's sound discretion. Here, we agree with the court of appeals that the referring court did not abuse its discretion in denying Mother's demand for a jury at the de novo hearing. Mother identified a three-day window before expiration of the statutorily mandated hearing deadline that—in theory—would be 68 See In re K.S.L., 538 S.W.3d 107, 114 (Tex. 2017) (applying the procedural due process analysis from Mathews v. Eldridge, 424 U.S. 319, 335 (1976), which involves balancing "three elements: the private interests at stake, the government's interest supporting the challenged procedure, and the risk that the procedure will lead to erroneous decisions"). 69 Mercedes-Benz Credit Corp. v. Rhyne, 925 S.W.2d 664, 666 (Tex. 1996). 70 Id. 71 Halsell v. Dehoyos, 810 S.W.2d 371, 371 (Tex. 1991) (enumeration added) ("A request in advance of the thirty-day deadline [in civil procedure rule 216] is [rebuttably] presumed to have been made a reasonable time before trial."); TEX. R. CIV. P. 216 (defining a "reasonable time" for a jury demand as "not less than thirty days in advance" of a non-jury setting). 16 available for a jury setting, but the record bears no evidence that those dates were actually available for a jury setting or even when the next available jury setting would be. Moreover, the jury request was opposed, and with a mere ten days between the hearing on Mother's jury demand and the de novo hearing deadline, the Department asserted that presentation of the merits would be hampered due to the difficulty and expense of recalling witnesses to testify live before the jury. While section 201.015(c) allows the referring court to "consider the record from the hearing before the associate judge," it is silent about whether prior testimony from those proceedings could be considered in a jury trial. Even assuming it could,72 and even assuming a case prepared for presentation to the bench would be adequate for a jury, the referring court could reasonably conclude the Department would be unfairly prejudiced if forced to rely on the cold written word in lieu of live testimony before the jury. III. Conclusion Chapter 201 of the Family Code fulfills the statutory promise of a jury trial on demand by allowing for a jury trial in either the referring court or before an associate judge. Associate judge proceedings do not occur by happenstance, nor are they compelled. So with a timely objection, parties can choose to have the referring court adjudicate the merits following a bench or jury trial. But once the parties elect a bench trial before the associate judge, Chapter 201 does not confer a right to demand a jury trial in a de novo hearing. If a de novo hearing is requested, the referring court has discretion to grant a first-time jury request, but the statute cannot reasonably be read as affording the parties a right to a jury trial at that juncture. And because we agree with the court of appeals that the trial court was not obligated to grant Mother's jury demand under the circumstances, 72 But see TEX. R. EVID. 801-804 (hearsay rules applicable to prior testimony of a party, a non-party, and a party opponent). 17 we affirm the court of appeals' judgment. _______________________________ Eva M. Guzman Justice OPINION DELIVERED: May 3, 2019 18
Primary Holding
In this termination of parental rights case the Supreme Court affirmed the court of appeals' decision affirming the trial court's judgment denying Mother's jury demand in a de novo hearing under Tex. Family Code 201.015 after Mother waived her right to a jury trial before the associate judge, holding that the trial court did not abuse its discretion.
Disclaimer: Justia Annotations is a forum for attorneys to summarize, comment on, and analyze case law published on our site. Justia makes no guarantees or warranties that the annotations are accurate or reflect the current state of law, and no annotation is intended to be, nor should it be construed as, legal advice. Contacting Justia or any attorney through this site, via web form, email, or otherwise, does not create an attorney-client relationship.
In re A.L.M.-F.
In this termination of parental rights case the Supreme Court affirmed the court of appeals' decisio...
Read the full annotations for this case.
of Supreme Court of Texas opinions.


We supply a range of Radial Pinned batteries here at Cell Pack Solutions. These batteries are designed with PCB mounting in mind, making it straight forward to attach the battery to whatever you need.
If you are struggling to find the battery you need in the termination you need, please get in touch with us and one of our friendly team will help you out. We might be able to get a hold of additional size batteries with Radial Pins even if not listed.
If you need a quote for large quantities of Radial Pinned Batteries, please find the product you wish to enquire about and use the "Request a Quote" link below its pricing.


In the long overdue part two of the OpenSMTPD configuration article, I'm going to focus on the configuration of the Backup MX servers.
Welcome to my new technology blog and thank you for visiting! In this article I'd like to outline the main purpose of this blog, as well as list a few ideas for future articles I have. This will serve both as a reminder for me and as a commitment to you, to keep things motivated.


Here is a great original 1931 Model A era poster outlining the dangers of a rumbleseat.
Why is it that virtually everyone who had a trunk car has converted it to a rumble seat?
Is it because they do or do not know the dangers?
Hmmm. Does it really take a 200 page illustrated book to explain it?
Thanks to Mark Messer for the use of his pic!


Hellfire: A Military Science Fiction Short Story est le grand livre que vous voulez. Ce beau livre est créé par Drew Avera. En fait, le livre a 35 pages. The Hellfire: A Military Science Fiction Short Story est libéré par la fabrication de AREVA. Vous pouvez consulter en ligne avec Hellfire: A Military Science Fiction Short Story étape facile. Toutefois, si vous désirez garder pour ordinateur portable, vous pouvez Hellfire: A Military Science Fiction Short Story sauver maintenant.
From the author of Dead Planet: Exodus and 2103: The Fall of America, Hellfire is a Military Science Fiction Short Story. How far will our government go to maintain peace, when to secure peace you must prepare for war?
Nate is a test pilot for the United States Army. Actually, he is the best damned test pilot period, even with the headaches. The United States is developing a new kind of piloted war machine with the help of Franklin Industries and they have secured some of the most high tech, abrasive equipment on the planet. Does it work? According to the test pilot, it works like a champ. If that's the case, then why is everything shrouded in mystery at the end of Nate's test flight? Furthermore, why does Nate suffer such horrific migraines? Read here to find out!


text:
package frontend

import (
	"encoding/json"
	"errors"
	"fmt"
	"github.com/dchest/captcha"
	"github.com/gorilla/mux"
	"github.com/gorilla/sessions"
	"github.com/majestrate/srndv2/lib/config"
	"net/http"
)

// server of captchas
// implements frontend.Middleware
type CaptchaServer struct {
	h           int
	w           int
	store       *sessions.CookieStore
	prefix      string
	sessionName string
}

// create new captcha server using existing session store
func NewCaptchaServer(w, h int, prefix string, store *sessions.CookieStore) *CaptchaServer {
	return &CaptchaServer{
		h:           h,
		w:           w,
		prefix:      prefix,
		store:       store,
		sessionName: "captcha",
	}
}

func (cs *CaptchaServer) Reload(c *config.MiddlewareConfig) {

}

func (cs *CaptchaServer) SetupRoutes(m *mux.Router) {
	m.Path("/new").HandlerFunc(cs.NewCaptcha)
	m.Path("/img/{f}").Handler(captcha.Server(cs.w, cs.h))
	m.Path("/verify.json").HandlerFunc(cs.VerifyCaptcha)
}

// return true if this session has solved the last captcha given provided solution, otherwise false
func (cs *CaptchaServer) CheckSession(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request, solution string) (bool, error) {
	s, err := cs.store.Get(r, cs.sessionName)
	if err == nil {
		id, ok := s.Values["captcha_id"]
		if ok {
			return captcha.VerifyString(id.(string), solution), nil
		}
	}
	return false, err
}

// verify a captcha
func (cs *CaptchaServer) VerifyCaptcha(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
	dec := json.NewDecoder(r.Body)
	defer r.Body.Close()
	// request
	req := make(map[string]string)
	// response
	resp := make(map[string]interface{})
	resp["solved"] = false
	// decode request
	err := dec.Decode(req)
	if err == nil {
		// decode okay
		id, ok := req["id"]
		if ok {
			// we have id
			solution, ok := req["solution"]
			if ok {
				// we have solution and id
				resp["solved"] = captcha.VerifyString(id, solution)
			} else {
				// we don't have solution
				err = errors.New("no captcha solution provided")
			}
		} else {
			// we don't have id
			err = errors.New("no captcha id provided")
		}
	}
	if err != nil {
		// error happened
		resp["error"] = err.Error()
	}
	// send reply
	w.Header().Set("Content-Type", "text/json; encoding=UTF-8")
	enc := json.NewEncoder(w)
	enc.Encode(resp)
}

// generate a new captcha
func (cs *CaptchaServer) NewCaptcha(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
	// obtain session
	sess, err := cs.store.Get(r, cs.sessionName)
	if err != nil {
		// failed to obtain session
		http.Error(w, err.Error(), http.StatusInternalServerError)
		return
	}
	// new captcha
	id := captcha.New()
	// do we want to interpret as json?
	use_json := r.URL.Query().Get("t") == "json"
	// image url
	url := fmt.Sprintf("%simg/%s.png", cs.prefix, id)
	if use_json {
		// send json
		enc := json.NewEncoder(w)
		enc.Encode(map[string]string{"id": id, "url": url})
	} else {
		// set captcha id
		sess.Values["captcha_id"] = id
		// save session
		sess.Save(r, w)
		// rediect to image
		http.Redirect(w, r, url, http.StatusFound)
	}
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
Anil's Blog
Salt Lake City, India
Calcutta 1945-46
Travel Pix
Agra (Tajmahal)
Ajanta Ellora
Almora & Ranikhet
Kovalam Beach
Mayapur (ISKCON)
Nainital & Kausani
Simla & Manali
About Durga Puja
Bonedi Barir Puja
Few shots
বিচিত্রা
Award-Free Blog
Quotes & Thoughts
My art page
My Miami Pix
Tag Archives: ISKCON
Visit to ISKCON Kolkata
Iskcon Temple of Kolkata Centre
The International Society for Krishna Consciousness (ISKCON), also known as the Hare Krishna movement was founded in 1966 in New York City by His Divine Grace A.C. Bhaktivedanta Swami Srila Prabhupada (Below).
This movement of mercy has spread to all continents of the world. Iskcon has established centers in most countries and important cities. The objective of this organisation is to make Lord Sri Chaitanya Mahaprabhu's sankirtan movement available to every town and village. Sri Caitanya, whom devotees recognize as a direct incarnation of Krishna, gave a powerful impetus for a massive bhakti (devotional) movement throughout India.
Kolkata Centre is located at 3C, Albert Road, Minto Park, Kolkata 700017
ISKCON follows the teachings of the Vedas and the Vedic scriptures, including Bhagavad-gita and the Bhagavata Purana; it teaches and practices Vaishnavism, or devotion to God in the supreme personal aspect of Radha Krishna.
ISKCON embraces the chanting of the holy name of Krishna as a primary practice and accepts the concepts of transmigration, karma, vegetarianism (ahimsa), worship of the deity (Shri Vigraha), and the preceptor-disciple (guru-shishya) relationship. Initiated members vow to refrain from gambling, illicit sex, intoxicants (including coffee, tea, and cigarettes), and non vegetarian food.
In this way ISKCON faithfully continues the core traditions of the Hindu faith. ISKCON's teachings are not limited to any particular historical religion. Vaishnavism inculcates the essential and universal principle of all religion. That principle, called sanatana dharma, denotes the natural and eternal activity of all living beings, loving devotional service to the one Supreme Personality of Godhead.
Posted by Anil on 14/07/2016 in ISKCON, Uncategorized
Tags: Hare Krishna, India, ISKCON, Photography
Puri in Orissa, Kolkata and other places in West Bengal celebrated the Rath Yatra today. Thousands of Kolkatans came out on the streets to participate in Rath Yatra. Salt Lake too participated in the festival. The Rath (The Chariot) was pulled along the Broadway of this township. Many pulled the chariot of Lord Jagannath while the rest stood along the way to catch a glimpse of Lord Jagannath, Balaram and Subhadra. Traffic was stopped enroute Rath Yatra. Prasad was distributed to the people while moving the Rath.
ISKCON, like every year, this year too organized Rath Yatra which started from the Park Circus Maidan, went through the central Kolkata streets and journey ended at Ganga Sagar Mela ground near Babughat. The Rath will be parked there till Ulta Rath, on the eighth day, when it will be back to the place of origin.
<- Rath Yatra at Puri Orissa
Devotees of the ISKCON from different parts of the world participated in the festival. Kids dressed as Krishna, Balaram and Subhadra enjoy themselves on the ISKCON Rath.
Pictures coutesy : Times of India
Posted by Anil on 13/07/2010 in Festival of India
Tags: Balaram, Devine, Indian Festival, ISKCON, Jagannath, Krishna, Puri, Rath, Rath Yatra, Subhadra
Krishna mantra and Iskcon
The Hare Krishna mantra or Maha Mantra ("Great Mantra") is a sixteen-word mantra. The Chanting of Krishna's name publicly and the Krishna mantra was popularized by Chaitanya Mahaprabhu (1486-1533), a prominent Vaishnava saint and founder of the Gaudiya Vaishnava tradition. Vaishnavism means worship of Lord Vishnu and Goudiya refers to the place where this tradition began (Bengal and Orissa province those days was known as "Goud").
Chaitanya Mahaprabhu was born in Mayapur, in Nadia District of West Bengal State, in India which is near Calcutta (now Kolkata) city, where the ISKCON HQ is situated today. He was also known as Gouranga and Nimai (as He was born under a 'Neem' tree). He began his mission to spread this mantra publicly to 'every town and village' in the world, traveling throughout India, but he could not spread it beyond Bengal and Orissa.
After 433 years, in 1966, Srila Prabhupada founded his movement in New York, known as "The International Society for Krishna Consciousness" (ISKCON) to spread Chaitanya's teachings throughout the world. This movement was also known as "Hare Krishna" movement those days. The incomplete dream of Mahaprabhu has been fulfilled by Srila Prabhupada through his ISKCON.
When the "mantra" is heard, meditated upon, or sung out loud in the public, it is believed by the preachers to bring about a higher state of consciousness.
(For details of ISKCON HQs at Mayapur read my post "One Day at Iskcon" )
Posted by Anil on 02/05/2008 in Chaitanya, Hare Krishna, Hare rama, ISKCON, KRISHNA, Krishna Mantra, Maha Mantra, Mantra, Mayapur, Prabhupada, Radha Krishna, Srila
Tags: Chaitanya, Gouranga, Hare Krishna, Hare rama, ISKCON, Krishna Mantra, Lord Bishnu, Maha Mantra, Mahaprabhu, Mayapur, Nimai, Radhakrishna
One day at ISKCON Mayapur
Mayapur, a small unknown village has come up to the world map as the Headquarters of ISKCON (International Society for Krishna Consciousness) which is situated here. Mayapur is located in West Bengal state, in the district of Nadia, 130 km from Calcutta city (now Kolkata). It is located on the bank of the Ganges and on the other bank, a small town Nabadwip is located. Nabadwip means nine islands. There are two large holy rivers, the Ganges and Jalangi flowing between these islands.
Mayapur is the birthplace of Chaitanya Mahaprabhu, regarded as a special incarnation of Lord Krishna, the Supreme Godhead and therefore it is considered as a holy place by Hindus and specially by the followers of Gaudiya Vaishnavism. It is visited by a large number of pilgrims from around the World, every year.
The International Society for Krishna Consciousness (ISKCON) also known as 'The Hare Krishna' movement, was founded in 1966 in New York City by A.C. Bhaktibedanta Swami Prabhupada. Since the 1970s, Mayapur is also the site of the world headquarters of the International Society for Krishna Consciousness (ISKCON) as well as a number of other Vaishnava organisations such as the Gaudiya Math. At Mayapur ISKCON has a sprawling campus studded with natural beauty.
Chandrodaya Temple, Mayapur
Today ISKCON Mayapur serves as an international center of pilgrimage and spiritual tourism. The Deities of Sri Sri Radha Madhava and Sri Chaitanya and the Pancha-tattva preside over a temple for thousands to enjoy daily congregational chanting.
In Mayapur campus, it is amazing to see the young and middle aged ladies and gents from all over the world, specially western countries. It is unbelievable to see that leaving their wealthy western luxurious lifestyle, they come to Mayapur in quest of peace, happiness and meaningful life. As seen in the campus, they are seems to be totally devoted to simple and spiritual lifestyle.
Today we are not seriously religious about our religion or religious rituals but it made me surprised to that the ISKCON devotees are practicing our Indian cultures, rituals seriously which our young generation is reluctantly accept. When our young generation is blindly accepts or consider acceptability of western cultures in their lives, what made these people to turn to East (Through ISKCON) ?
Posted by Anil on 02/07/2007 in Holy place, Religion
Tags: ISKCON, Iskcon devotee, Mayapur, Radhakrishna
Addendum, desert rose #adenium #desertrose #mybalconygarden #nature
খেজুর গুড়ের সন্দেশ
Sorry for the absence
Photo Challenge : Serene
Happy Diwali or Deepavali
Happy Dussera Or Vijayadashami
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text:
using System;

namespace TrueCraft.Client.Input
{
    /// <summary>
    /// Provides the event data for mouse events.
    /// </summary>
    public class MouseEventArgs : EventArgs
    {
        /// <summary>
        /// Gets the X coordinate for the event.
        /// </summary>
        public int X { get; private set; }

        /// <summary>
        /// Gets the Y coordinate for the event.
        /// </summary>
        public int Y { get; private set; }

        /// <summary>
        /// Creates new mouse event data.
        /// </summary>
        /// <param name="x">The X coordinate for the event.</param>
        /// <param name="y">The Y coordinate for the event.</param>
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Below is a directory about Jewellers Ell-Brook Gloucestershire. Please view the following companies to find a suitable Jewellers company in Ell-Brook Gloucestershire region.
GUILFORD >> The 2013 reopening of Guilford Country Store was a watershed moment for the historic Broad Brook House.