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The Detroit Lions Podcast
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Lions Keys to Victory in 2016: Eric Ebron's Hands
Posted By: Ash Thompson July 30, 2016
Over the years there have been a lot of failed receivers in the Lions organization. There was a trait that they all seemed to share, and it was often overlooked by the previous management teams in favor of combine stats or college production. That trait was that they didn't have all of the key competencies of a receiver. A receiver needs to do three things, there are other things that can be asked of him but the core competencies of a receiver are not complicated or numerous. Yet the Lions have managed to find very few that were able to fulfill all of those responsibilities. Some have fallen to off the field issues like Charles Rogers, Mike Williams, and Titus Young. While others have met with the injury bug more times than any one man should, Ryan Broyles and Brandon Pettigrew immediately spring to mind. The vast majority of the Lions failed receivers were basically flawed in one of the three core competencies. These three competencies are as follows:
Route running
Creating separation
Catching the ball
As a rookie coming in to the NFL, sometimes a player will never have shown any problem with these three areas, and sometimes there are just going to be growing pains. In a majority of cases the team should have seen it coming.
Eric Ebron's Route Running is Fine
College offenses often have a very simplified route tree in the era of the spread offense meaning that a college receiver might only have had to learn five or fewer routes. By contrast, my high school team in the nineties had a fifteen route tree. I don't say that to pump up my high school coach, 2011 NFL-Canada youth coach of the year Rick Gilson, but to point out that college offenses are doing a poor job of preparing their receivers for the NFL. In the NFL, the number of routes and pre-snap decisions a receiver is being asked to make can be insane. Almost every college receiver needs work in this area because they're being asked to do so much more than they ever have been before. This deficiency can be fixed with hard work and nothing more. The player's work ethic and experience determine whether this is going to be a problem or not, and players who are drafted because they have already mastered it are rarely successful in the NFL, as their college tape can be very misleading. It is like watching a game in which one player is using a full set of chess pieces against another that has only pawns. When they get to the NFL, everyone has the same pieces and their opponents have been using them for years. So when Ebron came in as a rookie and needed work in this regard, it was not at all unexpected, and he has improved greatly over the course of two seasons.
Eric Ebron Can Beat His Man
Prior to reaching the NFL, collegiate players often ride their superior athletic ability to success. In at least half of their games, the top tier of college football players are not facing a single other player that matches them in athletic ability. The transition to the NFL leaves many rookies wondering what kind of buzz saw they just walked into, with the average rookie going from being the best player on the field to being an average athlete lacking the years of practice and coaching of his opponent. Eric Ebron can be forgiven for his brash entry to the league, he just expected it to be like every other new level. Over the last two seasons he has improved his technique and played a more physical game, an absolute requirement for a big bodied possession receiver who occasionally lines up as an in-line tight end – which is what he is in the NFL. He has not become the "complete tight end", but he was not drafted to be that. He was drafted to be an offensive weapon, and he has learned to translate his athleticism into the NFL field of play. Play after play Ebron is open, running toward the sideline having beaten a linebacker, or streaking up the middle of the field having shed the nickle corner like he wasn't even there. In this area of NFL football, Eric Ebron is already exactly what we hoped he would become when he was drafted at number ten.
Eric Ebron Needs To Catch The Ball
The third competency is where all that other hard work and dedication can cease to matter for Ebron. If a receiver got exactly where he was supposed to be by running the route and beating his man, but failed to come up with the catch on third down that would have extended the drive, the effect is far more than simply the end of that one drive. Trust is huge in the NFL between quarterbacks and their receivers. If the receiver has already shown that he is likely to waste the effort of his teammates by not coming up with an easy catch, then the quarterback is going to be just one millisecond faster in moving on to his next option later in the game. The offensive coordinator is also going to be significantly more hesitant to call on that receiver in key situations, and a tight end is supposed to be one of the receivers that gets a team tough third down yards to extend drives. For the last few seasons, the Lions relied far to heavily on Calvin Johnson for this when, first Brandon Pettigrew and then Eric Ebron, showed that their hands were not to be trusted between the twenties. The damage he sustained performing a role that should have been handled by lesser men has to be part of his decision to retire. Ebron's yards after the catch were what got him drafted at number 10 overall, so it is not difficult to understand his natural tendency to be focused on making plays after the catch, but with Johnson gone the drops simply can not continue. Unfortunately for Lions fans, these drops are not the result of the added pressure to perform in the NFL. It is not two seasons that we have to go on but his entire documented career as a football player. He dropped passes in college, he dropped passes at his pro day working out for scouts and coaches, and has continued to drop passes in the NFL.
Eric Ebron is the Key to the Lions Success in the Passing Game
The signing of Anquan Boldin lessens the catastrophic effect that such drops can have. He is the ultimate NFL possession receiver and will likely leech a lot of the key third down work from Ebron, but the team will be far better off if he does not have to. If Ebron can fix his problem and earn the trust of his teammates and coaches on the field, rather than in media appearances where they are asked about drops and defend their teammates, the Lions will be one of the most dangerous passing offenses in the NFL in 2016. A two minute drill with Golden Tate, Marvin Jones, Anquan Boldin, Theo Riddick, and Eric Ebron on the field is a nightmare that is quite frankly impossible for most defenses to match up with. That being said, any chain is only as strong as it's weakest link. That suspect link is, in this case, is the ability of Eric Ebron to catch a football. If Ebron takes his drop percentage from 7.1% in 2015 down to a respectable 3% or less, the Detroit Lions are quite likely to be one of the most successful offenses in the NFL.
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Ash Thompson
Ash Thompson is a fanatical football fan, and less fanatical hockey fan despite his Canadian heritage. He is sorry aboot that. His spirit animal is a beaver with a shark's head. He enjoys maple syrup and tacos, but never at the same time.
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Select Committee (Westminster System)
A Select Committee is a committee made up of a small number of parliamentary members appointed to deal with particular areas or issues originating in the Westminster System of parliamentary democracy. Select Committees exist in the British Parliament, as well as in other parliaments based on the Westminster model, such as those in Australia and New Zealand.
In the United Kingdom, committees can be appointed, as most are, from the House of Commons, like the Foreign Affairs Committee, from the House of Lords, like the Delegated Powers and Regulatory Reform Committee, or as a "Joint Committee" drawn from both, such as the Joint Committee on House of Lords Reform. (Note that the Intelligence and Security Committee is not a select committee, though it contains members from both houses. It is a unique committee of parliamentarians appointed by the Prime Minister and reporting to him, not Parliament.) The Commons Select Committees are generally responsible for overseeing the work of government departments and agencies, whereas those of the Lords look at general issues, such as the constitution or the economy. Both Houses have their own Committees to review drafts of European Union directives.
Rarely, there are also select committees of the Commons (and sometimes Joint Standing Committees) that are tasked with the detailed analysis of individual Bills. Most Bills are referred, since the 2006-07 session, to public bill committees, and before that, there were Standing Committees.
In July 2005, the Administration Select Committee was instituted, replacing the five Domestic Committees which had been responsible for the consideration of services provided for the House in the Palace of Westminster from 1991 to 2005. The new committee thus deals with issues as diverse as catering services, the House of Commons Library, computer provision, and visitor services.
Some English local authorities also have a select committee system, as part of their Overview and Scrutiny arrangements.
In Hong Kong, the Legislative Council may appoint one or more select committees from among its members for in-depth consideration of matters or bills referred by the council. Select committees may summon persons concerned to testify or give evidence. A select committee reports to the council and dissolved as soon as it has completed consideration of the matter or bill referred to it.
* List of Committees of the United Kingdom Parliament
* Select Committees in the New Zealand Parliament
* Select or special committee
* [http://www.parliament.uk/business/committees.cfm Committees] at the UK Parliament website
* [http://www.legco.gov.hk/general/english/sc/sc_0408.htm Select Committee of the Legislative Council of Hong Kong]
* [http://www.selectcommittees.co.uk/ Selectcommittees.co.uk by ePolitix.com]
* [http://www.unlockdemocracy.org.uk/wiki/index.php/Central_Lobby#Select_Committees/ Democracywiki by Unlock Democracy]
K12LTSP
Select committee — may refer to:*Select Committee (Westminster System) *Select or special committee (United States) … Wikipedia
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Make use of the HP Scan and Capture application to scan photos from your HP Officejet 4650 printer or computer camera.
Long press the printer's Power button to turn it on.
Open a web browser on your computer and visit the manufacturer's site.
Expand the menu and select your printer model from the list.
Click the Begin icon on top of the menu bar and select the Download option.
Proceed with guidelines on the screen to complete the connection setup.
The HP Easy Start software detects the printers connected to the same network automatically and lists them on the screen.
Click the printer's name you want to install and continue with the on-screen directions.
Complete the printer's registration and activation on the printer's control panel.
Press the HP Officejet 4650 printer's Power button to turn it on.
Load an empty paper into the printer's input tray.
Check whether the ink cartridges are properly installed.
Place the file you want to scan on the flatbed scanner.
You can also load it in the Automatic Document Feeder.
Launch the HP Scan and Capture application on your computer.
Click the Menu icon and expand the Settings sub-menu.
Pick the Select Device option under the sub-menu.
Choose your HP printer model name from the list displayed on the screen.
Click Document Scan Options or Photo Scan Options.
Make necessary changes under the Scan Settings menu.
Right-click the empty space on the Settings menu page.
Select the Capture Documents/Photos option from the drop-down menu.
The scan completes and the doc displays on the computer's screen.
Click the Save icon in case you want to save the file in a folder.


text:
HomeDetailed Demands for Grants for 2018-19, Ministry of AYUSH
Detailed Demands for Grants for 2018-19, Ministry of AYUSH
Select ratingGive Detailed Demands for Grants for 2018-19, Ministry of AYUSH 1/5Give Detailed Demands for Grants for 2018-19, Ministry of AYUSH 2/5Give Detailed Demands for Grants for 2018-19, Ministry of AYUSH 3/5Give Detailed Demands for Grants for 2018-19, Ministry of AYUSH 4/5Give Detailed Demands for Grants for 2018-19, Ministry of AYUSH 5/5Cancel rating
Find Demands for Grants for the year 2018-19 for Ministry of AYUSH. Details such as revenue, capital, total grant amount of money, etc are available. Users can view and download the files.
AYUSH Research Portal
Select ratingGive AYUSH Research Portal 1/5Give AYUSH Research Portal 2/5Give AYUSH Research Portal 3/5Give AYUSH Research Portal 4/5Give AYUSH Research Portal 5/5Cancel rating
The AYUSH Research Portal is meant for disseminating the information related to the AYUSH and the current research updates purely meant for academic purpose. Users can search AYUSH terminology, research articles, journals etc. You can also search information the Ayurveda, yoga, naturopathy, Unani, Siddha, Homeopathy etc. Information about the clinical research, pre-clinical research, drug research and fundamental research.
Website of Ayush
Select ratingGive Website of Ayush 1/5Give Website of Ayush 2/5Give Website of Ayush 3/5Give Website of Ayush 4/5Give Website of Ayush 5/5Cancel rating
Find detailed information about the Ministry of Ayurveda, Yoga and Naturopathy, Unani, Siddha and Homoeopathy (AYUSH). Get details on the various Acts, rules, schemes and campaigns of AYUSH Ministry. Information on drugs and pharmaceuticals, drug testing facilities and international cooperation is also available. Details of various educational courses, hospitals, dispensaries and research centres are provided. Detailed information is also...
Central Sector Scheme of Ayush
Select ratingGive Central Sector Scheme of Ayush 1/5Give Central Sector Scheme of Ayush 2/5Give Central Sector Scheme of Ayush 3/5Give Central Sector Scheme of Ayush 4/5Give Central Sector Scheme of Ayush 5/5Cancel rating
Central sector schemes, it is funded by the Union government and implemented by the Central Government machinery. Central sector schemes are mainly formulated on subjects from the Union List. In addition, the Central Ministries also implement some schemes directly in States/UTs which are called Central Sector Schemes. Schemes like Scheme for Acquisition, Cataloging, Digitization and Publication of Text Book & Manuscripts, Priority area of...
Centrally Sponsored Scheme of Ayush
Select ratingGive Centrally Sponsored Scheme of Ayush 1/5Give Centrally Sponsored Scheme of Ayush 2/5Give Centrally Sponsored Scheme of Ayush 3/5Give Centrally Sponsored Scheme of Ayush 4/5Give Centrally Sponsored Scheme of Ayush 5/5Cancel rating
Centrally Sponsored Schemes are formulated in subjects from the State List to encourage States to priorities in areas that require more attention. A scheme like National AYUSH Mission (NAM) comes under Centrally Sponsored Scheme.
Extra Mural Research of Ayush
Select ratingGive Extra Mural Research of Ayush 1/5Give Extra Mural Research of Ayush 2/5Give Extra Mural Research of Ayush 3/5Give Extra Mural Research of Ayush 4/5Give Extra Mural Research of Ayush 5/5Cancel rating
The AYUSH Research councils have been conducting research over last 40 years. In the country several other educational, scientific institutions and universities have also contributed significantly to clinical research, ethno-botanical surveys, pharmacognostical and pharmacological studies on plants and drugs standardization of simple and compound formulations used in Ayurveda, Siddha and Unani...
Financial Sanction of Ayush
Select ratingGive Financial Sanction of Ayush 1/5Give Financial Sanction of Ayush 2/5Give Financial Sanction of Ayush 3/5Give Financial Sanction of Ayush 4/5Give Financial Sanction of Ayush 5/5Cancel rating
Schemes under Financial Sanction are centrally sponsored scheme on Quality Control of Ayush Drugs, Centrally sponsored scheme on Development of Ayush institutions, Central Sector Schemes for Development of AYUSH Industry Cluster QC for Ayush Drugs.
Drugs and Pharmaceuticals of Ayush
Select ratingGive Drugs and Pharmaceuticals of Ayush 1/5Give Drugs and Pharmaceuticals of Ayush 2/5Give Drugs and Pharmaceuticals of Ayush 3/5Give Drugs and Pharmaceuticals of Ayush 4/5Give Drugs and Pharmaceuticals of Ayush 5/5Cancel rating
Notification of Drugs and Cosmetics draft rules for public comments, Status of grant of ASU License of Herbal Juices/Drinks, Drugs and Cosmetics Act Amendment in last 2 years, Quality Assurance Campaign, Drugs Testing Facility etc. comes under Drugs and Pharmaceuticals.
Contact directory of Ayush
Select ratingGive Contact directory of Ayush 1/5Give Contact directory of Ayush 2/5Give Contact directory of Ayush 3/5Give Contact directory of Ayush 4/5Give Contact directory of Ayush 5/5Cancel rating
Get contact numbers of Ministry of Ayush. Name, designation, telephone number and other contact details of the officials are available. Users can also find the address and email ids.
Scheme for Acquisition, Cataloging, Digitization and Publication of Text Book & Manuscripts of Ayush
Select ratingGive Scheme for Acquisition, Cataloging, Digitization and Publication of Text Book & Manuscripts of Ayush 1/5Give Scheme for Acquisition, Cataloging, Digitization and Publication of Text Book & Manuscripts of Ayush 2/5Give Scheme for Acquisition, Cataloging, Digitization and Publication of Text Book & Manuscripts of Ayush 3/5Give Scheme for Acquisition, Cataloging, Digitization and Publication of Text Book & Manuscripts of Ayush 4/5Give Scheme for Acquisition, Cataloging, Digitization and Publication of Text Book & Manuscripts of Ayush 5/5Cancel rating
Emerging demands for natural medicine and the process of globalization have inspired a few initiatives in the AYUSH sector to see its knowledge readily available through electronic means. Such initiatives need support and expansion. Use of information technology can add dimensions to the domain and scope for modernization of the AYUSH sector for its better accessibility to the stakeholders.
Revised scheme for Up-Gradation to Centre of Excellence Ayush
Select ratingGive Revised scheme for Up-Gradation to Centre of Excellence Ayush 1/5Give Revised scheme for Up-Gradation to Centre of Excellence Ayush 2/5Give Revised scheme for Up-Gradation to Centre of Excellence Ayush 3/5Give Revised scheme for Up-Gradation to Centre of Excellence Ayush 4/5Give Revised scheme for Up-Gradation to Centre of Excellence Ayush 5/5Cancel rating
Given the growing consumer acceptance of Ayush in the domestic and global society as an important component of pluralistic schemes of healthcare, the government of India has decided to identify reputed institutes engaged in Ayush Education / Drug Development & Research / Clinical Research etc. in Government / Non-Government Non-profit and to support them to upgrade their functions and facilities to levels of excellence.
Scheme for Public Health Initiatives scheme of Ayush
Select ratingGive Scheme for Public Health Initiatives scheme of Ayush 1/5Give Scheme for Public Health Initiatives scheme of Ayush 2/5Give Scheme for Public Health Initiatives scheme of Ayush 3/5Give Scheme for Public Health Initiatives scheme of Ayush 4/5Give Scheme for Public Health Initiatives scheme of Ayush 5/5Cancel rating
The scheme is being implemented with a district/block/Taluk as a unit for the roll out of only proven AYUSH interventions. This scheme aims to provide grant-in-aid to Government / Non-Government organizations for the roll out of only proven AYUSH interventions for improving health status of the population through AYUSH interventions, like distribution of medicines, organizing Health awareness camps etc.
Scheme for Revitalization of Local Health Traditions, Midwifery Practices
Select ratingGive Scheme for Revitalization of Local Health Traditions, Midwifery Practices 1/5Give Scheme for Revitalization of Local Health Traditions, Midwifery Practices 2/5Give Scheme for Revitalization of Local Health Traditions, Midwifery Practices 3/5Give Scheme for Revitalization of Local Health Traditions, Midwifery Practices 4/5Give Scheme for Revitalization of Local Health Traditions, Midwifery Practices 5/5Cancel rating
Local Health Traditions (LHT) constitutes the community health dimension of AYUSH. The carriers of these health traditions are ordinary households and local community based healers. The LHTs have traditionally played an important role in supporting the primary healthcare needs of rural households.
Scheme for Extra Mural Research projects on Indian Systems of Medicine and Homoeopathy of Ayush
Select ratingGive Scheme for Extra Mural Research projects on Indian Systems of Medicine and Homoeopathy of Ayush 1/5Give Scheme for Extra Mural Research projects on Indian Systems of Medicine and Homoeopathy of Ayush 2/5Give Scheme for Extra Mural Research projects on Indian Systems of Medicine and Homoeopathy of Ayush 3/5Give Scheme for Extra Mural Research projects on Indian Systems of Medicine and Homoeopathy of Ayush 4/5Give Scheme for Extra Mural Research projects on Indian Systems of Medicine and Homoeopathy of Ayush 5/5Cancel rating
The Department of AYUSH has introduced a Scheme for Extra-Mural Research in addition to the intra-mural research undertaken by the Research Councils for Ayurveda and Siddha, Unani, Homoeopathy and Yoga and Naturopathy set up by the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare three decades ago.
Central Sector Scheme for Promotion of International Co-operation (IC) in AYUSH
Select ratingGive Central Sector Scheme for Promotion of International Co-operation (IC) in AYUSH 1/5Give Central Sector Scheme for Promotion of International Co-operation (IC) in AYUSH 2/5Give Central Sector Scheme for Promotion of International Co-operation (IC) in AYUSH 3/5Give Central Sector Scheme for Promotion of International Co-operation (IC) in AYUSH 4/5Give Central Sector Scheme for Promotion of International Co-operation (IC) in AYUSH 5/5Cancel rating
Growing global demand of traditional medicine has increased the scope of international exchange of AYUSH-related information and co-operation with other countries for collaborative efforts in the development of traditional system of medicine.
Central Sector Scheme for Promotion of Information, Education, and Communication (IEC) in AYUSH
Select ratingGive Central Sector Scheme for Promotion of Information, Education, and Communication (IEC) in AYUSH 1/5Give Central Sector Scheme for Promotion of Information, Education, and Communication (IEC) in AYUSH 2/5Give Central Sector Scheme for Promotion of Information, Education, and Communication (IEC) in AYUSH 3/5Give Central Sector Scheme for Promotion of Information, Education, and Communication (IEC) in AYUSH 4/5Give Central Sector Scheme for Promotion of Information, Education, and Communication (IEC) in AYUSH 5/5Cancel rating
AYUSH systems of medicine are popular and progressively a large section of population uses these systems for health care, there is lack of awareness among the general public about remedies available in these systems. Keeping this in view, a scheme of Information, Education and Communication (IEC) was implemented in IX and X Plan.
Last reviewed and updated on 15 Jun, 2018 NPI Other :: IP 192.168.3.9


