text:
John Sommers-Flanagan
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Alfred Adler All Day Long
April 4, 2019 johnsommersflanagan	7 Comments
It's too bad, but IMHO we don't ever seem to take enough time to celebrate the ideas and deeds of Alfred Adler. If, by chance, you're not sure who the heck I'm talking about, then I'll take that as validation of my point. Who was Alfred Adler? . . . sadly, that's a question many people can't answer.
Today, April 4, 2019, I'm doing a webinar on the similarities and distinctions between Alfred Adler's "Individual Psychology" (aka Adlerian therapy) and cognitive-behavioral therapy. Most people who study these things, including Albert Ellis, recognize that Adler's work was ahead of his time and much of what he wrote about can be considered foundational to cognitive therapy. Staunch Adlerians sometimes put it more dramatically when they say, "In the beginning, there was Adler."
Today's webinar has inspired me to renew my efforts to spread the gospel of Alfred Adler. If you read this blog regularly, you know I've done this before. You can read some of my previous Adler posts by clicking here: https://johnsommersflanagan.com/tag/adler/
Today, I feel like I'm taking the lazy way out. But Adler would likely correct me. He didn't much believe in the word lazy. Instead, Adler would reformulate lazy as discouraged, or more specifically, in this, and many cases (think of your children, perhaps), what appears to be laziness is a function of having goals and aspirations that are beyond one's reasonable skills and available time. I think that could be the case here. Although I'd like to shower you with lots of new and exciting Adlerian information, instead, I'm posting the first five pages of the Adlerian chapter of our Counseling and Psychotherapy theories textbook. Here it is . . . five pages of the start of a chapter that only begins to describe the life and work of the amazing Alfred Adler.
Chapter 3: Individual Psychology and Adlerian Therapy
We often wonder about Alfred Adler. Who was this man whose theories and approach predate and contribute substantially to ego psychology (Chapter 2), the cognitive therapies (Chapter 8), reality therapy (Chapter 9), feminist therapy (Chapter 10), and constructive perspectives (Chapter 11)? How did he develop—over 100 years ago—influential and diverse ideas that are foundational to so many different approaches to therapy, and so thoroughly infused into contemporary culture? His beliefs were so advanced that he seems an anomaly: He's like a man from the future who landed in the middle of Freud's inner circle in Vienna.
Despite the ubiquity of Adler's ideas, many contemporary mental health professionals don't recognize, acknowledge, or appreciate his contributions to modern counseling and psychotherapy (Carlson & Englar-Carlson, 2017). Perhaps this is because Adler provided services for working class people, rather than the wealthy elite; or because he was an early feminist; or because his common sense ideas were less "sexy" than Freud's.
What is Individual Psychology? (. . . and what is Adlerian Therapy?)
Individual psychology was the term Adler used to describe the psychotherapy approach he founded. Watts and Eckstein (2009) recounted Adler's rationale for choosing the name Individual Psychology: "Adler chose the name individual psychology (from the Latin, individuum, meaning indivisible) for his theoretical approach because he eschewed reductionism" (p. 281).
Most people know individual psychology as Adlerian therapy, the contemporary applied term. Adlerian therapy is described as "a psychoeducational, present/future-oriented, and brief approach" (R. E. Watts & Pietrzak, 2000, p. 22). Similar to psychoanalytic psychotherapy, Adlerian therapy is also insight-oriented. However, therapists can use direct educational strategies to enhance client awareness.
Adler was a contemporary—not a disciple—of Freud. During their time, Adler's ideas were more popular than Freud's. Adler's first psychology book, Understanding Human Nature, sold over 100,000 copies in six months; in comparison, Freud's Interpretation of Dreams sold only 17,000 copies over 10 years (Carlson & Englar-Carlson, 2017). Jon Carlson (2015) referred to Adler as "the originator of positive psychology" (pp. 23-24).
Adler wove cognition into psychotherapy long before Albert Ellis and Aaron Beck officially launched cognitive therapy in the 1950s and 1960s. In the following quotation, Adler (1964; originally published in 1933) easily could be speaking about a cognitive rationale for a computerized virtual reality approach to treating fears and phobias (now growing in popularity in the 21st century):
I am convinced that a person's behavior springs from his [or her] idea.… As a matter of fact, it has the same effect on one whether a poisonous snake is actually approaching my foot or whether I merely believe it is a poisonous snake. (pp. 19–20)
In his historical overview of the talking cure, Bankart (1997) claimed, "Adler's influence on the developing fields of psychology and social work was incalculable" (p. 146). This chapter is an exploration of Alfred Adler's individual psychology and his vast influence on modern counseling and psychotherapy.
Alfred Adler (1870-1937) was the second of six children born to a Jewish family outside Vienna. His older brother was brilliant, outgoing, handsome, and also happened to be named Sigmund. In contrast, Alfred was a sickly child. He suffered from rickets, was twice run over in the street, and experienced a spasm of the glottis. When he was 3 years old, his younger brother died in bed next to him (Mosak, 1972). At age 4, he came down with pneumonia. Later Adler recalled the physician telling his father, "Your boy is lost" (Orgler, 1963, p. 16). Another of Adler's earliest memories has a sickly, dependent theme:
One of my earliest recollections is of sitting on a bench bandaged up on account of rickets, with my healthy, elder brother sitting opposite me. He could run, jump, and move about quite effortlessly, while for me movement of any sort was a strain and an effort. Everyone went to great pains to help me, and my mother and father did all that was in their power to do. At the time of this recollection, I must have been about two years old. (Bottome, 1939, p. 30)
In contrast to Freud's childhood experience of being his mother's favorite, Adler was more encouraged by his father. Despite his son's clumsy, uncoordinated, and sickly condition, Adler's father Leopold, a Hungarian Jew, firmly believed in his son's innate worth. When young Alfred was required to repeat a grade at the same middle school Freud had attended 14 years earlier, Leopold was his strongest supporter. Mosak and Maniacci (1999) articulate Adler's response to his father's encouragement:
His mathematics teacher recommended to his father that Adler leave school and apprentice himself as a shoe-maker. Adler's father objected, and Adler embarked upon bettering his academic skills. Within a relatively short time, he became the best math student in the class. (p. 2)
Adler's love and aptitude for learning continued to grow; he studied medicine at the University of Vienna. After obtaining his medical degree in ophthalmology in 1895, he met and fell in love with Raissa Timofeyewna Epstein, and married her in 1897. She had the unusual distinction of being an early socialist and feminist. She was good friends with Leon and Natalia Trotsky and she maintained her political interests and activities throughout their marriage (Hoffman, 1994).
Freud and Adler met in 1902. According to Mosak and Maniacci (1999), Adler published a strong defense of Freud's Interpretation of Dreams, and consequently Freud invited Adler over "on a Wednesday evening" for a discussion of psychological issues. "The Wednesday Night Meetings, as they became known, led to the development of the Psychoanalytic Society" (p. 3).
Adler was his own man with his own ideas before he met Freud. Prior to their meeting he'd published his first book, Healthbook for the Tailor's Trade (Adler, 1898). In contrast to Freud, much of Adler's medical practice was with the working poor. Early in his career, he worked extensively with tailors and circus performers.
In February 1911, Adler did the unthinkable (Bankart, 1997). As president of Vienna's Psychoanalytic Society, he read a highly controversial paper, "The Masculine Protest," at the group's monthly meeting. It was at odds with Freudian theory. Instead of focusing on biological and psychological factors and their influence on excessively masculine behaviors in males and females, Adler emphasized culture and socialization (Carlson & Englar-Carlson, 2017). He claimed that women occupied a less privileged social and political position because of social coercion, not physical inferiority. Further, he noted that some women who reacted to this cultural situation by choosing to dress and act like men were suffering, not from penis envy, but from a social-psychological condition he referred to as the masculine protest. The masculine protest involved overvaluing masculinity to the point where it drove men and boys to give up and become passive or to engage in excessive aggressive behavior. In extreme cases, males who suffered from the masculine protest began dressing and acting like girls or women.
The Vienna Psychoanalytic Society members' response to Adler was dramatic. Bankart (1997) described the scene:
After Adler's address, the members of the society were in an uproar. There were pointed heckling and shouted abuse. Some were even threatening to come to blows. And then, almost majestically, Freud rose from his seat. He surveyed the room with his penetrating eyes. He told them there was no reason to brawl in the streets like uncivilized hooligans. The choice was simple. Either he or Dr. Adler would remain to guide the future of psychoanalysis. The choice was the members' to make. He trusted them to do the right thing. (p. 130)
Freud likely anticipated the outcome. The group voted for Freud to lead them. Adler left the building quietly, joined by the Society's vice president, William Stekel, and five other members. They moved their meeting to a local café and established the Society for Free Psychoanalytic Research. The Society soon changed its name to the Society for Individual Psychology. This group believed that social, familial, and cultural forces are dominant in shaping human behavior. Bankart (1997) summarized their perspective: "Their response to human problems was characteristically ethical and practical—an orientation that stood in dramatic contrast to the biological and theoretical focus of psychoanalysis" (p. 130).
Adler's break from Freud gives an initial glimpse into his theoretical approach. Adler identified with common people. He was a feminist. These leanings reflect the influences of his upbringing and marriage. They reveal his compassion for the sick, oppressed, and downtrodden. Before examining Adlerian theoretical principles, let's note what he had to say about gender politics well over 90 years ago:
All our institutions, our traditional attitudes, our laws, our morals, our customs, give evidence of the fact that they are determined and maintained by privileged males for the glory of male domination. (Adler, 1927, p. 123)
Raissa Epstein may have had a few discussions with her husband, exerting substantial influence on his thinking (Santiago-Valles, 2009).
What are your reactions to Adler as a feminist? Do you suppose he became more of a feminist because he married one? Or did he marry a feminist because he already was one?
Theoretical Principles
Adler and his followers have written extensively about the IP's theoretical principles. Much of what follows is from Adler (1958), Ansbacher and Ansbacher (1956), Mosak and Maniacci (1999), Carlson, Watts, and Maniacci (2006), Sweeney (2009), and Carlson & Englar-Carlson, 2017).
People are Whole and Purposeful
Adler emphasized holism because he believed it was impossible ". . . to understand an individual in parts" (Carlson & Johnson, 2016, p. 225). Instead of dichotomies, he emphasized unity of thinking, feeling, acting, attitudes, values, the conscious mind, the unconscious mind, and all aspects of human functioning. This holistic approach was in direct contrast to Freud's id, ego, and superego. The idea of an id entity or instinct separately pushing for gratification from inside a person was incompatible with Adler's holism.
A central proposition of individual psychology is that humans are purposeful or goal-oriented (Sweeney, 2009). We don't passively act on biological traits or react to the external environment; instead, we behave with purpose. Beyond nurture or nature, there's another force that influences and directs human behavior; Adler (1935) referred to this as "attitude toward life" (p. 5). Attitude toward life is composed of a delightful combination of human choice and purpose.
Everyday behavior is purposeful. When Adlerian therapists notice maladaptive behavior patterns, they focus on behavioral goals. They don't aggressively interrogate clients, asking, "Why did you do that?"—but are curious about the behavior's purpose. Mosak and Maniacci (1999) articulated how Adler's holism combines with purposeful behavior:
For Adler, the question was neither "How does mind affect body?" nor "How does body affect mind?" but rather "How does the individual use body and mind in the pursuit of goals?" (pp. 73–74).
Rudolph Dreikurs (1948) applied the concept of purposeful striving to children when he identified "the four goals of misbehavior" (see Putting it in Practice 3.1).
Putting it in Practice 3.1
Why Children Misbehave
Adler's followers applied his principles to everyday situations. Rudolph Dreikurs posited that children are motivated to grow and develop. They're naturally oriented toward feeling useful and a sense of belonging. However, when children don't feel useful and don't feel they belong—less positive goals take over. In his book The Challenge of Parenthood, Dreikurs (1948) identified the four main psychological goals of children's misbehavior:
To get attention.
To get power or control.
To get revenge.
To display inadequacy.
Children's behavior isn't random. Children want what they want. When we discuss this concept in parenting classes, parents respond with nods of insight. Suddenly they understand that their children have goals toward which they're striving. When children misbehave in pursuit of psychological goals, parents and caregivers often have emotional reactions.
The boy who's "bouncing off the walls" is truly experiencing, from his perspective, an attention deficit. Perhaps by running around the house at full speed he'll get the attention he craves. At least, doing so has worked in the past. His caregiver feels annoyed and gives him attention for misbehavior.
The girl who refuses to get out of bed for school in the morning may be striving for power. She feels bossed around or like she doesn't belong; her best alternative is to grab power whenever she can. In response, her parents might feel angry and activated—as if they're in a power struggle with someone who's not pulling punches.
The boy who slaps his little sister may be seeking revenge. Everybody talks about how cute his sister is, and he's sick of being ignored, so he takes matters into his own hands. His parents feel scared and threatened; they don't know if their baby girl is safe.
There's also the child who has given up. Maybe she wanted attention before, or revenge, or power, but no longer. Now she's displaying her inadequacy. This isn't because she IS inadequate, but because she doesn't feel able to face the Adlerian tasks of life (discussed later). This child is acting out learned helplessness (Seligman, 1975). Her parent or caregiver probably feels anxiety and despair as well. Or, as is often the case, they may pamper her, reinforcing her behavior patterns and self-image of inadequacy and dependence.
Dreikurs's goals of misbehavior are psychological. Children who misbehave may also be acting on biological needs. Therefore, the first thing for parents to check is whether their child is hungry, tired, sick, or in physical discomfort. After checking these essentials, parents should move on to evaluating the psychological purpose of their child's behavior.
Social Interest or Gemeinschaftsgefühl
Adler believed that establishing and maintaining healthy social relationships was an ultimate therapy goal. He developed this belief after working with shell-shocked soldiers from World War I (K. Adler, 1994; Carlson & Englar-Carlson, 2017). He became convinced that individualism and feelings of inferiority were destructive; in contrast, he viewed social interest and community feeling as constructive. Another way of thinking about this theoretical principle is to consider humans as naturally interdependent. Lydia Sicher (1991) emphasized this in the title of her classic paper "A Declaration of Interdependence." When we accept interdependence and develop empathy and concern for others, social relationships prosper.
Adler used the German word, Gemeinschaftsgefühl, to describe what has been translated to mean social interest or community feeling. Carlson and Englar-Carlson (2017) elaborated on the meaning of this uniquely Adlerian concept.
Gemein is "a community of equals," shafts means "to create or maintain," and Gefühl is "social feeling." Taken together, Gemeinschaftsgefühl means a community of equals creating and maintaining social feelings and interests; that is, people working together as equals to better themselves as individuals and as a community" (p. 43, italics in original)
Adlerians encourage clients to behave with social interest (Overholser, 2010). Watts (2000) emphasized that, "The ultimate goal for psychotherapy is the development or enhancement of the client's social interest" (p. 323). Research has shown that social interest is positively related to spirituality, positive psychology, and health (G. K. Leak, 2006; G. K. Leak & K. C. Leak, 2006; Nikelly, 2005), and inversely related to anger, irritability, depression, and anxiety (Newbauer & Stone, 2010). Some writers consider the positive aspects of religion to be a manifestation of social interest. This was Adler's position as well (Manaster & Corsini, 1982; Watts, 2000).
Various writers, and Adler himself, noted that Gemeinschaftsgefühl essentially boils down to the edict "love thy neighbor" (Alizadeh, 2012; Watts, 2000). Carlson and Englar-Carlson described it as being the "same as the goal of all true religions" (p. 44). Although Adler wasn't especially religious, he had no difficulty embracing the concept of love thy neighbor as a social ideal. In contrast, Freud (1930/1961) concluded, "My love is something valuable to me which I ought not to throw away without reflection" (p. 56). This is one of several distinctions between Adler and Freud; for Adler, love is valuable, powerful, and abundant. It should be freely given; for Freud, love is also valuable, but should be conserved.
Striving for Superiority
Adler believed that the basic human motive is the striving for superiority. However, like Gemeinschaftsgefühl, this concept requires a detailed explanation.
The term superiority is an oversimplification. Heinz Ansbacher provided a more comprehensive description of Adler's striving for superiority in a published interview:
The basic striving, according to Adler, is the striving for Vollkommenheit. The translation of Vollkommenheit is completeness, but it can also be translated as excellence. In English, only the second translation was considered; it was only the striving for excellence. The delimitation of the striving for excellence is the striving for superiority.
Basically, it all comes from the striving for completeness, and there he said that it is all a part of life in general, and that is very true. Even a flower or anything that grows, any form of life, strives to reach its completeness. And perfection is not right, because the being does not strive—one cannot say to be perfect—what is a perfect being? It is striving for completeness and that is very basic and very true. (Dubelle, 1997, p. 6)
Striving for individual superiority can take on a Western, individualistic quality. This wasn't Adler's perspective. He viewed excessive striving for self-interest as unhealthy; Adler once claimed he could simplify his entire theory by noting that all neurosis was linked to vanity. Striving for self-interest translates into striving for superiority rather than for social interest (Watts & Eckstein, 2009).
When it comes to basic human nature and potential, Adlerian theory is like Switzerland: Adler was neutral. He didn't believe in the innate goodness or destructiveness of humans. He believed we are what we make ourselves; we have within us the potential for good and evil.
Striving for superiority is an Adlerian form of self-actualization. More concretely, it occurs when individuals strive for a perceived "plus" in themselves and their lives. Mosak and Maniacci (1999) applied this concept to a clinical situation:
How can self-mutilation move someone toward a plus situation? Once again, that may be a "real" minus, especially in the short-term situation. Long-term, however, that person may receive attention, others may "walk on eggshells" when near that person (so as to not "upset" him or her), and he or she may gain some sense of subjective relief from the act, including a sense of being able to tolerate pain. (p. 23)
Adler observed that people often compensate for their real or perceived inadequacies. Individual inadequacies can be in any domain (e.g., physical, psychological, social). Adler may have believed in compensation partly because he experienced it himself, while growing up. Being inadequate or deficient is motivating. "The fundamental law of life is to overcome one's deficiencies" (Ansbacher & Ansbacher, 1956, p. 48). Compensation is the effort to improve oneself in areas perceived as weak. The existential philosopher Friedrich Nietzsche expressed the same sentiment, "What does not kill me makes me stronger."
In an ideal situation, individuals strive to (a) overcome their deficiencies, (b) with an attitude of social interest, and (c) to complete or perfect themselves. Watts (2012) has argued that the Adlerian social interest and striving for superiority are foundational to positive psychology—despite the fact that Adler's work remains largely unacknowledged within the positive psychology discipline.
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7 thoughts on "Alfred Adler All Day Long"
Ghenie, Kerrie says:
Thanks for the information. I love the reframe of laziness…especially as it relates to kids. It opens a realm of possibilities for working with children who are frequently dismissed as lazy, particularly in schools. YAY!!
I hope you have a wonderful day!
Kerrie Ghenie, MSW
Director of Workforce Development
[cid:image002.png@01D4EAD0.B939B110]
32 Campus Drive | Jeanette Rankin Hall
website | twitter | facebook
johnsommersflanagan says:
Thanks Kerrie! I've always loved the Adlerian lazy reframe. Most of the time it makes good sense. Hey. We need to touch base. I've been out of town. Email me and let's talk.
Saba Hoda says:
Big like👍👍👍👍
ramlavengoli says:
I love to read these Psychology write up , I also practice the counselling process
Thanks! Glad to hear you enjoy these.
mandy salter says:
Thanks john, your Adler article was really helpful in my CBT reasearch.
Mandy Salter
Hi Mandy. Glad to hear the post was helpful! I hope you're healthy and well. John SF
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text:
namespace DataCat.Core.Model
{
    using DataCat.Core.Entity;
    using System;
    using System.ComponentModel.DataAnnotations;

    public class FilterModel
    {
        [Required(AllowEmptyStrings = false, ErrorMessage = "Missing the filter string in the model")]
        public string FilterString { get; set; }

        [Required(AllowEmptyStrings = false, ErrorMessage = "Missing the filter name in the model")]
        public string Name { get; set; }

        public string FilterType { get; set; } = FilterTypes.Query;

        public Filter ToEntity(string userId)
        {
            if (string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(userId))
                throw new ArgumentException(nameof(userId));

            var filterEntity = new Filter()
            {
                FilterString = this.FilterString,
                Name = this.Name,
                User = userId,
                FilterType = this.FilterType
            };

            return filterEntity;
        }

        public Filter ToEntity(string id, string userId)
        {
            if (string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(id))
                throw new ArgumentException(nameof(id));

            var result = ToEntity(userId);
            result.Id = id;
            return result;
        }
    }
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
Q: filter out the particular complete set of object from an array in Lwc I have incoming JSON object around 100 of records, I need to filter out about the particular category of object...for example if the cat is A then it should be added in my track property.
below is my JSON object
"tryi":"ytugfjfhg",
   "testobject":[
      {
         "asdf":"",
         "fdrtf":"869966",
         "hdhfhfh":"utytut",
         "Cat":"A",
         "hghg":"jguyhj",
         "hfj":"Resolved",
         "hghgjg":"",
         "hgfjf":"",
         "jghjf":"",
         "hgjfhfj":"",
         "contraName":""
      },
      {
         "hjhj":"",
         "hfhfhf":"h",
         "hhfh":"hfjfhdj",
         "cat":"B",
         "jghgj":"jhgjgk",
         "hgjfjf":"jghjg",
         "hgjgugj":"",
         "jghfj":"",
         "jghgj":"",
         "gjghfj":"",
         "hgjgh":""
      }

if in the above JSON object Cat is A then all the record should be added to my track property, below is my code I tried.
this.ACat = this.testobject.filter(Cat => Cat.testobject.Cat === 'A');

A: You written almost correct method. In your filter method, Cat parameter itself is testobject, so you don't need to do again Cat.testobject.Cat.

Please check your Cat case in JSON. As of now its different(Cat A vs cat B). Make sure its of same cases.

I tested with similar JSON  -
{
    "tryi": "ytugfjfhg",
    "testobject": [{
            "asdf": "",
            "fdrtf": "869966",
            "hdhfhfh": "utytut",
            "Cat": "A",
            "hghg": "jguyhj",
            "hfj": "Resolved",
            "hghgjg": "",
            "hgfjf": "",
            "jghjf": "",
            "hgjfhfj": "",
            "contraName": ""
        },
        {
            "hjhj": "",
            "hfhfhf": "h",
            "hhfh": "hfjfhdj",
            "cat": "B",
            "jghgj": "jhgjgk",
            "hgjfjf": "jghjg",
            "hgjgugj": "",
            "jghfj": "",
            "jghgj": "",
            "gjghfj": "",
            "hgjgh": ""
        },
        {
            "hjhj": "",
            "hfhfhf": "h",
            "hhfh": "hfjfhdj",
            "cat": "A",
            "jghgj": "jhgjgk",
            "hgjfjf": "jghjg",
            "hgjgugj": "",
            "jghfj": "",
            "jghgj": "",
            "gjghfj": "",
            "hgjgh": ""
        },
        {
            "hjhj": "",
            "hfhfhf": "h",
            "hhfh": "hfjfhdj",
            "cat": "C",
            "jghgj": "jhgjgk",
            "hgjfjf": "jghjg",
            "hgjgugj": "",
            "jghfj": "",
            "jghgj": "",
            "gjghfj": "",
            "hgjgh": ""
        },
        {
            "hjhj": "",
            "hfhfhf": "h",
            "hhfh": "hfjfhdj",
            "cat": "A",
            "jghgj": "jhgjgk",
            "hgjfjf": "jghjg",
            "hgjgugj": "",
            "jghfj": "",
            "jghgj": "",
            "gjghfj": "",
            "hgjgh": ""
        },
        {
            "hjhj": "",
            "hfhfhf": "h",
            "hhfh": "hfjfhdj",
            "cat": "A",
            "jghgj": "jhgjgk",
            "hgjfjf": "jghjg",
            "hgjgugj": "",
            "jghfj": "",
            "jghgj": "",
            "gjghfj": "",
            "hgjgh": ""
        }
    ]
}

With below code and its working fine.
var jsnStr = '{"tryi":"ytugfjfhg","testobject":[{"asdf":"","fdrtf":"869966","hdhfhfh":"utytut","Cat":"A","hghg":"jguyhj","hfj":"Resolved","hghgjg":"","hgfjf":"","jghjf":"","hgjfhfj":"","contraName":""},{"hjhj":"","hfhfhf":"h","hhfh":"hfjfhdj","Cat":"B","jghgj":"","hgjfjf":"jghjg","hgjgugj":"","jghfj":"","gjghfj":"","hgjgh":""},{"hjhj":"","hfhfhf":"h","hhfh":"hfjfhdj","Cat":"A","jghgj":"","hgjfjf":"jghjg","hgjgugj":"","jghfj":"","gjghfj":"","hgjgh":""},{"hjhj":"","hfhfhf":"h","hhfh":"hfjfhdj","Cat":"C","jghgj":"","hgjfjf":"jghjg","hgjgugj":"","jghfj":"","gjghfj":"","hgjgh":""},{"hjhj":"","hfhfhf":"h","hhfh":"hfjfhdj","Cat":"A","jghgj":"","hgjfjf":"jghjg","hgjgugj":"","jghfj":"","gjghfj":"","hgjgh":""},{"hjhj":"","hfhfhf":"h","hhfh":"hfjfhdj","Cat":"A","jghgj":"","hgjfjf":"jghjg","hgjgugj":"","jghfj":"","gjghfj":"","hgjgh":""}]}';
var oLst = JSON.parse( jsnStr);
var result = oLst.testobject.filter(Cat => Cat.Cat === 'A');
console.log('Result : ' + result.length);
console.log( JSON.stringify( result ));

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


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While the information contained herein is believed to be accurate as at the date mentioned, it is published for indicative purposes only and cannot be construed as reflecting the opinion of the TRA on the listed prices and tariffs. In particular, the TRA has relied, in the preparation of this section, on information gathered from network operators/service providers/relevant websites prior to the conduct of its own investigation or audit of the information so gathered. No representation or warranty, is or will be given by the TRA as to the accuracy, completeness, veracity or fairness of such information. The TRA is not responsible or liable for the accuracy or sufficiency thereof or for any errors, or misstatements, relating thereto.


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How Project Managers Can Efficiently Scale Up Projects
It's a good problem to have: Your team has been asked to expand a small project into a much bigger one. But flattery won't get your project anywhere. As a project manager, how can you develop and implement a strategy for scaling up your successes?
Start by knowing your enemy. Where are your pain points likely to be when you scale up your project? It's important to identify these issues when your work is still in its fledgling stage because they'll become bigger and more complex as your project expands.
Here are the challenges you're likely to face, as well as the experts' solutions.
Challenge: Uneven workload
Solution: Share the work
When workload is uneven across the team, it becomes more obvious as the project grows. Someone has too much work, while someone else doesn't enough. Where is the problem coming from?
Sandy McGilliver, a digital asset manager for a southern California advertising firm, found an interesting hitch when she took over her asset management team. Each individual she worked with thought they "owned" a specific portion of the pipeline, which brought in digital assets, managed them, and delivered them to their internal clients. This resulted in a lack of "team ownership."
Her solution? "I started taking people who were 'idle' and pairing them with people who were doing a different task. This way, everyone learned to do every part of our task from end to end. When our digital assets grew exponentially, we still maintained and increased our efficiency in curating and delivering products because now more people could do more tasks."
Problem: Not enough hands on deck
Solution: Increase teams sensibly
You need to acquire more resources to cover the work, and you need to introduce these people to your organizational culture—as quickly as possible. How do you manage it? Begin with fixed teams, says McGilliver.
After you decide how small or large your team can get, bring in new people. For example, if you decide that you need to have a minimum of eight and a maximum of twelve people on a team, split your team to create a new one. Pair the newcomers with current team members, and assign a mentor so the newcomers learn the ropes quickly and efficiently.
Acquiring new staff and growing your project will increase your management and communication challenges: Plan for this. Use the disruption to your advantage to streamline, improve communication, and standardize workflow so that everyone can learn.
Problem: No cross-functionality
Solution: Introduce "pair programming"
Many members of your team are not cross-functional, so moving them around won't work when the project grows. But "pair programming" can work both for bringing in new people quickly and improving your current team's cross-functionality.
Devin Randalston, a team manager for a large aerospace firm and defense contractor, found that pairing team members together can be useful for two reasons: to strengthen cross-functionality and to prepare for explosive growth. Randalston suggests pairing people with others who are only a few steps ahead in expertise, whatever their titles.
This was his argument: "One person's secondary strengths are someone else's primary strengths and vice versa. In my organization, an engineer might be great at technical details but knows less about reviewing customer's specs. I'd pair her with someone who was better at spec review but might or not be an engineer. You could put new people with 'experts' – they have a great deal to share. However, these experts often forget what it's like to be new to a task and are likely to overlook obvious things."
Problem: Finding the "right" team structure
Solution: Think agile thoughts
As anyone who has led a cross-functional team knows, the problems you face will be compounded when you grow. Before you tackle a new project that has the potential to be much bigger, ask yourself how you can structure teams so that you have everyone and everything you need.
Whatever you do, don't group your team by areas of expertise.
McGilliver's secret to scaling up quickly: She found that instead of making teams bigger, she focused on increasing the number of smaller teams.
As she noted, "I needed small, specialized teams, but I wanted to avoid siloes, and I wanted to be able to scale up. Each team had learned to deliver the full product – from taking assets in from the designers, organizing them, and then searching and delivering them. When we scaled up, we kept this emphasis (to a point) even when we grew, rather than moving to a bigger model where this team took assets in, this team organized them, and then this team searched and delivered them."
Problem: Growth feels threatening
Solution: Challenge your culture – and be prepared to hurt
Remind yourself and your team that your goal is outcome. You need to maintain quality and value in the face of growth. There will be growing pains. Always. Keep your eye (and your team's eye) on challenges and goals, and be willing to experiment and communicate (even over communicating) what you're doing. And people will rally to your cause.
Written by Glenn Kaufmann
management productivity project management
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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◾ Print Photography (1)
◾ publishers (1)
◾ Travel Photography (1)
◽ Flash & Accessories (1)
◽ Photography Technique (1)
◽ Raw (1)
B&H Prospectives: Interview with Fine Art Photographer John Paul Caponigro
Fine art photographer John Paul Caponigro found a love for printed photographs at a young age. In the age of digital photography, he believes printed images connect people to the photographs that viewing them on a screen cannot provide, especially when looking at fine art photography. After hearing Caponigro's explanation for why printing is so important, will you start printing your photographs? Let us know in the Comments section, below! See John Paul Caponigro's work by clicking here. Subscribe to the B&H Photo YouTube Channel Follow us on Social Media https://www.facebook.com/bhphoto https://www.instagram.com/bhphoto https://twitter.com/BHPhotoVideo
prospectives
Print Photography
The Business of Fine Art Photography
The world of fine art photography is transforming as rapidly as the commercial marketplace. Creating and properly marketing a body of fine art work can be instrumental in developing multiple revenue streams to support your business while at the same time keeping your vision fresh and alive. What is a fine art photograph? What is the correct market for your fine art work and how do you reach that market? How should you present your work to galleries, and create marketing materials and a Web site? What expectations does a gallery have, and what does a contract look like? Thomas Werner, private art dealer, former New York gallerist, international curator and fine art photographer, will share his experiences about these topics and much more. He will explain how to build a relationship with a gallery and what happens when you get an exhibition. He will also help you identify realistic goals in the fine art world and how to maximize results based on those expectations. If you've ever been interested in understanding the world of fine art photography, or if you're interested in opening new avenues for your work, this is an event that you can't afford to miss.
Love of the Craft: Gabriel Biderman
Meet Gabriel Biderman, a renowned night photographer whose work has been featured in multiple exhibits in San Francisco, New York, London, and Hawaii—to name a few. Working for the B&H Marketing team, Biderman gets to share his passion with coworkers, customers, and collaborators. We hope you enjoy the video, and invite you to view the wide selection of other instructional and informative videos at BandH.com. To read more about B&H employees who are involved in creative endeavors, just click over to our Love of the Craft page.
How to Get Your Work in Front of Curators & Gallerists


We WON!!! Time Out 2012 Eating Awards Proud Winner !!!
It's official! We are the proud owner of a prestigious 2012 Time Out Eating Award. We have been awarded the title of the Best Value for Money Restaurant in Cyprus. This award is particularly important to us as this represents one of the core values that Artisan's Burgerbar was build on... value for money, to offer exceptional quality of product and service at the best possible price. A huge thank you to all the people that support us daily and of course to the entire Artisan's Burgerbar Team!!
Copyright © 2015 Artisan's Burgerbar. All rights reserved.


We guarantee your success in P2090-032 exam by the use of our professionally written training material.
"IBM Big Data Fundamentals Technical Mastery Test v1 Exam", also recognized as P2090-032 is an IBM certification exam. By studying with the complete training material of Questions and Answers for P2090-032, compiled by Visualexams, you can pass in the first attempt and we guarantee it. Our material will give you complete training on the syllabus of P2090-032 and prepare you for your very first and guaranteed attempt for this specific exam.
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Children's hospital president promotes 'anti-racism' book for White women: 'Deconstructing Karen'
The president and CEO of a Canadian children's hospital received intense backlash on Twitter after she promoted a book detailing how White women can unlearn their own racism. On Wednesday ...
Save the children's
Children's publishing is in crisis and we need to take a stand for more thoughtful, challenging books. I felt a jolt of righteous gratitude for the "Today" programme's coverage last month of ...
The Bookseller5d
Children's, UT Southwestern explore possible new hospital campus
Children's Health and the UT Southwestern Medical Center are exploring the possibility of building a new pediatric hospital campus, although the project is still on the drawing board.
Dallas Morning News6d
2023 Gasprilla children's parade closures
Full Story: https://wfts.tv/3J6Xnto The 2023 Gasparilla Pirate Fest is returning in January to invade Hillsborough Bay. Grab your beads, costumes, and eye patches, and get ready for the 2023 ...
A Rare Set of JoJo's Bizarre Adventure Books Are Returning to Print
Following a recent appearance on the tv gameshow Jeopardy and the upcoming return of the manga by creator Hirohiko Araki, JoJo's Bizarre Adventure is riding high. While there has been no word as ...
People blame and judge parents for children's heavier weights
Our findings corroborate what parents of children with higher weights have reported for years: that other people – friends, other parents, strangers or even their pediatricians – might blame ...
The Conversation4d
JoJo Siwa celebrates two years since coming out on Instagram
She's a boss lady. In a new Instagram post shared this weekend, dancer and internet star JoJo Siwa, 19, celebrated the two-year anniversary of her coming out of the closet as part of the ...
New York Post8d
2021 Scripps Spelling Bee Winner Zaila Avant-garde Is Becoming a Children's Book Author — See the Covers!
The 2021 Scripps National Spelling Bee winner, now 16, of Louisiana, will make her debut as a children's book author this year with a pair of titles published by Random House Children's Books ...
People11d
Frost Children – "Flatline"
New York's Frost Children are two siblings, Lulu and Angel Prost, who make arch and giddy hyperpop. The duo's first record was a commissioned soundtrack for a 2021 runway show, which should ...
Stereogum6d
JoJo Siwa Says She's "So Proud" of Her Younger Self on Coming Out Anniversary
JoJo Siwa is reflecting on a personal milestone. The YouTube star, 19, reposted the photo that she shared two years ago when she first told the world she's a proud member of the LGBTQ+ community.
E!7d
JoJo Siwa celebrates 2-year anniversary of coming out in reflective post
Siwa wrote in the post that she is "SO proud" of her younger self. JoJo Siwa is getting reflective on the two-year anniversary of her coming out as a member of the LGBTQ community. "Two years ago ...
Why Are Children's Antibiotics So Hard To Find Right Now?
Mary Warlo's 6-month-old son, Calieb, has sickle cell disease. Infections that might only cause mild illnesses in other children could cause serious illness or worse in children with sickle cell.
Science Friday10d


Xiaomi has increased prices of Redmi 6A, Redmi 6, Mi LED TV 4C Pro 32-inch, Mi LED TV 4A Pro 49-inch and the 10,000mAh Mi Power Bank 2i in India.
Xiaomi via its Redmi India Twitter handle has announced a price increase for five, including two of the new Redmi 6 phones. Redmi 6A, Redmi 6, Mi LED TV 4C Pro 32-inch, Mi LED TV 4A Pro 49-inch and the 10,000mAh Mi Power Bank 2i Black will also see a hike in prices.
Xiaomi says that the reason for removal of the introductory prices is the weakening of Indian Rupee compared to US dollar, thus increasing the cost of the products for the company. When Xiaomi had launched the Redmi 6 series in India, it had warned that the prices were introductory and the company would likely increase them, given the macroeconomic factors.
The base Redmi 6A is available in two variants – 2GB RAM/16GB internal storage and 2GB RAM/32GB internal storage will get a price bump of Rs 600 and Rs 500 respectively. The 16GB internal storage variant will now sell for Rs 6,599 and the 32GB internal storage variant for Rs 7,499. Redmi 6 3GB RAM/32GB internal storage variant will see a price hike of Rs 500, and will now cost Rs 8,499.
Xiaomi is also increasing the prices of two of its smart LED televisions – Mi LED TV 4C Pro 32-inch, Mi LED TV 4A Pro 49-inch by Rs 1,000 and Rs 2,000, respectively. Mi LED TV 4C Pro will now be priced at Rs 15,999 and Mi LED TV 4A Pro will cost Rs 31,999. Finally, the 10,000mAh Mi Power Bank 2i Black will be priced at Rs 899 seeing a price increase of Rs 100.
Xiaomi claims that they will never charge a profit margin exceeding five per cent on its device sales, to maintain that necessary price adjustments will be made time from time. They say this is done just to provide extremely competitive prices in the industry.


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About CCD
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Just Another Reason For Me To Love Simon Pegg....
I adore Simon Pegg and everything he has done professionally. I also feel like he is a true "geek" in his own personal life and loves the culture as only a true fan from childhood can. So when he appeared on Sirius Radio's show 'Unmasked' and relayed a story about the first time he showed his 3 year old daughter A New Hope and Empire Strikes Back, it juts drives home the point that he is someone who "gets it" and should be looked towards for opinions by big wigs on what geeks may want to be included/excluded from projects to come. Check out the story after the jump and how it may have influenced JJ Abrams in his production choices for Star Wars VII (a movie that Pegg is not even billed as appearing in!). I love this man....
So apparently, when he sat down to watch Empire with his daughter and Yoda came on the screen this is the exchange between them that occurred:
When he appears, I saw her sort of sit up. She looked at the screen and then she looked at me and then she looked back at the screen and she watched it for a bit. And then she said – 'Daddy, he's real!' And I kind of like burst out crying. I was like – 'You're my child!' And it's because he's there. He's there interacting with Mark Hamill. Even if he was CG, we'd still know he wasn't really there because he's a sort of a little long-eared alien. But the fact that it was a puppet who's existing in the same space as Mark Hamill, talking to him, it made her believe in him in a way that CG would never do."
OH. MY. GOD. What a perfect way to raise a child, and the validation of her saying this has to make you feel good as a geek parent. But it gets better.
Apparently on a set visit to SW VII, he met up with his friend JJ Abrams. Pegg relayed the story to JJ, and JJ used that story as part of his argument with the big wigs and executives for more practical effects and puppets over full on CGI. Abrams had been making the case for practical effects all along, but Pegg's story literately put a face to the feelings and may have been the reason why they ultimately allowed JJ to do his thing.
When Pegg finally got the chance to visit the Star Wars set (and possibly shoot a role in the movie, depending on who you believe), the actor was approached by some of the puppeteers, who identified him as "the guy whose daughter saved Star Wars."
"I know that J.J. had always planned to do that," Pegg said of the new film's use of practical effects, "but it was a nice little validation of that impulse, I think, to have a child of that age say that."
Wow. Imagine being that kid.... her timely and TRUE comments may have helped save the new Star Wars films.... Congrats Simon, you got a good egg right there!!!
Posted by Mike D. at 10:46 AM
Labels: JJ Abrams, Simon Pegg, Star Wars, Star Wars Episode VII, Star Wars VII


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Pro Bono Honor Society
Free Legal Answers
Clerk of Court Resources
Public Hearings Report
Notes From The bench
May 11, 2022 May 11, 2022 by Jeff Brown
Hon. Carolina Maria Stark, Milwaukee County Circuit Court / WisTAF Board of Directors
Lack of civil legal representation impacts the quality of judicial decisions, the confidence of litigants in the legal process, and the efficiency of the courts. As a Milwaukee County Circuit Court Judge who recently presided over a full-time family law caseload for three years, I witnessed this on a daily basis while in the trenches with litigants in cases dealing with the issue that arguably matters most to individuals and community: their children.
First, litigants without representation struggled, and often failed, to present important, relevant information to the court. Information is critical to high-quality well-reasoned judicial decisions under the rule of law. Second, litigants without representation often voiced frustration with the legal process, a frustration rooted in the absence of an attorney to explain the process to them and prepare them for it. This frustration can lead to a lack of confidence in the legal process and the resulting judicial decisions, increasing the likelihood of post-judgment litigation such as motions to modify legal custody and physical placement of children. Additionally, this frustration can cause parents to withdraw from participating in the legal process, leaving the court with even less information upon which to make decisions. Finally, cases involving unrepresented litigants usually required more judicial time than cases where both litigants were represented. Given the high percentage of family law cases where at least one litigant does not have legal representation, the additional judicial time required for these cases significantly affects the efficiency of the courts in individual cases and systemically, resulting in longer wait times for court hearings and for reaching final resolutions.
Judges bear great responsibility for making good decisions under the rule of law, inspiring public confidence in the legal process and managing the courts efficiently. However, judges will never fill the void left by a lack of civil legal representation.
Categories Courts, News Tags Courts
In praise of volunteers
Wistaf funding update
Free Legal Answers Year In Review January 18, 2023
12 Months of Free Legal Answers in Wisconsin July 28, 2022
More Law Students on the Front Lines July 18, 2022
Wistaf funding update May 11, 2022
Notes From The bench May 11, 2022
Pro se
Right to counsel
WISATJ needs your support
Access to justice requires a steady commitment of time, money, and effort. Members of the commission are all volunteers and donate a considerable amount of their time every month. Everything else we do to support and expand access for Wisconsin residents has some cost. We need your support in the manner that best fits your resources, your time, and your experience.
Wisconsin Access to Justice Commission
We are a tax-exempt 501(c)(3) Wisconsin corporation governed by a 17 member board. Board members are appointed by our stakeholders: the Wisconsin Supreme Court, the Governor, the State Bar of Wisconsin, the Wisconsin Legislature, Marquette University Law School, the University of Wisconsin Law School and the Wisconsin Trust Account Foundation.
The Commission was created by an order of the Wisconsin Supreme Court in response to a petition filed by the State Bar of Wisconsin.
©2022 Wisconsin Access to Justice Commission | Contact


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Geary is een plaats (city) in de Amerikaanse staat Oklahoma, en valt bestuurlijk gezien onder Blaine County en Canadian County.

Demografie
Bij de volkstelling in 2000 werd het aantal inwoners vastgesteld op 1258.
In 2006 is het aantal inwoners door het United States Census Bureau geschat op 1246, een daling van 12 (-1,0%).

Geografie
Volgens het United States Census Bureau beslaat de plaats een oppervlakte van
2,5 km², geheel bestaande uit land.

Plaatsen in de nabije omgeving
De onderstaande figuur toont nabijgelegen plaatsen in een straal van 28 km rond Geary.

Externe link

Plaats in Oklahoma

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


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 * Created by Peter on 15.12.2015.
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'use strict';

angular.module('worldsApp')
  .service('TypesService', function($resource) {
    return $resource('json/types.json', {}, {});
  });


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Academic transition night to give current eighth graders a chance to get to know CHS better
Principal Tom Harmas works at his desk. He said that Academic Transition Night is a great opportunity for eighth graders to learn more about the school.
Da-Hyun Hong
Academic Transition Night will go from 5 to 8 p.m. tonight. Dedicated to current eighth graders, the students are welcomed to the high school by Principal Tom Harmas and given the opportunity to learn more about CHS. According to Harmas, this night is all about academics; members of each department will be here to answer questions, and counselors will cover the eighth graders' academic choices.
"There are still some people who are deciding what school they want to go to, and many times that depends on the availability of rigorous academic classes and also the opportunities for CTE (Career and Technical Education) courses and what all Carmel has to offer," Harmas said. "I'm excited about the EMT and certified nursing assistant courses to come to CHS next year."
Besides core classes, visiting students will also be able to explore numerous electives.
"The reality is electives live and die on the number of kids that are interested. Our electives are so rich and so good that I'd hate to see people pass it up because they don't know about it," Harmas said. "This gives us the opportunity to showcase those electives, and while English, math, science and social studies are all kinds of fun, some people find those elective classes is what they thrive in and what they truly enjoy."
Student body president Maddie Heath will be giving tours tonight around the school.
"I would just say take advantage of the variety of electives because that's one of the biggest things Carmel has to offer," Heath said. "In general, the best advice I give everyone is to get involved. That's the best way to go about doing things at CHS because it makes a big school small."
After Indianapolis designated one of most wasteful American cities, Carmel community works to spread awareness,… In his free time, sophomore Ethan Stoehr is an avid recycler and plastic collecter. In his room, Stoehr has bins full of plastic waste spanning from salad forks to shampoo bottles. He said that by creating a "plastic stockpile," he'll…
With Halloween around the corner, practicing Wiccans, Pagan debunk stereotypes around their religions Many people associate the word "Wicca" with witchcraft and characteristics such as "evil" or "Satanic," while others see Wiccan practices as similar to those of cults. Few people picture a 16-year-old girl walking down the street, registering a goddess in…
Beauty pageants judge CHS students on factors other than just physical appearance When a family friend told Abi Meyyappan, National American Miss Indiana (NAMI) finalist and senior, about an opportunity for a free photoshoot this past summer, Meyyappan said she had no idea it was actually an open call for a beauty…
Administration explains construction for main offices at Door 4 Starting during winter break, the attendance, student services and the counseling offices at Door 4 will be under construction. In addition, the health center and activities offices will also be under construction. The offices will be moved, expanded and renovated. During construction,…
Chipotle program offers to cover tuition for workers, sparking discussion on high school jobs Ben Ring, Chipotle worker and senior, is among the many students at this school who have an after-school job. While many high school students already work in order to gain benefits such as real-world experience, Chipotle has taken the extra…
In light of growing popularity of self-care, students, counselor evaluate proposed benefits, shortcomings of trends Glossy Twitter threads. Instagram accounts boasting skincare products. Podcasts sharing stress relievers. Vlogs recording daily routines. These are all facets of the "self-care" movement that has taken the country by storm in recent years. These actions lead to the same…
Academic Transition Night
Maddie Heath
Tom Harmas
Da-Hyun Hong, Editor-in-Chief
Hi my name's Da-Hyun but you can call me Michelle! I've previously served as an Entertainment reporter, Beats Editor, and Entertainment Section Editor....


Mike Dulin is an artist and chocolate is his medium. His whimsical approach to food inspires the most amazing wee creations. Take for instance his chocolate orange. Upon first look the glowing orb with white spots seems like a planet from Star Wars (or a modernist painting) but when you pop it in your mouth you discover delightful orange and cocoa ganache. Same with his raspberry globe (which looks like a Japanese garden) or black forest ball (reminiscent of your favourite kid's finger painting). Mike's POD chocolates are truly artistry in a box, both in flavour and in form, and so we wanted to find out more about the man behind the chocolate.
Mike has worked with food since childhood. He grew up cooking for himself - he reckons his parents really couldn't cook well - and started in kitchens washing dishes at the age of 14. He worked his way up the line, cooking in a number of kitchens and eventually at Terra Bistro in Vail, Colorado. At one point Mike took a job at a bakery and loved working with desserts and so naturally shifted his culinary focus to pastries. He went on to work at La Cote Basque in NYC and Picasso in Las Vegas before coming to New Zealand - on the advice of a Kiwi girl he met on the slopes at Vail, called Rachel, who would later become his partner in business and life. After working at the Hilton in Auckland for a while, the two settled into Christchurch where Mike opened his first shop, The Sweet Kitchen in Merivale. Following the devastation of the Christchurch earthquake Mike and his family moved to Wanaka, honing in on chocolate.
With training in many food disciplines, Mike extends his skills by hopping the ditch each year to attend Melbourne's Savour Chocolate & Patisserie School. The experience has helped him refine his craft and bring out the talents he has as an entrepreneur and artist. Back home, Wanaka's fruit orchards, coffee roasters and other boutique food businesses, provide a brilliant background to what has become POD Chocolates distinctive range of flavours. Mike uses his next door neighbours espresso (Venus Roasters) for his espresso chocolate and his other neighbours berry orchard for his raspberry and boysenberry chocolates. So, for nearly two years, Mike has taken his decades of patisserie experience and married it with Wanaka's bounty to create some of the most interesting and delicious chocolates on the market.
The heart of these little creations lies in Mike's ability to deconstruct the everyday food experiences we enjoy, like popping a piece of orange in our mouths or sipping a warm cup of coffee, and re-creating those moments in chocolate. Mike can take a cup of coffee and playfully reimagine it with ganache. His masterful use of cocoa allows him to mix the deep coffee colours of espresso, crema and milk in a 3D visual form. But his secret confectionary weapon is play. His inner whimsey touches each hand painted piece of chocolate with splashes of inspiration. Using spray guns, paint brushes, piping bags and whatever else is needed at the time, Mike adds fruity speckled green dots to the Kalamansi orb or a wistful white stroke over the salted caramel. Each and every piece of POD Chocolate gets Mikes creative attention and a batch (300-450 pieces) takes three days to complete. From creating the various flavored ganaches, to prepping the molds, to hand painting each piece, to tempering and casting, to finishing, Mike adds love and an artistic detail that's worthy of a moment of silence before eating.
I mean, how brilliant is this deconstructed Creme Brûlée for example, The creamy top, the speckled crunchy bits. Fantastic!
Mike and Rachel still take these special creations to the Cromwell and Wanaka markets to test them out on their neighbours and friends. Getting this frontline, real-world feedback has helped POD Chocolates refine their philosophy of sharing in the everyday food experiences that make life special. Raeward Queenstown's nutritionist Kim Malcom spotted Mikes talent while in Wanaka one day and we now have the pleasure of selling his rare chocolates in our Queenstown store. Mike hopes to expand the business and get his art/treats into a few more hearts around the country.


Reasonably priced sensors are now available in a variety of packages, making them attractive for a wide variety of embedded system precision sensing applications, including liquid level measurements. This article describes differences among modern pressure sensors and emphasizes the benefits of recent advances in microelectro mechanical (MEMS) temperature-compensated, silicon pressure sensors.
The article then describes a cost-effective, low-power, liquid level-measurement data acquisition systems (DAS) using a compensated silicon pressure sensor and a high-precision delta-sigma ADC. The article will explain how to select the compensated silicon pressure sensor. It will suggest system algorithms, analyze noise, and offer calibration ideas for improving system performance while reducing complexity and cost.
It could be argued that modern pressure measurement was started by the Italian physicist Evangelista Torricelli1 through his inventions in 1643, the mercury barometer. Torricelli filled a glass tube one meter long with mercury, hermetically closed the tube at one end, and set it vertically with the open end in a vessel filled with mercury. The column of mercury fell to about 760mm, leaving an empty space above its level. The pressure unit, Torr, was named in honor of this inventor and has a ratio of 1 to 760 standard atmospheres. Blood pressure is measured in Torr (millimeters of mercury) in most of the world.
Contemporary pressure units include the Pa (Pascal) defined by System International (SI) as the main pressure unit (Pa = N/m). In the U.S. a popular pressure-measurement unit is the "bar" which measures pounds per square inch (PSI). Conversion to a standard unit measure among the various pressure units is quite a cumbersome task because of historical and technical reasons. Nonetheless, widely available free conversion tables or free online unit converters can make the task easier for engineers.
1. Absolute pressure sensor, which measures the pressure relative to perfect vacuum pressure. An example of an absolute pressure sensor is the mercury (Hg) barometer shown in Figure 1 below.
Figure1. Mercury (Hg) in the barometer tube adjusts until the weight of its column balances the atmospheric force. Patm is exerted on the open reservoir.
2. Differential pressure sensor, which measures the difference between two or more pressures introduced as inputs to the sensing unit. An application example of such a sensor is the differential pressure flow meter (Figure 2 below) where change in the velocity of the fluid produces a change in the pressure and creates a pressure difference, ΔP = P1 – P2.
Figure 2. For this type of flow meter, the volume flow rate, Q, is related to ΔP by a simple formula that measures the rate of the flow and, consequently, determines consumption.
A gauge pressure sensor is another type of differential sensor that is constructed to measure the relative pressure to an atmospheric pressure. An example of this sensor is the popular tire-pressure gauge. When the tire-pressure gauge reads zero, it is really reading atmospheric pressure at a given location.


We strive to nurture confident young women of strength and integrity; young women who are optimistic, self-aware and adaptable, with a strong sense of compassion and social justice.
Glennie girls are encouraged to make a positive contribution to the world. As a community, we draw upon our Anglican faith to enact our core values of respect, integrity, compassion and courage in all that we do.
Tackling the issues that girls face growing up, our carefully developed personal growth and wellbeing programs will encourage your daughter to explore her individuality and develop in her the skills to build meaningful and healthy relationships with herself and others.
Your daughter will be supported and inspired to adopt a growth mindset, building the resilience and self-belief to overcome life's challenges.
Our wellbeing programs, led by experienced educators, build a strong sense of community, belonging and trust.
Commitment to a culture of service nurtures kind and compassionate young women and enriches the lives of those who give their time and effort to support others.
Providing access to all levels of competitive sports as well as an extensive range of social health and fitness activities, girls are encouraged to embrace fitness for life, being healthy and active in mind, body and spirit.
Book a tour today and see first-hand how Glennie nurtures the young women who will be tomorrow's leaders.


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Coastal Swamp Oak Forests, also known as Swamp Oak Floodplain Forests and Estuarine swamp oak forests, are scattered riparian forests found in southeastern Queensland to southeastern New South Wales, Australia that would predominantly feature Casuarina glauca (swamp oaks). They occur within the South Eastern Queensland, NSW North Coast, Sydney Basin, or South East Corner bioregions.

Geography
Only about 26% of their original extent remaining, Coastal Swamp Oak Forests generally occur on light or alluvial soil on coastal flats, floodplains, drainage lines, lake margins, wetlands and estuarine fringes where soils are at least at times saturated, marshy or overflowed. Some may occur on coastal dune swales or flats. Having a dense to sparse tree layer, the community is mostly found as disjointed residue patches along the coast between Curtis Island (south-east Queensland), north of Gladstone, and Bermagui (southern New South Wales), up to 50 m above sea level (ASL) but usually less than 20 m ASL and they are usually within 30km of the coast, but in several areas, such as along tidal river catchments, the community can be present more than 100km inland.

Major presence include: around 350 ha on the Tweed lowlands; to a lesser degree than 650 ha on the lower Clarence floodplain; less than 400 ha on the lower Macleay floodplain; less than 3,200 ha in the Hunter Valley; less than 5,200 ha in the Sydney and South Coast region and less than 1,000 ha in the Eden region. The community's composition may alter from open forests to low woodlands, scrubs or reed lands with scattered trees.

Ecology
Although swamp oaks are the principal trees that occur in the canopy, there also exist many other species such as, Acmena smithii, Alphitonia excelsa, Melaleuca salicina, Cupaniopsis anacardioides, Glochidion ferdinandi, Parsonsia straminea and at times Melaleuca spp., where they shape a sub-canopy layer.

The saline understorey consists of Baumea juncea, Alexfloydia repens, Baumea juncea, Juncus kraussii, Phragmites australis, Selliera radicans, Cynodon dactylon, Phragmites australis, Parsonsia straminea, Geitonoplesium cymosum, Stephania japonica and Suaeda australis, with freshwater species being Blechnum indicum, Carex appressa, Gahnia clarkei, Centella asiatica, Oplismenus imbecillis, Commelina cyanea, Hypolepis muelleri, Persicaria decipiens, Lomandra longifolia, Microlaena stipoides and Viola banksii. The total canopy cover is least 10%.

Biodiversity
The animals that occupy the community also dwell in conterminous wetlands, grasslands, woodlands and forests. The animals include bats, possums, bandicoots, birds, frogs, turtles and other reptiles. Mammals include Cercartetus nanus, Myotis macropus, Phascogale tapoatafa, Pteropus poliocephalus, Syconycteris australis, Phascolarctos cinereus, Antechinus stuartii, Perameles nasuta, Potorous tridactylus, Pseudomys novaehollandiae and Rattus lutreolus.

Reptiles present are, Cyclodomorphus michaeli, Egernia mcpheei, Boiga irregularis, Hemiaspis signata, Hoplocephalus bitorquatus, Pseudechis porphyriacus, Tropidechis carinatus, Chelodina longicollis, Emydura macquarii, Elseya albagula, Elusor macrurus and Wollumbinia georgesi.

See also
River-flat eucalypt forest

References

Endangered ecological communities
Geography of Sydney
Remnant urban bushland
Vegetation of Australia
Ecoregions of New South Wales
Ecoregions of Queensland
Sclerophyll forests
Casuarina


Adapting to new technologies isn't a choice for association executives; it's a necessity. Beyond the charge of managing effective associations, we serve an important role model function for our members. REALTORS® look to us for best practices involving which tech tools we use and how we employ them in our daily business practices. They are also influenced by our use of social media and other nontraditional, tech-related marketing techniques.
Even if we can't troubleshoot all tech issues ourselves, we should be able to direct our members to reliable sources of information.
Be sure your association budget allows for maintaining and occasionally updating your technology resources, including computers, software, smart phones, and tablets used by staff.
Offer training. It's no use to provide smart phones if your staff doesn't know how to download an app. The same holds true for the latest accounting and database management software.
Don't hold out on investing in technology, like purchasing iPads or tablets, or developing a local market data app—your members are using them! Remember your function as a role model and resource. Anticipate your members' needs and help them integrate technology into their business.
Listen for the technology buzz among your members. Get a feel for their questions and deficiencies when it comes to technology and respond to them by providing classes, workshops, articles, or other educational opportunities your members appreciate.
Teach best practices on how to use common tech tools effectively, and develop technological capabilities. There's a big gap between having a Facebook page and knowing how to use it as a profitable marketing technique.
Dig beyond technologies you use every day to find the tools members would find useful. For instance, educate your members on how using listing syndication to display listings automatically across a variety of important real estate Web sites can make them more competitive.
Keep it fun! Don't limit your association's use of social media to promoting classes or events. Demonstrate your technological proficiency by engaging members in conversations via social media.
Re-tweet helpful member Twitter messages; "like" posts you find worthwhile on members' Facebook pages; and comment on blog posts. Compliment your members who make meaningful use of social media and invite them to do the same!
If you've created a blog, use it to spotlight your personality with short and simple postings on market reports, the importance of education, or topics members ask about—really, anything on which you have expertise.
Share what works for you. If you have a favorite app or a preferred type of smart phone, tell your colleagues why. Having the conversation helps keep us all aware of new trends and best practices, better positioning us to do what we do best—serve members.
On another note, it was wonderful seeing so many familiar (and new!) faces at this year's AE Institute in Louisville. Thank you to the tremendous group of NAR staff and association volunteers who orchestrated the programming and events for the centennial celebration. It was a privilege to be with you all.


In an English language press release dated 13 January, DTAC has announced that customers who were affected by an incident on 8 January this year will be compensated with a 48-hour waiver of service from 12 noon 7 January to 12 noon 9 January this year. The company confirmed that it had set aside some 40 million baht for this.
The press release details the cause of the incident, which occurred as a result of a car accident in Pranburi, followed a short while later by a brush fire which burnt a power pole and the backup fiber-optic cable. The combined effects cut the service in the southern region and affected some 1.8 million customers. DTAC reports the time of the service cut as being 2.5 hours.
With two earlier incidents on 21 December and 5 January which affected subscribers in large areas of Bangkok for which they set aside 350 million, DTAC claims that the company has paid a "total compensation of Baht 400 million (sic)."
CEO Jon Eddy Abdullah expressed his understanding of difficulties that customers had faced with the service disruption. The company thought that despite the unforeseen nature of the incidents, a waiver on local services was the best path for both post- and pre-paid customers for both voice and data transmissions.
The CEO ended with, "We realize that customer trust and satisfaction are the most important aspects of our business. The waiver of service charge is just a part of our customer focus efforts. More importantly, we strive to offer products and services that best meet customer needs. Therefore, we are committed to work hard to retain customer satisfaction and regain customer trust."


We all get stuck sometimes. If you're feeling like you're struggling and it's stressing you out, it's okay! You're not alone.
Like I tell my teams, you grow by banging your head against a problem in search of a solution. But don't bang on too long. Pain is a sign that it's time to ask for help.
So, what do you need help with? Have a burning question? A confounding conundrum? Tell me all about it using the form below. I'd love to hear from you!


Princess Barbie – This princess Barbie is sold only at Saks. She comes with an assortment of Kate Spade Handbags, a Lexus SUV, a long-haired foreign dog named Honey and a cookie-cutter house. Available with or without tummy tuck and face lift.
Workaholic Ken sold only in conjunction with the augmented version. Princess Barbie is easily exchanged, and occasionally mistaken for Yuppie Barbie.
Girls Who Lunch Barbie – The modern day homemaker Barbie is available with Ford Windstar minivan and matching gym outfit. She gets lost easily and has no full-time occupation. Traffic jamming cell phone sold separately.
Here's this weeks question: If you could pick a book you've read to make into a movie, which one would you choose?
I know Tom Cruise did one Jack Reacher movie, but I'd like to see every single Jack Reacher book made into a movie. This time find a hunk that's the same height and weight of Jack Reacher.
Make Me is the upcoming book in the Jack Reacher series written by Lee Child. The novel will be the twentieth book in the series. It is tentatively scheduled for release on September 8, 2015.
It's time to play The Story Game again. Here's how it works. I'll start a story. You continue it in comments. Each commenter picks up where the last leaves off. In a few days I'll give it an ending and post our story with the links to everyone who participated under the heading, "Contributing Authors".
You can play as many times as you want. If someone derails the story will one of you put it back on track? Thanks for playing along and have a great day.


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James DeMeo PhD
James DeMeo, PhD, formally studied the Earth, Atmospheric, and Environmental Sciences at Florida International University and later at the University of Kansas, where he earned his PhD in 1986.
At KU, he openly undertook the first graduate-level natural scientific research specifically focused upon Wilhelm Reich's controversial discoveries, subjecting those ideas to rigorous testing, with positive verification of the original findings. DeMeo subsequently undertook field research in the arid American Southwest, Egypt, Israel, sub-Saharan Eritrea, and Namibia, Africa.
His work on the Saharasia question constituted the most ambitious global cross-cultural research study to date, on the subjects of human behavior, family and sexual life around the world.
His published works include dozens of articles and compendiums, and several books, including Saharasia, The Orgone Accumulator Handbook, and In Defense of Wilhelm Reich. He was editor of On Wilhelm Reich and Orgonomy and Heretics' Notebook, and of the journal Pulse of the Planet, and co-editor for the German-language compendium Nach Reich: Neue Forschung zur Orgonomie.
DeMeo served on the faculty of Geography at the University of Kansas, Illinois State University, University of Miami and University of Northern Iowa.
In 1978, he founded the Orgone Biophysical Research Lab (OBRL), where he continues as Director. In 1994 the OBRL Greenspring Center was established, a high-altitude research facility in the Siskiyou Mountains near to Ashland, Oregon, exhibiting optimal conditions for sensitive orgone energy experiments. He continues with experimental work and writing, and hosts the occasional seminar.
About his books:
* The Orgone Accumulator Handbook: Wilhelm Reich's Life-Energy Discoveries and Healing Tools for the 21st Century, with Construction Plans,
In the 1940s, the physician and natural scientist Dr. Wilhelm Reich claimed discovery of a new form of energy which charged up living organisms and also existed in the open atmosphere and in high vacuum. Reich's laboratory and clinical findings indicated this new energy, which he called the orgone, could be photographed and measured, and had powerful life-positive biological effects. Reich trained other scientists and physicians in his findings, and together they set about applying the inexpensive orgone treatment methods – using a device called the orgone energy accumulator – against various illness, including cancer, with remarkably good results. His published findings shocked the scientific world of his day, however, ultimately leading to numerous smear articles in the popular press, and trumped-up charges by a power-drunk Food and Drug Administration.
* Heretic's Notebook: Emotions, Protocells, Ether-Drift and Cosmic Life Energy,
A compendium of 30 different research articles, by an international group of 18 different scientists and scholars, validating and expanding upon the subject of Wilhelm Reich's amazing discoveries and related concepts.
* In Defense of Wilhelm Reich: Opposing the 80-Years' War of Mainstream Defamatory Slander Against One of the 20th Century's Most Brilliant Physicians and Natural Scientists
From the "Introduction": Dr. Wilhelm Reich is the man whom nearly everyone loves to hate. No other figure in 20th Century science and medicine could be named who has been so badly maligned in popular media, scientific and medical circles, or so shabbily mistreated by power-drunk federal agencies and arrogant judges. Publicly denounced and slandered in both Europe and America by Nazis, Communists and psychoanalysts, placed on both Hitler's and Stalin's death lists but narrowly escaping to the USA, subjected to new public slanders and attacks by American journalists and psychiatrists who deliberately lied and provoked an "investigation" by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA), imprisoned by American courts which ignored his legal writs and pleas about prosecutorial and FDA fraud, denied appeals all the way up to the US Supreme Court, which rubber-stamped the FDA's demands for the banning and burning of his scientific books and research journals, and finally dying alone in prison – who was this man, Wilhelm Reich, and why today, some 50 years after his death, does he continue to stir up such emotional antipathy?
* Saharasia: The 4000 BCE Origins of Child-Abuse, Sex-Repression, Warfare and Social Violence In the Deserts of the Old World.
Ancient humans were peaceful – modern violence is avoidable. That's the basic message contained in "Saharasia", a controversial "marriage of heresies" over 10 years in the making. It will change forever your way of looking at the world, your home culture, and current events. Saharasia constitutes a revolutionary new discovery on a geographic pattern to global human behavior as deeply embedded within the scientific literature of anthropology, history and archaeology. It covers issues and events which typically are ignored in the "politically correct" academic environment, even though it was produced within that same environment. Saharasia presents the first cross-cultural, anthropological, archaeological and historical survey of human family and social institutions, tracing human violence back in time to specific times and places of first-origin.
His websites are:
www.orgonelab.org
www.saharasia.org
www.naturalenergyworks.net


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museum@cf158066107c4f4fbb59821dff441b13kollwitz.de
The Cologne Kollwitz Museum
The world's largest Kollwitz collection
Käthe Kollwitz, Cuddling lovers, 1909/10, carcoal, NT 559 © Käthe Kollwitz Museum Köln
The Käthe Kollwitz Museum Cologne was founded in 1985 by the Kreissparkasse Cologne and is the very first museum dedicated to the artist. Since 1989, it resides on the upper storey of the Neumarkt Passage in specially constructed rooms with 1,000 m2 exhibition space and a forum for cultural events.
The continuously and systematically expanding collection is now considered the internationally largest inventory of this prominent artist of the twentieth century. A particular emphasis is upon drawings from all periods of her artistic career, including early pastels and charcoal drawings for the satirical magazine 'Simplicissimus', studies which reveal the creative process of important graphic works, as well as some of the most beautiful and expressive drawings of the later years, when Käthe Kollwitz was preoccupied above all with the theme of death.
Moreover, the collection possesses all known posters, some extremely rare, which Käthe Kollwitz, true to her maxim 'I would like to exert influence in these times', created in the 1920s against war and for social justice, humanity and peace.
Käthe Kollwitz, The Volonteers, plate 2 of the series War, 1921/22, woodcut, Kn 173 © Käthe Kollwitz Museum Köln
The artist's sculptural work – to the extent available for a museum – is fully represented in the Käthe Kollwitz Museum Cologne: fifteen bronze sculptures, predominantly especially beautiful, early casts. Together with the copy of the two mourning parent figures in the ruins of the St. Alban Church and the Levy grave relief in the Jewish cemetery in Bocklemünd, Cologne presents a unique opportunity for experiencing the artist's complete sculptural works.
Alongside the permanent exhibition of works from the museum's own collection, there are temporary exhibitions focusing on individual aspects of her work or on the genesis of individual prints.
Copy of The Mourning Parents, 1932, Alt St. Alban, granite, adept 1959
In addition, the museum presents special monographic exhibitions which relate to the work of Käthe Kollwitz. In recent years, these have included, among others, William Hogarth, Goya, Paula Modersohn-Becker, Ernst Barlach, Otto Dix, Henry Moore, Picasso or also contemporary artists. Further exhibitions explore thematic or historical contexts or focus upon artistic techniques.
In 2010 the Käthe Kollwitz Museum Cologne celebrated the 25th anniversary of its founding with the exhibition '"Paris cast a spell on me …" – Käthe Kollwitz and the French modernism' about the studies of the artist in Paris accompanied by a comprehensive monograph with the latest research results to date.
On the occasion of its 30th anniversary, the museum will be presenting Käthe Kollwitz' sculptural work in plaster, stucco, bronze and zinc. The comprehensive exhibition 'Gussgeschichte(n)' with works on loan from Germany and abroad is based on extensive research for the first catalogue raisonné of Kollwitz' sculptures. This monograph is a milestone in Kollwitz research and provides an in-depth look into the genesis and reproduction of her threedimensional work.
Tue-Fri 10 a.m. - 6 p.m. / Sat, Sun an holidays 11 a.m. - 6 p.m.
5,00 € / concessions 2,00 €
Underground from central station, lines 16+18 to Neumarkt
From central station via Hohe Straße and Schildergasse: approx. 15 minutes
Käthe Kollwitz (1867-1945)
The life of the artist
Born July 8 in Königsberg (East Prussia)
Studies at the Women's Art College in Berlin and Munich
Marries the GP Dr. Karl Kollwitz, who opens a practice in the north of Berlin
Birth of son Hans
Birth of son Peter
Käthe Kollwitz, 1906, Photographie: Philipp Kester © Käthe Kollwitz Museum Köln
Breakthrough to public recognition with the graphic cycle 'The Weavers' Revolt' (1893–1897), inspired by Gerhart Hauptmann's play 'The Weavers'. Teaches for five years at the Berlin Women's Art College
Studies in Paris
Studies for several months at the Villa Romana in Florence
'Peasants' War' cycle (1902–1908) appears as a gift to its members from the 'Union for Historical Art'
First experiments in sculpture
Her son Peter killed in battle in Flanders
Accepted as first woman in the Prussian Academy of Arts, at the same time receiving the title Professor
Posters and pamphlets against war, hunger and social deprivation
Woodcut series 'War' (1921/22) appears
Käthe Kollwitz, about 1920 © Käthe Kollwitz Museum Köln
Leads the 'Master Class for Graphics' at the Academy of Arts
Receives the order 'Pour le Mérite' from the Academy of Sciences and Arts
Completion of years of work on the two mourning parent figures, a memorial for her son Peter, erected in the Military Cemetery at Roggevelde in Belgium
After Hitler's assumption of power, exclusion from the Prussian Academy of Arts due to her signing the 'Urgent Appeal'
Work on the series of lithographs 'Death', smaller sculptures and reliefs
Death of Karl Kollwitz
erial bombardment destroys her Berlin apartment and numerous works
Käthe Kollwitz dies April 22 in Moritzburg near Dresden
museum@bfbc49145bd748bba092c648122f529bkollwitz.de


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Sonu Nigam to sing all songs in Sachin Pilgaonkar's Ashi Hi Ashiqui
The singer's association with the Marathi actor-producer-director goes back a long way.
Mumbai - 18 Dec 2017 15:53 IST
Photo: Shutterbugs Images
Sachin Pilgaonkar's next directorial venture is titled Ashi Hi Ashiqui (2018). Interestingly, it will be the first Marathi film for which Sonu Nigam will sing all the songs.
The singer revealed this tidbit during an exclusive interview with Cinestaan.com. "I am singing all songs in his [Pilgaonkar's] next Marathi film, Ashi Hi Ashiqui," Nigam said. "I will soon be recording the next song. He has composed the music in the film."
Sonu Nigam: Music companies come to me when their singers are unable to sing a song
Nigam and Pilgaonkar's association goes back a long way. Nigam has sung for quite a few directorial ventures of the Marathi film star, including Aisi Bhi Kya Jaldi Hai (1996), Navra Mazha Navsacha (2004), Amhi Satpute (2008), and Ekulti Ek (2013).
In the 2004 movie Navra Mazha Navsacha, Nigam also had a cameo.
Pilgaonkar had guided the singer when he was new to Mumbai. Speaking about his relationship with him, Nigam said, "I have a lot of love and respect for him."
Ashi Hi Ashiqui will star Abhinay Berde. The young actor will be playing a lead role for the first time. Berde made his debut at the beginning of 2017 in Satish Rajwade's Ti Sadhya Kay Karte. Pilgaonkar made a host of comedy films with Abhinay's father, the late Laxmikant Berde, the most popular being Ashi Hi Banwa Banwi (1989).
Pilgaonkar had announced the film earlier in the year on his birthday. The rest of the cast will be disclosed later.
Sonu Nigam
Singer, Actor, Composer
Sachin Pilgaonkar
Actor, Director, Singer
Abhinay Berde
Ashi Hi Aashiqui


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Johann Gottlieb Fichte, "Addresses to the German Nation" (1807/08)
Johann Gottlieb Fichte (1762-1814) was a distinguished post-Kantian philosopher and notorious intellectual radical who was stripped of his Jena professorship in 1798 after allegations of atheism and Jacobinism were raised against him. Finding refuge in Prussia, he was appointed professor at the new University of Berlin, a post he held from 1810 until his death, four years later, at the age of 52. His addresses have been stigmatized as expressions of intolerant and megalomaniacal German nationalism. In reality, their worst fault is intemperate anti-French sentiment, not surprising in the era of the Napoleonic domination of Germany. These excerpts display Fichte's inclination to interpret "Germanness" as a philosophical disposition that includes a drive toward the attainment of freedom and a liberal state (though he does not advocate a single German nation-state). The text displays the influence of German liberal historicism, Kantian moral-political philosophy, and Herderian concerns with national identity.
Addresses to the German Nation
Johann Gottlieb Fichte
Seventh Address
A Closer Study of the Originality and Characteristics of a People
In the preceding addresses we have indicated and proved from history the characteristics of the Germans as an original people, and as a people that has the right to call itself simply the people, in contrast to other branches that have been torn away from it; for indeed the word "deutsch" in its real signification denotes what we have just said. It will be in accordance with our purpose if we devote another hour to this subject and deal with a possible objection, viz., that if this is something peculiarly German one must confess that at the present time there is but little left that is German among the Germans themselves. As we are quite unable to deny that this appears to be so, but rather intend to acknowledge it and to take a complete view of it in its separate parts, we propose to give an explanation of it at the outset.