So the Braves completed their first week of spring training as of Sunday, and we have a few things that caught my eye. Obviously Mallex Smith did well, and I wrote about that in my last blog post. Freddie Freeman also seems to have power in that wrist we were all worried about. The Braves released David Carpenter early in the process suggesting they believe they have plenty of right-handed bullpen options to work with.
Also, there were stats. Now, spring training stats aren't that important outside of a few. I like to see how younger players are hitting the ball, and I like to see how many walks the pitching staff is issuing. Basically it's a matter of contact and control for me early in the training schedule to get a feel for which guys are likely to see some time at the MLB level.
So who is impressing me at the plate so far?
Ozzie Albies has been pretty solid in his first 5 games. He's been able to play every day so far which means the Braves are seriously looking at him as an option up the middle. He plays SS, which we obviously lost during the Simmons trade to the Angels, so the spot there is open for him and possible Eric Aybar. However, Albies has been raking early with a 6-10 (.600 average) a homer, 4 RBIs, 2 walks, and no strikeouts. It's not like Aybar is a slouch though hitting 4-9 (.444 average) in a small sample, and he's the obvious choice for the SS over the 19-year old Albies. Still, you never know if Aybar could end up as further trade bait and Albies can get the callup for the future.
Emilio Bonafacio is 5-10 so far in training, and while he's not a young player he's a fringe guy in this Braves system that's likely fighting for a spot on the team. Emilio is a decent 2B option with steady hitting in his career, and he's battling Jace Peterson for the full-time job there and possible Kelly Johnson. Still, Bonifacio has to prove something to the Braves coming off an shortened 2015 season where he hit under .200 for the year, and was released by the White Sox. Will he make the club? Only if he can prove he can still hit in spring training and beyond.
Hector Olivera is 6-13 and I'm guessing as we move along he'll be getting tons of time in LF to sort out the obvious issues he'll have switching to an outfield position from the infield. So far he's mostly been at 2B, but that's unlikely to be his every day position given the number of players we have in that slot. Still, Hector is hitting, and that's the reason we brought him here. As long as he doesn't butcher it in LF, he could play every day if he produces at the plate. Because we really have no LFer on this team right now.
It's WAY too early to tell, but I can give you a few concerns. First is Sean Newcomb who was really nervous in his debut, couldn't find the plate, walked 4 guys, and gave up 3 runs in one inning. It'll get better but he just needs to relax. Lucas Sims also got rocked in his first outing giving up 3 walks, 5 runs, and 3 hits in 1.2 innings. Again, he's young and I want to see how he looks in his next start. A small surprise for me so far is Daniel Winkler, a 26 year old righty who's appeared in 2 games of relief with 2 innings and 4 Ks. If he can keep up the swing-and-miss marks for the majority of training, he's a candidate for a bullpen slot given how little success the Braves had last year.
So that's the round-up. Keep it posted on your radios from 1-4PM EST every day if you're in the Atlanta area to hear the games. They're on 1230 the FAN2 during the weekdays, and 680 the FAN on the weekends.


text:
Books > Hindu > Vedas > Atharva Veda > Domestic Rituals of The Atharvaveda in The Paippalada Tradition of Orissa: Sridhara's Vivahadikarmapanjika (Volume I: Book One, Part One)
Domestic Rituals of The Atharvaveda in The Paippalada Tradition of Orissa: Sridhara's Vivahadikarmapanjika (Volume I: Book One, Part One)
by Arlo Griffiths & Shilpa Sumant
The Karmapanjika is a manual for the domestic rituals of the Paippalada tradition. Claiming to follow a Sutra of Paithinasi, the text was composed by an otherwise unknown Sridhara in Orisssa in the 16th century CE. His work is a precious late-medieval witness to the Atharvavedic tradition, preserving archaic features dating from the vedic period, but also showing much influence from various non-Vedic non-Vedic traditions that have been prevalent in this part of eastern India. The critical edition, which will be complete in three volumes, is based on six palm-leaf manuscripts written in Oriya script. This first volume contains an extensive introduction followed by the first nine chapters of text describe the general paradigms of domestic ritual in this tradition.
Arlo Griffiths received his PhD in Sanskrit from Leiden University in 2004. After holding a position as lecturer in India Religious at the University of Groningen (2004-05), and holding the chair of Sanskrit at Leiden University (2005-08), he joined the EFEO in 2008 as Professor of Southeast Asian History. He was posted at the EFEO's Jakarta Centre from 2009 through 2014, and now teaches in Paris and Lyons.
Shilpa Sumant received her PhD in Sanskrit from Tilak Maharashtra Vidhyapeeth (Pune) in 2007 . Since 2009, she is Sub-editor in the Sanskrit Dictionary Project of the Deccan College Post Graduate and Research Institute, Pune. Since 2014, she is a member of the Regulating Council of the Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute and is one of the editors of its Annals.
The Vivahadikarmapanjika, or Karmapanjika, for short, that we have undertaken to edit and the nine chapters of whose text we present to readers in this volume, is a manual of the paddhati type apparently intended for the preservation of practical and theoretical knowledge of the performance of domestic rituals in the Atharvavedic tradition of the Paippalada Sakha. It was written in Orissa and represents a stage in the liturgical development of this tradition somewhere between that of its oldest knows text, the Paippaladasamhita of the Atharvaveda, which provides the basic collection of mantras for rituals performance in this tradition, and the living tradition of present-day Orissa to all likelihood a stage much more closely resembling the latter than the former extremity.
Our work on this text is an outcome of our respective doctoral research projects focusing on the Paippaladasamhita (defended in 2004,published as GRIFFITHS 2009) and on the development of vivaha, i.e. 'marrige' ritual from samhita to prayoga texts in the Atharvavedic tradition (defended in 2007). Peripheral to his search for manuscripts of the Paippaladasamhita, Griffiths had been collecting manuscripts of other Atharvavedic manuscripts in Orissa since 1999, and these included manuscripts of the Karmapanjika; his work on another important Atharvevedic text, the Kausikasutra, took him to Pune for the first time in 2000, to study with Prof. S.S Bahulkar, under whose guidance Sumant started her doctoral research in 2003. It was Prof. Bahulkar who introduced us to each other, and in whose company we undertook joint fieldwork in Orissa in May and June 2005. The idea of joining hands for an edition of the Karmapanjika was born during those unusually hot summer months.
Our initial interest in the text naturally arose from the perspective of our respective main research projects. From a casual perusal of the manuscripts, it soon became clear to Griffiths that this text was of considerable significance for the critical edition of the PS, and this led to his article GRIFFITHS 2003b, which contained the edition princeps of one chapter of the text. It also appeared that the text preserves authentic ancient elements peculiar to the Atharvavedic tradition, notably in the prescriptions for marriage ritual (GRIFFITHS 2004-05), and this fact heightened Sumant's interest in the text. Since we have started editing the text in earnest, however, we have become gradually aware of a number of other factors which make the text interesting also from less particularist points of view. Although we entertain no aspirations that this text, now starting to be made generally accessible, will also attract attention among those who study Sanskrit literature, some of these factors will be exposed in our Introduction.
As we finalize this work to go to the press, we would like to record here our special debt of gratitude to Kunja Bihari Upadhyaya (Puri), who has been a consistently reliable source of information in our work since Arlo Griffiths first came to Orissa in1998. And to both of us since 2005. He had helped us gain access to several manuscripts used in this volume, in excellent scanned form; has illuminated aspects of modern ritual performance; has tirelessly investigated the identity of place names mentioned in the colophons of Orissa's Paippalada manuscripts; has joined us on visits to modern villages; has acted as liaison with other member of his tradition; and has acted as liaison with other member of his tradition; and has showered his friendship on us in many other ways too.
Our friend M. Sanjeeb Kumar, employee of the Orissa State Museum, has likewise been an unfailing support in our attempts to acquire usable photographs of the manuscripts that underlie our work, both from his museum and from Brahmin village around Bhubaneswar. It is through him that we were able to commission the painting that adorns the cover of this book.
Over the years that we have worked, off and on, toward the publication of this book, we have been helped by many scholars, among whom we would like to thank here in particular Diwakar Acharya ,Gudrun Buhnemann, Dominic Goodall, Kengo Harimoto, Kei Kataoka and Somadeva Vasudeva. Our manuscript was evaluated anonymously by two scholars who made useful observations, many of which we have gratefully incorporated into the version that has now been printed. Thanks are due also to Hugo David and Carmen Sylvia Spiers who helped with the last round of proofreading.
We both owe gratitude to the J. Gonda fund of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences which awarded Advanced Study Grants to Shilpa Sumant in 2008 and 2015, that allowed her twice to spend six months of full-time work on the Karampanjika in Leiden at the International Institute of Asian studies.
Throughout our Introduction, we use the 'ethnographic present' in discussing the living Atharvavedic tradition of Orissa as we found it during the years that we made regular visits to Orissa. This period alas lies more than 10 years in the past today, and the past today, and the situation on the ground is likely to have changed in several ways. One thing that has changed, in 2011, is the name of the state and of its language, now officially Odisha and Odia. We have decided not to adjust our usage in this book which was largely written before 2011, and not only for the mere reason of chronology: since Oriya does not have a sound corresponding to the English combination sh, and since the letters di do not more accurately represent the sound of Oriya. (Indological transliteration: ri) than do the letters ri, the new spellings of the two names seem to us no better than the old ones.
Despite our best efforts, we have not been able to rectify some errors in the page and line numbering of our text edition that is automatically passed to our critical apparatus by the ledmac package. For reasons that remain unclear to us, the main apparatus on p. 46; and top layer of apparatus on p. 96 starts with a 12 that should be a 1. There are probably some other such imperfections that we have not noticed yet, and we hope that none of them will prove disturbing for readers.
Finally, we must clarify that only the first line of the Sanskrit title given to this volume has direct basis in the work or our author Sridhara. The expressions prathamo granth- prathamabhagasya prathamah khandha – sarvakarmasmanyavidhayah bahihsaladi prayascittantah are largely of our own making.
1.Genre
Within Vedic studies, the genre of texts to which the Karmapanjika belongs has only very rarely been the focus of attention. In the context of his discussion of authentically Vedic Sutra texts, GONDA (1977a: 653f.) has observed the following:
One would probably not be very wrong if one supposed that the need for briefs practical manuals stating in plain terms the details and technicalities of the sacrificial rites was felt already at an early period. Such an easier and practical literature, indispensable for officiants does indeed exist. For the greater part of later date and decidedly post-Vedic it is mainly represented by 'guide-books' (paddhati) and 'practical courses of the procedures' (prayoga). Though continuing far into modern times, it has mostly remained unpublished and consequently is – in spite of its intrinsic value and helpfulness in understanding the sutras –little known in the west.
We might add that it is in fact also little known in India, where this kind of literature falls entirely outside of the scope of University Sanskrit curricula.
The "intrinsic value" of which GONDA speaks seems to us to lie not only in throwing light on problems in the study of older texts belonging to the respective Vedic traditions, but also – perhaps even more so – in the documentation of a certain stage in the continuous process of ritual development from ancient Vedic to modern-day Hindu ritual, and – in the case of texts such as ours, which frequently cite a variety of texts outside of any Vedic tradition – in the documentation of the intellectual and religious milieu of the author; in other, very broad terms, the interest lies in the material provided by this literature for refining our picture of the general cultural history of India. This is all the more so, since it is a regrettable features of the history of Sanskrit scholarship that these "decidedly post –Vedic" – which means: decidedly Hindu – texts, if studied at all, have been studied only from the point of view of Vedic studies. Indeed, studies of medieval religious literature in general do not take these texts into account, although they are decidedly medieval and religious.
If we look at the Karmapanjika in particular, another factor that becomes relevant is its provenance from Orissa. The Sanskrit literature of Orissa is relatively less known than that of more prestigious centers of Sanskrit literary production, and this includes the study of Orissa's Vedic tradition. In fact, by virtue of its uniqueness, the Paippalada tradition from which the Karmapanjika emanates is basically the only Vedic tradition of Orissa about which anything is known beyond the local level. Conversely those studies of medieval religious traditions of Orissa which do exist do not refer at all to the existence of contemporary literature composed in the local Vedic traditions. With the present volume, we hope to make a very modest beginning towards the process of filling this gap in general Indological knowledge, and specifically the knowledge of Orissa's traditions of religious literature. Some examples of the kind of information of relevance to different aspects of the cultural history of India that we find in the Karmapanjika are included further on in this introduction.
A number of good studies and text editions of comparable works have appeared in recent decades, among which we may mention the text edition of a prayoga in the Rgvedic tradition of Maharashtra (JOG 1974); BUHNEMANN'S study (1988) of puja ritual based on vaidika paddhatis, also of Maharashtra; and KARTTUNEN's publications (1989-90, 1998, 2001) on prayoga texts of the Nambudiri Jaiminiya samavedins of Kerala. The Atharvedic Saunaka tradition, whose texts have been preserved mainly in Gujarat and Maharashtra, has been particularly fortunate in that not its most important paddhati, Kesava's manual based on the Kausikasutra (LIMAYE et al. 1982), but also an early medieval commentary on that same Sutra, the Darilabhasya, have appeared in critical editions (DIWEKAR el al. 1972), as has a large collection of early medieval ritualistic texts, the Atharvavedaparisistas, while several minor commentaries and manuals have begun to be studied as well. The special attention which the paddhati and prayoga texts of the Saunaka tradition have received provides a relatively fertile soil in which to sow the seeds of comparative studies of the latter-day history of Atharvavedic liturgy by studying a manual of the Paippalada tradition.
We have above referred to the Karmapanjika as a paddhati, and in this we follow both the terminology chosen by Durgamohan BHATACHARYA (1968: 23) for this specific text, and what seems to be common Indological usage. We stress nevertheless that while texts bearing the word paddhati in their title are known in the Paippalada tradition (see e.g. GRIFFITHS & SCHMIEDCHEN 2007: 147, 168, 220),our author calls his work a panjika. It is often assumed that the author's choice of genre terminology in his title must be a direct reflection of the nature of the text. The respective editorial teams' notes in their introductions to the Darila's Kausikabhasya and Kesava's Kausikapaddhati are cases in point. For the Kausikabhasya, DIWEKAR et al. (1972: xiv, n. 14) cite, without indication of source, something they call "the traditional definition of Bhasya", and observe that Darila is generally true to this definition. For the Kausikapaddhati, LIMAYE et al. (1982: xiii, n. 1), quote the definition of the paddhati genre given by Rajasekhara in his Kavyamimasa, and seem tom imply that given by Rajasekhara in his Kavyamimamsa, and seem to imply that their characterization of the text as laying "greater emphasis on the explanation of the ritual in detail" would be in line with the quoted definition. The complete context of Rajasejhara's definition is this:
We find here definitions both of paddhati and of panjika. Now in an important note at the outset of their edition of Vallabhdeva's Raghupancika, GOODALL & ISAACSON (2003: xiii, n. 2) have cited this and three other author's definition of panjika, pointing out that they are sometimes conflicting. In attempting to understand what our author may have understood a panjika to be, it is understand what our author may have understood a panjika to be, it is useful to observe his own specific indication at the opening of chapter 1 (2:6-7) that he was writing a work 'in accordance with the sutra', with the Sutra', with the explanation that the Sutra in question is that of Paithinasi. This reference to a Sutra indeed recalls Rajasekhara's definition of the paddhati. It might be interesting to investigate whether the use of panjika in this sense of paddhati was common in late medievak Orissa, or in India generally, but we have – partly due to lack of sources – decided that such an investigation falls beyond the scope of our present study.
Prefacevii Introductionxi 1. Genrexi 2.Manuscriptsxvi 3. Title and structurexxx 4. Date and author Sridharaxxxv 5. Glimpse from the textxli 6. Sridhara's grammatical usage1xxv 7. Sridhara's vocabularylxxxv 8. Sridhara's citation of mantrasxcii 9. Sridhara's sourcescviii 10.Our editorial methodcxxi 11. Our critical apparatuscxxxii Sanskrit Text Chapter 1. बहि: शालाशुभ विधि 1 Chapter 2. कुमारीदर्शनादिकर्मत्रयम्11 Chapter 3. अधिवासविधि 19 Chapter 4. पूर्वतन्त्रम् 49 Chapter 5. इधंहोमादिचरूपाकांतकर्म 101 Chapter 6. उत्तरतन्त्रम् 113 Chapter 7. द्विविधस्थण्डिलविधानम् 129 Chapter 8. नक्षत्रकल्पोतकतंत्रम् 133 Chapter 9. तंत्रप्रायसृवितानी137 References141 Table of contents of Karmapanjika chapter 1-9163
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Die Isotopenmethode ist ein indirektes Bestimmungsverfahren für die Dichte von Festkörpern. Sie wird für Materialprüfungen in der Industrie, insbesondere bei Holzwerkstoffen eingesetzt. Das Messprinzip beruht auf dem Absorptionsgesetz. Hierbei wird der Prüfkörper mit einer schwachen Gamma-Strahlung durchstrahlt, z. B. aus einer Americium-Quelle. Die auf der anderen Seite ankommende Strahlung wird mittels eines Szintillators als Pulse pro Sekunde gemessen und in Relation zur auf die gleiche Weise gemessenen Strahlungsintensität im probenfreien Messweg gesetzt.

Physikalisches Analyseverfahren

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When I bought my TT I realized that I would need some kind of external circuit protection since I didn't have anything built in. My TT does have a circuit breaker panel, but in the event of major electrical issues at a park, I didn't have anything to protect my home on wheels!
I did a lot of research before I bought one, and the first one I bought was a $250 circuit protection device that was great, but it wouldn't work with an extension cord, so I had to send that one back. That device was designed to keep tabs on volts, amps, and ohms of the power source, and included a power 'cut-off' feature, but it wouldn't function if I used it with an extension cord, which is something I wanted to be able to do if ever needed.
So, back to the drawing board, and I finally settled on the Camco 'Dogbone' circuit Analyzer for it's combination of function, price, and simplicity.
This one has built in surge and fault protection, which is great if there's too much voltage or amperage, but it won't do anything for under voltage or under amperage. It does let me know with the built-in lights if there's a polarity or ground issue with the power source, so I always plug this in first, then plug my TT into it.
This device is terrific; it's fairly light and compact, not at all difficult to operate, and has no moving parts to worry about breaking. I also like that the whole unit is weather resistant, and while that seems like it should be obvious, there are devices on the market that are not weather resistant, so be aware of that when you're shopping for one.
So what do you use for your RV electrical protection?
CategoriesLife on Wheels, Light it up!


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A meta-analysis of kidney microarray datasets: investigation of cytokine gene detection and correlation with rt-PCR and detection thresholds
Walter D Park1 &
Mark D Stegall1
Microarrays provide a means to simultaneously examine the gene expression of the entire transcriptome in a single sample. Many studies have highlighted the need for novel software and statistical approaches to assess the measured gene expression. Less attention has been directed toward whether genes considered undetectable by microarray can be detected by other strategies or whether these genes can provide accurate gene expression determinations. In the kidney this is a concern for genes such as cytokines which dramatically influence the immune response but are often considered low abundance genes produced by a small number of cells.
Using both publicly available and our own microarray datasets we analyzed the detection p-value and detection call values for 81 human kidney samples run on the U133A or U133Plus2.0 Affymetrix microarrays (Affymetrix, Santa Clara, CA). For the cytokine genes, the frequency of detection in each sample group (normal, transplant and renal cell carcinoma) was examined and revealed that a majority of cytokine related genes are not detectable in human kidney by microarray. Using a subset of 29 Mayo transplant samples, a group of seven transplant-related cytokines and eight non-cytokine genes were evaluated by real-time PCR (rt-PCR). For these 15 genes we compared the impact of decreasing microarray detection frequency with the changes in gene expression observed by both microarray and rt-PCR. We found that as microarray detection frequency decreased the correlation between microarray and rt-PCR data also decreased.
We conclude that, when analyzing microarray data from human kidney samples, genes generally expressed at low abundance (i.e. cytokines) should be evaluated with more sensitive approaches such as rt-PCR. In addition, our data suggest that the use of detection frequency cutoffs for inclusion or exclusion of microarray data may be appropriate when comparing microarray and rt-PCR gene expression data and p-value calculations.
The recent completion of the human genome project, improvements in gene level annotation and microarray technology have led to a rapid increase in the number of whole genome microarray based studies for researchers interested in understanding the underlying etiology of various human conditions. However, there remain several significant questions to answer with regard to microarray data acquisition and analyses, including the accurate determination of signal intensity, development of optimal analytical strategies and detection limit thresholds.
The most common oligonucleotide microarray platform is made by Affymetrix Inc. and uses 25-mer probes to target gene sequences. Approximately 22 different probes, equally divided between paired perfect match (PM) and mismatch (MM) probes, make up a probeset which is designed to target a specific gene. Fluorescent data from each PM-MM pair is analyzed by the Affymetrix MAS 5.0 software and a single value for signal intensity, detection p-value and detection call are generated for each probeset. To determine the best method for analyzing the data, multiple software programs and statistical approaches have been developed [1–6]. However, there continues to be much debate regarding the inclusion of both PM and MM probe signal intensities to provide the most accurate measures of expression [7].
Additional interpretation of Affymetrix microarray data frequently includes filtering the data on the basis of the calculated detection p-value from which a detection call of present, marginal or absent is made for each probeset. Often this information is incorporated into downstream analysis strategies by calculating the percent present (%P) or detection frequency for a probeset based on all of the samples in a study and omitting those probesets that fail to reach the threshold. A recent study explored the effect of filtering using a detection frequency cutoff and suggested that filtering ≥ 50% %P may improve downstream analysis [8]. However, typically only 30–40% of probesets are considered detectable in any human tissue sample [9]. Therefore, the decision to include a detection frequency cutoff will dramatically alter the number of probesets used in downstream analysis.
It is important to note that the use of a detection frequency filter presumes that genes which are considered undetectable by the microarray are not actually present in the sample. However, given the lack of sensitivity of microarrays, transcripts of low abundance within a sample may not be detected [10]. One such family of genes are the cytokines which may only be expressed by a small fraction of the cells in human organs, such as the kidney, or by a small number of infiltrating immune cells. Interestingly, several members of the cytokine gene family have been found significantly altered in samples of human renal cell carcinoma (RCC) and kidney transplant rejection [11–15]. In general, these associations have been made using real-time PCR (rt-PCR) and not microarray. To date no report has assessed the detectability of cytokines with microarrays in human kidney under a variety of physiological conditions.
In this study we used a meta-analysis of publicly available Affymetrix datasets to explore the detection frequency of cytokine genes in the human kidney. We then selected a subset of genes with high and low detection frequencies and performed follow-up rt-PCR on a group of kidney transplant samples. Finally, we performed a comparison of gene expression changes observed by microarray and rt-PCR to assess the accuracy of data obtained from high and low detection frequency genes.
Cytokine detection frequency in kidney
To assess the frequency with which cytokine genes are identified as present or absent in human kidney we performed a meta-analysis of publicly available (GEO) Affymetrix microarray datasets related to human kidney tissue. Data from the human U133A and U133Plus2.0 was selected as the sequence used for each probeset is identical on each chip, with only the feature size and array density being different. In addition we used data from 30 human kidney samples from our group. In total there were 81 samples for which both Affymetrix derived detection p-values and detection calls had been made. For simplification the samples were categorized into one of three groups: normal kidneys (n = 15), transplanted kidneys (n = 36) and RCC (n = 30). The thresholds for determining detection calls, the default set by Affymetrix, were the same for all samples.
According to the 4-16-06 Affymetrix annotation file for the U133Plus2.0, there are 393 probesets identified as being related to the "cytokine activity" Gene Ontology classifier (GO:0005125), including many chemokine, interleukin and interferon genes. We also included 5 probesets for the pro-inflammatory genes TGF-β1 and FoxP3 which were previously associated with post kidney transplant outcomes using rt-PCR [15, 16]. Of the 398 total probesets, 244 (61.3%) had a detection frequency less than 25%.
Table 1 shows a subset of the cytokine probesets, selected primarily because they are designed to detect specific interleukin or interferon genes. The name of the gene and detection rate for all of the samples is provided as well as the breakdown of the detection frequency in the various types of samples. Importantly, using the gene name as an identifier, it is clear that multiple probesets are present for many genes but that these replicate probesets may not always generate similar detection rates. For example, the Interleukin 1 alpha gene has two probesets, one with an overall detection rate of 63% while the other is just 1%. It is unclear what the cause of such variation is but sequence variants or poor probe design seem like plausible explanations.
Table 1 Microarray detection frequencies for various cytokines in human kidney samples.
Detection by rt-PCR versus microarray
Using 29 of the 30 human Mayo kidney transplant samples, we compared the detection frequency of cytokines for both microarray and rt-PCR. We selected a small group of cytokines that had been previously described using rt-PCR to be associated with various clinical post-transplant events but were represented by only one probeset (Table 2). We also looked for genes that had multiple undetectable probesets from the meta-analysis (TGFβ1 and FoxP3). Finally, we included the IFNγ-receptor 1 (IFNγ-R1) gene to serve as a positive control. There are three probesets for this gene on the U133Plus2.0, all of which were detected in 100% of human kidney samples.
Table 2 Cytokine genes examined by microarray and rt-PCR in Mayo Clinic kidney transplant specimens.
To rule out incompatible probe sequence design issues we performed a BLAST search of the Affymetrix consensus sequence for each probeset. We found that, although there are three probesets attributed to the FoxP3 gene on the microarray, only one of the probesets has 100% homology to the FoxP3 Reference Sequence number (NCBI: NM_014009). The other two probesets bind to the JM2 sequence (NCBI: AJ005891) and do not share 100% homology to the same FoxP3 sequence. A similar probe design issue applies to one of the three IFNγ-R1 gene probesets which actually binds to the intron region of the DNA sequence for the gene and is therefore unsuitable for mRNA analysis. This finding has been corroborated elsewhere [17].
Once the probeset sequence was confirmed we performed a comparison of the detection sensitivity between the two platforms using separate aliquots of RNA from each sample. Seventy ng of total RNA was used for microarray processing whereas each rt-PCR reaction used the equivalent of 10 ng total RNA (1 μg RNA aliquot was cDNA amplified and diluted 1:100). For the genes TNFα, IFNγ, IL-10, TGF-β1 and FoxP3, none of the Mayo transplant samples were detectable using the microarray (detection p-values ranged from 0.562 to 0.9536) whereas using rt-PCR all of these genes were detectable for all samples tested. Likewise IL-6, selected because it was detectable in 70% of the microarray samples, and the positive control, IFNγ-R1, were detectable by rt-PCR for all samples. In addition, although a relative standard curve was employed to monitor detection by rt-PCR, we did record the minimum and maximum Ct for each gene target (Table 2). There does not appear to be a strong correlation between the microarray detection p-value and Ct value. For example, TGF-β1 had one of the highest detection p-values and one of the lowest Max Ct values.
Further evidence for increased detection sensitivity of rt-PCR over microarrays is provided by data from an additional eight non-cytokine genes. Using rt-PCR all samples were considered detectable by rt-PCR even though the detection frequencies ranged from 42–100%.
Gene expression differences
Using the same transplant samples as above we compared the impact of decreased microarray detection frequencies with the changes in gene expression observed by both microarray and rt-PCR. Changes in gene expression were examined using two distinct patient groups. The first group contained patients that had normal renal pathology at both the time of transplant and subsequent 12 month protocol biopsy (TxNormal [0–12]). The second patient group had normal pathology at the time of transplant but showed evidence of fibrosis on the 12 month protocol biopsy (TxFibrosis [0–12]). The microarray data from both patient groups was analyzed for the changes in gene expression that occurred from the time of transplant to 12 months. A comparison of the microarray and rt-PCR gene expression data was performed using the same 15 genes described above (Table 3). All genes were detected by rt-PCR in each sample, whereas by microarray the samples showed a continuum of detection frequency. As can be seen in Table 3, the five cytokine genes considered undetectable by microarray show no correlation with the rt-PCR data, both in terms of the determination of up/down-regulation and significance. In stark contrast, the high detection frequency genes showed an excellent correlation between microarray and rt-PCR data. Nineteen of the twenty comparisons, including instances of up/down-regulation, correlate. The only instance where correlation did not occur was when the detection frequency was <50%.
Table 3 Comparisons of changes in gene expression determined by microarray and rt-PCR in Mayo Clinic kidney transplant specimens.
Using a meta-analysis of publicly available kidney microarray datasets we were able to show that the Affymetrix platform fails to detect a number of human cytokine genes. For a subset of these samples we were able to show that cytokine genes considered undetectable by microarray were detectable using rt-PCR. This is a significant finding as cytokines are known to be important peptides that regulate innate host defenses and the immune system [18]. In fact, it is currently believed that the underlying etiology of various human conditions such as cancers or transplant rejections involve the expression of multiple cytokines.
The oncogenesis of RCC, which accounts for approximately 80% of all kidney tumors in adults, has been hypothesized to involve modulated cancer cell expression of inflammatory cytokines [11, 19, 20]. Indeed, multiple cytokines are currently used as immunotherapies to treat this disease [21]. In addition, various reports have linked either the detection of or increased presence of various cytokine mRNA species with disease progression, typically through the use of rt-PCR [for review see [22]]. For example, IFN-γ, interleukins 2, 6, 8 and 10 and TNFα have all been identified as detectable or significantly altered in human RCC tumors [11–13, 23]. Our meta-analysis showed that in 30 RCC samples, only interleukin 8 had a probeset that was detected in more than half of the samples, with interleukins 2 and 10 considered detectable in less than 10% of the samples.
In human kidney transplantation several reports have also linked the gene expression of various cytokines with transplant events such as acute and chronic rejection [14, 15]. Similar to RCC, these links were made using single gene strategies such as rt-PCR, yet the majority of these cytokines were not observed in any of the transplant samples via microarray. For example, TGF-β1 has been shown in multiple studies to be linked with chronic rejection but was considered absent in all 36 transplant microarray samples.
The lack of detection of relevant cytokine genes could be related to several issues including improper gene annotation at both the probeset and probe level. Gene annotation is the assignment of gene level information based on the probeset sequences, such as the name and symbol of the gene being interrogated and its general function. As knowledge of a probeset sequence increases it is possible that a probeset will be designated a different gene name. Perez-Iratxeta et al. explored this idea using Affymetrix murine microarrays and showed that as many as 30% (13699/45000) of the probesets were reassigned to a different gene at least once over a two year period [24]. We examined the four quarterly U133Plus2.0 Affymetrix annotation files from 2005 and found the amount of gene assignment changes between probesets ranged between 7–15% each quarter (Data not shown). However, none of the cytokine probesets subjected to rt-PCR for this study had a change in gene assignment during that time.
Individual probe sequences can also impact gene annotation. For some probesets not all probes interrogate the mRNA sequence for a single gene. We found this was the case for three of the fourteen cytokine probesets manually examined by BLAST. Two of the probesets have probes that appear to bind a different gene and one probeset has probes that bind to the intron region of the target gene. Recently Harbig et al. used the BLAST program to interrogate the sequence of all the U133Plus2.0 probes against the human genome [17]. Their analyses showed that approximately 37% of the probesets on the U133Plus2.0 should be assigned to a different gene. If we compare the re-assigned data to our list of cytokine probesets we find that approximately 75% (293/398) would have the same gene assignment. However, the percentage of probesets with a detection frequency less than 25% would not change.
Another explanation for the lack of detection could be that microarrays are generally considered less sensitive overall than rt-PCR platforms. This decreased sensitivity could be attributed to several factors including the variation in platform chemistries or probe sequence lengths and designs. However, few groups have compared the detection and correlation of microarrays to rt-PCR in a systematic manner in human samples [25–27]. Wang et al generated rt-PCR data on 1,375 human genes and compared this data to that generated by Applied Biosystems and Agilent microarrays. Using the rt-PCR data as the "ground truth", they found that microarrays did not detect between 24 and 29% of the genes detected by rt-PCR [26]. These findings compliment our data as wewere able to detect several cytokine genes by rt-PCR that we did not detect using microarray even though the amount of input RNA was higher in the microarray samples. This suggests that microarrays may yield a significant number of false negative detection calls when compared to rt-PCR. In contrast, for probesets considered detected in all samples we have consistently been able to use rt-PCR to detect the gene, suggesting the false positive rate for the detection of moderately expressed genes is relatively low.
Although taking into account the lack of detection of genes is important in microarray analysis, it is equally important to ensure that only the most accurate measures of gene expression are being examined. Typically this is done by removing the probesets exhibiting signal considered below the threshold of detection. One approach to eliminate these probesets is to use a detection frequency filter and then proceed with statistical analysis on the remaining probesets. Despite its significance, there are few reports that directly discuss what the detection frequency should be or its effect on data accuracy. However, a recent paper by McClintick et al. concluded that restrictive filtering, such as a ≥ 50% %P, greatly improves the reproducibility and the false discovery rate [8]. Our data both corroborates and extends these findings by showing that observed changes in gene expression by microarray correlate very well with rt-PCR when the probeset has a detection frequency of >50% for the samples under consideration. Conversely, when a probeset is not considered detectable in the majority of samples the correlation between rt-PCR and microarray data is quite poor. Similar to our findings, Etienne et al. also reported finding a lower correlation between rt-PCR and raw Affymetrix signal data as the percentage of absent calls increased [28]. The fact that multiple reports have now shown an important correlation between the detection frequency and rt-PCR suggests that this is an important issue to consider when performing microarray analysis.
Our meta-analysis of publicly available microarray datasets revealed that microarrays failed to detect multiple cytokine genes that have been linked to various human kidney conditions. This lack of detection may be related to incorrect gene annotation or limited assay sensitivity. For a subset of genes, a comparison between detection frequencies using microarrays and rt-PCR platforms showed that rt-PCR is the more sensitive platform. The detection frequency also had an effect on measured changes in gene expression. For genes considered detectable in the majority of microarray samples, the changes in gene expression observed by microarray and rt-PCR had excellent correlation. No correlation was observed between rt-PCR and microarray when the detection frequency dropped below 50%. Therefore, in the human kidney we would recommend using rt-PCR to detect and assess changes in gene expression among genes of low abundance, such as cytokines, rather than microarrays.
Affymetrix microarray overview
For human samples Affymetrix offers two popular high density microarrays: the U133A and the whole genome U133Plus2.0 microarrays. The U133A contains approximately 22,000 probesets while the U133Plus2.0 has even smaller feature size and contains 54,675 probesets representing approximately 24,000 novel gene titles or UniGene IDs. The majority of probesets contain a total of 22 different 25-mer probes, equally divided between paired perfect match (PM) and mismatch (MM) probes. Each MM probe contains a single base pair difference from its PM counterpart, a single base pair change at the center nucleotide, and its fluorescence is intended to represent background non-specific hybridization. Fluorescent data from each PM-MM pair is then analyzed by the Affymetrix MAS 5.0 software and a single value for signal intensity, detection p-value and detection call (among other variables) are generated for each probeset. For our study, the MAS 5.0 default parameters were retained. For a complete description of the MAS 5.0 algorithms and statistical tests please refer to the Affymetrix manuals [29]. Importantly, for each microarray, Affymetrix releases a new annotation file that is updated each quarter and contains a large amount of information, including the gene name, UniGene ID and gene ontology associated with each probeset and probeset sequence [30].
Public microarray datasets
Microarray datasets were obtained from the publicly available Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) website [31]. GEO Datasets were queried, filtered and selected on the basis of human kidney and Affymetrix platform data. In addition, to be included in the study the following fields were required to be reported: probeset ID, expression value, detection call and detection p-value. A total of three data series fulfilled these requirements: GSE2004, GSE3297 and GSE2109. All data was generated using MAS 5.0 (Affymetrix, Inc., Santa Clara, CA) with the same detection call cutoffs used to determine presence or absence for each probeset.
Internal microarray datasets
An additional 30 samples were obtained from kidney transplant patients biopsied using a protocol approved by the Institutional Review Board of the Mayo Foundation and Clinic. Total RNA was extracted from each biopsy in a RNA-only area using a modified and previously optimized (for this type/size of sample) extraction method using TRIzol® Reagent (Invitrogen Corp, Carlsbad, CA) followed by clean-up with RNeasy Mini Kit® (Qiagen Inc., Valencia, CA) [32]. RNA integrity was assessed to ensure RNA quality and the samples were sent to the Mayo Advanced Genomics Technology Center (AGTC) which processes ~1,000 GeneChips each year. The AGTC processed 70 ng of total RNA for all samples using the two-cycle target labeling, hybridization and scanning procedure described in detail in the Affymetrix GeneChip® Expression Analysis Manual (Affymetrix Inc., Santa Clara, CA). The .cel files from this study can be downloaded from the GEO website: GSE7392.
Changes in gene expression
Using the Mayo microarray data, two groups of transplant patients were analyzed to assess the changes in gene expression observed by microarray. The first patient group (n = 7) had normal pathology both at the time of transplant (baseline) and at 12 months post transplant (TxNormal [0–12]). The second group of patients (n = 8) had normal pathology at the time of transplant and showed evidence of fibrosis at 12 months post transplant (TxFibrosis [0–12]). For each patient group differential gene expression (baseline to 12 months post transplant) was assessed using a PM-only model, wherein only the data from the PM probes was used to estimate the expression level of individual probesets. The PM data from each chip was subjected to FASTLO, a previously described non-linear method of normalization [6]. Significance for each probeset in this case was determined using a generalized linear model with random effects for chip and treatment, analogous to a t-test. P-values were not adjusted for multiple comparisons.
To confirm the presence or absence of specific cytokine genes recorded by the microarray, a rt-PCR strategy was employed. Using the Mayo Clinic General Clinical Research Center we utilized rt-PCR to examine target genes and a housekeeping gene (18S) for 29 of the Mayo samples for which at least 1 μg of RNA was available for cDNA synthesis. For each gene, assays containing pre-designed primers and probes designed from the matching Reference Sequence number provided by Affymetrix were purchased from ABI (Applied Biosystems, Foster City, CA). To generate the standard curves, we created a large pool of human RNA that contained 90% human kidney RNA and 10% mononuclear cell RNA. The mononuclear cell RNA was included to ensure that cytokine mRNA would be present in the control RNA pool. Several 1 μg aliquots of control RNA were converted into cDNA and, after testing to confirm equal efficiency, were batched together. A 10-point standard curve was amplified in triplicate along with a triplicate amplification of each sample (10 ng/rxn). For each assay the top curve point was 36 ng control cDNA followed by multiple 2.5-fold dilutions to as low as 0.01 ng/rxn. While not all assays successfully amplified the lowest points in the curve, no curve amplified less than 6 consecutive points. For example, all 10-points amplified for TGF-β1, the top 8 amplified for IL-10 and the top 6 for IFNγ. For each assay we assessed the Ct value for each triplicate standard curve point and found that the majority had a %CV <1%. The highest %CV was 2.89%. For a particular gene to be considered detectable in a given sample the Ct value for the sample reactions needed to be above the lowest detected point on the corresponding standard curve. Cytokine gene selection was based on the presence of the gene in one of three categories: a. Undetectable in all Mayo microarray samples: IFNγ (ABI#: Hs99999041_m1), TNFα(Hs00174128_m1), IL-10 (Hs00174086_m1), TGF-β1 (Hs00998133_m1) and FoxP3 (Hs00203958_m1). b. Undetectable in some Mayo microarray samples: IL-6 (Hs99999032_m1), c. Detectable in all Mayo microarray samples: IFNγ-R1 (Hs00988304_m1). Using a strategy similar to that noted above 8 additional non-cytokine genes, the majority of which were detected in all microarray samples, were amplified to compare observed changes in gene expression. These genes were GRZMA (Hs00196206_m1), FN1 (Hs00277509_m1), IER3 (Hs00174674_m1), STAT2 (Hs00237139_m1), COL1A1 (Hs00164004_m1), STAT1 (Hs00234829_m1), VCAM1 (Hs00174239_m1) and PSMB8 (Hs00188149_m1).
(AGTC):
Advanced Genomics Technology Center
(GEO):
(MM):
(%P):
Percent present
(PM):
(rt-PCR):
(RCC):
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Department of Surgery, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN, USA
Walter D Park & Mark D Stegall
Walter D Park
Mark D Stegall
Correspondence to Walter D Park.
WP was responsible for designing, analyzing, collating and interpreting the data and drafting the paper. MS contributed to the design of the study and read the manuscript and provided comments. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
Park, W.D., Stegall, M.D. A meta-analysis of kidney microarray datasets: investigation of cytokine gene detection and correlation with rt-PCR and detection thresholds. BMC Genomics 8, 88 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2164-8-88
Cytokine Gene
Human Kidney
Detection Frequency


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text:
BioM: Lechner, Lorraine Dorothy (1966)
E-mail: dolores@wiclarkcountyhistory.org
Surnames: Lechner, Franklin, Hampton, Winkowski, Gunderson, Chapman, Hagmann
----Source: Clark County Press (Neillsville, Clark Co., WI) 9/22/1966
Lechner, Lorraine Dorothy (Marriage - 17 September 1966)
St. Joseph's Catholic Church in Black River Falls was the scene Saturday of the wedding of Miss Lorraine Dorothy Lechner, daughter of Mr. and Mrs. Fred Lechner of Rt. 1, Merrillan, and Phillip Warren Franklin, son of Mr. and Mrs. Claire Hampton of Mundelein, Ill. The Rev. Fr. Hagmann performed the nuptial ceremony in which Ronald Lechner gave his sister in marriage. Nuptial music was played by Nancy Chapman.
Miss Lechner was attired in a white floor length gown styled with an A-line skirt with lace inserts, which also enhanced the long train attached to the back waistline. A fingertip silk illusion veil completed her bridal ensemble. She carried a bouquet of white carnations with white streamers.
Her matron of honor was Mrs. Rita Winkowski of Libertyville, Ill. Miss Mary Ann Lechner of Rt. 1 Merrillan was bridesmaid. The attendants wore full length royal blue satin gowns styled with a bow at the front waistline and one at the back neckline to which streamers were attached. Their bouquets were tinted blue and white carnations.
David Gunderson of Mundelein, Ill., was bestman. Victor Franklin of Indiana was groomsman.
The bride a 1965 graduate of the Black River Falls High School, and the groom, a 1963 graduate of the Mundelein High School, are both employed in Mundelein, residing in Libertyville, Ill.
Guests from away attending the wedding included Mr. and Mrs. Warren Franklin and children of Indiana; Mr. and Mrs. Claire Hampton and children of Mundelein, Ill.; Mr. and Mrs. Kenneth Lechner of Hammond, Ind.; Mr. and Mrs. Robert Lechner of Kenosha; Mr. and Mrs. Richard Lechner of lake Geneva; Mr. and Mrs. David Gunderson of Mundelein, Ill.; and Mrs. Phyllis Lechner of Alma Center.


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Deep dive in the virtual gallery (of the life and art) of paintings of an scientist and artist. An art created over a lifetime of experience and changes displayed in smooth and vital galleries.
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OMAHA, Neb. (KMTV) — Anne Boyle, long-time Democratic Party leader in Nebraska, has passed away.
Boyle died peacefully at home Saturday night with her family by her side, according to Douglas County officials.
Boyle had been in hospice care since last Monday after suffering a stroke.
Nebraska Congressman Don Bacon offered prayers and wishes of comfort on behalf of himself and his wife to the entire Boyle family.
Visitation and funeral services have been scheduled on Saturday, February 9 at Heafey Hoffman Dworak Cutler Mortuaries & Crematory.
The visitation service will be held 9-11 a.m. with funeral services following.


Federal University of Technology, Owerri, FUTO postgraduate admission list for the 2018/2019 academic session is out.
This is to inform all the candidates that applied for the Federal University of Technology, Owerri 2018/2019 academic session PG programmes admission, that the management of the institution has released list of candidates offered provisional admission into her various postgraduate programmes.
The postgraduate admission list has been successfully uploaded online.
Short listed candidates are to pay a non-refundable acceptance fee of N40,000.
Filed Under: Federal University of Technology, Owerri.


text:
COLLECTION Identifier: MS Eng 815-815.14
Algernon Charles Swinburne compositions
Autograph manuscript compostions by English poet, dramatist, and critic, Algernon Charles Swinburne.
1872-1902 and undated
.5 linear feet (16 volumes)
Includes autograph manuscripts, typescript transcripts, galley proofs and page proofs, a photostat, and translations of Swinburne's poems and prose. Also includes a drama blank-verse fragment, portrait of Swinburne, a letter by him, and other materials. Titles include: Barking a year after, Duriesdyke, Sunset and moonrise, Sappho, John Jones, and others. Materials are in English and French.
Swinburne (1837-1909) was an English lyric poet, dramatist, and critic of the Victorian era. He was famous for the innovative versification of his poetry and infamous for his violent attacks on Victorian morality.
Arranged in call number order.
Received from various sources on various dates. See items below for full accession information.
Swinburne, Algernon Charles, 1837-1909. Algernon Charles Swinburne compositions, 1872-1902: Guide.
Algernon Charles Swinburne Compositions, 1872-1902 (MS Eng 815-815.14). Houghton Library, Harvard University.
Algernon Charles Swinburne Compositions, 1872-1902 (MS Eng 815-815.14). Houghton Library, Harvard University. https://id.lib.harvard.edu/ead/hou01142/catalog Accessed January 29, 2023.


Copperas Cove ISD is introducing new technology this year that will allow parents to get a closer look at what's going on in the classroom.
The new technology is an app called Schoology, which connects parents, students and staff members in one space.
Schoology allows teachers to share what they're doing in the classroom with parents and students. Students and teachers have their own login provided by the district, and parents have the option to create a login. Danielle Patterson, the Technology Integration Facilitator, said the app is like a one stop shop for your student's academics.
"We're challenging teachers to post something that they did in the class that day or other work that they can enhance the learning at home. We're opening up the communication where we already do a great job, but now it's more accessible to parents," Patterson said.
Patterson also said this feature is great for when students are sick and have to miss school. The app allows accessibility so students don't fall behind on their work. Schoology also helps military parents who are deployed but still wish to be involved with their child's academics.
This is a district-wide initiative. Students as young as pre-K to high school seniors are using this new feature as well as the entire administration.
Therefore, next time a student fails to remember what they did in school this app will tell it all.


Sometimes your phone's caller ID just doesn't provide enough information about the phone number that is calling you. Sometimes there isn't any information at all. Wouldn't it be nice to know detailed information about the person that is calling you? Reversephonenumbertrace.com can help. We've compiled a massive database of phone numbers and are able to get you access to the informaiton you need about any caller.
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After causing huge buzz from the music video of his J. Cole remixed song Knock Tha Hustle Remix, Cozz releases the latest visuals from his EP Cozz & Effect. The Dreamville member brings enimaL to sing the hook of Western Ave Slave. Viewers are treated to a brief day of a stripper on Western Ave. trying to make a living. Cozz is gradually being known for his street insight with no room for ignorance as to allow his imagery to be heard over soulful beats with heavy baselines. You can buy Cozz & Effect on iTunes out now.


21 May 2014, at 1:00a.m.
INDIA - Kerala Governor Sheila Dikshit has stressed the need for intensifying research activities to improve the ecological and economic sustainability of fish and shrimp aquaculture.
A low-cost farming system affordable to farmers needs to be developed to exploit the high prospects of fisheries in Kerala, she said while delivering the convocation address after declaring the first Convocation of Kerala University of Fisheries and Ocean Studies (KUFOS) opened, the HinduBusinessLine reports.
Global warming is considered one of the principal threats to biodiversity and fisheries. Evidence is now available regarding increase of sea surface temperature, change in ocean productivity and community structure, ocean acidification, sea level rise, change in the time and success of spawning, etc. due to global warming, she said.
The Governor also called upon the university to formulate mitigation and adaptive strategies for the livelihood security of the people involved in the sector and develop climate resilient aquaculture systems suitable for the country.
Research on disease diagnosis, surveillance and management of aquatic organisms also need to be strengthened for the prevention and control of viral and bacterial attack in the shrimp farms of the state, she said.


It wasn't until the age of 78 that Pablo Picasso experimented with linoleum cuts, turning them into a major vehicle for artistic expression. Picasso used ochers, browns and blacks, reminiscent of Greek vase painting, as the dominating color scheme , which displays his expressive carving style.
Artist's Proof signed by hand in pencil, "Picasso" in lower right.
Printed by Arnéra, Vallauris. Published by Berggruen for the deluxe edition of Jacques Prévert's book, " Diurnes", with découpages and photographs by André Villers.


Autobiography of UK anarchist and print worker Albert Meltzer.
Albert Meltzer (1920–1996) was involved actively in class struggles since the age of 15; exceptional for his generation in having been a convinced anarchist from the start, without any family background in such activity. A lively, witty account of sixty years in anarchist activism, and a unique recounting of many struggles otherwise distorted or unrecorded, including the history of the contemporary development of anarchism in Britain and other countries where he was involved, notably Spain. His story tells of many struggles, including for the first time, the Anglo-Spanish cooperation in the postwar anti-Franco resistance and provides interesting sidelights on, amongst others, the printers' and miners' strikes, fighting Blackshirts and the battle of Cable Street, the so-called Angry Brigade activities, the Anarchist Black Cross, the Cairo Mutiny and wartime German anti-Nazi resistance, the New Left of the 60s, the rise of squatting—and through individuals as varied as Kenyata, Emma Goldman, George Orwell, Guy Aldred, and Frank Ridley—all of which have crowded out not only his story, but his life too.
Starting this. I combined the Foreword and Introduction, will be combining the two appendixes and not adding the pictures section in order to fit it. It has 30 chapters though. So with the F & I and Appendix that will be 32 sections and you can only have 31 child pages, am I right? What should I do?
Hi, you can have an infinite number of child pages.
The way they're organised, they sort by weight first, then alphabetical.
So things like chapter 1, chapter 2, etc will automatically go in the correct order so they can all be the same weight. Chapter 10, 11, 12 etc will need to be made one heavier, otherwise they will follow chapter 1 (unless you start off using two digits: chapter 01, 02 etc).
Hope this helps make things a bit easier for you!
By the way, I loved this book when I read it back in maybe 2002 or 3. It was a big influence on those of us who became the libcom group at the time.
Ah, makes sense about the child pages. Thanks.
And yeah, I wouldn't mind tracking down a hard copy of this. From what I've read as I've added, it looks pretty good.
It was a big influence on those of us who became the libcom group at the time.
Oh, by the way, how so? Just curious. I plan to read this and was wondering if there's specific things that ya'll got from it that I should pay particular attention to.
Thanks Juan, that's really great. That was a really big piece of work!
In terms of influence, we were pretty young at the time and new to the whole anarchist scene. Basically it influenced us in moving towards class struggle anarchism and away from individualism/liberalism/pacifism/mindless activism.
Coming from the perspective of someone who already has those ideas, it is probably just interesting from the point of view of his life and recollections of stuff he was involved in.
One thing which jumped out at me reading the book was that nowhere does it explain the title. Battlescarred told me that the name of the book comes from him applying for a job to paint a pub sign which had a golden angel on it, but he didn't get the job.
He does explain it, can't remember quite where though.
Basically, he's comparing his life to that of a sign painter who paints red lions everywhere, then gets a job painting a sign of golden angels. He cannot, all the time he tries those red lions keep coming through.
Albert tried to "retire" from the anarchist movement several times during his life. He wanted to paint golden angels, as a metaphor for doing something else with his life. Like many of us here who have tried, he failed, because the "red lion of anarchy" kept on coming through.
MH is correct, there was supposed to be an explanation of the title, but that, by mistake, wasn't printed. I think the story referred to was originally by Heine.
Some very poor things in here about Indigenous Australians in chapter 27. He makes the strange claim that the 'new generation' of Aboriginal people are into nationalism, which is not and never has been the case. There is the also the insulting suggestion that they are all jobless alcoholics, aside from those that have moved into 'modern times' and are 'equal to anyone'.
Bizarre that he maintains these bigotries even though he recognises that the British committed genocide. He clearly never looked at this issue in depth or with any kind of sensitivity or sympathy.
Not wanting to distract from the rest of the book though, it is pretty interesting, it's just that this section in particular is very bad.


When I was working for a larger organization some time ago, the idea came to me to be the media center for alot of other businesses. I wanted it to work like a central hub of creativity, where me and my team wouldn't be tied to just one organization, but partnered with a bunch of other businesses to help them grow. From the ongoing conversations I was having with my peers at the time came the idea of "Creativity As A Service" where business owners would use My Creative Team for all their visual design needs. From branding to logos, to identity, to marketing, promotion and advertising.
Potential Client: Hey, I saw your new promo's for your product – who did that for you?
Its a name that sums up the work I love to do and the kind of work that my clients are looking for. To deliver quality, excellent and beautiful work. Its a team that I would have wanted to be on from the start.


THE GIST of Editorial for UPSC Exams : 08 FEBRUARY 2019 (Irking the Dragon (The Hindu) | IAS EXAM PORTAL - India's Largest Community for UPSC Exam Aspirants.
China has predictably criticised the U.S.'s decision to walk out of the landmark Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces (INF) treaty.
It was signed in 1987 by U.S. President Ronald Reagan and Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev to eradicate conventional and nuclear missiles ranging from 500 to 5,500 km from their arsenals.
All countries following the crumbling of the major arms control treaty, China seems to be the most impacted.
The Chinese expect that the Americans will now reinforce their tactical missiles, both nuclear and conventional, in Guam, a large military base in Micronesia, at the heart of the U.S. deterrent in the Pacific.
It is also expected that the Americans will pack other U.S. bases in the Pacific, especially those in Okinawa a string of islands in the East China Sea that belong to Japan with intermediate range missiles. By doing so, the U.S. would be able to virtually box in the movement of Chinese naval ships in the West Pacific, especially by safeguarding strategic gateways to the open sea, such as the Miyako Strait in Japan.
China is aware that the post-INF missile deployments can significantly undermine its own deterrent, especially its mid-range missiles.
Currently, the Americans have no answer to China's DF-21D missiles.
These weapons have been tailored to destroy U.S. aircraft carriers even at a distance of 1,450 km. China recently flaunted its DF-26 ballistic missiles, which can deliver a strike on Guam.
Chinese media reports reveal Beijing's apprehension that the Americans are at some point likely to propose a fresh arms control dialogue, sharply focusing on China's mid-range missiles.
The new treaty targeting China's intermediate range missiles is expected to seek termination of the Chinese challenge to Washington's military dominance in the West Pacific.
Beijing will not be second-bested by Washington in the tense ongoing tussle for equivalence, and in writing the rules, in the waters of the Pacific.
A write-up published in China Military Online, a website affiliated with the People's Liberation Army, points out that in view of the anticipated moves by the U.S., China must rapidly reinforce its nuclear arsenal, through qualitative rather than quantitative improvements.
Beijing would have no choice but to beef up its conventional deterrence by developing hypersonic missiles, which can smash into targets at five times the speed of sound, unharmed by any existing ground-based missile defences.
The next generation of strategic bombers as well as long-range air-launched cruise missiles could also be on Beijing's radar.
To taking the miscalculated step of walking out of the INF treaty, the U.S. may have dragged China, as well as Russia, into a new and unpredictable arms race, with the potential of destabilising the Indo-Pacific.
1. It is one of the international agreements under the WTO.
3. It prevents the countries from using food safety regulations as a form of non-tariff barrier for the international trade.
Q.1) By walking out of the INF treaty, the U.S. may have dragged China and Russia into a new arms race. Critically examine this statement.


Having a properly aligned cartridge not only reduces distortion, but also insures the least amount of damage to the vinyl's grooves. What's cool is that we're giving them away for free!!!
Once you receive the Protractor it's easy to use. Simply loosen the bolts that connect your cartridge to your tonearm. First, place the Protractor on your turntable with the hole on the protractor firmly into the spindle hole. Then simply align the cartridge so that it's in the center and parallel with the parallel lines. Once the needle is precisely on the dot in the center of the parallel lines you have an aligned needle. Verify your alignment with the second set of parallel lines. Once you are certain your needle and cartridge is aligned correctly, carefully tighten the bolts which hold your cartridge to your tonearm. That's it! Easy huh?
(a legal sized envelope works fine).


Papers are invited for a two-day postgraduate conference on gender to be held on the 30th and 31st August 2001 at Queen's University, Belfast.
Abstracts should be no more than 250 words in length and submitted either by hard copy or email no later than 30 April 2001.
Please include your name, address, telephone and fax numbers and email address with all correspondence.


Your favorite local "all-around great bbq sauce on just about anything" is coming back at you with something a bit spicier. While leveling in at Medium on the hot scale Ogre Sauce HOT is an approachable flavor for most anyone. Made with the most popular ingredients like vinegar, mustard, honey, salt & pepper as in their original, they surprise you at the end with the very last ingredient, the Carolina Reaper. If you are unfamiliar with this pepper please know that it is no joke, coming in at number one for Worlds Hottest Pepper. Luckily for us it is the smallest dose and if I can handle it, so can you.
Once again they are back to get support from their fans to help get Ogre Sauce HOT on the market and in your hands. Once it's produced and distributed you'll be able to find it at Reid's Fine Foods, Whole Foods Market, Blackhawk Hardware, The People's Market, Earl's Grocery, and Provisions Waxhaw. Right now you can sample it at Tijuana Flats restaurants on their hot sauce bar; located in Ballantyne, University, and Concord Mills.
They have exceeded their goal of $6,000 and currently have over $10,000 people pledged which is from roughly 365 people. Click here to get pledge yours!
My boyfriend and I love to cook at home and he is somewhat of a hot sauce collector so we were thrilled to be given the opportunity to test out the new Ogre Sauce HOT. This version of Ogre Sauce has the same sweet tangy flavor as the original but with a slight punch at the end making you want to see what else you can try it with.
Breakfast is one of our favorite meals and we look forward to it every weekend, and when the off chance comes that we work from home. For us, eggs and veggies are a staple for breakfast and with it we'll have sausage or bacon and the occasional hashbrown cake.
We chose to pair the Ogre Sauce HOT with a ham, cheese and vegetable omelette. Sautéing the veggies first with salt & pepper is key, then throw in the meat to give that a bit of a sear. I typically like to drizzle Valentina hot sauce on my eggs along with some sour cream but since we had the Ogre Sauce HOT I had the chance to try a new variation. I was thoroughly pleased.
Overall I have put Ogre Sauce HOT on chicken twice, eggs three times and ready to try it on some pork chops, wings or maybe even some salmon. I highly recommend giving this sauce a shot because it deserves a special place in your refrigerator as a super versatile hot sauce.
A big thank you to Chris and his team for letting me try their new hot sauce. Wishing them all the luck in their kickstarter to bring this sauce to more stores near you. We made our pledge, have you?


text:
2018 Australian IPO Review: IPO or demerger?
16 April 2019 | Australia
Legal Briefings – By Baden Furphy
A divestment of a business division can be structured in a number of ways, including by way of a demerger or initial public offering. There are some key considerations to keep front of mind when deciding on the preferred form of divestment.
A listed company considering divesting a business division has a number of options open to it, including a trade sale, a demerger or an IPO.
A trade sale may not be a viable option for a number of reasons, including if the natural acquirers of the business face competition law or other impediments to undertaking the acquisition, or if the business being divested is too large to be acquired by a single buyer.
A demerger and an IPO both involve separating the divestment business and listing it on the public markets, but there are important differences that need to be considered, that are summarised below.
What is the difference between a demerger and IPO?
A demerger involves the parent company distributing equity in the demerged entity on a pro rata basis to existing shareholders of the parent company and separately listing that entity on the stock exchange. Parent company shareholders essentially receive a direct shareholding in an entity that owns the business in which they previously held an indirect interest.
An IPO involves retail and institutional shareholders acquiring shares in the entity that owns the business being divested, and the listing of that entity on the stock exchange. This can be effected by the parent company selling existing shares in the IPO entity, or the new IPO issuing new shares, or a combination of each.
Key considerations
When deciding between a demerger and an IPO, these are some considerations to keep front of mind:
Does the parent company need to raise cash?
An IPO can generally be structured so that the parent company receives some or all of the proceeds of the IPO. This may be important, for example, if one of the objectives of the divestment is to reduce the parent company's leverage or to raise cash for the parent to invest in acquisition or development opportunities.
In a demerger, unless a capital raising is built in to the process, no money is raised. Notwithstanding this, in a demerger, it is possible for some of the parent company's debt to be allocated to the demerging entity (either directly or via the demerging entity raising new debt as part of the demerger and applying the proceeds to acquire assets/entities from the parent company). So the removal of a business that contributes to the parent company's earnings can be coupled with a commensurate reduction in the parent company's debt levels.
Does the parent company want to crystallise the value of the underlying business?
An IPO involves the parent company selling its underlying business to new investors for cash, and so crystallises the value of the underlying business (subject to any shareholding that is retained by the parent company). In a demerger, shareholders in the parent company retain equity in the underlying business, and there is no sale to external parties.
A demerger may therefore be preferred if there is a concern that the divestment is occurring at the bottom end of a commodity price cycle for example, or if there is significant upside for the business being divested (especially if that upside is difficult to quantify and "sell" to new investors in the context of an IPO). It avoids the risk of directors of the parent company being criticised later on for selling the relevant business too cheaply.
How will market volatility impact the divestment?
As recent experience demonstrates, execution of an IPO involves significant exposure to market risk and equity market conditions. Generally the outcome of an IPO (including whether it proceeds and its pricing) is not known until relatively late in the process and volatile markets can cause significant disruption.
By contrast, because a demerger does not involve raising capital, it can generally be executed even in difficult market conditions, provided those market conditions do not undermine the fundamental viability of the demerged entity. In assessing a demerger, the focus is on whether the demerged entity is better off being separated from the parent company and likely to perform better as an independent company, rather than the absolute trading value of shares in the demerged entity.
Who is best placed to own the underlying business?
In a demerger, existing shareholders in the parent company automatically receive shares in the demerged entity if the demerger is implemented – they don't need to pay for those shares or take other action. In an IPO, only those investors that are attracted to the entity and investment characteristics of the relevant underlying business will apply for and receive shares in the IPO entity.
There are two main issues to consider in this context. First, there is a risk of a demerger giving rise to flow-back, ie shareholders choosing (in the short term) to sell shares in the demerged entity. Flow-back will be more significant if the demerged entity is small relative to the parent company (and so is not included in key stock exchange indices) or its business is not part of the core business of the parent company. Second, in an IPO, especially a large scale IPO, there is a risk of inefficient recycling of capital if there is large degree of overlap between the shareholders in the parent company and the investors to whom the IPO is being marketed.
Is capital gains tax relief available?
Generally speaking, capital gains tax relief is likely to be available in a demerger where a number of tests are satisfied (for example, the parent company must distribute at least 80% of its holding in the demerged entity). No similar relief is available for an IPO.
Demerger relief provides roll-over for the Australian parent company shareholders, but also exempts the parent company from Australian capital gains tax on the divestment of the demerged entity.
Is a full exit important?
In most Australian IPOs, the vendor retains a shareholding in the IPO entity, which is typically escrowed for the period of the financial forecast included in the prospectus for the IPO. Typically an escrow is not required under the ASX Listing Rules, but is considered desirable for the purposes of marketing the IPO, as new investors look for the vendor to keep some "skin in the game". Therefore a full exit may not be possible in an IPO.
On the other hand, most demergers in Australia have involved a full exit by the parent company (the recent demergers of Coles from Wesfarmers was an exception – in that case, Wesfarmers retained a 15% shareholding in Coles).
Is shareholder approval required?
A demerger may be effected in a number of ways, including by capital reduction, dividend or scheme of arrangement. Most large scale Australian demergers have involved a capital reduction and/or a scheme of arrangement (although the 2015 demerger of South32 by BHP was an exception), and therefore parent company shareholder approval has been required.
On the other hand, it is generally possible to effect an IPO of an underlying business without shareholder approval, provided that business is not the main undertaking of the parent company. The ASX Listing Rules do regulate divestments of businesses by way of public listings, but usually the relevant rules can be accommodated relatively easily (eg by including in the IPO a priority offer for parent company shareholders).
Transaction spotlight
Herbert Smith Freehills recently acted on the demerger of Coles from Wesfarmers. The transaction was the largest demerger in Australian corporate history. Key features of the demerger included the following:
the demerger was effected by way of scheme of arrangement, and was overwhelmingly supported by Wesfarmers shareholders;
Wesfarmers retained a 15% shareholding in Coles, and has a nominee on the Coles board; and
Coles is an ASX top 30 company and employs over 100,000 team members.
A demerger involves a parent company giving shares to existing shareholders, while an IPO involves selling shares to new investors.
There are a range of considerations to take into account to determine whether an IPO or demerger is the preferred transaction.
It is possible to pursue both an IPO and a demerger in parallel, and it is also possible to undertake a transaction that includes both IPO and demerger elements.
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If you have any questions, or would like to know how this might affect your business, phone, or email these key contacts.
Baden Furphy
Baden is a member of the Herbert Smith Freehills' mergers and acquisitions team.
Public M&A
Baden.Furphy@hsf.com
The contents of this publication, current at the date of publication set out above, are for reference purposes only. They do not constitute legal advice and should not be relied upon as such. Specific legal advice about your specific circumstances should always be sought separately before taking any action based on this publication.
© Herbert Smith Freehills 2020
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Mount Gilead Police investigated a vehicle on North Main Street that was possibly involved in a hit and run accident in Galion.
MGPD was notified of a male who had stolen a cartload of groceries from Kroger.
An officer was dispatched to a Lee Street parking lot to assist Morrow County Fire Control with a male subject who overdosed in the parking lot. Emergency perssonnel was able to revive him with Narcan before transporting him to Morrow County Hospital. He was charged with possession of drug abuse instruments.
An East High Street resident reported that he was assaulted by another person. The caller was extremely intoxicated and was told to call police after he sobered.
Mount Gilead Police assisted Morrow County Emergency Services with a Baker Street resident.
An officer cited an East Marion Street drive for failure to reinstate.
Mount Gilead Police were dispatched to a West Union Street residence to respond to a man attempting to gain access to a home he had previously rented.
A Center Street resident called to report that her neighbor's dog had been barking throughout the night.
A Pine Drive resident was assaulted by his caregiver.


Official Google India Blog: Get started with YouTube for Education: Register for the event today!
Get started with YouTube for Education: Register for the event today!
We're excited to invite you to an interactive session on YouTube for Education on Oct 22/23, 2013 at the Google office in Gurgaon. If you create educational videos, think videos are an effective method of learning or want to share your videos with the world - then this session is meant for you! From teachers, to students, from educational video creators to animators, from individuals to companies - anyone who has the zeal to teach and the desire to learn how to do it on YouTube is welcome.
YouTube is slowly but steadily becoming a hub for online video based learning with an ever growing base of high quality educational videos ranging from children's rhymes to Higher Education. YouTube partners from across the globe like Crash Course, Khan Academy, HooplaKidz Mocomi Kids, Scishow and many more are making learning fun and interactive for their audiences. This is your turn to join the 'EduTubers' who are redefining how we learn on YouTube.
The session will cover everything around the YouTube Partner Program including policy, basic copyright principles, monetization and getting started with your own channel on YouTube.
Please register here for the session before 9 October, 2013. Registration will be on a first come first served basis and is free. We will confirm your participation within 5 business days of your registration. Know someone who would be interested? Share the registration form!
Aditi Rajvanshi, YouTube Partner Support, recently watched 'A Pep Talk from Kid President to You' from Soul Pancake.