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Private Colleges with the Best Return on Investment
by TBS Staff
When most people think private college, the dollar signs start filling their heads. However, just because a college or university is private does not mean it can't be an excellent higher education value. A private college that opens doors to a notable graduate school or to a renowned company may, in fact, provide a greater return for one's education dollar. We're here to make that research easier.
What follows is the undergraduate private colleges with the best ROI. As with the public colleges, the emphasis for return on investment is for student/family yearly incomes of $48,000 or less. Colleges listed here are private, nonprofit, and grant bachelor's degrees.
Accredited Online Colleges
Accredited Private Colleges with the Best Return on Investment
#1 Private Colleges with the Best Return on Investment
Online + Campus
Stanford University offers programs designed with busy students in mind. Located in California, the private institution provides on-campus and online programs. At the school, 5% of programs offer online enrollment options.
The college also has 89 master's degrees, with 11 master's programs available online. In both modalities, enrollees take rigorous classes and benefit from a supportive learning community. Faculty mentors and academic advisors work with degree-seekers to create an individualized course of study. Learners benefit from institutional resources such as career workshops, mock interviews, and job fairs. Bachelor's degree-seekers have a 94% graduation rate.
Prospective students can reach out to the financial aid office to learn about their eligibility for funding. According to the most recent data, learners with financial aid make up 70% of the student body.
Average Tuition
Percent Online Enrollment
5% Percentage of all students who are enrolled online.
Yes Western Association of Schools and Colleges Senior Colleges and University Commission
The Massachusetts Institute of Technology prioritizes flexibility in its degree-granting programs. Located in Cambridge, the private institution offers both in-person and online degree programs.
Enrollees benefit from several learning formats that fit their schedule and needs. Degree-seekers can work with faculty members and their academic advisor to customize their degree path to suit their personal and professional goals. The Massachusetts Institute of Technology offers strong career planning resources, including career workshops, mock interviews, and job fairs. The undergraduate programs report a 95% graduation rate.
Prospective students can contact the financial aid office to learn more about funding opportunities. According to the most recent data, 74% of learners receive financial aid.
Yes New England Commission on Higher Education
Princeton University stands out for its commitment to higher education. Learners enrolled at the private institution take classes on campus and online.
Enrollees benefit from multiple learning formats designed for diverse schedules. Degree-seekers work closely with faculty mentors to design an individualized course of study based on their transfer credits, interests, and career goals. Learners can access top-notch institutional resources during their time at Princeton University, including career workshops, mock interviews, and job fairs. Undergraduate degree-seekers have a 98% graduation rate at the school.
The financial aid office connects prospective students with internal and external funding opportunities. Today, 63% of the student body receives financial aid.
Yes Middle States Commission on Higher Education
Harvard University offers a flexible route to a college degree. The private institution enrolls learners online and on its Cambridge, Massachusetts, campus.
Enrollees can choose the format that matches their learning style and schedule. Degree-seekers individualize their course of study by selecting electives and minors based on their interests and career goals. Learners hone their skills for the job market with resources like career workshops, mock interviews, and job fairs. The undergraduate programs report a 97% graduation rate.
Prospective students work with the financial aid office to create a package of aid to cover degree costs. Of the total student body, 73% of learners receive a financial aid award.
18% Percentage of all students who are enrolled online.
The flexible programs at Brigham Young University offer a variety of options for degree-seekers. Learners enrolled at the private institution participate in online and on-campus classes offered at the main campus in Provo.
Enrollees can choose the format that matches their learning style and schedule. The programs provide customization options such as electives and concentrations so degree-seekers can meet their personal and professional goals. Brigham Young University offers strong career planning resources, including career workshops, mock interviews, and job fairs. Undergraduate degree-seekers can expect a 78% graduation rate.
Prospective students can contact the financial aid office to learn more about funding opportunities. Of the student body, 71% of learners receive financial aid.
Yes Northwest Commission on Colleges and Universities
The University of Pennsylvania ranks among the top online colleges. The private institution enrolls learners on its Philadelphia campus and in online programs. The school offers 2% of its programs to distance learners.
Undergraduates select from 93 majors, with one major offering online enrollment. At the graduate level, the college has 141 master's programs, which include three online options. Enrollees can choose the learning format that best fits their needs and schedule. Degree-seekers work closely with academic advisors to select classes that meet graduation requirements and match the student's professional goals. The University of Pennsylvania offers career services like job fairs and workshops to help learners reach their professional goals. The school reports a 96% graduation rate for its undergraduate programs.
The financial aid office connects prospective students with internal and external funding opportunities. Of the student body, 59% of enrollees receive financial aid.
Rice University offers a flexible route to a college degree. The private institution provides both on-campus and online programs from its Houston campus. Currently, 1% of programs offer online learning formats.
At the graduate level, the college delivers 53 master's programs, including an online master's program. Both modalities offer rigorous academics and supportive learning environments. Degree-seekers can work with faculty members and their academic advisor to customize their degree path to suit their personal and professional goals. Learners make progress toward their professional future thanks to career workshops, mock interviews, and job fairs. As a leader in education, the college reports a 93% graduation rate.
The financial aid office helps prospective students identify funding opportunities to cover degree costs. The school reports that 69% of the student body receives financial aid.
Yes Southern Association of Colleges and Schools Commission on Colleges
Rexburg, ID
Brigham Young University-Idaho stands out for its commitment to higher education. Learners attending the private institution enroll in fully online programs and in-person programs offered in Rexburg. Currently, 18% of programs provide online learning formats.
Undergraduates choose from 80 bachelor's programs, with the option to earn an online degree in 12 fields. Both modalities offer rigorous but supportive learning environments. The programs provide customization options such as electives and concentrations so degree-seekers can meet their personal and professional goals. Career resources include workshops, resume feedback, mock have, and job fairs. Bachelor's degree-seekers hold a 60% graduation rate.
Prospective students may be eligible for internal and external funding opportunities to pay for their degree. Today, 61% of learners at the institution receive financial aid.
Yale University appeals to students with a variety of needs. From its main campus in New Haven, Connecticut, the private institution provides in-person and online programs.
Both modalities offer rigorous but supportive learning environments. Degree-seekers can work with faculty members and their academic advisor to customize their degree path to suit their personal and professional goals. Learners can access top-notch institutional resources during their time at Yale University, including career workshops, mock interviews, and job fairs. At the school, the graduation rate is 97%.
Prospective students work with financial aid advisors to identify scholarship and grant opportunities. Currently, 64% of enrollees use financial aid to pay for school.
#10 Private Colleges with the Best Return on Investment
Brown University stands out for its exceptional programs. From its Providence, Rhode Island, campus, the private institution provides on-campus and online enrollment options.
Enrollees in both modalities benefit from rigorous study and supportive learning communities. Faculty mentors and academic advisors help degree-seekers customize the course of study based on their interests and goals. Brown University helps learners reach their career goals with institutional resources such as career workshops and job fairs. The school reports a graduation rate of 96% for its undergraduate programs.
Prospective students can contact the financial aid office to learn more about funding opportunities. According to the most recent data, 56% receive financial aid.
Hanover, NH
Dartmouth College offers flexible options for a variety of degree-seekers. From its main campus in Hanover, New Hampshire, the private institution provides in-person and online programs.
Both modalities provide rigorous academics and supportive learning communities. Degree-seekers work closely with faculty mentors to customize their program based on unique interests and career goals. Dartmouth College offers career services like job fairs and workshops to help learners reach their professional goals. Undergraduate degree-seekers have a 95% graduation rate at the school.
Prospective students benefit from the financial aid office, which provides guidance on funding opportunities. Currently, 62% of enrollees use financial aid to pay for school.
Vanderbilt University ranks among the top online colleges. The private institution provides both on-campus and online programs from its Nashville campus. Of the school's total programs, 1% provide an online learning option.
At the graduate level, the school offers 104 master's programs. Enrollees can choose the learning format that best fits their needs and schedule. Degree-seekers work closely with academic advisors to choose classes that meet graduation requirements and match the student's professional goals. Vanderbilt University helps learners reach their career goals with institutional resources such as career workshops and job fairs. The school reports a 93% graduation rate for its undergraduate programs.
Prospective students work with the financial aid office to identify funding opportunities to cover degree costs. Currently, 68% of enrollees receive some form of financial aid.
Lexington, VA
Washington and Lee University offers programs designed with busy students in mind. The private institution enrolls learners online and on its Lexington, Virginia, campus.
In both modalities, enrollees participate in rigorous but supportive learning environments. Degree-seekers work closely with faculty mentors to design an individualized course of study based on their transfer credits, interests, and career goals. Washington and Lee University helps learners reach their career goals with institutional resources such as career workshops and job fairs. Undergraduate degree-seekers hold a 94% graduation rate at the school.
Prospective students may be eligible for scholarships, grants, and other forms of financial aid. According to the most recent data, 66% of learners receive financial aid.
The flexible programs at Cornell University offer a variety of options for degree-seekers. The private institution enrolls learners on its Ithaca campus and online.
At the graduate level, the college has 119 master's programs, which include one online option. Enrollees can choose the format that matches their learning style and schedule. Degree-seekers work closely with faculty mentors to design an individualized course of study based on their transfer credits, interests, and career goals. Cornell University offers strong career planning resources, including career workshops, mock interviews, and job fairs. The undergraduate graduation rate is currently 95%.
Prospective students connect with the financial aid office to learn more about internal and external funding opportunities. Out of the total student body, 62% of learners receive a financial aid award.
Duke University prioritizes flexibility in its degree-granting programs. From its main campus in Durham, North Carolina, the private institution provides in-person and online programs. At the school, 1% of programs offer an online enrollment option.
At the graduate level, the college has 92 master's degrees, including two online programs. Both modalities prioritize academic rigor while providing a supportive learning community. Degree-seekers customize their program based on their personal or professional goals by coordinating with faculty mentors and academic advisors. Learners hone their skills for the job market through resources like career workshops, mock interviews, and job fairs. As a leader in education, the college reports a 95% graduation rate.
Prospective students work with the financial aid office to identify funding opportunities to cover degree costs. Today, 63% of learners at the institution receive financial aid.
Columbia University in the City of New York offers a flexible route to a college degree. From its main campus, the private institution provides in-person and online programs. Currently, 3% of programs enroll online learners.
The college also has 140 master's degrees, including 12 online options. Both modalities prioritize academic rigor while providing a supportive learning community. The programs offer a great deal of flexibility for degree-seekers to customize their course of study based on career goals. Career workshops, mock interviews, and job fairs help learners reach their professional goals. The school's undergraduate programs report a graduation rate of 95%.
Prospective students may be eligible for internal and external funding opportunities to pay for their degree. According to the most recent data, learners with financial aid make up 59% of the student body.
The University of Chicago provides diverse enrollment options for degree-seekers. The private institution enrolls learners on campus and in online programs.
Enrollees can choose the format that matches their learning style and schedule. Customization options such as electives, minors, and concentrations let degree-seekers create an individualized course of study. Learners benefit from institutional resources such as career workshops, mock interviews, and job fairs. The undergraduate programs report a 95% graduation rate.
Prospective students connect with the financial aid office to learn more about internal and external funding opportunities. According to the most recent data, 57% of learners use financial aid.
Yes Higher Learning Commission
Notre Dame, IN
The University of Notre Dame prioritizes flexibility in its degree-granting programs. The private institution welcomes degree-seekers to its campus while also offering online programs. Of the school's total programs, 1% offer online enrollment.
The college also has 61 master's degrees, including an online option. The school's learning options benefit enrollees seeking a supportive learning community. Degree-seekers work with faculty members and academic advisors to customize the degree based on their personal and professional goals. Learners hone their skills for the job market thanks to resources like career workshops, mock interviews, and job fairs. As a leader in education, the college reports a 96% graduation rate.
The financial aid office helps prospective students identify funding opportunities to cover degree costs. Currently, 68% of enrollees use financial aid to pay for school.
Johns Hopkins University provides flexible study to learners from all walks of life. Located in Baltimore, Maryland, the private institution grants degrees in person and online. Of the school's total programs, 21% offer online enrollment.
At the graduate level, the college delivers 124 master's programs, including 30 online master's programs. Enrollees in both modalities benefit from rigorous study and supportive learning communities. Degree-seekers work with faculty members and academic advisors to customize the degree based on their personal and professional goals. Learners hone their skills for the job market with institutional resources, including resume reviews, career counseling, and job fairs. A leader in student success, the school reports a graduation rate of 93%.
Prospective students benefit from the financial aid office, which provides guidance on funding opportunities. Out of the student body, 67% of learners receive financial aid.
The flexible programs at Washington University in St. Louis offer a variety of options for degree-seekers. Learners enrolled at the private institution take classes on campus and online.
The college also has 86 master's degrees, of which three are offered online. Both modalities provide rigorous academics and supportive learning environments. Faculty mentors and academic advisors help degree-seekers customize the course of study based on their interests and goals. Washington University in St. Louis helps learners reach their career goals with institutional resources such as career workshops and job fairs. Undergraduate degree-seekers have a 95% graduation rate at the school.
The financial aid office connects students with funding opportunities to help offset degree costs. Currently, 51% of enrollees receive financial aid.
Methodology for College ROI Rankings
The motto of TheBestSchools.org is Finding the best school for you. Here is how we do it:
The value of any ranking list of schools and/or degree programs depends on having a methodologically sound assessment of each school's/program's characteristics, especially insofar as these can be objectively measured. A college or university is a complex entity, with numerous factors to consider, and distilling these down to the place where meaningful comparisons can be made to form a defensible ranking list becomes part science and part art.
To meet this challenge — and thereby provide you with the most useful and insightful educational rankings on the Internet — TheBestSchools.org formulates our ROI rankings based on the following Categories and Factors:
Ranking factors fall into three categories, in terms of how their values are converted into points for this list:
Linear - This is based on a data point that is typically (but not always) a percentage value. For example, "graduation rate" of a college is a percentage value from 0-100%. If this is a ranking factor worth a maximum of 20 points, then the original data values 0 to 100% are scaled linearly down to a range of 0 to 20 points.
Scaled - This is typically based on a dollar return value (but not always) where a higher value is better. For example, number of undergrad applications, early-career or mid-career pay. If the ranking factor is worth a maximum of 20 points and the salary data for all schools is salary from, for example, $35K to $70K (for all colleges collectively), this data range is mapped down to a range of 0 to 20 points.
Inverted scaled - This is typically based on a dollar value (but not always) where lower is better. For example, student/faculty ratio, net price or tuition values. This is similar to "scaled" ranking factors, but the data range is reversed first before mapping down to the points range.
Here are the factors used to rank colleges/universities in this list, what each factor represents, and a high-level view of the ranking methodology. (Some salary information is sourced fromPayscale.com's college salary report.)
Netprice - This is the average yearly cost (affordability) per student at a given college whose yearly family income is between $0 and $48,000. Points are scored on an inverted scale, with lowest price = highest points.
Payscale early career salary range - This is the average yearly salary (return on investment) at the early career stage (five years after) for a bachelor's degree graduate of a given college. Points are scored on a scaled basis, with highest pay = highest points.
Payscale mid-career salary range - This is similar to early-career salary (return on investment), but at 10 years after graduation. Scaled rank: highest pay = highest points.
In-state tuition and mandatory fees - Published cost (affordability) for in-state students. Points are calculated on an inverted scale (as for Netprice): lowest cost = highest points.
Graduation rate - This is a relative measure of a college's worthiness, reflected by the percentage of undergrads who graduate within a standard timeframe (as defined by NCES.ed.gov). Points are scored on a linear scale: the higher the graduation rate, the more points awarded for this ranking factor.
#applicants - This is a measure of popularity, which implies a given college as having a relatively higher return on investment.
Out-of-state tuition and mandatory fees - Published cost (affordability) for out-of-state students. Points are calculated on an inverted scale (as for netprice and in-state tuition): lowest cost = highest points.
%retention - This is the retention rate of full-time freshmen students, indicating overall "contentedness" with the college in their first year. Points are calculated on a linear scale, with higher percentage translating to higher points.
Student-teacher ratio - This loosely measures the potential personal attention that students can receive from faculty. Points are calculated on an inverted scale: smaller ratio = higher points.
Payscale salary info is used for bonus points. All public institutions listed in this series appeared in Payscale.com's college salary report. Some private (nonprofit) institutions did not appear in the report. In such cases, the median value of all salary data is calculated for each of early-career and mid-career pay. Such schools listed in the second half will be flagged as having a median salary, and receive fewer ranking points for these two factors.
Only schools that have at least five bachelor's degree programs are listed, in order to be of interest to a broader range of readers. The more programs available, the wider the choices for students, should they decide to change majors after first year, or to decide when declaring their major.


It is with great sadness we announce the passing of Hilda at the age of 76 years.
There will be a Family Service held on Friday, March 22, 2019 at 5:00 p.m. at Eden's Funeral Home Fort Macleod. Following the family service a Wake Service will be held at 7:00 p.m. at Old Agency Hall. The Funeral Service will be held Saturday, March 23, 2019 at 1:00 p.m. at Old Agency Hall. The Graveside Service will take place at One Spot Cemetery. Feast to follow at the Old Agency Hall.


Where Oceanside Office 125 S. Tremont St. Oceanside, CA 92054 Description Come help Team Mike call voters and get the word out about Mike Levin! We're holding phonebanks every Monday through Thursday from Noon-8:00 PM and on weekends from Noon-6:00 PM in all three of our offices. Please sign up for your preferred dates & locations!


text:
Ramsey Avenue Trivia
Following is a collection of newspaper articles, published primarily in the Dallas Morning News over the past 80 years, relating to events, features and stories on Ramsey Avenue. If you have any additional stories or photographs of the time, please drop us a note and we will be happy to include your material.
Beckley Club Group Feted With Barbecue (1938)
"Members and patrons of the newly organized Beckley Club Improvement League were entertained at a barbecue Monday night at the home of Conly K. Stevens, 1424 Ramsey. Adoption of a constitution and appointment of committee chairmen by President Lynn Landrum took place. Committees and chairman include: Finance, E.R. Schoen; legal, Mr. Stevens; beautification, Mrs. Henry Otis; restrictions, W.B. Miller; sanitation, Mrs. E.R. Schoen. Mr. Landrum will appoint chairman for publicity, streets and utilities committees. The league's public improvement and civic betterment committee is headed by Mr. Landrum and is to be composed of committee chairmen. Four members will be named to serve on an executive board with the president, Herman Munster, secretary-treasurer, and Mr. Stevens, J.B. Ferguson and Mr. Schoen, vice-presidents. The next league meeting is scheduled for Sept. 5. Guests at Monday night's entertainment included Mr. and Mrs. Martin Weiss, Mrc. C.H.C. Anderson, W.M. Teal, and Mr. and Mrs. J.D. Clardy." (©Dallas Morning News, August 2, 1938, Section II, Page 7).
Lake Dam Destruction to Be Asked by League (1938)
"A petition asking that the concrete dam impounding water in Lake Helen in Beckley Club Addition of Oak Cliff be destroyed will be discussed at 8 p.m. Monday by the Beckley Club Improvement League preparatory to its presentation to the City Council. The meeting will be held at the home of Conly K. Stevens, 1424 Ramsey. Mr. Stevens, vice-president, will preside in the absence of Lynn Landrum, president. The petition has been drawn up, Mr. Stevens said, on the advice of the city health department that the lake is being contaminated with raw sewage. The league also will discuss building restrictions in the community." (©Dallas Morning News, September 11, 1938, Section I, Page 14)
Veterans Get War Reports at Barbecue (1939)
"Threats of war in Europe dominated discussion at a party given at the home of Mr. and Mrs. Conly K, Stevens, 1424 Ramsey Street, Thursday night, honoring new and outgoing officers of Mountain Creek American Legion Post. More than 300 veterns of the World War gathered around tables to eat barbecue. The veterans listened to the commentators discuss the swift-moving events overseas or read newspaper reports. "Conditions overseas look very serious," said Mr. Stevens, retiring commander of Mountain Creek post. "It is the duty of all service men and of Americans to guard against un-American actions at home." O.K. Luna is the new commander of Mountain Creek post." (© Dallas Morning News, August 25 1939, Section II, Page 1)
Dallasite Gets Office (1940)
"Eugene L. Smith, 1414 Ramsey, division plant superintendent of the Southwestern Bell Telephone Company, was elected one of the vice-presidents of the Telephone Pioneers of America Friday at a meeting in New Orleans, La., N.R. Powley of San Francisco, Calif., was elected president of the group". (©Dallas Morning News, October 26, 1940, Section I, Page 2)
Policeman Rescues Drowning Boy (1942)
"Policeman E.B. Howard, 1511 Ramsey, saved the life of a small boy Wednesday afternoon in Beckleywood. Several youths were swimming in Cedar Creek when Willis Warren Plumley, 200 South Marsalis, suddenly cried for help. He had gone under twice when Policeman Howard, hearing the shouts of the boy ran to the creek, only a short distance from his home, pulled the boy from the water, and gave him first-aid treatment. The boy was taken to Parkland Hospital, where attendants said his condition is not considered serious." (©Dallas Morning News, June 4, 1942, Section II, Page 1)
This is The House A Deer Head Built (1948)
"Offhand... by Ken Hand - This is about a character named Tom Hunter, a man capable of clinging to a single idea, and the house he built around - of all things - a deer head. Unburdened by cut and dried conceptions of architectural design, Hunter, a personable, imaginative, young ex-GI, began planning his dream home after the war's end with a single idea. He wanted a place big enough to hang a deer head. Hunter is one of those rare people whose name suggests his personality. He is indeed a hunter, and makes at least two trip a year to the Texas deer country, with expeditions into Old Mexico. Through the years, he had managed to garner several trophies, but the one he liked best was the head of a durable old 8-point buck that now looks benignly down from a fireplace. With pencil and sketchpad in hand, Hunter tackled the problem with the realization that the obvious place to hang a deer head is over a fireplace. So - the fireplace had to be big enough that the 8-point evidence of Hunter's prowess with a rifle would not dwarf the rest of the room. The fireplace, he decided, would have to extend from floor to ceiling. That immediately called for a combination living and dining room. He settled on a size about 26x15. Otherwise, the room would be out of proportion. A ranch style home seemed to suggest itself as the proper background for the deer head. It followed naturally that such a house should be in a rustic setting, in keeping with the natural habitat of the central theme, the deer head, because it would be difficult to imagine a deer grazing on a barren lot of pool table flatness. Hunter found such a place at 1621 Ramsey, in Beckley Club Addition. He built the wide floor-to-ceiling fireplace of bright red Santa Clause brick. The low ceiling afforded by a ranch-style house gave an illusion of length. Designing of the rest of the house was an anticlimax. There were architects and builders who shrugged their shoulders. After all, it was Hunter's house and Hunter was paying for it. The garage, attacked to the house, had to be blasted out of solid rock. The house itself was built of concrete tile, treated, and painted white. Steel casement windows were fitted with copper screens. Three picture windows were included in the plans, one presumably for the deer to look out of. As an afterthought, Hunter added some features not found in ordinary houses - fluorescent lighting in closets, a butler's pantry with a glass wall, giving the combination living room a suggestion of even greater depth. Hunter always felt that the small homeowner should have some safe place for his army discharge papers, insurance policies and victory bonds, if any. So the butler's pantry was equipped with a small, fireproof, combination safe. An attic fan, central heating, two telephones, and a water connection in the garage for home laundering, came as a matter of course. Such was the house that Hunter built, a house to last a lifetime. He lived in it six months. Then business called him to Texas City. "But I've still got the blueprint," said Hunter triumphantly, "I did it once and I can do so again. I'll not make a single change. The deer head is going to be over the fireplace." (©Dallas Morning News, August 2, 1948, Section II, Page 12)
Fair Wants Recipe for Cabbage Cake (1952)
If you have a recipe for cabbage cake tucked away in your cookbook, you have the clue to end a yearlong search, which began at the 1951 State Fair of Texas. Home economists who turned out hundreds of special recipes for visitors to the "Recipe Box" in the Natural Gas Exhibit Building have sought that "once recipe" since the close of last year's exposition. A few leads proved fruitless, including inquiries to cookery experts in a number of German communities in Texas. The cabbage cake recipe request came from Mrs. Gilbert Easley, 1419 Ramsey Street. Last year she told the home economists she thought cabbage cake was an old German dish. With the State Fair opening on Saturday, Lone Star Gas Company home economists assigned to the Natural Gas Exhibit Building are making a local appeal for help in locating the missing recipe for cabbage cake." (©Dallas Morning News, October 3, 1952, Section II, Page 3)
Woman's Death Termed Suicide (1956)
"The slashed body of a 29-year old Oak Cliff realtor, Miss Marguerite Colleen LeBoeuf, was found Wednesday night in the bathtub of her home at 1511 Ramsey, police reported. Justice of the Peace Bill Richburg returned a verdict of suicide following a homicide investigation. Police said the body was found about 6 p.m. by an ambulance driver who broke through a door to the upstairs bathroom after being summoned by an associate of the realtor. The body bore multiple razor-blade cuts [...]" (©Dallas Morning News, March 8, 1956, Section III, Page 18)
Young Tester (1959)
