text:
Il sultanato di Ternate (in lingua indonesiana: Kesultanan Ternate), noto in precedenza come regno di Gapi, fu uno stato principesco esistito nell'attuale Indonesia dal 1257 sino al 1914. Esso fu storicamente uno dei più antichi stati musulmani dell'Indonesia assieme a Tidore, Jailolo e Bacan. Il regno di Ternate venne fondato da Momole Cico, primo sovrano di Ternate, col titolo di Baab Mashur Malamo, come vuole la tradizione, nell'anno 1257. Raggiunse la sua Età d'Oro durante il regno del sultano Baabullah (1570–1583) ed arrivò a comprendere gran parte della moderna parte orientale dell'Indonesia e parte delle Filippine meridionali. Ternate fu il principale produttore di chiodi di garofano e potenza regionale tra il XV ed il XVII secolo.

La dinastia fondata da Baab Mashur Malamo continua sino ai giorni nostri, anche se attualmente lo stato ha una valenza puramente tradizionale e non costituisce più un'autorità politica.

Storia

Periodo pre-coloniale
Il sultanato aveva in origine il nome di regno di Gapi, ma questo venne poi cambiato per basarsi sulla capitale, Ternate. Ternate e la vicina Tidore erano tra le principali produttrici al mondo di chiodi di garofano, al punto che i suoi governanti divennero i più ricchi ed i più potenti nella regione indonesiana. Gran parte della loro ricchezza, ad ogni modo, venne dispersa nel sostenere le lotte l'uno contro l'altro. Sino a quando gli olandesi non ebbero completato la colonizzazione delle Molucche nel XIX secolo, i sultani di Ternate continuarono a pretendere di estendere influenza su Ambon, Sulawesi e Nuova Guinea.

In parte come risultato di una cultura squisitamente dipendente dal commercio, Ternate fu una delle prime aree dell'Indonesia dove si sviluppò l'islam, proveniente da Giava, alla fine del XV secolo. L'influenza islamica nell'area, ad ogni modo, viene fatta risalire almeno alla fine del XIV secolo. Inizialmente, la nuova fede venne ristretta alla sola famiglia regnante di Ternate e faticò a fare presa sulla popolazione locale.

La famiglia reale di Ternate si convertì all'islam durante il regno di Marhum (1465–1486), rendendolo così il primo sovrano islamico dell'area; suo figlio esuccessore, Zainal Abidin (1486–1500) mise in atto la legge islamica e trasformò il suo regno in un vero e proprio sultanato islamico, prendendo il titolo di sultano che andò a rimpiazzare quello più antico di Kolano (re).

Il picco del potere di Ternate avvenne alla fine del XVI secolo, sotto il sultano Baabullah (1570–1583), quando lo stato estese la propria influenza su gran parte della zona orientale dello Sulawesi, su Ambon e su Ceram, nonché sull'isola di Timor, parti di Mindanao meridionale e parti della Nuova Guinea. Il sultanato entrò sovente in fiera competizione per il controllo delle sue aree periferiche con il sultanato di Tidore. Secondo lo storico Leonard Y. Andaya, la rivalità "dualistica" di Ternate con Tidore fu il tema dominante nella prima epoca storica delle isole Molucche.

Dal XVI secolo a oggi

I primi europei a raggiungere Ternate furono i membri della spedizione portoghese di Francisco Serrão che lasciarono Malacca, si incagliarono presso Ceram e vennero salvati dal naufragio dai locali. Il sultano Bayan Sirrullah di Ternate (1500–1522) venne a sapere di quanto era accaduto agli sfortunati coloni e, vedendo l'opportunità di allearsi con una potente nazione straniera, li fece portare a Ternate nel 1512. Ai portoghesi venne permesso di costruire un forte sull'isola, oggi noto come Kastella, costruzione che iniziò nel 1522, ma poco dopo iniziarono a peggiorare anche le relazioni tra i ternatesi ed i portoghesi.

La presenza di un avamposto commerciale, non solo attirava mercanti e commercianti, ma anche i primi missionari cattolici che tentarono ovviamente di convertire la popolazione locale, fatto che dispiacque particolarmente al sultano di Ternate che era di fede musulmana. Nel 1535 il sultano Tabariji venne deposto ed inviato a Goa dai portoghesi. Questi si era convertito al cristianesimo ed aveva cambiato il proprio nome in dom Manuel. Dopo essere stato riconosciuto come innocente delle accuse rivoltegli venne invitato a riassumere il trono, ma morì a Malacca nel 1545 durante il viaggio di ritorno. Questi, per sua disposizione testamentaria, lasciò in eredità l'isola di Ambon al suo padrino portoghese, Jordão de Freitas. A seguito dell'assassinio del sultano Hairun per mano dei portoghesi, i ternatesi espulsero i portoghesi nel 1575 dopo cinque anni di assedio. Ambon divenne il nuovo centro dell'attività dei portoghesi nelle Molucche. Il potere degli europei nella regione, ad ogni modo, era debole e Ternate per contro iniziava ad espandersi sotto il regno di Baab Ullah (r. 1570–1583) e suo figlio Saidi Berkat.

Le forze dell'esercito spagnolo catturarono l'ex forte portoghese ai ternatesi nel 1606, deportando il sultano locale a Manila, nelle Filippine spagnole. Nel 1607 gli olandesi sbarcarono a Ternate dove, col sostegno dei ternatesi, costruirono un forte a Malayo. L'isola venne divisa tra le due potenze: gli spagnoli alleati di Tidore e gli olandesi alleati dei ternatesi. Ai regnanti ternatesi, gli olandesi servivano particolarmente e, anche se non particolarmente benvenuti, la loro presenza dava a loro un notevole vantaggio militare su Tidore e gli spagnoli. In particolare durante il regno del sultano Hamzah (1627–1648), Ternate espanse il suo territorio e rafforzò il proprio controllo sulle aree di confine. L'influenza olandese sul regno rimase limitata, per quanto Hamzah e suo nipote e successore Mandar Syah (1648–1675) concessero alcune regioni alla Compagnia olandese delle Indie orientali in cambio dell'aiuto nel controllo delle ribellioni locali. Gli spagnoli abbandonarono le Molucche nel 1663.

Desiderando riportare Ternate alla sua antica gloria ed espellere nel contempo le potenze occidentali, il sultano Sibori Amsterdam (1675–1691) dichiarò guerra agli olandesi, ma il potere di Ternate si era notevolmente ridotto negli anni e pertanto egli non solo perse la guerra, ma anche gran parte delle sue terre venendo costretto a sottoscrivere poi un trattato nel 1683 con gli olandesi. Sulla base di questo documento, Ternate divenne vassalla degli olandesi. Ad ogni modo i sultani di Ternate non si sottomisero mai del tutto ai Paesi Bassi sino alla definitiva annessione nel 1914.

Nel XVIII secolo, Ternate divenne sito di un governatorato della Compagnia olandese delle Indie orientali, che tentava di controllare tutti i traffici delle Molucche. Dal XIX secolo, il commercio delle spezie era di molto declinato. Gli olandesi continuavano a mantenere la loro presenza nella regione impedendo ad altre potenze coloniali di occuparla. Dopo che la Compagnia olandese delle Indie orientali venne nazionalizzata nel 1800, Ternate divenne parte del governo delle Molucche. Ternate venne assediata ed occupata dalle forze inglesi nel 1810 prima di tornare sotto il controllo olandese nel 1817. Nel 1824 divenne capitale di una residenza (regione amministrativa) che copriva l'area di Halmahera, l'intera costa occidentale della Nuovsa Guinea e la costa orientale di Sulawesi. Dal 1867 l'intera Nuova Guinea olandese venne aggiunta alla residenza, ma la regione venne gradualmente trasferita sotto il controllo di Ambon (Amboina) prima di essere sciolta come residenza nel 1922.

Il sultano Haji Muhammad Usman (1902–1914) fece l'ultimo tentativo di opporsi agli olandesi appoggiando segretamente le rivolte nella regione; fallì e venne detronizzato, i suoi beni confiscati ed egli venne personalmente esiliato a Bandung, dove visse sino al 1932. Questo fatto portò alla fine del regno di Ternate. Il trono venne lasciato vagante sino al 1929 sino a quando gli olandesi non decisero di eleggere un nuovo sultano di loro fiducia, il principe ereditario Iskandar Muhammad Jabir.

Muhammad Jabir ebbe un regno non facile all'arrivo dei giapponesi nel 1942 e due anni dopo venne fatto uscire clandestinamente dagli Alleati in Australia. Il sultano giocò un ruolo politico importante durante la Rivoluzione indonesiana, ma la situazione politica tesa lo spinse a risiedere a Giacarta dopo il 1950. Tentò di far rivivere alcune delle antiche tradizioni del sultanato negli anni '60, ma ogni tentativo svanì con la sua morte nel 1975. Suo figlio Mudaffar venne intronato come sultano titolare nel 1986, morendo poi nel 2015.

Elenco dei sultani

Note

Bibliografia

Sultanato di Ternate


Hindu Jalunder Jangam Brides and Grooms, Matrimonial, Matrimony - Udumalaipettai Matrimony.com.
Choose Your Right Partner from 1000s of Udumalaipettai Brides & Udumalaipettai Grooms. Udumalaipettai Matrimony.com. Register Free !


text:
Etisalat Digital to implement automotive surveillance solutions for Cars Taxi
CCTV cameras to be implemented across a fleet of 2180 taxis in Dubai
By CommsMEA staff writer
Etisalat Digital plans to further strengthen its automotive portfolio.
Etisalat Digital has partnered with Cars Taxi to implement smart surveillance solutions and analytics across its fleet of 2180 taxis in Dubai enabling them to manage and conduct real-time monitoring of all the taxis bringing in efficiency and improving customer experience and safety.
This end-to-end automotive surveillance solution is implemented in compliance with RTA's directive to deploy CCTV cameras in taxis in order to enhance customer safety. In addition to Etisalat's M2M connectivity, the solution makes use of Etisalat Digital's state-of-the-art Internet of Things (IoT) platforms and supported by latest IOT Command Center.
Salvador Anglada, chief business officer, Etisalat said: "We are proud to be associated with Cars Taxi on this prestigious project as one of the key initiatives that contributes to digitising the public transport industry. I would like to congratulate RTA for such initiatives that will enhance customer experience, improve safety and provide operational visibility in the management of the public transport system. This is just the beginning of this relationship as we plan to further strengthen our automotive portfolio to enable digital transformation of the public transportation industry."
Abdulla Sultan Al Sabbagh, CEO, Cars Taxi Group and Chairman UITP Taxi platform said: "Today's partnership with Etisalat is significant as it will enhance public transport giving our customers a digital experience and keep them secure. As we move into the digital future, Etisalat is an ideal partner to enhance the role of digital urban mobility."
Cars Taxi Services was established in the year 2000 under the strategic vision of Government of Dubai in regulating franchised Taxi operation system and the first franchise company starting their operations in 2000. They have their operations expanded across UAE operating with a current fleet strength of 5271 taxis and over 8,500 workforce.
CARS TAXI
DIGITAL TRANSPORT
ETISALAT DIGITAL
Bahrain tops London and Silicon Valley for percentage of female startup founders - new report
Said to be among top 10 startup ecosystems with the largest share of female founders.
Saying hello in Robot: inside Avaya's world-first social network for bots
Developed in Dubai.
From the mag: Inside O2O2's quest for fresher air with fashionable face masks
O2O2 isn't just a face mask that's been hitting the runways at Fashion Weeks worldwide. It's also tackling the problem of polluted air at its source. Is there anything apps and mobile networks can't do?
Don't Miss a Story

