text:
Der Baltic Cup 1929 war die 2. Austragung des Turniers der Baltischen Länder, dem Baltic Cup. Das Turnier für Fußballnationalteams fand zwischen dem 14. und 16. August 1929 in Lettland statt. Ausgetragen wurden die Spiele im Latvijas Sporta Biedrība Stadions in Riga. Die Estnische Fußballnationalmannschaft gewann den Titel. Der deutsche Schiedsrichter und spätere Präsident des Deutschen Fußball-Bundes Peco Bauwens leitete die drei Länderspiele.

Gesamtübersicht
Tabelle nach Zwei-Punkte-Regel.

|}

Lettland gegen Litauen

Lettland gegen Estland

Estland gegen Litauen

Weblinks
 Baltic Cup 1929 auf eu-football.info
 Statistik Lettland 3:1 Litauen
 Statistik Lettland 2:2 Estland
 Statistik Estland 5:2 Litauen

Einzelnachweise

Baltic Cup
Fußballveranstaltung 1929
Sportveranstaltung in Riga

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


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One of the ironies I've learned through years of dissecting the habits and practices of top traders like Livermore is that there is nothing special to what they do. I'm not implying that what they're able to do isn't impressive; of course it is. I simply mean that they have no special or secret knowledge or ability that's unique to them.
Most people start out in this game looking for that "thing"; whether it be a special insight or indicator or strategy or whatever, that will show them how to win. They think if they can just find the secrets to what make the greats great, then they'll be set. But in reality… if there's any secret at all, it's that there is no secret.
Does that mean you can read Reminiscences… and instantly become a great trader? Well, let me ask you this: can you read the classic Ben Hogan's Five Lessons on golf and go out and play scratch golf? Of course not! And that's because both books have all the foundational knowledge you need to succeed but they don't supply the practice that ingrains the lessons and transforms that knowledge into wisdom.
The practice is the hard part. It takes time and a Herculean effort. Blisters and portfolio losses. There are no short-cuts. But practice without knowledge is wasted effort. It's like trying to run on your hands because nobody ever told you to use your feet.
So with that, here's the knowledge (with some commentary by me), as given by Livermore many years ago. What you do with it is up to you but I suggest you try running with your feet.
Losing money is the least of my troubles. A loss never bothers me after I take it. I forget it overnight. But being wrong — not taking the loss — that is what does damage to the pocketbook and to the soul.
Of all speculative blunders there are few worse than trying to average a losing game. My cotton deal proved it to the hilt a little later. Always sell what shows you a loss and keep what shows you a profit. That was so obviously the wise thing to do and was so well known to me that even now I marvel at myself for doing the reverse.
This lesson was important enough that Paul Tudor Jones had it plastered on the wall right above his desk.
I still had much to learn but I knew what to do. No more floundering, no more half-right methods. Tape reading was an important part of the game; so was beginning at the right time; so was sticking to your position. But my greatest discovery was that a man must study general conditions, to size them so as to be able to anticipate probabilities.
I think it was a long step forward in my trading education when I realized at last that when old Mr. Partridge kept on telling the other customers, 'Well, you know this is a bull market!' he really meant to tell them that the big money was not in the individual fluctuations but in the main movements — that is, not in reading the tape but in sizing up the entire market and its trend.
Disregarding the big swing and trying to jump in and out was fatal to me. Nobody can catch all the fluctuations. In a bull market your game is to buy and hold until you believe that the bull market is near its end. To do this you must study general conditions and not tips or special factors affecting individual stocks.
I cleared about three million dollars in 1916 by being bullish as long as the bull market lasted and then by being bearish when the bear market started. As I said before, a man does not have to marry one side of the market till death do them part.
But I can tell you after the market began to go my way I felt for the first time in my life that I had allies — the strongest and truest in the world: underlying conditions. They were helping me with all their might. Perhaps they were a trifle slow at times in bringing up the reserves, but they were dependable, provided I did not get too impatient.
Livermore understood man's foibles perhaps better than most. He made and lost multiple fortunes, the size of which, most could hardly fathom. He knew well the fundamental truth that becoming a great trader is as much about self-mastery as it is about market mastery.
There is what I call the behavior of a stock, actions that enable you to judge whether or not it is going to proceed in accordance with the precedents that your observation has noted. If a stock doesn't act right don't touch it; because, being unable to tell precisely what is wrong, you cannot tell which way it is going. No diagnosis, no prognosis. No prognosis, no profit.
And right here let me say one thing: After spending many years in Wall Street and after making and losing millions of dollars I want to tell you this: It never was my thinking that made the big money for me. It was always my sitting. Got that? My sitting tight!
Cut your losses: Never average down and never hope losses reverse. Just cut.
Infinite patience: Good trades are few and far between. Trade for profits, not for action.
Learn macro: Understanding general conditions is essential to being a market master and not a piker.
Price action is king: Learn to read the tape and don't argue with markets — they know more than you.
Big bet/sit tight: Ride your winners for all their worth. This conviction comes with practice.
Self-mastery: You are your greatest impediment to your own success. "Know thyself".


On May 24 th, 1960, early in the morning, the abnormal tidal waves caused by the chilian earthquakes visited the Pacific coasts of Japan. As a result of a disaster striking the coasts of Sanriku and other places, 119 persons were tragically drowned, 20 persons were missing, 5,013 houses were destroyed and many ships were sunk.
(1) No regional differences exist on the wave-height of the 「Tsunami」 on the ocean. However, there are distinct regional differences on the wave height and the velocity of the Japanese islands. For instance, the maximum height of the Tsunami was over 8m in Tamagawa located in the northern part of the Sanriku Coast, but were less than lm in many other places. Generally speaking, the velocity of the Tsunami was as slow as walking. But in the case of Shizugawa-machi, the velocity was as fast as a bicycle.
(2) There are distinct differences between the abnormal tidal waves coming from afar and those from near. The area attacked by the former is wider (namely, almost all the Pacific coasts of the Japanese islands) than that of the latter (namely, the Kii peninsula and Sanriku coasts).
In the case of the former, the water surface was relatively calm. In the case of the latter, uprighted waves came surging upon the coasts.
Generally speaking, the wave height of the former is higher than that of the latter. In the case of the former, the wave height at the entrance of each bay is lower but becomes higher in each bay bottom, and in the case o」 the latter, vise versa. Generally speaking, the abnormal tidal waves coming from afar are more gentle at the coasts than tidal waves which develop near the coasts.
(3) The main routes o」 the abnormal tidal waves are determined by the topography of the coasts and the following landforms are convenient for 「Tsunami」 to encroach on.
a) Submarine canyon, water routes, and the deepest part of the bay make convenienient routes for the Tsunami to proceed on the sea. When the 「Tsunami」 strikes against the coasts, it invariably proceeds along the quay-walls.
Rivers, canals, ancient waterways, roadways, and drainage systems are convenient routes for the Tsunami to proceed inland. The rivers and canals are particularly convenient routes for 「Tsunami」 to proceed inland. Therefore, the drainage areas of rivers are dangerous areas up to their upper courses.
(4) The abnormal tidal waves which intruded on the inland area did not proceed horiz- ontally. Because of the great resistance of the land surface to the current of the abnormal tidal waves, the depth decreased rapidly as they invaded the inland area.
The line where the 「Tsunami」 disappeared was found at the boundary between the deltas and valley plains or filled in land and valley plains.
(5) There are distinct regional differences of the abnormal tidal waves. These pheno- mena are caused by the topography of the coastal line. We classified the types of Tsunami into the following 7 types by the relationship between topography of the coasts and the state of Tsunami.
Generaily speaking, the 「Tsunami」 were violent in the coasts of Sanriku or Kii because the coasts are Ria-shorelines. Conversely, they were gentle along the coasts of Joban because they are flat and smooth.
The Ria-shorelines of Sanriku may be further subdivided into V-shaped bays, U-shaped bays and semi-circular bays. V-shaped bays are formed as a result of the submergence of the land dissected by small streams. W-shaped bays consist of double V-shaped bays and U shaped bays result from the land dissected by large rivers.
(6) The types of flood caused by the Tsunami ...... the depth of the stagnant water, its period of stagnation, the velocity of the current, the erosion and deposition ...... vary remarkablyto the type of landforms . Here the following ...... the wave-cut bench, the delta, the sand-spits ...... have a decisive influeuence upon deciding the types of Tsunami. We classified the types of flood caused by the Tsunami into the following 8 types.
Kii Peninsula ...... Kainan, Mori, Fukuro, Otsu, Owase, Katsuura, Gokasho, Ago.
Shikoku ...... Tachibana, Mugi, Asakawa, Suzaki.
(8) There are two types of tidal ways, A and B. As is common knowledge, tidal Wave A is caused by earthquakes and B is caused by typhoons, In the places where tidal wave A type is seen, tidal wave B type is hardly seen, and vice versa. The above mentioned phenomena are attributed to the difference of the topography of the coasts. The Ria shorelines (Sanriku or Kii coasts) are dangerous to the abnormal tidal Waves caused by earthquakes. However, the flat and smooth shorelines (Joban coasts) are safe from them, but dangerous to those caused by typhoons.
(9) As a countermeasure of 「Tsunami」 some villages located along the coast were safely relocated in the highlands. However, because of a substantial increase in population and indu- strial expansion, many people migrated back to the coast and many houses and factories were constructed.
Hereafter, planning of cities and villages to be located along the coasts will be influenced greatly by a considuation of the coastal topography and the type of Tsunami to be expected in the area.
Thus, the type of abnormal tidal waves can be determined according to the shorelines and the microtopography of the plains along the coasts. If we have abnormal tidal waves in the future, it is possible for us to foretell what kind of tidal waves can be expected and how much damage they may do by studying the topography of shorelines and microtography of the plains along the coasts.


text:
José Agostinho de Macedo (Beja,  - Lisbonne, ) est un prêtre, un poète, un philosophe, un essayiste, un homme de presse et un écrivain portugais, Prêcheur Royal (Pregador Real), ainsi que l'un des principaux opposants au Libéralisme lors de la guerre civile portugaise. En tant que poète, il est connu pour sa critique de Camões, la figure tutélaire des Lettres portugaises. Conscient et orgueilleux de ses qualités, il possède une intelligence vive et mémoire remarquable.

Vie et œuvre
Agostinho de Macedo commence sa carrière comme frère dans l'ordre des Gracianos en 1778, d'où il est expulsé en 1792, pour la poursuivre comme « mercenaire de la parole » et devenir un véritable meneur d'opinion au service de l'Église. Il vit alors une vie de bohème pauvre. Écrivain extrêmement prolifique, moraliste et orateur, il publie tout au long de sa vie des Sermons et des Oraisons dans lesquels il fait la célébration des évènements du quotidien ou l'analyse critique de son temps. Affilié en tant que poète à la Nova Arcádia (1790-1794), il participe également à la transition néo-classique vers le Romantisme, et fait paraître en 1806 son premier recueil d'inspiration pré-romantique A Natureza. Son plus grand rival Manuel Maria Barbosa du Bocage dit de lui : « Tu chantes, oh génie, comme les dieux parlent ! » S'ensuivent une série de publications poétiques parallèles à ses Sermons, avec lesquelles il prend sa place dans le monde des Lettres : O Novo Argonauta en 1809, Gama, poema narrativo en 1811, ses odes aux vainqueurs de Napoléon (l'empereur Alexandre Ier de Russie, Wellington, etc.), Newton, poema filosofico et A Meditação, Poema filosofico em quatro cantos en 1813.

En tant que prosateur, au fil des années, son sens de l'humour s'affine, comme en témoigne son feuillet O gato que cheirou e não comeu..., « Le chat qui a senti et n'a pas mangé... », dans lequel il raconte avec humour et sarcasme la nuit de noces entre le prince-royal Jean VI et son épouse D. Charlotte-Joachime de Bourbon. Indignée par le texte, qui finit par n'être pas publié, cette dernière demande à faire « fouetter le prélat sur les fesses, [après l'avoir fait] déshabiller en place publique, [et] appliquer une pincée de poivre du Royaume sur son clérical derrière, et d'ensuite le libérer dans le quartier des Marafonas. »

Écrivain au style polémique et agressif, marqué par les évènements de la Révolution et les invasions françaises du Portugal, il s'attaque dans les années 1810 à la fois aux référents de l'Ancien Régime et à la société libérale qui émerge. Dans le domaine de la poésie, il tente de supplanter Les Lusiades de Luís de Camões, qu'il critique violemment dans son pamphlet Censura das Lusiadas, avec son poème épique O Oriente, publié en 1814. Son livre, qu'il présente comme l'épopée « la moins défectueuse possible », et son pamphlet provoquent une vive polémique au sein des milieux littéraires. Basculant progressivement dans le domaine de la pensée critique et de la philosophie, il publie en 1815 son essai philosophique Cartas Filosóficas a Attico. Puis il rédige en 1816 un ouvrage contre la franc-maçonnerie, Morais dos pedreiros livres e iluminados (1816). Homme de presse, il devient le directeur du journal A tripa virada en 1823. Fervent adepte de l'absolutisme, il prend fait et cause pour Michel  de Portugal lors de la guerre qui l'oppose à son frère Pierre IV et à sa nièce Marie II. Afin de soutenir sa cause, il fonde en  le journal périodique polémique et satirique A Besta Esfolada, « La Bête Ecorchée », à la rhétorique très soignée, mais extrêmement violent, dont il publie 27 numéros, jusqu'en 1829. Dans celui-ci, il mène des attaques féroces contre les Libéraux et les Constitutionnalistes, et demande fréquemment la mise à mort de ses adversaires au lieu de leur amnistie. En 1830, il publie son essai Os Frades, ou reflexões filosoficas sobre as corporações regulares, dans lequel il mène une réflexion sur les corporations religieuses régulières. Et encore les essais O Homem, ou os Limites da Razão; Tentativa filosófica, et A Verdade, ou Pensamentos filosóficos.

Le biographe Inocêncio Francisco da Silva (1810-1876) dit à son propos qu'il est un « homme au talent inégalable et de vaste érudition, écrivain extrêmement fécond, comme on le voit dans ses si nombreuses et variées productions, il serait peut-être un des contemporains les plus chéris, et son souvenir l'un des plus appréciés de la postérité, si son tempérament atrabilaire ne prédominait pas, [avec] un amour-propre excessif, encore que justifié jusqu'à un certain point par l'infériorité de ses compétiteurs, et par-dessus tout les haines suscitées par les querelles politiques, dans lesquelles il a pris avec la plume une part si active dans ses dernières années, ne lui avaient pas aliéné les sympathies de beaucoup, les empêchant de manifester à son égard un jugement droit et impartial. »

Références

Écrivain portugais
Naissance en septembre 1761
Décès en octobre 1831
Décès à 70 ans


text:
Q: Help convert console command to right-click command I use this console command to automatically send all files in some directory to the JAR file, catch the output of that JAR file and finally create new files from the output. Here is the command
for i in `find . -type f -name '*xml'`; do java -jar "~/grabbertty.jar" $i > $i.txt; done

Now, I know how to make nautilus-script which will be called via RightClick->Scripts.
What I do not know is how to convert this command to say "convert all files in currently selected directory". Currently selected directory is a directory where I right click.
Anyone can help. Thanks.

A: This should do the trick for you, comment if something weird comes up
#! /bin/bash
base="`echo $NAUTILUS_SCRIPT_CURRENT_URI | cut -d'/' -f3- | sed 's/%20/ /g'`"
if [ -z "$NAUTILUS_SCRIPT_SELECTED_FILE_PATHS" ]; then
     dir="$base"
else
     while [ ! -z "$1" -a ! -d "$base/$1" ]; do shift; done
     dir="$base/$1"
fi

for i in `find "$dir" -type f -name '*xml'`; do java -jar "~/grabbertty.jar" $i > $i.txt; done

When you right click on a folder it should apply your find inside that folder, if you are not clicking on a folder it should apply your find inside the current folder.
Save it in your "$HOME/.gnome2/nautilus-scripts/<nameofthescript>.sh and make it executable with chmod 755 <nameofthescript>.sh.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


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Having a diagnosis of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) sometimes makes you feel like an alien; sometimes it makes you feel alienated. Not everyone with PTSD got their diagnosis because of the same type of trauma, or even the same reaction to their trauma. So, knowing how to respond to and support someone you know with PTSD can feel a bit tricky.
Here is a list of five things that you can do to support the person you care about. Please keep in mind this list is created by me, someone who endured a specific reason for being diagnosed with PTSD and someone who has specific ways the trauma is triggered. But this is an attempt to bridge the gap between those of us who deal with PTSD and those in our lives who care about us.
1. Do not mistake a PTSD diagnosis as a diagnosis of weakness.
Someone with a diagnosis of PTSD is a person who has moments of feeling weak. It does not equate to someone being a weak person. There is a huge difference. Responding to one with PTSD as though they are strong shows them they have dignity and value in your eyes. Assuming that they are weak or "broken" removes what dignity they have remaining from the trauma(s) that they endured.
2. If a person says they have PTSD, ask if they care to share more.
Having PTSD has countless challenges associated with it. When someone is open enough to confide they have PTSD, please know that is a huge trust shared with you. Some may choose to share more now or later, or they may not. What is important is the person with PTSD feels safe. Revealing this information is not the same as sharing what college one attended or their favorite sport that naturally leads to additional social conversation. Sometimes just saying that is a large enough step for one day.
You can politely ask if they would like to share more. This gives the person an out. It puts control back in their hands. Control shows respect and caring and is a healing aspect for those with PTSD. If you are told no, please respect that boundary.
3. Ask if there is anything you can do.
If someone shares that they are being triggered or feeling off or dealing with anxiety, simply ask if you can do anything. Closed-ended questions often get a bad reputation in professions such as sales, retail or counseling. Yet, for those dealing with PTSD, they can be helpful. The simplicity of elicited response allows the individual a quick answer without the expectation of lengthy conversation. If the response is yes, ask how you can assist. If the response is no, leave the subject alone and trust the answer.
If you are being confided in, please listen. Know this is not a typical conversation in which your opinion or experiences should be shared in equal measure. When someone shares their most vulnerable aspects with you, it is a gift. Treasure it as sacred and fragile. Listen with open ears. Listen with an open heart.
As someone is sharing their experiences with you, whether past or present, nurture what they reveal. Keep this information private. Remember, part of healing for those with PTSD is the aspect of trust. Simply keeping conversations confidential can add to one's healing journey. Experiences that warrant PTSD diagnoses are so traumatic or horrifying, they can rip someone to their core. Their sense of safety can be completely absent. In keeping the smallest conversation protected, it allows the steps of safety to be reintroduced and trust to begin.
Please note: If someone mentions suicide as an option, please take all talk of suicide seriously. Saving someone's life so they can receive proper treatment is of tremendous importance. In these instances, confidentiality is overstepped by physical and mental safety.
Lisa M. Mangan is a writer and filmmaker living in Austin, TX. She is a Field Advocate with the American Foundation for Suicide Prevention and was a founding Co-Chair for the Austin Chapter of GLSEN.


waiting. i imagine these glasses are proud to stand here, waiting for the gathering to begin. they know they're clean and lovely and lined up so prettily. they anticipate the wine and the conversations and the laughter ahead. funny memories relived and new funny memories made. and a weekend gone all too quickly.
Obama was aggressive when it looked as if Syria was deploying bio/chem weapons. His seemingly over the top talk caused more than a bit of consternation. And now his admin is toughing talk to Putin and the Russians ... is this the same kind of big stick diplomacy?
I dunno about a return to the Cold War, instead I rather lock most of the so-called world leaders in a room and let them fight it out amongst themselves. And when they're done beating on each other ... they're kept in the locked room.


"A feeble executive implies a feeble execution of the government. A feeble execution is but another phrase for a bad execution; and a government ill executed, whatever may be its theory, must be, in practice, a bad government."
The executive branch is apply named because it executes the legislation of the legislators. Kinda sorta a 'dah' statement but, is very accurate. Mr. Obamunist Goodwrench the assassin's tenure is proof positive of how the simplest saying can be the most accurate.
The Executive Branch is popularly misunderstood -- it is Congress that makes the laws and declares war, the Executive MUST administer the laws, not change them or make law through executive orders. Obama was not only weak but also willfully ignorant in this regard.


Before Lux or HUM, Nigar Awards were presented to the pioneers of the nation's entertainment industry.
The awards that were first initiated in 1958 came to a halt in 2002 as the local film industry declined and now after a pause of 12 years on March 16 in Karachi, Pakistan's oldest film awards are set to take place.
At a press conference, chairman Aslam Ilyas Rasheedi, said the 47th Nigar Awards would be held on March 16. According to him, he had been trying for the past 12 years to get a sponsor who could help out with the event, however eventually he realised he could do it himself after being encouraged by friends and family. He said this time around the awards would also have technical categories. Alongside, a jury had been set up to take important decisions. The underlying idea behind these prestigious awards is to recognise, acknowledge and encourage the young talent which is usually ignored.


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Microdermabrasion is a technique for removing the topmost layer of skin leaving it supple and vibrant. The DiamondTome wand removes this layer of skin with natural diamond chips, while at the same time vacuuming the dead skin cells away in a sterile and controlled manner. Removing this outer layer of dead skin cells leaves a smoother texture and promotes the growth of healthy new skin cells. Unlike other exfoliation treatments, the DiamondTome system uses no loose abrasives to contaminate you or the environment. Your skin will look and feel smoother after just 1 treatment but is recommended in a series of 4-6 for best results.


text:
Harry Thurston Peck, Harpers Dictionary of Classical Antiquities (1898)
alphabetic letter:
entry group:
P - Palamēdes Palatīnus Mons - Pan Panăca - Pan's Pipe Pantagias, Pantacyas - Parapresbeia Parasanga - Parthenopaeus Parthenŏpé - Pattăla Pattalēné - Pegmāres Peiraeĭcus - Penicŭlus Penius - Perimeridia Perinthus - Petītor Petorrĭtum - Phanŏcles Phanodēmus - Philargyrius Iunius Phileas - Phlegra Phliasia - Phrynĭchus Phrynnis - Pillow Pilum - Pithos Pitĭnum - Pleïŏné Plemmyrium - Police Polieus - Pompēia Pompeii - Pornae Porpé - Practŏres Praecia - Praxidĭcé Praxilla - Procŭlus , Iulius Procŭlus , Sempronius - Prostătes Tou Demou Prostitution - Ptolemāïs Pubes, Pubertas - Pylae Pylagŏrae - Pyxus
Prostitution Prostȳlos Protagonistes Protagŏras Protesilāus Proteus Prothesmia Prothyrum Protogĕnes Proverbium Provincia Provocatio Provocatōres Prow Proxĕnus Proxĕnus Prudentius , Aurelius Clemens Prusa Prusias Prymnēsia Prytaneia Prytanēum Prytănis Psalterium Psaltria Psammenĭtus Psammetĭchus Pselcis Psellus Psephisma Psephus Pseudengrăphes Graphé Pseudisodŏmum Pseudodiptĕros Pseudoperiptĕros Pseudothyrum Pseudo-urbāna Psilōthrum Psophis Psychē Psychomanteion Psychopompos Psycter Psylli Psyttalēa Pteleum Pterōma Ptolemaeus IV. Claudius Ptolemaeus Ptolemāïs
Greek and Roman Materials
View text chunked by:
first letter : entry
P - Palamēdes
Palatīnus Mons - Pan
Panăca - Pan's Pipe
Pantagias, Pantacyas - Parapresbeia
Parasanga - Parthenopaeus
Parthenŏpé - Pattăla
Pattalēné - Pegmāres
Peiraeĭcus - Penicŭlus
Penius - Perimeridia
Perinthus - Petītor
Petorrĭtum - Phanŏcles
Phanodēmus - Philargyrius Iunius
Phileas - Phlegra
Phliasia - Phrynĭchus
Phrynnis - Pillow
Pilum - Pithos
Pitĭnum - Pleïŏné
Plemmyrium - Police
Polieus - Pompēia
Pompeii - Pornae
Porpé - Practŏres
Praecia - Praxidĭcé
Praxilla - Procŭlus , Iulius
Procŭlus , Sempronius - Prostătes Tou Demou
Prostitution - Ptolemāïs
Prostȳlos
Protagŏras
Protesilāus
Prothesmia
Prothyrum
Protogĕnes
Proverbium
Provocatio
Provocatōres
Proxĕnus
Prudentius , Aurelius Clemens
Prusias
Prymnēsia
Prytaneia
Prytanēum
Prytănis
Psalterium
Psaltria
Psammenĭtus
Psammetĭchus
Pselcis
Psellus
Psephisma
Psephus
Pseudengrăphes Graphé
Pseudisodŏmum
Pseudodiptĕros
Pseudoperiptĕros
Pseudothyrum
Pseudo-urbāna
Psilōthrum
Psophis
Psychē
Psychomanteion
Psychopompos
Psycter
Psylli
Psyttalēa
Pteleum
Pterōma
Ptolemaeus
IV. Claudius Ptolemaeus
Ptolemāïs
Pubes, Pubertas - Pylae
Pylagŏrae - Pyxus
A word which, in Roman public law, designated primarily the sphere of action allotted to a particular magistrate. (See Magistratus.) When, in the third century B.C., Rome began to assume the permanent rule of territories outside of Italy, it became customary to intrust the government of each such territory to a single magistrate; and, by a natural transition, "province" became the technical term for conquered territory ruled by a Roman governor, and "provincials" the technical term for the inhabitants of such a territory—the subjects as distinguished from the citizens of Rome. Territories left under the sceptres of native princes, though practically controlled by Rome, were not provinces. Free and allied cities, though included within the boundaries of a province, were not parts of the province, nor were individuals who had received Roman citizenship properly numbered among the provincials. In the imperial period, however, with the gradual disappearance of the protected kingdoms and allied commonwealths and the gradual extension of Roman citizenship throughout the Roman world, the term province became purely territorial; the provinces were simply the great governmental districts outside of Italy. At the same time, in consequence of the growth of imperial absolutism, the distinction between Italy and the provinces lost all real importance. As early as the second century after Christ, the methods of provincial administration were introduced into Italy; and under Diocletian, at the close of the third century, the distinction disappeared even in name, Italy being divided into a number of provinces.
Western Provinces of the Roman Empire.
Provincial Officers.
Provision was made for the government of the first four provinces by increasing the number of praetors annually elected at Rome (so B.C. 227 and again B.C. 197). The praetors-elect drew lots to determine which should do duty in Rome and which should go to the provinces. With the increase in the number of provinces (B.C. 146-120) the Senate began to prolong (prorogare) the imperium of outgoing magistrates, who then ruled the provinces allotted them as proconsuls or propraetors. The more important provinces—those in which military operations were in progress or in prospect—were commonly assigned to the outgoing consuls. A lex Sempronia (C. Gracchus) provided that the Senate should indicate annually, before the election of the consuls, which provinces were to be assigned to them. The consuls-elect then drew lots for these provinces. The system of governing the provinces through such promagistrates was made general by Sulla (about B.C. 80). The new criminal courts (quaestiones) established by him, together with the older civil courts, kept all the praetors (now eight in number) busy at Rome during their first year of office, and all the provinces (now ten in number) were allotted to proconsuls or propraetors. The consuls continued to draw lots for the consular provinces before taking office: the praetors drew lots during their year of office. With the further increase in the number of provinces (B.C. 64 there were fourteen or fifteen) recourse was had to various expedients. Two or more provinces were not infrequently assigned to a single proconsul, or a proconsul or propraetor was left in his province for two or more years. Exceptionally, an outgoing praetor or even a private citizen might be invested with proconsular powers, but only by a vote of the Comitia. Iulius Caesar restored the equilibrium between the urban magistracies and the provincial promagistracies by a further increase in the number of praetors.
Under Augustus a division of provinces was made between the emperor and the Senate. He reserved to himself those provinces in which it was necessary to maintain a considerable armed force, and assigned to the Senate those which were pacified. The senatorial provinces (ten in number) continued to be allotted to the ex-magistrates: Africa and Asia to ex-consuls, the rest to ex-praetors. All of the senatorial governors bore the title of proconsul, but those of consular rank had twelve fasces, those of praetorian rank but six. With the multiplication of the city magistracies and the decrease in the number of available provinces, governorships were no longer obtainable by the outgoing magistrates at the expiration of their regular terms, but only after a legal interval of five years, and then in the order of seniority. Under Tiberius the actual interval averaged about thirteen years.
Under the governors served:
1. Legati, lieutenants, usually nominated by the governor and appointed by the Senate. The governor assigned to them their duties, and had the power of dismissing them (see Legatus);
2. comites or contubernales, a staff of military and administrative assistants, appointed by the governor with the approval of the Senate, and removable at his pleasure;
3. apparitores, etc., secretaries, clerks, copyists, interpreters, attendants and messengers, engineers (architecti), physicians, and priests.
All these (with the possible exception of the medici) were public employés, paid by the treasury. The governor might also take with him, at his own expense, as many clients and slaves as he saw fit; but until late in the republican period he was not permitted to take his wife.
The provincial quaestors, or treasury officials, were magistrates of subordinate rank, but of independent tenure and powers. They were elected, not appointed; and were responsible only to the treasury and the Senate. The number of quaestors annually elected at Rome had increased with the organization of new provinces, so that, even at the close of the republican period, the quaestors-elect drew lots for Italian or provincial duty, and proquaestors were rarely needed. Under the Empire these officials were gradually replaced by imperial procurators (q. v.).
The quaestors, legates, and comites constituted the governor's council. See consilia, under Magistratus.
In the provinces of Caesar the emperor himself was proconsul. The governors were his appointees and lieutenants, legati Augusti pro praetore. Their authority was as ample as that of a proconsul, but since it was a delegated authority they had but five fasces (legati quinquefascales). Their military aids (legati legionis) and their officers of justice (legati iuridici) were appointed by the emperor. The interests of the imperial fiscus were guarded by procurators.
Early in the imperial period there appears another type of imperial province, in which the emperor rules not as proconsul, but as sovereign proprietor, and not through a legatus, but through a viceroy (praefectus) or steward (procurator). Many of these provinces were ruled for a time by tributary kings or princes, and with the extinction or deposition of the original dynasty the resident procurator of Caesar becomes procurator et praeses or procurator pro legato. In nearly all of these provinces there was some obstacle, either in the temper of the inhabitants (as in Egypt and Iudaea) or in the topography (as in the Alps), or in the backward stage of civilization (as in Thrace and Mauretania) to the introduction of the ordinary provincial administration.
Organization and Government.
In the republican period the main lines of the provincial organization were fixed by the Senate, and the details were worked out in each province by a special committee of senatorial legates. The constitution thus framed was the lex provinciae. The normal unit of local government was the city or town. If there were no cities, local government districts were created by combining several villages or even, as in Spain and Gaul, by adopting the existing tribal districts. In such districts towns gradually grew up, sometimes about a marketplace, sometimes about a Roman garrison. In other cases the nuclei of municipal organizations were furnished by Roman colonies. The effect of Roman rule was gradually to develop, where it did not previously exist, the Graeco-Latin municipal system. This development was largely due to the method of government instinctively adopted. It was always the Roman practice, while maintaining a strong central control, to leave the immediate management of local affairs to the local authorities, and to throw upon them as much of the provincial and even of the imperial business as they could manage—particularly the conscription of soldiers and the collection of taxes. Only where there were no trustworthy local authorities was a prefecture or local dictatorship established. In the imperial period municipal self-government was secured and enlarged, in proportion as the provinces were Romanized, by special charters and general laws. See Municipium.
For the administration of justice the provinces were divided into much larger districts or dioceses (conventus). To the municipalities was left only a petty civil and criminal jurisdiction.
In the original demarkation of the municipal districts and judicial circuits the Romans retained the older native divisions only where the people submitted readily to the Roman rule. Where this was not the case the older political or racial connections were purposely severed; hostile communes were placed under the rule of those more friendly to Rome or under that of Roman colonies, and connubium and even commercium were suspended between different portions of the same province. But the Romans made no such innovations for the sake of innovation, or even for the sake of uniformity.
In the government of a province the governor was subject to no limitations except those expressly imposed by Roman legislation. In theory the provincials had no political or religious organization, no law, and no rights. They were conquered subjects of the Roman people (dediticii), holding their lives and their property at the pleasure of Rome. The authority of the governor was in principle absolute: he had imperium militiae. (See Magistratus.) Upon the exercise of his governmental power, however, certain restrictions were imposed, at first by Roman tradition and custom, and later, in many cases, by written law. In criminal matters he was sole judge of the law and the facts, but he was expected to administer criminal justice publicly and at stated places and times, to hear evidence and argument, and to consult his councillors. In the exercise of his civil jurisdiction he was expected, after hearing the pleadings and discovering the point at issue, to refer the decision to a iudex or arbiter.
In the absence of any provincial law (for the provincials had lost their own law and had no share in the civil law of Rome) he was obliged to lay down the rules which the iudex was to apply; but this he was expected (and ultimately required) to do in a general way, by a public edict, at the beginning of his term of office. He was bound to adhere to his own edict, and his successor generally reënacted it, with such emendations and additions as seemed advisable. These provincial edicts were, in general, admirably drawn, and they constituted an important element in the development of the ius gentium. See Edictum; Ius.
Eastern Provinces of the Roman Empire.
Such special laws as were passed at Rome for the protection of the provincials were intended primarily to safeguard the proprietary interest of the Roman people, to prevent the governors from so impairing the resources of the provinces as to lessen their value to Rome. By a series of laws the governors were forbidden to extort money or goods from the provincials, directly or indirectly. They were forbidden to accept gifts, and to purchase anything beyond current supplies. For oppression and maladministration they were liable to criminal indictment after their return to Rome. Such charges were originally tried by the Senate; then by a standing committee of the Senate; later by a regular court with a large bench of iudices (quaestio repetundarum). The governors were also expected to protect the provincials against the tax-farmers (publicani) and the speculators (negotiatores), but as a rule governors, publicans, and speculators acted in concert. When the provincials were unable to meet the exactions of the governor and the publicans, the speculators advanced the necessary sums at usurious interest; and if their loans were not repaid when due, troops were placed at their disposal for the collection of principal and interest. The transfer of the iudicia from the senatorial to the equestrian order (C. Gracchus) tended to force the governors into such a concert, because the publicans and speculators belonged to, and exercised a controlling influence in, the equestrian order. The short terms allotted to the provincial governors made their robberies more rapid, and the prospect of criminal prosecution forced them to steal on a larger scale that they might purchase their acquittal at Rome without sacrificing more than the moiety of their gains. That the governors should make their fortunes out of the provinces was so much a matter of course that the few honourable exceptions were matters of special note and record. Even the free and allied cities were not secure against robbery by the provincial ring. Some of them paid subsidies, which brought them into relations with the publicans and speculators: nearly all of them were bound to furnish recruits and, in case of need, to provide free quarters for the legions, which placed them at the mercy of the governor. The sale of protection against the quartering of troops was an important source of illegal revenue.
The establishment of the Empire greatly improved the position of the provincials. The theory that the provinces must not be so exploited as to lessen their productivity was now enforced, not only in the provinces of Caesar, but in those which were nominally under the control of the Senate. A careful census of the provinces and the abandonment of the wasteful and oppressive system of tax-farming made it possible to lessen the burden of the provincial taxes and yet increase the revenue. All the provincial governors, including the proconsuls, received not only their outfit and a liberal allowance for expenses, as in the Republican period, but a salary. The extension of municipal rights and of Roman citizenship gave the provincials much more effective protection against arbitrary and unjust treatment. The systematic organization of the cult of Rome and of the divi Augusti led to annual meetings of delegates from the localities, and to these assemblies (communia, concilia, κοινά), whose character and duties were at first purely religious, some representative functions were conceded, especially the right of petition. Under Tiberius they became something very like advisory administrative councils. Charges against the governors formulated by such bodies received serious consideration. Tacitus and Pliny mention twenty-seven trials of ex-governors, with but seven acquittals.
Public Works.
Even under the Republic much had been done to develop the resources of the provinces by the building of roads, the improvement of harbours, the establishment of colonies, etc. Under the Empire all these things were done on a larger scale and with more consistency of purpose. For an account of the imperial postal system, see Cursus Publicus.
Defence of the Frontiers.
With the pacification and gradual Romanization of the provinces the troops were gradually removed to the frontier. The frontier line (limes), even in those portions most exposed to barbarian inroads, was a road rather than a wall, and served primarily for the rapid concentration of troops. These were quartered in forts (castella). The road itself was protected, where it was deemed necessary, by ditches and palisades, and frequently by a broad zone of waste country, in which no settlements were tolerated. The movement of persons across the line was strictly controlled, as was also, for revenue purposes, the transit of goods.
General Development.
In judging the results of Roman conquest and rule, it must never be forgotten that the suppression of brigandage and piracy, and of the interminable wars which formerly raged between the petty States of the ancient world, gave to industry and commerce an unexampled security, which went far to balance the spoliation of the provinces even in the worst period of misgovernment. With the administrative reforms of the early Empire and the effective defence of the frontiers, the majority of the provinces grew rapidly in wealth, comfort, and civilization. The contributions of the ruder, non-Hellenic provinces to the art, literature, and science of the Roman world grew steadily in importance. Provincials played a prominent part in the government of the Empire: they gave it not only the bulk of its troops, but a constantly increasing number of military leaders, administrative officers, and jurists. In the end they furnished the majority of its emperors.
Later Empire.
In the course of the third century the military and the civil government of the provinces began to be assigned to different officers, the former to duces, the latter to praesides or correctores. Under Diocletian this separation of powers became general. At the same time the larger provinces were subdivided and grouped for administrative purposes into a dozen dioceses, each under a vicarius, and these, again, into four great prefectures—Gaul, Italy, Illyricum, and the Orient.
Roman Provincial Organization.
Early Empire (to a.d. 117). Later Empire (End of Fourth Century).
Date of Constitution. Assigned to— (Ranking as—) Title of Governor. Title of Governor. Diocese. Praetorian Praefecture.
Sicilia. B.C. 241 Senate (praetorian). Proconsul. Sicilia. Consularis. Italia (vicarius urbis). Italia.
Sardinia and Corsica. B.C. 231 b. c. 27 to a. d. 6 Senate (praetorian). Afterwards usually Caesar. Proconsul. Sardinia. Praeses. Italia (vicarius urbis). Italia.
Procurator. Corsica. Praeses.
Hispania Citerior (Tarraconensis). B.C. 197 Caesar (consular). Legatus propraetore. Tarraconensis. Praeses. Hispania. Galliae.
Carthaginiensis. Praeses.
Insulae Baleares. Praeses.
Gallaecia et Asturia. Consularis.
Hispania Ulterior (Baetica). b. c. 197 Senate (praetorian). Proconsul. Baetica (with which Consularis.
Tingitana is connected) Hispania. Galliae.
Lusitania. B.C. 27 Caesar (praetorian). Legatus propraetore. Lusitania. Consularis.
Gallia Narbonensis. B.C. 120 B.C. 27 to B.C. 22 Caesar. After B.C. 22 Senate (praetorian). Legatus propraetore. Narbonensis I., II. Praesides. Gallia (Viennensis). Galliae.
Proconsul. Viennensis. Consularis.
Aquitania. Caesar (praetorian). Legatus propraetore. Novum populana. Praeses. Gallia (Viennensis). Galliae.
Aquitanica I., II. Praesides.
Lugdunensis. B.C. 50 Separately organized B.C. 27? Caesar (praetorian). Legatus propraetore. Lugdunensis I. Consularis. Gallia. Galliae.
Lugdunensis II., III., and IV. (Senonia). Praesides.
Belgica. Caesar (praetorian). Legatus propraetore. Belgica I., II. Consulares. Gallia. Galliae.
Germania Superior. Separately organized Caesar (consular). Legatus propraetore. Maxima Sequanorum Praeses. Gallia. Galliae.
Germania I. Consularis.
Germania Inferior. A.D. 17? Caesar (consular). Legatus propraetore. Germania II. Consularis. Gallia. Galliae.
Britannia. A.D. 43 Caesar (consular). Legatus propraetore. Maxima Caesariensis. Consularis. Britanniae. Galliae.
Valentia. Consularis.
Britannia I., II. Praesides.
Flavia Caesariensis. Praeses.
Alpes Maritimae. B.C. 14 Caesar. Procurator. Alpes Maritimae (including western slope of Cottian Alps). Praeses. Gallia (Viennensis). Galliae.
Alpes Cottiae (Regnum Cottii). Between A.D. 54 and 68 Caesar. Procurator. Alpes Cottiae. Praeses. Italia. Italia.
Alpes Poeninae. Second century. Caesar. Procurator. Alpes Poeninae et Graiae. Praeses. Gallia. Galliae.
Raetia. B.C. 15 Caesar. Procurator. Raetia I., II. Praesides. Italia. Italia.
Noricum. B.C. 15 Caesar. Procurator. Noricum Mediterraneum. Praeses. Illyricum occidentale Italia.
Noricum Ripense. Praeses. (Pannoniae).
Pannonia Superior. A.D. 10 Caesar Legatus Pannonia I. Praeses.
Pannonia ripariensis Corrector. Illyricum
Pannonia Inferior. Divided betw. A.D. 102 and 107 (consular). propraetore. or Savia. occidentale Italia.
Pannonia II. Consularis. (Pannoniae).
Valeria. Praeses.
Illyricum, later Dalmatia. Between B.C. 167 and 59 b. c. 27 to B.C. 11 Senate. After B.C. 11 Caesar (consular). Proconsul. Dalmatia. Praeses. Illyricum occ. Italia.
Legatus propraetore. Praevalitana. Praeses.
Moesia Superior. Between B.C. 29 and A.D. 6 Caesar (consular). Legatus propraetore. Moesia I. Praeses. Dacia (under the direct administration of the praetorian prefect). Illyricum.
Dardania. Praeses.
Dacia mediterranea. Consularis.
Dacia ripensis. Dux.
Moesia Inferior (Ripa Thracia). Divided betw. A.D. 81 and 96 Moesia II. Praeses. Thraciae. Oriens.
Scythia. Praeses.
Dacia. A.D. 107 Caesar (consular). Legatus propraetore. Abandoned,
A.D. 270-275
Thracia. A.D. 46 Caesar. Procurator (under legatus Moesiae). Under Trajan, a legatus propraetore. Thracia. Consularis. Thraciae. Oriens.
Haemimontus. Praeses.
Rhodope. Praeses.
Europa. Consularis.
Macedonia. B.C. 146 Senate (praetorian). A.D. 15 to 44 Caesar. Proconsul. Legatus propraetore. Macedonia I. Consularis. Macedonia. Illyricum.
Macedonia II. Praeses.
Thessalia. Praeses.
Epirus nova. Praeses.
Epirus. Separately organized towards end of first century. Caesar. Procurator. Epirus vetus. Praeses. Macedonia. Illyricum.
Achaia. B.C. 27 Senate (praetorian). Proconsul. Achaia. Proconsul, who stands directly under the praetorian prefect of Illyricum.
[Emperor.
Asia. B.C. 133 Senate (consular). Proconsul. Asia proconsularis. Proconsul, who stands directly under the
Hellespontus. Consularis, who stands under the procon-
Lydia. Consularis. Asia. [sul Asiae.
Phrygia I. (pacatiana). Praeses. Oriens.
Phrygia II. (salutaris). Praeses.
Caria. Praeses.
Insulae. Praeses, who stands under the procon-
[sul Asiae.
Bithynia and Pontus. B.C. 74 B.C. 65 Senate (praetorian). Proconsul. Bithynia. Consularis. Pontus. Oriens.
Honorias. Praeses.
Paphlagonia. Corrector.
Helenopontus. Praeses.
Galatia. B.C. 25 Enlarged B.C. 7 Caesar (praetorian). Legatus propraetore. Pontus Polemoniacus. Praeses.
Galatia I. Consularis. Pontus.
Galatia II. (salutaris). Praeses. Oriens.
Lycaonia. Praeses. Asia.
Pisidia. Praeses.
Cappadocia. A.D. 17 Caesar (after A.D. 70 consular). A.D. 18-70, procurator; afterwards, legatus propraetore. Cappadocia I., II. Praesides. Pontus. Oriens.
Armenia I., II. Praesides.
Pamphylia and Lycia. B.C. 25 A.D. 43 Caesar (praetorian). Legatus propraetore. Pamphylia. Consularis. Asia. Oriens.
Lycia. Praeses.
Cilicia. B.C. 102? Fully organized b. c. 64 Caesar (praetorian). Legatus propraetore. Cilicia I. Consularis. Oriens. Oriens.
Cilicia II. Praeses.
Isauria. Comes.
Cyprus. B.C. 27 b. c. 27 to b. c. 22 Caesar; afterwards Senate (praetorian). Proconsul. Cyprus. Consularis. Oriens. Oriens.
Syria. B.C. 64 Caesar (consular). Legatus propraetore. Euphratensis. Praeses. Oriens. Oriens.
Syria I. Consularis.
Syria II. (salutaris). Praeses.
Phœnice I. Consularis.
Phœnice II. Praeses.
Iudaea (Syria Palaestina). Separately organized A.D. 6. Caesar (after A.D. 70 praetorian.) A.D.6-41, 44-70 procurator; afterwards, legatus propraetore. Palaestina I. Consularis. Oriens. Oriens.
Palaestina II. Praeses.
Arabia. A.D. 105 Caesar (praetorian). Legatus propraetore. Palaestina III. Praeses. Oriens. Oriens.
Arabia. Dux.
Armenia. A.D. 114 Caesar (praetorian). Legatus propraetore. Abandoned A.D. 117
Mesopotamia (abandoned A.D. 117, reconquered...... A.D. 115 A.D. 165 Caesar. (?) —?— Osrhoëne. Praeses. Oriens. Oriens.
Mesopotamia. Praeses.
Assyria. A.D. 115 Caesar. —?— Abandoned A.D. 117
Aegyptus. B.C. 30 Caesar. Praefectus (with consular rank). Aegyptus. Praeses. Aegyptus. Oriens.
Augustamnica. Corrector.
Heptanomis (Arcadia). Praeses.
Thebais. Praeses.
Libya inferior. Praeses.
Cyrene and Creta. B.C. 74 B.C. 67 united B.C. 27 Senate (praetorian). Proconsul. Libya superior. Praeses. Aegyptus. Oriens.
Creta. Consularis. Macedonia. Illyricum.
Africa and Numidia. B.C. 146 B.C. 46 united B.C. 25 Senate (consular). Proconsul. Tripolitana. Praeses. Africa. Italia.
Byzacena. Consularis.
Africa proconsularis. Proconsul, who stands directly under
Numidia. Consularis. [the Emperor.
Mauretania. Caesariensis. A.D. 40 Caesar. Procurator. Mauretania I. (Sitifensis). Praeses. Africa. Italia.
Mauretania II. (Caesariensis). Praeses.
Mauretania. Tingitana. A.D. 40 Caesar. Procurator. Tingitana (connected with Baetica). Praeses. Hispania. Galliae.
With the extension of the provincial organization to Italy proper, the following additional provinces were included (about 400) in the praefectura Italiae:
I. Under the vicarius Italiae:
1. Venetia et Histria,
2. Liguria,
3. Aemilia,
4. Flaminia et Picenum annonarium.
II. Under the vicarius urbis Romae:
5. Tuscia et Umbria,
6. Picenum suburbicarium,
7. Valeria,
8. Samnium,
9. Campania,
10. Apulia et Calabria,
11. Lucania et Bruttii.
Provinces 1-6 and 9 were governed by consulares; 10 and 11 by correctores; 7 and 8 by praesides.
Bibliography.—Marquardt, Römische Verwaltung, vol. i.; Person, Les Provinces Romaines sous la République; Arnold, Roman Provincial Administration; Mommsen, Roman History, vols. iii. and v.
Harry Thurston Peck. Harpers Dictionary of Classical Antiquities. New York. Harper and Brothers. 1898.
The National Endowment for the Humanities provided support for entering this text.
Harpers Dictionary of Classical Antiquities (1898) (this document)

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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text:
Sugar23 Adds Shawna Wexler to Management Team (Exclusive)
Leonardo DiCaprio and Jennifer Lawrence in Adam McKay's 'Don't Look Up': Film Review
An all-star cast that also includes Jonah Hill, Mark Rylance, Tyler Perry, Timothée Chalamet, Cate Blanchett and Meryl Streep faces the end of the world in Netflix's satire of climate crisis and political opportunism.
By David Rooney
David Rooney
Chief Film Critic
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December 7, 2021 4:00pm
Jennifer Lawrence and Leonardo DiCaprio in 'Don't Look Up' NIKO TAVERNISE/NETFLIX
In 1998, Earth braced for dueling annihilation events as Deep Impact and Armageddon hit multiplexes two months apart. Twenty-three years later, Hollywood is again sending an extinction-level comet hurtling through space toward us in Don't Look Up. Those earlier films opted for earnest melodrama and big, dumb yippee-ki-kay heroics, respectively. It's probably only fitting that in 2021 we get the end-of-the-world movie we deserve — a cynical, insufferably smug satire stuffed to the gills with stars that purports to comment on political and media inattention to the climate crisis but really just trivializes it. Dr. Strangelove it ain't.
The movie will have a limited theatrical run from Dec. 10, ahead of its Dec. 24 Netflix bow, and no doubt some will find its easy digs at the indifference of a shamelessly self-dealing White House administration, the greed of a monolithic tech company, the vapidity of upbeat morning television and the outsize influence of social media quite hilarious. I did not.
'Bridgerton' Releases 8 New Photos From Season 2 of Netflix Series
Netflix's Price Hike: The Math Behind the Plan
The Bottom Line Just look away.
Release date: Friday, Dec. 10
Cast: Leonardo DiCaprio, Jennifer Lawrence, Rob Morgan, Jonah Hill, Mark Rylance, Tyler Perry, Timothée Chalamet, Ron Perlman, Ariana Grande, Scott Mescudi, Cate Blanchett, Meryl Streep, Melanie Lynskey
Director: Adam McKay
Screenwriter: Adam McKay; story by McKay, David Sirota
Rated R, 2 hours 18 minutes
Since rebranding from goofball comedies to Important Issues Satire with The Big Short and Vice, writer-director Adam McKay has specialized in movies far too pleased with themselves as they prompt audiences to feel superior to amoral conservatives, piously self-satisfied liberals and insatiably avaricious capitalists. What they don't usually provide is depth, nuance or any sort of intelligent curiosity, generally opting to razzle-dazzle the viewer with lots of fast talk, smart-assy pseudo-cleverness and cartoonishly obvious characterizations.
This new feature takes those negatives to extremes that made me hostile to Don't Look Up almost from the outset. The squandering of a dizzying assembly of marquee talent alone is aggravation enough. McKay drops in the famous joke by humorist Jack Handey near the start: "I want to die peacefully in my sleep like my grandfather, not screaming in terror like his passengers." Would that this tiresome doomsday whoopee cushion contained something even half as witty.
Jennifer Lawrence plays Kate Dibiasky, a doctoral student in astronomy at a Michigan college, a character defined mostly by her two nose rings and razor-cut red bangs. She quietly sings "Wu-Tang Clan Ain't Nuthing ta Fuck Wit" while working, but we know right off that she's smart and serious.
Leonardo DiCaprio — whose longstanding advocacy on environmental issues reportedly was instrumental in him signing on to the project — plays Kate's professor, Dr. Randall Mindy, a character mostly defined by his insecurities, anxiety attacks and occasional reliance on Xanax. "What would Carl Sagan do?" Dr. Mindy asks himself when Kate alerts him to her discovery of the killer comet rocketing toward Earth, predicting a direct hit in just over 6 months.
They take their findings to Dr. Clayton Oglethorpe (Rob Morgan), head of the Planetary Defense Coordination Office, which, as the film points out, actually exists. Dr. Oglethorpe, who goes by Teddy, accompanies them to a White House meeting organized by Pentagon brass General Themes (Paul Guilfoyle). But President Janie Orlean (Meryl Streep) is too preoccupied by some embarrassing disclosures about her shady Supreme Court nominee to see them.
When they finally get some Oval Office face time, both the vain, condescending president and her snarky, sycophantic son and chief of staff, Jason (Jonah Hill), brush them off. "What is this going to cost me?" asks POTUS, looking warily toward the midterms before she decides to "sit tight and assess," instructing Jason to get some Ivy Leaguers on it.
McKay possibly believes that by making the president a woman, the Trump allusion won't be too on the nose. But if the short attention span and the disrespect for science weren't enough, the liaison with a former porn star and the obsequious asshole son desperate for her approval hammer it home with the subtlety of, well, a meteor impact.
The performances lurch even further into caricature when Randall and Kate, after striking out with a thinly veiled version of The New York Times, take their concerns about the Dibiasky Comet, as it's now known, to morning television. As hosts Brie Evantee and Jack Bremmer, Cate Blanchett and Tyler Perry are in full-blown sketch-comedy mode, determined to keep their show, The Daily Rip, perky and light no matter how gloomy the topic.
With gleaming dental implants, frozen features plastered in waxwork makeup and a flawless blond flip, Blanchett looks like a refugee from the swiftly forgotten Bombshell. Like Charlize Theron in that film, she makes her character a shark, ridiculing Kate when the latter cuts in on the hosts' frivolous on-air banter to shriek that the end is nigh. Brie also makes a play for Randall, which makes less sense given that DiCaprio has seldom been made to look more unattractively sexless in a movie. "Well, the handsome astronomer can come back anytime, but the yelling lady, not so much," coos Brie.
Their TV appearance is mostly overshadowed by that of pop star Riley Bina (Ariana Grande), on the show to talk about her breakup with fellow music celebrity DJ Chello (Scott Mescudi). But Randall does make enough of an impression to be branded an AILF (Astronomer I'd Like to Fuck) on social media, while Kate becomes a viral crazy-lady meme.
In McKay's manically busy idea of plot development, the life-threatening discovery gets undermined by a whole world of heedless arrogance. NASA's head of damage control (Hettienne Park) downplays their findings; the FBI steps in to silence them; Kate's online journalist ex-boyfriend Philip (Himesh Patel) paints her as a lunatic; and President Orlean adopts their plan to blow the rock off its course, albeit with a few tweaks to better serve her political purposes.
She enlists gung-ho idiot Colonel Ben Drask (Ron Perlman) to pilot the mission, dismissing Randall's suggestion that the same result could be achieved using drones. Her splashy presidential announcement on a warship is as much George W. Bush as Trump.
The film gets so cluttered with surplus characters and gratuitous star casting that any satirical heft is pretty much steamrolled. The most prominent of the secondary players is Mark Rylance as Sir Peter Isherwell, head of global tech conglomerate Bash, whose prominence is illustrated in just about every device seen on camera. The toothy man-child is Steve Jobs, Elon Musk and Mr. Rogers rolled into one, though his Zen demeanor doesn't hide his hunger for profit, especially when he identifies the Dibiasky Comet as a potential asset.
At least Rylance's annoying character serves a narrative purpose, unlike Timothée Chalamet's Yule, a grungy skater dude who sees Kate as some kind of prophet, ignored by the growing chorus of impact deniers. Even more superfluous is an unbilled star playing the lead in a $300 million movie rushed into production, titled Total Devastation. The yucks continue with Riley Bina and DJ Chello's apocalyptic anthem, "Just Look Up," carrying on through an aftermath scene elsewhere in the universe and the obligatory post-credits sequence.
McKay's brand of satire never merely prods a target when there's a sledgehammer to be swung. Nicholas Britell's jazzy score nudges the action along at such a frantic pace that it's frankly a relief when this noisy, bombastic, numbingly broad laff riot makes way for the return of Melanie Lynskey as Randall's grounded wife June back in Michigan. She's by far the most refreshingly low-key character in the movie, her humanity and kindness undiminished by her humiliation. Lynskey is a terrific actor and June might even have injected some eleventh-hour poignancy if McKay hadn't so thoroughly smothered that possibility in ha-di-ha-hah flippancy.
Distributor: Netflix
Production company: Hyperobject Industries
Cast: Leonardo DiCaprio, Jennifer Lawrence, Rob Morgan, Jonah Hill, Mark Rylance, Tyler Perry, Timothée Chalamet, Ron Perlman, Ariana Grande, Scott Mescudi, Cate Blanchett, Meryl Streep, Himesh Patel, Melanie Lynskey, Michael Chiklis, Tomer Sisley, Paul Guilfoyle, Robert Joy, Hettienne Park, Connor Sweeney, Robert Radochia
Producers: Adam McKay, Kevin Messick
Executive producer: Jeff Waxman
Director of photography: Linus Sandgren
Production designer: Clayton Hartley
Costume designer: Susan Matheson
Music: Nicholas Britell
Editor: Hank Corwin
Visual effects supervisor: Raymond Gieringer
Casting: Francine Maisler


text:
Discovery Center Sets New Attendance Record
Riley O'Neil Published: January 17, 2019
Universal Images, Getty Images
Rockford's Discovery Center welcomed visitors from all 50 states, Washington, D.C. and several foreign countries, with two-thirds of non-member visitors coming from outside the city of Rockford.
It's a good feeling when something that we have right here in Rockford becomes a favorite of folks from all over the United States.
So many people are so fond of the Discovery Center that it was another record setting year. More than 275,000 people experienced Discovery Center via exhibits, classes, camps, special events, after-school programs, and outreach. That's a 4.5% increase over a record-breaking year in 2017. Of that 275,000, almost 133,000 visited the museum itself (a 5% increase over the previous record-breaking year), and close to 30,000 more people visited on field trips or attended classes and workshops.
"We are extremely proud of our museum," explains Mike Rathbun, associate director of Discovery Center Museum. "Our dedicated staff work very hard to provide quality exhibits and programs to children and families, whether they visit our museum or enjoy one of our outreach programs," Rathbun adds. Discovery Center education staff frequently travel to school and libraries in suburban Chicago, southern Wisconsin and as far south as Interstate 80.
Here's some of the national recognition that Discovery Center has received:
2018: Trip Advisor awards a "Hall of Fame Distinction" for high visitor ratings for the past 5 years.
2018: A Reader's Digest mention in the article the "These are the 15 Best Places to Move to in the U.S. (Before They Get Too Crowded)". Rockford, IL was named one of the top cities and in the description they credit Discovery Center: "…it's home to nearly a dozen museums, including the top-ranked family Discovery Center".
2018: Family Vacation Critic named Discovery Center one of the "15 Best Museums for Toddlers in the U.S.".
2014-2017: Awarded a Trip Advisor "Certificate of Excellence" distinction.
2014: Earned 5th place in the USA Today/10Best.com Readers' Choice contest for "Best Museum for Families" and was included in a list of "Nation's Best Children's Museums" in DestinationTravelMagazine.com.
2012: Named one of Forbes.com's "12 Best Children's Museums in the Nation."
2009: Included in the book, The Ten Best of Everything: Families in the category of children's museums.
2002: Ranked 4th by Child magazine in the first-ever survey to identify the 10 best children's museums in the nation.
Closer to home, Discovery Center has been named the "Best Child-friendly Place" in the region in Rockford Register Star's "What Rocks" contest for many years.
Filed Under: best, Discovery Center Museum, illinois, nationally recognized, popular, record setting, rockford, visitors
Categories: Articles, Lists, Local News, News, Rockford Events, Videos


V2 turbo fin kit includes 2 turbo fins, 2 turbo masts (masts are threaded on end to fit into sprockets. If your masts are held in with a cotter pin or set screw you have a V1 mirage drive and this kit will not fit. call us to inquire about upgrading old v1 mirage drive.
the larger rudder for more control needed if you add sail kit.


text:
Why do we grow trees in Siberia to burn them in Belgium?
Zuhal Demir, the Flemish Minister of Energy and the Environment, recently said something that was received with cheers and applause by all the furry, slithery and winged inhabitants of our world's forests. Those who care about climate change, clean air and human health have reason to celebrate too.
To quote the Flemish minister: "Cutting down trees on a large scale and burning them under the guise of 'renewable energy' is too hypocritical for words." The minister is right.
It doesn't make sense to cut down forests in North Carolina and Siberia to make wood pellets for biomass facilities in Europe and the UK, so that Boris Johnson and others can pat themselves on the back every time someone calls this a "green" solution to our energy problem.
Burning coal for energy is a terrible idea. But that shouldn't scare us from saying the truth: burning trees for energy is not much better. It is dirty, often destructive and unnecessary in industrialized societies. (It's also bad for our health, even when we do it at home.)
Now we learn from Minster Demir that Belgium burns wood pellets sourced from Alberta, Chile and Siberia. This is not what bioenergy should be about. It makes sense to burn municipal waste and agricultural residues to recover energy. Small energy cooperatives in Germany work with local harvesters who thin their forests sustainably. Another idea that makes sense as a temporary solution.
But now, and thanks to a much emboldened forest bioenergy industry with cadres of lobbyists in Brussels, we're retrofitting coal factories to incinerate pellets shipped across the Barents Sea and the Atlantic to the ports of Europe. Some of which, ironically, are hubs for wind power generation. One wonders what thought processes or rationalizations politicians go through to convince themselves that it's a good idea to grow trees in the Siberia to burn them in Europe.
Bioenergy facilities should be in the business of scavenging, local scavenging. The feedstocks they need to produce steam, electricity or biogas should be near at hand. This would make sense as part of the EU's zero waste strategy. We should think of these facilities as helpful vultures whose role is to clear away the excess local and regional waste that would otherwise pile up in our landfills. (Vultures are wonderful creatures and, yeah, I can hear the lobbyists laughing downtown.)
Bioenergy subsidies should be spent on our local scavenging infrastructure and waste-to-energy R&D. They should help us manage the Annapurnas of rubbish that we throw out every day of the week. Instead, we use these subsidies to convert native forests into wildlife-poor forestry plantations that sequester less carbon. We manufacture mountains of wood pellets and then, for good measure, we ship these pellets across oceans and seas using fleets of trucks and vessels and more trucks on arrival. (How many trucks, barges or train cars do you need to transport 64,527 tonnes of wood pellets, the current "world record" for a single load?)
Instead of looking overseas for their harvest, as in colonial times, the EU and the UK should help countries better manage their forests (and do a better job at home too). If preventive fires are necessary for that, the focus should be on reducing tree mortality. A global effort to save and protect our remaining native forests.
In his new book, climate scientist Michael E. Mann councils his readers not to "overstate" this issue (our reliance on forest bioenergy). He writes: "While we certainly shouldn't be turning forests into wood chips for burning, it does make sense to burn some form of organic waste…" I think it's fair to say that most people would agree with this statement.
The reality, sadly, is that wood harvesters do in fact clear-cut forests to convert them into wood pellets. Wood harvesters in the United States say so themselves: clear-cutting is their modus operandi. Clear-cutting destroys the communities of life that have evolved for millions of years and continue to evolve in our native forests.
In Chile, the National Forest Corporation (CONAF) asked wood harvesters to make voluntary commitments to put an end to this practice. But as the Forestry Stewardship Council notes in its risk assessment report (page 57), the CONAF's oversight is "limited" and it's difficult to verify whether or not the harvesters are following through on their commitments. On a positive note, there is no evidence that the clear-cutting of native forests takes place in order to manufacture the wood pellets in question, most of which are sold in the domestic market.
Chile, to be fair, is doing a better job with its forests than Europe's third largest foreign supplier of forest biomass, Russia. (The United States and Canada are the EU's other major foreign suppliers.) Europe expects big shipments from Russia, now and in the future. If Russia continues to score poorly or terribly on most of the FSC indicators that appear on its national risk assessment report, what will law-abiding Europe do? Will it continue to turn a blind eye to illegal logging, unfair competition, mistreatment of workers, gender discrimination in employment, destruction of rare habitats, fuel spills and the widespread degradation of forests?
Or will the Member States finally say: Enough is enough. Let us be bold and smart and redirect these subsidies to build up more solar and wind capacity across Europe, from Dobrudzha in Bulgaria to the southern coasts of Portugal.
Don't count on it: many EU Member States and the UK are hell-bent on burning their way out of a fossil-fuel crisis and into a future that no one can predict. If we find ourselves arguing about runaway emissions in 10 or 15 years' time, it will be useful to remember, as part of that policy post-mortem, what hundreds of scientists have told us repeatedly, namely: burning wood for energy is a "false solution" that creates a "double climate problem". (Citation taken from the letter mentioned by the WWF.)
In my last piece for The Brussels Times I wrote about the total land area given over to lawns worldwide. Based on the incomplete information we have, I called this area the "Cambodia of grass", an area which might, in fact, be larger than the Southeast Asian country, whose land area is approximately 181,035 km².
A tidy lawn beside a stream is not the same as a tidy lawn surrounded by asphalted roads. And, in any case, there is nothing "unnatural" about these lawns, as some scientists would argue. (Chris D. Thomas, for instance, author of the book Inheritors of the Earth. How Nature is Thriving in an Age of Extinction.)
But how do we strike a balance between these lawns that keep advancing across the globe and the other human-modified habitats that make up our urban and suburban landscapes? It would be easier to do this if we knew more about these lawns — where they are, how fast they're spreading, and how they impact the ecosystems they are part of. The research on the subject is not exactly encouraging.
Climatic differences, differences in altitude, soil composition and other factors would, in the end, change the appearance of this fictitious Cambodia of grass, and that's good news. The bad news is what unites this global "lawnscape": the tidy mowers' creed and the multi-billion-euro industry that manufacture all kinds of petrol-powered and electric machinery that private and public gardens can do without.


text:
#import "FBSimulatorControlStaticConfiguration.h"

#import "FBSimulator.h"
#import "FBSimulatorApplication.h"
#import "FBSimulatorControl+Private.h"
#import "FBTaskExecutor.h"

@implementation FBSimulatorControlStaticConfiguration

+ (NSString *)developerDirectory
{
  static dispatch_once_t onceToken;
  static NSString *developerDirectory;
  dispatch_once(&onceToken, ^{
    NSString *fromXcodeSelect = [self developerDirectoryFromXcodeSelect];
    NSString *fromRunningProcess = [self developerDirectoryFromRunningProcess];
    if (fromXcodeSelect && !fromRunningProcess) {
      developerDirectory = fromXcodeSelect;
    }
    NSCAssert(
      [fromRunningProcess isEqualToString:fromXcodeSelect],
      @"Xcode Paths are different:\nxcode-select:%@\nFrom XCTest Process:%@",
      fromXcodeSelect,
      fromRunningProcess
    );
    developerDirectory = fromXcodeSelect;
  });

  return developerDirectory;
}

+ (NSString *)developerDirectoryFromXcodeSelect
{
  NSString *path = [[[FBTaskExecutor.sharedInstance
    taskWithLaunchPath:@"/usr/bin/xcode-select" arguments:@[@"--print-path"]]
    startSynchronouslyWithTimeout:10]
    stdOut];
  NSCAssert(path, @"We need to be able to decide the xcode path");
  return path;
}

+ (NSString *)developerDirectoryFromRunningProcess
{
  NSString *path = [NSProcessInfo.processInfo.arguments firstObject];
  while (![path hasSuffix:@"/Contents/Developer"]) {
    path = [path stringByDeletingLastPathComponent];
    if ([path isEqualToString:@"/"] || [path isEqualToString:@""]) {
      return nil;
    }
  }
  return path;
}

+ (NSDecimalNumber *)sdkVersionNumber
{
  return [NSDecimalNumber decimalNumberWithString:self.sdkVersion];
}

+ (NSNumberFormatter *)sdkVersionNumberFormatter
{
  static dispatch_once_t onceToken;
  static NSNumberFormatter *formatter;
  dispatch_once(&onceToken, ^{
    formatter = [NSNumberFormatter new];
    formatter.numberStyle = NSNumberFormatterDecimalStyle;
    formatter.minimumFractionDigits = 1;
    formatter.maximumFractionDigits = 3;
  });
  return formatter;
}

+ (NSString *)sdkVersion
{
  static dispatch_once_t onceToken;
  static NSString *sdkVersion;
  dispatch_once(&onceToken, ^{
    NSString *showSdks= [[[FBTaskExecutor.sharedInstance
      taskWithLaunchPath:@"/usr/bin/xcodebuild" arguments:@[@"-showsdks"]]
      startSynchronouslyWithTimeout:10]
      stdOut];

    NSString *pattern = @"iphonesimulator(.*)";
    NSRegularExpression *regex = [NSRegularExpression regularExpressionWithPattern:pattern options:0 error:nil];
    NSArray *matches = [regex matchesInString:showSdks options:0 range:NSMakeRange(0, showSdks.length)];

    // If xcode license is not accepted, no sdk is shown.
    NSCAssert(matches.count >= 1, @"Could not find a match for the SDK version");

    NSTextCheckingResult *match = [matches lastObject];
    NSCAssert(
      match.numberOfRanges == 2, @"We expect to have exactly 1 match. Text is %@",
      [showSdks substringWithRange:match.range]
    );

    sdkVersion = [showSdks substringWithRange:[match rangeAtIndex:1]];
  });
  return sdkVersion;
}