"Brett Stacey Trimble, age 5 months, was a willing guinea pig for the new Chix Diaper Separates. The pre-folded gauze diapers do not require pins when used with the new boilable baby panties.His mother, Mrs. R.D. Trimble, 1629 Ramsey, was one of 3,000 American mothers who tested the new diaper separates combination on their offspring." (©Dallas Morning News, March 5, 1959, Section III, Page 9)
'Newcomer' Big Booster for Dallas (1959)
"By Ruby Clayton McKee, Society and Club Editor of The News - It's hard to find a Dallas native more enthusiastic than Mrs. William E. Hudson about this city, her home since 1945. Mrs. Hudson's enthusiasm stems from the warm reception given her as a newcomer and from the opportunities she has been granted to serve the community. Her interests are given another boost as the club she heads undertakes a project with a double appeal to her. Mrs. Hudson is a collector of antiques. She is also president of the Dallas Sunshine Club, which is sponsoring the sale of tickets for the Dallas Antiques Fair of the State Fair of Texas and the Antiques Dealers League of Dallas Nov. 5 through 8. The fair, a Fall Festival Event, will be in the Electric Building, Fair Park.
The Sunshine Club has long been recognized for its philanthropies. Its program, varying from the loan of wheel chairs to college scholarships, offers aid to the sick and needy, to the young and the old. Mrs. Hudson channels most of her social service activities through the Sunshine Club and her church, St. James Catholic Church. The native of Brownswood works in the Red Cross, Cancer, Polio, and Heart Fund Drives. Representing the Dallas Deanery Council of Catholic Women, she served on the Meals on Wheels program of the Women's Council of Dallas County. She is corresponding secretary of the deanery council, sunshine chairman of the Dallas Federation of Women's Clubs. Mrs. Hudson believes her love of history made her appreciate antiques, and the home in which she and her husband live at 1409 Ramsey is furnished with antiques and Early American furniture. Many of the antiques have been collected on vacation travels throughout the United States and Canada. If there is a lamp to be modernized, Mrs. Hudson knows just how to wire it. Soon to be added to the lamp collection is the gas lamp recently removed from a Philadelphia, Pa., street in that city's redecorating plan. The old gas light will be placed in the front garden to light the driveway. The antique idea goes even further at the home. Mrs. Hudson collects demitasse cups and saucers, quilt patterns and combs of unusual design." (©Dallas Morning News, October 1, 1959, Section III, Page 1)
Talented Betty Brown (1965)
"Miss Betty Brown, daughter of Mr. and Mrs. Clyde C. Brown, 1507 Ramsey, has been elected junior class favorite at Abilene Christian College and has been named a member of the Abilene Christian College A Cappella Chorus. The chorus has recorded albums with Pat Boone and has performed on tours from coast to coast." (©Dallas Morning News, June 6, 1965, Section E, Page 2)


Catering to discerning travellers and the growing China market, Beijing Tourism Group (BTG) and GHM have unveiled plans to set up a new upscale resort that will be branded, Ahn Luh.
Announced this week with hopes to have the first hotel project, Ahn Luh Dujiangyan, set up in Chengu in the next two to three years, the brand will promote and practise 'China Services', according to BTG chairman Duan Qiang which includes old-world Chinese hospitality, contemporary elegance and value added products.
"The Ahn Luh Dujiangyan is a project where the historical and cultural elements feature prominently given that the Dujiangyan Irrigation System, along with Mount Qingcheng, are placed together on the UNESCO World Heritage List," Ahn Luh group executive chairman Douglas Zhao said.
Other future development for the brand include; hotels in Beijing, Pearl River Delta and Southwest China.
Each hotel is expected to market up to 50 to 100 rooms and villas as well hotel spas, a resident Tai Chi master and Tai Chi centre.


text:
The Mayfair dinner that brought Europe's far right together
The new populism
Steve Bannon kicked off his grand European project with a sumptuous spread in Brown's Hotel; but indigestion soon set in
@PaulLewis
Wed 21 Nov 2018 09.00 EST Last modified on Wed 21 Nov 2018 09.13 EST
Steve Bannon said the response to his pitch was '150% - to a person - buy-in.' Composite: The Guardian Design Team
It was a secret gathering of the far right – in the heart of Mayfair. Steve Bannon had invited rightwing, populist politicians from London to relay his "pitch". He would unite their parties, and give their campaigns "more sophistication" in the run-up to the European parliamentary elections in May 2019.
"The dinner went from six o'clock till after midnight," Donald Trump's former strategist said after the gathering in July. The response to his proposal, he said, was unequivocally positive. "One hundred and fifty per cent – to a person – buy-in."
Populism atom
The Guardian has tracked down several other figures Bannon persuaded to join him at his London hotel over two days in mid-July. Only one has managed to convince their party to sign up to the Brussels-based group the Movement: Mischaël Modrikamen, the same Belgian former corporate lawyer who registered the organisation.
The other known attendees of Bannon's summit come from parties who have ruled out accepting his help – or signalled they have mixed feelings about the merits of doing so.
Filip Dewinter, the leader of another Belgian far-right party, who sat next to Bannon, recalls how he told tales from the 2016 US presidential election, before explaining how he wanted to bring together the rightwing, populist parties in Europe.
Dewinter is the ex-leader of the Flemish nationalist party previously called Vlaams Blok. It was forced to change its name to Vlaams Belang in 2004, after a court ruled it was a discriminatory party and banned it from fielding candidates.
Dewinter is a controversial figure in Belgium, where he once clashed with police while trying to commemorate the graves of 38 SS collaborators. More recently, he gave a speech to the Greek neo-Nazi party Golden Dawn. "He's a very clever man," Dewinter said of Bannon. "He's also a very funny guy."
Other guests over the weekend included the former Ukip leader Nigel Farage, the Republican congressman Paul Gosar whose ultra-conservative agenda recently prompted six of his brothers and sisters to release an ad urging Arizonans not to vote for him.
How Steve Bannon's far-right 'Movement' stalled in Europe – video
In addition to Modrikamen and Dewinter – rivals in Belgium, and invited to separate meals – the European contingent included Jérôme Rivière, from France's National Front (now rebranded National Rally).
Rivière appeared to knock down Bannon's European project after his visit to London. His party leader, Marine Le Pen, has since expressed unease at US interference in her election – although her party has left the door open to receiving help.
Also present at the meeting was Kent Ekeroth, who in recent months has been frozen out of his far-right Sweden Democrats party. He is known in Sweden for becoming embroiled in a scuffle in Stockholm in which he filmed himself brandishing an iron pipe.
Days after meeting Ekeroth, Bannon told the Guardian the Swede would also be able to open doors in Hungary, saying he had moved to Budapest and become "very close to [Viktor] Orbán". Ekeroth, who lives near Stockholm, said he did not really know anyone of influence in Orbán's orbit, although he did meet "one of them a few years ago".
When the Sweden Democrats found out Ekeroth had met Bannon, the party distanced itself from both men. "We do not follow Steve Bannon's political work," it said. "He is not an interesting person for us."
He and Dewinter were invited to London by Raheem Kassam, a former aide to Farage and former editor of Breitbart UK. After the London gathering, Kassam predicted that all rightwing populist parties would take Bannon up on his offer of help. "I don't think, when they see how this comes together, any of them will turn it down," he said. "It's going to be too good an opportunity."
The far right
Revealed: the hidden global network behind Tommy Robinson
Guardian investigation shows how cash, legal support and millions of tweets underpin anti-Islam activist
Tommy Robinson: from local loud mouth to international far-right poster boy
The Briton backed by Russian trolls, conservative US thinktanks, rightwing Australians - and 1m Facebook followers
Anti-Islam activists get key roles in 'family-friendly' Brexit march
Roles go to 'proudly anti-Islam' Avi Yemini and YouTuber Carl Benjamin, who sent rape tweet to Labour MP
How populist are you?
Populism is upending global politics, forcing many of us to grapple with what the concept means. Answer the questions below to find out how populist you are - and how you compare with leaders such as Donald Trump.
Clinton, Blair, Renzi: why we lost, and how to fight back
Hillary Clinton: Europe must curb immigration to stop rightwing populists
Steve Bannon's far-right Europe operation undermined by election laws
How populism became the concept that defines our age


text:
\section{Introduction}
The long established Burgers model of compressible one-dimensional flow \cite{burgers}
provides an interesting testing ground for the performance of numerical and analytical
strategies in turbulence research. Despite its own peculiar phenomenology,
as evidenced by the complete failure of approximations based on the ``K41" scaling
theory \cite{frisch}, there are important conceptual analogies between the Burgers model
and usual three-dimensional turbulence (see Ref. \cite{bec1} for a comprehensive
review).

