text:
What is the Entourage Effect? Defining the Benefits of Full-Spectrum Cannabis
The entourage effect was first suggested by Raphael Mechoulam and Shimon Ben-Shabat in 1998. They hypothesized that the effect of active cannabinoids was amplified by "inactive" compounds, making a combination of cannabinoids more potent than any one compound on its own.
If you've ever consumed cannabis and felt both heavy and light at the same time, simultaneously drifting but grounded, floating but also tethered to the earth, experiencing a "stone balloon" feeling … that is the entourage effect at work. Multiple cannabinoids working together to amplify the effect and experience.
The entourage effect may be a relatively new concept in the realm of cannabis, but we see the entourage effect in everyday life. Music, art, food, fashion, sports, and even our language and communication combine elements to create an enhanced experience. For example, phrases like "many hands make light work," or "when it rains, it pours."
In the culinary world, chefs blend seasonings and spices, reduce sauces for deeper and more complex flavors, and take advantage of chemical reactions (like the Maillard reaction or caramelization) to add "layers of flavor" to the dish. Musicians combine various rhythms, melodies, and harmonies to create songs and sometimes fuse two or more genres to produce a unique sound and feel.
In our article detailing the differences between cannabidiol (CBD) and cannabidiolic acid (CBDA), we mentioned there are over 100 cannabinoids in the raw cannabis plant. There are also over 400 terpenes and 20 flavonoids alongside these cannabinoids. Full-spectrum cannabis, also known as full-spectrum CBD, is a substance that contains all the extracts naturally found in the cannabis plant.
To recap: Cannabinoids work in combination with terpenes, flavonoids, and other cannabinoids to produce the entourage effect, which amplifies the effect and potential benefits. Full-spectrum cannabis contains all the cannabinoids, terpenes, and flavonoids contained in the raw cannabis plant. A match made in heaven.
This article will detail:
What is the Entourage Effect: Definition & Explanation
Is the Entourage Effect Real?
What Does the Entourage Effect Feel Like?
Potential Benefits of Full-Spectrum, Entourage-Effect Cannabis
How to Experience the Entourage Effect With Full-Spectrum, Whole-Plant Cannabis
Full-Spectrum Cannabis vs. Isolated Cannabinoids
What is the Entourage Effect of Full-Spectrum Cannabis?
If you're a cannabis enthusiast, you've almost certainly experienced the entourage effect. With over 100 cannabinoids, 400 terpenes, and 20 flavonoids, that's a lot of potential combinations! Sometimes the entourage effect feels like the "stone balloon" feeling. Other times it's a delightful combination of peace and calm with transcendent elation and euphoria. Others experience the sensation of being awake and asleep at the same time.
However you may have experienced the entourage effect, it can be difficult to identify, define, or describe because it just feels so … natural.
Now, let's dig into the nitty gritty, let's look at the science, let's get physical, physical (not now, Olivia) — apologies, let's get physiological.
What is the entourage effect? What does the entourage effect mean? How do you define the entourage effect and describe what is actually happening? After all, knowledge is power (and knowing is half the battle).
The entourage effect is a term used to describe the potential synergistic interactions cannabinoids have with other compounds found in the raw cannabis plant, including terpenes, flavonoids, and even other cannabinoids. When cannabinoids interact with these various compounds and they amplify the positive effects of one another, this is the entourage effect hard at work.
In a kitchen, you'll likely find ingredients such as eggs, butter, flour, sugar, baking soda, and chocolate chips. To make chocolate chip cookies, these ingredients (along with a few others) must be combined. On their own, each of them is just a single ingredient, but together, they become much more than that.
In other words: the whole is greater than the sum of its parts.
When isolated, they are simple ingredients. When combined, they produce something new and complex: a chocolate chip cookie! Or, if you prefer, oatmeal raisin, or peanut butter, or a sugar cookie, or perhaps a snickerdoodle. With so many different ingredients (cannabinoids), we have a plethora of cookies (entourage effects) to choose from. The possibilities are endless.
Many studies indicate there is a positive, synergistic relationship between cannabinoids and other compounds found in the raw cannabis plant. When multiple compounds are present, the entourage effect helps them more efficiently bind with the receptors in our endocannabinoid system.
What is the endocannabinoid system? Great question. The endocannabinoid system regulates most of the critical functions in our bodies, including learning and memory, inflammatory and immune responses, pain control, and even emotional processing (thanks, Harvard).
While a solitary cannabinoid like CBD can be effective on its own, using cannabinoids in combination with other compounds can amplify the positive effects.
Potential benefits of the entourage effect include:
Cancer treatment, including breast cancer treatment and colon cancer treatment. A botanical drug preparation showed better anti-tumor efficacy than pure tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), and the entourage effect seemed to aid in suppressing the growth, reproduction, and migration of cancerous cells.
The treatment of mental health conditions including mood disorders, major depression, anxiety, and bipolar disorder. This could be especially helpful for those who have been less responsive to traditional treatment methods for these conditions.
Inhibiting adenylyl cyclase — a compound that can attack and weaken white blood cells and disrupt the production of cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP), which is involved in the regulation of glycogen, sugar, and lipid metabolism.
Opioid detoxification and addiction treatment, which may help with the opioid epidemic.
Anti-inflammation by preventing tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα), which can lead to significantly reduced pain and discomfort.
Treatment of other conditions including epilepsy and fungal and bacterial infections.
Although research on the entourage effect is relatively new, the findings are promising and we've only just scratched the surface. The anti-tumor properties of cannabinoids hint at undiscovered breakthroughs in cancer treatment. The potential benefits in the mental health space could lead to drastic shifts in the way common conditions like depression, anxiety, bipolar, or post-traumatic stress disorder are treated. Even learning and memory are affected by our endocannabinoid system — which could potentially lead to revolutionary treatments for dementia or Alzheimer's disease.
We've seen the tip of the iceberg, and there is still so much left to discover.
If you've never experienced the entourage effect for yourself, it can be difficult to contextualize. The thought exercise below may help illustrate this in more accessible terms.