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


IOGEAR's Long Range 2.4GHz Wireless Keyboard and Mouse Combo is the perfect pair for your home or office computer needs. The low-profile, slim design of the keyboard and the ergonomic feel of the mouse give your computing experience stylish comfort. Connect to your computer from up to 33 feet away. Simply plug the wireless adapter into your computers' USB port.
This duo fits perfectly in the home or office setting. Clumsy coffee spills over the keyboard will not hinder your productivity. The liquid will exit the keyboard through strategically placed drainage holes.
IOGEAR'S Energy Management technology will preserve battery life when your keyboard and mouse are not in use. After about 8 minutes of inactivity, your keyboard and mouse will go in "sleep mode" - saves battery life. Under normal operating conditions, the battery life for the keyboard and mouse should last up to a year.


text:
Richard Clar
http://www.arttechnologies.com/site-2005/projects/alma-da-aqua2.html
Richard Clar is a Los Angeles new media interdisciplinary artist who now resides in Paris. Clar, who studied at the Chouinard Art Institute (now Cal-Arts), is an early pioneer of art-in-space and began work in this field in 1982 with a NASA approved concept for an art-payload for the U.S. Space Shuttle. Philosophical in nature, themes for Richard Clar's art-in-space projects include: space environment issues, such as orbital debris; war and peace; the Search for Extraterrestrial Intelligence (SETI), and water management on Earth. Clar's work has been exhibited in museums, galleries, and universities in the United States and Europe and may be found in corporate collections such as JBL Sound and the MGM Grand Hotel in Las Vegas. His work is included in the Sweeney Art Gallery permanent collection at the University of California Riverside. Richard Clar is a Member of the International Academy of Astronautics (IAA).
After Us, The Flood: The global water-grab and its adversaries
Current: LA


text:
Robert Sanderson joins The Practical Vision Network
The Practical Vision Network is proud to announce the appointment of Managing Director, Robert Sanderson, to the business.
Tags: Solve Legal Marketing
The wait is nearly over for the awards category shortlist
The judging panel shortlist for the second upcoming prestigious British Wills and Probate Awards, which is brought to you by Today's Wills and Probate, alongside headline sponsor, Arken.legal (UK) Ltd, a leader in software solutions for the legal services industry will be announced next month.
Fancy winning prestigious industry accolade for high achievement?
Have you considered entering your firm or an individual for this year's British Wills and Probate Awards?
Boost your brand exposure by sponsoring our awards
The prestigious British Wills and Probate Awards, which is brought to you by Today's Wills and Probate, alongside headline sponsor, Arken.legal (UK) Ltd, a leader in software solutions for the legal services industry, has remaining sponsorship opportunities that can boost your brand exposure throughout 2019 and into 2020.
Jennie Bond is set to host the awards again
The country's most recognisable broadcast journalist, Jennie Bond, is ecstatic about returning to host the second British Wills and Probate Awards again, alongside founders, Today's Wills and Probate and headline sponsor Arken.legal (UK) Ltd, a leader in software solutions for the legal services industry.
Check out new categories for 2019 British Wills and Probate Awards
The prestigious British Wills and Probate Awards, which is brought to you by Today's Wills and Probate, alongside headline sponsor, Arken.legal (UK) Ltd, a leader in software solutions for the legal services industry, boasts new additional award categories to its 2019 eclectic awards range.
Awards entries and bookings open for British Wills and Probate Awards 2019
Following the success of last year's British Wills and Probate Awards in the Autumn, Today's Wills and Probate, alongside headline sponsor, Arken.legal (UK) Ltd, a leader in software solutions for the legal services industry, are excited to announce the opening of the award entries and tickets for the event.
Categories revealed for the British Wills and Probate Awards 2019
Following the immense success of the inaugural British Wills and Probate Awards in October last year, Today's Wills and Probate, alongside headline sponsor, Arken.legal (UK) Ltd, a leader in software solutions for the legal services industry, are delighted to announce the eclectic range of categories for this year's awards.
The British Wills and Probate Awards are returning!
Following the success of the inaugural event last year, Today's Wills and Probate are thrilled to announce that the British Wills and Probate Awards 2019 will take place on 17th October at the prestigious Belfry Hotel and Resort in Birmingham.
Over 25% of SMEs fail to implement any cyber security measures
Only 8% of small to medium sized law firms have failed to implement any cyber security measures last year.In comparison, over a quarter of the UK's small to medium sized enterprises (SMEs) have no cyber security measures or strategies in place.


text:
Strauss' comedic 'Ariadne' a delight
Tim SmithThe Baltimore Sun
If the Three Stooges stumbled into an oh-so-serious performance of Hamlet and carried on as usual alongside the uncomprehending actors, the result would be something akin to Ariadne auf Naxos, the musically and theatrically brilliant work by Richard Strauss that serves as an invigorating finale to Wolf Trap Opera's season.
This company, devoted to the honing of emerging artists, routinely delivers smart, absorbing productions, among the most consistently satisfying to be found in the region. With Ariadne, close on the heels of this summer's snappy take on Verdi's neglected Un giorno di Regno and vivid treatment of Handel's Alcina, the ensemble has hit yet another peak, surely one of its highest yet. Snaring a ticket to tonight's final performance ought to be a priority for any opera fan who missed the first two.
Ariadne, with a libretto by Hugo von Hofmannsthal, is packed with amusing possibilities. The set-up: A wealthy man has invited guests to a gala that includes the premiere of a very lofty opera on a Greek mythological subject, then a commedia dell'arte show and, finally, fireworks. But time is running short, so, to make sure the fireworks can be lit at the appointed hour, orders are given for the opera and the comedy to be performed simultaneously.
From the backstage craziness of the Prologue, with temperamental opera stars and crude comedians bumping egos, the action moves deftly into the odd hybrid entertainment, where Ariadne, pining for death on the lonely isle of Naxos, finds the gang of comedians, led by the vivacious Zerbinetta, trying to cheer her up.
Strauss' inventive score holds all of this together, moving from one melodic high to another, complemented by some of his subtlest, most enchanting orchestration. And when, in the closing minutes, Bacchus arrives to give Ariadne a new reason to live, Strauss doesn't miss the chance to turn out stunningly operatic music.
The Wolf Trap Opera staging, with a fun set by Erhard Rom, updates the action more or less to our time. Director Thaddeus Strassberger takes the libretto and runs with it, often in the campiest of directions. He's aided by Mattie Ullrich's droll costumes, which include an outfit for the male Dance Master that even cross-dressing comic Eddie Izzard might find over-the-top, and a cod piece for one of Zerbinetta's sidekicks sprouting - oh, never mind.
Strassberger keeps the eye well entertained, from a woman in a skimpy Valkyrie costume pole-dancing with a spear, to Zerbinetta getting an assist on high notes with a push to her tush.
On Sunday afternoon, Elizabeth DeShong, as the Composer, sang with terrific expressive impact and proved a convincing actor. (This character typically disappears after the Prologue, but sticks around here in clever fashion.) Marjorie Owens had the power and stamina for the role of Ariadne. A little more tonal warmth would have been nice, but this was grand singing.
Diego Torre brought fortitude and even nuance to the sadistically high tenor part of Bacchus. Zerbinetta's music is likewise stratospheric (Strauss wrote the coloratura aria to end all coloratura arias for this character), and soprano Erin Morley sailed through the assignment in mostly pinpoint, ever-engaging form.
The rest of the large cast came through sturdily and colorfully, as did the orchestra, led with admirable sensitivity by Timothy Long.
Not every minute clicks in the production - the Prologue doesn't need tired bathroom humor or odd dead spots when everything stops for shtick - but this exuberant, imaginative treatment makes the delicious opera even more irresistible than usual.
"Ariadne auf Naxos" will be performed at 8 tonight at the Barns at Wolf Trap, 1635 Trap Road, Vienna, Va. Tickets are $68. Call 877-965-3872 or go to wolftrap.org.
Warner/Nuzova recital
With Baltimore's classical music scene pretty much shut down for the dog days of August, Saturday night's recital by cellist Wendy Warner and pianist Irina Nuzova at An die Musik, which drew a capacity house, proved welcome.
The musicians brought with them an all-Russian, heavy-on-the-romantic program that they will soon record. The main item was Rachmaninoff's sumptuous G minor Cello Sonata, which inspired the tightest, most potently expressive playing of the concert. Warner's dark tone served her particularly well here.
Rachmaninoff's contemporary Nikolai Miaskovsky was represented by his A minor Sonata, a lushly tuneful piece that would be right at home on the soundtrack to a David O. Selznick costume drama. Nuzova articulated the keyboard part with elan.
Warner didn't sound comfortable in a piece by Alfred Schnittke, but she and her accompanist achieved elegant results in the remainder of the recital.
tim.smith@baltsun.com
Read more about arts and entertainment at baltimoresun.com/criticalmass


text:
Frank Vogel Official Lakers Head Coach for 3-Years
Goto page Previous 1, 2, 3 ... 71, 72, 73 ... 88, 89, 90 Next
Are you happy about Vogel becoming our coach?
Posted: Sun Jul 21, 2019 4:46 pm Post subject:
It's pretty remarkable that after three seasons of seeing what an offense looks like when you have a non specialist running it, you guys still have this super casual outlook that all they have to do is roll the ball out and the offense will just run itself lol. It's one thing to recognize that the Lakers have very good pieces to work with, but an apt [modern] offensive mind would ensure that these pieces are being maximized for all they're worth. What do you do in the playoffs when you play a team that zeroes in on you? That's when you'll need things like counters and brilliant adjustments. Do you think just rolling the ball out will work in a seven game series against the Clippers with the all world defenders and championship coach they have? When your simplistic offense runs into a brickwall in the playoffs, you'll definitely feel the sting of not having that specialist.
It's looking like Kidd will probably be in charge of the offense, and if you aren't already aware of just how bad his offense was in Milwaukee, take notice: https://youtu.be/xbT-10IiwSU
LuciusAllen
You are really hung up on this offensive coordinator thing. A few questions for you:
What evidence exists that Kidd will be the "Offensive Coordinator"?
If all NBA teams have dedicated offensive coordinators, then why do you blame Jason Kidd for scheme deficiencies in Milwaukee? Wouldn't that blame fall to Kidd's "offensive coordinator"?
Milwaukee's adjusted offensive rating over Kidd's last 3 seasons: 105, 109, 110. Progress was made during each season, with a very young Giannis running the show. Isn't progress a good thing?
How many "Offense Gurus" actually exist and are available for hire?
How do you know that the ideas for the foundational schemes that can truly optimize this specific roster cannot come from the mind(s) of the people currently employed by the Lakers?
laker50 wrote:
LAL1947 wrote:
LonzoLegend2 wrote:
Pathetic, still no offense guru, guess the first to 80 wins in our games this year.
In this one off-season, the FO has essentially revamped the entire coaching staff and hired:
- Vogel (head coach)
- Kidd (assistant coach)
- Hollins (assistant coach)
- Handy (player development, handling)
- Penberthy (shooting)
- Crawford (video)
... and yet you still think the situation is pathetic? Wow, you've got high standards! I've got two questions btw...
1) What is your baseline for judging... i.e., if this group is "pathetic", which group of coaches on other teams qualifies as being bad, normal, good, great?
2) Do you not think that Vogel, Kidd, Hollins and LeBron would be able to come up with the offensive schemes they want to run?
The coaching staff in terms of experience is much better than the previous staff. Vogel, Kidd, and Hollins have all been head coaches before.
It seems like Kidd could handle the offense and Vogel the defense with help from Hollins. And finally when have the shooters get a shooting coach.
This is definitely at least on paper a first rate coaching staff.
But what makes it such a "first rate" coaching staff? Just go down the list:
- Kidd: Designed not just an archaic offense in Milwaukee, but one that had flat out incompetence embedded in it that was inexcusable no matter what era you're playing in. Again, it resembled the kind of offense you'd expect from a team that doesn't have a specialist designing the schemes. What is it about Kidd the coach that even begins to suggest that he should be in charge of the offense? Are there good reasons to believe he'd be better at it than Mermuys? If so, what are they?
- Hollins: Grizzlies were a really good team, particularly defensively, under him. But they played at a snail pace intentionally (as did the Bucks under Kidd, ironically). The game has evolved even more than it already had at the time. Does he still view the game in an "old school" way? If so, what is the value of wasting a seat on the bench? Also doesn't help that his personality wore the players down in Brooklyn- always negative. You'd think he got tutored by Byron on how to lose a locker room.
Handy: Literally, the only good hiring. In fact, it's very good. This is the one guy on the staff I'm totally happy with.
PLATNUM
There might still be some room on the Clippers bandwagon for ya...
"Be the person you needed when you were younger..."
Posted: Mon Jul 22, 2019 6:56 am Post subject:
LuciusAllen wrote:
1) I'm not going out on a limb saying that Kidd will be in charge of the offense. I'm saying that, of the coaches they've hired, he would appear to be the most likely candidate. Vogel is a defensive guy and seems to be pretty self aware, so it would be surprising if he was to take it upon himself to design the offense. It definitely won't be Hollins, because....lol. That leaves Handy, who is transitioning to the front bench with a player development background. What exactly his role will be on the front bench is still a mystery at this point, though, so maybe it's possible that he'll bring over some of Nurse's principles Otherwise, Kidd and his HOF career and legendary basketball IQ as a player would seem to make him the most likely candidate. I mean, what exactly is his role going to be on the staff anyway now that the kids are gone? Aiding their development was tagged to his name immediately when he was hired. So now what? If not the offense then what will he be bringing to the table coaching wise?
2) I blame him because he was the head coach, which means he definitely played a role in their schemes whether he personally designed them all by himself or not. If he knew what he was doing he would've made changes, no? Or do you think having a coach on your staff who takes charge of offense or defense absolves the head coach of blame? That would be pretty ridiculous. The Lakers' offense has not been good the last few years because Luke allowed Jesse Mermuys (again, a non expert) design the offense. GT detailed what was wrong with the offense numerous times, even in video form. It was always obvious that they had no real offensive expert, just someone moonlighting as one. And guess what? The blame still falls on Luke because he was the one who allowed Mermuys to have that role. We can be more than sure that no head coach is totally hands off on scheme construction even if they're not particularly strong in a certain area, so the blame ultimately comes back to them if things are just downright bad. You know why? Because they're the head coach. They make all final decisions in the area of coaching. That's how this works.
3) I have no idea. But did they not just try to poach Ron Adams from GS? If you're really prioritizing something, you go for it. Shoot your shot (no pun intended) and see if it goes in. Reach out to someone from the Spurs. Research and find out what coaching staffs around the league have the best offensive nerds and pay a pretty penny to get them the heck over here if that's what it takes. What do you have to lose? That's way better than this dumb idea that people on here have of basically just rolling the ball out and just letting the talent do all the work, as if that is the formula for becoming a top offensive team and competing for a championship. Did Pop do that? Did Kerr do that? Did Phil do that? Brad Stevens? Heck, did Mike B do that when he got the Milwaukee job? Even Phil didn't do that with the greatest players of all time. What is so hard for you to understand about this?
4) Sure, progress is a good thing. But so what? Do you want progress from a non expert or do you want elite from an actual one? And by the way, progress is not even close to being the same thing as good. That's what you and others in this thread don't seem to get. Don't just give someone the job because someone has to do it. Get someone who will do it well.
5) Ultimately? None of us do, obviously. But what evidence is there that even begins to suggest that they're capable of pulling it off? Just some pie in the sky outlook, huh? You tell me, what about the coaching backgrounds of any of these men makes you think the Lakers will have incredible offensive scehemes that will hold up in a seven game series?
PLATNUM wrote:
You're obviously a fan of low level dialogues. Unfortunately for you, that doesn't make two of us. If you have nothing substantive to add to the discussion you're just taking up space. Grow up.
I'd like to point out that Ron Adams is considered a defensive specialist, or at least that's the impression we were given when we were pursuing him.
http://forums.lakersground.net/viewtopic.php?t=187906
Also, we don't know that they didn't also try to poach young coaching talent from other teams. I would guess (as you probably do) that they didn't look that hard, but it's possible they reached out to a few other teams and were denied access.
Also, I really wouldn't rule out Vogel's ability to adapt to this new roster. Vogel is the type of coach that you seem to value - a nerd who worked his way up from video coordinator to head coach. He has said that he embraces analytics. He may not be known as an offensive guru, but he also doesn't seem like a coach who adheres strictly to one specific approach.
I know that Ron Adams is a defensive specialist lol. Many of us knew exactly who he was well before the Lakers sought permission from GS to talk to him. You don't think about Kerr and his staff without thinking about Adams' defense. I was only using the Lakers reaching out to him to buff up my point that they're able and willing to reach out to other assistant coaches. The issue with this staff as currently assembled is that they wasted two of the seats on guys they liked and didn't seem to think through what in the world their roles would be. Vogel has been trying to make it clear that his view of the game has evolved due to where the league is now in terms of style of play. That's probably true, but if it is, the hirings of Kidd and Hollins make no sense unless they've both had basketball rebirths recently and have embraced what the NBA game is now.
audioaxes
Posted: Mon Jul 29, 2019 10:52 am Post subject:
I was thinking about our depth at the guard positions (Bradley, Caruso, Cook, KCP,Rondo,Daniels) and how we can use our depth to tire out opposing teams guards: play high interval rotations of the guards and have them go at it full speed running around screens and such to force defending guards to chase after them.
Also Lebron is one of the best at passing out to guards who are breaking free of screens for a 3 point shot so strong 3 point shooters like Caruso, Cook and Daniels can get some damage in like this too.
Dont let teams best guards "rest" on defense by babysitting a guard who is just sitting stationary in the corner.
(bleep) Kawhi
Dr. Funkbot
Location: Eagle Rock
numero-ocho wrote:
What teams even have an offensive coordinator?
The Rams?
R.I.P. Doc Buss
wolfpaclaker
Coaching is probably the biggest X factor for us.
We have 2 sure fire starters, and the rest of it is all about coaching. How they see which player fitting where and what style they want to play.
I definitely think with an elite coach like Phil Jackson or Popovic, you win a ring with this squad. We have so much talent and options. At every position, we have 2 starting level players aside from PG.
Cousins/McGee are starters on many teams in the league at C.
Kuzma is a starting level SF.
Green is a starting level SG. KCP and Bradley are starting level 2s.
There's 6 guys that can start in the league but 3 spots around LBJ/AD. Talent and depth is there.
We'll know a lot about Vogel as a coach in this coming year. I'd be more comfortable with an elite coach, but there was simply one not available.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=X6Rz0TSprFc
Posted: Wed Jul 31, 2019 11:14 am Post subject:
The Lakers finally make Vogel's staff signings official: Kidd, Hollins, Handy, Simon, Penberthy, Crawford. Also Greg St. Jean as player development coach/advance scout, Dru Anthrop as head video coordinator/player development coach, and Jon Pastorek, as assistant video coordinator/player development coach.
https://www.nba.com/lakers/news/190730-lakers-announce-2019-20-coaching-staff
14-5-3-12
ocho wrote:
So I guess this is it, no more hires
Super Mega Team
For those doubting Miles Simon, he has some good experience under his belt so far yet still relatively new (hopefully hungry and seems like a hard worker).
Simon returns for his third season with the Lakers after playing a key role in the team's on-court development and game preparation. Simon has coached each of the Lakers last two entries in the Las Vegas Summer League, advancing to the 2018 championship game. He's previously worked with Team USA and has been the director of the Nike Basketball Academy since 2015, while also working with ESPN as a college basketball analyst.
Team USA/Directory of Nike Basketball Academy
Formerly OC Lakerfan
dabask11
Posted: Wed Jul 31, 2019 12:13 pm Post subject:
If this is it then the lack of a proven offensive coordinator sticks out like a sore thumb.
Pureshot77
Who is the Warrior's offensive coordinator?
Staccatos
Pureshot77 wrote:
It's mostly Steve Kerr.
https://www.sfchronicle.com/sports/ostler/article/Warriors-secret-The-rhythm-and-flow-offense-7963811.php
Kerr announced he would install a new offense that would, among other things, get easier shots for Stephen Curry.
Fun fact about Kerr's offense: It doesn't have a name. Modesty, apparently, prevents him from slapping a name on it, even when reminded that he didn't wait for his children to achieve lasting greatness before naming them.
Another fun fact about Kerr's offense: It isn't Kerr's offense.
"I don't think I've made up anything that we do," Kerr said in an interview with The Chronicle. "I've stolen from everybody, but most coaches would tell you the same thing."
As a broadcaster, Kerr began collecting video clips of plays he liked. Those he filtered through what he learned playing under Phil Jackson (and assistant Tex Winter) in Chicago, Gregg Popovich in San Antonio, and working with Mike D'Antoni in Phoenix. Mix in some Lenny Wilkens and some Lute Olson.
Kerr hired Alvin Gentry as his offensive assistant and the two hunkered down in a cave (actually Kerr's office) for two months, emerging with the bones of the new deal.
Also more info on the GSW offense:
https://www.goldenstateofmind.com/2017/4/7/14975770/2017-nba-warriors-kerr-pick-roll-steph-curry-offense-kevin-durant-draymond-green
pio2u
"I could not be more excited about the group we've assembled," said Vogel. "Each of these guys brings a unique set of skills and experiences that will greatly impact the success of our players, as we look to build a championship-caliber team."
Location: LA, CA
pio2u wrote:
And as a fan I'm excited to have a coach who cares unlike the recent hirings
HermosaJoe
Location: Hermosa Beach, CA
Judah makes many very good points.
Lets hope Vogel knows a lot about offensive systems; I can't imagine he is bad like or worse than Walton!?
I'm not sure what Kidd and Hollins are actually known for and good at......does anyone here know? Seems these two were hired for ulterior motives.......
As a head coach, in our case Vogel, wouldn't you announce at some point (maybe even at the moment each were hired) what each coach on your staff (primarily Kidd and Hollins) is specifically responsible for??? Hell yes! but why hasn't this happened here? Probably because Kidd and Hollins were not hired to address a specific coaching need, and instead were hired because a certain person(s) wanted them on staff.....period.
dabask11 wrote:
Don't need one. Just roll the ball out and see what happens. That's how all championship teams do it, right?
HermosaJoe... Jason Kidd played with Rick carlislie, who is known to have a good offensive system so I'm expecting Kidd to help us with our offense.
HermosaJoe wrote:
Yeah, it would've been great if we didn't hire Kidd and instead found an assistant who was focused on modern offensive schemes. Other than Kidd (whose purpose other than wooing Giannis I don't really see) I think our staff is solid, though.
Last edited by LandsbergerRules on Wed Jul 31, 2019 3:36 pm; edited 1 time in total
LandsbergerRules wrote:
Yeah, it would've been great if didn't hire Kidd and instead found an assistant who was focused on modern offensive schemes. Other than Kidd (whose purpose other than wooing Giannis I don't really see) I think our staff is solid, though.
Read my above post, Jason Kidd played with Rick Carlislie so he knows some of his offensive notebooks so we should expect Kidd to help us on the offensive side.
I'm very happy with the ACs we got, lots of intriguing names.


text:
Co Curricular Activities Ppt, Conowingo Dam Tours 2020, Christianity Culture And Beliefs, Booba Net Worth, Why Does My Heart Rate Increase After Eating, King's Royal Rifle Corps Chronicle, Flavour Ashawo Original, Norwegian Dictionary App, Blitz Technoblade Clean, " />
how did tony williams die
When Tony Williams died on February 23, he left behind not only a rich legacy of extraordinary drumming, but also the promise of incredible things to come. Samuel E. "Tony" Williams (April 5, 1928 – August 14, 1992) was the lead singer of the Platters from 1953 to 1960. Shirley Knight, a Tony and Emmy award-winning actress, has died. See the article in its original context from. The Platters had four No 1 hits and 16 gold records, including 'My Prayer', 'Harbour Lights', 'Twilight Time' and 'Smoke Gets in Your Eyes', which remained at the top of the British charts for five weeks. Enjoy the videos and music you love, upload original content, and share it all with friends, family, and the world on YouTube. The other drummer on that album was Ginger Baker, who had played in Cream with Jack Bruce, later the bass player with the Tony Williams Lifetime. By this point he had also absorbed rock and funk into his mainstream jazz vocabulary. A legendary jazz/Fusion drummer. Crockett's Theme (Hammer)05. In the 1980s he performed in a group featuring his wife Helen. Want to bookmark your favourite articles and stories to read or reference later? Gargantua (Williams) 02. Williams had formed the group in 1953, with his fellow members David Lynch, Alex Hodge and Herbert Reed. Tony Williams, singer, born Elizabeth New Jersey 15 April 1928, died New York City 14 August 1992. It included Larry Young on organ and John McLaughlin on guitar, and it recorded its first album that year for Polydor Records, ''Emergency!'' Tony Williams ' death in 1997 of a heart attack after routine gall bladder surgery was a major shock to the jazz world. As part of the Davis quintet's rhythm section, with Herbie Hancock on piano and Ron Carter on bass, Mr. Williams radically changed the way a band worked. An early association with the saxophonist Sam Rivers, with whom he played in 1959 and 1960, led to work with other leading jazz figures. And in his swing, Mr. Williams was utterly committed. In September the song was backed with 'Only You' and released in Britain, where it reached No 5 in the hit parade. On Thursday, February 20, Williams, after complaining of stomach pain, was admitted to the hospital for gall bladder surgery. There was a sense, in his early music, that he was completely taken by velocity and forward motion. Until Tony Williams death in 1997, Tony Williams was a much respected drummer of the earlier version of jazz, as well as the avant-garde jazz. Along with his band mates, Mr. Williams took group improvisation further than it had gone before, developing structural improvisations that made the form of a tune seem finally irrelevant to the music. Our journalists will try to respond by joining the threads when they can to create a true meeting of independent Premium. Mr. Williams continued on the fusion route until 1973, then took some time off. He also had a passion and loved God. Shorter, Mr. Hancock and Mr. Carter; as late as 1995, when the group recorded the Grammy-winning ''Tribute To Miles Davis,'' the shadow of their old boss was still in place. Discography Tony Williams met his wife Helen, a model, in Las Vegas in 1957. The existing Open Comments threads will continue to exist for those who do not subscribe to Independent Premium. In the mid-1980's, Mr. Williams made a series of highly regarded albums for the reactivated Blue Note label. You can find our Community Guidelines in full here. Tony Anthony Williams Jr., a lifelong resident of Palatka, Florida also resided in Jacksonville for a brief time with family where he attended Duval and Putnam School District. "Then I gave him some progressions. Star quality: Andy Williams duets with Kermit the Frog on The Muppet Show in 1980. Mr. Williams was a child prodigy, and from his earliest recordings with the saxophonist Jackie McLean through his work with the Miles Davis band of the mid-1960's on to his own jazz and rock fusion groups, he retained his own sound. He was an actor, known for Marked for Death (1990), 'Round Midnight (1986) and One Night with Blue Note (1985). In 1963 he recorded with Mr. McLean and began an association with the Blue Note label that produced some of the most admired works of the era. It was unusual to find a female vocalist in a doo-wop group, and Ram sought to widen the range and vocal blend with this addition. Died: August 14, 1992 in Manhattan, New York, USA (lung cancer) Birth Name: Samuel Anthony Williams The cause was a heart attack, said his publicist, Kirk Tanksley. Are you sure you want to delete this comment? He had been listening to rock and Jimi Hendrix, and along with Davis, he began thinking about moving toward a fusion of popular music and jazz. In February 1956 Mercury released their follow-up single, the ballad 'The Great Pretender'. Early in his career he was a master of the ride cymbal. Ram had previously worked with the Duke Ellington and Count Basie bands. In his hands tempos were pliable, and he was comfortable halfing and doubling the pulse, plying the emotional implications of elastic tempos. The Platters sold over 50 million records and introduced a unique blend of orchestral arrangement with a distinct rhythm-and-blues harmonising, which almost immediately earned them acceptance amongst the United States' white audience. The most insightful comments on all subjects will be published daily in dedicated articles. He also continued studying, working on harmony and composition with teachers from the Juilliard School of Music and the University of California at Berkeley. Drummer and jazz-fusion pioneer Tony Williams died Sunday in Daly City, California of a heart attack, it was announced today. 01. Find your bookmarks in your Independent Premium section, under my profile. Want an ad-free experience?Subscribe to Independent Premium. Tony Williams, the accidental UK catalyst for the fusion of Jamiacan Dub and New York dance music during the early-'80s, sadly died on April 30th. Due to the sheer scale of this comment community, we are not able to give each post the same level of attention, but we have preserved this area in the interests of open debate. Mr. Williams's own two recordings for Blue Note include the masterful ''Spring,'' from 1965, which featured Mr. Zola Taylor went in 1962, soon joining another ex-member to perform the hits of the Platters. He had an older sister, Linda Hayes. In the late 1970's Mr. Williams returned to mainstream jazz as part of the Great Jazz Trio, with Hank Jones and Mr. Carter. Tony [Williams] used to have that trouble with Wayne [Shorter]. Their first single, 'Only You (And You Alone)', hit the mainstream US chart at number 5, much to the amazement of Mercury's A and R department. It allows our most engaged readers to debate the big issues, share their own experiences, discuss real-world solutions, and more. He included the young musicians Wallace Roney, Donald Harrison and Mulgrew Miller along with Bobby Hutcherson and Mr. Carter. Mr. Williams, Wayne Shorter, Mr. Hancock and Mr. Carter were there to develop it. Williams was born in Elizabeth, New Jersey, and died in New York of emphysema. It was when Buck Ram signed them to a management contract, and added a female singer - Zola Taylor, a member of The Teen Queens - that a distinct style began to emerge. Are you sure you want to mark this comment as inappropriate? TONY WILLIAMS was the original lead singer of The Platters, the most successful black rhythm-and-blues doo-wop group to emerge in the Fifties. It was largely … Williams lived and taught in the San Francisco Bay Area until his death from a heart attack following routine gall bladder surgery. Tony Williams, the original lead singer of the Platters whose renditions of "Only You" and "The Great Pretender" propelled the R&B group to stardom in the 1950s, died … Its debut album was Emergency!, a double album released on Polydor/PolyGram Records in 1969. Tony Williams, a drummer whose innovations made him one of the most influential jazz musicians of the last half-century, died on Sunday at the Seton Medical Center in Daly City, Calif. Please continue to respect all commenters and create constructive debates. She replaced Zola Taylor as the female vocalist, and they were married in 1963, three years after Williams left the group to embark on a solo career with Frank Sinatra's Reprise label. Tony Williams, a drummer whose innovations made him one of the most influential jazz musicians of the last half-century, died on Sunday at the Seton Medical Center in Daly City, Calif. He entered the Seton Medical Center in Daly City, California, on Thursday, February 20, for minor gall bladder surgery and was in the process of recovering when he suffered a fatal heart attack. But Ram placed promotional emphasis on Williams's voice as a ballad singer, insisting that the group were pop-chart material. Create a commenting name to join the debate, There are no Independent Premium comments yet - be the first to add your thoughts, There are no comments yet - be the first to add your thoughts. Shortly before Williams left the group they were billed as 'The Platters featuring Tony Williams'. Williams-Dunning was driving a 2007 Chevy Tahoe while towing a boat Saturday night in Henry County, Tennessee, when it crashed, according to Wesley Moster, a spokesman … Tony has received scant acknowledgement for this, … He also formed the group V.S.O.P., with Mr. Tony Williams The recent, unexpected death of master drummer Anthony Williams came as a terrible shock to his family, friends, and music lovers everywhere. TONY WILLIAMS was the original lead singer of … The band was possibly named for Williams' debut album as a bandleader, Life Time, released on Blue Note in 1965. Williams was the brother of the blues singer Linda Hayes, and it was she who first introduced him to the ex-lawyer turned songwriter and arranger Buck Ram in 1954. He began playing drums at the age of 8, encouraged by his father, the saxophonist Tillmon Williams. By the end of his association with Davis, in mid-1969, Mr. Williams's style had changed. Tony Williams, 51, Drummer Renowned as a Jazz Innovator. Mr. Williams died on August 14, 1992 in New York. He had undergone minor gall … Other articles where Tony Williams is discussed: jazz-rock: … and associates such as drummer Tony Williams, guitarist John McLaughlin, saxophonist Wayne Shorter, and electric keyboardists Joe Zawinul, Herbie Hancock, Larry Young, and Chick Corea broke through to distinctive fusion musics. Posted by Roger Ritthaler at 7:22 AM. When the original Platters recording finally hit the charts the New Musical Express described Williams's voice as 'unearthly'. The Platters were inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 1990. Miami Vice Theme (Hammer)03. Anthony Tillmon "Tony" Williams was born in Chicago, Illinois on December 12, 1945. That year, Mr. Williams, then 17, was invited to join a newly formed group led by Davis, who was embarking on a new sound. Before this several cover versions of both of these songs had entered the British charts (there was a delay in Mercury's obtaining a UK outlet). Start your Independent Premium subscription today. The two principals of The Platters, Buck Ram and Tony Williams, died in 1991 and 1992, respectively. The open style that he created while with the Miles Davis Quintet in the mid- to late '60s remains … Shortly after Ram took over the management, Hodge was forced to leave the group after an incident with the police. They performed worldwide, specialising in night-club appearances, but neither Williams alone, nor the group, ever recaptured the special magic of the original combination. Shorter and Mr. Rivers on saxophone. His father, Tillman Williams, was the Untold Passion (Hammer)06. Tony Williams, a former parking-lot attendant who crooned the 1950's hit songs "Only You" and "The Great Pretender" as the lead singer of the Platters, died on Friday at his Manhattan apartment. Tony Williams left the group in August,1960 to pursue a solo career signing with Reprise Records, but never approached his success with the Platters. Pioneer radio DJ Tony Williams, who once had his own reggae show on BBC Radio London between 1977-1987 and was also the creator of the British Reggae Industry Awards which highlighted the talent of many UK reggae artists, has passed away in London on Monday, April 30 after he had been ailing for some time. By the time he was 15, he was playing regularly around Boston, working with gritty organ groups and experimental musicians. Tony Williams, singer, born Elizabeth New Jersey 15 April 1928, died New York City 14 August 1992. He also was part of The Miles Davis Quintet in the 60's and did extensive touring with Herbie Hancock's V.S.O.P band as well. The Tony Williams Lifetime was founded in 1969 as a power trio with John McLaughlin on electric guitar, and Larry Young on organ. The record, composed by Ram, was a perfect showcase for the emotional range and scope of Williams's voice, and remained at the top of the US hit parade for over two weeks, selling more than a million copies. Read our full mailing list consent terms here. Please be respectful when making a comment and adhere to our Community Guidelines. Tony loved to fish, spend time with his son, wife, and family, as well laughing while making others laugh. Sonny Barnes was hired to take Williams place, but lasted less then a … In 1960, Tony Williams left the group and one by one, other members resigned. More known as Tony Williams by drummers around the world. Jazz and rock elements contrasted, even The Platters continued with a replacement lead vocalist, Sonny Turner. During the 1980s, several former members died, including David Lynch (1981), Nate Nelson (1984) and Paul Robi (1989). Logan Williams, a young actor who appeared on CW's "The Flash," died on April 2 at 16 years old, and his mother has revealed that his death was caused by a … He liked a clean, spare sound evoking the slight sizzle of fat in a frying pan, and often moved abruptly between light and cluttered textures. TimesMachine is an exclusive benefit for home delivery and digital subscribers. He was the lead singer in the group The Platters. The vocalist Paul Robi replaced him, and this new line-up was the final combination which made The Platters the most successful black group of the Fifties. He received most recognition for his fusion project; The Tony Williams Lifetime band with John McLaughlin. He was 51. Yesterday, Williams died aged 84, after a year-long battle with bladder cancer. His playing lost its opaque, cool quality and his music took on weight and density. The recordings they made together, including ''E.S.P.,'' ''Miles Smiles,'' ''Sorcerer'' and ''Live at the Plugged Nickel,'' are some of the most important in jazz. Marshall's older brother, Garry, preceded … That list included Freddie Hubbard, Andrew Hill, Eric Dolphy, Grachan Moncur and Mr. McLean. In 1969 he put together a group, Lifetime, one of the foundations of the new music called fusion. He probably died with it in his mouth! {{#verifyErrors}} {{message}} {{/verifyErrors}} {{^verifyErrors}} {{message}} {{/verifyErrors}}, You may not agree with our views, or other users', but please respond to them respectfully, Swearing, personal abuse, racism, sexism, homophobia and other discriminatory or inciteful language is not acceptable, Do not impersonate other users or reveal private information about third parties, We reserve the right to delete inappropriate posts and ban offending users without notification. Just 51, Williams (who could be a very loud drummer) seemed so youthful, healthy, and ageless even though he had been a major drummer for nearly 35 years. Tony Williams' family moved to Boston, Massachusetts when he was a toddler. View credits, reviews, tracks and shop for the 1980 Vinyl release of Play Or Die on Discogs. But, just as Diana Ross was The Supremes, so Tony Williams was The Platters. Mr. Williams was regularly recording with other people as well, and the list of his collaborators on the Blue Note label sums up the experimental mainstream of the time. Thirty years later, his early playing is still striking for its audacity; his capacity to listen, to hear within the group and augment the musical conversation, seemed unbounded.. Mr. Williams was born in Chicago and grew up in Boston. Her Brother Garry Died 2 Years Prior to Her Death. His most recent album, ''Wilderness,'' merged fusion and classical music. Tony Williams was born on December 12, 1945 in Chicago, Illinois, USA as Anthony Williams. Scroll down for video. ... Carole Bishop, Shirley Knight and Sammy Williams, pose with their awards at the 30th Annual Tony Awards in New York. Original line-up. He died on February 24, 1997 in Daly City, California, USA. He began recording for Columbia, with musicians from the improvising pianist Cecil Taylor to the rock guitarist Ronnie Montrose. Independent Premium Comments can be posted by members of our membership scheme, Independent Premium. Tony Williams was one of the most influential jazz drummers of the 60s and one of the pioneers of jazz fusion. Ram was a booking agent at the time of the introduction, and was reputedly so impressed by the tonal purity of Williams's high tenor, that he decided to create the 'Platters sound', around his voice. You can also choose to be emailed when someone replies to your comment. He is survived by his wife, Colleen, of Pacifica, Calif., and his mother, Alyse Janez. Several changes of personnel followed, and at one time it was claimed that there were over 20 groups claiming to be the original Platters. Tony Williams died 17 years ago Tony Williams was born on April 5, 1928 in Elizabeth, New Jersey. Tony Williams, Actor: Marked for Death. He was married to Collen Williams. Darkness (Hammer)04. The Platters signed a contract with Mercury records in November 1955, and the label's initial commercial reaction to them was that they were simply another rhythm-and-blues group. Tony Williams can be regarded a generation-gap-filler in the jazz world. Williams was working as a parking-lot attendant in Los Angeles at the time. He never did take that thing out of his mouth.
Co Curricular Activities Ppt, Conowingo Dam Tours 2020, Christianity Culture And Beliefs, Booba Net Worth, Why Does My Heart Rate Increase After Eating, King's Royal Rifle Corps Chronicle, Flavour Ashawo Original, Norwegian Dictionary App, Blitz Technoblade Clean,


text:
Review | Open | Published: 26 October 2014
Systemic corticosteroids in acute exacerbation of COPD: a meta-analysis of controlled studies with emphasis on ICU patients
Fekri Abroug1,2,
Islem Ouanes1,2,
Sarra Abroug1,2,
Fahmi Dachraoui1,2,
Saoussen Ben Abdallah1,2,
Zeineb Hammouda1,2 &
Lamia Ouanes-Besbes1,2
Guidelines on systemic corticosteroids in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) exacerbation rely on studies that excluded patients requiring ventilatory support. Recent publication of studies including ICU patients allows estimation of the level of evidence overall and in patients admitted to the ICU. We included RCTs evaluating the efficacy and safety of systemic corticosteroids in COPD exacerbation, compared to placebo or standard treatment. The effect size on treatment success was computed by a random effects model overall and in subgroups of non-ICU and ICU patients. Effects on mortality and on the rate of adverse effects of corticosteroids were also computed. Twelve RCTs (including 1,331 patients) were included. Pooled analysis showed a statistically significant increase in the treatment success rate when using systemic corticosteroids: odds ratio (OR) = 1.72, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.15 to 2.57; p = 0.01. Subgroup analysis showed different patterns of effect in ICU and non-ICU subpopulations: a non-significant difference of effect in the subgroup of ICU patients (OR = 1.34, 95% CI = 0.61 to 2.95; p = 0.46), whereas in the non-ICU patients, the effect was significant (OR = 1.87, 95% CI = 1.18 to 2.99; p = 0.01; p for interaction = 0.72). Among ICU patients, there was no difference in the success whether patients were ventilated with tracheal intubation (OR = 1.85, 95% CI = 0.14 to 23.34; p = 0.63) or with non-invasive ventilation (OR = 4.88, 95% CI = 0.31 to 75.81; p = 0.25). Overall, there was no difference in the mortality rate between the steroid-treated group and controls: OR = 1.07, 95% CI = 0.67 to 1.71; p = 0.77. The rate of adverse events increased significantly with corticosteroid administration (OR = 2.36, 95% CI = 1.67 to 3.33; p < 0.0001). In particular, treatment with systemic corticosteroids significantly increased the risk of hyperglycemic episodes requiring initiation or alteration of insulin therapy (OR = 2.96, 95% CI = 1.69 to 5; p < 0.0001). We found corticosteroids to be beneficial in the whole population (non-critically ill and critically ill patients) in terms of treatment success rate. However, subgroup analysis showed that this effect of corticosteroids was only observed in non-critically ill patients whereas critically ill patients derived no benefit from systemic corticosteroids regardless of the chosen ventilatory mode (invasive or non-invasive ventilation). Further analyses showed no effect on mortality of corticosteroids, but higher side effects, such as hyperglycemic episodes requiring the initiation or alteration of insulin therapy.
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a common disease characterized by progressive and incompletely reversible chronic airflow obstruction associated with an exaggerated inflammatory response to bacteria, viruses, or pollutants [1]. COPD has become the third leading cause of mortality worldwide, with attributable yearly costs of no less than 50 billion $ in the United States [2]-[4]. Approximately 60% of these expenditures are dedicated to the management of exacerbations of COPD [4]. COPD exacerbation is defined as an acute event in which there is impairment of respiratory symptoms beyond the level of daily changes requiring an alteration of the usual treatment [1]. Each patient experiences a mean of two exacerbations per year, which are linked to a steady decline in lung function, quality of life, and life expectancy [5]-[7]. Exacerbation of COPD is associated with an accentuation of systemic and local inflammation [8]-[11]. In combination with inhaled bronchodilators, systemic corticosteroids are the cornerstone of the first-line treatment of exacerbation of COPD and are strongly recommended by current guidelines [12]-[17]. Yet, the optimal systemic corticosteroid formulation (e.g., methylprednisolone or prednisone), daily dose (moderate vs high), route of administration (oral or intravenous), and treatment duration (5 to 15 days) are unclear [16],[18]-[22]. This drug combination improves symptoms and lung function and reduces the duration of hospitalization [23]. However, systemic corticosteroids do not affect mortality rate related to COPD exacerbation and are associated with known adverse effects including increased frequency of hyperglycemic episodes (up to five times compared to untreated patients) [15],[16].
In addition, most studies supporting corticosteroid treatment in COPD exacerbation have been conducted outside the ICU and have deliberately excluded patients with severe exacerbation requiring ventilatory support in the ICU, making hazardous extrapolation of their results to patients admitted to the ICU especially when we refer to steroids' side effects that are peculiar to critically ill patients: ICU-related neuromyopathy, interference with sepsis evolution, hyperglycemic accidents and their impact on the length of ventilatory support, etc. [24],[25].
Two recent studies dealing specifically with severe COPD exacerbation requiring ventilatory support yielded conflicting results. Nevertheless, despite being underpowered, these newly published studies on ICU patients shed light on the level of evidence surrounding corticosteroid treatment in ICU patients with COPD exacerbation.
The aim of this systematic review with meta-analysis of the literature is to measure the level of scientific evidence on systemic corticosteroid treatment in the case of exacerbation of COPD in general, with particular emphasis on critically ill patients admitted to the ICU, in the light of recent publications on this issue.
Search strategy and study selection
Pertinent studies were searched in MEDLINE, EMBASE, CINAHL, CENTRAL, and Science Citation Index for RCTs published up to 1 June 2014 with the following MeSH terms: ['adrenal cortex hormone' or 'steroid' or 'corticosteroid' or 'hydrocortisone' or 'prednisone' or 'prednisolone' or 'methylprednisolone' or 'dexamethasone'] AND ['COPD' or 'chronic obstructive pulmonary disease' or 'lung disease, obstructive NOT asthma'] AND ['exacerbation' or 'AECOPD' or 'emergency']. We have also looked for studies in other data sources such as reference reports, journal articles, and abstracts of conferences and conducted a manual search in journals.
Study selection
We included all randomized controlled clinical trials designed to evaluate the efficacy and safety of systemic corticosteroids, whether administered orally or parenterally, during acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (AECOPD), compared to placebo or standard treatment. Other treatments (e.g., bronchodilators, antibiotics) administered concomitantly had to be comparable between the two arms of studies. Included studies involved patients seen in an outpatient setting, patients in emergency consultation, or patients hospitalized in the pulmonology ward or intensive care units.
Patients included in these studies were adults aged 18 and older with COPD, with recent acute exacerbation identified clinically by the modification of functional signs of COPD according to the Anthonisen criteria [26]: worsening of recent dyspnea, cough, and change in the characteristics of sputum consisting in the increase in sputum volume or its appearance.
Data extraction and study characteristics
Two independent evaluators (LOB, IO) selected studies according to the inclusion criteria and extracted the intervention in each study, the type of patients, the location of the study, and the criteria for primary and secondary endpoints. Disagreements were resolved by consensus. The quality of included studies was assessed by the Jadad scale [27], which assigns a score ranging from 0 to 5.
Data synthesis
In this meta-analysis, the primary endpoint was treatment success, which had different definitions in the included studies. In outpatients and in those admitted to general wards, treatment was deemed successful on the basis of clinical improvement that was assessed by a questionnaire and/or improvement in forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV1), improvement in blood gases, or reduction in the duration of hospitalization. In studies dealing with ICU patients under ventilatory support, successful treatment was defined as the lack of need for intubation in patients treated with non-invasively ventilated (NIV) patients and reduced mortality rate in invasively (intubated) ventilated patients.
Secondary outcomes included mortality whenever reported for both groups and the rate of adverse effects of corticosteroids. For the study purpose, we considered the following: overall side effects, hyperglycemic episodes requiring the initiation or changing of current insulin therapy, psychiatric disorders, infections occurring during hospitalization, hypertensive episodes, and gastrointestinal bleeding.
The meta-analysis was conducted using the Comprehensive Meta-Analysis (CMA) program V2 software (Biostat, Englewood, NJ, USA). This meta-analysis was conducted in accordance with the recommendations of the Cochrane group and the PRISMA guidelines.
For binary outcomes (treatment success, mortality, and adverse effects of systemic corticosteroids), we reported the outcome estimates as odds ratios (ORs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Statistical significance was set at p <0.05 for hypothesis testing and p <0.1 for heterogeneity testing. We measured heterogeneity and expressed it as I2, with suggested thresholds for low (I2 = 25% to 49%), moderate (I2 = 50% to 74%), and high (I2≥75%) values. We used a random effects model which merges the studies and provides an assessment of more conservative treatment effect when heterogeneity is present or suspected. We made this choice because of the obvious heterogeneity of the studies included in the analysis.
To assess publication bias, we visually examined the funnel plot for mortality and performed the Egger test of the intercept which uses precision to predict the standardized effect. All statistical tests were two-sided.
Two subgroup analyses were performed in this meta-analysis: the first one compared the effect of systemic corticosteroids in patients who were admitted to the ICU compared to that in patients treated elsewhere. The second subgroup analysis compared patients from the ICU subgroup, according to the ventilatory mode: invasive or non-invasive ventilation.
Search results and trial characteristics
Literature search initially identified 1,156 citations; 5 items were added after consulting the bibliography of previously published meta-analyses and journals. Among these studies, 29 were identified as related to the use of corticosteroids during AECOPD. Ultimately, 17 studies were excluded, and 12 were included with a total of 1,331 patients [23],[28]-[38]. The selection process is illustrated by a flow chart (Figure 1). The main clinical characteristics of included studies are depicted in Table 1.
Flow chart of the meta-analysis.
Table 1 Patients characteristics and steroid regimen in the studies included in the meta-analysis
All studies were randomized, controlled, double-blind studies except that of Abroug et al. [38] which was a randomized, controlled, open-label study including critically ill patients. All studies had a Jadad score ?3. Eighty-two percent of included patients (1,092/1,331) were male, with a mean age of 66 ± 14 years. Smoking was reported in seven studies. Overall, 47% of the included patients were smoking more than ten pack-years.
The definition of AECOPD was based on clinical symptoms or on the results of respiratory evaluation.
There was no difference in demographic characteristics between the groups receiving systemic corticosteroids and the control groups regarding main clinical characteristics (Table 1).
The administered corticosteroid regimen varied among studies with different formulations, routes of administration, and duration of treatment which ranged from 1 to 57 days. The duration of patient follow-up and wards of inclusion and management of patients were also variable (outpatients, emergency department, respiratory ward, or ICU) (Table 1). Criteria defining the success of corticosteroid treatment were also variable (Table 1): this encompassed the reduction in the length of hospital stay, increased FEV in non-ICU patients, and decreased intubation rate and mortality in ICU patients.
Adverse effects related to corticosteroid treatment have been reported in eight studies with emphasis on hyperglycemia, infections, hypertension, gastrointestinal bleeding, and psychiatric symptoms.
Comparison of systemic corticosteroids' efficacy involved 722 patients who received treatment and 609 controls.
Primary endpoint: treatment success
Pooled analysis shows a statistically significant increase in the treatment success rate when using systemic corticosteroids: OR = 1.72, 95% CI = 1.15 to 2.57; p = 0.01 (Figure 2). Overall, heterogeneity was low (I2 = 36%). There was no obvious publication bias detected by visual inspection of the 'funnel plot' (Figure 3). The Egger test was also non-significant (regression intercept = 1.05, p = 0.18).
Pooled subgroup analysis. Effects of corticosteroid treatment on the success rate inferred from all included studies and separately for the groups of studies on ICU patients and on non-ICU patients. Gray squares represent odds ratios (ORs) in individual trials with the size proportional to the weight of the study. The 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for individual trials are denoted by lines. The pooled subgroup estimate of the effect is represented by the blue diamond (with a width proportional to the confidence interval), and the combined overall effect is represented by the red diamond. The I2 test for heterogeneity was moderate overall (I2 = 36%), high in the analysis involving critically ill patients (I2 = 77.4%), and low in studies including non-ICU patients (I2 = 17.4%). The z test for interaction between subgroups was 0.36 (p = 0.72). The meta-analysis is performed by a random effects model.
Funnel plot of SE by odds ratio. The Egger test was non-significant (regression intercept = 1.05, p = 0.18).
Subgroup analysis which compared studies that included ICU patients vs studies that excluded ICU patients (non-ICU patients) showed different patterns of effect in these two subpopulations: the effect of steroid administration was not statistically significant in the subgroup of ICU patients (OR = 1.34, 95% CI = 0.61 to 2.95; p = 0.46), whereas in the subgroup of non-ICU patients, the effect was significant and similar to what has been observed in the entire analysis (OR = 1.87, 95% CI = 1.18 to 2.99; p = 0.01; z test for interaction = 0.36, p = 0.72) (Figure 2).
Heterogeneity was high in the analysis involving critically ill patients (I2 = 77.4%), while it was low in studies including non-ICU patients (I2 = 17.4%).
In order to explore the high heterogeneity observed in studies that included ICU patients, we compared the outcome in these patients according to the mechanical ventilation modality (invasive vs non-invasive ventilation). There was no difference in the effect thereof. The odds ratio was 1.85, 95% CI = 0.14 to 23.34; p = 0.63, for the group of patients ventilated invasively through an endotracheal tube and 4.88, 95% CI = 0.31 to 75.81; p = 0.25, for the NIV group.
Secondary criteria
Mortality was analyzed in nine studies. Overall, the mortality rates were not statistically different between the steroid-treated group and controls: OR = 1.07, 95% CI = 0.67 to 1.71; p = 0.77; I2 = 0% (Figure 4).
Effect on mortality.
For adverse effects, overall, seven studies reported the rate of adverse events linked to treatment by systemic corticosteroids and showed a significant increase in this risk: OR = 2.36, 95% CI = 1.67 to 3.33; p <0.0001; I2 = 3%. In particular, hyperglycemic episodes requiring initiation or alteration of insulin therapy which were reported in five studies were increased by corticosteroid administration: OR = 2.96, 95% CI = 1.69 to 5; p <0.0001; I2 = 22.7% (Figure 5).
Hyperglycemic episodes.
The current meta-analysis shows that overall systemic corticosteroid therapy increases the rate of success of the treatment of patients with COPD exacerbation. Stratified analysis according to the exacerbation severity (severe hypercapnic exacerbation requiring ventilatory support in the ICU, compared to exacerbations not requiring ventilatory support) showed that this effect of corticosteroids was only observed in non-critically ill patients whereas critically ill patients derived no benefit from systemic corticosteroids regardless of the chosen ventilatory mode (invasive or non-invasive ventilation). Further analyses showed no effect of corticosteroids on mortality, but higher side effects, such as hyperglycemic episodes requiring the initiation or alteration of insulin therapy.
Current guidelines strongly recommend the administration of systemic steroids to patients experiencing COPD exacerbation whatever its severity. In fact, most of the evidence stems from studies in which patients were treated on an outpatient basis or hospitalized outside ICUs. The most severe patients who are usually admitted to ICUs and receive ventilatory support were usually excluded. In addition, despite the lack of important statistical heterogeneity, the global analysis we have conducted suffers probably from obvious clinical heterogeneity of included studies. This heterogeneity stems from substantial differences in the steroid regimen applied in these studies, the studies' setting (emergency department, pulmonology ward, or ICU), differences in success criteria, and the criteria used for COPD and exacerbation. All these discrepancies might indeed introduce bias to overall inferences from these studies. Substantial variation in corticosteroid regimen (daily dose, treatment duration, route of administration) might have impacted per se the rate of treatment success provided that the chosen regimen is close to or far from the ideal corticosteroid regimen, which is not validated so far. In addition, pooling the results of studies conducted in patients with various levels of severity (wards or ICU patients) did not take into account the relationship between baseline severity and success rate. Moreover, Bullard et al. and Chen et al. did not specifically exclude asthmatics suggesting that if these patients have actually been included, they could have better responses to steroid treatment than the remaining study patients [30],[36].
Moreover, the extrapolation to ICU patients of what was observed in less severe patients should not be straightforward since administration of systemic steroids to ICU patients should outweigh the specific harm incurred by such treatment in critically ill patients (neuromyopathy, facilitation and worsening of sepsis, etc.). Moreover, beneficial effects of corticosteroids reported so far were inferred from the impact on outcomes which should not be regarded as patient-centered. Indeed, outcomes that were positively impacted by corticosteroid treatment (lung function, hypoxemia, relapse rate) are not those that one expects to alter in life-threatening exacerbations. Outcomes such as non-invasive ventilation failure, ICU mortality, MV duration, and length of ICU stay are indeed more relevant to ICU patients.
As a matter of fact, we are today in a situation where even the `equipoise' surrounding the use of systemic steroids in COPD exacerbation is questioned [39]. This is suggested by reports from registries reflecting the real-world practice. Lindenauer et al. reported that no less than 76% patients treated for COPD exacerbation outside the ICU received either a high (92%) or a moderate (8%) dose of systemic steroids [20]. Examining the same database, but focusing on patients who were excluded from the Lindenauer study, namely patients with severe COPD exacerbation who were admitted to the ICU, Kiser et al. report that only 6% were not treated by systemic steroids while 64% of the remaining received a very high dose of steroids (i.e., >240 mg/day methylprednisolone equivalent) [19]. Both analyses clearly show that there is very little equipoise, if any, about the use of systemic corticosteroids in COPD exacerbation whether requiring mechanical ventilation or not. Hopefully, the scientific evidence concerning specifically patients with severe COPD exacerbation requiring ventilatory support became recently available. Alia et al. and Abroug et al. published two RCTs including ICU patients [37],[38]. The first one was a positive Spanish multicenter, randomized, double-blinded study that included 83 patients, showing a 1-day reduction in the duration of ICU hospitalization [37]. The second study was an open-label study conducted in two ICUs in Tunisia with the aim of evaluating the effect of a 10-day prednisone course on ICU mortality [38]. This study was a negative one, failing at demonstrating any beneficial effect of steroid treatment on ICU mortality, length of mechanical ventilation, and ICU stay. We cannot readily account for these conflicting results, but there were substantial differences in the use of non-invasive ventilation. NIV was more frequently applied in the Abroug et al. study (76% vs 44% in the Alia et al. study) [37],[38]. Moreover, despite fairly similar rates of NIV failure overall, these were not distributed similarly in the studies' arms. While Abroug et al. reported similar failure rates in both study groups (16% and 13% in prednisone-treated and control groups, respectively), Alia et al. reported a striking difference in NIV failure rate which was 0% in the steroid treated group and 37% in the control group [37],[38]. Both rates reported by Alia et al. seem overly shifted from rates usually reported in the literature [40].
Noteworthy, both studies were also stopped before completion of the inclusion of the planned sample size (25% and 73% of planned samples, respectively). Alia et al. included 83 out of the 198 patients planned to show a 1-day reduction in mechanical ventilation duration [37]. On the other hand, out of 300 patients required to demonstrate a reduction by 12% in the absolute rate of ICU mortality, Abroug et al. eventually included only 217 patients [38]. This was due principally to the fact that a large proportion of patients considered for inclusion (up to half in each study) was already treated by corticosteroids at ICU admission. Indeed, the administration of corticosteroids prior to hospitalization was so widespread that many patients were not eligible for both RCTs, illustrating the difficulties in completing such studies in the ICU. Despite apparently conflicting results, both studies concluded that it would take up to 2,000 patients to uncover an impact on hard outcomes such as ICU mortality, NIV failure, etc. So how can we answer such questions in ICU patients in order to reach a sufficient level of evidence? Systematic reviews and meta-analytic techniques offer in this respect interesting resources, especially through the stratification of the analysis according to the type of patients whether treated in or outside the ICU. The fact that recent publications on the issue yielded conflicting results makes it very useful to examine the trend from the pooled effects through meta-analytic techniques. Previous meta-analyses included only primary studies that were conducted in non-ICU patients. Although systemic corticosteroids had no effect on mortality, these meta-analyses showed that systemic corticosteroids yielded a statistically significant reduction in treatment failure and/or relapse, improvement in FEV1, and oxygenation [12],[13],[15]-[17]. The current meta-analysis evaluated specifically the effect of systemic corticosteroids in severe COPD exacerbation requiring ventilatory support. While the global analysis showed a favorable effect of systemic corticosteroid therapy, subgroup analysis in the subset of studies that included only patients requiring ventilatory support reveals that available data synthesis did not show any beneficial effect from systemic corticosteroid treatment regarding either the rate of treatment success or that of ICU mortality. Still, there are a 2.4-fold increase in the adverse effects of steroid treatment overall and a threefold increase in the hyperglycemic episodes. This provides an additional argument which obviously weighs negatively in the risk-benefit balance surrounding this treatment. Nevertheless, absence of evidence of benefit should not be regarded as evidence of the absence of corticosteroids' benefit. The lack of a significant test for interaction means that our finding does not rule out the possibility that this difference could be due to chance and does not ascertain that systemic steroids have indeed an opposite effect in ICU and non-ICU patients, especially with the finding of inconsistent results in ICU studies [41]. Moreover, the examination of the boundaries around the estimation point in the present meta-analysis rules out neither a deleterious effect of corticosteroids (39% risk of a greater failure rate) nor an increase by threefold in the success rate of corticosteroid treatment. A large study including ICU patients is urgently needed in order to draw a definitive conclusion in this subgroup of patients.
It may seem surprising that we advocate larger randomized controlled trials on corticosteroids in this population when the two available studies in critically ill patients were early stopped because of recruitment difficulties. We believe that the situation of equipoise prevailing now is different from that prevailing before the publication of the two RCTS on ICU patients and the combined analysis made here. We should no longer ignore the new evidence warning against potential deleterious effects of administering systemic corticosteroids in COPD patients requiring ventilatory support [39].
This meta-analysis confirms that the rate of treatment success increases with systemic corticosteroids in comparison to usual care in COPD exacerbation. Recent publication of two RCTs dealing specifically with severe exacerbations requiring ventilatory support allowed a stratified analysis according to the necessity of ventilatory support in the ICU. For patients treated in the ICU, there is no sufficient level of scientific evidence enabling a strong recommendation. Current data cannot exclude both possibilities: efficacy or inefficacy. Larger studies targeting such patients are still needed.
FA, IO, and SA conducted the literature searches, selected the studies, extracted the data, and assessed the study quality. FA prepared the initial and subsequent drafts of the manuscript. FD, SBA, ZH, and LOB screened the abstracts, selected the studies meeting the inclusion criteria, extracted the data, and assessed the study quality. FA and SA carried out the statistical analyses with input from all other authors. All authors read, revised, and approved the final manuscript.
Global Strategy for the Diagnosis MaPoC: Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease (GOLD) 2011. , [www.goldcopd.org]
Lozano R, Naghavi M, Foreman K, Lim S, Shibuya K, Aboyans V, Abraham J, Adair T, Aggarwal R, Ahn SY, Alvarado M, Anderson HR, Anderson LM, Andrews KG, Atkinson C, Baddour LM, Barker-Collo S, Bartels DH, Bell ML, Benjamin EJ, Bennett D, Bhalla K, Bikbov B, Abdulhal A, Birbeck G, Blyth F, Bolliger I, Boufous S, Bucello C, Burch M, et al.: Global and regional mortality from 235 causes of death for 20 age groups in 1990 and 2010: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010. Lancet 2012, 380: 2095–2128. 10.1016/S0140-6736(12)61728-0
Wedzicha JA, Wilkinson T: Impact of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease exacerbations on patients and payers. Proc Am Thorac Soc 2006, 3: 218–221. 10.1513/pats.200510-114SF
Guarascio AJ, Ray SM, Finch CK, Self TH: The clinical and economic burden of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in the USA. Clinicoecon Outcomes Res 2013, 5: 235–245.
Chandra D, Stamm JA, Taylor B, Ramos RM, Satterwhite L, Krishnan JA, Mannino D, Sciurba FC, Holguin F: Outcomes of noninvasive ventilation for acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in the United States, 1998-2008. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2012, 185: 152–159. 10.1164/rccm.201106-1094OC
Seneff MG, Wagner DP, Wagner RP, Zimmerman JE, Knaus WA: Hospital and 1-year survival of patients admitted to intensive care units with acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. JAMA 1995, 274: 1852–1857. 10.1001/jama.1995.03530230038027
Wedzicha JA: Airway infection accelerates decline of lung function in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2001, 164: 1757–1758. 10.1164/ajrccm.164.10.2108049a
Barnes PJ: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. N Engl J Med 2000, 343: 269–280. 10.1056/NEJM200007273430407
Wedzicha JA, Seemungal TA: COPD exacerbations: defining their cause and prevention. Lancet 2007, 370: 786–796. 10.1016/S0140-6736(07)61382-8
Decramer M, Janssens W, Miravitlles M: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Lancet 2012, 379: 1341–1351. 10.1016/S0140-6736(11)60968-9
Hogg JC, Chu F, Utokaparch S, Woods R, Elliott WM, Buzatu L, Cherniack RM, Rogers RM, Sciurba FC, Coxson HO, Pare PD: The nature of small-airway obstruction in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. N Engl J Med 2004, 350: 2645–2653. 10.1056/NEJMoa032158
Celli BR, MacNee W, Force AET: Standards for the diagnosis and treatment of patients with COPD: a summary of the ATS/ERS position paper. Eur Respir J 2004, 23: 932–946. 10.1183/09031936.04.00014304
O'Donnell DE, Aaron S, Bourbeau J, Hernandez P, Marciniuk DD, Balter M, Ford G, Gervais A, Goldstein R, Hodder R, Maltais F, Road J, McKay V, Schenkel J, Ariel A, Day A, Lacasse Y, Levy R, Lien D, Miller J, Rocker G, Sinuff T, Stewart P, Voduc N, Abboud R, Becklake M, Borycki E, Brooks D, Bryan S, Calcutt L, et al.: Canadian Thoracic Society recommendations for management of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease - 2007 update. Can Respir J 2007,14(Suppl B):5B-32B.
Bach PB, Brown C, Gelfand SE, McCrory DC: Management of acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a summary and appraisal of published evidence. Ann Intern Med 2001, 134: 600–620. 10.7326/0003-4819-134-7-200104030-00016
Walters JA, Gibson PG, Wood-Baker R, Hannay M, Walters EH: Systemic corticosteroids for acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2009, CD001288. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD001288.pub3.
Cheng T, Gong Y, Guo Y, Cheng Q, Zhou M, Shi G, Wan H: Systemic corticosteroid for COPD exacerbations, whether the higher dose is better? A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Clin Respir J 2013, 7: 305–318. 10.1111/crj.12008
Singh JM, Palda VA, Stanbrook MB, Chapman KR: Corticosteroid therapy for patients with acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a systematic review. Arch Intern Med 2002, 162: 2527–2536. 10.1001/archinte.162.22.2527
Chang KC, Leung CC, Kong FY: Corticosteroid administration and treatment failure in acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. JAMA 2010, 304: 1554. author reply 1554-1556 10.1001/jama.2010.1438
Kiser TH, Allen RR, Valuck RJ, Moss M, Vandivier RW: Outcomes associated with corticosteroid dosage in critically ill patients with acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2014, 189: 1052–1064. 10.1164/rccm.201401-0058OC
Lindenauer PK, Pekow PS, Lahti MC, Lee Y, Benjamin EM, Rothberg MB: Association of corticosteroid dose and route of administration with risk of treatment failure in acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. JAMA 2010, 303: 2359–2367. 10.1001/jama.2010.796
Leuppi JD, Schuetz P, Bingisser R, Bodmer M, Briel M, Drescher T, Duerring U, Henzen C, Leibbrandt Y, Maier S, Miedinger D, Muller B, Scherr A, Schindler C, Stoeckli R, Viatte S, von Garnier C, Tamm M, Rutishauser J: Short-term vs conventional glucocorticoid therapy in acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: the REDUCE randomized clinical trial. JAMA 2013, 309: 2223–2231. 10.1001/jama.2013.5023
Walters JA, Wang W, Morley C, Soltani A, Wood-Baker R: Different durations of corticosteroid therapy for exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2011, CD005374. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD006897.pub2.
Niewoehner DE, Erbland ML, Deupree RH, Collins D, Gross NJ, Light RW, Anderson P, Morgan NA: Effect of systemic glucocorticoids on exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Department of Veterans Affairs Cooperative Study Group. N Engl J Med 1999, 340: 1941–1947. 10.1056/NEJM199906243402502
Amaya-Villar R, Garnacho-Montero J, Garcia-Garmendia JL, Madrazo-Osuna J, Garnacho-Montero MC, Luque R, Ortiz-Leyba C: Steroid-induced myopathy in patients intubated due to exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Intensive Care Med 2005, 31: 157–161. 10.1007/s00134-004-2509-9
Chakrabarti B, Angus RM, Agarwal S, Lane S, Calverley PMA: Hyperglycaemia as a predictor of outcome during non-invasive ventilation in decompensated COPD. Thorax 2009, 64: 857–862. 10.1136/thx.2008.106989
Anthonisen NR, Manfreda J, Warren CP, Hershfield ES, Harding GK, Nelson NA: Antibiotic therapy in exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Ann Intern Med 1987, 106: 196–204. 10.7326/0003-4819-106-2-196
Jadad ARMR, Carroll D: Assessing the quality of reports of randomized clinical trials: is blinding necessary? Control Clin Trials 1996, 17: 1–12. 10.1016/0197-2456(95)00134-4
Emerman CL, Connors AF, Lukens TW, May ME, Effron D: A randomized controlled trial of methylprednisolone in the emergency treatment of acute exacerbations of COPD. Chest 1989, 95: 563–567. 10.1378/chest.95.3.563
Albert RK, Martin TR, Lewis SW: Controlled clinical trial of methylprednisolone in patients with chronic bronchitis and acute respiratory insufficiency. Ann Intern Med 1980, 92: 753–758. 10.7326/0003-4819-92-6-753
Bullard MJ, Liaw SJ, Tsai YH, Min HP: Early corticosteroid use in acute exacerbations of chronic airflow obstruction. Am J Emerg Med 1996, 14: 139–143. 10.1016/S0735-6757(96)90120-5
Thompson WH, Nielson CP, Carvalho P, Charan NB, Crowley JJ: Controlled trial of oral prednisone in outpatients with acute COPD exacerbation. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1996, 154: 407–412. 10.1164/ajrccm.154.2.8756814
Wood-Baker RWJ, Pearce M, Ryan G: A double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled trial of corticosteroids for acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease [Abstract]. Aust NZ J Med 1997, 28: 21.
Davies L, Angus RM, Calverley PM: Oral corticosteroids in patients admitted to hospital with exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a prospective randomised controlled trial. Lancet 1999, 354: 456–460. 10.1016/S0140-6736(98)11326-0
Maltais F, Ostinelli J, Bourbeau J, Tonnel AB, Jacquemet N, Haddon J, Rouleau M, Boukhana M, Martinot JB, Duroux P: Comparison of nebulized budesonide and oral prednisolone with placebo in the treatment of acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a randomized controlled trial. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2002, 165: 698–703. 10.1164/ajrccm.165.5.2109093
Aaron SD, Vandemheen KL, Hebert P, Dales R, Stiell IG, Ahuja J, Dickinson G, Brison R, Rowe BH, Dreyer J, Yetisir E, Cass D, Wells G: Outpatient oral prednisone after emergency treatment of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. N Engl J Med 2003, 348: 2618–2625. 10.1056/NEJMoa023161
Chen G, Xie CM, Luo YF: [The effects and therapeutic duration of oral corticosteroids in patients with acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases]. Zhonghua Jie He He Hu Xi Za Zhi 2008, 31: 577–580.
Alia I, de la Cal MA, Esteban A, Abella A, Ferrer R, Molina FJ, Torres A, Gordo F, Elizalde JJ, de Pablo R, Huete A, Anzueto A: Efficacy of corticosteroid therapy in patients with an acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease receiving ventilatory support. Arch Intern Med 2011, 171: 1939–1946. 10.1001/archinternmed.2011.530
Abroug F, Ouanes-Besbes L, Fkih-Hassen M, Ouanes I, Ayed S, Dachraoui F, Brochard L, Elatrous S: Prednisone in COPD exacerbation requiring ventilatory support: an open-label randomised evaluation. Eur Respir J 2014, 43: 717–724. 10.1183/09031936.00002913
Shorr AF, Chan CM: Clinical trials in the critically ill: practical and ethical challenges: comment on "Efficacy of corticosteroid therapy in patients with an acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease receiving ventilatory support". Arch Intern Med 2011, 171: 1946–1947. 10.1001/archinternmed.2011.531
Ram FS, Picot J, Lightowler J, Wedzicha JA: Non-invasive positive pressure ventilation for treatment of respiratory failure due to exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2004, CD004104. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD004104.pub3.
Sun X, Ioannidis JP, Agoritsas T, Alba AC, Guyatt G: How to use a subgroup analysis: users' guide to the medical literature. JAMA 2014, 311: 405–411. 10.1001/jama.2013.285063
Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Fatouma Bourguiba, ICU, Monastir, 5000, Tunisia
Fekri Abroug
, Islem Ouanes
, Sarra Abroug
, Fahmi Dachraoui
, Saoussen Ben Abdallah
, Zeineb Hammouda
& Lamia Ouanes-Besbes
Research Lab LR12SP15, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Fatouma Bourguiba, Monastir, 5000, Tunisia
Search for Fekri Abroug in:
Search for Islem Ouanes in:
Search for Sarra Abroug in:
Search for Fahmi Dachraoui in:
Search for Saoussen Ben Abdallah in:
Search for Zeineb Hammouda in:
Search for Lamia Ouanes-Besbes in:
Correspondence to Fekri Abroug.
Exacerbation


text:
Intel 6th and 7th Gen box PCs offer PCIe graphics expansion
Nov 6, 2018 — by Eric Brown — 683 views
Aaeon launched a rugged, Linux-friendly line of "Boxer-6841M" industrial computers based on 6th or 7th Gen Core CPUs with either a PCIe x16 slot for Nvidia GPU cards or 2x PCIe x8 slots for frame grabbers.
The Boxer-6841M line of six industrial box PCs is designed for edge AI and machine vision applications. Like last year's Boxer-6839, the rugged, wall-mountable computers run Linux (Ubuntu 16.04) or Windows on Intel's 6th Generation "Skylake" and 7th Generation "Kaby Lake" Core and Xeon processors with 35W to 73W TDPs. The systems use T and TE branded Core CPUs and Intel H110 PCH or C236 PCH chipsets.
Boxer-6841M-A2 (left) and smaller, fanless -A5
Aaeon refers to the Boxer-6841M as "compact," but even the two smaller A5 and A6 models with dual PCIe x8 slots are considerably larger than the Boxer-6839, measuring 260 x 300 x 155mm. The PCIe x8 slots on the fanless A5 and A6 are intended primarily for loading video frame grabber cards. The only difference between the A5 and A6 is that the A6 provides 4x RS232 ports via a side-mounted addition.
The fan-powered A1-A4 models, meanwhile, measure 400 x 200 x 155mm. This gives them room to fit a single PCIe x16 slot for AI-enabled Nvidia Tesla graphics cards.
Boxer-6841M A1 through A4 models (left) and BOXER-6841M power specs
The A1 and A3 models can drive 180W of power to their PCIe x16 slot while the A2 and A4 offer dual 12V inputs to support up to a 250W PCIe x16 card. The dual input design "makes the system more stable by reducing the level of wasted heat that would be produced by a single 24V input," says Aaeon. (See power specs above.)
Boxer-6841M A5 and A6
The difference between the A1 and A3 models and between the A2 and A4 models is that only the A1 and A2 support the 73W TDP Intel Xeon parts. All six systems also offer single PCIe x1 slots and dual mini-PCIe slots with USB support. There's also a single SIM slot and 4G and WiFi options with antennas.
Boxer-6841M-A1 front view, which is the same as A2, A3, and A4 (left) and A4 rear view with extra 12V input, a feature it shares with the A2
The Boxer-6841M systems support up to 32GB of DDR4 (including ECC) RAM. They offer dual 2.5-inch SATA bays with removable drive support, with an option to expand to 4x bays. The system provides 5x GbE ports that support machine vision cameras.
A VGA port and 2x HDMI 1.4b ports handle video duty, backed up by audio in and out jacks. You also get 4x USB 3.0 ports and an RS-232/422/485 port.
Boxer-6841M-A5 (left) and A6 model with quad-serial port extension
All six models provide 12-24V inputs on the front, as well as a power switch, a remote power connector, and LEDs. The system support -20 to 55°C temperatures with 35W TDPs and -20 to 45°C with the 73W Xeons, both with 0.5m/s airflow. Anti-vibration support is listed as Random, 1Grm, 5~500Hz.
No pricing or availability information was provided for the Boxer-6841M computers. More information may be found at Aaeon's Boxer-6841M product page.
Huge Coffee Lake Refresh system has four PCIe slots…
Rugged DIN-rail PC taps Skylake-U
Kaby Lake medical computers offer 4K UHD capture and record
Compact, Jetson Nano based embedded computer has…
Coffee Lake system ships with optional Nvidia RTX 2060
Fanless Skylake embedded PC loads up on PCIe
Compact, rugged industrial AI computer runs Linux on TX2
Railway computer takes on AI analytics with Nvidia…
Coffee Lake system supports seven independent displays
Linux-ready Apollo Lake mini-PC offers optional Movidius AI


text:
Q: How can I disable IPv6 DNS in Windows 10? My proxy server (though ping for 300ms+) have IPv6 addresses. I usually use it.
So disable whole IPv6 is not a solution.
Auto detected IPv6 DNS annoys me for wrong/lacked/polluted records.
Windows seems love IPv6 DNS too much, it will not fallback to IPv4 DNS if IPv6 DNS fails. :(
Is there anyway to disable DNS only in IPv6, or let Windows use IPv4 DNS first?
(Here is China, Google DNS is not a solution...)

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange