Contract law has for centuries promoted international trade and complied with the necessities of international economic relations. As a result of tight integration of EU countries, breaking of obstacles for free movement of capital, goods, services and labour, new trends are appearing in contract law. Latvia, in accordance with the decision made by EU Council in Helsinki, in December 1999, has already commenced discussion on entry into the EU. Significant work has already been accomplished for the harmonisation of the law of Latvia with the law of the EU. However, the EU does not require complete unification of the law. The law of each country has differences and such differences shall remain. Law is a rather conservative social category and therefore when talking about common law, the peculiarity should be taken into consideration. Even one legal regulation, for example, on the moment of concluding a contract or on a right to terminate a contract can cause disputes and conflicts during the execution of the contract.
Generally Latvian private law belongs to the community of law of continental Europe, however we all know that even the law of Germany and France may not be acknowledged as identical. The European Union includes both countries with continental European law and common law systems. In practice that still does not trouble economic relationships too much. Endeavours to bring closer the aforementioned systems should be appreciated. Principles of International Commercial Contracts drafted by UNIDROIT and Principles of European Contract Law recently finalised by the Lando Commission show that at least theoretical progress may be reached in this area. Meanwhile, it can be predicted that implementation of theoretic conclusions in specific legal acts shall require a long time period. However, in some cases an elaboration of such principles can turn the interpretation of already existing legal regulations in another direction. It appears more often in Common Law countries, but can also happen in the countries of continental Europe.
Matters of concluding and execution of contracts, as well as general principles of liability are subject to the Civil Law of the year 1937 reintroduced in parts in 1992 and 1993 respectively. *1 Since the reintroduction, the 4th part of the CLA has neither been amended nor perfected. However, many other laws have been adopted, which detail and develop specific types of contracts within the limits and basis of general principles of CLA. Several laws and regulations of the Cabinet of Ministers can be mentioned, which, beside other transport related issues covered by them, regulate carriage as well. They are: Latvian maritime rules (Maritime Code) and Aviation Act, both adopted in 1994, Cargo Act, adopted in 1995, Road Traffic Act, adopted in 1997 and Railway Shipping Act, adopted in 2001. During preparation of the said laws, provisions on transport were harmonised with the Convention on the Contract for the International Carriage of Goods by Road (CMR) of 19 May 1956, and the Convention on the Contract for the International Carriage of Passengers and Luggage (CVR) of 1 March 1973. Latvia joined the aforementioned conventions by adopting the laws in December 1993. *2 Unlike carriage, the Vienna Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods, which Latvia joined by adopting a law on 19 June 1997 *3 , is not incorporated in the national law of Latvia. Similarly, UNIDROIT conventions on international financial leasing and international factoring *4 are not incorporated in the national law. By adopting the Consumer Protection Act (18 March 1999) *5 complying with the standards of Europe, four specific consumer contracts came into legal force, regulation of which is detailed in the Regulations of the Cabinet of Ministers. They are distance contracts, doorstep sales, time-sharing and consumer credit contracts. Separate laws detail provisions on rent of residential dwelling, land lease, labour contract, contracts in respect of intellectual property and other. The Insurance Contract Act (10 June 1998) *6 is significant for the issues covered therein. It is important that elaboration of laws in recent years has been performed in due compliance of respective EU directives and international conventions. Experts from the EU frequently participate in the preparation of legal acts. Now and then unusual legal constructions can be faced. For example, in accordance with the tradition of Latvian legislation, obligations and liability usually are included in the same law. In 1996, the Saeima (Latvian parliament) approved the Safety of Goods and Services and Liability of Manufacturers and Service Providers Act *7 with EU regulations included of course. However, several experts questioned whether such "Latvian" treatment observes and includes completely entire terms of respective EU directives. As a result on 20 June 2000, the Saeima adopted two new laws: the Safety of Goods and Services Act and the Liability For Deficiencies of Goods and Services Act. Thus, in this sphere Latvia has harmonised with the EU not only by content but also by the number and form of laws. However, Latvia has introduced a surprise-worthy novelty by including in the Consumer Protection Act a provision acknowledging not only an individual as a consumer, but a legal entity as well, if the legal entity has acquired goods or services for no direct entrepreneurial purposes (section 1 of the Act). The existence of such a "national feature" may not be anticipated, but execution of the said provision will cause problems.
Legislators are working on the adoption of the Commercial Act in accordance with the approved concept providing also for a section on Commercial Transactions. The Saeima adopted the first three sections of the Commercial Act on 13 April 2000. *8 Those regulate: (1) general rules of commercial activities, (2) types of entrepreneurs (individual entrepreneur, personal companies, capitalised companies), (3) reorganisation of commercial companies. The said Act, as well as the Implementation Act of the Commercial Act aroused extensive discussions, during which it was often emphasised that implementation of the law would cause significant expenses, also several novelties bringing Latvia together with the EU were questioned. However, the work accomplished must be valued positively, although it can be acknowledged that it should have been done earlier as it was done in Estonia. A concession contract is one of the recent types of agreements introduced by Latvian law. Such a contract is provided by the Concessions Act *9 adopted on 20 January 2000. It is still questionable whether the aforementioned Act fits into the existing system of contracts but it can be useful in the case of uncovering overland oil deposits of commercial use. Certainly, conclusion and execution of contracts is affected by the Competition Act (18 June 1997), the State and Municipality Order Act (24 October 1996) and others as well. In practical business in Latvia not only contracts formalised by CLA, but also so-called "modern" contracts are used. No law mentions contracts like franchise or monitoring, however they are used in practice. That is promoted by legal provisions of the Introductory Part of Civil Law allowing parties to choose the most appropriate solutions with one restriction ― they may not contradict with imperative and prohibitive provisions of Latvian law. On 19 June 1997, the Saeima adopted laws on joining UNIDROIT conventions of 1988 on international financial leasing and international factoring. That favours implementation of the said types of contracts according to those known world-wide. However, it must be noted that there are a number of other contracts called "leasing" several of them corresponding more with purchase on an instalment plan or long-term lease with buy-out. By adopting the new Civil Code on 18 July 2000, Lithuania decided to include several so-called modern contracts (financial leasing, factoring, distribution) in the law and on at least minimal regulation of them. This experiment deserves detailed analysis of the practice of implementation of the law in the future since, as we know, many Western countries have not come to an understanding on the point of the matter and variations of such contracts. Few sources indicate, for example, 28 subspecies of leasing and apart from financial leasing, an operative lease is acknowledged as well. Therefore a situation may arise when definitions introduced by the law limits the initiative of parties regarding their use of legal constructions. However, disclosure of modern contracts in the code gives positive effect as well.
By summarising this survey, it can be concluded that the eighteen types of contracts mentioned in the Civil Law do not reflect the variety of contract practice. Therefore, it is now more important to perfect the general provisions on contracts of the Civil Law rather than detailed regulation of each contract type known.
As of the year 1992, a judicial reform for ensuring the execution of laws and the improvement of dispute litigation has been implemented in Latvia. Appeal and cassation proceedings have been introduced. *10 The new Civil Procedure Act, adopted on 14 October 1998 and effective as of 1 March 1999, replaced the Civil Procedure Code *11 initially adopted in 1963 during the Soviet regime and amended frequently afterwards. Laws on judicial reform and civil proceedings have not ensured everything that is necessary for courts: premises, computers and a sufficient number of judges. Therefore, courts are often reprimanded regarding slow work, as well as about quality of verdicts. The annual publications, which commenced in 1997, of the Supreme Court's verdicts and decisions promote the transparency of court performance. The first collection reflecting work of the District Courts in 1999–2000 has been published also. Gradually standing courts of arbitration established in Latvia ― and there are 12 at the moment ― are becoming more and more popular. Also a choice of courts of arbitration located in other countries for dispute settlement has become common.
When analysing the court practice in respect to fulfilment of contracts and liability it must at first be noted that Latvia, similar to other post-communist countries, experienced a so-called period of accumulation of initial capital. After independence was regained, an atmosphere of exaggerated permissiveness dominated in business when each and every individual, state enterprise and even municipality was allowed to earn money by using all possible means. As it was discovered later, during that time many loan agreements were concluded without sufficient collateral and even with fictitious companies. Guarantees were issued (also for remuneration) and property, including property of state and municipality, was pledged with generosity. When the first restrictions on accepting deposits from individuals were imposed, trust investment and capital management companies boomed. A typical feature of the first decade of independence was abnormally high interest rates, often accompanied with very severe contractual fines. Some disputes related with the aforementioned transactions are still in court hearings even in the year 2001. However, if evaluating CLA and searching for difference in comparison with law of other countries, the following few material features are worth mentioning.
In the event of overdue repayment of debt, Latvian CLA provides for a possibility to require interest, as well as a contractual fine and recovery of damages (CLA section 1722). The rate of legal interest is 6% p.a., but parties may agree on a higher interest rate in an agreement. The extent of contractual fine is not limited either. Unlike German BGB (section 343) *12 or UNIDROIT Principles of International Contracts *13 , Latvian courts are not entitled to reduce the contractual fine payable if and on a basis of being too excessive. There have been rather many disputes caused by uncertain formulations used in agreements; for example, in the event of delay the respective party pays a late charge (or penalty) of 0.5% per day. In the event of default, one party usually asserts that a contractual fine was contemplated while the opposite party understands it as interest for use of foreign capital. The difference is essential: if the provided payment is an interest, accumulation of such ceases when 100% of the capital is reached. If the provided payment is a contractual fine, than the accumulation of sum does not stop at 100% margin, moreover, the creditor is entitled to request for the legal interest ― 6% p.a. as well. On 22 December 1997, the General Meeting of the Supreme Court adopted a decision on application of law when deciding on disputes on fulfilment of obligations, interpreting that in the event the will of parties may not be certainly determined, section 1509 of CLA must be followed providing, that in the event of doubt, a transaction should be interpreted to the detriment of the party being a creditor and therefore should have expressed itself more precisely. Disputes on guarantees and powers of representatives, as well as on rights to unilateral termination of agreement occupy a significant part of court practice. Among the disputes heard by the court, disputes on repayment of credits, payment of purchase price and similar should be singled out. In those cases defendants often challenge the validity of the agreements, arguing that its representative was not authorised to enter into such agreements on behalf of the defendant. For example, it is indicated that a vice-president was not entitled to sign an agreement without obtaining prior authorisation or that the agreements above the sum stipulated by the charter could have been concluded on a basis of the board's decision only, or that in accordance with the charter, agreements had to be signed by two representatives acting together. In some cases such arguments allowed escape from a contractual fine and the court was of the opinion that only repayment of the received money or restitution should be ensured. The amount of disputes on the aforementioned basis will decrease since the Commercial Act provides for more detailed regulation of the representation authority of the board of joint stock companies and limited liability companies.
Sections 223 and 303 of the Commercial Act provide as follows: a company is represented by all board members together unless a charter of the respective company provides for individual or joint representation of several members of the board. Individual or joint representation of several members of the board of a company creates binding contracts only if such representation is explicitly included in the charter of the company and registered in the commercial register.
By adopting the Commercial Act, a procuracy ― a new type of authorisation (proxy) has been introduced into the legal practice of Latvia. A procuracy is a commercial authorisation which grants to a procurator the right to conclude transactions and to perform other legal activities connected with any commercial activity in the name of the entrepreneur, including all procedural activities during the course of legal proceedings (motions, settlements, appeals of court judgements, etc.). A procurator may alienate, pledge or encumber real estate only if he or she has been especially granted those rights (section 34 of the Commercial Act). Limitations of the extent of procuracy are invalid relative to third parties (section 36 of the Commercial Act). This will reduce the amount of disputes conferred on the extent of authority. In other cases, when an attorney-in-law questions the rights to submit appeals of court judgement or participate in a court hearing, objections may not arise if the attorney-in-law is claiming for due compliance of the law.
Research into the differences of Latvian contract law in comparison to the law of other countries, revealed a few noteworthy matters. First, foreign investors should pay attention to the fact, that in Latvia an agreement between absent partners is concluded upon the moment when a party which has received an offer dispatches an acceptance even though the opposite party has not received it. On the contrary in Germany and several other countries the so-called "P.O. box principle" has been accepted ― agreement is concluded as of the moment acceptance is received by the addressee (in its post office box). With the development of e-trade this difference becomes less important or even disappears. Besides large transactions are not usually concluded by an exchange of letters. However, in some cases a lack of knowledge of law may cause negative legal consequences.
Second, foreign lawyers consider section 1587 of CLA, corresponding to the maxim of Roman law pacta sunt servanda, as an excessive manifestation of formalism. Foreign lawyers could be right unless the said principle had not been repeatedly mitigated in other section of CLA. In court disputes section 1587 is quoted frequently: "A lawfully made contract commits the contracting party to carry out a promise and neither the burden of the transaction nor difficulties of execution occurring later shall entitle one party to back out of the contract even if compensating for loss and damages." However, when becoming acquainted with the entire text of CLA, several exceptions can be mentioned certifying that similar to other countries a flexible approach is possible in Latvia as well. Certainly, force majeure and accident excuses non-fulfilment of a contract. A contract may remain unfulfilled due to the nature of the contract requiring certain activities from the opposite party (for example, if a land plot for construction purposes is not allocated, a letter of credit is not issued) or when it is especially provided for by the law (CLA section 1589). If due to the fault of the debtor, the creditor is not interested any more in the fulfilment of the agreement, the latter may claim for cancellation of the agreement (CLA section 1663). Chapters on specific types of contracts provide for various exceptions. For example, purchase and lease contracts may be claimed to be cancelled due to excessive damages caused (CLA sections 2042, 2170). Further grounds for cancelling lease and rental agreements are listed in sections 2171 and 2172 of CLA.
Third, the doctrine of Latvian law does not permit non-fulfilment of a contract if such non-fulfilment complies with the public policy. However, even in the USA and England in such case the debtor is under an obligation to recover damages caused. The difference is that the USA considers such non-fulfilment of contract to be legal, while Latvia ― immoral, but the financial consequences for the persons involved are similar. There has been no attempt in Latvian courts to argue on the grounds of frustration of the purpose of the contract and there is no reference in the law on that. Supposedly, a new provision should be included in the Civil Law, similar to the one of section 248, Book 6 of the Civil Code of the Netherlands. Under the said section when discussing consequences of the contract, considerations on reasonability and fairness must be taken into account. It might not be done in a hurry since the opinions of Latvian judges on reasonability and fairness may be essentially different.
Fourth, the Civil Law does not provide for any pretext on limitations for recovery of damages, which could be predicted as on the date of concluding the agreement (UNIDROIT Principles art. 7.4.4). This legal provision is effective in cases where the dispute is subject to CISG regulation. In the draft of the Commercial Act's Transaction Section the said principle is included as a general legal provision.
Fifth, in Latvian legal theory and practice the category "remedies" is used very seldom. In the Civil Law the word "remedies" is used only once (in the heading before section 1619) when consequences of selling non-qualitative good are discussed. But most frequently ― Latvian lawyers speak about liability in default; which, of course, is not the only issue. Other consequences of default may not be forgotten. Section 1620 of CLA mentions remedies as reduction of price and repeal of contract. Consumer Protection Act provides for remedies as exchange of non-qualitative goods for qualitative or equivalent ones and elimination of deficiencies free of charge (section 28). Application of the Vienna Convention of 1980 (CISG) will promote Latvian lawyers to turn more to the matters of liability as well as to protection of rights in general.
In the sixth place, Latvian law does not contain legal provision on "cover" in cases of late delivery of goods. However, the Civil Law allows to act similarly complying with the set sequence. In the event of delay, the purchaser must notify the contracting party that the purchaser has lost its interest in the receipt of goods since the goods were necessary immediately. After the said notification and on the grounds of the contracting party's breach, goods may be purchased from another seller and the price difference may be recovered from the defaulting party. Theoretically, a dispute on whether the purchaser has lost its interest may be raised. Therefore, section 1663 of the Civil Law should be amended to cover the aforementioned situation as well.
Study of foreign law and court practice confirms more and more clearly that the same principle may be expressed in different formulations and placed in different places of the legal system. The Latvian Civil Law is constructed by following the chronology of forming and development of legal relationship: conclusion of agreement, conditions for legal validity of agreement, execution, amendments to or termination of the agreement, liability and other consequences of non-fulfilment. In the said aspect the category "remedies" includes liability as well as amendments to and termination of agreement, which are not always connected exclusively with breach. In Latvia the prevailing opinion is that liability as a consequence of illegal performance must be separated from the issues related to amendments to or termination of contract. However, one cannot deny that amendments to or termination of contract could be a result of illegal performance. Therefore there could be no grounds for dispute of which is a more correct approach; both have good arguments.
The aforementioned confirms that there are no huge differences among laws of different countries, especially between the systems of countries of continental Europe and common law. Such opinion is exaggerated. Development of international business contacts certifies that not only lawyers can understand each other but businesspersons without specific education in law as well. However, it does not mean that differences have no meaning and that they may be ignored.
Work on improving Latvian law continues and the list of laws to be adopted by the Saeima is still impressively long. Such laws of national importance as Labour Act, Criminal Procedure Act, Purchase for State and Municipal Needs Act have been anticipated for a long time. Amendments to the Satversme (Constitution), which will be necessary for the incorporation of Latvia into the EU are also under elaboration. It seems that against such a background there is no time for the modernisation of Civil Law and some time will pass. However, no serious politician or reasonable lawyer shall deny the necessity to think on a new reading of the Civil Law if Latvia intends to remain a country of codified law. There are rather many questions of civil law, which already appear in court practice and legal literature waiting for new and improved solutions. It will not be reasonable to try "to patch up" once so modern, but in present-day already comparatively archaistic CLA. Similar to Lithuania and Estonia a new contract law section should be elaborated. At this time the comparative research of rules and directives of the EU and other countries dominates in a process of drafting laws in order to adopt solutions corresponding and fitting in the legal system of the state. When all the Baltic States struggled for the regaining of independence, an idea was advanced on the forming of a joined economic region and harmonisation of laws. Due to different circumstances the aforementioned idea was not implemented. Probably a new chance to harmonise or even to unify the contract law of the Baltic States has appeared on a basis of contract law of Lithuania and Estonia elaborated with the assistance of foreign experts.
*1 Civil Law [The Civil Code]. Ed. by the Latvian Law Institute. - Latvian Law Library: Vol. 1. Stanford, Connecticut USA: Government Law Systems, 1998. Further in the text also ― CLA (Civil Law Act).
*2 Latvijas Vestnesis (hereinafter: LV), 12.01.1994, 15.01.1994.
*12 Bürgerliches Gesetzbuch. 38. Aufl. Beck ― Texte im dtv.
*13 Principles of International Commercial Contracts. Rome: International Institute for the Unification of Private Law (UNIDROIT), 1994.


