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Int J Curr Pharm Res, Vol 12, Issue 6, 103-109Original Article
EFFECT OF MYOPIA ON PRIMARY OPEN ANGLE GLAUCOMA
MENAKURU SREYA REDDY, DIVYA N.*, PANIMALAR A. VEERAMANI, BINDU BHASKARAN4
1Department of Ophthalmology, Saveetha Medical College, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
Email: divya.q7@gamil.com
Received: 15 Jul 2020, Revised and Accepted: 12 Sep 2020
Objective: It is a retrospective study to evaluate the effect of myopia on primary open-angle glaucoma by classifying the eyes into NMG (non-myopic glaucoma), HMG (highly myopic glaucoma) And MMG (mild to moderate myopic glaucoma).
Methods: The study was performed on 120 patients with primary open-angle glaucoma who were medically treated. Any participant who had surgery done was excluded from the study. The relation between glaucoma and different myopia and progression were assessed on the basis of age, gender, risk factors.
Results: Out of the 120 cases assessed, 46 [38 percent] were female and 74 [62 percent] were males. On the basis of age there were 9 cases between 31-40 y, 30 cases between the ages 41-50, 40 cases between 51-60, 32 cases between 61-70 and 9 cases between 71-80, on the basis of myopia 59 [49 percent] were NMG 47 [39 percent] were MMG and 14 [12 percent] were HMG. On the basis of risk factors,12 of them had Diabetes Mellitus, 7 had Hypertension, 7 had a history of steroid use, 3 had a history of migraines and 6 of them had a family history of glaucoma. In the observed one year period 73 percent if the cases were not progressive while 27 percent were progressive. In this study, it has been observed that the males are more commonly affected and the age group with the most cases was the 51 to 60 age group. The majority of the cases showed no risk factors though Diabetes Mellitus is the most common. The progression of the disease is seen more frequently in cases associated with Diabetes Mellitus and Hypertension. In MMG 12 out of the 47 cases were progressive and in NMG 15 out of the 59 cases were progressive.
Conclusion: Though high myopia is important in the pathogenesis of glaucoma there was no evidence that high myopia increases the progression of the disease of the 14 cases, only 5 were progressive.
Keywords: Myopia, Primary open-angle glaucoma, NMG, HMG, MMG, Diabetes Mellitus, Hypertension
DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.22159/ijcpr.2020v12i6.40303. Journal homepage: https://innovareacademics.in/journals/index.php/ijcpr
Myopia is a refractive error of the eye that makes it difficult to see objects that are far away without optical correction. Although myopia can be caused by lens or corneal curvature or by other factors, axially elongated eyes is the cause for a majority of all myopic cases. Axial elongation can affect the eye's intraocular structure (optic disc or macula), where glaucomatous damage can occur.
An association between myopia and primary open-angle glaucoma has been recognized for decades and has been studied in numerous case studies. Glaucoma, one of the leading causes of irreversible blindness in the adult population worldwide, as a progressive optic neuropathy [1]. Primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG) is the most commonly reported type of glaucoma in population studies conducted worldwide. Elevated intraocular pressure is a well-known major risk factor for POAG. Myopia has also been found to have an influence on intraocular pressure (IOP). Reduced IOP slows the development or slows the progression of glaucoma.
In a case-control study, myopic refractive error was found to be significantly correlated with ocular hypertension (OH) [2]. An Israeli study of 2403 subjects found a significant relationship between myopia and increasing IOP, particularly in persons of North African or Asian descent [3]. Other studies have documented higher applanation (abnormal flattening of the cornea) pressures in myopic patients [4], which included children [5], or in participants with increased axial length [6], but a UK study found no significant relationship with IOP [7] or in myopic anisometropia [8]. There was also found to be an affiliation with myopia and low-tension glaucoma [9]. However, a study on young Chinese myopic eyes with a glaucomatous optic disc tracked for about 7 y did not record any progression in their optic discs, irrespective of the glaucoma treatment [10]. Furthermore, two Japanese studies have stated that myopia is a preventive factor for the progression of glaucoma [11, 12].
High myopia is considered to have a fairly different pathology than mild to moderate myopia on the basis of the progression of glaucoma. Highly myopic eyes are associated with a more aggressive pathological changes in the posterior pole of the eye (which includes the optic disc and macula) which leads to further deterioration, whereas myopic changes in mild to moderate myopia usually tend to remain the same after adolescence [13, 14]. Some studies have compared highly myopic glaucomatous eyes compared to non highly myopic glaucomatous eyes and have noted that different retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) involvement patterns are seen, suggesting that the pattern of progression may differ in myopic cases of varying severity [15]. Hence based on the degree of refractive error myopia was divided into 3 sub-groups: non-myopic, mildly to moderately myopic, and highly myopic.
Myopia is a common condition and its incidence in young people is increasing; hence, to explore the effect of myopia on glaucoma longitudinal cohort data of medically treated primary open-angle glaucoma patients was analyzed.
A retrospective review of the medical records of all subjects who were evaluated by the Ophthalmology Department of Saveetha Medical College and Hospital from March 2019 to February 2020. At the initial test, each participant received a comprehensive ophthalmological examination, including a review of the medical history, measurement of visual acuity, provovative test, slit-lamp biomicroscopy, Goldmann applanation tonometry, gonioscopy, central corneal thickness (CCT) measurement and Postmydriatic test.
The inclusion criteria was a subject with a visual acuity of 20/40 or better, the presence of a normal anterior chamber, an open angle on slit-lamp and gonioscopic examinations, glaucomatous optic nerve damage (the presence of focal thinning of the neuroretinal rim or notching) and glaucomatous Visual Field defects. All of the subjects with glaucoma in our study were monitored at 3-month intervals. All tests were conducted during the same visit or within a 2-week span. All participants received medical therapy during the follow-up period. If the subject underwent intraocular surgery or laser therapy during the follow-up period, only data collected before these surgeries were included and analyzed.
In terms of risk factors, the presence of Diabetes was confirmed from history or a fasting blood glucose of 140 mg % or higher [16]. Patients were considered Hypertensive when systolic blood pressure was ≥160 mmHg or diastolic blood pressure was ≥95 mmHg and were under anti-hypertensive therapy. A family history of glaucoma, a typical history of migraine, [17] and a history of steroid use [18] are also considered risk factors. On the basis the level of spherical equivalent the eyes of the participants were divided into the following three: a non-myopic group (>0 D, NMG), a mild to moderate myopic group (0 to −6 D, MMG), and a highly myopic group (<−6 D, HMG). Glaucomatous progression was determined based on two criteria, optic disc and VF progression.
Out of the 120 cases assessed 46 [38 percent] were female and 74 [62 percent] were males [table 1 and fig. 1]. Out of the 46 females 22 were non myopic 17 were mild or moderate myopic and 7 had high myopia and out of the 74 males 37 were non-myopic 30 were mild or moderate myopic and 7 had high myopia [table 4 and fig. 4 ]. On the basis of age there were 9 cases between 31-40 y, 30 cases between the ages 41-50, 40 cases between 51-60, 32 cases between 61-70 and 9 cases between 71-80 [table 2 and fig. 2].
Table 1: Gender distribution of myopia
Gender Count
Female 38%
Male 62%
Grand total 100.00%
Fig. 1: Gender distribution of myopia
Out of the 120 glaucoma cases 59 [49 percent] were NMG 47 [39 percent] were MMG and 14 [12 percent] were HMG [table 3 and fig. 3 ]. The risk factors taken into consideration in thus study are Diabetes Mellitus, Hypertension, Steroid use, Migraine, Family history. Of the total 12 of them had Diabetes Mellitus, 7 had Hypertension, 7 had a history of steroid use, 3 had a history of migraine and 6 of them had a family history of glaucoma [table 5 and fig. 5] [table 6 and fig. 6].
Table 2: Classification of myopia on the basis of age
Age Classification as per age
HMG 5
MMG 3
NMG 1
NMG 13
MMG 24
Grand total 120
Fig. 2: Classification of myopia on the basis of age
Table 3: Classification of glaucoma on the basis of NMG, HMG and MMG
Myopic types Percentage
HMG 12%
MMG 39%
NMG 49%
Grand total 100%
Fig. 3: Classification of glaucoma on the basis of NMG, HMG and MMG
Table 4: Classification on the basis of sex and myopia
Gender and myopic type Number
Fig. 4: Classification on the basis of sex and myopia
Table 5: Risk factors observed
Risk factors Number of people
Diabetes Mellitus 12
Family History of Glaucoma 6
Hypertension 7
Migraine 3
No Known Risk Factors 85
Steroid Use 7
Fig. 5: Risk factors observed
Table 6: Classification on the basis of myopia and risk factors
Myopic type with associated risk factor Number of people
HMG 14
Diabetes Mellitus 3
No Known Risk Factors 9
Fig. 6: Classification on the basis of myopia and risk factors
In the observed one-year period 73 percent if the cases were not progressive while 27 percent were progressive. Out of the 14 HMG cases 9 were non-progressive and 5 were progressive, in MMG 12 out of 47 were progressive and in NMG 15 out of the 59 were progressive.
Table 7: On the basis of progression
Progression Percentage of people
Non-Progressive 73%
Progressive 27%
Fig. 7: On the basis of progression
Table 8: Progression of glaucoma depending on myopia
Myopic type with associated progression Number of people
Non Progressive 9
Non Progressive 35
Progressive 12
Table 9: Association of glaucoma with risk factors and progression
Glaucoma types Count of MYOPIA
Non-Progressive 9
Non-Progressive 35
Fig. 8: Progression of glaucoma depending on myopia
Fig. 9: Association of glaucoma with risk factors and progression
Myopia as a risk factor for glaucoma is backed by population studies, but what remains controversial is the link between myopia and increased susceptibility to or progression of glaucoma [19]. Population-attributable risk assessment is very important to focus the medical and public health interventions based on the risk factors causing the most damage in the community [20].
In this study, it has been observed that the males are more commonly affected and the most common age group was between 51 to 60. Though Diabetes is the commonest risk factor the majority of the cases have no known risk factors. Also the progression of the disease is seen more frequently in cases associated with Diabetes Mellitus and Hypertension. In MMG 12 out of the 47 cases were progressive and in NMG 15 out of the 59 cases were progressive. Though high myopia is important in the pathogenesis of glaucoma there was no evidence that high myopia increases the progression of the disease [Out of the 14 cases, only 5 were progressive]. Because glaucomatous damage is assessed based on structural changes in the optic disc or functional changes in the VF, and as these structural and functional changes may not occur. Out of the 14 HMG cases 9 showed no progression, while only 5 were progressive. This correlation may be explained by the increased difficulty in detecting progression by optic disc photographs in highly myopic glaucomatous eyes. Highly myopic eyes may show a tilted optic disc with large peripapilllary atrophy, which makes the evaluation of glaucomatous neuroretinal rim changes difficult [21].
Our current study has several limitations, our participants were included and categorized on the basis of refractive error. Axial length measurement is a more direct assessment of the degree of myopia, as myopia can also be caused by lens changes or other factors. However, axial length is strongly associated with refractive error, and eyes with visually significant lens changes were not included in our analysis. Since this study was a retrospective one, there is a possibility that the participants were treated with the medication of varying aggressiveness as required by their target pressures. Thus, this should be considered in the interpretation of our results. However, most of our study participants had well-controlled IOP during the follow-up period (the relatively shorter follow-up period should be acknowledged as another limitation).
In conclusion, myopia is a major risk factor for primary open-angle glaucoma, other systemic diseases, age and gender also can be considered as risk factor with raised IOP is seen as a modifiable risk factor. Also no level of myopia was associated with glaucoma progression; high myopia in our study had a preventive effect on glaucoma progression. This is due to lower progression detection rate due to the use of structural criteria that occurs because of difficulty in detecting the optic disc changes in highly myopic eyes.
All the authors have contributed equally.
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Bonomi L, Mecca E, Massa F. Intraocular pressure in myopic anisometropia. Int Ophthalmol 1982;5:145–8.
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This 4 star hotel is located in the city centre of Prague and was established in 1930. It is close to the Prague Castle and the nearest station is Vltavska. The Hotel has 2 restaurants, a bar and a conference room. All 152 rooms are equipped with minibar, hairdryer, safe and ironing set.