We note, in passing, that the Burgers model is more than just a ``mathematical toy"; in
its multidimensional version the Burgers equation plays an important role in several
realistic problems, like nonlinear acoustics \cite{gurba-etal}, cosmology
\cite{zeldo,gurba-saiche}, critical interface growth \cite{kpz}, and traffic flow
dynamics \cite{chowd-etal}.

A great deal of attention has been focused on the problem of non-gaussian fluctuations observed in
the high Reynolds number regime of Burgers dynamics -- the intermittency phenomenon,
for short. As it is verified through numerical simulations \cite{chekhlo-yakhot,gotoh-kraichnan},
velocity differences
\begin{equation}
z = u(x+\zeta,t) - u(x-\zeta,t) \label{vel-diff}
\ee
are found to be very intermittent at small scales ($\zeta$ much lesser than the integral scale $L$).
The probability distribution function (pdf) of the right tail of $z$, which decays faster than gaussian, has been
analytically obtained in a number of different ways \cite{gotoh-kraichnan,gura-migdal,poly,weinanE-etal}. The left
tail, on the other hand, which is related to Burgers shocks, is found to have a power law profile
$\rho(z) \sim 1/|z|^{\alpha}$, with no sharp consensus on the value taken by the exponent $\alpha$.

A Fokker-Planck approach to the computation of velocity-difference pdfs, with closure given by
an operator product expansion treatment of the dissipative anomaly was put forward by Polyakov \cite{poly}.
This method provides a fine description of the pdf's right tail, and yields a power law form for
the left tail with $5/2 \leq \alpha \leq 3$ \cite{boldy}. Extensive numerical simulations performed by Gotoh
and Kraichnan \cite{gotoh-kraichnan} indicate that $\alpha = 3$. At variance with such findings, an analytical study based
on the velocity field profiles in space-time neighborhoods of shocks, the so-called preshock events, gives
$\alpha = 7/2$ \cite{weinanE-etal,weinanE-eijn}, a result confirmed by alternative lagrangian simulations of the Burgers
equation \cite{bec2,gura}.

In an attempt to conceal these apparently contradictory conclusions, Boldyrev et al. have suggested that the left
tail exponent is not universal, departing from $\alpha=3$ if flow realizations fail to satisfy a strong form of galilean
invariance \cite{boldy-etal}, which holds, by definition, if usual galilean invariance is observed in the bulk, regardless
the boundary conditions at infinity. In rephrased form, the whole point of Ref. \cite{boldy-etal} is that finite-size
effects which break strong galilean invariance would lock larger fluctuations of shock jumps and negative velocity
derivatives, reducing intermittency. In this paper, we find support to the conjecture that the left tail exponent is
$\alpha =3$ when the strong form of galilean invariance is fulfilled.

This work is organized as follows. In section II, we introduce Burgers intermittency as a phenomenon related, in
the inviscid limit, to shock amplitude fluctuations. The great convenience of a lagrangian description of the flow is then
pointed out. In section III, we discuss the Martin-Siggia-Rose (MSR) formulation of stochastic hydrodynamics \cite{msr,phythian}
within the lagrangian perspective. In section IV, Burgers shocks will be given as instantons \cite{gura-migdal, falko_etal},
and background fluctuations around them will be taken into account in the computation of the asymptotic behaviour of the pdf
of negative velocity differences. In section V, we summarize and discuss our results.

In appendices A and B we provide technical details on some of the material discussed in section IV.

\section{Phenomenological Considerations}

The Burgers model describes the dynamics of a one-dimensional velocity field,
$u=u(x,t)$, ruled by the evolution equation
\begin{equation}
\partial_t u + u \partial_x u = \nu \partial^2_x u + f \ , \  \label{burgers-eq}
\ee
where $\nu$ is the kinematical viscosity and $f = f(x,t)$ is the external force which sustains the flow and introduces the integral length scale $L$.
There is no pressure term in the above equation, and no imposition of incompressibility as well.

Let $u_0(x) \equiv u(x,0)$ be the velocity field at initial time, supposed to be a $C^1$ function defined on $- \infty < x < \infty$.  The Cauchy problem is exactly solvable for the Burgers equation \cite{hopf, cole}. In the forceless case, the velocity field is, at time $t>0$,
\bea
u(x,t) &=& - 2 \nu \partial_x \ln  \left \{ \int_{- \infty}^\infty dy \exp  \left [ - \frac{(x - y)^2}{4 \nu t} \right. \right. \nonumber \\
&-&\left. \left.   \frac{1}{2 \nu} \int_0^{y} dx' u_0(x') \right ] \right \} \ . \ \label{u-sol}
\end{eqnarray}
As it is well-known, (\ref{u-sol}) leads, in the vanishing viscosity limit, to discontinuous shocks (i.e., the velocity field becomes piecewise
$C^1$), which can be interpreted as ``sinks" of fluid particles. External forcing does not spoil the process of shock creation, even though it can affect the statistics of shock amplitudes.

Stable and unstable regions of the flow are distinguished, essentially, by the sign of the spatial velocity derivative. Neglecting higher order corrections, consider the expansion $u(x,t) = \sigma_0(t) + \sigma_1(t) x$ in the neighborhood of an arbitrary point. Eq. (\ref{burgers-eq}) gives, for
$f(x,t)=0$,
\bea
&&\dot \sigma_0 + \sigma_0 \sigma_1 = 0 \ , \ \nonumber \\
&&\dot \sigma_1 + \sigma_1^2 = 0 \ , \
\end{eqnarray}
leading to
\begin{equation}
\sigma_0(t) = \sigma_0(0) \exp \left [ - \int_0^t dt' \sigma_1(t') \right ] \ , \
\ee
where
\begin{equation}
\sigma_1(t) = \frac{\sigma_1(0)}{1+\sigma_1(0) t} \ . \ \label{u-grad}
\ee
Therefore, if $\sigma_1(0) = \partial_x u |_{t=0}$ is positive, we expect, from (\ref{u-grad}), that $\partial_x u$ will decay. On the other hand,
if $\sigma_1(0)$ is negative, then $|\partial_x u|$ will increase in time, implying flow instability. This is the mechanism for the generation of large negative velocity derivatives in Burgers turbulence, which in a time scale of order $1/|\partial_x u|$ are transformed into long lived shocks.

We are interested to study the statistics of negative velocity differences $z$ for $\nu \rightarrow 0$ and $\zeta / L \ll 1$. Under these circumstances, shock jumps provide the main contribution to the strong fluctuations of $z$. A time series of $z$ would exhibit intermittent negative spikes associated with the passage of shocks, separated by much weaker signals due to smooth velocity configurations.

Suppose, now, that fluctuations of $z$ are alternatively measured from the subtraction of velocity fields defined at points $x(t)+\zeta$ and $x(t)-\zeta$, where $x(t)$ is the position of a fluid element that moves with the flow. We expect to have, in such a lagrangian framework, the same asymptotic power law form for the left tail pdf of $z$. The central point in this correspondence is that fluid particles typically spend a finite fraction of their times at shock discontinuities. Once a fluid particle is dragged into a shock discontinuity, it remains there until the shock collapses, or it is absorbed by another one.

Negative spikes in the eulerian time series of $z$ are replaced, in the lagrangian reference frame, by smooth fluctuations of shock amplitudes, which
last for much longer times. In order to compute statistical properties of the eulerian negative spikes, one would have to find out how shocks match to each other in solutions of the Burgers equation. Within the lagrangian framework, on the other hand, it suffices to describe fluctuations around isolated shocks -- a much simpler task that points out, for our purposes, the advantage of lagrangian methods over eulerian ones.

\section{Path-Integral Framework}
In the stochastic hydrodynamics approach to Burgers turbulence, the external forcing in (\ref{burgers-eq}) is taken to be a large scale gaussian random
field, with zero mean and correlator
\begin{equation}
\langle f(x,t) f(x',t') \rangle  = D(|x-x'|) \delta(t-t') \ , \
\ee
where we take
\begin{equation}
D(|x-x'|) = D_0 \exp(-|x-x'|^2/L^2) \ . \
\ee

The conditional probability density functional to have velocity configuration $u_0(x)$ at time $t=0$
if $u_{-T}(x)$ is the velocity at time $t=-T$, can be written as the path integral \cite{msr,phythian}
\begin{equation}
Z = {\cal{N}} \int D \hat u D u \exp(iS) \ , \  \label{msr}
\ee
where ${\cal{N}}$ is an unimportant normalization factor (which will be usually supressed from notation) and
\bea
&&S = S[\hat u, u] \equiv \int_{-T}^0 dt \int dx \hat u [ \partial_t u+ u \partial_x u - \nu \partial^2_x u ]
\nonumber \\
&& + \frac{i}{2} \int_{- T}^0 dt \int dx dx' \hat u(x,t) \hat u(x',t) D(|x-x'|) \label{msr-action}
\end{eqnarray}
is the so-called MSR action. Expressions (\ref{msr}) and (\ref{msr-action}) are subject
to the boundary conditions
\bea
u_0(x) &=& u(x,0) \nonumber \\
u_{-T}(x) &=& u(x,-T) \ . \
\end{eqnarray}

In order to pave the way for a lagrangian description of the flow, let us consider a general reference frame $R'$ which moves
with velocity $\phi(t)$ relative to the original (inertial) ``laboratory" frame $R$. The position and velocity in $R'$ are
\bea
&&x' = x -\int_{-T}^t dt' \phi(t') \ , \ \label{g-gt1} \\
&&u_\phi (x',t) = u(x,t) - \phi(t) \ . \ \label{g-gt2}
\end{eqnarray}
In the moving frame, the velocity at the origin ($x'=0$) is defined as
\begin{equation}
u_\phi(t) \equiv u_\phi(0,t) = u\left (\int_{-T}^t dt' \phi(t'),t \right ) - \phi(t)
\ee
For a given field $u=u(x,t)$, there is a unique time-dependent function $\phi(t)$ which solves $u_\phi(0,t)=0$. It is clear that $\phi(t)$ is in this case the velocity of a locally comoving reference frame -- that's how lagrangian coordinates come into play. We introduce, correspondingly, the Faddeev-Popov determinant \cite{faddeev-popov}, $\Delta[u(0,t)]$, by means of
\begin{equation}
\Delta^{-1}[u(0,t)] \equiv \int D \phi \delta [ u_\phi(t) ] \ . \ \label{fp}
\ee
Note that $\Delta[u(0,t)]$ is invariant under the generalized galilean tranformations given by (\ref{g-gt1}) and (\ref{g-gt2}). In fact,
\bea
&&\Delta^{-1}[u_{\phi_0}(t)] \equiv \int D \phi \delta [ u_{\phi+\phi_0} (t)]  \nonumber \\
&&= \int D \phi \delta [ u_\phi(t) ] =  \Delta^{-1} [u(0,t)] \ . \
\end{eqnarray}
Relation (\ref{fp}) yields
\begin{equation}
\Delta[u(0,t)] \int D \phi \delta [ u_\phi(t) ] = 1 \ . \ \label{fp2}
\ee
Inserting (\ref{fp2}) into the integrand of (\ref{msr}) and exchanging the order of integrations, we get
\begin{equation}
Z = \int D \phi \int D \hat u D u \Delta[u(0,t)] \delta [ u_\phi(t) ] \exp (iS) \ . \ \label{msr2}
\ee

Generalized galilean transformations can be used to replace the Dirac's delta functional in (\ref{msr2}) by
$\delta [ u_{\phi=0}(t) ] = \delta [ u(0,t)]$. To accomplish that, we first substitute, in the MSR action of (\ref{msr2}),
the integration fields $u(x,t)$ and $\hat u(x,t)$ by galilean transformed ones, through
\bea
&& u(x,t)= u_\phi ( x' ,t) + \phi(t) \ , \ \label{g-gtb1} \\
&&\hat u (x,t) = \hat u_\phi ( x',t) \ . \ \label{g-gtb2}
\end{eqnarray}
We find
\begin{equation}
S= S_\phi + \int_{- T}^0 dt \int dx \hat u_\phi \frac{d \phi }{dt} \ , \ \label{s_phi}
\ee
where
\bea
&&S \equiv S[\hat u(x,t),u(x,t)] \ , \  \\
&&S_\phi \equiv S[\hat u_\phi (x,t),u_\phi (x,t)] \ . \
\end{eqnarray}
The additional term on the RHS of (\ref{s_phi}) takes account of the non-inertial force due to the acceleration $\dot \phi$ of the reference
frame $R'$.

The jacobian associated with the above transformations is unity, as can be verified from the matrix elements
\bea
&&\hat O(x_1,x_2 | t_1,t_2) \equiv \frac{ \delta \hat u(x_1,t_1)}{\delta \hat u_\phi(x_2,t_2)} = \frac{ \delta u(x_1,t_1)}{\delta u_\phi(x_2,t_2)} \nonumber \\
&&= \delta \left ( x_1-x_2+\int_{- T}^{t_1} dt' \phi(t') \right ) \delta(t_1-t_2) \ . \ \label{matrix-elems}
\end{eqnarray}
The operator which has the matrix elements (\ref{matrix-elems}) can be written in any reasonable functional space of space-time
dependent functions as
\begin{equation}
\hat O = \exp \left ( \int_{-T}^{t} dt' \phi(t') \frac{\partial}{\partial_x} \right) \ . \
\ee
The eigenstates of $\hat O$ are the momentum wavefunctions $ \exp(ipx) $.
Using a parity-preserving discretization of the Fourier space, the jacobian turns out to be
\begin{equation}
\det [ \hat O ] = \prod_{p} \exp \left ( i p \int_{- T}^{t} dt' \phi(t')  \right) = 1 \ . \
\ee

The Faddeev-Popov determinant $\Delta[u(0,t)]$ is also unity. In fact, consider the velocity field which has been ``gauge fixed", with the help of a generalized galilean transformation, to $u(0,t)=0$. We have, then, to substitute the functional Taylor expansion of $u_\phi(t)$ up to first order in $\phi(t)$ in (\ref{fp}). Defining $g(t) = \partial_x u(x,t) |_{x=0}$, we get
\begin{equation}
u_\phi(t) = g(t) \int_{-T}^t dt' \phi(t') - \phi(t) + O[\phi^2(t)]
\ee
so that
\bea
&&\Delta^{-1}[u(0,t)] \equiv \int D \phi \delta \left [ g(t) \int_{-T}^t dt' \phi(t') - \phi(t) \right ] \nonumber \\
&&= \left | \det[\delta(t-t')- \Theta(t-t') g(t) ] \right |^{-1} \ . \ \label{fp3}
\end{eqnarray}
Using, now, the identity
\begin{equation}
\det[X] = \exp[{\hbox{Tr}}(\ln X)] \ , \
\ee
we find, with $A(t,t') \equiv \Theta(t-t') g(t)$,
\begin{equation}
\Delta[u(0,t)] = \exp \left [ \sum_{n=1}^\infty \frac{(-1)^{n+1}}{n}{\hbox{Tr}}(A^n) \right ] = 1\ , \
\ee
since
\bea
&&{\hbox{Tr}}(A^n) = \int dt_1 dt_2 \ ... \ dt_n g(t_1)g(t_2) \ ... \ g(t_n) \nonumber \\
&& \times \Theta(t_1-t_2) \Theta(t_2-t_3) \ ... \ \Theta(t_n - t_1) = 0 \ . \
\end{eqnarray}
Above, we have used $\Theta(0) = 0$, which is the right prescription for the Heaviside function
when the underlying stochastic differential equation is defined in terms of an It\^o discretized time
evolution \cite{cardy}. Collecting all of the above results, we rewrite (\ref{msr2}) as
\bea
&&Z = \int D \phi \int D \hat u_\phi D u_\phi \delta [ u_\phi(t) ] \nonumber \\
&& \times \exp \left ( iS_\phi+i\int_{- T}^0 dt \frac{d \phi }{dt} \int dx \hat u_\phi  \right ) \ . \ \label{msr3}
\end{eqnarray}
However, since $\hat u_\phi(x,t)$ and $u_\phi(x,t)$ are integration fields, (\ref{msr3}) becomes
\bea
&&Z = \int D \phi \int D \hat u D u \delta [ u(0,t) ] \nonumber \\
&& \times \exp \left ( iS +i\int_{- T}^0 dt \frac{d \phi }{dt} \int dx \hat u  \right ) \ , \ \label{msr4}
\end{eqnarray}
or, equivalently, integrating over $\phi(t)$,
\begin{equation}
Z = \int D \hat u D u \delta[ \int dx \hat u(x,t)] \delta [ u(0,t) ] \exp (i S)  \ . \ \label{msr-phi-psi}
\ee

In view of (\ref{msr4}), we will assume, in all our subsequent considerations, that $u(0,t)=0$. In other words,
we have moved for good to the locally comoving reference frame. As fluid elements happen to stick (and spend a finite
fraction of their times) in shock discontinuities, the latter will be frequently hosted at the origin of the locally
comoving reference frame.

We stress, at this point, that the hypothesis of strong galilean invariance \cite{boldy-etal} is a fundamental ingredient
here, since no role is given to the velocity boundary conditions at infinity, in the lagrangian formulation
put forward in Eq. (\ref{msr4}).

\section{Shocks and Intermittency}

The response functional (\ref{msr-phi-psi}) can be decomposed as
\begin{equation}
Z = Z_s + Z_{\bar s} \ , \
\ee
where
$Z_s$ and $Z_{\bar s}$ refer, respectively, to the cases where shocks and smooth field configurations are found at $x=0$, $t=0$.
Recalling the discussion of section II, it is clear that the statistical properties of large negative velocity-differences are all
encoded in $Z_s$.

According to the probabilistic interpretation of $Z$, we note that $Z_s$ is not normalized to unit. Instead, $Z_s$
is normalized to the ``intermittency factor" $\gamma$, where $0 < \gamma < 1$ is the fraction of time a shock is found at the origin
of the locally comoving reference frame.

Let $u_s(x)$ be a shock configuration, with velocity discontinuity at $x=0$, at its instant of creation \cite{comment}.
Assuming that shock creation is uniformly distributed in time, one may write, for the probability density functional
to get configuration $u_0(x)$ at time $t=0$ (see appendix A),
\bea
Z_s &=&  \gamma \int_0^{\infty} \frac{d\eta}{\eta} \int_0^{\eta} dT  \int Du_s(x) \nonumber \\
&\times& P[u_s(x)] W[\eta,T;u_0(x),u_s(x)] \ , \ \label{z-shocks}
\end{eqnarray}
where $Du_s(x)P[u_s(x)]$ is the probability measure for the creation of the shock $u_s(x)$, conditioned to be in the
sample space of all shock creation events, and $W[\eta,T;u_0(x),u_s(x)]$ is a weighting functional.

Eq. (\ref{z-shocks}) is formally rigorous, but it is of hard practical implementation, due to the difficulty in getting
information on the functionals $P[u_s(x)]$ and $W[\eta,T;u_0(x),u_s(x)]$. Phenomenological arguments, however, can be helpful
in order to replace (\ref{z-shocks}) by more tractable expressions.

Shocks are expected to have (i) mean interdistances of the order of the integral scale $L$ and (ii) lifetimes
of the order of $T = L/U$, where $U$ is an estimate of the shock velocity jump. The prototypical Burgers
shock is the stationary configuration
\begin{equation}
u_s(x;U) = - U \tanh \left ( \frac{U}{2 \nu} x \right ) \ . \ \label{st_shock}
\ee
Even though (\ref{st_shock}) is a solution of the forceless Burgers equation, it can be used as a
local approximation to general viscous shocks around the position of velocity discontinuity. Suppose that
at time $-T$ a configuration similar to (\ref{st_shock}) is created, and let $g(U)$ be the probability density
that it has amplitude $U$. Due to property (ii) above, this shock is not going to be observed at time $t=0$ if
$T \gtrsim L/U$. The contribution to (\ref{z-shocks}) provived by shocks with the local profile (\ref{st_shock})
is, then, estimated as
\bea
Z_s &=& \gamma \int_0^\infty dU g(U) \frac{U}{L} \int_0^{L/U} dT {\cal{N}} \int D \hat u D u \nonumber \\
&\times& \delta[ \int dx \hat u(x,t)] \delta [ u(0,t) ]
 \exp (i S )  \ . \ \label{msr-phi-psib}
\end{eqnarray}
The velocity field $u(x,t)$ in (\ref{msr-phi-psib}) satisfies the boundary condition
\begin{equation}
u(x,-T)= u_s(x;U) \ . \ \label{bound-c}
\ee

We will work with the phenomenologically simplified result (\ref{msr-phi-psib}) in place of (\ref{z-shocks}).
In doing so, we conjecture that the asymptotic statistical properties of negative velocity-differences are not affected by more
detailed choices of shock parametrization.