@end

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
The Privacy Advisor | What are privacy pros grappling with in Brazil, Mexico? Related reading: Recapping the latest updates to Brazil's general data protection law
What are privacy pros grappling with in Brazil, Mexico?
schedule Oct 1, 2019
Privacy professionals all over the world have a lot on their plate. Laws continue to be proposed, passed and amended, and each piece of legislation comes with a brand new set of challenges to solve. No one has all of the answers.
A panel at the IAPP Privacy. Security. Risk. conference took a look recent developments in Brazil and Mexico and some of the questions privacy professionals are grappling with in those two countries.
An area of concern in both Brazil and Mexico is one that privacy professionals all over the world will likely find relatable. While larger organizations have the resources to tackle compliance requirements, it is not as easy for small- and medium-sized businesses to adhere to privacy legislation.
National Institute of Transparency, Access to Information and Personal Data Protection Director, Privacy Sector Verification Vitelio Ruiz Bernal said Mexican states have started to develop laws and guidelines to handle data subject rights. While each state may work on the same task, it may be easier for some to put them into practice than others.
"We have big states and cities that have the means to cover [the rights], then we have states on the south part of Mexico that don't have the means to," Ruiz Bernal said. "They are wondering how they are going to make these rights compatible with all the different agencies and government levels. We are getting there."
Ruiz Bernal said it's the same concern with the appointment of data protection officers. He added most federal agencies have appointed a data protection officer, "but we don't know what's happening in the states and the little towns."
Brazil has been working on its own data privacy law since 2010, said Dannemann Siemsen Advogados Partner Carlos Eduardo Eliziario de Lima, CIPP/E. The Brazilian Data Protection Act will bring with it a data protection authority to enforce the legislation.
De Lima said there is debate about whether the DPA can handle its enforcement duties and thoughts around organizational comprehension of the law.
"There is a concern regarding the ability of the authority to monitor the whole Brazilian market. In the beginning, the authority will likely focus on the big players in the market," de Lima said. "We are seeing market associations struggle to understand the new law. Few companies are ready. They are still struggling to understand with what they should do to comply."
It has been especially taxing for the companies because Brazil didn't previously have a culture dedicated to privacy before the law came to fruition, de Lima said. The DPA's new ability to administer fines will also help to bring attention to privacy and the LGDP, he added.
In response to the hurdles in front of them, de Lima said Brazilian organizations have started to hire law firms and IT tech consultants to bolster compliance efforts. In addition, Brazil has seen an increase in the number of privacy practitioners operating in the space.
The DPA will be made up of a National Council comprising 23 members of the government and a five-person board of directors. De Lima said there are questions that surround these appointments, as well. Because the Brazilian presidency and federal government have taken a strong stance toward intelligence, national security and the military, de Lima said it remains to be seen whether those viewpoints will influence the staffing of the board and council.
Meanwhile, as Brazil works on its own privacy law, Mexico has its eyes on work with the EU. Ruiz Bernal said Mexico joined Convention 108 in 2018 and is working toward its adequacy status with EU. Should it be granted, the country will move to join Convention 108+. Ruiz Bernal also said Mexico has started to work with DPAs of other Spanish speaking countries to "make something concrete in how to cooperate in different ways and how to make concrete guidelines."
Brazilian and Mexican privacy professionals have their fair share of topics to follow as each country continues to navigate their respective landscapes, and while the journey for privacy professionals there has been long and productive, it's far from over.
Privacy Operations Management
Recapping the latest updates to Brazil's general data protection law
In July, President Jair Bolsonaro sanctioned the final version of the Brazilian General Data Protection Law that converted the Provision Measure and consolidated the LGPD with publication in Brazil's Union Official Journal. The legislative process for the creation of the LGPD began in 2010 and subse...
Congress approves creation of Brazilian data protection authority, amends LGPD
A Brazilian data protection authority was expected to be formed at the time the Brazilian General Data Protection Act passed in August 2018. Such authority, mentioned more than 50 times in the LGPD, would be responsible for overseeing the enforcement of privacy and data protection laws in Brazil. W...
GDPR matchup: Mexico's Federal Data Protection Law Held by Private Parties and its Regulations
In this Privacy Tracker series, we look at laws from across the globe and match them up against the EU General Data Protection Regulation. The aim is to help you determine how much duplication of operational effort you might avoid as you move toward GDPR compliance and help you focus your efforts. I...
The Privacy Advisor Podcast: A look at privacy in Mexico and Brazil
While it's true privacy and data protection laws are undergoing shifts in many parts of the world, this is especially true for Latin America, where there is no shortage of legislative action. Brazil approved its general data protection law last year, and it will come into effect in early 2020. Just ...
Brazil establishes DPA, delays data law implementation
Former Brazilian President Michel Temer signed an executive order to create the country's National Data Protection Authority, Pinheiro Neto Advogados reports. On Wednesday, Brazil inaugurated new President Jair Bolsonaro. The DPA will consist of five commissioners who will be appointed by Temer. The...
library_books Recapping the latest updates to Brazil's general data protection law
library_books Congress approves creation of Brazilian data protection authority, amends LGPD
library_books GDPR matchup: Mexico's Federal Data Protection Law Held by Private Parties and its Regulations
library_books The Privacy Advisor Podcast: A look at privacy in Mexico and Brazil
library_books Brazil establishes DPA, delays data law implementation


Welcome to my website which is about growing organic vegetable sustainably. My Garden Ecobeds use very little water and only homemade compost to maintain strong growth, and they produce lots of healthy nutritious organic food all year round. You can find out more about them on my page at http://jashxxxxxx.blogspot.com.au/p/wicking-beds-plus.html..............................................John Ashworth 27th November 2017.
Veg growing with Charles Dowding.
15 reasons to buy organic food.


text:
Home Nigeria Oil and Gas Top Oil Producing States In Nigeria
Top Oil Producing States In Nigeria
Delivered by Unknown at 9:00:00 AM
TOP OIL-PRODUCING STATES IN NIGERIA
Nigeria is considered as one of the biggest oil producing countries in Africa. Currently, the Nigerian economy is heavily dependent on the production of oil.
According to the Nigerian National Petroleum Corporation, Nigeria has showed a significant increase of oil production. With the help of oil producing states, Nigeria managed to rich the scales of 1.782 million barrel per day. Therefore, Nigeria managed to overrun its closest competitor Angola, which produces 1.692 million barrel per day.
For September 2016, Nigeria showed results of 1.5 million barrel per day; this situation had already continued for seven months. Only in November, Nigeria managed to produce the same amount of crude oil per day as Angola did.
December 2016 Monthly Oil Market Report showed that the list of crude oil producing states in Nigeria managed to provide a significant advantage over Angola. Moreover, Angola cut its output for 78 000 barrel in December. Therefore, it only produced 1.688 million barrel, which provided Nigeria`s advantage of 94 000 barrels.
Below is a list of top oil producing states in Nigeria:
Akwa-Ibom
Akwa- Ibom is currently the largest oil producing state in Nigeria after displacing Rivers state from this position. It is located in the coastal area of Nigeria and is populated by over 5 million people according to the last census.The capital of Akwa Ibom, Uyo is said to be one of the most beautiful cities in Nigeria and attracts a lot of tourists yearly.Apart from oil, Akwa-Ibom state also has some other natural resources such as clay, coal, silver nitrate, limestone, glass sand and salt. Akwa- Ibom is divided into 31 local government areas and is dominated by three ethnic groups, Oron, Annang and Ibibio.
Rivers state used to be the largest oil producing state in Nigeria before Akwa-Ibom took over. It is one of the most populous states in Nigeria with a population of over 5 million people according to the 2006 census. Rivers state has its capital as Port-Harcourt and is bordered by Imo, Anambra, Abia, Bayelsa and Delta States.Some of the major ethnic groups in Rivers state include Kalabari, Okrika, Ogoni, Ikwerre, Ibani and Opobo.
Delta state is one of the highest oil producing states as well as one of the richest states in Nigeria. It is also located in the Niger-Delta region of Nigeria and is composed of 25 local government areas. Warri is the heart of Delta State and is also home to one of the petroleum refineries in Nigeria. Some of the major ethnic groups in Delta State are The Urhobos, Isokos and the Itsekiris.
Bayelsa State was carved out of Rivers and Delta in 1996 .It is also amongst the major oil producing states responsible for producing 80% of Nigeria's crude oil resources. It is also one of the least populated states in Nigeria with only about 1.9 million residents. Bayelsa State has its capital as Yenagoa and is made up of four major ethnic groups namely- Ogbia, Nembe, Izon and Epie-Atissa.
The fifth largest oil producing state in Nigeria is Cross River state. It is named about the popular river, Cross which originates in Cameroon. The capital of Cross River is Calabar and Cross River shares a boundary with Cameroon.
Other states are Abia, Edo, Imo, Anambra and Lagos.
Nigeria is considered one of the biggest oil production players in Africa Read more: https://www.naij.com/1096390-oil-producing-states-nigeria-2017.html
Nduka Jones May 4, 2017 at 7:39 PM


Gandhinagar Club, a place I've visited a lot of times in spite of not being a member here. No prizes for guessing, it has always been for a catch up with a friend over a drink in the bar. Over the years, one thing that has remained consistent is the food that they serve in the bar, tasty and delicious.
While I was sipping on Rum, and friends were sipping on Whiskey, we ordered a few side-eats with the drinks. Crumb-Fried Chicken was the first to arrive. It was tasty and the dip served with it was yummy. Cocktail Fried Idli was crisp deep-fried mini idlies coated with generous amounts of idli molaga podi. It was crunchy and Ive always felt it to be a nice accompaniment to drinks. The coconut chutney served with it was good too. Since there was a Srilankan Food festival happening in the restaurant, they agreed to serve Sambol and Mutton Keema with bread Toast, at the bar. I liked both the dishes. Since I had to take a couple of important calls, I missed tasting Bittergourd chips and Cheese Omelette. According to me, Chicken Karandi Omelette was the star of the day! It tasted as good as it looked. We repeated the cocktail fried idlies and a few drinks while chatting up on a variety of topics.
Overall, a wonderful evening with tasty food, courteous service and even better company!


The Stephen Strasburg Superfractor has to be extremely nervous at the moment, as a certain basketball card featuring a certain slam dunk champ nears twenty grand on eBay.
The card of note is a one-of-one 2009-10 National Treasures Blake Griffin NBA Logoman auto. Logoman and Laundry tag patch cards are currently among the most sought after cards in the entire hobby, when you pair that with the hottest player in the hobby and add a signature to boot, you end up with an auction worth keeping an eye on.
With 4 day remaining, the rare Griffin currently sits at $18,500 after a total of 21 bids. In the process, creeping ever closer to a card that captured the imagination of a nation last summer.
That card, a rare 1/1 Stephen Strasburg Supefractor from 2010 Bowman Baseball that sold for $16,403 during it's first dance on eBay, then during it's second stint on the eBay auction block sold for $25,000, ultimately the deal fell through when the winning bidder could not pay for the card. The card was then sold to Razor Collectibles Company for $21,403.
If the auction goes down without any problems, the Strasburg Superfractor should definitely be worried that there's a new big shot card in trading card town (if the Superfractor some how has consciousness).
Many times auctions this big require pre-approval prior to placing a bid. All indications are that the seller is serious about selling the card and is doing his best to keep bogus bids from being placed.
If I had to guess, I would estimate the auction will finish between $20,000 and $27,000. What makes this card so appealing is that it has far better long-term potential than the Strasburg Superfractor did, as a slew of superior Strasburg cards came out later in the Summer of 2010.
Meanwhile, the 2009-10 National Treasures Signature Patches Logoman is one of the two best Blake Griffin basketball cards in existence, with the other being his 2009-10 National Treasures 1/1 Black Parallel Jersey Auto RC.


text:
Rossåsen är ett naturreservat i Hudiksvalls kommun i Gävleborgs län.

Området är naturskyddat sedan 2004 och är 12 hektar stort. Reservatet omfattar ett område på Rossåsen nordostsluttning består av granskog och i öster av lövskog.

Referenser
naturreservatet Rossåsen

Naturreservat i Hudiksvalls kommun

Naturskyddsområden bildade 2004