If you are a long, long, long time reader of my blog (if you are, then a tight hug to you! 😍), you would know I reviewed Lakme Gold Dust Shimmer Bronzer! Though I always loved how beautiful it looked on me but somewhere I felt shimmers are not for me. I can use shimmer on my eyes and lips but not on the face! When I got Lakmé Absolute Sun-Kissed Bronzer* which is a part of the newly launched Limited Edition Sabysachi range, I did not have high expectations from it. But but but I was so WRONG! It looks amazing on the skin and not over the top! It costs Rs 725 and you can BUY ONLINE on Amazon!
Lakmé Absolute Sun-Kissed Bronzer comes in a glossy black cardboard box packaging with the information written at the back. If you are into checking the ingredients of makeup products then you will be disappointed as there is no detailed list of ingredients! I check the ingredients of skin care products only so this was not really an issue for me!
The lid of the bronzer is clear and enables you to identify the product in case you hoard many bronzers in your vanity! I love the textured pattern designed on the bronzer that makes it look luxurious and glamorous! If you look at the product closely, you will find there are 2 shades in the same pan. The first half is copper color whilst the other is copper-ish bronze! The formula of the bronzer is soft and smooth and blends in easily without leaving a patch behind! It is quite pigmented so less is more with this product! It has micro fine velvet pearls that gives a dewy look to the skin, It does not contain shimmers unlike Lakme Gold Dust Shimmer Bronzer and has a metallic sheen to it! These days my skin has geared towards the combination skin type and this bronzer stays put for a good 4-5 hours! You would definitely need retouching in between if you have super oily skin! I apply bronzer sparingly so that might also be the reason my bronzer wears off in 4-5 hours! It gives such a beautiful, luminous glow to the face without making me look like a disco ball. It adds a warmth to my skin and looks natural. Though it can be worn during day time but I love using it in the evening (be it party or outing!) because I do not prefer dewy looks during day time!
- Looks natural on the skin!
- Has a gorgeous sheen to it. It does not contain shimmers!
- Does not give a dirty or muddy effect!
- Can be used as an eye shadow and body bronzer as well!
- Might not show on dark skinned beauties!
Lakmé Absolute Sun-Kissed Bronzer is a great bronzer to add a gorgeous warmth to your skin. It looks natural and does not go over the top! It blends in easily and gives a natural sun-kissed look. I would definitely recommend it to people with fair to medium skin tones!
- I use a blush brush to apply bronzer on my cheeks. I use this bronzer as a blush!
- Can be used as an eye shadow and body bronzer!
- If you have clear skin, then you can apply it all over your face using a big, fluffy brush to get sun kissed look!
- You need to carry your own mirror and brush!
Have you checked Lakmé Absolute Sun-Kissed Bronzer?
Will it suit my skin tone Meghu???
Yes it works great as blush on me!
1 + 2 looks beautiful.
yes it looks pretty when combined!
Glad u liked the packaging too!
Rather on the shimmery side, but this looks like a nice bronzer.
Yes these are great fr this season!


I love having a good nosey around a stranger's house – and I also love visiting old properties frozen in time, so that I can wander through the rooms, imagining myself as a former resident. Today I got to do both at the Merchant's House Museum.
My friend Jade had suggested heading to this house on East 4th Street a few weeks ago, and I realized that I must have walked past it hundreds of times without ever noticing it was there. Which is ridiculous, because it doesn't exactly fade in with its surroundings.
The house was built in 1832 and owned by a wealthy merchant, Seabury Tredwell, who lived there with his wife, six daughters and two sons. A couple of the daughters were married but the remaining four lived at the home for the rest of their lives. When the longest-living daughter passed away in the 1930s, the house was taken over by the city and has now be decorated exactly as the family had it during the 1850s.
It's a skinny home but the rooms are open with high ceilings, lots of light and sturdy walls that block out any sound from the street. Ryan and I started with the basement floor – which housed the kitchen (complete with rats) and a study – before working our way up through the house.
On the ground floor, there were two parlors which could be joined or separated by a screen door in the middle. Right now it's decorated for Christmas – with a table filled with snacks and a mini Christmas tree by the large windows overlooking 4th Street. Some of the furniture in this room looked a lot more recent to me than the 1850s, while other pieces seemed far more solid and ancient – showing the variety of tastes here in the home.
Upstairs were two bedrooms divided by a walk-in wardrobe. The bedrooms were gorgeous – large, lofty beds and views over the snow-covered garden beneath.
Unfortunately, there wasn't a ton more to see – yet there were two more floors. The third floor, which would have housed more bedrooms, was entirely blocked off to visitors, while the top floor only had one room on show. This one had been for the four servants who lived here and the rooms were predictably sparse – but still, there were those gorgeous high ceilings that helped flood the room with light.
After about half an hour – and $10 each – we headed back out into NoHo. I loved the intimate insight into social history and there was nothing inauthentic about the place. But it was a shame that one whole floor wasn't on show at all. I'd say it's beautiful and interesting enough to warrant a visit, but I warn you that, like me, you'll leave probably wanting more.


text:
Threat Intelligence Analyst
ConsenSys
Location: Remote, Oregon
We're building for a future where the internet and world economy empowers people through interactions based on consent, privacy, and free association. Where both communities and individual flourish. To accomplish that, we're working hard to make web3 accessible for everyone around the world.
MetaMask is both a crypto wallet and a gateway to the decentralised web. Our tools help people create communities, play video games, access financial services, make payments, invest in assets, protect against economic turmoil, and more. Our browser extension and mobile platforms meet the needs of millions of users and developers across the world.
Originally a humble key manager, today MetaMask serves over 30 million monthly active users as a decentralised application development platform, and aggregator of decentralized cryptocurrency exchanges, and a decentralized identity manager.
Our user base is rapidly growing, and each of our users place an immense amount of trust in MetaMask as a tool that manages and wields their digital authority, controlling
assets, identities, and more. IT is of highest importance to us that we keep our users as safe and secure as possible. Our Security Team ensures that we deliver on this commitment.
We are looking for a Threat Intelligence Analyst to expand the security efforts of MetaMask and ConsenSys within the Web3 space. This role will offer experience in an ever-evolving web3 industry, with ever-evolving threats.
You will be responsible for managing data feeds; collecting, processing, analysis, and dissemination to identify adversaries and their tactics, techniques, and procedures. Creating proposals to relevant stakeholders to improve strategic security-related decision making, and informing the team on threat trends against our organisation and users.
Work as part of a team to deliver intelligence, investigation and reporting capabilities to understand and manage threats to our organisation and our users.
Document existing and emerging threats for the SOC to assist in detection and rules.
Discover and curate data feeds that will give the best intelligence data for SIEM monitoring.
Someone who has a pulse on the criminal activities that target cryptocurrency users.
Someone who has experience with threat hunting.
Someone who can work with multiple teams across multiple time zones and efficiently collaborate.
Someone who has strong organisational and presentation skills.
Someone who has excellent analytical abilities and strong ability to think creatively when approaching issues.
Active Web3 user, especially a MetaMask one!
Published their own analysis on blockchain-related threats.
Don't meet all the requirements? Don't sweat it. We're passionate about building a diverse team of humans and as such, if you think you've got what it takes for our chaotic-but-fun, remote-friendly, start-up environment—apply anyway, detailing your relevant transferable skills in your cover letter. While we have a pretty good idea of what we need, we're ready for you to challenge our thinking on who needs to be in this role.
ConsenSys is an equal opportunity employer. We encourage people from all backgrounds to apply. We are committed to ensuring that our technology is made available and accessible to everyone. All employment decisions are made without regard to race, color, national origin, ancestry, sex, gender, gender identity or expression, sexual orientation, age, genetic information, religion, disability, medical condition, pregnancy, marital status, family status, veteran status, or any other characteristic protected by law. ConsenSys is aware of fraudulent recruitment practices and we encourage all applicants to review our best practices to protect yourself which can be found (https://consensys.net/careers/best-practices-to-avoid-recruitment-fraud/).
The salary range for US-based candidates only will be determined throughout the interview process depending on experience and skills. Candidates should anticipate a base salary (not including bonus, equity or other benefits) of $USD120,000 - $USD246,000.
IndustryI.T., digital & online media services
Company size501-1,000
"As part of the Diligence team, I have the opportunity to work with the most brilliant minds on this planet to help everyone from startups to enterprises securely launch and maintain their decentralized applications (dapps). I feel so valued here and I'm proud to be part of ConsenSys!"

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Biserica evanghelică din Tătârlaua este un monument istoric aflat pe teritoriul satului Tătârlaua; comuna Cetatea de Baltă.

Localitatea
Tătârlaua (în , colocvial Tatárlaka, în dialectul săsesc Taterlôch, în , alternativ Tatarloch, Tatarlau ) este un sat în comuna Cetatea de Baltă din județul Alba, Transilvania, România.

Biserica
Biserica evanghelică de la Tătârlaua este o biserică-sală, construită în stil gotic, pe la sfârșitul secolului al XV-lea. Materialele de construcție folosite au fost cărămida, în amestec cu piatră de râu, argilă, lemn. Nava bisericii are un plan aproximativ pătrat, cu un cor poligonal acoperit de o boltă sprijinită pe nervuri. În stânga corului se găsește un tabernacol gotic de mici dimensiuni, iar în partea dreaptă o firidă, cu un arc în acoladă, datând, probabil, din secolul XV. Pe partea exterioară a corului se mai păstrează urme vagi de frescă, asemănătoare cu cele de la Dârlos care îl înfățișează pe Sfântul Cristofor.

În trecut biserica de la Tătârlaua era înconjurată de o curtină de ziduri de apărare ale cărei urme nu se mai văd in situ.

Altarul poliptic
Păstrează un valoros altar poliptic, opera pictorului Vincentius din Sibiu și a lemnarului Simon (1508). Cuprinde 12 compoziții la care se adaugă predela cu scene biblice și figuri de sfinți. Lucrare reprezentativă pentru trecerea de la gotic la renaștere.

Vezi și
 Tătârlaua, Alba

Imagini din exterior

Imagini din interior

Note

Bibliografie

Asociația Mioritics cu suportul financiar al Deutsche Welterbe Stiftung:
După texte elaborate de: Vladimir Agrigoroaei, Valentin Sălăgeanu, Luiza Zamora, Laura Jiga Iliescu, Ana Maria Gruia.
După ilustrații executate de: Radu Oltean, Laurențiu Raicu, Florin Jude.
Anghel Gheorghe, Fortificații medievale din piatră, secolele XII-XVI, Cluj Napoca, 1986.
Avram Alexandru, Câteva considerații cu privire la bazilicile scurte din bazinul Hârtibaciului și zona Sibiului, în Revista monumentelor și muzeelor de istorie, 1981, numărul 2.
Crîngaci Maria-Emilia, Bazilici romanice din regiunea Sibiului în Analele Asociației a Tinerilor Istorici din Moldova, Ed. Pontas, Chișinău, 2001.
Juliana Fabritius-Dancu, Cetăți țărănești săsești din Transilvania, în Revista Transilvania, Sibiu, 19.
 Hermann Fabini. Universul cetăților bisericești din Transilvania. Sibiu: Editura Monumenta, 2009, 279 p.
Iambor Petre, Așezări fortificate din Transilvania (sec. IX-XIII), Cluj-Napoca, 2005.
Luca Sabin Adrian, PINTER Zeno Karl, GEROGESCU Adrian, Repertoriul arheologic al județului Sibiu (Situri, monumente arheologice și istorice), Sibiu, 2003.
Thomas Nägler, Așezarea sașilor în Transilvania, Editura Kriterion, București, 1992.
Adrian Andrei Rusu, Castelarea carpatica, Editura MEGA, Cluj-Napoca, 2005.
George Oprescu, Bisericile, cetăți ale sașilor din Ardeal, Editura Academiei, București, 1956.
Țiplic Ioan-Marian, Organizarea defensivă a Transilvaniei în evul mediu (secolele X-XIV), Editura Militară, București, 2006.

Monumente istorice din județul Alba
Biserici evanghelice de confesiune augustană din România
Arhitectură gotică din România
Biserici fortificate din Transilvania
Biserici din județul Alba
Biserici din secolul al XV-lea din România

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CRS shifts into gear to help during 'crisis on top of other crises'
CHALATENANGO, El Salvador (CNS) — Though COVID-19 seems like the global enemy to defeat, for aid organizations such as Catholic Relief Services, it is simply another crisis to respond to, said Bill O'Keefe, executive vice president for mission and mobilization for the international agency.
In a Feb. 6 online presentation during the 2021 Catholic Social Ministry Gathering, O'Keefe spoke of the trying year for the organization, which already was helping communities battling multiple problems — droughts, civil conflict, hunger — in the 114 countries where it operates.
"Our colleagues have had a difficult year but are still hard at work," said O'Keefe, showing slides of staffers or local partners working during floods or distributing food and equipment while trying to establish social distancing among its beneficiaries.
O'Keefe spoke of the work of CRS during a Zoom presentation organized by the Department of Justice, Peace and Human Development of the U.S. Conference of Catholic Bishops.
This year's virtual gathering of U.S. Catholic social ministry leaders was co-sponsored by 10 USCCB departments and 18 national Catholic organizations, which carried the event online this year.
CRS is the official relief and development organization of the Catholic community in the United States and was founded by the Catholic bishops in 1943 in response to World War II, he explained.
"The pandemic has had an unbelievable impact on poor and vulnerable people around the world," he said.
With hunger already on the rise, the pandemic is "a crisis on top of other crises in parts of Africa, Latin America and Asia," O'Keefe said. For some communities in Africa, the COVID-19 pandemic shares the space with several "shadow" pandemics, O'Keefe said, and those include civil unrest, drought, and in some cases, locust infestations.
Apart from health risks, the COVID-19 pandemic has prevented people from working, planting and harvesting, disrupting supply chains, adding to the problems of securing food.
But CRS has done its best to adapt by working with local communities, including many in remote locations, and even some refugee camps, providing equipment as well as education about how to observe proper sanitation to stay healthy during the pandemic.
Some of that involves providing water, sanitation stations, in places where the equipment may not be readily available. The agency also has been "very active in promoting the truth and accuracy" about what's helpful and what isn't and battling disinformation arising from the global health crisis, he said.
O'Keefe showed photos of men and women waiting for food or other services inside predesignated circles that keep them 6 feet apart, trying to provide aid as well as safe conditions to gather in order to receive help.
"We try to do everything we can to make sure that we're not contributing to the problems that folks are facing," he said.
He said the agency now is working with other countries, local ministries of health, Catholic health clinics and hospitals and others, to prepare for COVID-19 vaccine distributions, ensuring the most vulnerable populations, particularly in remote locations that get ignored, will get access to vaccines as they become available.
"We have a real role to play," he said.
Also, during the Feb. 6 event, Cardinal Luis Antonio Tagle, prefect of the Congregation for the Evangelization of Peoples, addressed the virtual attendees.
He spoke about the pope's encyclical "Fratelli Tutti" in light of the work of the church highlighted in the virtual conference.
"Justice is not an idea," he said. "Our aim is not to clarify and to promote an idea, no matter how noble and beautiful it is. Justice is the loving communion of brothers and sisters, a social friendship that builds up each other, builds a future together, builds a future for our common human family and for our common home."
SOURCERhina Guidos
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These are tough, waterproof, non-tear, non-stretch wristbands that are available in a variety of patterns and colors, with over 300 choices. All wristbands are consecutively numbered. They come with a very strong adhesive and have tamperproof slits making them impossible to remove in one piece for transferring to another person. These tyvek wristbands are 10 inches long and 3/4 inch wide. Custom printing is available with a printing plate charge. Large quantities are custom printed for FREE.
These are tough, waterproof, non-tear, non-stretch wristbands that are available in a variety of patterns and colors, with over 300 choices. All wristbands are consecutively numbered. They come with a very strong adhesive and have tamperproof slits making them impossible to remove in one piece for transferring to another person. These tyvek wristbands are 10 inches long and 1 inch wide. Custom printing is available at an extra charge along with a printing plate charge. Large quantities are custom printed for FREE.
These are tough, waterproof, non-tear, non-stretch wristbands that are available in a variety of patterns and colors, with over 300 choices. All wristbands are consecutively numbered. They come with a very strong adhesive and have tamperproof slits making them impossible to remove in one piece for transferring to another person. These tyvek wristbands are 10 inches long and 3/4 inch wide. Custom printing is available at an extra charge along with a printing plate charge. Large quantities are custom printed for FREE.
Debossed silicone bracelets are made by 100% eco-friendly silicone, 1/2'' wide, debossed. We can accept client logo, the logo can be printed, embossed, multicolor embossed, debossed, debossed with color filling, laser engraving. We can match standard Pantone Colors available.
This bracelet is made of polyester paracord and plastic buckle, resistant to corrosion. Your logo can be printed for promotional purpose.


Toured downtown Omaha; Carter Lake, Iowa; the riverfront; the Bob Kerrey pedestrian bridge; River City, Iowa; TD Ameritrade Park; the CenturyLink Center and several places in between during the 13.1 miles I ran Saturday morning.
Although I stopped a few times to figure out where to go next and to get something to drink in order to stay hydrated, I did run the entire distance although it was a slower pace. Hopefully in the coming weeks I can build up some speed on the longer runs.
My wife informed me today that the marathon will be about 2 years since I decided to go on this journey.
I just checked and it will be exactly 2 years. The Omaha Marathon is on Sunday, September 23rd, 2012. On Thursday, September 23rd, 2010, I posted my first entry on this site.


On this day in 1862, President Abraham Lincoln issues War Order No. 3, a measure making several changes at the top of the Union Army command structure.Lincoln created three departments, placing Henry Halleck in charge of the West, John C. Fremont in command of troops in the Appalachian region, and George McClellan in charge in the East.
The most significant change in the order removed McClellan from his post as general-in-chief of all Union armies, though he retained command of the Army of the Potomac, the most important Union force.McClellan had assumed leadership of that army after it was defeated at the First Battle of Bull Run, Virginia, in July 1861. He quickly installed an efficient command structure and began training an effective fighting force. Three months later, Lincoln elevated McClellan to general-in-chief. However, the relationship between the president and his commanding officer was strained and sometimes contentious. The arrogant McClellan was contemptuous of the president and often ignored Lincoln's communications or kept information from him.
McClellan was stretched thin as general-in-chief, and even he recognized this fact. He was bothered by the March 1862 demotion, but wrote to Lincoln that he would "work just as cheerfully as ever before, and … no consideration of self will in any manner interfere with the discharge of my public duties." For McClellan, this was a rare show of grace and deference towards Lincoln. The move allowed McClellan to spend more time planning his upcoming campaign against the Confederate capital at Richmond, Virginia.


I am 38 with a good job earning around 30k a year. I have around £42k worth of personal, unsecured debt, and an additional 18k owing to my mum.
I will have about £250 surplus to pay creditors in either an IVA or IPA.
My main issue is I need to pay my mum back regulary so an IVA seems the only option where I can do that. I owe her about 16k and the IVA budget shet suggests around £100 a month might be accepted for that debt level.
Also, I would have occasional overtime which seems like it might relieve the pressure a bit, whereas in an IPA from BR, all this would be swallowed..
Any thoughts? Just thought I may have missed something here.
Re: Bankruptcy with Family Loans?
I wouldn't imagine that you would be allowed to repay family loans in preference to commercial loans in either an IVA or BR and cannot think where this would be suggested on the budget sheet.
I have no experience of BR, so cannot really offer any meaningful comparison --- an IP could do that for you as part of the intial analysis of your situation. In the long run, of course, the biggie is that an IPA runs, usually, for three years and an IVA for five. But, I get the impression that payments under an IPA might be a bit higher.
You really need to have a chat with a couple of firms.
I presume when arriving at the figure of £250 surplus a month you have excluded the payments you currently make to cerditors?
Your Mum would rank equally alongside your other unsecured creditors in an IVA or BKY.
Taking out that conflict, it sounds as if BKY would be the best option for you. You could always reach an agreement to pay your Mum something back later voluntarily after you have been discharged from Bankruptcy.
Via an IVA she might get back about 15p/£ if you enter a 5 year agreement, being c£3k. In BKY there would be no dividend as the 3 years contributions would be eaten by the costs.
A 3 year IVA might be suitable to match the 3 year of contribution payments you would pay in BKY.
I will speak to a few IPs and see what looks best for me.
The £250 was what I had left over each month after paying essential living costs. Its what I have 'free' each month which could go towards creditors. Of course, I understand this may well be adjusted in either an IVA or BR situation.
I'm surprised you said BR as best option. Honestly, BR seems a bit daunting. My job is likely to get better paid, and doing more work, longer hours, and seeing no return (50% of overtime and pay rise in IVA - all gone to BR) would be terrible!
Is there help with the process of BR? It all seems to be IVA stuff on StepChange - who actually recommeded to me an IVA.
A 3yr IVA? I thought it was 5 years?
The usual is 5 years (sometimes six) which can be extended but the agreement can be for whatever is decided at the outset.
You can do an IVA for less than five years - depends on whether or not you can pay back 100% plus fees. A 3 year payment is usually for bankruptcy.
also, will the IP allow payments to a family member each month or at the end of the 5 years?
It depends on the whole picture, the figures involved and the attitude of your creditors. They can ask an associated creditor to stand aside and not get any dividend during the term.
Are you asking if the IP will pay a dividend to creditors monthly, or if you can continue to pay the debt off in an IVA?
You won't be able to do the latter I'm afraid. You payment to creditors will derive from the contributions you pay into the IVA - the IP will then pay a dividend out to creditors.


Distributing the load across multiple servers.
Successful load balancing optimizes resource use, maximizes throughput, minimizes response time, and avoids overload. Using multiple components with load balancing instead of a single component may increase reliability through redundancy.
A variety of scheduling algorithms are used by load balancers to determine which backend server to send a request to. Simple algorithms include random choice or round robin. More sophisticated load balancers may take into account additional factors, such as a server's reported load, recent response times, up/down status (determined by a monitoring poll of some kind), number of active connections, geographic location, capabilities, or how much traffic it has recently been assigned.
One solution to the session data issue is to send all requests in a user session consistently to the same backend server. This is known as persistence or stickiness. A significant downside to this technique is its lack of automatic failover: if a backend server goes down, its per-session information becomes inaccessible, and any sessions depending on it are lost. The same problem is usually relevant to central database servers; even if web servers are "stateless" and not "sticky", the central database is (see below).
Assignment to a particular server might be based on a username, client IP address, or by random assignment. Because of changes of the client's perceived address resulting from DHCP, network address translation, and web proxies this method may be unreliable. Random assignments must be remembered by the load balancer, which creates a burden on storage. If the load balancer is replaced or fails, this information may be lost, and assignments may need to be deleted after a timeout period or during periods of high load to avoid exceeding the space available for the assignment table. The random assignment method also requires that clients maintain some state, which can be a problem, for example when a web browser has disabled storage of cookies. Sophisticated load balancers use multiple persistence techniques to avoid some of the shortcomings of any one method.
Another solution is to keep the per-session data in a database. Generally this is bad for performance since it increases the load on the database: the database is best used to store information less transient than per-session data. To prevent a database from becoming a single point of failure, and to improve scalability, the database is often replicated across multiple machines, and load balancing is used to spread the query load across those replicas. Microsoft's ASP.net State Server technology is an example of a session database. All servers in a web farm store their session data on State Server and any server in the farm can retrieve the data.
Fortunately there are more efficient approaches. In the very common case where the client is a web browser, per-session data can be stored in the browser itself. One technique is to use a browser cookie, suitably time-stamped and encrypted. Another is URL rewriting. Storing session data on the client is generally the preferred solution: then the load balancer is free to pick any backend server to handle a request. However, this method of state-data handling is not really suitable for some complex business logic scenarios, where session state payload is very big or recomputing it with every request on a server is not feasible, and URL rewriting has major security issues, since the end-user can easily alter the submitted URL and thus change session streams. Encrypted client side cookies are arguably just as insecure and unless all transmission is over HTTPS, they are very easy to copy or decrypt for man-in-the-middle attacks.


Ex-cons can't be permitted to vote because that's the slippery slope to letting serving inmates vote too. Colour me unpersuaded. This argument, however, leads one to wonder whether it is in fact possible for felons to "pay their debt to society"? And if they have not done so - as the denial of voting rights suggests they must not have done - then why are they being released in the first place? That, at any rate, would seem to be the logic of this matter. It's a grim and pitiless worldview.


Nebraska is a state that is positioned in both the Great Plains and the Midwestern United States. The state is bordered by South Dakota to the north, Kansas to the south, and Iowa to the east and Missouri to the southeast, both across the Missouri River, Wyoming to the west and Colorado to the southwest. Lincoln is its state capital. Its largest city is Omaha, which is on the Missouri River. In 1867 Nebraska was signed as the 37th state of the United States. It is the only state in the United States whose legislature is unicameral and officially nonpartisan. The state has a huge agriculture sector and is one of the main producers of beef, corn, pork, and soybeans. Two major climatic zones are represented in Nebraska: the western half, a semi-arid climate whereas the eastern half of the state has a humid continental climate.
Knowing the gender of your child is a choice that you have, all you have to do is opt for an elective ultrasound and the doctors will inform you of the gender your baby shall be. A 3D ultrasound provides you with comprehensive knowledge of the status of your fetus.


Every industry develops its own set of words and phrases. Whether you're a lawyer, production manager, executive, accountant, or engineer, you'll encounter catchphrases and trade names on a daily—if not hourly—basis. Frequently used as a method to help us communicate complex or multifaceted items quickly and efficiently, industry slang is a great device for the sake of simplicity in the workplace. The thing about industry-specific terms and phrases is that they carry an enormous amount weight for people familiar with the trade. The only downside is: they're not universally understood.
How many times have you found yourself in a meeting and heard one of these phrases and felt slightly embarrassed for of asking what that stood for? It's not necessarily words that trip us up, but the thought process and industry specificity of them that ultimately trips us up. In cases like these, a lack of base-level communication creates anxiety among professionals and can even lead to frustration at times. Imagine how much more productive you would be if you could bridge this communication gap. Well, some companies are setting out to do just that.
We recently caught up with Henry Jacobson, Product Manager of Pulsafeeder, to inquire about the difficulties he faces when aligning the sales, marketing, and engineering departments that work as a collective. Pulsafeeder is one of the few manufacturers that specialize in highly engineered chemical injection pumps—think chemical processing plants or wastewater treatment centers. Part of Henry's responsibilities as a Product Manager is to strategize a roadmap for Pulsafeeder's products, defining their purpose and position in the marketplace; this requires a constant need for simultaneous collaboration between members of every department in their organization. When speaking to us in regards to his duties as a Product Manager, Henry also made note of the distinct language barrier that can be found between different departments of a company.
The company recently found itself in a unique position as it headed-up a redesign for its office and production facilities located in Rochester, New York. With the remodel of the office space in particular, Pulsafeeder was looking to "reinvigorate excitement and creativity by creating an open space that facilitates collaboration and creativity." In turn, the company relied on Magnatag's own expertise in helping shape professional workspaces from the ground-up with modern dry erase technology.
To ensure conference rooms were large enough to support groups of all sizes to conduct presentations that were commanding.
The renovations began by taking a look at what other major businesses have done to their interior spaces in recent years. The results indicated that a large number of modern corporations have begun shifting towards a modular floor plan, in an effort to accommodate the rapidly changing demands of a modern organizational structure.
The Pulsafeeder team was mindful of the fact that conference rooms were of particular importance to their employees—given the regularity in which they are used. In addition to the cross-departmental meetings conducted amongst local team-leaders, the company frequently convenes with their group of global engineers that work remotely, adding to the demand for a robust workspace.
With conference rooms serving as a starting point for the renovation process, selecting the best tool for visual communication was of the upmost importance to Jacobs. After weeks of research and preparation, the Pulsafeeder team ultimately came to the decision that Magnatag's WhiteWall dry erase panels would be the best fit for their conference rooms.
In the months since the renovation has been completed, Jacobs says that the redesigned conference setting has been an instrumental asset to the engineering, marketing, and sales departments as they develop a strategy for the company's future.
Jacobs and his team entered the renovation process seeking to create a workspace that was both resourceful and spacious. However, what the end product was able to achieve was a complete transformation of a typical conference room into a central hub built for communication, something that was able to unify Pulsafeeder's many departments with the use of visual communication.


Bartul Čović talks to Zoltán Pogátsa about neoliberal capitalism, European politics and Europe's future at the 2016 Green Academy.
John Clarke and Bartul Čović talked about Brexit, British politics and various other contemporary political and social issues at the 2016 Green Academy.
Carlos Delclós and Bartul Čović talk in the first of a series of interviews conducted by Bartul during the Green Academy 2016.


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Love in the Time of Coronavirus
Posted bystceceliastgabriel August 29, 2020 August 30, 2020 Posted inQuarantine
In the year 165 AD plague broke out in the Roman Empire. Now referred to as the Antonine Plague, historians believe it originated in China and that Roman soldiers came into contact with it while on campaign in modern-day Iraq. It quickly spread into Gaul and the Germanic territories held by the Empire and even down into the Italian peninsula. Based on contemporary descriptions of the epidemic, it seems that the plague was a variation of smallpox – and it was devastating. Some writers from the period estimated that 2000 people a day died in the city of Rome at the height of the crisis. All told, historians think that about 60-70 million people died from the plague, numbers that represent a quarter to a third of the entire population of the Empire. Among the victims was Lucius Verus, who reigned as co-emperor with Marcus Aurelius, and died in 169.
Many in the Empire thought that the plague was a punishment sent from the gods – due to either a violation of a sacred oath or an act of sacrilege. Marcus Aurelius attributed it to the refusal of Christians to pay homage to the pagan deities. Ironically, the average Roman's sympathy for Christianity was growing alongside the hostility of their rulers toward the relatively new sect. The reason for this was that, unlike adherents to the polytheistic system of the Roman Empire, Christians believed that they had a moral duty to care for those in need, including people affected by the plague. While pagan nobles fled the urban areas where the disease was wreaking havoc, Christians remained and provided the sick with basic needs of food and water, as well as compassionate care. The people noticed that Christians provided care to everyone, including non-Christians. Furthermore, Christianity taught people that life has meaning even under the most difficult circumstances, and that death is not the end of existence. As a result, many people became Christian. Some historians trace the eventual establishment of Christianity as the official religion of the Roman Empire to the way Christians comported themselves during the time of this terrible plague.
Like the ancient Romans, we find ourselves in the midst of a public health crisis. Thankfully, the Coronavirus is far less dangerous than the plague outbreak of 165. But we are no less called as followers of Christ to imitate the charity of the Catholics in the Roman Empire. Part of the charitable response is to be conscientious about not taking unnecessary risks that might expose ourselves or others to the virus. It is a sign of prudence to observe "social distancing." At the same time, it's very important for us to keep tabs on each other and to check in with people whom we know are alone and who might be feeling anxious, to console them, and to ask them if there's anything we can do for them. And most importantly we should be using this time to pray for each other. Our Lord is with us. We must put our trust in Him.
Fighting Boredom
Missing Mass


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The Home of the Cannes Film Festival
  The Palais des Festival is the destination for major conventions year round, most famously the Cannes International Film Festival and Cannes Lions, but also cool shows like MIPCOM for the TV Biz, MIDEM for music, and the International Duty...
by VICE x Cannes
The Palais des Festival is the destination for major conventions year round, most famously the Cannes International Film Festival and Cannes Lions, but also cool shows like MIPCOM for the TV Biz, MIDEM for music, and the International Duty Free Show for airplane booze. Built for the Cannes Film Festival In 1949, the Palais des Festival hosted its first Cannes Film Festival without much fanfare, or a roof, thanks to a bit of unfinished carpentry and a particularly rough storm that year. The Palais managed to weather the next two decades with only minor incident until 1968, when student and workers protests across France led to a sit-in at the Palais itself. Festival directors, including legendary French filmmakers Louis Malle and Jean-Luc Godard, got all situationist in protest, and forced the cancellation of the festival. The now-iconic Palais was renovated and replaced in 1982 and expanded in 1999. It still has a roof. And plenty of places to sit.


Over 700 guests and $400,000+ raised for Club kids!
St. Louis, MO, November 10, 2018 – Boys & Girls Clubs of Greater St. Louis (BGCSTL) is proud to announce the 2019 Youth of the Year winner is Kahalia Adams! Being named Youth of the Year is the highest honor a Boys & Girls Club member can receive and a signature national youth recognition program that celebrates the recipient's contributions to their family, school, community, and their Boys & Girls Club. The winner was announced at the Great Futures Gala, the largest fundraising event for the Boys & Girls Clubs of Greater St. Louis which raised a grand total of over $400,000 and met its "fund-a-need" goal of $120,000+ that same evening.
Kahalia, age 17, is a junior at Parkway North High School and has been a member of BGCSTL Herbert Hoover Club for ten years. In addition to winning the Youth of the Year title and honor to represent the Club as a Teen Ambassador, she won the Wanda and Michael DeHaven Boys & Girls Clubs Youth of the Year scholarship in the amount of $5,000. And, a Honda Accord courtesy of Frank Leta Automotive Group!
Now that she's won the honor, Kahalia plans to fulfill her purpose and use her voice to positively influence young people across the nation. Once she graduates from high school she plans to attend her dream college, Jackson State University. Kahalia was selected from a group of four finalists who shared their stories of outstanding leadership, service, academic excellence and commitment to living a healthy lifestyle at the Great Futures Gala.
"The Youth of the Year program honors our nation's most awe-inspiring young people on their path to great futures and encourages all kids to lead, succeed and inspire. All of the honorees are shining examples and living proof that great futures start at the Boys & Girls Clubs. We are so proud of all of this year's participants who took the time to complete a challenging yet worthwhile process. All possess the ability and ambition to be successful, and, should be recognized for their leadership, service, academic achievements and commitment to live a healthy lifestyle," said Dr. Flint Fowler, President, Boys & Girls Clubs of Greater St. Louis.
Special thanks to the Great Futures Gala committee including Honorary Co-chairs – Jimmy & Janet Williams and Event Co-chairs: Mark & Flora Stallion and Dave & Barb Touchette. And, to the following sponsors for their support: Presenting Sponsors, Centene Charitable Foundation and Emerson; Great Futures Sponsors, Greensfelder Hemker & Gale, P.C., Express Scripts, Argent Capital Management LLC and Stifel Nicolaus; Youth of the Year Sponsors, Bayer, Edward Jones, Enterprise Bank and Trust, KAI Design & Build — The UP Companies, Laborers' International Union of North America, Lewis Rice, Nestle Purina, Paul & Laura Miller, Thompson Coburn, LLP, U.S. Bank and Wells Fargo.
For more information on how the Boys & Girls Clubs of Greater St. Louis is helping our community, visit www.bgcstl.org. To view all photos from the evening, click below.
Thanks to our co-chairs, Gala Committee, sponsors, guests, Club members and staff for making the Great Futures Gala a memorable night for our Club kids!
To view the video highlighting the Club's impact on teens and alumni, click below.


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Minnesota Blog Cabin
Massacres and denial: Why can't America get it right?
Thoughtful Bastards
The March 30th NYTs carried a front page article about Indian Country that rolls up the nicest example of institutional racism I've seen a long time.
By Paul Udstrand
On December 29, 1890 the 7th Calvary tried to disarm a group of Indians in South Dakota. A shot rang out and up to 300 Indians were massacred in what the US Army calls the last "battle" of the American Indian Wars: Wounded Knee.
Greetings thoughtful bastards. I've been on a little hiatus as of late from my blogging duties but I return now, jolted into action by the nation's premier newspaper of record- the New York Times.
The March 30th NYTs carried a front page article about Indian Country that rolls up the nicest example of institutional racism I've seen a long time. John Eligon penned a bizarre story about an effort to sell the Wounded Knee massacre site, and in so doing actually managed to convert genocide into a real estate story.
Since 1968 the site of that massacre has been owned by a white man who purchased it in order to exploit its tourism potential. Do I even need to comment on the irony of THAT factoid? Now the owner is trying to sell the 40 acre site and this is where the NYT's Eligon picks up the story.
This is a sad story of a poor white man (James A. Czywczynski) whose scheme to exploit an Indian massacre for profit fell apart in 1973. What happened in 1973? After decades of corruption, intimidation, violence, and murder some Indians made a stand at the town of Wounded Knee and called for the removal of a corrupt tribal president.
Check this out: the town of Wounded Knee is on the Pine Ridge Indian Reservation, here's what Wikipedia says about it:
"The town lies within the Pine Ridge Reservation, occupied by the Oglala Lakota(Sioux)." (Emphasis mine)
Note the use of the term "occupied". Apparently whenever Indians exist somewhere it's an "occupation". When members of the American Indian Movement moved into Wounded Knee in 1973 according to Eligon and Wikipedia it was an "occupation". In 1973 Czywczynski had to move away:
"… after the violent occupation of Wounded Knee by an organization known as theAmerican Indian Movement left much of the town destroyed, including the trading post and his home."
So it wasn't just an occupation, it was a "violent" occupation, one that destroyed a white guys investment.
PBS has a website for a special they once did on Wounded Knee called: "We Shall Remain". At the time, this is how anchorman John Chancellor described it:
"We have tonight one of the strangest stories to come along inn a long time. A group of American Indians has taken over the town of Wounded Knee in South Dakota and they have been holding it for nearly a whole day. This afternoon the FBI said the Indians are in charge of the town."
Imagine that, Indians in charge of a town in the middle their own reservation, how strange is that? The idea that Indians somehow needed or used "force" to "occupy" their own land at Wounded Knee is a surprisingly durable fiction. All eye witness accounts report a caravan of cars and trucks driving into town and setting up camp. There was no violence, no force, no "invasion", and this was after all Indian land on an Indian reservation. Most people would say that the AIM caravan moved in, like Circe De Soleil moves in. When Circe de Soleil moved into St. Louis Park a couple years ago no one described it as an "occupation".
The Federal response to AIM's arrival at the town of Wounded Knee was to surround the town with hundreds of officers and several armored personnel carriers with 50 caliber machine guns. Then they started a gunfight.
Let me clear this up in a short and succinct way: This was not an Indian occupation, it was a government siege. It was not the occupation that destroyed Czywczynski's property; it was the FBI siege that destroyed his property. This is not-so-long-ago history and there's really no good reason to get it wrong.
Now Czywczynski is trying to recoup some of his losses and the Indians are all riled up. He's asking for $3.9 million, the tribe is currently $60 million in debt and would have to borrow the money meet his asking price. If the Indians don't buy it he'll sell it at open auction. That could be interesting.
But how did Czywczynski end up with this land in the first place? Eligon puts it this way:
"The land is believed to have gotten into non-Indian hands sometime after a process of allotment began in the late 1800s in which the federal government divided land among the Indians and gave some parcels to non-Indians."
Hold on there cowboy, let's not gloss over this "allotment" thingie that happened in the olden days.
What was the Allotment program? Some will say it was well intentioned, but it was a deliberate program of cultural genocide. Indian people in America had not disappeared like they were supposed by the turn of the 19th century so a frustrated US government decided to do what it always did when it got frustrated with Indians, it trashed the treaties. The treaties established that reservation lands were supposed to be governed by tribes as dependent sovereigns. Tribal or traditional culture is collectively organized, the individual functions as a member of something more important than themselves. Indian lands are not "owned" by individuals. The US government decided they didn't like the way the tribes were using their reservation land collectively and all right-thinking white folks of the era agreed that Indians were way past their "assimilate by" date. So the Indians were forced into homesteads.
Homesteading had worked so well in the past you know, one in five white homesteads had actually succeeded to some extent! How could you go wrong with a model that had an 80% failure rate?
The reservation lands were chopped up into individual chunks that were "given" to each Indian family. The idea was that they would do something useful with their land and stop being Indians. Unfortunately the Indians were no better at homesteading than white folks had been. The parcels were to small work as farms, the land was ill suited in many cases and had no buildings on it. The whole thing turned into another white land grab of Indian land. Like anyone stuck with property they couldn't afford and couldn't use Indians sold their land to mostly white speculators that assembled multiple allotments into viable land holdings. Many of these would later become the sizeable farms you see there today. Due to the Allotment program tribe lost 30% of the land in Pine Ridge Reservation. THIS is how a white guy by the name of Czywczynski ended up owning an Indian massacre site. And now the tribe is supposed to buy it back?
Finally check out this passage from Eligon's article:
"And now the massacre site, which passed into non-Indian hands generations ago, is up for sale, once again dragging Wounded Knee to the center of the Indian people's bitter struggle against perceived injustice…" (Emphasis mine)
What "perceived" injustices is Eligon talking about? Is it possible that genocide, massacre, theft, treaty violations, and cultural genocide were acts of Justice? Are we possibly missing something here? Is this just a matter of perspective? Would any writer for the New York Time in his or her right mind talk about the "perceived" injustices of the Holocaust or slavery? Why are we modifying this injustice, who are we placating? What are we "balancing"? Why can't we say that American Indians are still fighting injustices and fighting to recover from injustices of the past?
This is not a story about a guy trying to sell his damaged land to fickle Indians. This is a story about an American Genocide and the real last battle of the Indian wars that's taking place at the same location as last two battles of the Indian wars. This is the story of how the massacre at Wounded Knee continues.
Eligon isn't a bad man, I'm positive he was actually trying to be culturally sensitive and NOT racist. The problem is he comes from an institution that's blind to its own assumptions. He comes from a place where Indians are "occupiers" of their own homes, and driving into a town is an invasion, and massacre and land swindles may be "perceived" injustices. He comes from a place where sales receipts trump history. These assumptions are invisible because they are not questioned, and they are not questioned because they are assumptions that colonizers always make. Everyone from Wikipedia to John Chancellor gets it wrong. Let's hope the New York Times and Mr. Eligon do better in the future.
This post was written by Paul Udstrand and originally published on Thoughtful Bastards.
If you blog and would like your work considered for Minnesota Blog Cabin, please submit our registration form.
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Massacres and denial: Why can't America get it right?

By Paul Udstrand

April 3, 2013

Wikimedia Commons

On December 29, 1890 the 7th Calvary tried to disarm a group of Indians in South Dakota. A shot rang out and up to 300 Indians were massacred in what the US Army calls the last "battle" of the American Indian Wars: Wounded Knee.

Greetings thoughtful bastards. I've been on a little hiatus as of late from my blogging duties but I return now, jolted into action by the nation's premier newspaper of record- the New York Times.

The March 30th NYTs carried a front page article about Indian Country that rolls up the nicest example of institutional racism I've seen a long time. John Eligon penned a bizarre story about an effort to sell the Wounded Knee massacre site, and in so doing actually managed to convert genocide into a real estate story.

On December 29, 1890 the 7th Calvary tried to disarm a group of Indians in South Dakota. A shot rang out and up to 300 Indians were massacred in what the US Army calls the last "battle" of the American Indian Wars: Wounded Knee.

Since 1968 the site of that massacre has been owned by a white man who purchased it in order to exploit its tourism potential. Do I even need to comment on the irony of THAT factoid? Now the owner is trying to sell the 40 acre site and this is where the NYT's Eligon picks up the story.

This is a sad story of a poor white man (James A. Czywczynski) whose scheme to exploit an Indian massacre for profit fell apart in 1973. What happened in 1973? After decades of corruption, intimidation, violence, and murder some Indians made a stand at the town of Wounded Knee and called for the removal of a corrupt tribal president.

Check this out: the town of Wounded Knee is on the Pine Ridge Indian Reservation, here's what Wikipedia says about it:

"The town lies within the Pine Ridge Reservation, occupied by the Oglala Lakota(Sioux)." (Emphasis mine)

Note the use of the term "occupied". Apparently whenever Indians exist somewhere it's an "occupation". When members of the American Indian Movement moved into Wounded Knee in 1973 according to Eligon and Wikipedia it was an "occupation".  In 1973 Czywczynski  had to move away:

"… after the violent occupation of Wounded Knee by an organization known as theAmerican Indian Movement left much of the town destroyed, including the trading post and his home."

So it wasn't just an occupation, it was a "violent" occupation, one that destroyed a white guys investment.

PBS has a website for a special they once did on Wounded Knee called: "We Shall Remain".  At the time, this is how anchorman John Chancellor described it:

"We have tonight one of the strangest stories to come along inn a long time. A group of American Indians has taken over the town of Wounded Knee in South Dakota and they have been holding it for nearly a whole day. This afternoon the FBI said the Indians are in charge of the town."

Imagine that, Indians in charge of a town in the middle their own reservation, how strange is that? The idea that Indians somehow needed or used "force" to "occupy" their own land at Wounded Knee is a surprisingly durable fiction. All eye witness accounts report a caravan of cars and trucks driving into town and setting up camp. There was no violence, no force, no "invasion", and this was after all Indian land on an Indian reservation.  Most people would say that the AIM caravan moved in, like Circe De Soleil moves in. When Circe de Soleil moved into St. Louis Park a couple years ago no one described it as an "occupation".

The Federal response to AIM's arrival at the town of Wounded Knee was to surround the town with hundreds of officers and several armored personnel carriers with 50 caliber machine guns. Then they started a gunfight.

Let me clear this up in a short and succinct way: This was not an Indian occupation, it was a government siege.  It was not the occupation that destroyed Czywczynski's property; it was the FBI siege that destroyed his property.  This is not-so-long-ago history and there's really no good reason to get it wrong.

Now Czywczynski is trying to recoup some of his losses and the Indians are all riled up. He's asking for $3.9 million, the tribe is currently $60 million in debt and would have to borrow the money meet his asking price. If the Indians don't buy it he'll sell it at open auction. That could be interesting.

But how did Czywczynski end up with this land in the first place? Eligon puts it this way:

"The land is believed to have gotten into non-Indian hands sometime after a process of allotment began in the late 1800s in which the federal government divided land among the Indians and gave some parcels to non-Indians."

Hold on there cowboy, let's not gloss over this "allotment" thingie that happened in the olden days.