An interesting way to address the computation of (\ref{msr-phi-psib}) is to perform the corresponding path-integration over an appropriate
subset of the functional space, which would consist of dominating configurations. That's precisely the purpose of the saddle-point
method, applied in Refs. \cite{falko_etal,gura-migdal} to the MSR turbulence context as a way to cope with the intermittency phenomenon.

Saddle-point configurations, dubbed instantons, are associated with stationary values of the action.
Taking functional derivatives of the MSR action (\ref{msr-action}) with respect to the integration fields, we get
\bea
\partial_t u+ u \partial_x u - \nu \partial^2_x u  = -i\int dx'\hat u(x',t) D(|x-x'|)  \nonumber \\
\label{sp1}
\end{eqnarray}
and
\begin{equation}
\partial_t \hat u+ u \partial_x \hat u + \nu \partial^2_x \hat u = 0  \ . \  \label{sp2}
\ee
Also, when solving (\ref{sp1}) and (\ref{sp2}), we have to take into account
the constraints \cite{comment2}
\bea
&&u(0,t) = 0 \ , \ \label{sp3} \\
&&\int dx \hat u(x,t)  = 0 \ . \ \label{sp4}
\end{eqnarray}
Instanton solutions of (\ref{sp1}) and (\ref{sp2}), which hold for $-T < t < 0$ and satisfy
(\ref{bound-c}), (\ref{sp3}) and (\ref{sp4}) can be readily obtained:
\bea
&&u(x,t)  = u_s(x;U) \ , \ \nonumber \\
&&\hat u(x,t)=0 \ . \ \label{shock}
\end{eqnarray}
It is worth mentioning that the solution for $u(x,t)$ in (\ref{shock}) identifies Burgers shocks to instantons.
Also, it is not difficult to find that the MSR action vanishes when evaluated for the fields given in
(\ref{shock}). As it is the standard procedure in the saddle-point method, we expand the MSR action in a
functional Taylor series around the instantons, retaining only quadratic fluctuations. We replace, as a result,
(\ref{msr-action}) by
\bea
&&S^\star = \int_{-T}^0 dt \int dx \hat u [ \partial_t u+ \partial_x(u_s u) - \nu \partial^2_x u ]
\nonumber \\
&& + \frac{i}{2} \int_{- T}^0 dt \int dx dx' \hat u(x,t) \hat u(x',t) D(|x-x'|) \ , \ \nonumber \\
\label{msr-action2b}
\end{eqnarray}
where the velocity boundary condition becomes, now, $u(x,-T) = 0$.

In order to compute the pdf of negative velocity-differences, we introduce the characteristic function
\bea
&&Z_s (\lambda) = \gamma \int_0^\infty dU g(U) \frac{U}{L} \int_0^{L/U} dT {\cal{N}} \int D \hat u D u \nonumber \\
&&\times \delta[ \int dx \hat u(x,t)] \delta [ u(0,t) ] \exp (i S^\star - i \lambda z )  \ , \ \label{cf}
\end{eqnarray}
where $z$ is the velocity-difference evaluated at $t=0$,
\begin{equation}
z = -2U + u(\zeta,0) -u(-\zeta,0) \ . \
\ee
The characteristic function $Z_s (\lambda)$ can be exactly computed, in principle, since it is
given in (\ref{cf}) by a quadratic field theory. To evaluate $Z_s (\lambda)$, the saddle-point method can be
applied once again, this time in an exact way. The further saddle-points equations for $u(x,t)$
and $\hat u(x,t)$ are
\bea
&&\partial_t u+ \partial_x (uu_s) - \nu \partial^2_x u  = \nonumber \\
&&= -i\int dx'\hat u(x',t) D(|x-x'|)  \ , \  \label{sp1b} \\
&&\partial_t \hat u+ u_s \partial_x \hat u + \nu \partial^2_x \hat u = \nonumber \\
&&= \lambda [\delta(x+\zeta) - \delta(x-\zeta)] \delta(t) \ , \  \label{sp2b}
\end{eqnarray}
supplemented by (\ref{sp3}) and (\ref{sp4}).

Observe that the viscosity term has the ``wrong" sign in equation (\ref{sp2b}). To avoid the unbounded
growing of $\hat u(x,t)$ for $t>0$, we impose, as prescribed in Refs. \cite{falko_etal,gura-migdal}, the
boundary condition $\hat u(x,0^+)=0$. Integrating (\ref{sp2b}) over the time interval
$[ - \epsilon, \epsilon]$, with $\epsilon \rightarrow 0$, we get the ``final condition"
\begin{equation}
\hat u (x,0^-) = \lambda [ \delta(x-\zeta)-\delta(x+\zeta)]  \ . \ \label{boundc-hat_u}
\ee
Furthermore, we have the exact saddle-point result
(see appendix B)
\bea
&& \bar S^\star - \lambda \bar z = 2 \lambda U \nonumber \\
&& + \frac{i}{2} \int_{- T}^0 dt \int dx dx' \hat u(x,t) \hat u(x',t) D(|x-x'|) \ . \ \nonumber \\
\label{sp-action1}
\end{eqnarray}
It is interesting to note, due to (\ref{sp-action1}), that we do not have to worry in finding
the specific solution for $u(x,t)$. Eq. (\ref{sp2b}) is solved, in the vanishing viscosity limit, by
\begin{equation}
\hat u(x,t) = \lambda [ \delta(x-x(t))-\delta(x+x(t))] \ , \  \label{sp2sols}
\ee
where $x(t) = \zeta - Ut$. Substituting (\ref{sp2sols}) into (\ref{sp-action1}), and taking
$\zeta / L <<1$, we find
\bea
&& \bar S^\star - \lambda \bar z = \nonumber \\
&&= 2 \lambda U + i \frac{D_0 L}{2U}\lambda^2 \int_{-2UT/L}^0 dt [ 1 - e^{-t^2}]  \ . \
\label{sp-action2}
\end{eqnarray}
We get, from (\ref{cf})
\bea
&&Z_s(\lambda) =  \gamma \int_0^\infty dU g(U) \int_0^1 d \eta \nonumber \\
&& \times \exp \left ( 2i\lambda U - \frac{D_0 L c(\eta)}{2U} \lambda^2 \right ) \ , \  \label{cf2}
\end{eqnarray}
where
\begin{equation}
c(\eta) = \int_{-2 \eta}^0 dt [1 -e^{-t^2}] \ . \
\ee

The negative velocity-difference pdf is computed from the Fourier transform of the characteristic
function, as
\bea
&&\rho(z) = \frac{1}{2 \pi} \int_{-\infty}^{\infty} d \lambda \exp(i \lambda z) Z_s( \lambda) \nonumber \\
&&= \gamma \int_0^\infty dU g(U) \int_0^1 d \eta \sqrt{\frac{U}{2 \pi c(\eta) D_0 L}} \nonumber \\
&& \times \exp \left [ - \frac{U(z+2U)^2}{2 c(\eta)D_0 L} \right ] \ . \ \label{pdf}
\end{eqnarray}
Expression (\ref{pdf}) gives, for large negative $z$, the asymptotic pdf,
\begin{equation}
\rho(z) = \frac{a}{|z|^3} + {\hbox{...}} \ , \
\ee
where the dots refer to subleading contributions, and
\begin{equation}
a = \gamma L D_0 g(0) \int_0^1 d \eta c(\eta)  \simeq 0.36 \gamma L D_0 g(0) \ . \ \label{a_coef}
\ee
The expression for the coefficient (\ref{a_coef}) is a testable prediction of the present theory. Alternative force-force
correlation functions can be used to recompute (\ref{a_coef}) and compare it with the value to be found in further numerical
simulations. It is clear that in the eulerian framework, the intermittency factor $\gamma$ has to be replaced by
\begin{equation}
\gamma' = 2 n \zeta  \ , \
\ee
where $n$ is the number of shocks per unit length.

\section{Conclusions}
We have obtained, with the help of instanton techniques, the asymptotic form of the
pdf of large negative velocity differences in Burgers turbulence. The lagrangian picture
of the Burgers flow was adapted to the MSR field theoretical framework, a procedure which
proved to be an important technical improvement over the eulerian description. Lagrangian
methods are, as a rule, welcome in the study of small-scale intermittency, since they cope
in a natural way with the sweeping produced by large scale motions. In the case of Burgers
flow, sweeping produces shock advection, making it difficult to find out the statistical
properties of velocity difference fluctuations.

The introduction of lagrangian coordinates was carried out under the hypothesis
of strong galilean invariance. We have found that the left tail pdf has the
asymptotic form $\rho(z) = a/|z|^3$, which agrees with the conjecture put forward
in Ref. \cite{boldy-etal}, that this is so when strong galilean invariance holds.
We have obtained an explicit expression for the critical amplitude $a$, which
motivates the study of further numerical simulations of Burgers turbulence.

Arbitrary shocks of the Burgers forceless model are identified to instantons, and taken,
in the path-integral formulation of the response functional, as the dominant configurations
for the determination of the velocity difference fluctuations. We have bypassed the detailed
classification of all of these Burgers shocks at their creation events, by noting that
relevant parameters of newborn shocks are their velocity jump, $U$, and extension, assumed to
scale with the integral length $L$. Shocks are expected to have lifetimes of the order of $L/U$.
In view of the role of the dimensional parameters $U$ and $L$, we should regard the stationary
Burgers shock (\ref{shock}) more as an illustration than as an essential ingredient in the
formalism.

We emphasize that the instanton distribution $g(U)$ is not able to yield the left tail pdf of velocity
differences on its own. Furthermore, the instanton contribution to the MSR action vanishes. The point is that
the fluctuating background couples with the shocks and by the usual instability mechanism discussed in
section II, large negative velocity differences are generated in the flow. One may wonder if this process of
intermittency generation is analogously found in the interaction between the background and coherent structures
in Navier-Stokes turbulence.

\acknowledgements
This work has been partially supported by CNPq and FAPERJ.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaArXiv