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Ian Morgan Cron
Chasing Francis: A Pilgrim's Tale by Ian Morgan Cron
I came to a realization reading Ian Cron's work: Mystics are empiricists. They're trying to meaningfully express experiences. I've always been a theorist. I try to fit my own experiences and those of others into pre-conceived patterns and structures. I had always imagined (without much thought) that this was the other way around. I imagined the mystics were the theorists and that my own thoughts were grounded more firmly in empirical evidence. Meeting and reading Cron made me realize that the true mystic always speaks from experience.
I say all this because I do believe Cron is a modern-day Christian mystic. He came and spoke at my university at the beginning of this semester, and I had the privilege of meeting him as he visited and had lunch with one of my classes. He is deeply passionate, well-spoken, and kind. His words and vision are compelling, and he left behind stirred minds as well as hearts, a campus buzzing with what he had expressed, and a stack of his books generously gifted to my class.
So it was I found myself reading Chasing Francis, a book several of my students assured me was "the best book they had ever read." I'm not sure what I was expecting, but within the first chapter I realized it wasn't this: Francis through the lens of the fictional disillusioned, burned-out megachurch pastor Chase Falson. Though my opinion on the text differs significantly from that of my students, I believe what Cron is doing here is excellent and immensely important: unpacking aspects of Catholic mysticism and social gospel through the eyes of a mainstream evangelical.
The basic premise of the novel (Cron calls it "wisdom literature") is that a pastor of a successful megachurch has a crisis of faith and finds himself traveling to Italy to spend some time with his uncle, a Franciscan. In the company of his Uncle Kenny and a few other jovial monks, he lives for a time as a spiritual tourist, shuttling back and forth through the Italian countryside visiting historic sights linked to the life of St. Francis and taking up a correspondence of sorts with the saint through his journal. New characters are introduced as needed to explain to Chase aspects of the Catholic spiritualism Francis exemplified: the love of artistic beauty, community, peace-building, and service, for examples. Chase learns there is a lot more to being Christian than the conservative, consumeristic view of the Church he previously held, and he returns to his church a changed man.
First, the value of this book: if you want to learn about the life of Francis, there are better ways. If you want a tour of Italy and Church history, there are better ways. But if you don't know much about either and if you've been raised in the kind of Christianity Chase's character represents, this might be your window into a new world. For me, this is why– despite the flat characters and the forced plot-line– it's still gratifying when my students tell me they enjoyed reading it. Because the perspectives they take away from that are important. For someone, for instance, who sees in the symbols and practices of liturgical worship nothing but empty form or at worse harmful superstition, Chase's realizations are going to be essential.
These themes aside though, the story itself is a bit tedious. The characters– most particularly Chase himself– are caricatures. They have conversations about spirituality and faith and beauty, but they're simply observers, even the group of Franciscans. Even the most emotionally powerful portion– the account from a survivor of the Rwandan genocide– is staged and somehow sterile: we're sitting beside Chase as he listens to a lecture at a peace seminar. The entire book is like this: Chase is staring through windows, meeting people who deliver information and perspective. This sense of disconnect reaches its climax in the chapter on beauty, when Chase happens to meet a concert musician, and then they happen to meet an Anglican priest conductor who gives a lecture on the role of beauty in theology, and then they all go out for dinner.
There's a deeper problem here though, and one that caused a nagging worry as I continued to read. Chase begins the story as a self-centered individualist who realizes the answers he had are no longer working. For the duration of the story he functions as a self-centered spiritual tourist (Cron uses the term "pilgrim," but I remain unconvinced. Chase is a tourist. He never abandons the Western tourist mentality.)
Chase's church had been the "Chase Falson" show; he returns to it with new and transformed ideas, but his goal upon his return appears to be to simply reinvent it into the new, improved Chase Falson show. Nothing about his idea of church has essentially changed. He has absorbed apparently nothing from the Franciscans about humility, menial service, church hierarchy, or putting oneself under the authority of a spiritual superior or mentor. Chase's McMegachurch is certainly transformed upon his return– and some of the twists here will be familiar to anyone who has experience with church politics– but it's not a transformation away from the dominant paradigm of one man with a dedicated cadre of followers. As the final scenes make clear, this will still be the Chase Falson show, now simply informed by some ideas of St. Francis.
Jesus, My Father, the CIA, and Me: A Memoir…of Sorts by Ian Morgan Cron
Ian Cron is a bridge between multiple worlds. He's a bridge between mysticism and everyday evangelicalism. He's a bridge between Catholicism and Protestantism. He was raised in one world and now, from what I can see, identifies strongly with the Via media of the Anglican church. And in that position he can mediate between many of the traditions and denominational languages of contemporary Christianity. I saw this at my own university, where Ian on the one hand led our chapel in an ecumenical eucharistic service and on the other listened and tried to understand students expounding on the Nazarene view of holiness.
Wherever we are among these different worlds, we need people like this.
If Chasing Francis, his first book, felt flat and unreal even as it communicated important ideas, Jesus, My Father, the CIA, and Me is alive. In this memoir Chase Falson, the omni-man protagonist of Chasing Francis, is replaced by Cron himself, and the writing that had only a constrained glimmer in Chasing Francis explodes into three-dimensions in this memoir. Here is someone writing about something real. Here is a true mystic expressing true experiences.
The title of the book, as Cron relates in the first chapters, comes from his realization upon his father's death that Cron knew very little about his father's actual career, which apparently included time as a CIA operative. His father– an emotionally abusive alcoholic– remains one of the primary threads woven through the work, and it is clear a primary impetus in the writing was Cron grappling with his memories of his father and the way they shaped his childhood. This makes the book's conclusion– which seems at first glance disconnected from the rest of the narrative– a powerful commentary on fatherhood in general and the lasting repercussions of both wounding and redemption.
Cron calls the book "a memoir . . . of sorts," but this hedging seems to me to devalue the work itself. He writes in the beginning that he feels the need to qualify this because not every conversation is written from memory and many are recomposed in his mind as he believes they would have happened. But can any memoir be any more than this? Considering the blending of history and fiction that characterized his prior book, I was left by this qualification with a shadow of doubt about whether Cron had taken more than usual artistic liberties with his representations of his past. Otherwise why insist that it was only a memoir of sorts? This would be disappointing, as the whole thing has a vibrant feel of realism and honesty.
The book bounces around chronologically, beginning with his father's deathbed and funeral, jumping back to Cron's childhood and teenage years, and chronicling his own battle with alcoholism and his life as a father today. In between he writes about his first communion and the power and transcendence of that experience, which comes full circle as he recounts his own first officiating as an Anglican priest. The stories along the way range from hilarious to deeply troubling, but there is a constant theme of wonder, humility, and gratitude. The language, which seemed forced in Chasing Francis, flowers here into something much deeper.
Cron writes, speaks, and lives well. I hope he comes back soon.
This entry was posted in Reviews and tagged biography, Catholicism, Christianity, Ian Morgan Cron, inspirational, memoir, mysticism, review, reviews, St. Francis on April 21, 2015 by StephenRCase.
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3 thoughts on "Ian Morgan Cron"
Daniel Otto Jack P. (@danielottojackp) April 21, 2015 at 10:01 am
Excellent, thank you. So glad you feel this way about a book like Chasing Francis. I hadn't heard of it, but there are three similar sorts of books I wasn't able to finish (got about two-thirds the way through each) because of the undramatic flatness and lecture-like quality you mention here: Sophie's World, The Shack, and World War Z. Books like these are understandably trying to follow in the vein of 'wisdom literature' (be it Solomonic poetry or Platonic dialogues or what have you), but they come across in the end as neither. Their lectures are not anywhere nearly as good and rich and rousing as actual lectures. These types of books provide (fairly shallow) surveys of thought rather than the deep wrestlings of a Job or Ecclesiastes (or The Republic for that matter), and it is the latter that makes for 'wisdom'. The 'stories' of such books are, of course, not even close to literature. They are pedagogical vehicles built to carry the aforementioned lectures and surveys. They may even be constructed with a great amount of creativity and skill. But they are nothing more than expanded high school level 'examples' or the like. Such books would better be called 'teaching narratives' than 'wisdom literature'. I have to admit that I find them plainly counterproductive. They lead readers *away* from deep and critical thought and away from true imaginative connection and processing. And sadly, they do this in a way that *deceives* the unwary reader into thinking they have experienced precisely what they haven't: deep engagement with difficult and profound ideas. As you mention, they can be 'useful' in a way, as introductions. But they achieve this, if they do, almost in spite of themselves it seems to me. Frankly, I would love to see their day come to an end and everyone just have to do the harder work of reading, if it must be modern, Dostoevsky and Steinbeck and Toni Morrison and Chinua Achebe and the like for themselves, wrestling out the themes at that scary and more genuine level in which the works are written. And read the real memoirs and biographies. And, indeed, read the actual collections of lectures and essays, the 'surveys of thought' textbooks, and so on. I might add that I felt this way as a younger man too. Even in my late teens and early twenties I felt insulted by a book that was trying too hard to hold my hand and lead me down the garden path. And I was no genius or prodigy. It just felt weird and icky to me and was ultimately boring. And it wasn't that I didn't like anything that was intentionally written with non-experts in mind. I loved an essentially plain-talking sort of work like Lewis's Mere Christianity because, though it was geared toward a layman like me, and in jargon-free language I could understand, its actual arguments and analogies and so on were profound (even where they might not have ultimately added up). I was being respected as a reader and led (gently, no doubt, for which I was grateful) into the deeps, not a kiddie pool.
Anyway, I resonate with all your other thoughts here as well, about the need of these different communions to understand one another, for evangelicals to truly break out of their McModels and re-embed themselves in the stream of historic Christianity and so on. Thanks again. (Always love your reviews, Stephen. Still trying to find time to read them all, since they're always enlightening and enriching. This one just grabbed my eye from the first sentence and sent me hurling to its end.)
boldsaintcroix Post author April 22, 2015 at 11:59 am
Hey, thanks for the feedback. Good to hear that interested readers still stumble across these on occasion. As I'm sure you know, sometimes this whole blogging thing seems like whispering in the dark, but I can't seem to keep myself from writing a review of every book I finish. Pathological?
Anyway, I think I agree with your thoughts regarding "teaching narratives," though the only one of the three books you've mentioned that I've read was Sophie's World. I felt pretty much the same way about that one, but I wondered whether something had gotten lost in the translation. Regarding Ian's work, I think the disparity between genuine grappling with ideas and pat answers is illustrated pretty well by these two books: his memoir, it seems to me, is incredibly powerful simply because it's so real and raw. Perhaps the reason so many of my students resonate with Chasing Francis has less to do with its method of presenting ideas and more to do with the fact that there are very few popular texts out there trying to meaningfully engage Catholic thoughts for an Evangelical audience.
Stay tuned for tomorrow's review, in which I mention you and your work on monsters.


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The death of Kim Jong-il was reported by North Korean state television news on 19 December 2011. The presenter Ri Chun-hee announced that he had died on 17 December at 8:30 am of a massive heart attack while travelling by train to an area outside Pyongyang. Reportedly, he had received medical treatment for cardiac and cerebrovascular diseases, and during the trip, Kim was said to have had an "advanced acute myocardial infarction, complicated with a serious heart shock". However, it was reported in December 2012 by South Korean media that the heart attack had instead occurred in a fit of rage over construction faults in a crucial power plant project at Huichon in Chagang Province.

His son Kim Jong-un was announced as North Korea's next leader with the title of "The Great Successor ()" during the same newscast. Jong-il's funeral was held on 28 December in Pyongyang, with a mourning period lasting until the following day.

Announcement
North Korean State media did not report Kim Jong-il's death until 51 hours after it occurred, apparently due to the political jockeying and discussions that surrounded the official version of Jong-il's legacy, as well as agreeing upon the membership of the Funeral Committee of Kim Jong-il. On the morning of 19 December, all work units, schools, government agencies, and military personnel were informed of a major announcement to take place at noon. At noon, Ri Chun-hee, a Korean Central Television news anchor, clad in full black traditional Korean clothing, announced the death of Kim Jong-il to a shocked nation. She was the long time announcer of many important news stories during his tenure as Supreme Leader, and was part of the broadcast team that covered Kim Il-sung's state funeral in 1994, as well as a friend of the late Chon Hyong-kyu, a KCTV news presenter who was the one who made the announcement of Kim Il-sung's death 17 years past. During the announcement, a portrait of a smiling, idealized image of Kim Jong-il was released, continuing the tradition of issuing official posthumous portraits of supreme leaders of North Korea after their death.

Following the official notice, a male news anchor wearing a suit and black tie proceeded to announce the entire funeral committee of Kim Jong-il in order of the rankings established by the authorities. The committee had 233 names; Kim Jong-un was ranked first.

Speculation by South Korea
The head of South Korea's National Intelligence Service said surveillance footage revealed that Kim's personal train, on which he is said to have died, did not move over the weekend. This implied that the train was stationary when North Korean authorities claimed he had died. According to editors of The Chosun Ilbo newspaper, it was reported circumstances surrounding Kim's death were inconsistent with what would be generally expected during official business trips: specifically inclement weather conditions were present and the time of day when Kim was supposedly travelling conflicted with his usual circadian rhythm, as Kim was known to be a night owl. Furthermore, a low number of witnesses observed the events.

Reactions

Many countries, organizations, and individuals issued reactions to the death. According to CNN, reactions were "somewhat muted" in comparison to deaths of other world leaders. Just a few countries reacted immediately after Kim's death was announced on North Korea's KCTV. Some countries, like the United States, took the opportunity to comment on their relationship with South Korea. South Korea decided not to offer official condolences, mirroring both worsened relations after the ROKS Cheonan sinking and the bombardment of Yeonpyeong and its position after the death of Kim Il-sung in 1994. The Chinese Foreign Ministry called Kim a "great leader" and added that Beijing would continue to offer its support. Japan expressed condolences and said it hoped Kim's death would not affect the region adversely. Reactions in Europe were "a mix of hope and watchfulness". In North Korea, the official reaction was grief and support for the succession of Kim Jong-un.

Funeral committee
North Korea announced a 232-member funeral committee headed by Kim Jong-un that planned and oversaw Jong-il's funeral, which took place on 28 December. Observers believe the order of names on the list gives clues to the rankings of individuals in the regime's power structure with Kim Jong-un's position on top a further indication that he is Jong-il's successor as supreme leader. According to Kim Keun-sik of Kyungnam University, "The list is in the order of members of the standing committee of the Politburo, then members and candidate members. It shows that the party will be stronger power than the military," because Kim Jong-il's brother-in-law Jang Song-taek or O Kuk-ryol, the vice-chairman of the National Defense Commission, are listed further down."

The National Funeral Committee released the following details on 19 December 2011:

Members
The 232 members of the funeral committee were:

 Kim Jong-un
 Kim Yong-nam
 Choe Yong-rim
 Ri Yong-ho
 Kim Yong-chun
 Jon Pyong-ho
 Kim Kuk-thae
 Kim Ki-nam
 Choe Thae-bok
 Yang Hyong-sop
 Kang Sok-ju
 Pyon Yong-rip
 Ri Yong-mu
 Kim Kyong-hui
 Kim Yang-gon
 Kim Yong-il
 Pak To-chun
 Choe Ryong-hae
 Jang Song-thaek
 Ju Kyu-chang
 Kim Rak-hui
 Thae Jong-su
 Kim Phyong-hae
 Kim Jong-gak
 U Tong-chuk
 Kim Chang-sop
 Mun Kyong-dok
 Ri Thae-nam
 O Kuk-ryol
 Kim Chol-man
 Ri Ul-sol
 Jon Ha-chol
 Kang Nung-su
 Ro Tu-chol
 Jo Pyong-ju
 Han Kwang-bok
 Paek Se-bong
 Ri Yong-su
 Choe Hui-jong
 O Il-jong
 Kim Jong-im
 Chae Hui-jong
 Kim Ki-ryong
 Jang Pyong-gyu
 Kim Pyong-ryul
 Hong In-bom
 Ri Man-gon
 Ju Yong-sik
 Kwak Pom-gi
 O Su-yong
 Ro Pae-gwon
 Pak Thae-dok
 Kim Hi-thaek
 Kang Yang-mo
 Rim Kyong-man
 Kim Kyong-ok
 Kim Myong-guk
 Kim Won-hong
 Hyon Chol-hae
 Han Tong-gun
 Jo Kyong-chol
 Pak Jae-gyong
 Pyon In-son
 Yun Jong-rin
 Jong Myong-do
 Ri Pyong-chol
 Choe Sang-ryo
 Kim Yong-chol
 Kang Phyo-yong
 Kim Hyong-ryong
 Ri Yong-hwan
 Kim Chun-sam
 Choe Kyong-song
 Ri Myong-su
 Jon Hui-jong
 Ri Yong-gil
 Hyon Yong-chol
 Choe Pu-il
 Yang Tong-hun
 Ri Pong-juk
 Kim Song-chol
 Pak Kwang-chol
 Ri Pyong-sam
 Jon Chang-bok
 O Kum-chol
 Kim In-sik
 Kim Song-dok
 Ryo Chun-sok
 Pak Sung-won
 Ri Yong-chol
 Pak Ui-chun
 Kim Hyong-sik
 Kim Thae-bong
 Jon Kil-su
 Ri Mu-yong
 An Jong-su
 Ri Ryong-nam
 Ryu Yong-sop
 Pak Myong-chol
 Kim Yong-jin
 Jang Chol
 Song Ja-rip
 Kim Jong-suk
 Kang Tong-yun

 Cha Sung-su
 Ryang Man-gil
 Yun Tong-hyon
 Ko Pyong-hyon
 Ri Pong-dok
 Pak Jong-gun
 Choe Yong-dok
 Jong In-guk
 Jon Ryong-guk
 Ri Hyong-gun
 Hwang Sun-hui
 Paek Kye-ryong
 Kim Tong-il
 Kim Tong-i
 Ri Jae-il
 Pak Pong-ju
 Jong Myong-hak
 Kang Kwan-il
 Hwang Pyong-so
 Kwon Hyok-bong
 Hong Sung-mu
 Kim U-ho
 Han Chang-sun
 Ri Chun-il
 Ri Thae-sop
 Jo Song-hwan
 Tong Yong-il
 Ri Chang-han
 Ko Su-il
 Ri Kuk-jun
 Sin Sung-hun
 Ri Thae-chol
 Yang In-guk
 Ri Hi-su
 Ri Chol
 Hyon Sang-ju
 Ri Myong-gil
 Ro Song-sil
 Tong Jong-ho
 Kang Min-chol
 Kim Hui-yong
 Jo Yong-chol
 Hwang Hak-won
 An Tong-chun
 Paek Ryong-chon
 Hong Kwan-sun
 Ri Su-yong
 Kim Yong-ho
 Pang Ri-sun
 Choe Chun-sik
 Ri Je-son
 Ri Sang-gun
 Ri Hong-sop
 Cha Yong-myong
 Kang Kwan-ju
 Thae Hyong-chol
 Kim Pyong-hun
 Kim Kye-gwan
 Han Chang-nam
 Kim Chang-myong
 Jon Chang-rim
 O Chol-san
 Son Chong-nam
 Jong Un-hak
 Cha Kyong-il
 Kang Ki-sop
 Choi Tae-il
 Choe Yong-do
 Ri Yong-ju
 Jon Kwang-rok
 Ri Chan-hwa
 So Tong-myong
 Jon Song-ung
 Ji Jae-ryong
 Kim Yong-jae
 Ri Yong-ho
 Hong So-hon
 Kim Tong-il
 Kim Tong-un
 Kim Pong-ryong
 Jo Jae-yong
 Choe Chan-gon
 Ryom In-yun
 Kim Chon-ho
 Jang Ho-chan
 Song Kwang-chol
 Ri Ki-su
 Ri Jong-sik
 Choe Hyon
 Jang Myong-hak
 Kang Hyong-bong
 Kim Chung-gol
 Kim Yong-gwang
 Choe Kwan-jun
 Jang Yong-gol
 Kim Myong-sik
 Ho Song-gil
 No Kwang-chol
 Jong Pong-gun
 Pak Chang-bom
 Choe Pong-ho
 Jong Mong-phil
 Jon Kyong-son
 Ri Song-gwon
 Choe Yong
 Kim Thae-mun
 Kim Yong-suk
 Cha Jin-sun
 Ri Min-chol
 Ri Il-nam
 Kim Chang-su
 Pak Myong-sun
 Choe Pae-jin
 Kim Chol
 Sim Chol-ho
 O Ryong-il
 Kye Yong-sam
 Ryu Hyon-sik
 Ko Myong-hui
 Pang Yong-uk
 Jang Jong-ju
 Ho Kwang-uk
 Ji Tong-sik
 Jong Pong-sok
 Choe Kwon-su
 Kim Yong-dae
 Ryu Mi-yong

Lying in state

On 20 December, Jong-il's embalmed body lay in state in a glass coffin at the Kumsusan Memorial Palace, where his father Kim Il-sung is also interred, for an 11-day mourning period prior to the funeral. Like his father, Kim's body was covered in a red flag and surrounded by blossoms of his namesake flowers, red kimjongilia. It is expected that the body will be placed next to his father's bier following the funeral and mourning period. As solemn music played, Kim Jong-un entered the hall to view his father's bier, surrounded by military honour guards. He observed a moment of solemn silence, then circled the bier, followed by other officials.

On Saturday 24 December Kim Jong-un made a third visit to the palace where his father's body is lying in state. At this broadcast, Jang Sung-taek, whom South Korean intelligence assumed would play larger roles supporting the heir, stood with military uniform near young Kim, who wept this time, as he paid respects to Kim Jong-il's body lying in state.

Funeral and memorial service

The funeral itself occurred on 28 December. The , 3-hour funeral procession was covered in snow (which local newscasters described as "heaven's tears") as soldiers beat their chests and called out "Father, Father." A Lincoln Continental limousine carried a giant portrait of Jong-il. Jong-il's casket, draped by the Korean Workers' Party flag, was carried on top of another Lincoln Continental hearse while Kim Jong-un and his uncle Jang Sung-taek were immediately behind. Army chief of the general staff Ri Yong-ho and defence minister Vice-Marshal Kim Yong-chun walked along the opposite side of the vehicle during the procession segments in the Kumsusan Memorial Palace. The procession returned to Kumsusan Palace where Jong-un stood flanked by the top party and military officials who are expected to be his inner circle of advisers as rifles fired 21 times, then saluted again as goose-stepping soldiers carrying flags and rifles marched by the palace square. Reportedly, Jong-il's body will be embalmed and put on display indefinitely in the manner of Kim Il-sung and other Communist leaders such as Lenin, Mao, and Ho Chi Minh.

The convoy during the funeral procession was composed of lead patrol cars, the funeral hearse and its escorts, military escorts, motorised colour guards, an OB van of Korean Central Television, various cars (including a fleet of black Mercedes), and trucks carrying wreaths and five military bands from the KPA.

On the day of the memorial service, 29 December, Chairman of the Presidium, Kim Yong-nam, gave an address to mourners gathered in Kim Il-sung Square.

Kim Young-nam told mourners that "The great heart of comrade Kim Jong-il has ceased to beat... such an unexpected and early departure from us is the biggest and the most unimaginable loss to our party and the revolution," and that North Korea would "transform the sorrow into strength and courage 1,000 times greater under the leadership of comrade Kim Jong-un."

The chairman also affirmed Kim Jong-un's position as his father's successor saying "Respected Comrade Kim Jong-un is our party, military and country's supreme leader who inherits great comrade Kim Jong-il's ideology, leadership, character, virtues, grit and courage".

General Kim Jong-gak addressing the memorial service on behalf of the military, saying "Our people's military will serve comrade Kim Jong-un at the head of our revolutionary troops and will continue to maintain and complete the Songun accomplishments of great leader Kim Jong-il". Songun refers to Kim Jong-il's policy of prioritising the "military first" in economic decisions.

Kim Jong-un did not make an address but stood with his head bowed, watching from a balcony of the Grand People's Study House, overlooking the square. He was flanked by his aunt, Kim Kyong-hui, her husband, Jang Sung-taek, and senior party and military officials.

After the speeches, and a nationwide observance of three-minute silence, a row of heavy artillery guns were fired off in a 21-gun salute followed by a cacophony of sirens, horns and whistles sounded off simultaneously from trains and ships across the country to mark the end of the mourning period. The assembly concluded with a military band playing The Internationale. State television then broadcast a military choir and wind band performing The Song of General Kim Jong Il to formally conclude.

Kim Jong-un's elder brothers, Kim Jong-nam and Kim Jong-chol, are not known to have been in attendance either at the lying in state or on either date, the funeral or the memorial service.

The funeral showcased seven officials who are believed to be mentors or major aides to Kim Jong-un: Jang Song-taek, Mr. Kim's uncle and a vice-chairman of the National Defense Commission; Kim Ki-nam, North Korea's propaganda chief; Choe Tae-bok, the party secretary in charge of external affairs; Vice Marshal Ri Yong-ho, head of the military's general staff; Kim Yong-chun, the defence minister; Kim Jong-gak, a four-star general whose job is to monitor the allegiance of other generals; and U Dong-chuk, head of the North's secret police and spy agency.

On 1 January 2012 the Japanese daily Yomiuri Shimbun reported that Kim Jong-nam secretly flew to Pyongyang from Macau on 17 December 2011, after learning about his father's death that day and is presumed to have accompanied Kim Jong-un when paying his last respects to their father. He left after a few days to return to Macau and was not in attendance at the funeral in order to avoid speculation about the succession.

According to Daily NK, anyone who did not participate in the organised mourning sessions or did not seem genuine enough in their sorrow has been sentenced to at least six months in a labour camp. Mourners were also barred from wearing hats, gloves or scarves even though the temperature that day was —presumably so authorities could check to make sure they were displaying sufficient grief. North Korea angrily denied this accusation, blaming it on "reptile media" in the pay of the South Korean government. A photo slideshow from The Los Angeles Times does show multiple mourners with gloves and scarves.

Reports of mourning

The Korean Central News Agency (KCNA) claimed that strange natural phenomena occurred in North Korea around the time of Kim Jong-il's death. In the past, the North Korean government has been known to encourage stories of miraculous deeds and supernatural events credited to Kim Il-sung and Kim Jong-il. KCNA also claimed that more than five million North Koreans, more than 25% of the national population, had shown up to mourn Kim Jong-il.

See also
 Death and state funeral of Kim Il-sung

References

External links
 Chronological coverage at North Korean Economy Watch
 Route of the funeral procession at North Korean Economy Watch

2011 in North Korea
History of the Workers' Party of Korea
Kim, Jong-il
Death
Kim, Jong-il
Kim, Jong-il
21st century in Pyongyang
December 2011 events in Asia

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
Gable Tostee says topless woman groped at NZ music festival was 'looking for a fight'
By Natalie Cornish| 2 years ago
Posts rant on Facebook
Gable Tostee, who was acquitted of murdering a New Zealand woman who fell to her death from his Gold Coast balcony, has said a topless American woman groped at a Kiwi festival was "looking for a fight".
Madeline Anello-Kitzmiller, 20, from Portland, Oregon and her friend Kiri-Ann Hatfield became viral sensations after slapping a man who groped Madeline then pouring a drink over his head at Rhythm and Vines festival on the east coast of the North Island on New Year's Eve.
Madeline had her bare chest painted with glitter at the time.
Madeline and Kiri-Ann at the festival. Photo: Facebook
The video has divided opinion. Some arguing her actions were justified, while others say she should not have responded with violence.
Now, Tostee — who has used the alias Eric Thomas since being found not guilty of the murder of his Tinder date, 26-year-old Warriena Wright in October 2016 — has weighed in on the debate saying Madeline must have been "expecting attention" by going topless, but both parties should be "charged with assault".
Posting a link to the story on Facebook, he wrote: "First of all, let me say that everyone, no matter how they are dressed (or not dressed), has the right to not be groped or sexually assaulted, and that all blame for unprovoked assault should lie solely on the assailant and not the victim.
Moments after the woman slapped the groper. Image: Facebook/GiannReece
"But at the same time (cue the outrage), can anyone honestly tell me that this girl wasn't expecting attention by going to a public festival full of crowds of intoxicated people, wearing nothing but glitter on her tits?
"I personally don't have a problem with the way she was(n't) dressed, but I honestly think she was out looking for a fight, because what she did to the guy after wasn't simply self-defence, it was also assault.
"I think it would only be fair if both the guy as well as glittertits were charged with assault."
Speaking to the New Zealand Herald, Madeline said the man who groped her is yet to apologise "sincerely".
"It wasn't sincere at all", she said. "I had no idea who he was ... he just hid his face".
"I was walking to my campsite and saw this hand come up", she explained.
"He got a handful of my boob. I went over and hit him."
The incident was filmed by a fellow concert goer and uploaded to Facebook on Monday, quickly going viral.
Gable Tostee talks to 60 Minutes
Facebook have since removed the clip for breaching its rules.
Madeline said she's normally treated with more respect at American festivals.
She and her boyfriend were at the event together in New Zealand where hundreds of people were half naked and even completely naked for the duration.
The footage was posted by Giann Reece who said, "Idk who you are glitter booby girl, but you and your sassy friend were the highlight of my RNV experience. Hope you and your party breasts made it home safe".
She added the hashtag #lookbutdonttouch.
New Zealand police told the newspaper they haven't been contacted over the incident.
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Tag: Catherine Keener
*NEW* GET OUT REVIEW *NEW*
May 31, 2017 October 25, 2017 by pmbayobale, posted in Best and worst films, Cinema, Drama, Film essay, Hollywood, Movie review, Thriller, Uncategorized
GET OUT and watch this!
A young African-American (Daniel Kaluuya) man visits his Caucasian girlfriend's (Allison Williams) mysterious family estate.
Clever, witty and tense. A real treat.
I knew this had taken some serious money in the States. BUT as we've learned from the Fast and Furious franchise, big money doesn't mean good movies.
When I heard that this was directed by the guy who made Keanu. My thoughts were mixed to say the least. The trailers originally did nothing for me BUT I couldn't escape the crazy hype train.
Thank God, I caved in to the Twitterverse. One of the better ones. A suspenseful suburban horror with a surprisingly talented and underrated cast.
I've followed Kaluuya in the British circuit for some time (The BBC3 drama The Fades and Johnny English: Reborn). I was happy to see the chap get a leading role. He delivered a stellar turn.
It was eerie and unsettling from the get go. The tension bubbling away.
What should have been just a simple 'Meet the Parents' trip turned into something so much more. Even the drive up to the estate was riddled with racial tension.
Director Jordan Peele tackled the race row perfectly. Most notably when Chris was asked to present his ID to a police officer. Despite only being the passenger.
Red flags were raised as soon as the couple crossed the Armitages' threshold. African-American servants loitering around at every corner. A beautiful country mansion stuck in a backwards country in a backwards time.
There was a strange atmosphere to the piece that kept me on tenterhooks. Even the over friendly family conversations unsettled me. Something just didn't quite add up.
"I love Tiger and Barack"
I couldn't believe how much The West Wing's Bradley Whitford had aged. The last movie I saw him in featured an unpleasant death sequence with a mermaid. Cabin in the Woods, anyone?
He played the sickly sweet father-in-law-to-be Dean Armitage with aplomb.
To be honest, I was impressed with the whole cast. From Stephen Root's (Office Space) suspicious blind gallery owner to Caleb Landry-Jones' highly unsavoury Jeremy. They all played their parts perfectly.
I actually jumped a couple of times. One sequence came out of nowhere. Just a simple dream sequence, one little noise . . . and BAM! Woe is me BUT it worked.
Peele unintentionally delivered one of the most iconic shots that has stuck in the back of my head. Triggering an unexpected meme trend and bringing a whole new meaning to the Running Man.
The questions piling. The strange white party parading young African-American men as fashion accessories. The relentless satire; "Black is in fashion". Crazy.
The hypnosis sequences between Chris and Missy (Catherine Keener – Into the Wild) did drag in places and slackened the pace. BUT I was still transfixed as Chris desperately tried to fight against the trippy waves of 'The Sunken Place'.
LilRel Howery played the comic relief as Rod, Chris' conspiracy theory mad best friend. He was hilarious BUT I felt his schtick overstayed its welcome. Especially when he continued to carry on preaching about sex slaves. It killed off the tension for me.
BUT I could relate to his frustration as the police laughed him off. The only one fearing the worst for Chris.
Get Out definitely felt like a film of two halves. Peele transformed this seemingly hynoptic and slow burning suburban satire into a tense and (bloody brutal) body shock horror.
I won't spoil too much BUT there were a few surprises along the way.
The one thing I always hated with these seemingly trashy horror premises was how stupid the main character was. I would always scream at them for doing such stupid things, "Don't go down there!", "Don't split up" and my personal favourite, "Don't trust that person!".
Not this time. I was completely caught up in this, wondering how Chris was going to (Pardon the pun) get out of this situation. I was rooting for the guy. Leaving a brutal, nail biting finale that had me on the edge of my seat.
The clever splicing of genres may have got a little heavy handed BUT I cannot recommend this enough. A film worthy of your time.
Tagged Allison Williams, Bradley Whitford, Cabin in the Woods, Caleb Landry-Jones, Catherine Keener, Daniel Kaluuya, Fast and Furious, Get Out, Into The Wild, Johnny English: Reborn, Jordan Peele, Keanu, LilRel Howery, Meet the Parents, Office Space, Stephen Root, The Fades, The West Wing7 Comments
BEGIN AGAIN REVIEW
July 20, 2014 July 24, 2014 by pmbayobale, posted in Cinema, Drama, Film essay, Hollywood, Live Music, Movie review, Music, Musical, Uncategorized
Better. We're getting there. A nice film that delivers the feel good factor without laying on the cheese too much but not without its imperfections.
A somewhat slow burning opener turns into an easy going well acted and well sung summery movie with a different ending, if a little abrupt in my opinion. John Carney may not have surpassed Once but he hasn't made a bad follow up. If Keira Knightley actually sang, then what a voice. Her voice with those Norah Jones-esque lyrics were sublime. She can't stop doing the pouty face but a beaut all the same.
What's it all about? A chance encounter between a disgraced music-business executive (Ruffalo) and a young singer-songwriter (Knightley) new to Manhattan turns into a promising collaboration between the two talents.
Knightley and Ruffalo are, to be expected, superb together. They have fantastic chemistry and work well off each other. Ruffalo is a very charismatic actor and has proven time and time again to be a reliable lead. He delivers the goods yet again. The time spent building up as to why these two characters are in their situations and meet at that point in their lives is a little long at the tooth but once we get the gist, it allows the film to flow a bit more and makes for good viewing.
The lyrics are well written, the songs are fantastic. A movie soundtrack that I would actually consider downloading. Carney catches the energy and buzz of New York City and uses it to his full potential. He even manages to have a cheeky pop at the music industry and the corporate labels. A nice commentary, if a little out of place in this feel good film. Hailee Steinfeld unfortunately seems to play the same estranged daughter role. I mean, if you have seen 3 Days to Kill, it is virtually the same character but replace the bike with an electric guitar.
Catherine Keener does her best but has such a mundane supporting role. Cee-Lo Green and Adam Levine, on the other hand, do a great job. I mean they have proven that they can act in other movies (Hotel Transylvania for Green) and TV shows (American Horror Story for Levine) but it helps in bringing their characters to life. Levine, in particular, as the sleazy rock star lothario that breaks Knightley's heart. Mos Def, unfortunately for me, was very dull and I always feel like he can't be arsed to be in the film. Sighing and rolling his eyes and mumbling with no conviction.
James Corden was hilarious as Knightley's comical side kick. He provides the usual spiel but it still works and brings the odd laugh. What was interesting is that with the attraction and chemistry between the leads and with these sort of films, you expected the inevitable. Only this time, it didn't happen. A surprise but I felt that with this sort of film, I would have accepted it. And it all zips along and you're getting into it; only for it to end quite openly and rather abrupt for me. It just seemed to fizzle out.
However, it's fun, entertaining, easy going. Worth a watch 3.5/5 for me.
Currently ranked #49 out of 196!
Tagged 3 Days to Kill, Adam Levine, American Horror Story, Begin Again, Catherine Keener, Cee-Lo Green, Hailee Steinfeld, Hotel Transylvania, James Corden, John Carney, Keira Knightley, Mark Ruffalo, Mos Def, Norah Jones, Once1 Comment


Erik Pappas was drafted 6th overall in the 1984 draft.
Historical view of first round draft picks of the Los Angeles Angels. This page is intended to be a summary of a team's draft history. You can produce custom reports for this team in the Draft Research application using the many filters provided.
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Don't forget about the Amateur Baseball Scouts. The draft database has draft signings included where available. Scout names will appear on the far right of the draft research application when a scout is selected. The name(s) of the scouts will also appear on the player's profile page.


Jurisdiction's basis of applying law consists of (1) A constitution, written or oral; (2) Primary legislation, statutes, and laws; authorized by constitutionally authorized legislative body; (3) Primary legislation authorized body enacts subsidiary legislation or bylaws; (4) Traditional practices upheld by the courts; (5) Civil, common, Roman, or other code of law as source of such principles or practices.
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text:
elizabethgaskellhouse.co.uk
Talks & Outreach
The Gaskells
Elizabeth's Writings
The Gaskell Society
Tea Room & Shop
Please feedback on your visit
Manchester – a city of extremes
In 1750, Manchester was a town of less than 20,000 people. By 1850, when the Gaskells moved to Plymouth Grove, it had become Britain's third largest city, with a population of some 250,000. Workers attracted by the jobs in mills and factories suffered the effects of rapid industrialization: long hours, low wages, poor housing and sanitation, and the fear of unemployment and destitution.
To some, Manchester was a symbol of technological progress and the creation of wealth. To others, like the young Friedrich Engels, who studied the living conditions of the working classes while living in Manchester, the city was '… Hell upon Earth. Everything here arouses horror and indignation.'
The conditions endured by many of those living less than a mile from Plymouth Grove were well known to William and Elizabeth, both of whom were active in practical initiatives to provide poor relief and education. Much of this work was inspired by the Gaskells' Unitarian faith.
Then, as now, Unitarians were well known for their progressive ideas and commitment to social justice. Elizabeth also wrote about the lives of working people in her novels and stories. In the preface to Mary Barton (1848), she said that her inspiration came from the people whom she saw each day on the busy streets of Manchester.
Besides the mills and the slums, the Gaskells' Manchester was also a city of libraries, concert halls, theatres, shops and exhibitions. William took a leading role in shaping many of the educational and cultural institutions that still flourish today.
William Gaskell was appointed Assistant Minister at Cross Street Chapel in 1828. He was promoted to Senior Minister in 1854, and worked there for a total of 56 years. Many of the city's most influential politicians and businessmen worshipped there: at one time there were five MPs in the congregation. There has been a religious congregation on Cross Street since the Dissenters' Meeting House was founded in 1694. The building was renamed the Cross Street Chapel and became a Unitarian meeting house around 1761. The chapel was bombed during the Second World War, and the current building was completed in 1997.
Portico Library, Mosley Street
The Portico Library opened in 1806 as a subscription library and newsroom for its 400 members. Its building was designed in the Greek revival style by Thomas Harrison of Chester. William Gaskell was the Chairman of the Library from 1849 until his death in 1884. In 1879, the Library committee commissioned his portrait, which now hangs in the Study at Plymouth Grove. Women were not admitted as members, so William borrowed books and periodicals for his wife and daughters. These included novels, memoirs, periodicals and books on history, travel, science and education. Elizabeth described to George Eliot how she 'went plodging through our Manchester Sts to get every number [of Eliot's Scenes of Clerical Life] as soon as it was accessible from the Portico reading table.' The Portico Library is still housed on the upper floor of the original building.
Free Trade Hall, Peter Street
The Free Trade Hall opened in 1856 on St Peter's Fields, the site of the Peterloo Massacre of 1819. The Hall was built to commemorate the repeal of the Corn Laws in 1846 and to mark Manchester's commitment to free trade. The building housed political meetings, concerts, plays and other entertainments. In 1858, the Gaskells' friend Charles Hallé established a regular programme of concerts by the Hallé Orchestra, which were regularly attended by Elizabeth and her family. The previous year, Charles Dickens had performed on the stage in a production of Wilkie Collins's play The Frozen Deep.
Manchester Literary and Philosophy Society, 36 George Street
The Manchester Literary and Philosophy Society (known as the Lit and Phil) was founded in 1781 for the advancement of education and the appreciation of literature, science, the arts and public affairs. Its first members were mainly physicians, surgeons and apothecaries, but by the middle of the nineteenth century the (all male) membership extended to businessmen and manufacturers. Initially, meetings were held in a room belonging to Cross Street Chapel, until the society moved to 36 George Street in 1799. By 1860 the society had over 200 members, including such eminent scientists and engineers as John Dalton, James Prescott Joule and Joseph Whitworth. William Gaskell joined the Lit and Phil in 1840, and was a member of its council from 1857 and then a Vice-President from 1871. The Society is very active in Manchester today.
Mechanics Institute, David Street (now Princess Street)
The Manchester Mechanics Institute was established in 1824 by a group of mill owners and manufacturers, to provide part-time education in science and technology for the working men of Manchester. The Institute started in Cooper Street and in 1856 moved to larger premises on David Street. The new Mechanics Institute building was the largest outside London: it had a lecture theatre that could seat 1,000 people, a number of classrooms, and a library holding 4,000 volumes. William Gaskell was a regular lecturer at the Mechanics Institute. The subjects of his talks were wide-ranging: during the winter of 1847, he lectured on 'Poets and Poetry of Humble Life', 'Animalculae' and 'Insect Life'.
Mr Thornton is coming to tea
North and South, Elizabeth Gaskell
Open: Wed, Thurs and Sun 11.00 - 4.30pm	84 Plymouth Grove, Manchester, M13 9LW	0161 273 2215
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This topical and timely analysis of late career and retirement within nine European societies and the USA examines how social inequality structures have developed in an era of globalization and aging populations.
For several decades, many European societies relied on pushing and luring older workers out of employment by using generous early retirement programs in order to relieve national labor markets in times of globalization. However, as this book argues, one of the major challenges facing European and Northern American societies today is their severe demographic aging, which in turn places pension systems under substantial pressure due to the rising imbalance between those claiming pensions and those contributing to the pension system. Indeed, it is observed herein that in the recent past, governments have tried to increase the labor market attachment of older employees by retrenching early retirement benefits. This study investigates how these developments have impacted on the situation of older workers and retirees in nine European societies and the USA. In particular, the book looks at how social inequalities in later life have developed in the light of recent pension reforms.
This informative book will appeal to sociologists, demographers, political scientists and economists interested in many different aspects of research including: international comparative research, globalization, labor market, welfare state, social inequality and research on aging. Researchers in the field of retirement and globalization studies will also find this book helpful, as will academics in labor market research and comparative political studies.


text:
// NOLINT(namespace-envoy)

// This file is part of the QUICHE platform implementation, and is not to be
// consumed or referenced directly by other Envoy code. It serves purely as a
// porting layer for QUICHE.

#include "extensions/quic_listeners/quiche/platform/quic_mem_slice_storage_impl.h"

#include <cstdint>

#include "envoy/buffer/buffer.h"

#include "quiche/quic/core/quic_utils.h"

namespace quic {

// TODO(danzh)Note that |allocator| is not used to allocate memory currently, instead,
// Buffer::OwnedImpl allocates memory on its own. Investigate if a customized
// QuicBufferAllocator can improve cache hit.
QuicMemSliceStorageImpl::QuicMemSliceStorageImpl(const struct iovec* iov, int iov_count,
                                                 QuicBufferAllocator* /*allocator*/,
                                                 const QuicByteCount max_slice_len) {
  if (iov == nullptr) {
    return;
  }
  QuicByteCount write_len = 0;
  for (int i = 0; i < iov_count; ++i) {
    write_len += iov[i].iov_len;
  }
  size_t io_offset = 0;
  while (io_offset < write_len) {
    size_t slice_len = std::min(write_len - io_offset, max_slice_len);
    Envoy::Buffer::RawSlice slice;
    // Populate a temporary buffer instance and then move it to |buffer_|. This is necessary because
    // consecutive reserve/commit can return addresses in same slice which violates the restriction
    // of |max_slice_len| when ToSpan() is called.
    Envoy::Buffer::OwnedImpl buffer;
    uint16_t num_slice = buffer.reserve(slice_len, &slice, 1);
    ASSERT(num_slice == 1);
    QuicUtils::CopyToBuffer(iov, iov_count, io_offset, slice_len, static_cast<char*>(slice.mem_));
    io_offset += slice_len;
    // OwnedImpl may return a slice longer than needed, trim it to requested length.
    slice.len_ = slice_len;
    buffer.commit(&slice, num_slice);
    buffer_.move(buffer);
  }
}

} // namespace quic

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
Das Amt Lemberg war seit 1570/1606 ein Verwaltungs- und Gerichtsbezirk der Grafschaft Hanau-Lichtenberg. Im Rahmen der sogenannten Reunionspolitik des Königreichs Frankreich fielen kleinere Teile im Süden des Amts Ende des 17. Jahrhunderts unter dessen Souveränität. 1736 fiel die Grafschaft Hanau-Lichtenberg an die Landgrafschaft Hessen-Darmstadt. 1798 kam der Amtsbezirk komplett an Frankreich, wo er aufgelöst und in andere Verwaltungsstrukturen überführt wurde. 1816 wurden die Orte des früheren Amts Teil des Königreichs Bayern, mit Ausnahme der bereits seit Ende des 17. Jahrhunderts oberhoheitlich-französischen Orte im äußersten Süden des Amts.

Geschichte
Das Gebiet kam wohl Anfang des 12. Jahrhunderts in den Einflussbereich der Grafschaft Saarbrücken, mit deren Aufteilung Ende des 12. Jahrhunderts in den der Grafschaft Zweibrücken, mit deren Aufteilung Ende des 13. Jahrhunderts in den der Grafschaft Zweibrücken-Bitsch. 1570 verstarb Graf Jakob von Zweibrücken-Bitsch (* 1510; † 1570) als letztes männliches Mitglied seiner Familie. Da aber sowohl Jakob als auch sein schon 1540 verstorbener Bruder Simon V. Wecker nur jeweils eine Tochter hinterlassen hatten, entspann sich 1570, nach Jakobs Tod, ein Streit zwischen den Ehemännern der beiden Cousinen, Graf Philipp I. von Leiningen-Westerburg und Graf Philipp IV. von Hanau-Lichtenberg. Zwar konnte Philipp IV. von Hanau-Lichtenberg sich gegen Philipp I. von Leiningen-Westerburg durchsetzen, machte sich aber durch die sofortige Einführung des lutherischen Bekenntnisses das mächtige, streng römisch-katholische Herzogtum Lothringen unter Herzog Karl III. zum Feind, der die Lehnshoheit über Bitsch besaß. Im Juli 1572 besetzten lothringische Truppen die Grafschaft. Da Philipp IV. der lothringischen Übermacht nicht gewachsen war, wählte er den Rechtsweg. Beim anschließenden Prozess vor dem Reichskammergericht konnte sich Lothringen aber sowohl auf einen Vertrag von 1302 als auch darauf berufen, dass es 1573 die Erbansprüche des Leininger Grafen gekauft hatte. 1604 kam es dann zu einer vertraglichen Regelung zwischen Hanau-Lichtenberg und Lothringen. Dabei kam das Amt Lemberg an die Grafschaft Hanau-Lichtenberg, das Amt Bitsch an das Herzogtum Lothringen.

Durch die Reunionspolitik Frankreichs fielen 1680 erhebliche der im Elsass gelegenen Teile der Grafschaft Hanau-Lichtenberg unter die Oberhoheit Frankreichs. Dazu zählten auch Teile des Amtes Lemberg. Im Pfälzischen Erbfolgekrieg (1688–1697) wurde von der Burg Lemberg auch der Teil noch zerstört, der nach dem Dreißigjährigen Krieg noch genutzt werden konnte. Da nun die Burg und das Dorf ohne Bewohner waren, wurde 1697 der Amtssitz des Amtes Lemberg nach Pirmasens verlegt. Das Amt führte deshalb seitdem auch die Bezeichnung Amt Pirmasens.

1736 starb mit Graf Johann Reinhard III. der letzte männliche Vertreter des Hauses Hanau. Aufgrund der Ehe seiner einzigen Tochter, Charlotte (* 1700; † 1726), mit dem Erbprinzen Ludwig (VIII.) (* 1691; † 1768) von Hessen-Darmstadt fiel die Grafschaft Hanau-Lichtenberg nach dort. Im Zuge der Französischen Revolution fiel dann der linksrheinische Teil der Grafschaft Hanau-Lichtenberg – und damit auch das Amt Lemberg – an Frankreich. Dieses löste im Zuge der revolutionären Umstrukturierung auch die alte Amtsverwaltung auf.

Nach einer Zählung vom Mai 1798 hatte das Amt 13.144 Einwohner.

Innere Organisation
Das Amt Lemberg war das umfangreichste Amt der Grafschaft Hanau-Lichtenberg. Als einziges hatte es eine "mittlere Ebene": Amtsschultheißereien fassten Gruppen von Dörfern zusammen und waren dem Amt unterstellt. Deshalb wurde das Amt auch als "Oberamt" bezeichnet. In dieser Organisation spiegelt sich die überkommene Ämterstruktur der Grafschaft Zweibrücken-Bitsch. In Hessen-darmstädtischer Zeit wurde diese mittlere Ebene in vier Unterämter umorganisiert.

Bestandteile

Amtsschultheißerei Bärenthal-Philippsburg

Amtsschultheißerei Donsieders

Amtsschultheißerei Fröschen

Amtsschultheißerei Gersbach
Auch: Amtsschultheißerei Gerspach

Amtsschultheißerei Kröppen

Zur Amtsschultheißerei Kröppen gehörten weiter die Dammühle und die Hilstermühle.

Amtsschultheißerei Lemberg

Zur Amtsschultheißerei Lemberg gehörten weiter: Altwoogsmühle, Finsterbacher Hof, Glasthaler Hof, Hombrunner (Heimbrunner) Hof, Kettrichhof, Langkehler Sägemühle, die Ludwigsthaler Glashütte, Storrwog und Wolfshagen. Als Wüstungen in der Amtsschultheißerei werden genannt: Lützelhart, Rupertstein, Ruppertsweiler, Stegener Schloss und Steinenschloss.

Amtsschultheißerei Obersteinbach

Zur Amtsschultheißerei Obersteinbach zählten weiter: Reiseler Hof, Rösselbronner Hof, Saarbacher Mühle und Blechhammer, Schlickermühle, Zollhaus und Hof im St. Ulrichs Bann und – hinsichtlich der Jurisdiktion – der Stürzelbronnsche Hof.

Amtsschultheißerei Pirmasens

Zur Amtsschultheißerei Pirmasens zählten weiter: Dankelsbach, Haseneck, Hungerpfühler Hof, Lambacherhof, Neublümelsthaler Mühle, Neuhof, Nesselthal, Rinsbacher Mühle, Alt- und Neue Ziegelhütte.

Amtsschultheißerei Riedelberg

Zur Amtsschultheißerei Riedelberg zählte weiter die Mühle von Riedelberg.

Amtsschultheißerei Trulben

Zur Amtsschultheißerei Trulben zählten weiter die Einzelhöfe Felsenbrunner Hof, Grünbacherhof, Kahlesey, Ransbrunner Hof und Stiedenbach und die Mühlen in Eppenbrunn und Trulben.

Amtsschultheißerei Vinningen

Zur Amtsschultheißerei Vinningen zählten weiter der Stausteiner Hof der Abtei Stürzelbronn, der Hof Luthersbronn und eine Papiermühle.

Weitere Bestandteile
Innerhalb des Amtes Lemberg einer Amtschultheißerei nicht eindeutig zuzuordnen sind folgende Orte:

Zum Amt Lemberg gehörten weiter folgende Einzelhöfe: Mühlenthaler Höfe und Schaaben.

Einteilung in hessen-darmstädtischer Zeit

Unteramt Lemberg
Die Verwaltung des Unteramtes Lemberg hatte ihren Sitz in Pirmasens.

Unteramt Münchweiler

Unteramt Vinningen

Unteramt Obersteinbach (teilweise unter französischer Souveränität)

Unteramt Bärenthal-Philippsburg (unter französischer Souveränität)

Literatur
 Beamtenverzeichniß und Statistik des Königlich Bayerischen Regierungsbezirkes der Pfalz. Speyer 1870.

 Friedrich Knöpp: Territorialbestand der Grafschaft Hanau-Lichtenberg hessen-darmstädtischen Anteils. [maschinenschriftlich] Darmstadt 1962. [Vorhanden in Hessisches Staatsarchiv Darmstadt, Signatur: N 282/6].
 Alfred Matt: Bailliages, prévôté et fiefs ayant fait partie de la Seigneurie de Lichtenberg, du Comté de Hanau-Lichtenberg, du Landgraviat de Hesse-Darmstadt. In: Société d'Histoire et d'Archaeologie de Saverne et Environs (Hrsg.): Cinquième centenaire de la création du Comté de Hanau-Lichtenberg 1480 – 1980 = Pays d'Alsace 111/112 (2, 3 / 1980), S. 7–9.

Anmerkungen

Einzelnachweise

Lemberg
Lemberg
Geschichte (Elsass)
Geschichte (Lothringen)
Historisches Territorium (Frankreich)
Historisches Territorium (Rheinland-Pfalz)


text:
Research Spotlight: Intergenerational Health Mobility in the US
Bhashkar Mazumder
3 Questions with Bhashkar Mazumder
Intergenerational Health Mobility in the US
Video: Intergenerational Mobility in the United States
Inequality, both in the US and abroad, has soared over the past few generations. According to a 2014 report from the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, the gap between rich and poor is at its highest level in 30 years. This disparity has drawn increased attention from policymakers and academics, who have generated a vast array of literature examining both inequality and intergenerational mobility, which measures changes in socioeconomic status within the same family across generations.
Until now most of this research has focused on income, education, and occupation. A recent HCEO working paper by MIP network member Bhashkar Mazumder and his co-authors Timothy Halliday and Ashley Wong takes a different approach by focusing on health, which is increasingly being recognized as an important component of socioeconomic status.
"Economists have tended to think of human capital largely in terms of education and skills," Mazumder says. "Now, increasingly, they are also thinking of health as a major component of human capital. So I thought it would be important to see to what extent is there intergenerational mobility in health, and is that similar to the rates of intergenerational mobility in income and other measures?"
The authors note that studying intergenerational health mobility is challenging, as it requires data on health measures for two generations of adults. They overcame this challenge by using data from the Panel Study of Income Dynamics (PSID), the world's longest running longitudinal dataset. In 1984, the PSID began collecting information on self-reported health status. This is a health measure, used widely in epidemiology research, which has been shown to be highly predictive of mortality. Using this information, the authors "construct an intergenerational sample of parents and their adult children."
"We're essentially able to take families, where we know income in both generations, health in both generations, and line up mobility according to both measures as best we can," Mazumder explains.
The authors then employ this data to convert the self-reported health status into a measure similar to the "quality adjusted life year," which is an economic evaluation commonly used to report the value of medical interventions. This measure is used as a proxy for lifetime health status. Overall, Mazumder and his co-authors find that there is substantially greater health mobility than income mobility in the US. In addition, they find that families that experience mobility in health are not necessarily the same families that experience mobility in income.
"This suggests that they are in some ways a different dimension of socioeconomic success," Mazumder says. "It could be that while there's a lot of factors in American society that, for whatever reason, makes it difficult to escape the conditions you were born in with respect to how much money you'll make, it seems quite a bit different when it comes to your health as an adult."
The authors were interested in exploring what might be driving these differences in health and income mobility. They hypothesized that social institutions and policies may be more successful at breaking the intergenerational link in health than they are in income. For example, modern public health infrastructure such as access to clean air and water, and social safety net programs like SNAP and Medicaid, might have played a part in reducing the transmission of health status across generations. "In contrast, it may well be that opportunities for labor market success, which are rooted in educational opportunities earlier in life, may be much more unequal and hence, lead to greater intergenerational income persistence," the authors write. "It may also be the case that in the past, the rates of income persistence and health persistence were more similar, but in recent decades, as the labor market returns to schooling has risen and as income inequality has increased, intergenerational income persistence has also increased."
One mechanism in particular that the researchers studied was whether access to health insurance might play a role in reducing the intergenerational transmission of health status. To do this, they used PSID data on health insurance coverage for household members, controlling for family income and parent education. They find that "there is greater persistence in health status among families where parents did not have health insurance."
"This provides suggestive evidence that health insurance might be part of what breaks the link across generations in health," Mazumder says.
The study also examines variation in health mobility by region, race, and parent education level. The findings for these subgroups largely follow trends in income mobility, although they are less pronounced. The authors note that people who grew up in the South experience both lower upward mobility and higher downward mobility. They also find that black people "experience significantly less upward mobility and significantly higher downward mobility than whites," although they point out that the "racial mobility gap in health is smaller than the analogous racial mobility gaps in income." The paper also finds that children of less educated parents are "similarly disadvantaged when it comes to health as compared to children of well-educated parents."
The authors also explore how early life circumstances affect health mobility. They conclude that close to 40 percent of intergenerational health persistence can be explained by early childhood circumstances. "Interestingly, the socioeconomic background of the parents appears to matter more than the child's health status in explaining the transmission of health status across generations," the paper notes.
Given the persistence of social immobility in the US, understanding the mechanisms behind it are crucial. With this paper, Mazumder and his co-authors help to fill the void in our understanding by providing the first estimates of intergenerational health mobility in the US. Health is not only an important indicator of well-being, as the authors note, it also plays a vital role in success over the life course.


The McLaren Senna GTR is the track-only variant of the radical Senna supercar. Named after famed F1 driver Ayrton Senna, the supercar also pays tribute to the iconic F1 GTR in race-spec trim. Previewed by the Senna GTR Concept at the 2018 Geneva Motor Show, the track-bound supercar broke cover in production form only 12 months later.
A no-compromise machine that ditches the limitations of a road-legal car, the Senna GTR is described as a vehicle that's "able to lap circuits faster than any McLaren outside Formula 1." It takes the already light, powerful, and track-focused Senna to new heights with extra power, a lighter curb weight, incredible aerodynamic downforce, and knowledge from McLaren's GT3 racing program. As usual, it's highly exclusive, and the few cars that will leave the production line are already sold out. Let's find out more about it below.
It's been only 12 months since McLaren unveiled the Senna GTR Concept, and the production version is finally here. As a significantly modified version of the concept, the Senna GTR takes the already extreme and barely road-legal Senna and turns it into a full-fledged race car. Only 75 will be produced, and you'll probably never get your hands on one.
Shortly after the radical McLaren Senna came out, the British firm confirmed that a GTR version is underway. We've already seen the car in the form of a production-ready concept, so its design is far from a mystery, but a bunch of spy shots we just received from our paparazzi hint that an official unveiling will take place soon.
McLaren's on an absolute monster roll. The British manufacturer barely let the dust rest on the newly-unveiled Speedtail and now they've released the first tidbits of information about the production version of the ludicrous Senna GTR, the track-only iteration of the already mind-boggling McLaren Senna.
We've just gotten over the rush caused by McLaren's new 3-seater Speedtail model. Just as we're rounding out talking about every inch of the Speedtail, McLaren kindly offers us more. Wait, what? Well, McLaren released today the first details on the McLaren Senna GTR which was first previewed via a flashy prototype at this year's Geneva Auto Show.
That's right, we now know a bit more about the car which will, as we can guess from a sketch you're looking at, be slightly different to the Senna GTR concept. I'll explain why that is down below so you should keep on reading if you want to find out what the GTR's numbers are as well.
Unveiled more than six months ago, the radical McLaren Senna is finally meeting its first customers. The British firm just shipped its first U.S.-spec example, which landed with Michael Fux, an entrepreneur, philanthropist and renowned car collector from New York City. An owner of three other McLaren sports cars, Fux ordered a heavily customized Senna that sports a bespoke color that bears his own name. Pretty fancy, huh?
McLaren's decision to use the "Senna" name on its latest supercar didn't come without any curious reactions. The British automaker had adopted a simple alphanumeric naming strategy for its models, so it was surprising for the automaker to not only change that strategy but to use the name of arguably the greatest race car driver in history on its latest supercar creation. Why exactly did McLaren do it beyond the obvious reason that it wanted to pay tribute to the man who won three world championships for the team? The answer, according to McLaren, is in the details.
The McLaren Senna GTR is a shining example of what happens when a company attains the pinnacle of automotive engineering. To say that it's one of the most impressive track-only vehicles in the world is an understatement. Apparently, people have been so impressed with the Senna GTR that over 150 of them have expressed interest in paying the £1 million price ($1.4 million) for the track-day speedster. Unfortunately, McLaren only plans to build half of that total, and as expected, all 75 units of the Senna GTR are now accounted for.
If you ever need a reminder that yes, we are indeed living in a golden age of performance automobiles, just check out the list of debuts heading to this year's Geneva International Motor Show. Specs and figures that would have been considered outlandish and silly just a few decades ago are now becoming the norm, as million-dollar, 1,000+ horsepower monster machines seem to litter the Palexpo convention center floor in 2018. Here are some of the highlights.
Starting things off is this otherworldly creation from the folks over at Aston Martin. Dubbed the Valkyrie AMR Pro, it's a track-only version of Aston's already outrageous, barely street-legal supercar, and it twists the knob to 11 before breaking it off entirely. This track-only version once again takes its inspiration from the endurance racers that compete in the 24 Hours of Le Mans, as well as the ground-bound spaceships of Formula 1, rocking aero that looks like it was developed in the future, plus a lightweight, stripped-down attitude that tips the scales at just over 1,000 kg (2,204 pounds). It's also got a hybrid 6.5-liter V-12 with over 1,100 horsepower, improving on that coveted one-to-one power ratio. Expect a 0-to-60 mph time under 2.5 seconds, as well as a huge amount of downforce to keep it glued to the track.
Read our full review of the 2018 Aston Martin Valkyrie AMR Pro.
Not to be outdone, McLaren was also in Geneva with its own track-focused supercar this year. It's called the Senna GTR, one-upping the immensely impressive P1-successor that was revealed last December. Upgrades include more power, and while the Senna GTR might not break the 1,000-horsepower mark (Aston says it'll still make "at least" 814 ponies), the 1,000 kg (2,205 pounds) of downforce the bodywork can create should cement its position as an absolute terror on any racing circuit.
Read our full review of the 2019 McLaren Senna.
This one is actually street legal, believe it or not. Slotting just below the track-only TSR, the TSR-S ("S" stands for street) offers all the go-fast stuff as its apex-hunting big brother, but in a package you can still take to the mall (legally, at least). Carbon fiber everything and a barebones interior spec underline its sporting intentions, while a trick active rear wing adds even more rear-end stick thanks to a centripetal left-to-right tilt. Making it go is a twin-supercharged V-8 making upwards of 1,177 horsepower, enabling a 0-to-62 mph run in 2.8 seconds. Top speed is electronically limited at 202 mph.
You could make the argument that Bugatti is responsible for sparking the modern age of performance excess that we all currently enjoy. You see, back in the early 2000's, Bug unveiled the Veyron, a quad-turbo 8.0-liter W-16 ocean-of-go making around 1,000 horsepower. The Veyron completely reset the supercar playing field, and now, the French automaker is once again probing the limits of what's possible on four wheels with the Chiron Sport. Output is rated at 1,500 horsepower and 1,180 pound-feet of torque, the same as the standard Chiron, but the Sport version makes better use of it thanks to improvements to the steering, dampers, and AWD torque vectoring system. The Sport also cuts out around 40 pounds of excess weight. All of this goodness can be had for a cool $3.3 million.
Read even more about the 2019 Bugatti Chiron Sport!
Now we're really cooking with gas, or should I say, diesel. The racer you see here is called the Ren RS, and it's a track-only variant of the cutting-edge Ren street machine released in 2017. This time around, the brains behind its creation stripped it down and beefed it up, prepping it for duty at the circuit with new, more efficient carbon bodywork. It's also got a diesel micro-turbine powerplant and six electric motors laying out a combined 1,287 horsepower and 1,725 pound-feet of torque.
Read up on all of the finer details of the 2018 Techrules Ren RS.
While the Bugatti Chiron Sport represents the ultimate evolution of performance technology from the past, the Rimac C Two represents where we're headed and the performance of the future. Offered as a follow-up to the incredible Concept One, the C Two is all-electric speed incarnate. The numbers on this things beg belief – 1,914 horsepower and 1,686 pound-feet of torque, all of which is routed to the ground via four electric motors and four independent gearboxes. Put your foot down, and you'll find 60 mph in a scant 1.85 seconds. Keep it pinned to the carpet, and you'll reach a top speed of 258 mph. And don't stress too much about range either, because the onboard 120-kWh battery pack can provide enough juice to propel you over 400 miles between plug-ins. When it comes to electron-powered performance innovation (and indeed, performance in general), the C Two is the tip of the spear.
Read our full review on the 2018 Rimac C Two.
McLaren is adopting a name switch with its Ultimate Series models. Beginning with the Senna supercar, all future McLaren models under the Ultimate Series line will be given actual names. This new naming strategy will be strictly limited to this line, though, as future models under the Sports and Super Series banners will continue to be named alphanumerically.
The McLaren Senna got the ball rolling. What was previously thought to be an isolated occurrence brought about by McLaren's decision to pay homage to the legendary racer has evolved into a full-blown decision that will affect all future Ultimate Series models.
The decision to give proper names to all future Ultimate Series models opens the door to a lot of possibilities. McLaren could keep drawing inspiration from some of its most famous F1 drivers. If that's the case, we could be headed for a future wherein cars like the McLaren Hakkinen, McLaren Prost, and McLaren Hunt. Who knows, there might even be a McLaren Hamilton down the road.
All those names are speculation at this point. Some might not even come to pass given the relationships some of those former F1 drivers have with the company. But if there's one driver who I'm confident is going to get the same treatment as Senna, it has to be the Flying Finn, who won two world titles with the British team.
For now, the Senna still commands top billing. It's McLaren's ultimate road-legal car. It not only weighs 2,641 pounds, but it also features a 4.0-liter, twin-turbo, V-8 that produces a staggering 789 horsepower and 590 pound-feet of torque. The Senna is so fast that it can cover 0 to 60 mph in just 2.7 seconds. That's 0.1 seconds faster than the McLaren P1. It also takes just 6.8 seconds for the hypercar to hit 124 mph, and 9.9 seconds for it to cover a quarter-mile. If for nothing else, the Senna is a fitting tribute to the three-time F1 world champion who won all three of his titles with McLaren.
All that said, who's pumped up to see the McLaren Hakkinen? Make it happen, McLaren.
Launched in late 2017 as a successor to the P1, the McLaren Senna is the company's most radical road-legal car yet. Not just superior to the P1 in almost every department, it's one of the quickest supercars on the race track. At least that's what McLaren claims. There's no proof of the Senna skill at the track, but all the specs, performance figures, and the extreme aerodynamics seem to point in that direction. And McLaren wants to take things up yet another notch in the near future with a racing version.
Although it has yet to confirm it, the British firm is most likely developing a GTR version of the Senna. It will be here once production of the regular model, limited to 500 units, comes to an end, so it will probably take until late 2019 for that to happen. Much like the P1 GTR, the Senna GTR will be a race-spec model of existing Senna clients and part of the company's customer program with racing events around the world. But while the P1 program was halted after the GTR, the Senna will become a full-blown race car for FIA events. At least that's the plan.
Taking a supercar like the Senna racing is a bit of an issue right now, as most series under the FIA banner do not allow such vehicles to the track. But this could change in the future. Recent rumors suggest that the Automobile Club de l'Ouest (ACO), which organizes the 24 Hours of Le Mans, is planning to revert technical rules for the top class back to road-legal supercars following the demise of the LMP1 category for hybrids. This could open up the opportunity for McLaren to field a prototype-spec Senna at the iconic event.
McLaren Automotive chief executive Mike Flewitt told Autocar.
A race-spec Senna would have big shoes to fill, as it will become the spiritual successor of the Le Mans-winning F1 GTR. The innovative F1 hit the race track in 1995, winning the 24 Hours of Le Mans in its first season. What's more, four of the top five cars at the finish line were F1s. The GTR remained competitive in the series until 1998, getting a major upgrade in the Longtail spec. It continued to race internationally with noticeable success until 2005. In all, it won 39 races and scored 64 podiums, plus three constructors' championships in the BPR Global GT Series and the FIA GT Championship.
Granted, it remains to be seen whether the race-spec Senna will become reality or if it will be able to win at Le Mans, but McLaren will surely put up a good fight. And no matter the result, it will probably remain one of the most radical race cars based on a road-going model.
Read our full review on the 2016 McLaren P1 GTR.
When it unveiled the Senna back in December 2017, McLaren omitted some of the supercar's performance facts. Needless to say, the Senna was downright spectacular even without those figures to run by, but McLaren just released a batch of new information that proves this supercar is as quick as it looks.
While many argue that the Senna isn't exactly pretty design-wise, its controversial appearance is a modern embodiment of the "form follows function" concept. Radical aerodynamics rarely go hand in hand with appealing styling cues and McLaren decided to completely sacrifice the latter for the sake of performance. It might be ugly, but that carbon-fiber shell helps it generate a whopping 800 kg (almost 1,764 pounds) of downforce at 155 mph. That's 200 kg (441 pounds) more than the McLaren P1 at the same speed.
But what about acceleration? The Senna needs 2.7 seconds to hit 60 mph from a standing start, a tenth-second quicker than the P1. The sprint to 124 mph takes 6.8 clicks, a full second quicker than the awesome 720S. The quarter-mile time is equally impressive at 9.9 seconds, while stopping from 124 mph takes only 100 meters (328 feet). Top speed is rated at "only" 211 mph, six mph below the P1, but that's a small sacrifice given the Senna's outstanding cornering abilities.
According to McLaren, the Senna is unstoppable at the track when used in race mode. The revise RaceActive Chassis Control suspension not only enables the driver to brake and turn into corners later, but also hit the gas pedal earlier than in a P1. That's due to the extra available downforce and the balanced aerodynamics.
It's all true, and it looks as if Ayrton Senna himself helped design it.
Now that the Detroit Auto Show is safely in our rearview mirrors, we can now go back to our regularly scheduled programming. To mark our return to the real world, McLaren threw itself a little housewarming party after the opening of its Carbon Composites Technology Centre in the UK. The special guest-of-honor was none other than the McLaren Senna, and in true form, the Senna did more than just show up and wave to the gathered masses, it actually performed a series of donuts in the company of a 1989 McLaren Formula One race car, the same car that was driven by Ayrton Senna, for which the car was named after.
The Senna's presence inside the Carbon Composites Technology Centre wasn't by accident, but a choreographed event by McLaren to use the supercar to leave a trail of fresh Pirelli tire rubber on the center's new floor. It was, in the automaker's words, a way to "christen it — McLaren style." The company even recorded part of the Senna's performance on video, and it is as glorious as it sounds.
To be clear, the Carbon Composites Technology Centre isn't open yet. Nevertheless, the doors were opened to a select group of attendees with the intention of showing what the place will look like once it's fully operational. For those who don't know, the center will serve as ground zero for McLaren's future carbon fiber tubs. This will be the place where they'll be built beginning in 2019.
But that's a story for another time. For now, check out the McLaren Senna getting its first public workout. By the looks of it, the supercar is all set to unleash its wrath into the world.
FIRST Video of The Mclaren Senna Driving and DOING DONUTS!
A successful race car builder from the 1960s to the 1980s, McLaren began making a name for itself as a road car manufacturer in the early 1990s with the F1. Launched with many benchmarks, including the first carbon-fiber construction, the F1 became one of the most iconic supercars ever made. It was so great that it took McLaren 15 years to gives us a predecessor, the P1, introduced at the 2013 Geneva Motor Show. Four years have passed, and the McLaren Ultimate Series is entering a new era with a brand-new supercar. Codenamed the P15 and in the rumor mill for a couple of years now, the McLaren Senna was unveiled on December 9, 2017, as the company's ultimate road-legal race car.
A unique design that brings together styling cues from the P1, 720S, and new aerodynamic features, the Senna bears the name of F1 driver Ayrton Senna, who drove McLaren Formula One cars for six years, from 1988 to 1993.
While the Senna's aggressive design and aerodynamics aren't surprising, the fact that it's not a hybrid comes as a bit of shock. With its predecessor sporting an electric motor, the new Ultimate Series was expected to have a similar layout. The same goes for the interior, which has a standard left-hand-drive configuration, despite prototypes that have a mid-mounted driver's seat, like the old F1. But this doesn't make the Senna a less spectacular supercar. On the contrary!
Update 8/27/2018: The McLaren Senna may be something of a unicorn to most of the world but we finally managed to catch up with it in the metal at Monterey Car Week 2018. Check out our video and all-new images below.


I usually do interviews in Radio and TV about the services provided by my company, about what I can do for you in reference to how to validate university degrees in this country, and how to look for help to accomplish the dreams you had when you arrived to this country. But in this case, I had the opportunity to speak about my life, from my beginnings when I still was in Colombia, my country of origin, and how I succeeded to get where I am today, my experience in this beautiful country, the opportunities and my family. Watch this enriching interview where you can get motivated though my life and you can do for your life and the one of others more than what you imagine.
Radio Caracol "Show Cafe Caracol"
TELEMUNDO 51 "A NEW DAY SHOW"


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Washington DC Because he has excellent taste, and because his burner cell phone is ringing off the hook with reservation requests for Dram & Grain, we asked DC's new nightlife kingpin what he likes to eat. After all, he just saved a bar with his bare hands on SPIKE's Bar Rescue, so why not let him save your weekend?
Frye: "I dig the authenticity of Boqueria and appreciate the knowledgeable bar staff. They usually pour me a Gewürztraminer to start followed by ice-cold drafts of local beer."
Frye: "Rasika is hands-down the best Indian food in the city and the service is unmatched. Plus, it's right next to a theatre so you can grab a show after and make a whole date night out of it."
What He's Eating: Honey Ginger Scallops with burnt garlic and red pepper, and Sindhi Gosht Curry loaded with lamb, black cardamom, and caraway seeds. He pairs spicy food with bold reds like Sangiovese or a Cab.
Frye: "This is my straight-up relaxation station. Any Sunday that the sun shows up you'll find me on the deck with a pitcher of Magic Hat #9 or Shiner Bock."
What He's Eating: A pile of medium Maryland blue crabs cooked to order. As if there was any other choice.
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What He's Eating: Red Miso Ramen with chasu pulled pork, soft egg, red pickled ginger, sesame, scallions, nori. Also, he's drinking the Toki Monster made with Bulleit Bourbon, Barenjager, Peat Monster Scotch, and… pork belly kushiyaki!
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The Need for a National Academy of Environmental Design
December 6, 2012 /
Kim Tanzer
Architects, planners, constructors and others join together to tackle today's urgent environmental challenges.
"Sustainability is today's sputnik." This frequently made assertion captures the importance and urgency of creating sustainable human environments. While today's challenges are global, not just national, the need to act quickly — with expert knowledge and alert to unexpected consequences — is as present today as it was half a century ago.
For this reason, environmental designers around the country — architects, landscape architects, interior designers, planners, constructors and others — have joined together to form the National Academy of Environmental Design.
Highlighting this sense of urgency, the academy's mission statement and purpose reads, in part: "Pressing and catastrophic challenges face the United States and the world, including precipitous climate change, species extinction, and a wide range of epidemics and toxins affecting human health. The factors that cause these problems are complex and often poorly understood even when recognized, but many such problems involve the communities, landscapes, buildings and products people occupy and use. The National Academy of Environmental Design has been created to address these problems through the diverse knowledge and practical expertise of the environmental design and related disciplines."
Today's environmental challenges are often described as "wicked problems" — problems caused by many factors acting simultaneously, requiring complex decision making in the face of sometimes unknowable outcomes. Traditional scientific thinking — often characterized by its reliance on linear deductive or inductive reasoning applied to questions neatly bounded to limit experimental variables and by the necessity of replicable results — cannot fully address today's "wicked problems." By contrast, design thinking — also known as abductive thinking, lateral thinking or creative thinking — focuses on finding patterns and similarities among complex sets of information.
A number of research methods developed by members of the environmental design disciplines are useful in understanding and acting on "wicked problems": So-called natural experiments seek answers in real-world situations rather than within laboratory settings. Place-based knowledge, often held by local populations, provides evidence of change over long periods of time, especially change affecting natural systems. Case studies look comprehensively at similar circumstances — such as building or landscape typologies — for lessons to be applied in similar situations. Scenario planning is a method for strategically considering an array of potential futures without artificially limiting important variables. Each of these methods, well known to environmental designers, provides a rigorous means to evaluate a complex environmental situation, with the goal of recommending action toward a preferred future.
Because environmental designers have tended to focus on the future, we have spent less time sharing our knowledge of past successes and failures among our own disciplines and with the larger world. The National Academy of Environmental Design was established to create a forum for expert collaborative exchange.
Other National Academies
Over the past 150 years the National Academy of Sciences, National Academy of Engineering and the Institute of Medicine, along with their research partner the National Research Council, have been called upon by policy makers to provide expert, peer-reviewed recommendations on important societal challenges. Each was created during a time of crisis: The National Academy of Sciences was incorporated in Washington D.C. by President Abraham Lincoln during the Civil War in 1863; the National Research Council was convened in 1916 during World War I; the National Academy of Engineering began in 1964 against the backdrop of the Cold War and the space race; and the Institute of Medicine was established in 1970 at the start of what was called the "war on cancer." Their collective mission, as outlined by President Lincoln in the original charter of the National Academy of Sciences, is to serve "whenever called upon by any department or agency of the government, to investigate, examine, experiment and report upon any subject of science or art." Members of study groups are appointed by their peers because of their knowledge in particular scholarly disciplines.
But, as described in the 2007 resolution to create the National Academy of Environmental Design, "the existing national academies do not provide the breadth of multidisciplinary expertise necessary to effectively respond to these multiple and linked environmental challenges." By contrast, the resolution continues, "the environmental design disciplines — involved in the design, construction and maintenance of cities, landscapes, buildings, interiors and products — do have the expertise to assist the citizens of the United States in addressing and mitigating the impacts of these multiple environmental challenges."
Successes to Date
Recognizing the need for an integrated, proactive, interdisciplinary approach to sustainable planning and design, in 2007 a national group of academic leaders in the environmental design disciplines formally resolved to create the National Academy of Environmental Design during a meeting in Minneapolis of the Association of Collegiate Schools of Architecture. In the summer of 2008 a meeting of supporters was held at the National Building Museum in Washington D.C., during which a mission statement was drafted and a governance process was initiated. Following a thoughtful and frank dialogue about the relationships of the disciplines, which would be reflected in a governing structure, bylaws were passed in 2009 and the first slate of officers and the executive council were elected and appointed respectively. It was and remains important to balance responsibility for the organization's success equally among all the environmental design disciplines, as each plays an important role in creating a preferred, more sustainable future. During the organization's formative years, the ACSA played a critical role in staffing the otherwise all-volunteer organization. The fourth annual membership meeting was held in October 2012 in Washington D.C., following meetings hosted by the U.S. Green Building Council, the American Society of Landscape Architects and the American Planning Association, each of which hosted the annual meetings in 2009, 2010 and 2011, respectively.
As the National Academy of Environmental Design's governance process has been established, the important work of investigating and examining subjects of significance has developed in parallel. Our first national workshop, chaired by Dr. James Wescoat of MIT in 2010, was co-hosted by the Disaster Roundtable of the National Research Council. Titled "Disaster-Resilient Design," it focused on the important role environmental design plays in preventing disasters through smart planning and mitigating them through effective short- and long-term responses. Our second national workshop, held in 2011 and co-chaired by Dean Tom Fisher of the University of Minnesota, Dr. Matt Trowbridge of the University of Virginia and Dr. Nisha Botchwey then of the University of Virginia and now of Georgia Tech, was titled "Green Health: Building Sustainable Schools for Healthy Kids." It was co-sponsored by the National Collaborative on Childhood Obesity Research in partnership with the U.S. Green Building Council Center for Green Schools. The third workshop, held in October 2012, co-hosted by the National Building Museum and chaired by Susan Piedmont-Palladino of Virginia Tech and the National Building Museum, was titled "Designing Intelligent Environments: Social and Ethical Implications."
These three national workshops established a pattern of partnership with significant national organizations, each of which will lead to new means of disseminating best environmental design knowledge to broad, high-level audiences. These followed a series of more focused workshops hosted by universities during the National Academy of Environmental Design's first years. The University of Texas at Austin hosted a workshop on sustainable sites in 2008; the University of Minnesota hosted a 2009 workshop on sustainable materials; and the University of Florida hosted a 2009 workshop focused on water issues in the Apalachicola, Chattahoochee and Flint rivers basin. In each of the examples described above, environmental design experts and others from across the country came together to discuss a complex problem with the goal of sharing best practices through case studies, natural experiments, examples of local, place-based knowledge and the use of thoughtful scenario forecasting.
These workshops highlight a key element of the National Academy of Environmental Design's approach to research. Complex problems must be addressed holistically by design experts across a range of professional disciplines. At the same time, expertise is necessary to provide recommendations based on experience and knowledge. The term "T-shaped thinking" refers to the horizontal, lateral, abductive thinking common to those of us trained in the design disciplines, which must be applied in combination with the vertical, deep research-informed knowledge of subject matter experts. A central premise of the National Academy of Environmental Design is the belief that design education provides the critical switching mechanism to allow these two elements to successfully combine.
The National Academy of Environmental Design is now poised to begin its next phase. With funding from Spotsylvania County, Virginia and the support and partnership of Luck Development Partners, the academy will hire an executive director and open an office in Ni Village, Va., in the coming months. This will allow the academy to take its next step, to become a "think-and-do tank" with a regional, place based focus, as part of our larger national mission. Two further national workshops are in initial planning stages, one focused on urban water policies and practices and another on affordable, sustainable housing. As we continue to build the infrastructure necessary to join our disciplines in productive exchange, we will remain focused on advancing sustainable environmental design practices in public and governmental settings and on conducting and disseminating research in our fields. As our mission statement provides, we will "serve the public by promoting the flourishing of individuals, communities and the natural world through the sustainable design and stewardship of human and natural environments."
For more information see www.naedonline.org.
Kim Tanzer, FAIA, is dean and Edward E. Elson professor at the University of Virginia School of Architecture. She served as the first president of the National Academy of Environmental Design from 2009-11.