What was the Allotment program? Some will say it was well intentioned, but it was a deliberate program of cultural genocide.  Indian people in America had not disappeared like they were supposed by the turn of the 19th century so a frustrated US government decided to do what it always did when it got frustrated with Indians, it trashed the treaties. The treaties established that reservation lands were supposed to be governed by tribes as dependent sovereigns. Tribal or traditional culture is collectively organized, the individual functions as a member of something more important than themselves. Indian lands are not "owned" by individuals. The US government decided they didn't like the way the tribes were using their reservation land collectively and all right-thinking white folks of the era agreed that Indians were way past their "assimilate by" date. So the Indians were forced into homesteads.

Homesteading had worked so well in the past you know, one in five white homesteads had actually succeeded to some extent!  How could you go wrong with a model that had an 80% failure rate?

The reservation lands were chopped up into individual chunks that were "given" to each Indian family. The idea was that they would do something useful with their land and stop being Indians. Unfortunately the Indians were no better at homesteading than white folks had been. The parcels were to small work as farms, the land was ill suited in many cases and had no buildings on it. The whole thing turned into another white land grab of Indian land. Like anyone stuck with property they couldn't afford and couldn't use Indians sold their land to mostly white speculators that assembled multiple allotments into viable land holdings. Many of these would later become the sizeable farms you see there today.  Due to the Allotment program tribe lost 30% of the land in Pine Ridge Reservation. THIS is how a white guy by the name of Czywczynski ended up owning an Indian massacre site.  And now the tribe is supposed to buy it back?

Finally check out this passage from Eligon's article:

"And now the massacre site, which passed into non-Indian hands generations ago, is up for sale, once again dragging Wounded Knee to the center of the Indian people's bitter struggle against perceived injustice…" (Emphasis mine)

What "perceived" injustices is Eligon talking about? Is it possible that genocide, massacre, theft, treaty violations, and cultural genocide were acts of Justice? Are we possibly missing something here? Is this just a matter of perspective? Would any writer for the New York Time in his or her right mind talk about the "perceived" injustices of the Holocaust or slavery? Why are we modifying this injustice, who are we placating? What are we "balancing"? Why can't we say that American Indians are still fighting injustices and fighting to recover from injustices of the past?

This is not a story about a guy trying to sell his damaged land to fickle Indians. This is a story about an American Genocide and the real last battle of the Indian wars that's taking place at the same location as last two battles of the Indian wars. This is the story of how the massacre at Wounded Knee continues.

Eligon isn't a bad man, I'm positive he was actually trying to be culturally sensitive and NOT racist. The problem is he comes from an institution that's blind to its own assumptions. He comes from a place where Indians are "occupiers" of their own homes, and driving into a town is an invasion, and massacre and land swindles may be "perceived" injustices. He comes from a place where sales receipts trump history. These assumptions are invisible because they are not questioned, and they are not questioned because they are assumptions that colonizers always make. Everyone from Wikipedia to John Chancellor gets it wrong. Let's hope the New York Times and Mr. Eligon do better in the future.

This post was written by Paul Udstrand and originally published on Thoughtful Bastards.

If you blog and would like your work considered for Minnesota Blog Cabin, please submit our registration form.

This article first appeared on MinnPost and is republished here under a Creative Commons license.


text:
<?php declare(strict_types=1);

namespace Composer\Test\Repository\Vcs;

use Composer\Repository\Vcs\HgDriver;
use Composer\Test\Mock\ProcessExecutorMock;
use Composer\Test\TestCase;
use Composer\Util\Filesystem;
use Composer\Config;

class HgDriverTest extends TestCase
{
    /** @var \Composer\IO\IOInterface&\PHPUnit\Framework\MockObject\MockObject */
    private $io;
    /** @var Config */
    private $config;
    /** @var string */
    private $home;

    public function setUp(): void
    {
        $this->io = $this->getMockBuilder('Composer\IO\IOInterface')->getMock();
        $this->home = self::getUniqueTmpDirectory();
        $this->config = new Config();
        $this->config->merge(array(
            'config' => array(
                'home' => $this->home,
            ),
        ));
    }

    protected function tearDown(): void
    {
        parent::tearDown();
        $fs = new Filesystem;
        $fs->removeDirectory($this->home);
    }

    /**
     * @dataProvider supportsDataProvider
     *
     * @param string $repositoryUrl
     */
    public function testSupports(string $repositoryUrl): void
    {
        $this->assertTrue(
            HgDriver::supports($this->io, $this->config, $repositoryUrl)
        );
    }

    public function supportsDataProvider(): array
    {
        return array(
            array('ssh://bitbucket.org/user/repo'),
            array('ssh://hg@bitbucket.org/user/repo'),
            array('ssh://user@bitbucket.org/user/repo'),
            array('https://bitbucket.org/user/repo'),
            array('https://user@bitbucket.org/user/repo'),
        );
    }

    public function testGetBranchesFilterInvalidBranchNames(): void
    {
        $process = $this->getProcessExecutorMock();

        $driver = new HgDriver(array('url' => 'https://example.org/acme.git'), $this->io, $this->config, $this->getMockBuilder('Composer\Util\HttpDownloader')->disableOriginalConstructor()->getMock(), $process);

        $stdout = <<<HG_BRANCHES
default 1:dbf6c8acb640
--help  1:dbf6c8acb640
HG_BRANCHES;

        $stdout1 = <<<HG_BOOKMARKS
help    1:dbf6c8acb641
--help  1:dbf6c8acb641

HG_BOOKMARKS;

        $process
            ->expects(array(array(
                'cmd' => 'hg branches',
                'stdout' => $stdout,
            ), array(
                'cmd' => 'hg bookmarks',
                'stdout' => $stdout1,
            )));

        $branches = $driver->getBranches();
        $this->assertSame(array(
            'help' => 'dbf6c8acb641',
            'default' => 'dbf6c8acb640',
        ), $branches);
    }

    public function testFileGetContentInvalidIdentifier(): void
    {
        self::expectException('\RuntimeException');

        $process = $this->getProcessExecutorMock();
        $driver = new HgDriver(array('url' => 'https://example.org/acme.git'), $this->io, $this->config, $this->getMockBuilder('Composer\Util\HttpDownloader')->disableOriginalConstructor()->getMock(), $process);

        $this->assertNull($driver->getFileContent('file.txt', 'h'));

        $driver->getFileContent('file.txt', '-h');
    }
}


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text:
Nectandra utilis es una especie de fanerógama en la familia de Lauraceae.

Es endémica de Perú. Está amenazada por pérdida de hábitat. Hay subcolecciones en el Parque nacional del Río Abiseo. Otras dos subpoblaciones han sido halladas en la cuenca del Utcubamba. Son bosques montanos altos sujetos a fuerte deforestación, y por incendios intencionales. Y más amenazados por ser una sp. maderable.

Fuente
 World Conservation Monitoring Centre 1998. Nectandra utilis. 2006 IUCN Lista Roja de Especies Amenazadas; 22 de agosto de 2007

utilis
Flora de Sudamérica occidental
Flora de América del Sur continental


text:
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Erica Klarreich | Quanta | 18th July 2017
John Nash argued that there was always a best way of reconciling competing preferences within a group, leading to an "equilibrium" which rational players would respect once it had been found. The idea was simple, brilliant — and wrong in both theory and practice. "There's no guaranteed method for players to find even an approximate Nash equilibrium unless they tell each other virtually everything about their respective preferences. The amount of time required for communication quickly becomes prohibitive" (2,400 words)
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Mona Simpson | Paris Review | 1st May 2015
Interview. Interesting throughout. Topics include the virtues of Robert Louis Stevenson, teaching in Botswana, adapting novels for the stage, and the demands of historical fiction. "When I'm writing a novel about historical figures, I have to be everybody. It's strenuous. You know the concept of the good-enough parent? Well, sometimes you have to settle for the good-enough character. When the people are real, though dead, I have a different feeling toward them. I consider them my responsibility" (11,200 words)
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Naoki Higashida | Literary Hub | 20th July 2017
On growing up with autism. "I asked my mother how she identified rain by the sound alone. She told me: 'Well, that sound is the sound of rain, and when it starts raining, we bring in the washing'. What remains a mystery is how to infer that it's raining purely from the noise. Even if I could identify the source of rain-noise, making the jump from the thought, 'It's raining!', to bringing in the laundry, would be out of the question. I'd be too occupied just sitting there, entranced" (1,220 words)
Raphael At The Ashmolean
Charles Hope | LRB | 17th July 2017
Raphael is the most admired and least loved of the Renaissance masters. His paintings are too flawless for the modern taste. We think of Leonardo and Michelangelo as more "driven and difficult", and so more in tune with our notions of what an artist should be. But Raphael was their equal in genius, as a show of his drawings in Oxford reminds us. "No drawing of the 15th century is remotely comparable, and it entirely negates the idea of Raphael as an artist of self-conscious perfectionism" (1,900 words)
How Checkers Was Solved
Alexis Madrigal | Atlantic | 19th July 2017
"Marion Tinsley — math professor, minister, and the best checkers player in the world — sat across a game board from a computer, dying. Tinsley had been the world's best for 40 years, a time during which he'd lost a handful of games to humans, but never a match. It's possible no single person had ever dominated a competitive pursuit the way Tinsley dominated checkers. But this was a different sort of competition: the Man-Machine World Championship" (4,400 words)
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Parody blending two generally interesting conversation topics: Libertarian thinking and 'Game of Thrones' (5'58")
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Hangovers, Mongeese, Hummingbirds, Time, Atul Gawande, Black Death