Imagine you're sitting alone in a theater or concert hall. You find yourself looking at a dark, empty stage. A spotlight shines on the center of the stage and there's a lone musician standing in the middle. As they begin to play, the room is filled with the sounds of their melody. You sit in the darkness as the sound of music (sorry, not sorry) washes over you.
Now imagine that same theater or concert hall. Instead of sitting alone, you are in a crowd of people. The lone spotlight and musician have been replaced with a band, full pyrotechnics, and a light show. As they begin to play, the room is filled with the sounds of their melodies, in combination with harmonies and rhythm. Flashes of light and color dance across the room. You sit in the crowd, swaying and moving to the music alongside everyone else, as the sound of music (again, not sorry) washes over you.
This is what the entourage effect feels like.
In these scenarios, the room itself remains unchanged, yet it feels so much different from one concert to the next. While our lone musician was capable of playing a beautiful melody, the addition of other musicians allowed for more complexity of music and sound. Color and light altered the mood and amplified the effects of the music. As additional layers were added to the experience, each was more amplified than the one before.
Again, the whole is more than the sum of its parts.
Full spectrum CBD requires a less complex extraction process than its isolated counterparts. Because of this simplified extraction process, full spectrum CBD contains all the cannabinoids, terpenes, and flavonoids the raw cannabis plant has to offer. This "full spectrum" of cannabinoids means (you guessed it) the entourage effect comes into play.
According to Medical News Today, uses for full-spectrum CBD include:
Anti-seizure treatment. This 2019 study suggests CBD and other cannabinoids may be an effective treatment option for epilepsy, particularly with epilepsy that has been resistant to other forms of treatment.
Pain relief and treatment of chronic pain. Several studies suggest a combination of THC and CBD may be an effective treatment method for reducing and relieving chronic neuropathic pain (pain caused by a disruption or disturbance in one or more nerves).
Anti-anxiety treatment. A 2011 study found that CBD may reduce feelings of anxiety, discomfort, and cognitive impairment.
Addiction recovery treatment. A 2019 study found CBD significantly reduced drug-cue induced cravings and anxiety compared to a placebo. The study also suggests decreased physiological symptoms in response to drug cues (specifically heart rate and salivary cortisol levels).
Treatment for neurodegenerative diseases. Studies indicate CBD and other cannabinoids may be effective in treating Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS).
As we learn more about full-spectrum cannabis, we'll likely discover new benefits, applications, and treatment methods for this powerful combination of compounds. Anecdotally, study participants and cannabis users have reported decreased stress and anxiety, decreased pain and inflammation, improved mood, and alleviation of symptoms from chronic conditions.
According to Medical News Today, "[t]here are three main types of cannabidiol (CBD). CBD isolate is the pure form of CBD, while full-spectrum CBD is an extract containing other compounds of the cannabis plant, such as terpenes and other cannabinoids. The third type is broad-spectrum CBD."
First, we have the isolate. Isolated cannabinoids are extracts that contain a single cannabinoid. Typically, this is achieved with multiple solvent and distillation processes. Other cannabinoids and compounds are not preserved during isolation, extraction, and processing (which typically removes all flavor and odor from the final product). The extracts are typically between 97% and 99.9% pure, which means an isolated cannabinoid effectively contains just a single compound.
Next, we have full-spectrum cannabis. The goal during extraction and processing for full-spectrum cannabis is simple: Preserve as many cannabinoids, terpenes, and flavonoids as possible, and maintain the ratios of each of these three compounds throughout processing. Because terpenes and flavonoids are more volatile than cannabinoids, it's difficult to maintain ratios during processing, which makes true full-spectrum extracts incredibly rare.
Broad-spectrum cannabinoids are a middle ground between isolated and full-spectrum cannabis. This can be created either by adding terpenes, flavonoids, and other cannabinoids to an isolated cannabinoid after processing, or through additional distillation processes when extracting full-spectrum cannabis (usually to remove THC).
Most edibles, vapes, and oils available in stores or dispensaries are isolates. Since most of the compounds have been lost, you won't benefit from the entourage effect when vaping, consuming edibles, or using oils.
If you want to experience the benefits of the entourage effect, you'll need multiple compounds. Because it contains several cannabinoids, terpenes, and flavonoids, full-spectrum, whole-plant cannabis is the best, most natural way to achieve the entourage effect.
Field Queen
For the best full-spectrum cannabis product on the market, we recommend raw cannabis powder from Field Queen. Field Queen cannabinoid powder is 100% natural and contains everything mother nature put into the cannabis plant (only water has been removed). Because this all-natural cannabis powder contains multiple cannabinoids and compounds, you'll receive the benefits of the entire plant — which means, of course, the entourage effect will come into play.
Because these compounds interact with our endocannabinoid system more efficiently, full-spectrum cannabis has increased potency and bioavailability. This means less product is required to achieve the same effect. The improved bioavailability of Field Queen's full-spectrum cannabis will produce the best possible results and benefits while saving you money compared to other cannabis products.
By now, you should be able to answer a few questions confidently. Questions like, "What is the entourage effect?" and "What is full-spectrum cannabis?". At this point, it seems there's only one question left to answer: What are you waiting for?
Visit Field Queen and experience the benefits of full-spectrum cannabis (and the entourage effect) for yourself!
What Is CBN Cannabinoid, And What Can It be Used For?
With all the recent hype around cannabis, it may seem like the plant is a modern medicine. But, surprise! Cannabinol (CBN) dates back to the late 19th century. CBN was...
How To Use Hemp Flower: The Complete Guide
The cannabis plant has many names. It's often referred to as Mary Jane, bud, flower, grass, and more recently, trees (hello, Reddit). These terms all refer to Cannabis indica, which...
Acidic Cannabinoids: What Are They and How Do You Consume Them?
If you're interested in medicinal healing, you're already aware of the incredible benefits of CBD and THC. What you might not know is the cannabis plant is far more complex,...
Copyright © 2023, Field Queen. All rights reserved.


In latest Arctic setback for oil industry, Statoil delays key project.
"The Norwegian oil major said it would make a decision in the summer of 2015 about how to develop the Johan Castberg field, thought to hold 400m-600m barrels of oil.
"It is fair to say that we have had quite extensive exploration activity, and the results are somewhat disappointing. We thought the resources should be greater than they were," said Arne Sigve Nylund, Statoil's head of development and production in Norway.
It is the latest Arctic setback for oil companies, which had hoped the high north would prove to be the next big region for them. Royal Dutch Shell and Cairn Energy have had considerable disappointment in Alaska and Greenland respectively.
But the ice-free Barents Sea to the north of Norway is seen as a more attractive prospect both for companies and the government in Oslo, keen to stop ever-declining production where oil output has halved in the past decade.
….Statoil, which has been involved in 99 of the 109 wells drilled in the Barents Sea over the past four decades, had originally envisaged building an onshore hub and pipeline at a cost of NKr80bn-NKr90bn ($13bn-$14.6bn) to develop Johan Castberg.
But it postponed that plan a year ago on worries about the amount of resources, investment needed, and changes in government taxation. It had then promised to unveil a solution by this summer for the field, which lies 240km off the north coast of Norway.


text:
Journal of Alzheimer's Disease - Volume 25, issue 3
Purchase individual online access for 1 year to this journal.
Price: EUR 595.00
Enable new issue alert
ISSN 1387-2877 (P)
ISSN 1875-8908 (E)
Impact Factor 2019: 3.517
The Journal of Alzheimer's Disease is an international multidisciplinary journal to facilitate progress in understanding the etiology, pathogenesis, epidemiology, genetics, behavior, treatment and psychology of Alzheimer's disease.
The journal publishes research reports, reviews, short communications, book reviews, and letters-to-the-editor. The journal is dedicated to providing an open forum for original research that will expedite our fundamental understanding of Alzheimer's disease.
Recommend this journal Editorial board Submissions Subscribe Sign up for newsletters View journal website
Add marked to cart
Export marked citations
Select this result for bulk action
Autophagy in Aging and Alzheimer's Disease: Pathologic or Protective?
Authors: Barnett, Aaron | Brewer, Gregory J.
Article Type: Review Article
Abstract: Some hypothesize that aging in humans is a cumulative process of macromolecular and mitochondrial damage starting years, even decades before any symptoms arise. Aging may begin when the rate of damage exceeds the rate of continual repair and turnover. Quality control for damaged mitochondria entails cellular digestion by mitophagy, a specialized kind of autophagy. Insufficient protective autophagy could cause damaged cellular components to accumulate over many years until they affect normal function in the cell. Alternatively, aging could be the result of overactive, pathologic autophagy. Current knowledge supports both hypotheses with conflicting data, depending on which stage of autophagy is …examined. To distinguish these opposite hypotheses, two criteria need to be observed. First, is there a buildup of undigested waste that can be removed by stimulation of autophagy? Or second, if autophagy is overactive, does inhibition of autophagy rescue cell, organ and organism demise. Both of these are best determined by rate measures rather than measures at a single time point. Here, we review the generalized process of autophagy, with a focus on the limited information available for neuron mitophagy, aging, and Alzheimer's disease (AD). In two mouse models, treatment with rapamycin abolishes the AD pathology and reverses memory deficits. As a working model, we hypothesize that insufficient protective autophagy accelerates both aging and AD pathology, possibly caused by defects in autophagosome fusion with lysosomes. Show more
Keywords: Autophagosome, autophagy, beclin, lysosome mitochondrial turnover, mTOR
DOI: 10.3233/JAD-2011-101989
Citation: Journal of Alzheimer's Disease, vol. 25, no. 3, pp. 385-394, 2011
Knowing Me, Knowing You: Can a Knowledge of Risk Factors for Alzheimer's Disease Prove Useful in Understanding the Pathogenesis of Parkinson's Disease?
Authors: Sutherland, Greg T. | Siebert, Gerhard A. | Kril, Jillian J. | Mellick, George D.
Abstract: Alzheimer's disease (AD) and Parkinson's disease (PD) are the two most common neurodegenerative disorders. Why some individuals develop one disease rather than the other is not clear. Association studies with a case-control design are the time-honored approach to identifying risk factors. Extensive association studies have been carried out in both diseases creating a large knowledge database, however, reproducible risk factors remain rare. This general lack of knowledge of pathogenesis prevents us from reducing the worldwide burden of these diseases. Case-control studies are reductionist paradigms that assume, for maximum power, that the two populations being compared are exclusive and homogenous. The …common occurrence of incidental AD and PD-type pathology combined with 'intermediate phenotypes' such as dementia with Lewy bodies suggest that aging itself, AD, and PD are part of a complex continuum characterized by variable amounts of amyloid-β, tau, and α-synuclein pathology. This heterogeneity may be a contributor to the lack of reproducibility in association studies to date. Here, we speculate on alternative experimental approaches to the case-control paradigm and consider how the association-study literature for AD and PD might be re-interpreted in terms of a disease spectrum. Show more
Keywords: Alzheimer's disease, association studies, dementia, neuropathology, Parkinson's disease
Epileptic Seizures in Alzheimer's Disease: Another Fine MESS?
Authors: Larner, Andrew J. | Marson, Anthony G.
Article Type: Editorial
Abstract: Much remains uncertain about epileptic seizures in the context of Alzheimer's disease: pathogenesis, frequency, semiology, natural history, treatment. The authors suggest a pragmatic approach to developing the evidence base in order to inform decisions on seizure treatment, based on prior pragmatic studies in epilepsy.
Association of the Alzheimer's Disease Clusterin Risk Allele with Plasma Clusterin Concentration
Authors: Schürmann, Britta | Wiese, Birgitt | Bickel, Horst | Weyerer, Siegfried | Riedel-Heller, Steffi G. | Pentzek, Michael | Bachmann, Cadja | Williams, Julie | van den Bussche, Hendrik | Maier, Wolfgang | Jessen, Frank
Article Type: Short Communication
Abstract: A variant within the clusterin gene has been recently associated with increased risk for Alzheimer's disease (AD) in genome wide association studies. Here we tested the association of the respective single nucleotide polymorphisms (rs11136000) with plasma concentration of clusterin in 67 AD subjects and 191 cognitively unimpaired elderly individuals. We observed an association of the rs11136000 AD-risk variant with low clusterin plasma levels in an allele-dose dependent manner in the healthy individuals (p = 0.011). This effect was numerically also present in the AD patients. We conclude that the rs11136000 AD-risk variant is associated with low clusterin plasma levels.
Keywords: Alzheimer's disease, clusterin, genome wide association study, risk gene
A Novel Pathogenic PSEN1 Mutation in a Family with Alzheimer's Disease: Phenotypical and Neuropathological Features
Authors: Gallo, Maura | Marcello, Norina | Curcio, Sabrina A.M. | Colao, Rosanna | Geracitano, Silvana | Bernardi, Livia | Anfossi, Maria | Puccio, Gianfranco | Frangipane, Francesca | Clodomiro, Alessandra | Mirabelli, Maria | Vasso, Franca | Smirne, Nicoletta | Muraca, Gabriella | Di Lorenzo, Raffaele | Maletta, Raffaele | Ghidoni, Enrico | Bugiani, Orso | Tagliavini, Fabrizio | Giaccone, Giorgio | Bruni, Amalia C.
Abstract: We report a novel presenilin1 (PSEN1) gene mutation (I143 V) in a four-generation family with Alzheimer's disease. Clinical, molecular, and neuropathological examinations were performed on index patient; thirteen affected subjects were also identified. The index patient presented at 55 with personality changes, apathy, reduction of verbal fluency, and temporal and spatial disorientation. At 68, she showed visual hallucinations; blurred language, and rigidity. She became bedridden and died at 75. A novel mutation at codon 143 was found in PSEN1 gene, changing isoleucine to valine. The brain showed severe atrophy of the frontal and temporal lobes. Parenchymal amyloid-β (Aβ) deposits were …abundant, diffuse to grey structures and contained Aβ42 , but very few Aβ40 . Amyloid angiopathy was absent. Neurofibrillary changes were severe. Our study confirms that PSEN1 mutations can be associated with unusual phenotypes. The peculiarity of the age at onset (not very early), the long course, and the frontal involvement, together with the rather complete absence of Aβ40 and of amyloid angiopathy, widen the spectrum of PSEN1-linked phenotypes. Show more
Keywords: Alzheimer's disease, neurodegeneration, neuropathology, PSEN1 mutation
Memory Function in a Mouse Genetic Model of Alzheimer's Disease
Authors: Avdesh, Avdesh | Wong, Patrick | Martins, Ralph N. | Martin-Iverson, Mathew T.
Abstract: The E4 allele of the apolipoprotein E (ApoE) gene has been identified as a major risk factor for the development of late onset Alzheimer's disease (AD). However, the mechanisms by which this gene affects AD are not fully understood. Studies of ApoE knock-out (ApoE KO) mice have revealed an exacerbation of two major pathologies that are diagnostic of AD: neurofibrillary tangles and senile plaques. However, evidence as to whether these mice have cognitive deficits is not yet conclusive. This ambiguity may arise partly from confounds associated with reliance on limited memory models, primarily, the Morris water maze task. An 8-arm …radial maze task was therefore used to measure spatial memory in the ApoE KO mice, compared to controls over time. Furthermore, the effectiveness of a combination antioxidant therapy (CAT), designed to slow down the progression of AD based on concepts of oxidative stress and inflammatory processes underlying the pathology, was tested on memory ability. A significant strain difference was observed with the ApoE KO mice performing better than controls in terms of reference memory and corrects entries. No significant strain difference was observed for performance in terms of working memory errors. No significant effect of the CAT supplementation was observed. Show more
Keywords: 8-arm radial maze, Alzheimer's disease, ApoE knock-out mice, memory
"End-Stage" Neurofibrillary Tangle Pathology in Preclinical Alzheimer's Disease: Fact or Fiction?
Authors: Abner, Erin L. | Kryscio, Richard J. | Schmitt, Frederick A. | SantaCruz, Karen S. | Jicha, Gregory A. | Lin, Yushun | Neltner, Janna M. | Smith, Charles D. | Van Eldik, Linda J. | Nelson, Peter T.
Abstract: Among individuals who were cognitively intact before death, autopsies may reveal some Alzheimer's disease-type pathology. The presence of end-stage pathology in cognitively intact persons would support the hypothesis that pathological markers are epiphenomena. We assessed advanced neurofibrillary (Braak stages V and VI) pathology focusing on nondemented individuals. Data from the National Alzheimer's Coordinating Center database (n = 4,690 included initially) and from the Nun Study (n = 526 included initially) were analyzed, with antemortem information about global cognition and careful postmortem studies available from each case. Global cognition (final Mini-Mental State Examination scores (MMSE) and clinical 'dementia' status) was correlated …with neuropathology, including the severity of neurofibrillary pathology (Braak stages and neurofibrillary tangle counts in cerebral neocortex). Analyses support three major findings: 1. Braak stage V cases and Braak VI cases are significantly different from each other in terms of associated antemortem cognition; 2. There is an appreciable range of pathology within the category of Braak stage VI based on tangle counts such that brains with the most neurofibrillary tangles in neocortex always had profound antemortem cognitive impairment; and 3. There was no nondemented case with final MMSE score of 30 within a year of life and Braak stage VI pathology. It may be inappropriate to combine Braak stages V and VI cases, particularly in patients with early cognitive dysfunction, since the two pathological stages appear to differ dramatically in terms of both pathological severity and antemortem cognitive status. There is no documented example of truly end-stage neurofibrillary pathology coexisting with intact cognition. Show more
Keywords: GRN, miRNA, microRNA, neurofibrillary tangles, neuropathology
Endogenous Galanin Protects Mouse Hippocampal Neurons Against Amyloid Toxicity in vitro via Activation of Galanin Receptor-2
Authors: Elliott-Hunt, Caroline R. | Holmes, Fiona E. | Hartley, Dean M. | Perez, Sylvia | Mufson, Elliott J. | Wynick, David
Abstract: Expression of the neuropeptide galanin is known to be upregulated in the brain of patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD). We and others have shown that galanin plays a neuroprotective role in a number of excitotoxic injury paradigms, mediated by activation of the second galanin receptor subtype (GAL2 ). In the present study, we investigated whether galanin/GAL2 plays a similar protective role against amyloid-β(Aβ) toxicity. Here we report that galanin or the GAL2/3 -specific peptide agonist Gal2-11, both equally protect primary dispersed mouse wildtype (WT) neonatal hippocampal neurons from 250 nM Aβ1–42 toxicity in a dose dependent manner. The amount …of Aβ1–42 induced cell death was significantly greater in mice with loss-of-function mutations in galanin (Gal-KO) or GAL2 (GAL2 -MUT) compared to strain-matched WT controls. Conversely, cell death was significantly reduced in galanin over-expressing (Gal-OE) transgenic mice compared to strain-matched WT controls. Exogenous galanin or Gal2-11 rescued the deficits in the Gal-KO but not the GAL2-MUT cultures, confirming that the protective effects of endogenous or exogenous galanin are mediated by activation of GAL2 . Despite the high levels of endogenous galanin in the Gal-OE cultures, the addition of exogenous 100 nM or 50 nM galanin or 100 nM Gal2-11 further significantly reduced cell death, implying that GAL2 -mediated neuroprotection is not at maximum in the Gal-OE mice. These data further support the hypothesis that galanin over-expression in AD is a neuroprotective response and imply that the development of a drug-like GAL2 agonist might reduce the progression of symptoms in patients with AD. Show more
Keywords: Alzheimer's disease, amyloid toxicity, galanin, GAL2, neuroprotection, transgenic models
Sustained Effects of Once-Daily Memantine Treatment on Cognition and Functional Communication Skills in Patients with Moderate to Severe Alzheimer's Disease: Results of a 16-Week Open-Label Trial
Authors: Schulz, Jörg B. | Rainer, Michael | Klünemann, Hans-Hermann | Kurz, Alexander | Wolf, Stefanie | Sternberg, Kati | Tennigkeit, Frank
Abstract: The present study evaluated the effects of once-daily memantine (20 mg) treatment on cognition and communication in patients with moderate to severe Alzheimer's disease (AD). In a multicenter, single-arm open-label study, outpatients diagnosed with AD (MMSE < 20; n = 97) were titrated from 5 mg to 20 mg once-daily memantine over 4 weeks. Once-daily memantine treatment (20 mg) was then continued for 8 weeks, followed by a 4-week wash-out period. The primary efficacy endpoint was the change from baseline in the Consortium to Establish a Registry for Alzheimer's Disease -Neuropsychological Battery (CERAD-NP) total score. Secondary efficacy endpoints included change …from baseline in Functional Communication Language Inventory (FLCI) and ADCS-ADL19 total score, and the response from baseline in Clinical Global Impression of Change (CGI-C). The CERAD-NP total score improved significantly after 12 weeks of once-daily memantine treatment compared with baseline (5.9 ± 8.8; p < 0.0001). The FLCI total score improved significantly after 12 weeks compared with baseline (4.4 ± 6.8; p < 0.0001). These significant improvements were already observed after 4 and 8 weeks of once-daily memantine treatment and persisted after a 4-week wash-out period. ADCS-ADL19 total scores showed only slight increases from baseline, and CGI-C indicated that the majority of patients experienced an improvement or stabilization of the disease after 12 weeks. At least one Treatment-Emergent Adverse Event was reported by 38 (39.2%) patients. In patients with moderate to severe AD, once-daily memantine (20 mg) treatment significantly improved cognition and functional communication and was found to have a favorable safety and tolerability profile. Show more
Keywords: Alzheimer's disease, clinical trial, cognition, functional communication, memantine, once-daily, open-label
Increasing the Diagnostic Accuracy of Medial Temporal Lobe Atrophy in Alzheimer's Disease
Authors: Jacobs, Heidi I.L. | Van Boxtel, Martin P.J. | van der Elst, Wim | Burgmans, Saartje | Smeets, Floortje | Gronenschild, Ed H.B.M. | Verhey, Frans R.J. | Uylings, Harry B.M. | Jolles, Jelle
Abstract: Medial temporal lobe (MTL) atrophy is considered to be one of the most important predictors of Alzheimer's disease (AD). This study investigates whether atrophy in parietal and prefrontal areas increases the predictive value of MTL atrophy in three groups of different cognitive status. Seventy-five older adults were classified as cognitively stable (n = 38) or cognitively declining (n = 37) after three years follow-up. At follow-up, the grey matter of the MTL, inferior prefrontal cortex (IPC), and inferior parietal lobule (IPL) was delineated on MRI scans. Six years later, a dementia assessment resulted in distinguishing and separating a third group …(n = 9) who can be considered as preclinical AD cases at scan time. Ordinal logistic regressions analysis showed that the left and right MTL, as well as the right IPC and IPL accurately predicted group membership. Receiver Operating Curves showed that the MTL was best in distinguishing cognitively stable from cognitively declining individuals. The accuracy of the differentiation between preclinical AD and cognitively stable participants improved when MTL and IPL volumes were combined, while differentiating preclinical AD and cognitively declined participants was accomplished most accurately by the combined volume of all three areas. We conclude that depending on the current cognitive status of an individual, adding IPL or IPC atrophy improved the accuracy of predicting conversion to AD by up to 22%. Diagnosis of preclinical AD may lead to more false positive outcomes if only the MTL atrophy is considered. Show more
Keywords: Alzheimer's disease, magnetic resonance imaging, medial temporal lobe, parietal lobe, sensitivity and specificity
Effect of Neocortical and Hippocampal Amyloid Deposition upon Galaninergic and Cholinergic Neurites in AβPPswe/PS1ΔE9 Mice
Authors: Kelley, Christy M. | Perez, Sylvia E. | Overk, Cassia R. | Wynick, David | Mufson, Elliott J.
Abstract: Amyloid-β (Aβ) plaques occur in close apposition to thickened or swollen cholinergic and galaninergic neurites within the neocortex and hippocampus in Alzheimer's disease (AD). Despite this observation, the effect of Aβ deposition upon cholinergic and galaninergic dystrophic neurite formation remains unclear. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to evaluate the interaction between Aβ deposition within the neocortex and hippocampus upon cholinergic and galaninergic dystrophic neurite formation. Neocortical and hippocampal tissue harvested from 3- and 12-month-old amyloid-β protein precursor (AβPP)swe /PS1ΔE9 transgenic (Tg) mice were dual-immunolabeled with antibodies against either choline acetyltransferace and Aβ (10D5) or galanin (Gal) and Aβ. …Stereology was used to quantify amyloid plaques and cholinergic or galaninergic dystrophic neurites. Plaque number was assessed using the optical fractionator; plaque area was calculated with the Cavalieri estimator, and dystrophic neurite numbers and thickness were manually measured. Neither amyloid nor dystrophic neuritic profiles were seen in the brains of 3-month-old Tg mice. In contrast, quantitative analysis revealed significantly more plaques in neocortex than hippocampus, with no difference in regional plaque size in 12-month-old Tg mice. Significantly more cholinergic than galaninergic dystrophic neurites-per-plaque occurred in the neocortex and hippocampus. Additionally, cholinergic dystrophic neurites were thicker than galaninergic dystrophic neurites in both regions. These data suggest that amyloid plaque deposition has a greater impact upon cholinergic than galaninergic dystrophic neurite formation in the neocortex and hippocampus in AβPPswe /PS1ΔE9 Tg mice. These data are also compatible with the hypothesis that galanin is neuroprotective and reduces dystrophic neurite formation in the face of amyloid toxicity. Show more
Keywords: Alzheimer's disease, amyloid, cholinergic, galanin, hippocampus, neocortex, neurites, plaques, transgenic mouse
Blood-Cerebrospinal Fluid Barrier Permeability in Alzheimer's Disease
Authors: Chalbot, Sonia | Zetterberg, Henrik | Blennow, Kaj | Fladby, Tormod | Andreasen, Niels | Grundke-Iqbal, Inge | Iqbal, Khalid
Abstract: The role of blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier (BCB) dysfunction in Alzheimer's disease (AD) has been addressed but not yet established. We evaluated the BCB integrity in 179 samples of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) retrospectively collected from AD patients and control cases using both CSF/serum albumin ratio (QAlb ) and CSF secretory Ca2+ -dependent phospholipase A2 (sPLA2) activity. These analyses were supplemented with the measurement of total tau, amyloid-β1-42 (Aβ1-42 ), and ubiquitin CSF levels. We found that due to its higher sensitivity, CSF sPLA2 activity could 1) discriminate AD from healthy controls and 2) showed BCB impairment in neurological control cases …while QAlb could not. Moreover, the CSF sPLA2 activity measurement showed that around half of the AD patients were characterized by a BCB impairment. The BCB dysfunction observed in AD was independent from Mini-Mental State Examination score as well as CSF levels of total tau, Aβ1-42 , and ubiquitin. Finally, the BCB dysfunction was not limited to any of the CSF biomarkers-based previously identified subgroups of AD. These results suggest that the BCB damage occurs independent of and probably precedes both Aβ and tau pathologies in a restricted subgroup of AD patients. Show more
Keywords: Albumin, Alzheimer's disease, cerebrospinal fluid, secretory phospholipase A2
Spatial Distribution of Glucose Hypometabolism Induced by Intracerebroventricular Streptozotocin in Monkeys
Authors: Heo, Jae-Hyeok | Lee, Sang-Rae | Lee, Soon-Tae | Lee, Kyoung-Min | Oh, Jin-Hwan | Jang, Dong-Pyo | Chang, Kyu-Tae | Cho, Zang-Hee
Abstract: Intracerebroventricular injection of streptozotocin (icv-STZ) in rodents induces cellular and behavioral features mimicking Alzheimer's disease (AD). However, the effect of icv-STZ in terms of regional cerebral glucose metabolism has not yet been examined in vivo. Given that regionally specific hypometabolism of glucose is a consistent neuroimaging marker in early AD, we monitored 18F-deoxyglucose uptake using a high-resolution micro-PET after icv-STZ in non-human primates. Two cynomolgus monkeys (Macaca fascicularis) received STZ (2 mg/kg), and another two were given normal saline as controls, at the cerebellomedullary cistern (CM) three times (day 1, 7, and 14). FDG-PET, as well as MRI for structural …evaluation, was performed immediately before, six weeks after, and 12 weeks after the first icv injection. In the STZ group, FDG uptake decreased significantly in comparison to the pre-injection baseline, at the precuneus, the posterior cingulate, and medial temporal cortices. Increase in sulcal markings suggesting brain atrophy was observed by MRI at six weeks post-injection. The structural changes normalized at 12 weeks, but the reduced FDG uptake persisted at the same loci. The cortical distribution of glucose hypometabolism was similar to that at early stages of AD patients. The findings demonstrate that the effect of icv-STZ is regionally specific, lending further support for the method as a model of AD pathogenesis. Show more
Keywords: Alzheimer's disease, cynomolgus, streptozotocin-induced AD model
Effects of Automatic/Controlled Access Processes on Semantic Memory in Alzheimer's Disease
Authors: Arroyo-Anlló, Eva M. | Bellouard, Stéphanie | Ingrand, Pierre | Gil, Roger
Abstract: This study examines the impact of automatic/controlled access processes on the semantic network in 30 patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD). The AD group was compared with a control group using a battery of neuropsychological tests, a variation of Hodges's semantic testing battery, designed to assess semantic knowledge. The AD group had markedly lower scores than the normal group on each semantic test, but with a different degree of deterioration depending on the nature of the processes (controlled/automatic) in accessing the semantic network. AD patients had poorer performances on the explicit semantic tasks mainly involving controlled-process access (e.g., the WAIS Similarities …Subtest) than those involving mainly automatic-process access (e.g., the Verbal Automatism test). Analyses of confidence intervals allowed a gradient of impaired performances in increasing order to be elaborated: a) the Verbal Automatism test, b) the WAIS Vocabulary Subtest, c) the WAIS Information Subtest, d) the Letter Fluency Task, e) Naming as a Response to Definition, f) the Category Fluency Task, g) the WAIS Similarities Subtest, and h) the Oral Denomination 80 Test. The results of our study suggest that explicit semantic tasks needing passive or automatic processes to access semantic memory would be better preserved in AD. Show more
Keywords: Aging, cognition, dementia, memory, test
Characterization of Amyloid-β Granules in the Hippocampus of SAMP8 Mice
Authors: Manich, Gemma | Mercader, Clara | del Valle, Jaume | Duran-Vilaregut, Joaquim | Camins, Antoni | Pallàs, Mercè | Vilaplana, Jordi | Pelegrí, Carme
Abstract: The senescence accelerated mouse-prone 8 (SAMP8) strain of mice is an experimental model of accelerated senescence that has also been proposed as a model of Alzheimer's disease as it shares several features with this dementia. We have recently reported amyloid-β (Aβ) granules in the hippocampus of SAMP8 mice, which contain Aβ42 and Aβ40 peptides and other amyloid-β protein precursor fragments. These granules appear clustered mainly in the stratum radiatum of the CA1 region and increase in number and size with age. Here we performed several studies to examine whether the Aβ granules in the hippocampus of SAMP8 mice …contain other proteins characteristic of neuropathological aggregates, such as tau, MAP2, and α-synuclein. Moreover, we examined whether the Aβ granules in the hippocampus correspond to heparan sulphate proteoglycan (HSPG) positive granules previously described in this animal model. The results showed that Aβ granules correspond to the HSPG granular structures, being syndecan-2, a protein involved in the remodeling of dendritic spines, the type of HSPG found. Tau and MAP2, but not α-synuclein depositions, were also found in Aβ aggregates. Granules do not appear to have an astrocytic origin, since although some Aβ clusters are associated with astrocyte processes, most clusters are not. On the other hand, the presence of tau, MAP2, and NeuN in Aβ granules suggests a neuronal origin. As the components identified in Aβ granules are characteristic of the aggregates present in some neurodegenerative diseases, the SAMP8 model seems to be appropriate for the study of the processes involved in these pathologies. Show more
Keywords: Alzheimer's disease, amyloid-β, hippocampus, HSPG, MAP-2, SAMP8, syndecan, tau
Structural and Functional Alterations in Amyloid-β Precursor Protein Induced by Amyloid-β Peptides
Authors: Libeu, Clare Peters | Poksay, Karen S. | John, Varghese | Bredesen, Dale E.
Abstract: Alzheimer's disease-associated amyloid-β (Aβ) peptide is neurotoxic as an oligomer, but not as a monomer, by an unknown mechanism. We showed previously that Aβ interacts with the amyloid-β precursor protein (AβPP), leading to caspase cleavage and cell death induction. To characterize this structure and interaction further, we purified the extracellular domain of AβPP695 (eAβPP) and its complex with Aβ oligomers (AβOs) of varying sizes, and then performed small angle X-ray scattering (SAXS). In the absence of any Aβ, eAβPP was a compact homodimer with a tight association between the E1 and E2 domains. Dimeric Aβ oligomers induced monomerization of …eAβPP while larger oligomers also bound eAβPP but preserved the homodimer. Efficient binding of the larger oligomers correlated with the presence of prefibrillar oligomers, suggesting that the eAβPP binding is limited to a conformational subset of Aβ oligomers. Both forms of Aβ bound to eAβPP at the Aβ-cognate region and induced dissociation of the E1 and E2 domains. Our data provide the first structural evidence for Aβ-AβPP binding and suggest a mechanism for differential modulation of AβPP processing and cell death signaling by Aβ dimers versus conformationally-specific larger oligomers. Show more
Keywords: Alzheimer's disease, amyloid-β oligomers, amyloid-β protein precursor, small angle X-ray scattering
Authors: Castellani, Rudy J.
Article Type: Book Review
Upcoming Meetings Related to Alzheimer's Disease
Article Type: Other
Display: 10 | 50 | 100 items per page

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Want to tell a friend about Reflections- Music and lyrics by Candice Night? It's easy. Just enter the information requested below, click the "E-mail a Friend" button, and your message is on its way.
I found this product at Blackmore Productions and thought you might find it of interest.


The Laboratory of Composite Materials and Clay Minerals in the National Center of Researches in Materials Sciences is pleased to invite you to its "First National Meeting on Clays and Composite Materials, 1st NMCCM".
The event will be held in October 2017 from 20 to 22th in the hotel "Nahrawess" located in the touristic area of Nabel.
The "1st NMCCM" is an opportunity for local as well as foreign scientists to establish contacts with industrials working on the same fields. Sharing and discussing new findings on clays and their applications are the purposes of the meeting.
The manifestation is also an occasion to set up eventual partnerships between the different actors.


GELITA has been improving the quality of life for more than 140 years.
Our mission: purity and safety.
As a global leader for collagen proteins, we know leaf gelatine like no other. We produce leaf gelatine of the highest quality. And we do it with the utmost care. Because leaf gelatine is a purely natural product. And as such, it deserves to be treated with care.
Our most important resource is nature: healthy animals and clean water. Acting sustainably is therefore second nature for GELITA. Our products are pure foodstuffs themselves.
Our entire production is at the cutting edge of technology and meets the most stringent quality standards. We monitor the quality of our leaf gelatine throughout the entire production process up to the finished product. This includes physicochemical and microbiological tests in compliance with valid directives.
GELITA's headquarters are in Germany, in Eberbach on the Neckar. As a global player, we are however also represented internationally - at a total of 21 locations worldwide. We know the cultures and the markets, are aware of the different needs and requirements, and help our customers locally all over the world to be successful in their respective markets. Decades of experience, a high level of innovation, and the best service in the industry are the keys to our success.
High quality foodstuffs and customer-oriented service are our credo. We are proud that amateur and professional chefs, retailers and consumers trust us. A trust that we have earned over our long history and which we want to build on. By doing everything we do even better.


text:
Cormac Ó Domhnalláin, Ollamh Síol Muireadaigh, según los Anales de Connacht fue un poeta irlandés fallecido en 1436.

Fuentes
The Encyclopaedia of Ireland 2003; ISBN 0-7171-300-2.
 Mac Dermot of Moylurg: The Story of a Connacht Family Dermot Mac Dermot, 1996.
A New History of Ireland VIII: A Chronology of Irish History to 1976 - A Companion to Irish History Part I edited by T.W. Moody, F.X. Martin and F.J. Byrne, 1982. ISBN 0-19-821744-7
The Celebrated Antiquary Nollaig O Muralie, Maynooth, 1996.
Irish Leaders and Learning Through the Ages Fr. Paul Walsh, 2004. (ed. Nollaig O Muralie).

Enlaces externos
List of Published Texts at CELT — University College Cork's Corpus of Electronic Texts

Escritores de Irlanda
Escritores en irlandés
Escritores del siglo XV
Irlandeses del siglo XV

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
Morals and values of the middle
World wide web and question
Wal marts supply chain
The life and works of stephen king
Heinlein 's book The Door into Summer is repeatedly mentioned in King's Wolves of the Callaas are several other works.
It is falsely rumored that he will not sign autographs because of superstition. Since then King has had numerous short stories and novels published and movies made from his work.
His leg bones were so shattered that doctors initially considered amputating his leg, but stabilized the bones in the leg with an external fixator.
He has very bad eyesight and wears thick glasses as a child, returning to Derry without his eyewear, having switched to contacts. The survivor and his rocket are eaten by the planet. He manages to seriously wound Henry, driving him off Henry's wounds allow Eddie to finish him off later and calls the hospital managing to get help regardless of Pennywise's attempts to block him.
The fun now lies in finding out who will be playing the adult versions of the Losers my personal pick: Macklin kills himself many years later after seeing Eddie dead. The single released for radio play featured a narrative intro spoken by King.
Suffers from high blood pressure, limited vision, flat feet, and punctured eardrums. William stole one of his Army sirs and stole their vehicle and drove away with his friend. Mike is the only one of the Losers to stay behind in Derry and he is the town librarian who calls the others back when the killings begin again in The resulting films are sent directly to him and, if he enjoys them, placed on a shelf marked "Dollar-Babies.
When Stephen was eleven, his mother brought her children back to Durham, Maine, for good.
His death is witnessed by Beverly, and his corpse is discovered by the Losers when they go into the sewers to face It for the first time. He bleeds to death in the sewers after his arm is bitten off, ultimately dying in the gang's bloody arms.
Fortunately, Tabitha took the pages out and read them. Jessica Chastain for adult Bev, please. King related in detail his primary inspiration for writing horror fiction in his non-fiction Danse Macabrein a chapter titled "An Annoying Autobiographical Pause.
He has extended this to breaking the fourth wall by including himself as a character in the Dark Tower series from Wolves of the Calla onwards. He later becomes a partner in a large Atlanta-based accounting firm, and it is hinted that he is the only member of the Losers aside from Mike to possess any memory of what happened in Mike later recovers from his wounds but like the others starts to lose his memory of the experience.
Driver Bryan Edwin Smith, distracted by an unrestrained dog moving in the back of his minivan, struck King, who landed in a depression in the ground about 14 feet four meters from the pavement of Route 5.
After Mike's phone call, Stan is so terrified of facing It again that he slits his wrists in the bathtub, writing "IT" on the wall in his own blood. King owns two neighboring houses in Bangor. A very slow and dumb friend of Henry's.
The decision to give the National Book Foundation's annual award for "distinguished contribution" to Stephen King is extraordinary, another low in the shocking process of dumbing down our cultural life.
These spared him from being drafted into Vietnam.Stephen King has been terrifying audiences since the s, penning one best-selling horror novel after another, his name becoming synonymous with horror fiction in the process.
Film and TV. Of all Stephen King's early novels, Pet Sematary is the simplest and direst. A sustained riff on W.W.
Jacobs' classic "The Monkey's Paw," it cleaves to its twisted source. From the very beginning the reader knows the story: someone is going to die, and someone who can't bear to let that loved one go will make a desperate bargain to raise him from the dead.
Early Life and Education. Author Stephen Edwin King was born on September 21,in Portland, Maine. King is recognized as one of the most famous and successful horror writers of all time.
Gav, your top 5 are in my top 10 King. The other 5 are THE EYES OF THE DRAGON (a super quick fantasy read), THE TALISMAN (co-written with Peter Straub), NIGHT SHIFT and SKELETON CREW (his first 2 collections of short stories), and of course THE DARK TOWER saga.
King's novel comes to sprawling life with plenty of scary moments to spare. The story, however, is anything but fresh. Stephen King is the most prominent and prolific horror author of the modern era.
King lived in a poor, single-parent household where he often turned to reading wild fiction and writing his own.
Mean girls sociology
Essay of pollution of water
Stages of nigrescence
How money matters in your life
Managing financial resources decision making finance essay
Business management general notes units 34 essay
Lucky t book summary
It all started with a cake essay
1984 the misuse of government power


text:
String of burglaries reported at businesses in Chicago Lawn, Gage Park
By Sun-Times Media Wire
Chicago Lawn
Sun-Times Media Wire
CHICAGO - Police are warning Chicago Lawn and Gage Park residents of a string of recent burglaries reported at businesses in the area.
In each incident, two males enter a business by force and steal property from inside, Chicago police said.
The burglaries happened:
About 7 a.m. Jan. 6 in the 3300 block of West 59th Street;
About 12:15 a.m. Jan. 7 in the 2900 block of West 59th Street;
About 3:30 a.m. Jan. 9 in the 5900 block of South Kedzie Avenue; and
About noon Jan. 12 in the 3200 block of West 59th Street.
Officers did not have a description of the suspects.
Anyone with information is asked to call Area One detectives at 312-747-8380.
String of businesses burglarized, damaged on Chicago's Northwest Side and in suburbs