The Atlanta office of J. Walter Thompson has named Vann Graves as its new chief creative officer under CEO Spence Kramer, who joined the WPP shop in March.
Graves comes to the ole with more than 20 years of agency experience, much of it spent at New York offices of BBDO and McCann Worldgroup. According to a statement from JWT, he will work with Kramer to help build "the best creative department in Atlanta" while working to attract new talent and new business.
"Vann is a creative force in the industry, and we're incredibly excited to have him join us at J. Walter Thompson," said Kramer, who had been searching for a new creative leader for approximately nine months. "Vann and I have discussed at length our vision for the agency and its future, and there's no doubt he'll help us continue to define and exceed our goals."
Prior to accepting the JWT role, Graves served as chief creative officer of FL+G, a Chattanooga-based agency he co-founded in January of this year. He replaces Perry Fair, who served as both CEO and chief creative officer of the Atlanta office for approximately five years before relocating to Los Angeles in early 2016 and later becoming vice president of brand creative for Apple-owned headphone maker Beats by Dre.
Throughout the 1990s, Graves worked on major accounts such as Snickers, AT&T and Visa at BBDO. He later left the advertising industry entirely to join the U.S. Army Reserves on active duty in Iraq, ending his service in 2007 after achieving the rank of captain. In 2009, Graves joined McCann, where he became an evp and global creative director working on American Airlines, the U.S. Army and other accounts.
His military service is especially relevant to JWT Atlanta, which has worked with the U.S. Marine Corps for more than 70 years. The office's client roster also includes Pennzoil and The United Service Organizations. "[Graves's] leadership style has undoubtedly been influenced by his military experience," said JWT worldwide CCO Matt Eastwood. "He has developed as a leader whose only desire is to truly bring out the best in his team."
Regarding the new position, Graves said, "Together with Spence, I want to build on J. Walter Thompson's longstanding history of creative excellence and create an agency culture that puts great creative at the center of everything we do. At the end of the day, it's all about the work."


Corner cube retroreflectors are designed to reflect any ray or beam entering the prism face, regardless of the orientation of the prism, back onto itself. A mirror will only do that at the normal angle of incidence. As a result, corner cube retroreflectors are ideal where precision alignment is difficult or time-consuming. They feature three total internal reflections and will function even at very large angles of incidence. TECHSPEC® N-BK7 Corner Cube Retroreflectors are made from precision N-BK7 for use in a variety of visible light applications.


Faith Makes Things Possible Sign is an inspirational bible verse sign for any room in your home! Luke 1:37 Sign — Create a life you love..
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Emerging Educators in Health Policy and Systems Research: Support, Strengths and Challenges in the Global South
Figure 1: Building HPSR teaching and learning: emerging educators' challenges, support needs & strategies
Better teaching and learning are central to building the emerging, interdiscplinary field of Health Policy and Systems Research (HPSR). This blog reflects on the personal, institutional, resource and external support needed to enable emerging educators and organisations to advance the teaching and learning agenda and maximise their contribution to building the HPSR-field.
HPSR is an emerging field that seeks to understand how societies organise and improve themselves to achieve collective health goals, and how different actors interact to influence policy outcomes. It is an interdisciplinary field that merges public health and social sciences on the one hand and theory and practice on the other to understand how health systems make sense of and respond to the policies, systems and health determinants surrounding them (see Alliance for Health Policy and Systems Research). HPSR work has increasingly become part of public health and health policy debates, been incorporated into funding calls and requirements, and featured in national- and global-level analyses.
Policymakers, researchers, funders and health practitioners seeking to improve their HPSR capacity are questioning educators' capacity to provide the necessary training and how the competencies and skills taught can be used to address their work challenges. At the recent 4th Global Symposium on Health Systems Research, improving HPSR teaching and learning was a sub-theme noted as relevant to the development of the field. A CHEPSAA organised session entitled "South-South collaboration in teaching and learning about Health Policy and Systems Research" discussed support for emerging leaders, mentorship, adapting teaching materials to different contexts, and teaching approaches such as changing from classical face-to-face to blended and online learning.
What support do emerging HPSR educators and institutions need?
Reflecting early lessons from the newly-established Centre for Health Systems and Policy Research (CHESPOR) at the Ghana Institute of Management and Public Administration, Founding Director Gina Teddy addressed the plenary on the support required by emerging educators. Launched in September 2015, CHESPOR's activities have included training and capacity development, for which it adapted CHESPAA's modules to the Ghanaian context and facilitated short courses in health systems strengthening and health management for 90 mid- to senior-level Ghanaian health professionals, advocates and policymakers. Gina highlighted personal, institutional, resource-based and external support needs.
Personal support relates to how the individual HPSR educator needs specific competencies to support different pedagogies, classroom management and facilitation. HPSR educators need to respond flexibly to learners' needs and be committed to engaging beyond the classroom. They also need time to manage their commitments and reflect on their practice and progress through formal and informal feedback, as well as support to build their profiles and status gradually. All of this sometimes requires social and emotional support at the personal level.
Institutionally, some of the most important support required by emerging educators include organisational buy-in and committed resources. Emerging educators also require support with institutional knowledge, an understanding of institutional politics, as well as an appreciation of their institutional roles. This helps them to strategically balance demands for teaching, training, research, administration, fund generation, mentorship and other functions. Institutional support is required towards research and publication, which can be difficult where the institutional affiliation is not traditionally public health.
Emerging HPSR educators and institutions also require support to access operational and research funding organisationally, nationally and internationally. Furthermore, key institutional support resources include a steady source of funding, logistical, structural and physical resources, and committed and relevant staff. Access to accreditations are essential for the sustainability of emerging institutions. For emerging educators' institutions to gain credibility, they should use all opportunities to publicly promote their institutions and functions, for example engaging in advocacy, leading debates on HPSR issues, networking with other sectors, policymakers, and community members, doing research and using research to influence teaching and engagement.
Importantly, emerging educators and institutions require support to be part of a broader network, community of practice and professional association (nationally and globally). They need to develop strong affiliations and relationships with a range of health system actors.
What challenges do emerging HPSR educators and institutions face?
One thread that emerged in the post-plenary group discussions was the challenge of remaining current in an emerging field which is still defining itself. How can emerging educators remain current and improve their skills given the flux in concepts and methods and where seminal texts are still to be written and recommended reading lists are still being compiled? Due to the scarcity of HPSR expertise, many newly-trained educators - still gaining experience - find themselves considered quasi-experts. How can they be mentored and supported as they take on leadership roles in the field?
A second thread focused on how to mainstream a still-emerging field. We explored the challenges of establishing boundaries to define HPSR while growing the field and its reach. Health policy and systems researchers and educators are currently engaged in advocacy in research, higher education and practice settings to make the value of the HPSR approach known. Some contexts are very difficult. One participant raised the sensitivity of dealing with the potentially political nature of HPSR in post-conflict and post-military contexts such as Myanmar. In her experience the critical thinking skills encouraged by HPSR are viewed as subversive. She expressed the need to "learn to question" and shared the challenges of doing and promoting more applied work; there is a tendency to present HPSR as theory to make it less threatening in institutions. Institutions have to negotiate their own political space to begin offering analyses which critique the status quo. However, there are already challenges in accrediting HPSR as part of the curriculum in some institutions such as nursing schools.
A third thread covered the HPSR education agenda which, in countries such as India, has been driven by donor support. Participants in introductory courses are often unaware of the field, but have been sponsored to attend training. Many are pleasantly surprised by the approach and are then eager to learn more, but the lack of intrinsic demand is challenging. It leads to questions about who the participants are and how to meet their needs? Do we adapt courses for the participants, or do we need to more deliberately set selection criteria in line with our objectives and approach? This also requires advocacy and a communication strategy.
A final discussion thread reflected on the experience in India, where the development of HPSR courses and materials has been largely based on volunteerism, with educators wanting to promote and make accessible the orientation and skill-set offered by HPSR. Accordingly, they have sought out opportunities to develop curricula and collaborate with other institutions, over and above their already full work schedules. While this passion is laudable, it is not a sustainable model for growing the field. There needs to be more systematic investment in building an adequately funded infrastructure and pool of skilled educators.
The workshop participants identified a number of strategies to support emerging educators. One important foundation of support would be to have a platform for educators across the South to share experience in adapting materials to their contexts and to provide peer-support and mentoring for new educators. Such a platform would also allow for success to be celebrated, spreading encouragement. As a group we felt that exchanging knowledge about methods and approaches to teaching difficult concepts would allow for learning and growth across contexts. We called for long-term funding to move from volunteerism to sustainable teaching and learning and affirmed that we want to keep open access to the material that we develop to allow for sharing, solidarity and collaboration. Finally, there is a need to rapidly build a cadre of mentors to support emerging educators, and perhaps a set of mentors for the mentors who may themselves still be fairly new in the field.
Vera Scott, University of the Western Cape; Gina Teddy, Centre for Health Systems and Policy Research; Surekha Garimella, Public Health Foundation of India

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


So what is bioluminescence? It's the production and emission of light by living organisms. This adaptation serves many advantages and can be noticed in a variety of individuals, including jellyfish, fungi, algae, coral, bacteria, clams, glow-worms, millipedes and sharks!
Think of the anglerfish in Finding Nemo. This predator lives in dark waters and uses its bioluminescent lure to attract its prey and mates. It is not uncommon for such creatures to have this type of adaptation, as the deeper we go the more important bioluminescence is due to low light availability. Scientists have even estimated that 90% of deep sea organisms have bioluminescent qualities.
Other cool uses are exhibited by diverse marine life. The clusterwink snail lives in rocky sea shores and flashes a vibrant green to deter predators, giving the illusion that it is larger than it really is. The vampire squid squirts out a bioluminescent mucus to confuse its predators, whilst the flashlight fish uses bright organs under its eyes to help catch prey and mislead its enemies.
However, one of the most visually terrifying bioluminescent organisms is the black dragonfish (pictured above). This creature uses red bioluminescent light to detect its prey. This helps protect the dragonfish as the red light cannot be noticed easily by predators. It gets even cooler! It has a stomach that has black lining on the inside, meaning that it can eat as many bioluminescent organisms as it wants as their glow will be contained, keeping the dragonfish camouflaged from its predators.
Why would we care though? I'm glad you asked. Bioluminescence is not just cool – it is important to appreciate and research as it can be utilised in the future. Bioluminescent imaging has already been conducted on mice, helping to monitor and identify tumours, lung inflammation and bacterial pneumonia. This could potentially serve an important purpose for humans in the future.
Furthermore, bioluminescence could be the answer to sustainable light solutions. Could we utilise it to help reduce our carbon footprints? Could we be using bioluminescent trees in the future instead of lamp-posts? The possibilities are endless!
Here at Ecofieldtrips we pride ourselves on using nature to inspire positive change. This May we will be traveling on a field trip to Kuala Selangor where our students will investigate the ecology of the area. We will also be lucky enough to observe some bioluminescent fireflies in their natural environment.
Do yourself a favour and investigate bioluminescence around your area… you might be surprised. If you do witness this amazing natural phenomenon then please let us know – we'd love to hear about it!
Older PostCan We End Plastic Pollution?


What motivates you? What makes you want to create passive income? What makes you want to become an entrepreneur? What makes you want to build up money and create wealth? What is your motive behind it?
The answer to this question makes or breaks someone. I have seen people completely screw up their lives, becoming twisted, gnarled, and nasty because their motives were wrong. They hurt other people and themselves. They lose their spouse or their kids. They go bankrupt, or become greedy and stingy and live isolated because they never cared for people. When they're in their grave one day, what will really matter at that point?
I'm not trying to be super philosophical. But I believe this is important.
What you want for the future drives what you do today.
There are many entrepreneurs, trainers, and coaches who talk about the importance of making money. I am 100% for making money and lots of it: I think that is good, and there's nothing immoral about it. We were made to go out, build, create, and make things better. Just like I want to have good health, I want to have wealth. The notion that desiring money is greedy or corrupted is an upside down concept.
But the difference for me is that money is not the end goal. Many entrepreneurs would disagree with this.
Money is a tool and a means to something greater. In fact, money is only a concept. It's not even real. It's an idea that has value because millions of humans agree on it. If you went to a store with $1,000 and wanted to buy something, but the store decided that $1,000 meant nothing to them, you would not be able to buy it. A transaction takes place only because they agree with you.
When we remember that, money almost seems silly! So treat money like a tool and it will work well for you. If money is the master and the end goal, it can screw up people's lives. I've seen people become very bitter and unhappy, resorting to cheating and lying, because money is their end-all and they would do whatever it takes to get more. People become stepping stones to what they want. That doesn't work, and it's jacked up. However, if you bring something of true value to people, and they pay you money for it, you deserve that money, because you offered something that increased and benefitted their life.
Money has to be a servant. It is a tool. But what is the tool for? What is the greater end?
For me, it is time. I truly believe time is my greatest asset. I speak a lot on how time and knowledge are your two greatest assets, but if they were in a race for the most important, time wins.
When I have time, I can gain more knowledge. If I sit down to read a book, I have time. If I don't have time to read a book, I don't get that knowledge. Time is precious and important.
When I first started doing short-term rentals, I would work with a landlord and agree to sublease the property I was leasing from them. I didn't have the money to buy the property, so I would rent it, then turn around and rent it to people who would stay one or two nights. You can charge a lot more per night if they are only staying there a few days.
That makes very good money. You can easily profit $2,000+ a month off that. But the biggest challenge is you have to go in, clean it up, and prepare it for the next guest.
When we got up to six different properties, I didn't have any more time in the day. My life was cleaning and preparing, cleaning and preparing. So I decided to hire someone to clean. When we had three properties, I hired someone to come clean and prepare the properties for me. It cost me $1,000 a month.
That seems like a huge loss in profit at first. But if you break it down, it's a $333 cost per property, and if each one was already making $2,000 a month, you're still making a good profit. And even better, you got back your most important thing: time.
Time is more important than money because I can use time to create more money.
If someone is consumed with making money, they won't think strategically any more. They won't be able to give up $1,000 a month, because they're thinking "I need more cash." If they would hire a cleaner to take care of cleaning and preparing their properties, yes, they would lose $1,000 a month: but now they have all that extra time in the day! They can go get another property, or build up an Amazon store, or become a massage therapist if they wanted to.
This is why it is crucial to understand our motivations. If my motivation is to gain time, then I'm going to think more strategically than if my motivation is money. Money is a means to an end.
Money makes one of the most evil, vicious, terrible masters. But it is an outstanding servant. How is it a servant? Every month, even though I make a lot of money, I live on a budget. I have exactly how much I can spend on food, clothing, electricity, and other bills written down on a spreadsheet.
I tell my money where to go: it is a servant. I say "you do this for me." It doesn't tell me where to go. You want to control your money instead of letting it control you, because money is a merciless master. It will tear you up from the inside out. I have seen it destroy marriages, families, friendships, and completely detonate companies that otherwise could have been incredible.
In our culture today, especially in the US, we either tend to worship money and make it the master or consider it evil. Both are bad.
Another way of looking at it is that we undervalue a dime and overvalue a million dollars. A million dollars isn't that amazing. It is only satisfying for what it creates: time and margin. On the other hand, if you take a dime and use it to buy a coffee or a pack of gum, you take away its potential to become a million dollars.
The helpful view that I adhere to is that greed is wrong. That's why I give 15% of everything I profit back to people in need. I am against greed. But I'm also against the idea that money is evil.
I don't believe rich people are greedy and wrong. Rich people are some of the most self-disciplined people in the world. It is the impulse of the non-disciplined people who don't think strategically and need to work through issues that often is wrong.
I'm not saying if you are poor, you have issues. That's not my aim. I have been broken, and I have been wealthy. I know what both are like. I'm saying that if the reason I am broke is because I am making unwise decisions, I need to change and grow so I can start improving my habits, investing my time and money wisely, and making it work for me.
In other words: you have a golden egg-laying goose. Don't kill the goose and cook it for dinner! Now you have nothing left. Feed the goose, let it keep producing eggs, and then take the eggs from the goose. See the difference?
It's the same as planting a tree. Plant a tree, and years later it will produce fruit and give you rewards. Don't cut down the tree and use it for firewood for one night, because then it's all gone. That's how we need to view money.
When you view money this way, your Amazon store will grow by leaps and bounds if you re-invest it the smart way. I've come up with a strategy that works very well for me, that allows me to live off of some and reinvest the rest. When I'm very devoted to that, my store grows bigger, the money ends up making more money, and I free up my time to do what I love with the people I love. It's an amazing feeling.
I hope this is inspiring and challenging to you. Motivation is huge if you're thinking long-term. Time is your asset. Use money as a means to that. You will be so much more satisfied by the end of your life.
Sell on Amazon from anywhere in the world.


Located in the Gruž area of Dubrovnik, 1.9 km from Lapad Bay, Apartment Marisol offers pet-friendly accommodation in Dubrovnik. The property boasts lovely views of the Adriatic sea from the bright balcony and is 2.5 km from the Old Town.
There is a vibrant dining area and a kitchen complete with an oven, a microwave and toaster. The accommodation also features flat-screen TV with satellite channels and a private bathroom with a bath or shower.
Just a few hundred meters away from the ferry port and main bus station, the location is ideal for going on daily excursion to the islands or Pelješac region.
The Gruž area is full of restaurants, cafes, bakeries, shops and grocery stores. There is a playground for children near by, and the adults can order themselves a spa treatment at the Hotel Berkeley.The bus stop to the Old Town is 350 meters away and Dubrovnik Airport is 18 km from the property.
Leonarda Villa - Enchanting Stone Villa in a Hideaway Location with Amazing Sea Views and 300 meters to the Beach !


text:
Documents Homepage :: Encyclopedia of Children and Childhood in History and Society :: In-Ke
Industrial Homework
Industrial homework refers to production of manufactured goods in private residences. The common arrangement is for factories to contract labor-intensive portions of their production out to networks of ethnically homogeneous families who live in a nearby neighborhood. Historically, industrial homework has been common in textiles, garment and needle work, cigar-making, and hand-made craft goods. Today, industrial homework remains common in all these sectors as well as more modern sectors such as consumer electronics. Similar homework arrangements are common in commercial agriculture involving pre-processing activities like stripping, shelling, and hulling. The employer saves money on space and utilities and assures cost-effective production by paying on a piece-rate. The more the household produces, the more it makes. Contracts between factories and households are often brokered by labor-agents who organize the networks of neighborhood production.
Industrial homework is infamous as a haven for CHILD LABOR. Wedded to preindustrial traditions where all able-bodied members of the household produced for the household's succor, and released from modern factory legislation providing for minimum working conditions, including minimum age requirements, children are an integral part of the industrial home workforce. Once industrial production leaves the factory, monitoring conditions of production becomes difficult. Once it enters the home, any remaining barriers to child labor are overcome.
Industrial homework is closely related to the "putting out" systems that have been associated with the "proto-industrial" phase of the Industrial Revolution. Originally, merchants contracted for production of goods with private households. Later, they organized "manufactories" where production could be organized under one roof, but where production technologies continued to use the traditional hand-craft methods. In colonial New England many of the first schools were "spinning schools" that taught farm girls the industrial arts of spinning and weaving so they could earn cash in the cottage industry network. As work gradually shifted to the factories, industrial homework remained an option for many employers whose product could be easily transported back and forth. It also remained an option to supplement the family income, especially among those who could not get out to work. Homeworkers invariably endured the lowest wages and the most irregular work–long hours during the busy season, no money during the slack season–of all workers in the commodity chain.
As child labor law and reform efforts emerge, the factories are the first to surrender their child workers. But eliminating children from the factories is no assurance that child labor has been eliminated in those industries where homework is prevalent. Often child labor is merely displaced from the factories back into the home production networks. Before RugMark–the global consumer labeling program in hand-woven carpeting, in which the International Labor Organization estimated over half-a-million children under fourteen were engaged–children were brought to the loom-sheds, the primitive "manufactories" of the industry. After RugMark, while consumers could be fairly well assured that labeled rugs were not made by children, many looms moved back to the children, in home-based worksites.
Because of the difficulties in regulating industrial homework, many in America's child labor reform movement concluded that to eliminate child labor from homework, homework itself must be abolished. But homework has never been effectively abolished, so regulation remains necessary. Industrial homework is the first and last refuge of child labor.
See also: Economics and Children in Western Societies; European Industrialization; Work and Poverty.
Felt, Jeremy P. 1965. Hostages of Fortune: Child Labor Reform in New York State. Syracuse University Press.
Hall, George A. 1911. What the Government Says About Child Labor in Tenements. New York: National Child Labor Committee.
Hindman, Hugh D. 2002. Child Labor: An American History. Armonk, NY: M.E. Sharpe.
Howard, Alan. 1997. "Labor, History, and Sweatshops in the New Global Economy" In No Sweat: Fashion, Free Trade, and the Rights of Garment Workers, ed. Andrew Ross. New York: Verso.
Riis, Jacob A. 1890. How the Other Half Lives: Studies Among the Tenements of New York. New York: Scribner's.
UNICEF. 1997. The State of the World's Children: Focus on Child Labour. London: Oxford University Press.
U.S. Children's Bureau. 1938. Prohibition of Industrial Homework in Selected Industries under the National Recovery Administration. Washington, DC: Government Printing Office.
Van Kleeck, Mary. 1910. "Child Labor in Home Industries." Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science (July suppl.): 145–149.
HUGH D. HINDMAN
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VOM started as the letter column on Imagination!, the LASFS clubzine that Forrest J Ackerman edited starting in 1937. When Imagination! ceased publishing, Ackerman turned it into a fanzine on its own and in 1939 started including other material such as art and articles, though the letter column was always the center of the fanzine. There were a total of fifty issues, the last in 1947.
VOM won the 1946 Best Fanzine Retro Hugo at L.A.con III in 1996.
VOICE OF THE IMAGI-NATION, 4sj & Morojo's letterzine which flourished for fifty issues in the early 40s. It was originally just the lettercolumn of the LASFS OO, IMAGINATION!, but later took off on its own under Acky's ministrations. The word VoMaiden designated one of the fans' drawings of nekkid wimmen which were published therein, sometimes with a fantasy background to justify their appearance in a fanzine. Ackerman defended this publication on the ground that fanzines should publish what fans want, especially something like this that couldn't appear in a general mag because of various silly rules. But the VoMaidens were criticized mostly for lack of artistic merit, not for reasons of morality.
Voice of Madge. The pet name became the one generally used; full name is Voice of the Imagi-Nation.


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text:
A life in ...Books
A life in writing: Tim Parks
Sarah Crown
'I couldn't really see a painting or a film or a game of football until I had thought about it in words, or preferably talked about it, or better still written about it'
Tim Parks … 'I love London, but I didn't want to have to compare myself with anybody, to watch the rise of the McEwans and the Amises.' Photograph: Alex Macnaughton/Rex Features
Fri 27 Jul 2012 17.55 EDT
How to resist the urge to tell Tim Parks's story as a fairytale? Once upon a time, let's say, there was a highly driven, copiously talented author who'd nevertheless spent his writing life as a fixture of the midlist. Consistent, productive, a superb stylist and natural critic (a contributor to the NYRB and LRB), his work garnered fine reviews and minor prizes, but he couldn't quite parlay these into major awards or, crucially, sales. One day, though, opportunity – disguised as disaster – came knocking. Parks found himself beset by an insupportable array of physical complaints: "a general smoldering tension throughout the abdomen, a sharp jab in the perineum, an electric shock darting down the inside of the thighs, an ache in the small of the back, a shivery twinge in the penis". When his doctors couldn't explain his symptoms, much less resolve them, he was drawn down a path that carried him, via a submersive encounter with Vipassana meditation, not only back to wellness, but to a profoundly altered view of the contours of his life. What's more – the fairytale twist – the crisis in his health led inadvertently to the wider professional recognition he'd been craving. As well as the usual glowing notices (from such writers as Will Self, David Lodge and JM Coetzee), his account of his journey, Teach Us to Sit Still, sold upwards of 30,000 copies and installed Parks in his rightful place in the vanguard of contemporary British literature. Adversity was triumphed over, the narrative arc neatly achieved. Everyone lived happily ever after. The end.
Except, of course, not. We meet on a bright, clean summer's day in Milan, where Parks, who lives in Verona with his wife and children, teaches at the university. Ostensibly, we're here to talk about his new novel, The Server, but in practice it's impossible to disentangle his latest work of fiction, which unfolds over a 10-day period on a meditation retreat, from the experiences that inspired it. And as Parks repeatedly makes plain in his memoir – surely the most brilliant and illuminating example of a critic reading his own life since Lorna Sage's Bad Blood – his irresistible hankering for the narrative arc was a critical part of his problem. Meditation soothed the pains that plagued him because, to practice it effectively, he was forced to wriggle out from under the words with which he constantly framed his experience and consider a physical self that he'd heretofore ignored. For decades, Parks observes, "all purposeful mental activity, for me, had been linguistic … Everything had to be lived through language or it wasn't lived at all; to the point that I couldn't really see a painting or a film or a game of football until I had thought about it in words, or preferably talked about it, or better still written about it." In order to let go of the agonising constriction in his body he had to "unlearn" half a century's worth of "tense and somehow, I felt, language-driven behaviour".
"I think," he says now, half a decade on from the events that triggered the book, "that Teach Us to Sit Still ended up being a criticism of narrative. It was saying that one's constant engagement with narrative – the presentation of one's own life to oneself as an ongoing trajectory – is what feeds the frenetic voice in your head. I don't think of myself as Buddhist, in spite of all the meditation, but I'm attracted to some of the common sense of Buddhism. And one idea is that maybe it's possible to live without that sort of self-narrative."
It's a pretty sort of paradox for any professional writer, but one which, you suspect, resonates for Parks with particular clarity. Over the course of the book he's forced to confront the question of whether, in order to achieve long-term equanimity, he should jettison his career – and while it's tough to think of a writer who wouldn't balk at the notion, it's tougher to picture one who'd balk more violently than Parks. For him, a literary career mattered, mattered terribly. He began writing while studying for a PhD at Harvard and was instantly hooked, his ambition surviving not only the customary years of spirit-sapping encounters with disengaged publishers and dilatory agents but also the cultural and linguistic trauma of a full-scale relocation to Italy. Parks met and married his Italian wife, Rita, in the US; the pair returned to England but, with Rita unable to find work, upped sticks and headed south, settling in Verona despite the fact that Parks spoke "not a word" of Italian. It was, he concedes now, "very unhealthy. I'm a chatterer; it's important for me to talk! I spent two hours every weekday in the public library, reading Italian novels, and there was a period when I underlined every fucking word that I didn't know, and learned it. It took me two years; two years of being completely dependent."
This battle to make himself understood in his adopted country mirrored Parks's parallel struggle to find an outlet for his writing in his homeland. He approached the written word with the same doggedness as he did the spoken, turning out "about seven novels" before getting a sniff of publication. Inevitably, the two tangled; a retreat to the UK became even more unthinkable without success in his chosen field. "I really didn't," he says, "want to go back as a failure. I love London, but I didn't want to have to compare myself with anybody, to watch the rise of the McEwans and the Amises in any great detail."
In the end, fluency in the Italian language came before the book deal; the tale of how the latter occurred shows, he says, "how easily it might not have happened. I'd sent this manuscript, Tongues of Flame, to a former teacher at Cambridge, and he submitted it for the Sinclair prize" – for unpublished manuscripts. "It was accepted, and it went on to win the Somerset Maugham prize. So there you go: a huge slice of luck really. The real problem was that the book was a family biography of sorts, in which I represented my parents as slightly loopy. When the publisher accepted it, they sent it back to my then-agent, who used to send packages care of my mother, and she unthinkingly posted it to her. So the first I knew of it was my mum on the phone crying and saying 'You betrayed me!'"
His mother's reaction becomes clearer when you read the novel and realise the loopiness Parks is describing isn't of the common-or-garden variety. The youngest of three children of "hyper-religious parents" – his father was a "missionary-minded" Anglican vicar - initially, their set-up was only ordinarily unusual: after a childhood dominated by his brother's near-death from polio, the family moved to Finchley, where the house "was always full of people, from every social stratum" including, memorably, the local MP, Margaret Thatcher, who used to come round to tea. But when Parks was 12, things got, as he puts it, "briefly loony". His parents became involved with the charismatic movement – "the religious version of flower power", a spiritual branch of Christianity involving speaking in tongues and the laying-on of hands. It's this territory that Parks covers in Tongues of Flame.
"There were major polarities in the family," he remembers. "The first was between good and evil: everybody was one or the other, everybody. The second was between my brother and my sister. He'd been so close to death for so long that he wasn't locked into the idea of sin like my parents were; he was interested in life. And he pushed them. One Christmas we had half the sad people of the parish eating with us. John arrives in his Afghan coat with this girl who looks as though she's been pulled out of a French movie, and they go upstairs and start shagging! Then there was my sister who was super-pious, and the fights between her and my brother were epic. And me in the middle just wishing everybody would shut up!"
Possibly a desire to escape the London literary set wasn't the only spur to a move overseas. At any rate, Italy also proved the catalyst for the non-fiction which, with the exception of his Booker-shortlisted novel Europa, would prove to be his bread and butter. Parks had been in Italy for a decade when the book trade was galvanised by the success of A Year in Provence, Peter Mayle's affable account of expat encounters with colourful locals. The hunt was on for similar chronicles of life in foreign climes, and Mayle's literary agent got in touch with Parks to see if he could deliver. "I said you've seen my novels, they're pretty black: this isn't me!" Parks remembers. "Plus, I'd been here a while, and didn't arrive with money, didn't do all the putting in a swimming pool stuff. But he said we'll offer you much more than you'll make with any of your novels. We had a child and another on the way, so I thought I'd have a go. I started describing this strange out-of-town industrial condominium where we were living – four families constantly arguing, endless legal cases, very Italian – and I thought, wow, this feels fantastic. It seemed to trigger a different voice; a pleasanter one. But I sent the first chapters through, and the publisher said 'this is not the kind of material that invites the English middle classes to dream of moving to Italy'! Funnily enough, he was wrong; it was saying that things can be shit, but also 'there's something interesting here'." In the end Parks wrote the book, Italian Neighbours, on spec; it did well, and a second was commissioned. His instinct for non-fiction remained spot on, right up to Teach Us to Sit Still. "When I sent the first chapter to my agent at the time, he said don't go there. But I knew it would tap into something. And it did."
Which brings us back to where we started – another arc, of which Parks might well profess to disapprove. And the fact we're here talking about his latest novel proves, in a way, that he's right to reject the demands of narrative: if this were a fairytale, Parks's inability to learn his lesson and give up storifying would have meant a relapse into illness, but as things stand, he's both still well and still writing. The true freedom, perhaps, is that having achieved the career success he yearned for for so long, he no longer needs to care much about it. He seems, leaning back in his chair in the beneficent Milanese sunlight, to be a man supremely at ease with himself, with his life and with his writing; secure in the hard-won knowledge that the fairytale ending is a mirage.
A life in ...
Health, mind and body books
Autobiography and memoir


To build a poverty-free, educated and healthy country that has consolidated social prevention systems, and that is democratic, safe and free of violence.
In Honduras, 70% of the population's 4 million children live in chronic or extreme poverty. This affects their family, school and community environment. Aware of the complex challenges that Honduran children face, the country has carried out several initiatives over the past years aimed at transforming these institutions and adopting legislative framework that meets international standards.
To support the government's reform objectives, the IBCR has joined forces with the Directorate for Children, Adolescents and Family (DINAF), Plan International Honduras and UNICEF since 2016 for a project to strengthen institutions and implement a comprehensive protection strategy. The comprehensive national child protection system includes various public and private organisations, entities and institutions whose coordinated plans and programmes aim at ensuring the full respect of children's rights.
The IBCR produced a report on the child protection system in Honduras. This report helped clarify the progress and challenges of the system, technical assistance and service coordination needs, and the institutional actions to be carried out.
With a view to create training materials and for inter-institutional coordination, the IBCR also facilitated several discussion and development workshops with DINAF personnel and other State representatives. Beyond the enriching discussions held, the workshops helped raise awareness about children's rights and actions subject to international law, which have since been adopted through national legislation.
Intervention locations : Tegucigalpa, Santa Rosa de Copán (in the western area of the country) and Omoa (in the north).
Provide basic training in law and police schools to ensure the durability of actions implemented.
Improving conditions, helping children out of risky situations, all based on the pillars of the Convention on the Rights of the Child. May they be adopted by everyone at DINAF so that their decisions can take into account the best interests of the child, child participation and non-discrimination […].


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text:
China has qualified to send athletes to the 2016 Summer Paralympics in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, from 7 September to 18 September 2016.  Sports China competed in include blind football, archery, boccia, cycling, goalball, judo, paracanoeing, sitting volleyball and wheelchair basketball.

Disability classifications

Every participant at the Paralympics has their disability grouped into one of five disability categories; amputation, the condition may be congenital or sustained through injury or illness; cerebral palsy; wheelchair athletes, there is often overlap between this and other categories; visual impairment, including blindness; Les autres, any physical disability that does not fall strictly under one of the other categories, for example dwarfism or multiple sclerosis. Each Paralympic sport then has its own classifications, dependent upon the specific physical demands of competition. Events are given a code, made of numbers and letters, describing the type of event and classification of the athletes competing. Some sports, such as athletics, divide athletes by both the category and severity of their disabilities, other sports, for example swimming, group competitors from different categories together, the only separation being based on the severity of the disability.

Medalists
The following Chinese competitors won medals at the Games.

|  style="text-align:left; width:78%; vertical-align:top;"|

* – Indicates ①track&field athlete only sign up in the heats, but not ran in the final race.②swimming athlete only swam in the heats but not in the final race.③archer athlete only shoot in the ranking round, but not in the Olympic rounds.

|  style="text-align:left; width:22%; vertical-align:top;"|

5-a-side football

China qualified for the Paralympics after finishing second at the 2015 IBSA Blind Football Aaian Championships.

Rosters
Coach:,
Guide:

Group B

Semi-final

Bronze-medal match

Archery

With the  2015 World Archery Para Championships serving as a Paralympic qualifying event, several Chinese archers assisted the country in earning spots for Rio. This included the Chinese recurve open mixed team,  and China's W1 pair claimed the first two spots for China at the event. Yu He and Zhao Lixue claimed the maximum two spots per nation for China in the recurve men's open event. Gao Fangxia claimed a spot for China as a result of her win in the women's Paralympic secondary tournament. China claimed a pair of spots in the  mixed team compound open event after one of their teams set a world record of  157 points on their way to claiming gold in the finals.  Zhou Jiamin earned China an additional spot with her sixth-place finish in the women's event. China earned a pair of spots in the  W1 women's event after Guo Ying won gold and Zhang Lu finished fourth.
Men

|-
|align=left|Ai Xinliang
|align=left rowspan=2|Men's individual compound open
|668
|14
|W 143-135
|W 138-134
|W 142-138
|L 144-146
|L 142-145
|4
|-
|align=left|Cao Hanwen
|666
|16
|L 142-143
|colspan=5
|-
|align=left|Liu Huanan
|align=left rowspan=1|Men's individual compound W1
|475
|15
|L 84-142
|colspan=5
|-
|align=left|Shi Xucheng
|align=left rowspan=3|Men's individual recurve open
|602
|14
|W 7-1
|L 3-7
|colspan=4
|-
|align=left|Yu He
|583
|21
|W 7-3
|L 0-6
|colspan=4
|-
|align=left|Zhao Lixue
|609
|11
|W 6-0
|L 4-6
|colspan=4
|}

Women

|-
|align=left|Lin Dandan
|align=left rowspan=3|Women's Individual Recurve Open
|618
|5
| L 3-7
|colspan=5
|-
|align=left|Wu Chunyan
|637
|1
| W 6-0
| W 7-3
| W 6-4
| W 7-1
| L 4-6
|
|-
|align=left|Ye Jinyan
|622
|3
| W 7-1
|L 2-6
|colspan=4
|-
|align=left|Lin Yueshan
|align=left rowspan=2|Women's Individual Compound Open
|651
|6
|
| W 141-130
| W 141-139
| W 137-129
| L 138-138
|
|-
|align=left|Zhou Jiamin
|674
|1
|
| W 144-136
| W 144-132
| W 138-132
| W 138-138
|
|-
|align=left|Lu Liang
|align=left rowspan=1|Women's individual compound W1
|598
|4
|
|
| L 128-130
|colspan=3
|}
Mixed

|-
|align=left|Wu ChunyanZhao LixueShi Xucheng*Lin Dandan*Yu He*Ye Jinyan*
|align=left|Team Recurve Open
|1246
|2
|
|W 6-0
|W 6-0
| W 6-0
| W 5-3
|
|-
|align=left|Ai XinliangZhou JiaminCao Hanwen*Lin Yueshan*
|align=left|Team Compound Open
|1342
|2
|
|
|W 155-143
|W 149-139
|W 151-143
|
|-
|align=left|Liu HuananLu Liang
|align=left|Team Compound W1
|1073
|7
|colspan=2
|L 95-137
|colspan=3
|}
* – Indicates athlete only shoot in the Ranking Round but not in the Olympic Rounds.

Athletics

T/F 11-13

Men's Track

Men's Field

Women's Track

Women's Field

T/F 31-38

Men's Track

Men's Field

Women's Track

Women's Field

F40-41

Men's Field

Women's Field

T/F 42-47

Men's Track

Men's Field

Women's Track

Women's Field

T/F 51-58

Men's Track

Men's Field

Women's Track

Women's Field

Qualifiers for the latter rounds (Q or q) of track events were decided on time, therefore positions shown are results versus competitors in their own heats.
* – Indicates athlete only sign up in the heats but not ran in the final race.

Boccia

China qualified for the 2016 Summer Paralympics in this sport at the Hong Kong hosted 2015 BISFed Asia and Oceania Boccia Team and Pairs Championships in the BC4 Pair event.  They claimed gold ahead of silver medalist South Korea and bronze medalists Hong Kong. They blanked South Korea 5 - 0 in the gold medal game. The pair team included Yuansen Zheng and ximei Lin, and they were ranked second in the world at the time. They entered qualification as the number two seed in Asia in their event, behind eventual bronze medalists Hong Kong who were then ranked third in the world.
Individual

Pairs

Teams

Cycling

With one pathway for qualification being one highest ranked NPCs on the UCI Para-Cycling male and female Nations Ranking Lists on 31 December 2014, China qualified for the 2016 Summer Paralympics in Rio, assuming they continued to meet all other eligibility requirements.

Track
Time Trial

Individual Pursuit

Sprint

Road
Time Trial

Road Race

Goalball

Men
The China men's national goalball team qualified for the Rio Games after finishing first at the 2015 IBSA Goalball Asian-Pacific Championships. China's men enter the tournament ranked 3rd in the world.

Rosters

Group B

Quarter-finals

Women
China's women enter the tournament ranked 1st in the world.

Rosters

Group D

Quarter-finals

Semi-finals

Gold-medal match

Judo

With one pathway for qualification being having a top finish at the 2014 IBSA Judo World Championships, China earned a qualifying spot in Rio base on the performance of Liqing Li in the women's -48 kg event.  The B2 Judoka finished first in her class. Yanping Yuan earned China a second spot with her gold medal in the women's +70 kg event.

Paracanoeing

China earned a qualifying spot at the 2016 Summer Paralympics in this sport following their performance at the 2015 ICF Canoe Sprint & Paracanoe World Championships in Milan, Italy where the top six finishers in each Paralympic event earned a qualifying spot for their nation. Danqin Wang earned the spot for China after finishing seventh in the women's KL2 event because Great Britain had two people in the top six but could only get one bearth.

Powerlifting

China is competing at powerlifting in Rio.
Men

Women

Rowing

Sitting volleyball

Men
China men's national sitting volleyball team qualified for the 2016 Summer Paralympics at the 2014 Asian Para Games, winning the gold-medal match in sets of 25-12, 25-20, 29-27 against the Iran men's national sitting volleyball team.

Rosters

Group B

Classification 7th / 8th

Women
China women's national sitting volleyball team qualified to compete at the 2016 Games after finishing first at the 2014 World Championships.  Later that year, the team competed in the 2014 Asian Para Games where they lost to Iran women's national sitting volleyball team in the final with sets of 25-15, 25-12, and 25-15 in Iran's favor.

Rosters

Group B

Semi-finals

Final

Shooting

The first opportunity to qualify for shooting at the Rio Games took place at the 2014 IPC Shooting World Championships in Suhl. Shooters earned spots for their NPC.  China  earned a qualifying spot at this event in the R8 – 50m rifle 3 positions women SH1 event as a result of Cuiping Zhang winning a gold medal. China qualified a pair of shooters in the P3 – 25m Pistol Mixed SH1 event based on the performances of Jianfei Li and Hedong Ni. Cuiping Zhang grabbed the fourth qualifying spot for China at this competition in the R6 – 50m Rifle Prone Mixed SH1 event.

The country sent shooters to 2015 IPC IPC Shooting World Cup in Osijek, Croatia, where Rio direct qualification was also available.  They earned a qualifying spot at this event based on the performance of Yaping Yan in the R3 – 10m Air Rifle Prone Mixed SH1 event. Chao Yang earned China a second spot at the event in the P1 – 10m Air Pistol Men SH1 event.  Xing Huang's performance gave China its third and final qualifying spot at this competition with his finish in the P3 – 25m Pistol Mixed SH1.

The third opportunity for direct qualification for shooters to the Rio Paralympics took place at the 2015 IPC IPC Shooting World Cup in Sydney, Australia.  At this competition, Dingchao Gou earned a qualifying spot for their country in the R1 - Men's 10m Air Rifle Standing SH1  event. Xiao Hong Bai earned a second spot for China at this event based on her performance in the R2 - Women's 10m Air Rifle Standing SH1  event. Huan He had China's third spot earned for Rio at this competition with her performance in the R3 - Mixed 10m Air Rifle Prone SH1 event. Hongxiang Yuan grabbed a fourth spot for China in the R4- Mixed 10m Air Rifle Standing SH2 event.
Men

Women

Mixed

Swimming

The top two finishers in each Rio medal event at the 2015 IPC Swimming World Championships earned a qualifying spot for their country for Rio. Shiyun Pan earned China a spot after winning gold in the Men's 100m Freestyle S7.

Men

Women

Mixed

Qualifiers for the latter rounds (Q or q) of all events were decided on a time only basis, therefore positions shown are results versus competitors in their own heats.
* – Indicates athlete swam in the heats but not in the final race.

Table tennis

Men's individual

Men's team

Women's individual

Women's team

Wheelchair basketball

The China women's national wheelchair basketball team has qualified for the 2016 Rio Paralympics.

As hosts, Brazil got to choose which group they were put into.  They were partnered with Algeria, who would be put in the group they did not chose.  Brazil chose Group A, which included Canada, Germany, Great Britain and Argentina.  Algeria ended up in Group B with the United States, the Netherlands, France and China.

Rosters

Group B

Quarter-final

5th/6th place playoff

Wheelchair fencing

Men

Women

Wheelchair tennis
China qualified two competitors in the men's single event. Zujun Wei qualified through the standard route. Dong Shunjiang qualified via a Doubles World Ranking Allocation place.  China qualified two players in the women's singles event. Zhenzhen Zhu qualified via the standard route.  Hui Min Huang earned a spot via a Bipartite Commission Invitation place.

See also
China at the 2016 Summer Olympics

References

Nations at the 2016 Summer Paralympics
2016
2016 in Chinese sport

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


URN etd-0209117-113929 Statistics This thesis had been viewed 429 times. Download 0 times.
Abstract In recent years, one of the specific indicators of convenience services is the E-government service quality. SaaS-Quality was used to measure the service quality of the e-government systems in this study, and we combined this construct with the Expectation Confirmation Theory (ECT). The usage intention of E-government is expected to understand whether the service quality of the E-government to achieve the convenience of the government indicators.
This study adopted partial least square to measure the sample collection. This study found SaaS-Quality has the direct impact on confirmation, perceived usefulness and satisfaction. Besides, we conducted a mediation analysis to confirm the mediation effects through confirmation, perceived usefulness and satisfaction. Finally, we proposed some suggestions for improving the service quality of E-government according to our research finding.


Community Events Wings - Silent Movie Showing with pipe organ accompanment.
Wings - Silent Movie Showing with pipe organ accompanment.Wings - Silent Movie Showing with pipe organ accompanment.
Wings the WW1 Flying/Romance Movie. Silent movie accompanied by a 26 rank Kimball Pipe Organ. Admission FREE, donations accepted benefiting St. Louis Theatre Organ Society and the Walker Scottish Rite Clinic for Children.


text:
<?php

namespace Kordy\Ticketit\Requests;

use App\Http\Requests\Request;

class PrepareCommentStoreRequest extends Request
{
    /**
     * Determine if the user is authorized to make this request.
     *
     * @return bool
     */
    public function authorize()
    {
        return true;
    }

    /**
     * Get the validation rules that apply to the request.
     *
     * @return array
     */
    public function rules()
    {
        return [
            'ticket_id'   => 'required|exists:ticketit,id',
            'content'     => 'required|min:6|max:'.((PHP_INT_MAX == 2147483647) ?  '2147483647' : '4294967295'),
        ];
    }
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub