Laws protect animals against abuse, cruelty and neglect. These crimes are punishable by fine and/or imprisonment. To report suspected cases for investigation, please contact Costa Mesa Animal Control at 714-754-5311. If you need an animal control officer to respond to an urgent situation in which an animal's life is in immediate danger, please call 714-754-5674.
Costa Mesa residents may own up to five animals over the age of four months. Keeping of non-domesticated animals, livestock, reptiles, aviaries, and more than five domesticated animals is prohibited unless a special animal permit has been approved by the chief of police.
Beginning September 18, 2008, the City of Costa Mesa enacted a new barking dog/noisy animal ordinance.
"The City Council of the City of Costa Mesa hereby decrees that maintaining, keeping, and/or permitting a barking dog, as defined in Section 3-8 of this Code, on any premises in the City of Costa Mesa constitutes a public nuisance. Every day the barking dog violation exists beyond the ten day notice period to correct the problem, as set out in Section 3-114 of this Code, shall be regarded as a new and separate offense" (Costa Mesa Municipal Code 3-113).
For more information on what constitutes a barking dog violation and how to file a barking dog complaint, please visit our page on Barking Dogs.
For bee problems on private property, whether it is a business or a residence, please call a local beekeeper or bee removal service. Your phone book can provide you with a complete listing of bee removal companies.
To report a bee problem on city property (e.g. parks, sidewalk trees), please call 714-754-5674.
Per Costa Mesa Municipal Code Section 3-18, it is unlawful for any person to have, keep, or maintain a hive or swarm of bees within the city.
Costa Mesa Animal Control gets many calls about birds and disease due to health concerns. This section will serve as a brief overview of the most prevalent diseases with links provided for more detailed information.
Avian Influenza is a disease found among poultry. It can infect chickens, turkeys, pheasants, quail, ducks, geese, and guinea fowl, as well as a wide variety of other birds, including migratory waterfowl. Each year, there is a flu season for birds just as there is for humans and as with people, some forms of the flu are worse than others. Avian Influenza is spread from bird to bird through contact with infected feces and respiratory secretions. Avian Influenza viruses can be classified into low pathogenicity and highly pathogenic forms based on the severity of the illness they cause in poultry. Most strains are classified as Low Pathogenicity Avian Influenza (LPAI) and cause few clinical signs in infected birds. In contrast, High Pathogenicity Avian Influenza (HPAI) causes severe and extremely contagious illness and death among infected birds. LPAI poses no known serious threat to human health, however some strains of HPAI viruses can be infectious to people. Since December 2003, a growing number of Asian countries have reported outbreaks of HPAI in chickens and ducks. Humans have also been affected, most of whom had direct contact with the infected birds. The rapid spread of HPAI in 2004 and 2005 is historically unprecedented and of growing concern for human health as well as animal health. The United States Department of Agriculture has strong safeguards in place to protect against HPAI outbreak in the United States and prevent its integration into our food system. For more information about Avian Influenza and the protective measures being taken, go to www.usda.gov/birdflu. If you would like more information on Avian Influenza with respect to humans, or are concerned about international travel to any country that has had an AI outbreak, please visit the Center for Disease Control.
Exotic Newcastle Disease (END), previously known as Velogenic Viscerotropic Newcastle Disease, is a highly contagious viral disease that can infect all species of birds. Illegally smuggled pet birds, especially Amazon parrots from Latin America, pose a great risk of transmitting it into U.S. poultry flocks, while legally imported birds are first quarantined and tested for the disease. Amazon parrots that are carriers of the disease but do not show symptoms are capable of shedding the virus for more than 400 days. END is transmitted by contact with infected feces and respiratory secretions. Although it does NOT pose a public health threat, humans can pass it on to healthy birds by handling diseased ones. Both sick and healthy-appearing birds can easily spread the disease because a bird that seems healthy may be incubating or recovering from the disease, or be of a species that is not as seriously affected. Any poultry or pet bird owners or veterinarians who suspect a bird may have Exotic Newcastle Disease should immediately contact state or federal animal health authorities. For more information on Exotic Newcastle Disease, please visit the California Department of Food and Agriculture.
West Nile Virus is transmitted when a mosquito acquires the infection by feeding on a bird with virus in its blood, and then spreads it by feeding on other animals. Simply touching an infected bird does not transmit West Nile, but it is always safest to use gloves or a towel when handling them. The virus is more prevalent from May to October when mosquitoes are most abundant.
It is important to know that human-to-human transmission does not occur with this virus, so you cannot catch it from an infected person. Most people who are infected with West Nile have no symptoms. However, of those who become ill, symptoms can include fever, headache, nausea, body aches, mild skin rash, and swollen lymph nodes. In a few cases, the disease will progress to encephalitis (inflammation of the brain).
Avoid spending time outdoors when mosquitoes are most active. This is particularly important for the elderly and small children.
Wear protective clothing (long pants and long sleeves) and apply insect repellant when outside. The California Department of Food and Agriculture recommends using DEET-based insect repellant according to instructions.
Make sure that doors and windows have tight-fitting screens. Repair or replace any screens that have tears or holes in them.
Remove all sources of standing water. Check home gutters in spring and fall and clean them if clogged. Change water in birdbaths daily. If you have a pond, it is recommended that you stock it with fish that eat mosquito larvae.
Report heavy mosquito populations to Orange County Vector Control at 714-971-2421.
For more information on the latest West Nile activity, please visit the Center for Disease Control. If you wish to report a bird that you suspect may have West Nile Virus, you may contact Orange County Vector Control at 714-971-2421 or call the West Nile Virus reporting hotline at 877-WNV-BIRD (877-968-2473) or go to www.westnile.ca.gov. For West Nile Virus bird pickup, please call Costa Mesa Animal Control at 714-754-5674.
To report a deceased or injured animal in the City of Costa Mesa but not located on a freeway, please call Costa Mesa Animal Control Dispatch at 714-754-5674. To report an injured live animal located on any freeway, please call California Highway Patrol at 714-567-6000. To report a deceased animal located on any freeway, please call CalTrans at 949-936-3600. Costa Mesa Animal Control will provide emergency care or humane euthanasia for stray animals only. When the pet is claimed, the owner will then be responsible for all costs incurred. If you are the owner of a sick or injured pet, it is your responsibility to take it to a veterinarian or an emergency veterinary hospital for care. Your phone book can provide you with a complete listing of veterinarians and emergency veterinary services. Although Costa Mesa Animal Control does not provide euthanasia service to household pets, if your pet passes away at home, you can call Animal Control for removal. If you are interested in private cremation or burial for your deceased pet, check with your veterinarian to help you with those arrangements, or look in the phone book for other pet aftercare options.
Does your family have a disaster preparedness plan? Does it include your pets? We have a responsibility as pet owners to think about their welfare should a crisis occur. Different crises may necessitate modification to your plan, but the following are some general ideas that can be implemented into any disaster plan.
Scissors, bandages, gauze pads, instant ice/heat pack, and latex gloves--items similar to those found in a human first aid kit. Please note, however, that items such as burn creams, antiseptic cleansers, antibiotic ointments, and eye drops/ointments should not be taken from a human first aid kit; they should be products specifically labeled for use on animals. Ask your veterinarian about how to obtain these and also ask if there are any other items that should be added.
Include at least a week's supply of any prescriptions or supplements your pets are taking and make sure to check the expiration dates on them frequently. Ensure that labels are clear so there is no mistaking the drug name and strength, dosing instructions, and veterinarian phone number. This is helpful to anyone caring for your pet so they may obtain more medication if needed.
Prepare an extra week's supply of food per pet (in sealed, water-tight containers in case of flooding) and bottled water, should the water supply become contaminated.
For cats, don't forget a small litter box and litter.
For each pet, include one extra collar/harness with ID tags and leash. A microchip is strongly recommended in case you get separated from your pet and their collar is lost or removed. See your veterinarian for information about microchips.
Take pictures of your pets, especially any distinguishing markings. Place these in a water-tight plastic bag with photocopies of important paperwork, such as current vaccines, medical alerts, allergies, etc.
You may want to add a blanket, stuffed animal, or chew toy in your kit for your pet's emotional comfort.
In case of temporary displacement, have a crate or carrier for each pet available. Place your care kit inside or on top of the pet crate in an easily accessible place so that it is ready to grab and go.
Plan where your animals will go during an emergency if your home become uninhabitable and no friend or family is available to care for them. This should include researching boarding kennels, veterinary hospitals, pet training facilities, and hotels (some of which are pet friendly; others may make an exception during a crisis). To ensure these facilities are not affected by the same disaster, be sure to also research facilities in nearby cities. Start a buddy system with a neighbor in the event you are not at home. Exchange information such as emergency phone numbers, veterinarian information, feeding/medication schedules, and the evacuation plan.
Know where your local shelters are so you can check there if your pet becomes lost during an emergency. Shelters may be overwhelmed and might not be able to keep large numbers of displaced animals for long, so visit as soon as possible. Do not despair if your pet has not been turned in immediately; rescue efforts are continual, so check consistently.
Costa Mesa Municipal Code 3-12 states that it is unlawful to leave your pet's feces on any public property that is not owned by you. Violation of this law is punishable by fine.
The city requires that dogs that are not on their own property be on a 6-foot or shorter leash, held by a person who can completely control the dog at all times The only exception are dogs in Costa Mesa Bark Park. Violation of this law is punishable by fine. All other animals may not be allowed to roam off your property. Straying cats that roam onto your property without your permission may be humanely trapped, but Costa Mesa Animal Control must be contacted for pickup.
Rabies is a virus that can infect all warm-blooded animals, including humans. It is spread by saliva from infected animals, usually from a scratch or bite. Rabies is 100 percent fatal once symptoms appear. The most effective way to control rabies is to have every dog and cat vaccinated.
To learn more about public health concerns with rabies, visit the Center for Disease Control.
Animals rely on us to be responsible pet owners and they deserve our best effort in their care. Most pet owners will readily agree the care we give them is well worth the unconditional love and companionship given to us in return. When you decide you want an animal of your own, the following will help you become a responsible pet owner.
When first considering getting a pet, remember that having one means a commitment to them for their entire lives. Some dogs and cats can live for 15 years or more. Some birds and turtles can live much longer. It is also essential to think about the needs, both physical and financial, of the type and age of pet you would like. As well as nutritious food, shelter, and veterinary care, your pet may have special needs. Puppies, for instance, will need basic obedience training that can last for weeks or months. Some dogs, especially elderly dogs, may need to take a consistent dose of medicine. Thick-coated breeds might have extra grooming needs that require the assistance of a professional. Consider Their Health.
Finding a veterinarian for your pets is essential. Ask friends and family for references; if you are new in the area, ask your neighbors which veterinary facility they use for their pets. Veterinarians can advise you about general health matters, what vaccinations are needed, and when is the proper time to spay or neuter your pet.
The procedure of spaying (for females) and neutering (for males), also known as "fixing" or "altering," removes the reproductive organs, thereby relieving undesirable reproductive urges. Domesticated pets do not need these urges like their wild counterparts do. For cats, this means eliminating male territorial urine-spraying and female heat cycles that cause yowling and attraction of many male cats. For dogs, this means eliminating males mounting people or objects, lifting their legs to mark territory, and other hormone-related issues. In all animals, the chance of certain cancers is greatly reduced if they are fixed. The biggest reason for spaying and neutering your pets is that there are simply too many dogs and cats for the available homes, and your responsibility as a pet owner includes not allowing yours to add to the excessive number. Also, if your unaltered dog should be impounded, there are additional fines you must pay in addition to the normal impound fees.
When it is hot, keep your pet in a cool environment with free access to water. It is best to exercise pets outside only in the morning or evening when it is cooler. If you must walk your pet during the heat of day, keep the walks short; being close to the ground means they are likely to absorb more heat. Keep your pet groomed so that excess hair does not contribute to heat retention. Never leave an animal in a parked vehicle, even on a cloudy day. The car's internal temperature rises quickly, causing brain damage or heat stroke to pets inside. Parking in the shade and/or cracking the windows are often not enough to keep the temperature adequate for a pet's survival. Animals in distress left in vehicles can be impounded for their safety and their owners changed with a crime.
Does your pet have identification? This is important, especially if you travel anywhere with your pet. Identification tags and license tags attached to a collar or harness are a good start, however, sometimes these are removed or lost. Costa Mesa Animal Control strongly urges all pet owners to microchip their pets. A microchip is a very small information chip (the size of a grain of rice) implanted under the skin between the pet's shoulders. Microchips are extremely valuable as a way for lost pets to be quickly reunited with their owners should their collar be lost or removed, and most any animal can get a microchip. Costa Mesa animal control officers, as well as shelters, have special scanners to immediately determine if a microchip is present. Contact your veterinarian for more information.
For your pet's sake and the safety of other motorists, never carry animals unrestrained in the back of a truck. Let them ride up front or leave them at home. It is NOT advisable to simply tie them by leash or rope to the truck bed. Too long a line may strangle or drag them if they jump out or if you are involved in an accident. Too short a line and they can't balance properly against sudden shifts. If your pet must ride in back, put them in a crate and secure the crate to the truck bed. This will also protect them from flying road debris. Holiday traditions such as New Year's Eve and Fourth of July noises, Halloween costumes, and unfamiliar holiday party guests can be stressful to pets. If your pet suffers from noise or people anxiety, place them in a quiet room (preferably in a crate) to avoid the chance of them escaping or biting from fear. On holidays and at all times when chocolate is plentiful, be very careful that dogs cannot get access to it as it contains an enzyme that is toxic and potentially fatal to them. Your veterinarian may have further recommendations regarding pet safety on holidays.
Costa Mesa Animal control will not pick up live pets that the owner no longer wishes to keep. It is the owner's responsibility to either place the pet with a new owner, take it to a shelter for adoption, or have it humanely euthanized by a veterinarian. Abandoning an animal is a misdemeanor.
Vectors are animals or insects such as fire ants, flies, mice, mosquitoes, rats, and ticks that can transmit diseases to humans. Costa Mesa Animal Control does not provide vector control services. Call the Orange County Vector Control District for response to vector-related questions and complaints. A trained vector control technician can help you decide the best way to solve any problems. Orange County Vector Control District 13001 Garden Grove Blvd. Garden Grove, CA 92843 Mailing address: P.O. Box 87, Santa Ana, CA 92702 (714) 971-2421 or (800) 734-2421www.ocvcd.org.
Costa Mesa Animal Control gets many calls about injured wildlife. Organizations in Southern California are dedicated to the rehabilitation of displaced or injured wildlife. Animal Control recommends that you not make an attempt to remove or rescue any injured wildlife without first contacting one of these groups or Costa Mesa Animal Control. For a list of these organizations, go to the California Department of Fish and Game or call Costa Mesa Animal Control Dispatch at 714-754-5674.
All wildlife is protected by the California Department of Fish and Game. Information on the above-listed species of wildlife will be included in this section. For more information on various wildlife topics, please visit the California Department of Fish and Game or contact them at 858-467-4201.
You can do several things to make it less likely for wildlife to become a nuisance. You may need the cooperation of your neighbors to make your efforts more successful.
Store trash bags in containers. Make sure containers are covered and securely latched.
Eliminate all fallen and rotting fruit from fruit trees.
Check fencing and eliminate any possible point of entry.
Check home foundations, eaves, and vents, and seal any possible points of entry.
Clear any dense vegetation and debris from your property.
Bats are nocturnal mammals that are often mistaken for low-flying birds at dusk or dawn. They are very important to our ecosystem for many reasons, including insect control, seed dispersion, and plant pollination.
Bats have been known to transmit rabies although the vast majority of bats are not sick. You cannot tell if a bat has rabies simply by looking at it; it must be tested in a laboratory to obtain a positive diagnosis.
If you encounter a bat on the ground or floor, especially during daylight, do not touch it with your bare hands. Use leather work gloves or a thick towel. Cover it or gently put it in a box and leave small holes in the top so it can breathe. Do not kill the bat. It may simply be injured, as can be the case when very young bats fall from their roost. Call Costa Mesa Animal Control at 714-754-5674 for pickup.
Teach children not to touch any strange animals. Children should be taught this at a very early age due to their natural curiosity and willingness to help an animal that appears to be hurt.
Inspect your home yearly to check for and seal holes where bats can gain entry. Any hole bigger than one-half inch should be caulked. Garage vent screens, attic screens, and chimney caps should also be used.
Keep rabies vaccinations current for cats and dogs. If you suspect your pet has had contact with a sick bat, contact your veterinarian immediately.
Costa Mesa Animal Control will respond to all calls regarding injured wil birds as well as dead birds found on city property. Please call 714-754-5674 for this service. Dead birds found on private property can be disposed of by placing the bird in a plastic bad while wearing gloves and depositing it in your garbage.
If you wish to report a dead bird that you suspect may have West Nile Virus, first contact Orange County Vector Control at 714-971-2421 to see if birds in our city are currently being tested. If they are, please call the reporting hotline at 877-WNV-BIRD (877-968-2473) or go to www.westnile.ca.gov.
If birds scavenging and/or roosting become problems, they most likely have a continual food source such as someone feeding the birds, nearby bird feeders, or uncontained garbage. It is imperative in these cases to eliminate all access to their food and water sources. This includes not overfilling garbage bins and ensuring lids are secure. If you have a roosting problem with a large flock, you can contact the California Department of Fish and Game South Coast Region at 858-467-4201 or Costa Mesa Animal Control at 714-754-5311.
If you find a wild baby bird out of its nest, please contact a wildlife rehabilitator before attempting to rescue the bird. There are circumstances where moving any bird will do more harm than good. A trained wildlife specialist will be able to advise you on the best course of action. Please call Costa Mesa Animal Control at 714-754-5311 for the names and phone numbers of wildlife rehabilitators in the area or visit the California Department of Fish and Game.
If you have encountered a raptor (bird of prey) that appears to be injured or ill, please call either the Orange County Bird of Prey Center at 949-837-0786 or Costa Mesa Animal Control at 714-754-5311. Owls, eagles, falcons, condors, hawks, ospreys, and kites are all raptors. Please do not attempt to care for an orphaned raptor; it is illegal because state and federal laws protect them.
Coyotes are found in all areas of Orange County and throughout California, from desert and mountain habitats to urban areas. Coyotes are far from domesticated, but seem to survive and flourish in the urban setting. They are a critical component to our ecosystem and observiing all wild animals is one of the benefits of living near Orange County wildlife habitats.
Protect children. Although rare, coyote attacks involving children have occurred. Never leave small children unattended in areas frequented by coyotes, even in your yard. Teach children from a very young age to avoid strange animals.
Never feed a coyote. Deliberately feeding coyotes puts you, your neighbors, and pets at risk. You may be inadvertantly feeding coyotes by leaving pet food dishes and garbage where they can get to it. Store bags of pet food inside. Make sure trash containers are covered and securely latched. Leaving garbage in bags alone is an invitation to scavengers like coyotes to rip them open and scatter the contents. Remove fruit that has fallen to the ground. Clear brush and dense weeds from your property to make the area less attractive to rodents: a good food source to a coyote.
Protect pets. No pets, especially small animals, should ever be allowed to run loose. Besides being a city violation, loose pets are easy prey and some coyotes seek out cats in residential areas. Declawed cats are no match for a coyote because in addition to losing their first line of defense, it is much more difficult for them to climb anything to escape. Coyotes are especially agile and can easily scale a residential fence, so backyard pets should have consideration, too. Bring small dogs inside at night and keep all dogs under close supervision. Rabbit hutches should have a solid bottom; a hutch standing above ground with only a wire mesh bottom makes your pet rabbit a very easy target.
If you see a coyote behaving aggressively or attacking people, contact the California Department of Fish and Game at 858-467-4201 or their 24-hour dispatch center at 916-445-0045. Costa Mesa Animal Control is also available for emergency response at 714-754-5674.
Cover swimming pools when not in use, especially during nesting season.
Allow beach or pool balls to float on the surface of ponds or fountains.
Clear away foliage from around water sources to eliminate a protected nesting area.
Enclose above-ground decks with skirting to eliminate another possible nesting site.
If you need a referral to organizations that are licensed to work with ducks, call Costa Mesa Animal Control at 714-754-5311. If you need the assistance of an animal control officer, please call 714-754-5674.
For more information on the Federal Migratory Fowl Act, please visit the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service.
Opossums are mainly nocturnal marsupials and do not have a permanent home base. They will stay in one location only for a short time (1-2 days) but will return often if food and shelter are readily available and there is little threat from predators. Increased opossum sightings occur between February and June, as they bear more young during this time. They are not aggressive and are not known to attack humans without provocation.
Raccoons can be easily identified by the black mask on their faces. They are nocturnal, but like the opossum, can adjust to being active during daylight hours. Raccoons are extremely nimble with their paws and can open garbage can lids.
Skunks are nocturnal wildlife and usually not troublesome, but some can become a residential nuisance if food, water, and shelter are more readily accessible close to your home than away from it. Skunks possess glands at the base of their tail that produce a strong, offensive odor. When they feel threatened, they usually warn you by stomping their front feet in agitation. With or without warning, however, they can aim and release their glands at their target. This spray can travel 10 feet.
If your pet has been "skunked," the best way to remove the smell is to bathe it. The longer you wait to bathe your pet, the harder it is to remove the smell, and a small amount of odor may still remain (although in time the smell will disappear). If your pet has sensitive skin or is being treated for any skin condition, it is important to check with your veterinarian before using this or any commercial product. Avoid getting in pet's eyes.
Mix together just before bathing your pet. Massage into hair coat and let set for 10 minutes. Rinse well.
If you live within the city limits, Costa Mesa Animal Control will pick up any humanely trapped skunk that you wish removed from your property. Please call 714-754-5674 for this service. Skunks need to be completely secured in a solid-walled container for Animal Control response (e.g. the trap placed inside a covered, empty garbage can).
Snakes, like many other wild animals, are very important to our ecosystem. Warmer weather brings out several species of snakes in Orange County, most commonly gopher snakes, king snakes, and rattlesnakes. Rattlesnakes are venomous and whil they can cause serious injury to people, encounters with them within Costa Mesa city limits are very rare. It is much more common to come across a gopher snake and mistakenly identify it as a rattler due to the similarity of the skin color and markings.
Rattlesnakes have the telltale rattle at the end of their tails and gopher snakes do not, but sometimes rattlesnakes have lost the rattle, the snake's surroundings obscure the view of the rattle, or a baby rattlesnake may only have one "button," thereby increasing the difficulty of telling them apart. A good indicator, however, is the shape of the head and body. Rattlesnakes have a heavier body and a distinct flare to the head with a narrowing at the neck. Non-venomous snakes have more tapered bodies with a rounded nose and narrower head.
If you encounter a snake at your residence, call Costa Mesa Animal Control at 714-754-5674. If bitten by a snake, it is important to stay calm and immediately seek medical advice or attention.
For more information on snakebites, visit California Poison Control or call them at 800-876-4766.
Squirrels are common in our city and are enjoyable to watch. They feed on seeds, nuts, fruit, vegetables, and insects, among other fodder. They occasionally become a nuisance, because like other chewing animals, they can damage ornamental and potted plants, wood, and insulation. They can also enter homes through attic vents and other access points. Costa Mesa Animal Control gets many calls from citizens asking what can be done to control them.
If you feed squirrels, know that feeding even one may attract many! While this may be enjoyable for you, it might be a problem for your neighbors. Even if they are not deliberately fed, squirrels may get a meal if you or your neighbors have a bird feeder, as they are quick to figure out a way to access this food source. Some bird feeders that claim to be squirrel-proof, and may be sold at feed stores or garden centers. Remove other food sources, such as fallen fruit from trees.
Some hardware stores carry motion-sensor water devices that blast water when movement is detected. Rubber snakes, plastic owls, coffee grounds, cayenne pepper, and mothballs have had mixed results.
For squirrels that are getting into your home, it is wise to check your house every year for possible points of entry, paying particular attention to foundations, eaves, and attic vents. Some points of entry can be blocked by installing heavy-gauge wire mesh over the access area.
If you want to get rid of squirrels on your property, you can contract a pest removal company that works with squirrel problems. You can also humanely trap and relocate them within a 5-mile radius of where they were trapped. Some feed stores and hardware stores rent or sell humane traps.
Mountain lions and bobcats live in Orange County and are occasionally seem in urban areas, although sightings in Costa Mesa have been rare. Bobcats mainly feed on smaller animals such as birds, rabbits, rodents, and reptiles. Mountain lions can hunt these and also larger animals like deer. Both cats have been known to kill domestic livestock.
Do not hike alone. Go in groups, with adults supervising children and keeipng them close by and within sight at all times.
Do not run from a lion. Running may stimulate a lion's instinct to chase. Instead, stand and face the animal. Make eye contact. If you have small children with you, pick them up if possible so they don't panic and run. Although it may be awkward, pick them up without bending over or turning away from the mountain lion.
Do not crouch down or bend over. A person squatting or bending over appears to look a lot like a four-legged prey animal. If you are in mountain lion country, avoid unnecessary squatting, crouching, or bending over.
Do all you can to appear larger. Raise your arms and open your jacket, if you are wearing one. Throw stones, branches, or whatever you can reach without crouching or turning your back. Wave your arms slowly and speak firmly in a loud voice. The idea is to convince the mountain lion that you are not prey and that you may be a danger to it.
Fight back if attacked. Wildcats have been fought off with stones, sticks, caps, jackets, garden tools, and bare hands. Since a mountain lion usually tries to bite the head or neck, try to remain standing and face the animal.


It is a bed of oriental tradition remade with a contemporary design: a magnetic free wooden frame that embraces the mattress.
The Dojo H Bed can be purchased with the Futon headboard and a couple of Dojo H nightstands.
Made of solid laminated pine wood.
Check out also the Dojo without feet!


text:
Ontario Review
Home > Ontario Review > No. 12
John Ditsky
JOHN DITSKY, a former contributor, has published in many North American journals. He is Professor of English at the University of Windsor.
Ditsky, John (2014) "Three Poems," Ontario Review: Vol. 12 , Article 13.
Available at: https://repository.usfca.edu/ontarioreview/vol12/iss1/13
Poetry Commons
About "Raymond J. Smith"
On Editing the Ontario Review
Celestial Timepiece: A Joyce Carol Oates Patchwork
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


President Akufo Addo will on Thursday, August 30, 2018, receive German Chancellor; Angela Merkel, for bilateral discussions as part of her three-nation West African tour.
The German Chancellor will on her arrival hold bilateral discussions at the Jubilee House which will focus on Efforts at Ghana's Economic Resurgence and Migration.
Among issues to be discussed is security in the sub-region and Ghana's role in addressing it. Countries which will be in focus during the discussion will be Togo, Mali and Nigeria and the recent efforts of Ghana led by President Akufo-Addo in providing leadership to address the challenges.
Minister for Information-designate Kojo Oppong Nkrumah announced at a press briefing on Wednesday that Chancellor Angela Merkel will later participate in a panel discussion on Compact for Africa focusing on the areas of priority for partnership.
He explained that Ghana has been included in the Compact for Africa and about 100 million Euros are going towards energy and financial services as part of the Government's efforts to improve the situation in the aforementioned areas.
"Moving forward, it's important to discuss the relationship around the compact and what next steps to take," he averred.
Angela Merkel will also visit Nigeria and Senegal as part of the three-nation West African tour.
Akufo-Addo was in Germany in February this year and whiles there, he addressed the German-Ghanaian Economic Forum organised by the German Chamber of Commerce and the Konrad Adenauer Foundation.
At that forum, Akufo-Addo expressed Ghana's readiness to shift its relations with Germany from the age-old export of raw materials and aid to trade and investment.


Arriving in port after a long passage is a beautiful thing!
Rainbow over the hill. Can you see it?
We made another 200 miles in 31 hours overnight. Started out nice, as it always seems to, then things kicked up and got a bit ugly. Another incident did liven up the passage once again. Of course, it was my turn in the bunk when all the commotion started so I throw on my clothes and jump to action. As it turns out the fuel dock in Eureka (our last stop) was out of service for remodeling for another week. So, you guessed it, we THOUGHT we had enough fuel to make Bodgea Bay, 200 miles distant. We learned something. Our boat does not have all the fuel (100 gallons) available for use, at least not in a big sea way. Yep, we ran out of diesel for the first time in the over 10,000 nautical miles we've traveled while only 20 miles outside our destination. Mike, while tethered onto the boat, had to get to the fuel jugs (2 - 5 gal containers) out of the stern/swimstep in a locker after removing the swim ladder which blocks the compartment tied behind the dinghy on davits, hand them up to me in the cockpit then wrestle them on the port deck to add the 10 gallons of fuel into the tank. The engine died while we were doing this but after a couple of sputters, it started right up. We were concerned that the fuel system would need to be bled first but we got lucky! At the fuel dock in Bodega Bay we added 76 gallons and were full! I feel certain this won't happen again. Scariest part of this whole situation is the thought that should Mike end up over board, which happens to be one of my biggest fears, I would not have an engine to turn the boat around to rescue him.
Not much to report here in Bodega Bay, stormy southerlies blowing last night and this morning but should turn to northerly (we want wind from the north to push down the coast!). It is our intention to make Sausalito or Half Moon Bay, at least.
For now, we sleep, eat, listen to the sea lions and just rest up for the next leg in the morning.


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Quail Valley Pro Mike Alford And Former Florida Gator Teammate To Play Tuesday Night At Mardy Fish Tennis
Mike Alford, a tennis pro at the Quail Valley Club and the winner of the 2016 "King of the Tennis" tennis competition in Vero Beach, and his former University of Florida teammate Billy Federhofer were awarded a main draw doubles wild card entry into the 2016 Mardy Fish Children's Foundation Tennis Championships and will play their first round match Tuesday, not before 6 pm at The Boulevard Tennis Club.
Alford and Federhofer will play Peter Nagy, a member of the Davis Cup team from Hungary, and Denis Shapovalov, a 17-year-old rising star from Canada regarded as one of the fast-rising talents in tennis. Daily tickets for the main draw of the of the event are $20 and $100 for a tournament pass good for all sessions and are available at the gate or at www.VeroBeachTennisTickets.com. Children age 18 and under are free. All profits from the event benefit The Mardy Fish Children's Foundation.
Monday's full schedule of play can be seen here: https://s3.amazonaws.com/ustaassets/assets/1/15/schedule520.pdf
The main singles draw can be seen here: https://s3.amazonaws.com/ustaassets/assets/1/15/singles_draw518.pdf
The main doubles draw can be seen here: https://s3.amazonaws.com/ustaassets/assets/1/15/doubles_draw518.pdf
Fans can follow news and developments on the tournament on Facebook and on Twitter at @VeroFutures and by going to the website www.TennisVeroBeach.com
Steve McCloud / Wells Fargo Private Mortgage Banking
Features, Vero Beach Champions Mardy Fish Tennis, Mike Alford


text:
Report: Toys 'R' Us Likely To Liquidate All U.S. Stores
March 9, 2018 at 4:42 PM EST
Six months after filing for Chapter 11 bankruptcy protection, Toys 'R' Us is reportedly preparing to liquidate its U.S. stores altogether. The retailer had already made the decision to close 180 of its 800 remaining stores between February and April 2018, and it has failed to find a buyer or reach a debt restructuring deal with its lenders, according to Bloomberg.
The situation is still fluid, but a U.S. brick-and-mortar shutdown is becoming increasingly likely, the report said. Talks are being held to offload the retailer's growing Asian business, the company's most profitable arm, while the UK unit put itself in the hands of a court administrator. It's not yet clear what will happen to the Canadian unit, which filed for bankruptcy protection at the same time as the U.S. division.
Toys 'R' Us has had a difficult task on its hands, seeking to figure a way out of $4.9 billion in debt, particularly $400 million due in 2018 and $1.7 billion more due in 2019.
A JPMorgan-led bank syndicate and a group of existing lenders initially agreed to commit $3.1 billion in debtor-in-possession (DIP) financing to support operations during the restructuring. But Toys 'R' Us and its lenders have been on shaky ground since the holiday season, with the retailer at risk of not having enough cash to satisfy the terms of the loan.
The downfall of Toys 'R' Us can be traced back to a $6.6 billion leveraged buyout in 2005, when Bain Capital, KKR & Co. and Vornado Realty Trust loaded the company with debt. For a decade, the retailer was able to refinance its debt, but the emergence of online competitors such as Amazon and Walmart weighed on bottom line results. The company's huge interest payments also forced it to use resources that could have gone toward improving technology and operations.
And ever since the bankruptcy filing, the retailer has been under immense pressure to give major vendors such as Mattel and Hasbro clarity into its long-term viability.
Under bankruptcy protection, Toys 'R' Us executives had thought the company would be afforded the financial flexibility to drive its turnaround. The retailer started seeking alternatives for bringing in customers, maximizing revenue and differentiating itself from competitors. The retailer began opening "Play Labs" at 42 stores to add to the brick-and-mortar experience, and planned to open an online marketplace in 2018.
Store closures have been an issue for the company for a few years. In 2015, Toys 'R' Us shuttered its two most iconic locations: the longstanding Fifth Avenue FAO Schwarz store, as well as its NYC flagship store. A year later, Toys 'R' Us sold the FAO Schwarz brand to ThreeSixty Group, a toy manufacturer. A temporary Apple store moved into the old FAO Schwarz spot in 2017.


text:
Randall Park, Ken Jeong, and Chloe Bennet love that ABC is great at developing Asian American talent
All three actors play leads on Disney-owned TV network primetime shows and they believe that's a big deal
by Jordan Poblete
in Disney + ABC Television · Other Disney
Randall Park (L), Ken Jeong (C), Chloe Bennet (R); Photo by David Yeh
East West Players (or EWP), the Asian American theater organization, held its annual gala awards dinner this past Monday night in Universal City, California. This year, EWP decided to honor three top Asian-American talent who just happen to have shows on the same major network.
Randall Park from "Fresh Off the Boat", Ken Jeong from "Dr. Ken", and Chloe Bennet from Marvel's "Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D." were on hand to accept their visionary awards while speaking the praises of the network their current shows are on.
"A lot has changed so far as how the show was viewed." Park told DisneyExaminer. "ABC took a risk and the first year of the show wasn't all that pretty." Park cited the backlash that the show got from criticisms of its title to what people thought of as stereotypical storylines.
He continued, "But the renewal of our show three times now signals that the network really have a pulse on exploring diversity among the risks. They benefits are mutual when you think about it." Ratings for "Fresh Off the Boat" have held steady in popularity since the show's debut back in 2015.
Jeong's show, which has been renewed twice by ABC, credits his show's success to Park's show. "We have a lot of gratitude for Randall and "Fresh Off the Boat," he said. "He paved the way for us to get picked up and keep going for two season now!"
While Bennet isn't playing in a full scale Asian American sitcom, she is one of the female leads of one of ABC's most successful shows that has ties to Disney's most successful franchise. "ABC has given me a platform to show off who I am," she said. "I never saw people who looked like me growing up on TV, but that's happening now and I'm honored that I'm part of that change."
All the honorees firmly believe that a large amount of progress has been made at improving the image of Asian Americans in Hollywood, but they also believe the intentional work must continue.
Bennet continued, "Success on TV is really inclusive of age and race, so when these opportunities come along, Asian American females should continue to take them!"
Park also emphasized that monetary support shouldn't be the only way that networks like ABC should lend. "There value in using Asian American talent. I hope that networks continue that there's value in us. If they don't, it's bad business," Park said laughingly.
Learn more about the gala and the work of East West Players by visiting their website.
Our special thanks to EWP for allowing us to cover their gala!
— Jordan Poblete
DisneyExaminer Founder + Publisher. Walt inspired Disneyland, Disneyland inspired DisneyExaminer. Catch me at Disneyland. Reach me at jordan@disneyexaminer.com or on Twitter @jordiepoblete
Disney has a real Disney Vault. Here it is. 25 Jun, 2016
Don't look at Ken Jeong's new comedy as an Asian sitcom. [ABC's "Dr. Ken" Pilot Review] 2 Oct, 2015
Auli'i Cravalho is the normal teenager trying to find her way just like her counterpart Moana 29 Nov, 2016
Welcome to a new Adventure. [DCA Grand Re-Opening Wrap-up Report] 3 Jan, 2013
Previous story "Inside Out" filmmakers honored at film festival dedicated to Autism awareness
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Disney + ABC Television


Are you a medium,psychic or a normal person?!
There really are people who can communicate with the spirit world. They are known as "psychic mediums" or "spirit messengers." Find out if you're one of them,or are you just a normal person! If you are,go to the websites I recommended,and one more thing: Those websites are wrote by Christians,so if you're not one than you don't have to do everything it says. However there has some tips that may come in handy,also it describes your ability more better.
Do you often have dreams about talking to persons you don't reconize?
No. But strange things have been happening alot to me lately.
Do things like this happen to you often: You were stepping off of the curb and something told you to stop and step back, and then that bus sped past, narrowly missing you?
No. It doesn't. It's too good to be true.
No. Sometimes it happens but... I don't know,I never paid much attention to it!
Do you often forget the places you were,the persons you speak with in your dreams?
Rarely,often,...Who knows? Sometimes I forget everything I dream of as I wake up!
Ummm...I don't know it's like I remember but at the same time I don't!
Do you feel like someones always watching you?
Never paid attention to it. Maybe no maybe yes.
Can you control your feelings?
Often! My mind is not blocked by personal feelings.
Only to an amount of them. 'Cuz sometimes I can hear/feel presences around me that freak me out!
Do you feel you're different?
Yes. Sometimes I follow my instinct and I get out of trouble it's really weird!
No,I am normal like everyone else.
Yes,I don't know but there is just something different about me.
Okay, the last question:Let fate decide!
Are you the Sun, the Moon, or the Star?


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If you were born on 15th September 1936., your age is Eigthy-Two years and Two Hundred and Fifteen days. 30165 days passed since day of Your birth (or 4309.3 weeks). But you are not alone with this! In world 280000 babies was born on that day.
Why not celebrate every 100-th day of your life? Next one will be in Thirty-Five days ( Thursday, 23rd May 2019.), when you will be 30200 days old.
Every 1000-th day sounds better? OK, next one will be in Eight Hundred and Thirty-Five days (Saturday, 31st July 2021.), your age will be 31000. days.
If your hair were never cut since b-day, today, it would be 10.56 meters long.
Heart beats since your birth: 3040.6 millions.
Since your birth, in Danube (at Bp.), 6124.7 billion m3 water flowed.
We found 2 event that happened on 15. September 1936.
Click here, if you want to see what happened more on 15. September date (Not only in 1936. year).
Biorhythm for visitors born on 15. September 1936.
If Your birthday is on 15. September 1936, check below your Physical, Emotional and Intellectual biorhythm calculator for next 20 days. What is biorhythm? Read more on FAQ page.


The vulnerability ended up patched, but that is not the end of the problem as more details are available on vulnerabilities in the authentication protocol of Oracle's database originally discovered in 2010.
The researcher said during the ekoparty Security Conference in Buenos Aires unless administrators activate the new protocol manually, the database will continue to use the vulnerable version 11.2 protocol.
When a log-in attempt occurs, the database server initially sends a session key and the salt value of the password hash, Fayó said. Attackers only require the name of a user and that of a database file; they can then abort communication with the server and launch a brute-force attack on the password offline. This method does not cause any failed log-in attempts to record in the log files.
According to the researcher, the undisclosed security hole allows attackers to make a connection between the user's session key and password hash. Fayó said the random salt value should make brute-force attacks on this hash very difficult because it doesn't allow attackers to use rainbow tables.
He said although an attacker can't use these tables in this attack, the hacker could crack the passwords using special hardware, such as GPUs, and hybrid dictionaries.
The researcher noted it is also possible to use cloud services. To crack a password, attackers will try out random character combinations until they find one that matches the hash of a given value. Once they have a match, it is highly likely they have found the right password.


text:
Таксиста () је амерички филм из 1976. у режији Мартина Скорсезеа снимљен по сценарију Пола Шрејдера. Главну улогу тумачи Роберт де Ниро, а остатак глумачке екипе чине Џоди Фостер, Харви Кајтел, Сибил Шеперд, Питер Бојл и Алберт Брукс.

Био је номинован за пет награда Оскар и освојио је Златну палму на Филмском фестивалу у Кану 1976. године. Филмски критичари, режисери и публика често га наводе као један од најбољих филмова свих времена.

Радња

Радња се одвија у Њујорку по завршетку Вијетнамског рата и прати психички нестабилног ратног ветерана, бившег маринца, Трејвиса Бејкла који вози такси у ноћној смени зато што не може да спава. Трејвис крстари улицама Њујорка у ноћи и у могућности је да види све облике деградације велеградског живота: корупцију, проституцију, лаж на биоскопским и ТВ-екранима, на којима девојка што му не узвраћа љубав рекламира спреј за косу, а у паузи ради у кампањи за новог председника државе. Многе ствари види кроз ветробран својих кола и, нарочито, у ретровизору. Гледајући друге, стално се уверава да њега нико не види. Сам је, а гомила око њега гура га, вређа или му ласка. Непримећен је, па остаје и даље у свом усамљеничком маштовитом свету. У очима својих обесних, љубазних, бестидних муштерија он је део таксија, нешто слично волану, пепељари или фару... Таксист је прича о усамљеном, непримећеном човеку који чезне да буде запажен, признат, вољен, али то у животу и међу људима којима је окружен није могуће. Осим да то стекне насилно. И он ће то и учинити... Крај филма је застрашујући. Пошто му не полази за руком да убије председничког кандидата, Трејвис окреће свој гнев и своје оружје према подводачима у подземљу. Следи право крвопролиће у којем Трејвис бива рањен, али остаје жив и (иронија) постаје херој. Скорсезеов коментар на све то је без иједне речи: серија крупних планова оружја које се користи за убијање. Јасно је да је поборник ограничења продаје оружја, коју утолико више осуђује показујући смешну лакоћу с којом Трејвис долази до свог убојитог арсенала. Ипак, не би се могло рећи да је ово филм о ограничењу личног наоружања: Трејвисова личност (Роберт Де Ниро) је исувише компликована да би се смела упростити на тај начин. Његова неуредна соба, закрчена растуреном постељом и неопраним посуђем, дијаметрално је супротна привлачности коју он осећа према чистој, беспрекорно одевеној и окупаној девојци која се бави политиком, Бетси (Сибил Шепард). Проституција буди у Трејвису револт, а ипак, једини извор његовог уживања је у гледању порно филмова. Очигледно је да управо овакве супротности одушевљавају Скорсиза. Кроз кадрове неоном осветљених ресторана који раде читаву ноћ, 42. улице и проститутки, сумњивих зграда и улица Харлема где се млади забављају на свој начин, он нам тај свет весеља и забаве показује из најмање забавног угла. Само такав град може једног таквог психопату, до зуба наоружаног, да произведе у хероја. Аутор изванредне музике у овом филму је Бернардо Херман, умро је само неколико часова након што је снимио музику за ово дело. То је једно од његових најбољих остварења, испуњено дрхтавим, злослутним бубњањем, раскошним пасажима саксофона у правом моменту који подвлаче Трејвисово (Де Ниро) све дубље понирање у лудило. Ово је редитељски снажан и мајсторски Скорсизов филм који је права ревија глумачког дијапазона Роберта Де Нира. Вешта режија дала је филму квази-документаристичку фактуру а социјална прича страве сценаристе Пола Шрејдера је редитељски исликана застрашујуће веродостојно. Таксист је филм који протреса, застрашује, али и бескрајно узбуђује због свог погледа на Њујорк седамдесетих година двадесетог века. Критика је оценила да је у овом филму Де Ниро истовремено патетично и смртоносно, опасно шармантан као Трејвис који ноћу луња велеградом и систематично припрема свој крвави обрачун. У последњој секвенци филма опет видимо Де Нира за воланом и она показује да Трејвис није излечен, већ да је велеград у којем живи луђи од њега.

Улоге

|-
| Роберт де Ниро || Трејвис Бејкл
|-
| Џоди Фостер || Ајрис "Изи" Стинсма
|-
| Харви Кајтел || Метју "Спорт" Хигинс
|-
| Сибил Шеперд || Бетси
|-
| Алберт Брукс || Том
|-
| Ленард Харис || сенатор Чарлс Палантајн
|-
| Питер Бојл || "Визард"
|-
|}

Референце

Спољашње везе

Филмови 1976.
Амерички филмови
Амерички драмски филмови
Амерички криминалистички филмови
Филмови Мартина Скорсезеа
Филмови студија Columbia Pictures
БАФТА победници (филмови)
Добитници Златне палме у Кану (филмови)
Контроверзе о опсцености у филму
Филмови о дечјој проституцији

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


The spatial organisation of the genome is known to play an important role in regulating RNA transcription to effect cell-type-specific gene expression programs, and to control the differentiation of embryonic stem (ES) cells. Embryonic stem (ES) cells either self-renew or differentiate into all the different cells in a body, and both Chromatin Assembly Factor-1 (CAF-1) and the multi-subunit nucleosome remodelling and deacetylase (NuRD) protein complex play a central role in this process by controlling the expression of specific pluripotency-associated genes. NuRD also has an important role in controlling the generation of induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells. Our research focuses on CAF-1 and NuRD and we would like to understand how they organise the genome to maintain gene expression programs.
We have recently developed a single cell Hi-C method, which allows us to image particular proteins and then identify which genomic regions associate with imaged foci in single cells. Using this proximity information we have calculated the first 3D structures of intact mammalian genomes (Stevens et al., 2017; Lando et al., 2018 a,b), and we are now using this approach to understand how CAF-1 and NuRD regulate heterochromatin structure and organisation when ES cells differentiate. This involves knocking down components of these complexes, and imaging heterochromatin-associated proteins using super-resolution microscopy prior to carrying out single cell Hi-C to study genome folding. Genome structures calculated from these experiments are then used to investigate global changes in heterochromatin organisation during ES cell differentiation.
In parallel, we are using single-molecule imaging to study the function of the NuRD complex in live mouse ES cells. In recent work, we have used single-molecule imaging to show that NuRD exists as two sub-complexes that associate with each other (Zhang et al., 2016). We have also shown that NuRD forms clusters on chromatin within the nucleus at enhancer/promoter contact regions with specific transcription factors and mediator components (Stevens et al., 2017). It is, however, unclear how NuRD regulates transcription at these enhancer/promoter contact regions. Our aim is to understand how NuRD regulates transcription in ES cells. Our current model is that NuRD acts by regulating the binding of transcription factors and/or mediator components and thereby enhancer/promoter contacts required for transcription. By taking advantage of NuRD-inducible cell lines, we will explore how removing NuRD components affect the interactions of specific transcription factors and mediator components with chromatin, and their ability to form clusters. We are also exploring approaches to monitor transcription of NuRD-regulated genes in live ES cells and thereby determine whether NuRD can affect the kinetics of transcriptional bursting.
To complement this research, we are also carrying out structural studies to understand how the NuRD complex interacts with chromatin. Very little is known about its substrates or how it works and our proteomic and other studies (e.g. Yang et al., 2016) suggest that CHD4 may interact with nucleosomes containing histone variants (such as H2A.Z), which may destabilize nucleosomes. We are reconstituting recombinant canonical and non-canonical H2A.Z nucleosomes for studies of NuRD remodelling using both restriction enzyme accessibility assays and single molecule FRET. In parallel, we are carrying out EM studies to explore whether we can determine the structure of NuRD-nucleosome complexes.
A PhD project could involve studies in any of our research areas, either using super-resolution microscopy and single cell techniques to study 3D genome organization, single-molecule imaging to study the function of the NuRD complex, or investigating the structure of NuRD-nucleosome complexes.
Applicants should have a good honours degree (at least a 2:1 or equivalent) in either Biochemistry, Computer Science or one of the Physical sciences.
2.	Lando, D. et al. Combining fluorescence imaging with Hi-C to study 3D genome architecture of the same single cell. Nature protocols 13, 1034-1061, doi:10.1038/nprot.2018.017 (2018).
3.	Lando, D., Stevens, T. J., Basu, S. & Laue, E. D. Calculation of 3D genome structures for comparison of chromosome conformation capture experiments with microscopy: An evaluation of single-cell Hi-C protocols. Nucleus 9, 190-201, doi:10.1080/19491034.2018.1438799 (2018).


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Bogurodzica [Mother of God], 13th c., Polish
Gaude, Mater Polonia [Rejoice], 12-14th c., Latin
Mazurek Dąbrowskiego [Dąbrowski Mazurka], 18th c.
Boże, coś Polskę [God Save Poland], 19th c.
Rota [The Oath], 20th c.
Introduction: A Brief History of National Anthems
by Maja Trochimczyk
The English term "national anthems" has a Polish equivalent of "state hymns" – and both terms have the same meaning if the nation and the state are one; if not – and this happened in Polish history – important differences arise, some of which will be discussed here. While the British hymn God Save the King/Queen (first printed in the middle of the 18th century) is often described as the earliest national anthem, it should be, rather, called the first "state anthem." It was preceded by many earlier national hymns, including the Polish Bogurodzica/The Mother of God which originated as far back as the 13th century. This ancient chant, one of the earliest written documents of the Polish language, has a firm place in Polish cultural history.
Bogurodzica is a religious hymn, a simple prayer for personal happiness on earth and for a blessed life in heaven. It is addressed to Mary asking her for intercession and it does not mention issues of national identity. Nonetheless, this beautiful, quiet chant served the country as its anthem and was called, for instance by Jan Długosz, "carmen patrium"/the song of the homeland."
Senate Session from Laski's book of 1506.
Postcard issued by the National Library of Poland.
It was sung by the Polish troops in the battle against the Teutonic Knights held at Grunwald in 1410 (one of the landmark events in Polish history, defending national independence) and served as a coronation anthem for the Jagiellon dynasty of Polish kings through out the sixteenth century. According to the research of Professor Hieronim Feicht, whose extensive essay on this topic appears in Studia nad Muzyką Polskiego Średniowiecza/Studies of the Music of the Polish Middle Ages [Krakow: PWM Edition, 1975], Bogurodzica has textual links with the Czech Republic and Eastern Christianity, and musical links with early French songs, folk music and the plainchant of the Latin Church.
This "hymn of the nation" must have been very popular, since despite the many wars that ravaged Poland, it survived in sixteen manuscripts dating from the period between the 15th and the 18th century. Another religious song that in time became a patriotic anthem associated with the historical traditions of the Polish state was Gaude Mater Poloniae.
A page from one of the manuscripts of "Gaude Mater Poloniae".
This beautiful anthem is dedicated to the memory of bishop St. Stanislaus, killed by the king Bolesław Smiały in the early 11th century. Stanislaus is one of the patrons of Poland. The fact that this anthem was mostly disseminated with its Latin text prevented it from becoming a true symbol of the country; the Polish Bogurodzica continued to fulfill this role for many centuries.
During the partitions (19th century), Bogurodzica was usually printed in patriotic-religious hymnals as the first, most ancient and revered song, followed by Boże coś Polskę/God save Poland, Z dymem pożarów/With the smoke of fires, and Dąbrowski Mazurka. To this day, Bogurodzica is sung in Polish churches, serving the religious and aesthetic needs of the people. The ornamental melody of haunting beauty is too difficult for amateurs, but hearing it performed by professional singers, nuns, or monks, is an unforgettable experience. Composer Andrzej Panufnik was so impressed with its solemn grandeur that years after hearing it the wrote a symphony based on and dedicated to Bogurodzica, entitled Sinfonia Sacra (1963). Another contemporary composition based on this melody is Marta Ptaszyńska's Conductus – A Ceremonial for Winds (1982).
In the 17th and 18th century, Poland did not have a royal dynasty that would ensure a continuity of rule; the kings were elected by all the gentry gathering for Seyms [National Assemblies], and the country was gradually disintegrating into chaos. While Poland was losing its political power and cultural strength, the symbols of its statehood also changed: a variety of songs were sung to replace Bogurodzica, none of them notable or well remembered. However when Poland reached the lowest point in its history, during the partitions at the end of the eighteenth century, a resurgence of interest in defining and protecting national identity led to the creation of a number of songs which, in time, competed for the title of the "national anthem."
Kossak's postcard with the title and the first strophe of the anthem.
Maja Trochimczyk Collection.
In 1774 the patriotic poet-bishop Ignacy Krasicki wrote a hymn to "Holy Love of the Beloved Homeland" which is sung to this day at the Military Academy [Szkoła Rycerska]; and appropriately so, since it calls for ultimate sacrifices for the sake of the country, including the offerings of poverty and death. Krasicki's subsequent hymn, written for the first anniversary of the proclamation of the 3rd May Constitution (in 1792), is more joyous in nature and is set to a popular, memorable melody. Either of these songs could have become the Polish anthem had the country survived and had the Constitution remained its highest law. Unfortunately, history proved otherwise; and the hopes felt at the moment of defining the country's first fully democratic Constitution gave way to disillusionment and despair when Poland was divided by Russia, Prussia and Austria in a series of partitions (1773, 1791, 1795), the last of which removed the country from the map of Europe.
Not all was lost, of course, and Poles gathered to fight for their country's independence assisted through out this struggle with song. This is when the current Polish national anthem, entitled Dąbrowski's Mazurka, came into being. In 1797 General Józef Wybicki, who was a member of the Polish troops which served Napoleon in Italy and Spain, penned a song to bid farewell to the departing Polish army. The Polish Legion, led by General Dąbrowski, had hoped to come with the Napoleonic troops "From Italy to Poland" to liberate their country, and the Mazurka's text made this hope explicit. The troops fought and won with Napoleon, and a short-lived "Duchy of Warsaw" was born from this hope, to die in 1815 for the next one hundred years.
The first line of the text states that "Poland is not dead, as long as we live" and Poles continued to sing these words through the 19th century while struggling for their country's reemergence. Thus, Napoleon Bonaparte became immortalized in Poland's national anthem… Another unusual fact relates to the anthem's music, the traditional melody of a swift mazurka. In the 19th century a variant of this mazurka became a pan-Slavonic hymn Hey Slovane which in 1945 was declared the national anthem of Yugoslavia. Now of course, it no longer serves this function. It is interesting to notice that the two melodies are virtually indistinguishable except for the first three notes.
Postcard, ca. 1914; return of the Polish Legion. Maja Trochimczyk Collection.
The Dąbrowski Mazurka was declared the official anthem of the country in 1926, after Józef Piłsudski took control of the country. Poland had been independent since 1918, and had no official anthem for the first eight years of its existence. The valiant Mazurka became a winner in a competition for the position of the national anthem with several other revered songs: Chorał, Rota, and Boże coś Polske.
The Choral ["With the Smoke of the Fires"] by Kornel Ujejski (1846) expressed sorrow at the peasant's uprising of 1846, with a prayer that such events from which "one's hair turns grey" – as the first strophe has it – would never happen again. With its first line "with the smoke of the fires, and with the dust of fraternal blood" it was, perhaps, not an appropriate text to celebrate Poland's independence – although it served as a national hymn in the Austrian part of the divided country. Another candidate, Rota, by Maria Konopnicka (1908) to music by Feliks Nowowiejski (1910), was also too limited in scope. This song expressed the sentiments of the Polish farmers in the Prussian-occupied part of Poland who were forced off their land: "We shall not leave the land of our forebears" they sang in resistance. Rota became very popular after 1910, the year when the Grunwald Monument was unveiled and anti-German feelings reached their peak.
Finally, the most serious contender for the role of a national anthem was the hymn God save Poland by Antoni Feliński (1816). With its refrain of "God bless – or liberate – our homeland" it is still a very popular prayer for the country sung in all Polish churches.
Allegory of the 1863 defeat, a 19th. century postcard.
It became a hymn of the nation during the January Uprising against the Russians in 1860-63, but its origins do, paradoxically, link Poland and Russia. The hymn's original refrain stated "God bless the King" – meaning Tsar Alexander the First, who, after the defeat of Napoleon, became the first ruler of a newly established Kingdom of Poland. The original text was soon changed by replacing "King" with "homeland" and the song became so popular in the patriotic movements that its origins were forgotten. After 1863, it was banned in the Prussian and Russian-occupied parts of Poland; it was banned, one should add, because it had served as the anthem for the January Uprising. Despite the repressions, the hymn never lost its popularity.
Even in 1928, two years after the declaration of Dąbrowski's Mazurka as the official anthem of the country Boże coś Polskę was labelled "hymn narodowy"/"national anthem" in a hymnal of the Catholic Church [X. Jan Siedlecki: Śpiewnik Kościelny z Melodjami na 2 Głosy/Church Songbook with Melodies in Two Voices. Lwów-Kraków-Paris: Priests Missionaries, 1928].
After World War II Dąbrowski's Mazurka continued to serve as the official anthem of Poland, reminding Poles of the duty to be active for the sake of their homeland. Its affective power was not diminished by its use by the generally disliked socialist government. However, the Solidarity movement chose another song for its unofficial hymn: Żeby Polska była Polską/Let Poland be Poland by Jan Pietrzak (1976). Written after the unrests of Radom and Ursus it is not a call to armed struggle and not a prayer for the country, but rather a meditation on the past wars fought by generations of Poles to "Make Poland, Poland."
How does the Polish anthem relate to the musical symbols of other countries? Dabrowski's Mazurka belongs to a type of anthem-march that is generally associated with the French anthem, La Marsellaise, written for the marching troops of the French revolution. These marches are usually fast and energetic, filled with enthusiasm for the new world order that their texts call for. While the Polish anthem shares these features of a "call to arms" to fight for Poland's independence, it is a swift, boisterous dance in a triple meter, not a steady march.
Interestingly, foreign orchestras often perform the Mazurka in a slow fashion, transforming its joyful reassurance that Poland still lives in us, into a sort of a funeral march. There is a reason for it, because many national anthems belong to a category modelled upon the British God Save the King/Queen – a prayer for blessings to be bestowed upon the monarch. These hymns are usually very solemn, instilling in their listeners a profound devotion for their country. Some of their textual variants describe the beauty and riches of the land, instead of enumerating the virtues of the monarch.
The countries of Latin and Southern America have hymns of a different type, resembling Italian operatic arias. Some of these arias have actually been written by Italian composers. The rule seems to be: the smaller the country, the longer and more elaborate the anthem, with more different parts, longer orchestral introductions. Not surprisingly, El Salvador's anthem is the longest. South and American countries are also very serious about the legal protection of their anthems. In Brazil, for instance, it is a criminal offense to perform the national anthem in a different tempo and a key different from that officially prescribed. A singer once had the bad luck of intoning the anthem too high and too fast; she was saved from imprisonment only because she thus celebrated the election of the new president of the country. Luckily, Polish authorities do not arrest anyone for singing off-key. And with that thought let me finish this brief exploration of the convoluted history of Polish national anthems.
NOTE: This essay originally appeared in the May 1997 issue of the PMC Newsletter. A longer study of the same subject entitled "Sacred versus Secular: The Convoluted History of Polish Anthems" appears in After Chopin: Essays in Polish Music, ed. Maja Trochimczyk, vol. 6 of Polish Music History Series (Los Angeles: Polish Music Center at USC, 2000). Postcards from Maja Trochimczyk Collection.
Bogurodzica
Gaude, Mater Polonia
Boże Coś Polskę
Dąbrowski Mazurka
Rota (The Oath)
Music and Politics in Poland: The Warsaw Autumn Festival (1956-1961)
Notes on Polish Women Composers
The Briefest History of Polish Music
A Polish Overture by a British Composer: "Polonia", Op. 76 by Edward Elgar
An Outline History of Women Composers in Poland
100 Years Ago: Polish Pianists in America, Part 1
Podgórski and Polish Dance Orchestras in the U.S. (1930s and 1940s)
History of the 3 May 1791 Polish Constitution


ProArt CAD Splint discs are made from a clear PMMA material. They are used to produce occlusal splints, e.g. for the treatment of bruxism, as well as drilling templates for implants. They can also be utilized for the creation of therapeutic restorations for the correction of TMJ problems and adjustments of the occlusal plane.
This disc is available in 16 and 20 mm thicknesses and millable on the PrograMill PM3, PM5, and PM7.


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New programs aim to help the 55 million people without workplace retirement savings plans
Anfisa Kameneva | EyeEm | Getty Images
Many workers don't have access to retirement savings programs. That is changing.
Now, efforts on both a national and state level aim to give more individuals access to plans.
In December, Congress ushered in the Secure Act. Among the changes included in the legislation are new ways for small businesses to work together to offer 401(k) plans, called multiple-employer plans, or MEPs.
Meanwhile, a handful of states are putting automatic individual retirement accounts in place to give workers a way to save directly through their paychecks.
Both efforts come at a time when many individuals' retirement savings are woefully low. Working households with access to 401(k) plans typically have accumulated $111,000 retirement savings by ages 55 to 64, according to the Center for Retirement Research at Boston College. Lack of access to retirement savings plans is one of the biggest reasons those savings fall short, the center found.
The new plans aim to help solve that access problem, in part by reducing the financial burden to employers who provide them.
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Multiple employer plans allow employers, even those from unrelated industries, to group together to participate in these programs that have lower costs and less administrative responsibilities.
Meanwhile, state auto-IRAs provide a way to automatically enroll workers in retirement plans, which are typically run by the state, not the employer.
California, Illinois and Oregon currently have programs in place. Other states, including Connecticut, New Jersey and Maryland, have passed legislation to create these plans.
Auto-IRA advocates hope that the states' examples could ultimately lead to the creation of a national program. Still, other experts wonder if the Secure Act changes could reduce the need for both plans.
"The automatic enrollment IRAs might still serve a group of people, but it would be significantly reduced, potentially by this change in the Secure Act," said Jamie Hopkins, director of retirement research at Carson Group and professor at Creighton University Heider College of Business.
The state IRAs are a good idea, Hopkins said. But one of the problems is the slow adoption they've had in the places where they are offered.
"We don't really have that groundswell of individuals clamoring for this," Hopkins said.
The Center for Retirement Research found that Oregon's program, which started in 2017, has an estimated 48% to 67% participation rate. It is unclear how many of those participants are actually using those funds for retirement or other savings, the research found.
But J. Mark Iwry, a non-resident senior fellow at the Brookings Institution and visiting scholar at the Wharton School, said opt-out rates should not be used as a measure of success for state-run IRAs.
For example, there are roughly 12 million workers in the states that now have auto-IRA programs who could be enrolled.
"If a third half of them opted out, we would have 8 million new savers," said Iwry, who also served as senior advisor to the Secretary of the Treasury in the Obama administration. "Even if half opted out, we would have 6 million new savers. That's huge."
There are approximately 55 million workers nationally who do not have access to workplace retirement plans.
There's no way the Secure Act comes close to solving the coverage gap in the United States.
J. Mark Iwry
senior fellow at the Brookings Institution
And estimates say the Secure Act's multiple employer plans will lead to the creation of 600,000 to 700,000 new retirement accounts.
"There's no way the Secure Act comes close to solving the coverage gap in the United States," Iwry said. "But the act is a good, constructive and necessary step forward."
Admittedly, auto-IRAs have, at times, become a political issue.
Iwry, for instance, co-authored a proposal to create an automatic IRA. That idea was endorsed by both candidates — then-Sen. Barack Obama and Sen. John McCain — in the 2008 presidential election campaign.
When Obama was elected, he put it in his budget proposals during all eight years of his presidency. But Congress wasn't responsive once the Affordable Care Act passed.
"At that point, the Republican leadership expressed the determination to oppose President Obama's initiatives and make him a one-term president, so Obama's support became the kiss of death," Iwry said of the auto-IRA proposals.
Obama, as a result, encouraged the states to test the programs. The thinking was that, if they were successful, that could show proof of concept to Congress, Iwry said.
While the Secure Act will bring retirement savings access to more workers, a national auto-IRA program would come closer to solving the problem, according to Iwry.
"If we got auto-enrollment of 30 or 40 million of the roughly 55 million uncovered workers, and even if half of them opted out, it would be the greatest breakthrough in retirement savings coverage in the history of our nation," Iwry said.
Supply chain and recruitment pressures force restaurants to innovate | FT Food Revolution


About the artist, Jesse Bert: "Mexico based artist Jesse Bert Holds a BFA from RIT, and an MFA from ECU. Jesse uses fine hand made tools to embellish his work with delicate texture and design. Over the past 12 years Jesse has taught Metalsmithing and jewelry techniques to students of all skill levels at his own studio in San Miguel de Allende, Mexico, as well as annual workshops in other cities around the world. In 2014 he was invited to participate as a fellow at the Haystack Mountain School of Crafts residency program."


Public participation in the Federal Environmental Review process for Proposed Site 1251 at Port Mouton Island created the largest file on any aquaculture site in Canada. Every letter counted! Citizen voices helped us to get heard and to successfully prevent a second farm being licensed.
The Bay needs to recover from the impact of 15 years of salmon farm waste. The harbour around Spectacle Island used to be a prime lobster fishing area. Fishermen now call it "the dead zone". Scallop beds, clams and mussels are no longer present.
While we study the site recovery during the fallow period, Friends of Port Mouton Bay remains opposed to open cage fish farming in the Bay. And we continue to publicly advocate against the re-establishment of active fish farming in the Bay.


Versa Networks updated its Cloud IP Platform, extending the company's software-defined branch (SD-Branch) capabilities with new voice and video functionality.
The company's Software-Defined Branch -- which incorporates software-defined networking (SDN) -- is an enterprise offering that reportedly simplifies and optimizes the cost of branch and wide-area networks (WANs) via the consolidation of multiple functions like routing, SD-WAN, firewall, UTM and Software-as-a-Service (SaaS) optimization.
"The Versa Cloud IP Platform now features embedded voice and video codec support to provide native mean opinion score (MOS)-based traffic engineering and reporting for unified communications (UC) services (voice and video)," the company said in a statement last month.
The Versa Cloud IP Platform is described as a cloud-native, multi-tenant, multi-service software for software-defined networks.
Versa said it added new capabilities to identify business-class voice and video traffic in order address current problems with SD-WAN solutions that don't assess actual user experiences in real-time. Current solutions, the company said, can ID such traffic but only in order to follow policy guidelines related to factors such as loss, latency, jitter and delay.
"This means that typical SD-WAN solutions are not making decisions based on the quality of the actual user experience; rather, they are making them based on the quality and behavior of a set of transport circuits," Versa said.
[Click on image for larger view.] Versa's SD-Branch (source: Versa).
In contrast, the company's new functionality can ID such traffic and assess the UX as it's captured by a MOS score, which stands for Mean Opinion Score, a measure from 1 (the worst) to 5 (the best).
Versa claimed that by optimizing and leveraging real-time MOS data in a SD-WAN, enterprises can ensure almost 100 percent uptime while providing a positive experience for business multimedia services.


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'Not great news': US boss fires 900 employees on a Zoom call | US news
The chief executive of a US mortgage company has drawn criticism after he reportedly fired 900 employees on a Zoom call.
"I come to you with not great news," Vishal Garg, CEO of Better.com, is heard saying at the beginning of the video call made on Wednesday last week. Footage of the call was widely circulated on social media.
"If you're on this call, you are part of the unlucky group being laid off. Your employment here is terminated effective immediately," Garg continued, citing changes in the market, "efficiency" and "productivity" as the reasons behind the mass termination.
"The market has changed … we have to move with it in order to survive," the 43-year-old offered as explanation. "Ultimately it was my decision and I wanted you to hear it from me."
He then reportedly said the employees could expect an email from HR with details of severance and benefits.
Garg, a self-described "serial entrepreneur", said the decision was "really, really challenging" and noted it was the second time in his career he had made such job cuts.
"I do not, do not, want to do this. The last time I did this I cried. This time I hope to be stronger," he said during the call.
One now-former employee described the call as "three minutes tops," in an interview with The Daily Beast.
"They dumped us like trash. We were there since the beginning and worked hard for the company and for our roles," another said.
The mortgage lender startup reportedly received a $750m (£564m) cash infusion from investors last week and was recently valued at around $7bn, according to Forbes. The company, which says it uses technology to make homeownership "faster and more efficient", is backed by Japanese conglomerate Softbank.
Kevin Ryan, Better.com's chief financial officer, said the company had laid off 9% of its employees after the call, according to Forbes.
"Having to conduct layoffs is gut-wrenching, especially this time of year; however, a fortress balance sheet and a reduced and focused workforce together set us up to play offense going into a radically evolving homeownership market," Ryan said in a statement to Forbes.
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The Asian American Alliance would like to invite everyone to join us for our second annual Re-Imagine series!
THIS YEAR, we will showcase many different facets of Asian America to create a better understanding of the diversity within the Asian American community.
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NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF LESOTHO Bureau of Projects, Training and Consultancy [NUL-CONSULS] Work and Society International online journal vol. 8, no.1.


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Long before Newton was "occasioned by the falling of an apple" the common assumption was that a two pound object fell twice as fast as a one pound object (Aristotle). Galileo contradicted Aristotle. After he dropped a few things from the Leaning Tower of Pisa and had them reach the ground simultaneously, what everybody knew-to-be-true changed.
Following this tradition, we tested the assumption that painted acoustical foam would not absorb sound as well as natural, unpainted acoustical foam. It didn't work that way, although we still read that it does. Paint is applied by spraying in multiple, light surface coats to avoid sealing the surface or saturation of the foam, producing no significant change in performance.
The following lab results show that the NRC values for 3-inch and 4-inch acoustical, anechoic wedge foam are identical. (Before rounding to nearest 0.05, 4-inch painted foam measured 0.01 above the natural!) The slight, and insignificant, degradation in test performance for 2-inch painted acoustical foam, 0.04 - 0.05 (rounded), could have been caused by the differences between the acoustical characteristics of the natural (unpainted) foam.
Sixty-four square feet of material in an 8' x 8' configuration was placed flat on the floor, near but not at the center of a 17' x 20' x 15' high reverberation chamber. The perimeter edges of the material were taped ot the floor. Testing was carried out in strict accordance with ASTM: C423-77 test procedure.
Precision at ninety percent confidence limits for the absorption coefficients was ± 0.03 at 125 Hz, less than ± 0.015 at 250,500, and 1000 Hz, and less than ± 0.025 at 2000 and 4000 Hz.
*Noise Reduction Coefficient (NRC) values are reported per ASTM C423-77 to the nearest 0.15. Actual values in the INTEST reverberation room are shown for reference. The difference between the sprayed and unsprayed 2" sample could have been caused by the differences between the acoustical characteristics of the natural foams.
Note: Contrary to cartoons and folklore, Newton was never hit on the head by an apple, he just noticed it and wondered why things fall. The Leaning Tower of Pisa cannot be proven as the "drop site" in Galileo's experiment.
*NOTE: IF YOU WISH TO REFER TO THESE TESTS, PLEASE CREDIT ACOUSTICS FIRST® CORPORATION AS THE SOURCE. WE CANNOT AUTHORIZE USE OF THE "INTEST" NAME BEYOND OUR REPRODUCTION OF THIS ORIGINAL PRINTED SUMMARY.


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Kenya: Olympics track and field manager arrested after sting
NAIROBI, Kenya (AP) — Kenyan police have arrested the country's Olympics team track and field manager and are seeking orders from a court to hold him in custody for an extra week to complete investigations.
Michael Rotich was ordered to return home from the Olympics in Brazil after he was caught in a sting by reporters from Britain's The Sunday Times newspaper. The paper said Rotich offered to provide the reporters, who were posing as coaches, advance warning of doping tests in return for a 10,000-pound ($13,000) bribe.
The prosecution argues that Rotich will interfere with investigations if he is free.
Rotich is the chairman of Athletics Kenya in the North Rift region, the home of the bulk of Kenya's middle and distance athletes.


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Comparative and Global Social Policy
Sort: Pub. date - Oldest first
Active social policies in the EU
Inclusion through participation?
Edited by Rik van Berkel and Iver Hornemann Møller
This book challenges the underlying presupposition that regular employment is the royal road to inclusion. Drawing on original empirical research, it investigates the inclusionary and exclusionary potentials of different types of work, including activation programmes.
Europe enlarged
A handbook of education, labour and welfare regimes in Central and Eastern Europe
Edited by Irena Kogan, Michael Gebel and Clemens Noelke
This important reference work describes the educational systems, labour markets and welfare production regimes in the ten new Central and Eastern Europe countries.
Changing social equality
The Nordic welfare model in the 21st century
Edited by Jon Kvist, Johan Fritzell, Bjorn Hvinden and Olli Kangas
Taking a comparative perspective, this book casts new light on the changing inequalities in Europe.
Global Child Poverty and Well-Being
Measurement, Concepts, Policy and Action
Edited by Alberto Minujin and Shailen Nandy
This book brings together theoretical, methodological and policy-relevant contributions by leading researchers on international child poverty.
Towards a Social Investment Welfare State?
Ideas, Policies and Challenges
Edited by Nathalie Morel, Bruno Palier and Joakim Palme
This book maps out the contours of the European 'social investment' strategy, both at the ideational level and in terms of the policies implemented throughout Europe. It will appeal to both social policy scholars and policy experts.
The Squeezed Middle
The Pressure on Ordinary Workers in America and Britain
Edited by Sophia Parker
"The squeezed middle" brings together leading experts from both sides of the Atlantic to ask what the UK can learn from the US experience of stagnating wages and rising living costs.
Why We Need a Citizen's Income
By Malcolm Torry
This much-needed book analyses the social, economic and labour market advantages of a Citizen's Income in the UK. It also contains international comparisons and links with broader issues around the meaning of poverty and inequality, making a valuable contribution to the debate around benefits.
Social Policy Review 25
Analysis and Debate in Social Policy, 2013
Edited by Gaby Ramia, Kevin Farnsworth and Zoë Irving
This latest edition of Social Policy Review presents an up-to-date and diverse review of the best in social policy scholarship with a special focus on work, employment and insecurity.
Global Social Policy in the Making
The Foundations of the Social Protection Floor
By Bob Deacon
This book by the world's leading authority on global social policy examines why and how the Social Protection Floor became ILO, UN and G20 policy and how the World Bank and IMF took steps to lay its foundation.
Disputing Citizenship
By John Clarke, Kathleen Coll, Evelina Dagnino and Catherine Neveu
This unique book presents a new perspective on citizenship by treating it as a continuing focus of dispute. The authors develop a view of citizenship as always emerging from struggle through an exploration of the entanglements of politics, culture and power that are both embodied and contested in forms and practices of citizenship.
The Political and Social Construction of Poverty
Central and Eastern European Countries in Transition
By Serena Romano
This topical book examines the social and political construction of anti-poverty programmes in Central Eastern Europe and their transition from communist rule to the current economic crisis. It illustrates how the distinction between different categories of 'deserving' and 'undeserving' poor has evolved as the result of changing paradigms.
The Social Atlas of Europe
By Dimitris Ballas, Danny Dorling and Benjamin Hennig
This is the first human geography social atlas of Europe to consider the European economy, culture, history and human and physical geography as a single land mass and a more unified European people. It provides an accessible overview of Europe and a human geography contribution to debates about a wide range of topics.
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