text:
Focusing on ancient population genomics research
Ancient mitogenomes reveal Central Asian (Hunnic?) admixture in Hungarian Conquerers (Neparáczki et al. 2018 preprint)
Over at bioRxiv at this LINK. The number of ancient mitogenomes in this preprint (102) is fairly impressive, but obviously there's only so much insight one can gain from maternally-inherited genetic markers when studying male-driven conquests like that of the Carpathian Basin by the early Hungarians. So yeah, let's wait and see how the conclusions in this preprint gel with the relevant ancient Y-chromosome and genome-wide data when it arrives. Below is the abstract. Emphasis is mine:
It has been widely accepted that the Finno-Ugric Hungarian language, originated from proto Uralic people, was brought into the Carpathian Basin by the Hungarian Conquerors. From the middle of the 19 th century this view prevailed against the deep-rooted Hungarian Hun tradition, maintained in folk memory as well as in Hungarian and foreign written medieval sources, which claimed that Hungarians were kinsfolk of the Huns. In order to shed light on the genetic origin of the Conquerors we sequenced 102 mitogenomes from early Conqueror cemeteries and compared them to sequences of all available databases. We applied novel population genetic algorithms, named Shared Haplogroup Distance and MITOMIX, to reveal past admixture of maternal lineages. Phylogenetic and population genetic analysis indicated that more than one third of the Conqueror maternal lineages were derived from Central-Inner Asia and their most probable ultimate sources were the Asian Huns. The rest of the lineages most likely originated from the Bronze Age Potapovka-Poltavka-Srubnaya cultures of the Pontic-Caspian steppe, which area was part of the later European Hun empire. Our data give support to the Hungarian Hun tradition and provides indirect evidence for the genetic connection between Asian and European Huns. Available data imply that the Conquerors did not have a major contribution to the gene pool of the Carpathian Basin, raising doubts about the Conqueror origin of Hungarian language.
Neparáczki et al., Mitogenomic data indicate admixture components of Asian Hun and Srubnaya origin in the Hungarian Conquerors, bioRxiv, Posted January 19, 2018, doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/250688
Posted by Davidski at 10:20:00 PM
Sofia Aurora said...
I do not want to pessimist but it may take a while for the Hungarian basin genetic landscape to be fully addressed.
I mean we are still waiting for that bloody South Asia paper!
By the way any news about the South Asia paper?
Is it coming or we will have to wait for another year?
Davidski said...
@Sofia Aurora
By the way any news about the South Asia paper? Is it coming or we will have to wait for another year?
I don't know, but I'm guessing that it's being held back by some, maybe most, of the Indians involved.
Maybe they're very unhappy about the ancient DNA results from India, and want to see more data, preferably from an Indian lab, that somehow contradicts the current data supporting a large scale migration of steppe peoples into South Asia, and throws up some hope for the Out of India Theory (OIT)?
If so, this process could take months, if not longer.
Samuel Andrews said...
There's no way to determine how big of a Srubnaya influence the Hungarian conquerers have because we only have a handful of Srubnaya mitogenomes. Just scrolling through I saw several mHGs unique to the general region Hungary is in indicating some local east European ancestry.
mtDNA can be tricky. It isn't as straightforward as Y DNA. ANyways, great study. Lots of new data, suprisingly high amount of Asian mtDNA, and interesting analysis. Impressive, serious approach to mtDNA that doesn't happen a lot.
Btw guys, my new mtDNA blog is up. mtDNAwiki.
http://mtdnawiki.com/
Lots of brand new stuff you guys have never seen. Everything on my blog goes back to my theory on mtDNA which I describe in the "My Methods" page.
Also, if you've taken an mtDNA test it is in your interest to order an mtDNAwiki Report. It'll be 1-3 pages long, has some cool pictures. It'll tell you everything known about your mHG.
http://mtdnawiki.com/order-an-mtdna-report-6/
Shahanshah of Persia said...
David, did they have genome wide data or not?
David, also, about the South Asia paper, shouldn't it come out in a few weeks? How can the Indian scientists hold back Harvard?
@Shahanshah of Persia
The preprint is open access, so you can check what type of data it's based on. But I did mention it in the blog post already.
And I don't know what's happening with the South Asian paper. But considering that Harvard sourced a lot of samples from India for this paper, then they might be restricted in how to use these samples by the Indians, and so I can imagine that if things go sour, then the paper will look pretty poor without this Indian data.
Salden said...
It's Hindu Nationalism. The ones responsible are doing all they can to find any not already debunked evidence against the Aryan Invasion of India and delay any papers until they can. Hinduvtas refuse to acknowledge India had any links to the outside world that had them receiving anything that played a significant role in the formations of both Harappan and Vedic India. Both materially and genomically. Especially not with the Europeans they are taught to blame all their problems on.
It's no better in Egypt and how authorities there restrict access to mummies. One suspects proper testing with modern technology would surely call to question just how much continuity modern Egypyt has with the pyramid builders. As well as casting doubt on the Indigenous Birth Model of Egypt's founding.
@Davidski
That's sad!
How can scientists be so radical and turn a blind eye to facts!
If the South Asia paper does not appear for issues such as the Out Of India model in 2018, then i don't know what to say.
It's annoying though that they teased us by announcing such a paper and now they behave like they suffer from amnesia.
@Davidski Thanks mate, just what I suspected.
@Salden Good points, though, Europeans had practically zero influence, both genetic and cultural, on pre-Ptolemaic Egypt. At least the Steppe populations did not. Ancient Egyptians were basically Natufians with some ANF and CHG/Iran Neolitic admixture. They were not at all Europeans, not in the least bit. But yeah, modern Egyptians are much more mixed than the ancient ones, though, the Copts are around 90 to 95% similar to their ancestors. I would say that modern Muslim/Arab Egyptians derive around 60 to 70% of their ancestry from ancient Egyptians, but no more.
Nirjhar007 said...
I don't know what's happening with the South Asian paper
Really?.Well that is very disappointing ...
There are some mtDNA samples from the Avar khaganate and the relations of the Avars and Slavs from a genetic point of view in a new article:
http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/ajpa.23380/full
It's Hindu Nationalism. The ones responsible are doing all they can to find any not already debunked evidence against the Aryan Invasion of India and delay any papers until they can.
There is no Hindus nationalism , professional work with ethics are carried out , there is no scope of your imaginary thoughts . Whatever the results show , they will be fully presented ....
Chetan said...
Interesting. The Huns were not Uralics that's not news. So if the Huns didn't bring the Hungarian language, who did then? Haplogroup N is very rare in Hungary according to the studies listed in Wikipedia. Why did proto-Hungarians leave such a low Y-DNA influence on Hungarian populations while affecting a language shift?
@Salden The genetic studies have huge political consequences in most non-western societies. With so many political parties and autocrats basing their whole authority on representing the natives, it's not surprising
The genetic studies have huge political consequences in most non-western societies...
India is not among them . The study which happening, is worldwide collaboration, involving top institutes . If you people have doubts you must contact the scholars involved , instead of saying garbage ...
@Nirjhar
It's not garbage.
There are some very confused Indian scientists out there who are probably even more confused and more than a little rattled now after seeing the ancient data from South Asia, and the only thing they can do is hope that more ancient data can reverse the results, so they're probably asking for more samples and being difficult, hence the delay.
Of course, nothing will reverse the results, so this process might take a while.
@Nirjhar Let's just accept that there are a good number of Indian scientists who don't get the science/tradition distinction. It's not racist to say that. I myself am Indian but I definitely see this trend in India. There are scientists from other parts of the world too that share this problem, but they are a minority.
The ONLY confused person is you and your die hard followers ....
As I said ,contact people who are involved , if you actually know first, who is doing what of course ! hahaha .
Let's just accept that there are a good number of Indian scientists who don't get the science/tradition distinction.
Are you a scientist? or you have actually have spend time with scholar people and discussed?? , If not then please don't write...
I myself am Indian but I definitely see this trend in India.
I think you have very narrow vision, with no practical experience whatsoever.
Contact people involved in the study , if you are itching but please don't spread pathetic and misleading set of impressions ...
Jaydeep said...
This thread is about the medieval mtDNA from Hungary, let us try to keep the discussion restricted to that.
Chetan,
Merely because something is tradition it does not automatically become unscientific or false. Colonial and Marxist scholars dismissed a lot of what was handed down to Indians through tradition. They did not do so through scientific means but purely because of bias and prejudice. To give you an example, the British dismissed a lot of history written in Indian records because they were claimed to be of very great antiquity, an antiquity that was clearly at odds with their beliefs of earth being created in 4004 BC. Do you call that scientific ?
Therefore, there is good reason to look at tradition with a fresh perspective rather than the jaundiced colonial narratives of India. Doing so does not make one unscienific.
@Jaydeep That was so long ago in the 19th century colonial climate with its prevailing racist discourse. But there is no reason to dismiss modern science in the form of ancient genetics because of that alone.
Nirjhar,
Do you know of scientists, researchers involved in the upcoming paper (besides Niraj Rai & Vasant Shinde) ? I have mailed the two of them but they did not reply. Maybe the western researchers would be more forthcoming.
You have any clues as to when the paper maybe out and in which journal ?
@Jaydeep I am of the opinion that merely accepting that certain elements in Indian tradition may have had an external origin does nothing to diminish that tradition. The same goes for any other region of the world too.
@Nirjhar Well I'm not a scientist per se in genetics but I do think I have enough familiarity with the topic to dismiss bs when it appears
@Jaydeep
Do you know of scientists, researchers involved in the upcoming paper (besides Niraj Rai & Vasant Shinde)? I have mailed the two of them but they did not reply. Maybe the western researchers would be more forthcoming.
Nick Patterson is involved. He asked you to e-mail him once. Maybe you should now take him up on that offer?
Feel free to let us know what he says.
I made a general remark about why having a fresh look at tradition unconstrained by earlier prejudices is not being unscientific. You should be aware that there are lot of assumptions about India including its history which are based on outlandish theories made in the racist atmosphere of the late 18th & the 19th centuries. Though the western scholars and researchers denounce the racism of the scholars of that era, they will still continue with the theories which were a product of that racism. The fact is this - if we Indians are not going to stand up for the correct interpretation of our history and tradition, no one else will.
Jaydeep,
Muzhe aap apna mail mere blog mein post kar dein , main contact karunga samay ke anushar :) .
But there is no reason to dismiss modern science in the form of ancient genetics because of that alone.
And you know they are ''dismissing modern science ''from the basis of Eurogenes and personal intelligence I would say?.
Why not first you my friend ''feel free to let us know'' what he said to you?? .
Nothing much. My speculations about the paper in this thread are just that.
I am sorry but my English is weak , can you please clarify a bit ?.
@Jaydeep I am all for the correct interpretation of Indian prehistory and history man. But there are genuine concerns whether the genetic data available to us will not be put to good use because of political reasons. Other than that, let's wait for what the studies would show.
Let's wait for Jaydeep's intel.
Indeed, I think even if Jaydeep doesn't get any intel on the paper, it'd be really good for him to speak to someone from Harvard, just to help him put things into perspective about South Asia.
Because right now his views are totally out of whack with reality, and he's been a naughty boy too, saying very bad things about me in a comments section elsewhere.
So yeah, hopefully he takes up Nick on his offer and gets a bit of a reality check.
So you are saying indirectly , that Patterson suggested to you that S Asian aDNA has proven Steppe Hypothesis ?.
Palacista said...
Who do these authors mean by the Huns? All the reports suggest a multi ethnic confederation. The paper seems to me to an attempt to justify a foundation myth.
Technology is advancing so fast that old ideas and narratives are outdated, brick and mortar buildings, once used for teaching and conferences, can be substituted with online conference and teaching etc....
Would not a reasonable/simple solution to " correct interpretation of our history and tradition" and other forms of manipulative/narrative types controlling of data; be solved by just releasing the raw data in public free domain, that way everybody has access to information about their potential ancient ancestors/relatives?
What harm in public/humanity having open access to results of ancient specimens from every-time period and place as genetic tests are completed;completely by-passing the narrative phase peer review process ?
One thing worth pointing is that the most passionate about this are we.
For The researchers it's often just another project, on top of paperwork, lectures, PhD proposals to do, etc
But I agree, let's get the data. Indian scientists need not feel it is only they who need to see to be most accurate understanding of evidence. There are plenty of people around the world capable of being impartial, esp the people probably already involved in the studies themselves.
So you are saying indirectly, that Patterson suggested to you that S Asian aDNA has proven Steppe Hypothesis?
No, I'm saying that the Harvard team has already put out a paper with ancient DNA in which they showed very convincingly that there are signals of significant steppe-derived ancestry in South Asia. Look at part SI 9, pages 118-124, here...
https://media.nature.com/original/nature-assets/nature/journal/v536/n7617/extref/nature19310-s4.pdf
So there's no reason to assume that ancient DNA from South Asia won't back up these results. And at the very least the possibility that there were large scale population movements from the steppes to South Asia has to be treated very seriously.
Jaydeep, and you as well, refuse to acknowledge this. And obviously nothing that I can say or do here on this blog is likely to convince you guys otherwise, so Jaydeep needs to hear this from the horse's mouth and also from someone who he might consider an authority on the subject.
And then maybe, just maybe, he might shut up for a bit, wait for the paper, and stop calling me a bigot online.
What harm in public/humanity having open access to results of ancient specimens from every-time period and place as genetic tests are completed;completely by-passing the narrative phase peer review process?
Well, you'll be happy to know that I actually said something like this to the folks at Harvard last year. Maybe they're chewing it over, I don't know?
AWood said...
If they were "conquerors", their mtDNA lineages would have died out as it's quite suspect that hordes of women would have been among them. Thus, minimal to no mitochondrial contribution is to be expected.
But there are genuine concerns whether the genetic data available to us will not be put to good use because of political reasons.
Nonsense , politics has no influence in these studies .
Ah! well sorry as I said , my English is weak , I must have misunderstood !.
aDNA from S Asia will show ''Steppe Type Ancestry'' , but there is again the question of its time depth! as I am saying for years now . So nothing new really, I thought you found out something ..
Good night folks....
"Well, you'll be happy to know that I actually said something like this to the folks at Harvard last year. Maybe they're chewing it over, I don't know?"
India is an interesting place.
One experience/personal nature with a co-worker of Indian heritage.
We were discussing and comparing caste among Hindu and heritage among Sikh. The topic of genetic testing [price and benefits]came up and what it is able to show the relationship with fellow human beings regardless of nomenclature and phenotype. I pointed out that the results are sometimes surprising! There may have been a mix up in genealogy family tree. Perhaps an adoption and or other circumstance that will be made transparent with genetic results.
When I pointed the possibility[remote] that he may be related to some one of a lower social status and or caste- that ended our brief
exchange. He replied in not so many words "I really don't want to know." : )
I think transparency is a good thing overall.
Kristiina said...
@Chetan Why did proto-Hungarians leave such a low Y-DNA influence on Hungarian populations while affecting a language shift?
In the Sargat culture which could have been proto-Hungarian speaking there were 2xR1a1 and 5xN1c. While still in the Khazar Khaganate, Hungarians joined company c. 850 with Turkic speaking Kabar tribes. Kabars were probably of yDNA R1a1, R1b and J. Therefore in Etelköz on the Pontic Steppe, Hungarian yDNA was probably already something like 2xN1c, 3xR1a1, 1xR1b, 1xJ. When Hungarians reached the Carpathian Basin, the amount of N1c continued to decrease. Wikipedia tells us that:
"The Hungarian population began to decrease at the time of the Ottoman conquest, reaching as low as around 39% by the end of the 18th century. The decline of the Hungarians was due to the constant wars, Ottoman raids, famines, and plagues during the 150 years of Ottoman rule. The main zones of war were the territories inhabited by the Hungarians, so the death toll depleted them at a much higher rate than among other nationalities. In the 18th century, their proportion declined further because of the influx of new settlers from Europe, especially Slovaks, Serbs and Germans. As a consequence of Turkish occupation and Habsburg colonization policies, the country underwent a great change in ethnic composition as its population more than tripled to 8 million between 1720 and 1787, while only 39% of its people were Hungarians, who lived primarily in the centre of the country."
To sum up, ancient Hungarian yDNA is not only N, but it includes R1a1, R1b and J as well.
@Kristina Thanks for that clarification! Much needed
@Nirjhar You think politics doesn't influence academic research? Especially the humanities related research is heavily influenced by the prevailing political climate. That doesn't mean of course that all research is suspect, but to deny it would be dishonest. Though human genetics is very empirical-based and less likely to be manipulated for political ends.
no no Chetan , I have been in many important institutes and have discussed with various academic scholars . You can stay assured ,that politics fortunately is not a concern .
Lets just wait . We are going have a great knowledge .
@Palacista
If I decode his nomenclature correctly, he argues aganist the widely accepted assignment of Hungarian language to Magyars.
I agree with that, as there is no evidence of the language Magyars spoke, and that assignment is a pure speculation.
Another speculation is IMHO more likely, that Hungarian got there as part of the initial Hun conquest, when the Hun were still very heterogenous and spoke variety languages of the tribes they accumulated on the route from north China.
By 9th century the steppe tribes more or less settled on speaking Turkic and so did likely Magyars.
@a Well upper castes are not really that related to lower castes. Of course, there is some shared ancestry, obviously, but genetically, there's not much relation.
And yeah, even upper castes have Dravidian/ASI/Onge ancestry.
@a On a side note, most of the shared ancestry between upper and lower castes is ancient.
@ Kristiina
It seems Late (east) Germanic groups also partook in Magyar ethnogenesis (recall the 2x U106 from an earlier study by same team)
Onur Dincer said...
From the paper:
"The large genetic diversity of the Conquerors which seemingly assembled from multiple ethnic sources and their relative low proportion, having no lasting effect on Hungarian ethnogenesis, raises doubts about the Conqueror origin of the Hungarian language. Even if our samples represent mainly the Conqueror elite, the "elite dominance" linguistic hypothesis seems inconsistent when it presumes that the same Turkic elite was first readily assimilated linguistically by Finno-Ugric groups, and then it assimilated locals of the Carpathian Basin. Turkic character of the Conqueror elit is indicated by their "Turk" denomination in contemporary sources as well as Turkic tribal names and person names of tribe leaders of the conquest-period [104]. Above data infer that preconquest presence of the language in the Carpathian Basin, is an equally grounded hypothesis, as had been proposed by several scientists (a summary in English is given in [105]), which is also hinted by a recently detected genomic admixture between Mansis and a Middle Neolithic (5000 BCE) individual from the Carpathian Basin [90]." [emphasis mine]
Do they seriously imply the presence of a Ugric language in the Carpathian Basin since at least the Middle Neolithic? The authors should make a clarification/correction in that part, otherwise it will stay as apparently the most nonsensical statement in the whole paper.
MomOfZoha said...
@Kristiina:
""The Hungarian population began to decrease at the time of the Ottoman conquest, reaching as low as around 39% by the end of the 18th century. The decline of the Hungarians was due to the constant wars, Ottoman raids, famines, and plagues during the 150 years of Ottoman rule. The main zones of war were the territories inhabited by the Hungarians, so the death toll depleted them at a much higher rate than among other nationalities. In the 18th century, their proportion declined further because of the influx of new settlers from Europe, especially Slovaks, Serbs and Germans. As a consequence of Turkish occupation and Habsburg colonization policies, the country underwent a great change in ethnic composition as its population more than tripled to 8 million between 1720 and 1787, while only 39% of its people were Hungarians, who lived primarily in the centre of the country.""
Lots of Hungarians are actually in Romania, Kristiina. In fact, I believe my father's FTDNA mtDNA H-T152C! match from Romania is an ethnic Hungarian. Coincidentally, lots of people in my research area also happen to be Romanian Hungarians. I've been trying to figure out the directionality of my grandmother's ancestral Hungarian link, given the known East-West direction of my grandmother's previously nomadic Afshar village (via which my dad also has notable cM sharing with Pathan and Tajik groups in addition to Hazara), and I could only find that his closest 23andme match is descended from the village "Turkeve" in Hungary...
In general, it is still very difficult to confirm these admixture directionalities, however, due to the highly "loopy", bidirectional, and "back-migrationary" relations between various Hungarian and Turkic tribes historically... Who knows what amounts of huge loops carried that H-T152C! from here to there, back in between somewhere, another there, ... and here again, perhaps picking up all other kinds other kinds of things in between?
@MomOfZoha
and I could only find that his closest 23andme match is descended from the village "Turkeve" in Hungary.
Do you mean your father by "his"? Autosomal matches like 23andMe, Family Finder and Ancestry matches go back about 500 years at most. So your father's 23andMe match with that Hungarian should be from the Ottoman times.
Hungarians from Romania have inbred mtDNA like lots of ethnic minorities. Also, 5% have Asian mtDNA while normal Hungarians have 1% Asian mtDNA.
Didn't the Hungarian conquerors come much after the Huns that raided the Roman Empire? I am confused which group is being referred to in this paper?
James Goblin said...
I wonder why we discuss Hindu Nationalism and not Hungarian Nationalism aka Jobikism here, as the bespoken article fits well in Jobbik ideologies.
This paper is also relevant here: A study of the Bodrogköz population in north-eastern Hungary by Y chromosomal haplotypes and haplogroups
"We have determined the distribution of Y chromosomal haplotypes and haplogroups in population samples from one of the most important areas in north-eastern Hungary from many villages in the Bodrogköz. The Bodrogköz region was chosen due to its isolated nature, because this area was a moorland encircled by the Tisza, Bodrog, and Latorca Rivers and inhabitants of this part of Hungary escaped from both Tatar and Ottoman invasions, which decimated the post-Hungarian Conquest populations in many parts of the country. Furthermore, in the first half of the tenth century, this region served as the Palatial Centre and burial grounds of the Hungarian tribes. It has thus been assumed that the present population in this area is likely to be more similar to the population that lived in the Conquest period."
Their conclusion is that "We identified nine samples (6.2%) as likely Finno-Ugric lineages, with genetic matches closer to those of Uralic ethnic groups, such as Mansi and/or Estonian, than to non-Uralic groups (5 R1a-Z280, 2 R1a-M458, 1 N1c-Z1936, and 1 N1c-L1034). While haplogroup R1a-M458 has been considered "West Slavic", our analysis showed that over half of the 30 M458 samples were not of recent Slavic admixture."
"In our recent study, one N1c-L1034 sample was found in Bodrogköz, which has proven to be a paternal link among Hungarians and Western Siberian Mansi (Fehér et al. 2015), and N1c-Z1936 (xL1034) was found to likely be early Ugric. ... In addition, based on Y-STR analysis, one R1b-M343* sample was recent Turkic admixture from the R1b-M73 Kypchak (DYS390 = 19) cluster; ... though it could be of Avar, Onugor, Hungarian, or Cumanian origin. Based on the Bodrogköz population, the arriving Finno-Ugric-speaking paternal lineages likely made up no more than 10% of the population of Hungary in the tenth century AD ... . The share of Finno-Ugric-looking paternal lineages shrank to 6.2% due to continuous influx and assimilation of neighbouring peoples in the following centuries."
Grey said...
"Europeans had practically zero influence, both genetic and cultural, on pre-Ptolemaic Egypt. At least the Steppe populations did not. Ancient Egyptians were basically Natufians with some ANF and CHG/Iran Neolitic admixture. They were not at all Europeans, not in the least bit"
I think that's probably true of the base population but given
- how long Egypt has been under domestication by cereal
- the large number of different dynasties in that time
- evidence from recorded history e.g. Mamelukes
I think many of those dynasties may have started with mercenary revolts: sea peoples, nubians, hyksos etc.
"Why did proto-Hungarians leave such a low Y-DNA influence on Hungarian populations while affecting a language shift?"
Conquest by a specifically warrior elite might lead to a balance between a higher casualty rate and a higher reproductive rate (especially illegitimate but provided for children).
So I'm thinking if there were two elite conquests in quick succession then the first one might not have had the time for the reproductive advantage to outweigh the casualty rate?
The other idea i had (different version of same thing) was an elite conquest by two allied groups, same language but different in genetics who later fell out with the second group winning.
(My understanding is steppe groups were often confederations of various peoples with one temporarily dominant.)
Was there some kind of civil war among the Hun elite soon after they took Hungary?
@Kristina Hunnic Empire of Attila was a conglomerate of all kinds of tribes that were picked up by the Huns in their westward swoop across the Eurasian steppes. Hunnic itself was spoken only by the chieftains and the local tribes retained their own languages. I can definitely imagine proto-Hungarian speakers near the Urals who get incorporated into the Hunnic Empire but still retain their language. They would have later moved on into Hungary in the 9th century imposing their language there. This proto-Hungarian group like you said could well have been R1a-N1c 3:2. R1 from the earlier Corded Ware culture and N1 from the later Uralic expansion.
I find it really odd though that one-third of the Hungarian Conquerors mtDNA is derived from East Asia but none of the usual Y-DNA associated with Turks show up (like Q or C). Really odd considering the patriarchal nature of Turkic conquests into the east.
"Was there some kind of civil war among the Hun elite soon after they took Hungary?"
oops, posted this before reading all the other posts discussing this
@Grey I believe the Huns themselves (the original Hunnic empire) didn't impact the Hungarian plain much as far as genetics is considered. It is the later Hunnified Uralics who migrated into Hungary in the late 9th century (by Wikipedia) and like Kristina wrote, they could already have been R1a dominant from living for centuries in the area of the erstwhile Corded Ware Culture.
Janko Raven Johnson said...
Don't forget the potential post-Hun Avar and Bulgar layers.
Ebizur said...
"Don't forget the potential post-Hun Avar and Bulgar layers."
The Hungarian language does contain a great deal of words that are exotic in a European context, yet not of Finno-Ugric etymology.
Many of these words are very basic, with meanings like "summer" (Hungarian nyár, cf. Turkish yaz), "to lick" (Hungarian nyal-, cf. Turkish yala-), "sea" (Hungarian tenger, cf. Turkish deniz; this is actually the same word as "Genghis" in "Genghis Khan"), and so forth.
There are even examples like Hungarian gyöngy "pearl; bead" and Turkish inci "pearl," both ultimately from Chinese zhēnzhū (珍珠 "rare pearl/bead" or 真珠 "true pearl/bead," whence also Japanese 真珠 shinju "pearl" and Korean 진주 jinju "pearl").
However, it is not clear whether (or how much of) this Turkic influence in Hungarian has been picked up prior to (or during) the migration of Hungarian-speaking ancestors from a previous homeland to the Pannonian plain, or whether (or how much of) it has been picked up locally from hypothetical unattested descendants of Huns, Avars, Bulgars, etc. The languages of those invaders are surprisingly obscure when considered against the lasting renown of the ethnonyms themselves.
Actually, I should mention that the ultimate origin of the word for "lick" is not really clear. Similar words are also used in both Finnish and Mongolian.
I suppose it would be prudent to say that the root appears to have been shared in some manner at some point in time with Turkic and Mongolic rather than to say that it is not of Finno-Ugric etymology, because it is very widespread among the Uralic languages, too.
Huck Finn said...
I'm somewhat surprised that the authors do not underline the fact that according to Ilumäe et al Hungarian related paternal N-Z1936's are also to be found among Volgaic Tatars and Bashkirs. Volgaic Turkic Chuvash, if I'm right, is on the other hand the only surviving Oghur Turkic language, c.f. Onogur > Hun(V)gar- and the apparent Oghur Turkic based loanwords in Hungarian.
I have just 5 min right now so real quick:
@Onur:
"Do you mean your father by "his"? Autosomal matches like 23andMe, Family Finder and Ancestry matches go back about 500 years at most. So your father's 23andMe match with that Hungarian should be from the Ottoman times."
The 23andme match is of course within the Ottoman timeframe but not necessarily the mtDNA hg match (which is not an autosomal match). Also, my dad is sharing > 7cm with other Hungarians and Bulgarians in David's IBD analysis (e.g. his 2nd and 3rd top matches from the public samples used in addition to others later down). That's why I mention the complexity of the various possible paths of relatedness.
@Chetan:
"I find it really odd though that one-third of the Hungarian Conquerors mtDNA is derived from East Asia but none of the usual Y-DNA associated with Turks show up (like Q or C). Really odd considering the patriarchal nature of Turkic conquests into the east."
Actually quite natural considering that pre-Islamic Turks valued their daughters a lot (continued by post-Islamic Alevi Turks), often forming important new alliances via their daughters' union with neighboring princes or freshly conquered peoples. Also, whereas in the East "Turk" is used synonymously with "Turco-Mongol", "Turk" is more of a buffer between Mongolians and West Eurasians. I.e., one need not assume that the original "Turkic" Y-hgs were entirely Mongolian or East Asian though there would be some notable East Asian and Southeast Asian (Q and N respectively) lineages for sure...
My mtDNA was found in the Globular Amphora culture! U5b2a2b1. I think it's pretty cool. It's not from a new study. I don't why I didn't notice it before.
Mark Morales said...
Their linguistic conclusions are BS. Nothing from the data supports it. This just looks like the Hungarian equivalent of Hindu nationalists trying to shore up OIT.
We would expect the Magyars to have Turkic mtDNA from political marriages if the Magyars had close political connections with Turkic peoples - which we know they did. And of course, genetic input is not required for language change. Hungarian folk memory about descent from the Huns is about as trustworthy as Romans claiming to be descended from Trojans.
Slumbery said...
Typical, that I am too preoccupied to check on this blog when such an article is coming up and being discussed. I am late to the discussion, but I write here some thoughts anyway.
This article, more precisely some earlier Hungarian articles by the team, caused some heavy debate here in Hungary (among the small minority of people who cares about population genetics). The team that conducted this research pretty much set out with goal of proving the Hun connection and this caused some severe confirmation bias (although this English article seems to be more measured that some earlier Hungarian work by the team). An archaeologist on a Hungarian site even hinted that the authors refused to work with the Hungarian laboratory that have the most close to the state-of-the-art tech, because the staff of that institute do not share their biases. So there is some tension.
That is being said, there is some background (I talked about this elsewhere on this blog):
1. The conquerors being at least partially Turkic is not news, it was the historical and linguistic canon for a long time, down to the schoolbooks of my childhood. The conquerors are traditionally described as an alliance of Uralic and Turkic tribes and Turkic influence is apparent even on the tribes that thought to be Uralic. Some proposes a likely bilingual society for a few generation (not a fringe theory, I have even read an article on the home page of the major Finno-Ugric university department that states this as a fact). It is also widely accepted that much of the Turkic influence on the Hungarian language comes from Oghur Turkic.
2. Although there are some other sites, the wast majority of good quality data in this study are from one place, the Karos I-II-II cemeteries. Those are few hundred meters from each other in the North-Eastern Carpathian Basin and they were used paralel by three allied clans in the first half of the 10th century. Because these samples dominate the data-set, the results of statistical analysis mainly come from this particular site-complex. That is, possibly just from a segment of a heterogeneous tribal alliance.
Now, the results. They found out that there is an East Asian part of the mtDNA that comes where Turkic people came and a West Eurasian part that is consistent with assimilated steppe Iranic groups as a possible source. Those are known for being assimilated by Turkic all over the map. No surprise here, this is consistent with the canon.
Of course there is a spin on this in the conclusion. They wanted Huns, so the classify all Oghur Turks as Huns. They state in the article that Avars, Onugors, Bulgars, etc. were all just different faces of Huns. Well, if you accept this classification, then sure, the conquerors were part Huns. Nice.
Also note that they say there is no Uralic connection, but the state: "From the entire Conqueror population Volga Tatars have the smallest overall distance with both methods." That can be pretty much an Uralic connection given the population history and PCA position of Volga Tatars. Except that Uralic connection can come mainly in the form of West Eurasian and general Eurasian lineages, consistent with most of Uralic groups in the region having "Western" mtDNA. (Then there is the additional problem of how representative is this data, which is mainly from one place.)
The authors implication that the Uralic root of modern Hungarian could come from a local presence that is here since the Neolithic is fantastically wild.
Samuel Andrews:
"Hungarians from Romania have inbred mtDNA like lots of ethnic minorities. Also, 5% have Asian mtDNA while normal Hungarians have 1% Asian mtDNA."
They are ethnic minorities only in the last 100 years, except the Easternmost group that live in Moldavia. And that inbred thing has more to do with small population size combined with isolation, not the technicality of being a minority. Some of the Hungarians from Romania (the Székely and the Csángó) have a somewhat separated ethnic identity (from mainstream Hungarian) and that can be traced to history. So it is possible (in fact among Hungarian widely accepted) that they had different ethnic background within the "confederation" to begin with. Also they were more isolated from Slavic and Germanic inflow after various wars that devastated the Basin region (mainly the Ottoman wars that caused an 50 to 90% population loss in various regions of the basin, followed by a huge inflow of settlers).
@Slumbery
As always, very well said. This study somewhat calls to mind the Zsolt András Bíró studies, which were very biased in their Hunnism/Turanism.
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In a recent interview, Spanish human rights lawyer Mr. Carlos Iglésias shared what motivated him to help Falun Gong practitioners.
He explained, "I wasn't a lawyer who specialized in human rights, nor in criminal issues, but the situation of the persecution of Falun Gong really went straight to my heart. When I realized the extent and I began to see and speak with more people about the tragedy that China was living with, the persecution of so many millions of innocent people because of their spiritual beliefs, good people who tried to raise themselves with their behavior, their morality, their attitude towards others, being benevolent people, all this went straight to my heart.
Mr. Iglésias continued, "But when I interviewed some of the victims, Dai Zhizhen and her daughter Fadu, I really shed tears when they described the persecution of her husband. This little child became an orphan simply because her father was a good person. This stirred me so much inside that it completely changed my mindset.
"I changed overnight from being a combative corporate lawyer who always looked for the most profit." He continued, "I decided in my heart that I had to put all my strength, all my effort, all my determination, all my passion into bringing justice to the millions of practitioners of Falun Gong in China who are being terribly persecuted by a bloody dictatorship, by an evil dictatorship that is the Chinese Communist Party (CCP).
"All these years, the only thing I have wished is that the practitioners of Falun Gong, these good people, can carry out their beliefs for the rest of their lives because they have decided to be better persons. This is what moved my heart and what motivated me to do this.
"In China there is no independent justice. The lawyers who know how the Chinese judiciary system works are aware that it's totally controlled by the Chinese Communist Party. Therefore it´s impossible for there to be justice in China in regards to the persecution of Falun Gong," Mr. Iglésias said.
More than seventy cases have been filed by Falun Gong practitioners in at least 30 countries, charging the perpetrators with genocide, torture, and crimes against humanity, holding the CCP officials accountable for what they have done.
Mr. Iglésias introduced the first criminal lawsuit filed in Spain against former communist leader Jiang Zemin in 2003. Jiang is widely acknowledged as the initiator and primary driving force behind the campaign launched in 1999 to "eradicate" Falun Gong. Also facing charges of genocide and torture in the Spanish case is Luo Gan, former head of the 610 Office.
Since then, more lawsuits have been filed against the criminals who have participated in the persecution of Falun Gong. In particular, against Bo Xilai,Wu Guanzheng, Jia Qinglin. In total, five high-ranking officials have been sued for their crimes in the persecution of Falun Gong. The cases have been set for investigation by the Supreme Court of Spain and by the Constitutional Tribunal of Spain, according to Mr. Iglésias.
A considerable amount of evidence has been provided, including testimonies of the victims, independent reports from Human Rights Watch and Amnesty International, as well as reports from the European Parliament and the United Nations Human Rights Commission.
Mr. Iglésias said, "The next step is to have the Supreme Court of Spain review the report by David Matas and David Kilgour about the CCP's forced organ harvesting, to decide whether to incorporate this additional evidence in the existing lawsuits.
Spaniards sign a petition against forced organ harvesting in China to show their support for Falun Gong and the Chinese people on Plaza del Pilar in Zaragoza.
Mr. Iglésias said that the CCP kills its own people, removes the organs of living people, practitioners of Falun Gong, and makes money from it. They have generated a multi-million-dollar business and all the profits go to the leaders of the CCP.
He added, "Never before in human history was there such an evil persecution which used all the resources within reach of a terrible dictatorship, as this dictatorship of the CCP.
"I really feel that they can't possibly be human, committing these terrible crimes against humanity," Mr. Iglésias said.
Mr. Iglésias said, "I believe in the inherent justice of the court, and I believe in universal justice. No genocide, no torturers, can do these terrible crimes and expect to get off unpunished.
"The dictatorship of the CCP won't last much longer," he added. This is the message of hope that Mr. Iglésias wants to transmit to the Chinese people.
He expressed his admiration for the Chinese people for their 5,000 years of history.
Mr. Iglésias is confident that justice will be done. He stated, "We must bring justice back to Falun Gong, bring justice back to the Chinese people. Let's help them recover their dignity, let's help them recover their culture and the essence that caused them to be admired and be a model for all the world.
Finally, Mr. Iglésias would like to convey this message to everyone: Step forward to defend people's dignity. Have the bravery, have the courage to tell the world the truth about this terrible tragedy. Stop the evilness of the CCP, put an end to this tragedy, and put an end to this terrible violation of human life. Only then can mankind build a better world.


Franchising is a way to expand your business by licensing certain rights to a third party. Most often, the rights you will license are the rights to use: (i) your principal trademark; (ii) your "trade dress," or the total image of your business; and (iii) your "know-how," or your methods for operating a business. The third party will use those rights to open and operate his or her own business. In exchange, the third party will pay you various fees and will grant you the right to control certain aspects of the way he or she operates the business.
Franchising offers you more than great financial rewards: it allows you to grow much more rapidly, share risk with your franchisees, obtain greater economies of scale in purchasing, enjoy increased motivation at each location, and get better ideas from the field.
Franchising lets you bring talented, entrepreneurial team players into your system as franchisees. The relationship between you and your franchisees is one of mutual interest. Franchisees bring their individual talents, like expertise in e-commerce, customer relations, advertising, management, and marketing, into your system. They are motivated to share their talents with you, because it is in their interest to build your brand and make the entire system more profitable.
A skilled and experienced franchise law specialist can help you coordinate all of these activities, can help minimize your costs, and can help bring your franchise to the marketplace quickly and efficiently.
The franchise law specialist can also draft franchise documents that are integral to your success. Your documents should protect you and your system. They should be clear, precise, and accurate. They should anticipate problems before the problems arise. They should comply fully with the Franchise Rule promulgated by the U.S. Federal Trade Commission (the "FTC"), and with the laws of all applicable jurisdictions where you offer franchises.
Agreements to protect the confidentiality of your confidential information and the secrecy of your trade secrets, such as confidentiality agreements.
At The Johnson Franchise Law Firm, our focus is on franchise law. With over 20 years of experience, franchise lawyer Rick Johnson understands franchise law and business. He applies this experience to guide your company through the franchise development process. To take your business to the next level through domestic or international franchise development, please contact The Johnson Franchise Law Firm today.


text:
Blackpool FC (celým názvem: Blackpool Football Club) je anglický fotbalový klub, který sídlí v přímořském městě Blackpool v nemetropolitním hrabství Lancashire. Založen byl v roce 1887. V roku 1896 přistoupil do profesionální Football League, znovu do této soutěže přistoupil v roce 1900. Od sezóny 2017/18 působí v EFL League One (3. nejvyšší soutěž). Klubové barvy jsou oranžová a bílá.

Své domácí zápasy odehrává na stadionu Bloomfield Road s kapacitou 16 616 diváků.

Historie

Klub byl založen roku 1887 a od roku 1896 hraje v anglických ligových soutěžích.

Do roku 1930 hrál v druhé anglické divizi, kdy si prvenstvím zajistil postup do nejvyšší soutěže. Zde strávil 3 sezóny, dvakrát se zachránil na poslední nesestupových pozicích. Potřetí se mu to ale již nepodařilo, a tak v roce 1933 sestoupil.

Zpět se vrátil o 4 roky později a s přestávkou vynucenou druhou světovou válkou zde zůstal 30 let. Klub se v těchto letech pravidelně umisťoval v horní polovině ligy. V roce 1951 skončil na 3. pozici s desetibodovým odstupem na vedoucí Tottenham a FA Cupu se dostal do finále, kde podlehl Newcastlu United 0:2. Pohár zdvihli hráči Blackpoolu až v roce 1953 po hattricku Stana Mortensena a obratu z 1:3 na 4:3. Dokonce na druhém místě skončil v roce 1956, když ale ztratil 11 bodů na Manchester United. O rok později uhájil 4. pozici.

Jenže v 60. letech klub začal strádat. V sezóně 1960/61 se Blackpool zachránil jen o bod na úkor Newcastlu. Dále se umisťoval stabilně v druhé desítce až v roce 1967 skončil jasně poslední a sestoupil. Brzy se vrátil zpět, bylo to ale pouze na sezónu 1970/71, kdy opět skončil s jedenáctibodovým mankem na záchranu poslední.

Nastal úpadek a Blackpool se potácel po roce 1978 již ve třetí lize. Poté se dlouho pohyboval mezi třetí a čtvrtou soutěží. Až v roce 1992 se vrátil do druhé, jenže po osmi letech opět sestoupil a vrátil se až v roce 2007, když si zajistil postup z play off.

Stejnou cestou se vrátil dokonce zpět do soutěže nejvyšší - Premier League, když si v semifinále poradil s Nottinghamem Forest a ve finálovém zápase hraném ve Wembley s Cardiffem 3:2.

V Premier League si Blackpool nevedl ze začátku vůbec špatně, poté ale vyhrál z poledních 18 zápasů pouhé dva. V sezóně si připsal dva skalpy Liverpoolu a domácí porážku Tottenhamu. Po porážce od Manchesteru United 2:4 v posledním kole sestoupil z 19. místa s bodovým odstupem na již zachraňující se Wolverhampton.

O rok později usiloval Blackpool o okamžitý návrat až ve finále play off, kde ale podlehl West Hamu 1:2. Tato porážka byla však jen předzvěstí následného výsledkového propadu. Následující ročník zakončovali blackpoolští na 15. místě a sezónu 2013/14 dokonce na 20. místě. To se zachránili o pouhé dva body před Doncasterem a potýkali se především s mizernou útočnou fází po zimním odchodu Toma Ince do Crystal Palace - autora 18 gólů z předešlého ročníku.

Do sezóny 2014/15 hrál klub druhou nejvyšší ligu EFL Championship, kam sestoupil spolu s týmy Birmingham City a West Ham United v roce 2011.

Získané trofeje

 FA Cup ( 1× )
 1952/53
 EFL Trophy ( 2× )
 2001/02, 2003/04
 Anglo-Italian Cup ( 1× )
 1971
 Football League War Cup ( 1× )
 1943
 Lancashire Senior Cup ( 7× )
 1935/36, 1936/37, 1941/42, 1953/54, 1993/94, 1994/95, 1995/96

Úspěchy v domácích pohárech

Zdroj:

 FA Cup
 Vítěz: 1952/53
 EFL Cup
 Semifinále: 1961/62
 EFL Trophy
 Vítěz: 2001/02, 2003/04

Významní hráči
 Stan Mortensen (1941–1955)
 Stanley Matthews (1947–1961)

Umístění v jednotlivých sezonách

Stručný přehled

Zdroj:

 1889–1896: Lancashire League
 1896–1899: Football League Second Division
 1899–1900: Lancashire League
 1900–1930: Football League Second Division
 1930–1933: Football League First Division
 1933–1937: Football League Second Division
 1937–1967: Football League First Division
 1967–1970: Football League Second Division
 1970–1971: Football League First Division
 1971–1978: Football League Second Division
 1978–1981: Football League Third Division
 1981–1985: Football League Fourth Division
 1985–1990: Football League Third Division
 1990–1992: Football League Fourth Division
 1992–2000: Football League Second Division
 2000–2001: Football League Third Division
 2001–2004: Football League Second Division
 2004–2007: Football League One
 2007–2010: Football League Championship
 2010–2011: Premier League
 2011–2015: Football League Championship
 2015–2016: Football League One
 2016–2017: English Football League Two
 2017– : English Football League One

Jednotlivé ročníky

Zdroj:

Legenda: Z - zápasy, V - výhry, R - remízy, P - porážky, VG - vstřelené góly, OG - obdržené góly, +/- - rozdíl skóre, B - body, červené podbarvení - sestup, zelené podbarvení - postup, fialové podbarvení - reorganizace, změna skupiny či soutěže

Odkazy

Reference

Externí odkazy

 Seasiders Podcast – Blackpool FC fans podcast
 BBC Sport:
 Rozpis zápasů
 Výsledky
 Tabulka
 Statistika
 Blackpool Rivals
 Blackpool na VitalFootball

Anglické fotbalové kluby
Fotbalové kluby založené v roce 1887
Sport v Lancashiru

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


This project is personal. I first met Floyd in 2015 when he delivered a load of lumber from the sawmill he and his sons operate at their farm in East Barnard. At 97, Floyd claims to be the oldest licensed commercial truck driver in the country. As he dumped the load of rough-cut hemlock, he sized up the driveway I had been grading with a bulldozer.


text:
Iraq - Travels of the President - Travels - Department History
Presidential and Secretaries Travels Abroad
John Foster Dulles Baghdad Met with Prime Minister Madfai and senior Iraqi officials. May 17–18, 1953
Colin Luther Powell Baghdad, Halabja Met with U.S. military and civilian authorities and with the Iraqi Governing Council; also met with Kurdish leaders in Halabja. September 14–15, 2003
Colin Luther Powell Baghdad Met with members of the Coalition Provisional Authority and the Iraqi Governing Council. March 19, 2004
Colin Luther Powell Baghdad Met with President Yawer and Deputy Prime Minister Salih. Returned to Kuwait afterwards. July 30, 2004
Condoleezza Rice Irbil, Baghdad Met with Kurdish political leaders, and with U.S. and Iraqi officials. May 15, 2005
Condoleezza Rice Mosul, Baghdad Met with Prime Minster Jafari and with Iraqi political leaders. November 11, 2005
Condoleezza Rice Baghdad Travelled with British Foreign Secretary Straw and met with Iraqi political leaders. April 2–3, 2006
Condoleezza Rice Baghdad Met with Prime Minister-designate al-Maliki and with Iraqi political leaders. April 26–27, 2006
Condoleezza Rice Baghdad, Irbil Met with Prime Minster al-Maliki and with Kurdish Regional President Barzani. October 5–6, 2006
Condoleezza Rice Baghdad Met with Prime Minister al-Maliki and addressed U.S. Mission personnel. February 17, 2007
Condoleezza Rice Kirkuk, Baghdad Met with members of a civil-military reconstruction team and local politicians in Kirkuk and with the UN Special Representative and with Iraqi political leaders in Baghdad. December 18, 2007
Condoleezza Rice Baghdad Met with Prime Minister al-Maliki and Foreign Minister Zebari. January 15, 2008
Condoleezza Rice Baghdad Met with U.S. Embassy and military personnel and with Iraqi political leaders. April 20, 2008
Condoleezza Rice Baghdad Discussed strategic framework agreement with Iraqi officials. August 21, 2008
Hillary Rodham Clinton Baghdad Met with President Talebani, Prime Minister al-Maliki and senior officials. Visited U.S. military personnel, a Provincial Reconstruction Team, and attended a town meeting. April 25, 2009
John Forbes Kerry Baghdad Met with President Nouri al-Maliki and Iraqi political leaders. March 24–25, 2013
John Forbes Kerry Baghdad, Erbil Met with President Nouri al-Maliki and Iraqi political leaders, and with Kurdistan regional leaders in Erbil. June 23–24, 2014
John Forbes Kerry Baghdad Met with President Fuad Masum, Prime Minister Haidar al-Abadi, Foreign Minister Ibrahim al-Ja'fari, and Council of Representatives Speaker Salim al-Jabouri. September 10, 2014
John Forbes Kerry Baghdad Met with Prime Minister Haider al-Abadi, Foreign Minister Ibrahim al-Jaafari, Council of Representatives Speaker Saleem al Jabouri, and Kurdish Regional Government Prime Minister Nechrivan Barzani. April 8, 2016
Rex W. Tillerson Baghdad Met with Prime Minister Haidar al-Abadi. October 23, 2017
Michael R. Pompeo Baghdad Met with Iraqi Prime Minister Adil Abd al-Mahdi and Iraqi President Barham Salih. May 7, 2019

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Discover your passion! Come dance, act and sing with us.
Rhona has been dancing since the age of four at Los Ayres Dance Studio where she studied ballet, jazz, and hula. From a young age, she has always had a passion for not only dance but also music. From singing to passes, she found a love that blended the two: musical theater where as a teen, she sang and danced in productions such as "Hairspray" and "Grease". In 2015, she attended a jazz and tap master class lead by Julian DeGuzman and Nico DeJesus both who starred in the Broadway musical, Newsies and taught two numbers from that show. At San Jose University, she added modern and tap dance to her training. Rhona's eclectic dance style is inspired by icons such as the classic Gene Kelly to the modern Lady Gaga.
Although she graduated with an Interior Design degree and has established her career as a designer, Rhona considers performing arts as her number one passion and credits her creativity to dance. Currently, she dances in Ballet Petit's adult program as well as in Ray of Light Performing Arts contemporary/Lyrical/Jazz, and musical theater programs. Rhona's Jazz/Tap and Jazz/Funk classes at Ray of Light will teach young dancers rythmic movements of classic and modern styles to encourage self–assurance and self–expression.
© 2018 Ray of Light Performing Arts. All Rights Reserved.


text:
Q: configure error "OpenSSL has unsupported dynamic loading" when building bind9 When trying to build bind from sources, ./configure fails with the following output:
checking for OpenSSL library... using OpenSSL from /usr/local/lib and /usr/local/include
checking whether linking with OpenSSL works... yes
checking whether linking with OpenSSL requires -ldl... unknown
configure: error: OpenSSL has unsupported dynamic loading

I have OpenSSL 1.1.0e in /usr/local and I'm trying to build bind 9.11.0-P3.
How to fix this error?

A: It turns out that bind does not yet support OpenSSL 1.1 (see OPenssl 1.1 and Bind on bind-users mailing list). Installing OpenSSL 1.0.2k and compiling against it solved my issue.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
Interview: Clark talks Kraftwerk, modulars and production
By Future Music (Future Music) 01 August 2012
One of the few remaining cutting-edge acts on the Warp Records roster, Clark returns with his new album Iradelphic, a meticulous fusion of manipulated hardware and live instrumentation featuring female vocals courtesy of ex-Tricky protégé Martina Topley-Bird. The electronic producer is set to play at the annual Bloc Festival in London's Pleasure Gardens this July, giving him the chance to air his new modular setup in a frantic live setting.
You live in Berlin now - what's it like living in the capital of the Electronic music scene?
"The thing is, I don't know whether I'm up to date on the Electronic music scene. I mean, there's a Dubstep night here and a lot of Techno, but that's not my favoured choice. Being here 15 years ago would have been a whole different thing. I've played the Berghain a few times - I dropped Slayer there and it destroyed people. Some were really disapproving of it, which is a reaction I tend to hone in on - either pleasing people or disgusting them."
"I see my music as a combination of German timing and English guts."
Can you still smell Kraftwerk's origins in the German air?
"Kraftwerk oscillators and kick drums? I think that lingers everywhere. It's a very structural culture - you can see why Techno appealed to Germans. I see my music as a combination of German timing and English guts. When it comes to timing the Krauts hardly ever get it wrong. One of my favourite drummers is Jaki Liebezeit from Can, just a total, monstrous clockwork machine."
Were you listening to Kraftwerk as a youngster?
"Yeah, but only in the later phase of their career. When I was 13 they played at a rave called Tribal Gathering. They were just this myth really and I remember begging my mum to let me go. I heard the live set on the radio. At the time I was already into Electronic music - I had a drum machine and synths - but the sound they were creating was kind of otherworldly, yet incredibly mechanical and human. They sounded amazing, even on my crappy clock radio."
Everyone was using mostly the same gear, so how did Kraftwerk get that almost patented sound?
"It's a funny one. I know exactly what you mean. I've been going back to Nico, U-Turn, Ed Rush, Optical and all of that early Drum 'n' Bass, and although it sounds quite uniform compared to Kraftwerk's standard, it doesn't sound like it's made on software - like all Dubstep does now, where you can almost hear the presets being used.
"There was a real sense of discovery with that early Drum 'n' Bass which was down to hardware really and just the way they'd crunk distorted basslines out of synths. I kind of miss that; I much prefer making bass through hardware, it's more satisfying - it's not as stable and it's more unpredictable."
What part of your psyche did Electronic music appeal to?
"I think because, at the time, it was so abstract and had that otherworldly seduction to it. You'd see a band and know that when the guy hit the snare drum it would make a certain sound - it'd be an understatement to say that was predictable. But with Electronic music, you never knew how it was being made.
"I remember hearing all these Amen breaks and thinking it was a drum machine that made them. I was going into record shops and they were saying, "No, it's a sample". I said, "What do you mean it's a sample?" I learned about Electronic music just through pestering people because I never really studied it.
You once said that when you listen to music you just hear numbers, could you expand on that?
"Well, my kind of maths is very basic and intuitive. Music to a degree is maths but what's striking is that it's intuitive maths. I've been studying drums and if you write down the equations in polyrhythms they're incredibly simplistic. If you play five over three and then put a pulse on the seven it's quite a basic equation, but when you learn it through your body it's not basic at all and I'd defy anyone who says it is. It's maths, but through your muscle memory and instinct.
"Something can lose its charm through being perfected. That's like the science versus the art side of it."
"Every kid that's born is like a physics machine. We all know this stuff in our bodies and it's maths that allows us to conceptualise it. I never write music with maths in mind; it just flows from the subconscious, I suppose."
Can you listen to your old material objectively?
"No, not at all. My girlfriend's using three tracks of mine, Black Stone, one from Body Riddle and the first from Clarence Park, which all have piano on them. When I hear them together it feels like they're coming from somewhere that hasn't really changed, somewhere quite permanent. In terms of the other evolutions, though, I don't really know, it sounds like a different person a lot of the time."
What's your own approach to making music?
"You start with a preconceived idea but you'd be foolish to doggedly stick to that when other things suggest themselves. It's like an unfolding process and you just have to watch stuff to an extent and try things out. Every track is made differently - I don't really follow any set rules."
What are your favourite bits in the studio?
"My main thing at the moment is this modular setup that I've been building for about a year. In terms of electronic stuff, that's all I want to use, and then I'm much more into recording real instruments, like piano and drums. So it's either modular or recorded.
"I'm trying to get away from computers as much as I can and just use them to sequence on. The way modular throws things up is incredible really, because on one level it's like programming with Max/MSP but you get that something that I've never been able to get with Reaktor or Max, although I've tried - my brain's simply not wired up like that.
I only half-know what I'm doing; I just got one oscillator at first and I was plugging things into the wrong output, making things feed back and doing wave shaping. It gets incredibly messy, but it's instantly rewarding."
But you still use the PC to bring together what you've created with the modular setup?
"Yeah, I mean usually I master a modular track through one stereo output and then just put it through some valves and a few plug-ins of choice - a few limiters. That's kind of it, and then you've got a finished track, which is really appealing because I'm used to spending a lot of time on endless edits.
It's really liberating because you can write four or five tracks in a day - maybe 20 in a week, although only one of them is any good. A lot of the stuff that modular throws up is very processed-focused and you've got to draw the line somewhere because it can often be very dull to listen to; that's when your ears are essential really. I mean, if you play a track to someone they're not really interested in me wave shaping a sawtooth."
But still there's a lot of technique involved - does that interfere with the creative process?
"The main technical challenges I have are with instruments and timing, like playing the drums and recording. That's why I got so engrossed in it last year, because there's a kind of comfort zone with technology that I've been using for 15 years or more. In some ways it's a bit too easy. That's why I like this new side, such as the piano track on the new album - I'm really at the bottom of that and still exploring it. That's when it becomes exciting, when I'm up against my limits. I think that's how you progress - doing stuff that you're not that practised at is how you improve obviously."
Some artists prefer not to read music or take singing lessons for fear of losing their distinctiveness…
"Yeah, I can definitely identify with that. Something can lose its charm through being perfected. That's like the science versus the art side of it. If you were looking for the most perfect scientific music you'd be listening to pure sine tones - in effect, all music is sine tones distorted by what humans do with them. In essence, music is by nature imperfect distortions of sine tones, so yeah, I'm all for embracing the imperfections and the flaws.
Is there any equipment that hasn't been invented that you'd really like to see?
"Well, with Max/MSP you can pretty much do what you want but I've quite often wanted to use drums in a way that's really loose and not quantised. I'd like software that, instead of quantising and syncing stuff, puts it into a chaotic mess. Audio visual could also make a big leap forward with synths where you can paint melodies and stuff. I think we're at a pretty good point really, though - it's almost greedy to ask for more because you can do pretty much anything these days."
Are you constantly on the lookout for new software applications or hardware? "It kind of ebbs and flows. Sometimes I go through periods of frantically sourcing new stuff but at the moment I'm sticking with what I've got. Instead of having endless takes, where you can edit yourself again and again, I'm trying to do it so I've just got the one take. Computers remove that from music, which I'm not entirely down with. I like doing stuff and knowing that that's all I can do and I can't change it."
"Some people have given the album glowing reviews and others are just disgusted that I'd even try using vocals."
You work on dozens of tracks at a time - when do you decide to collate them into an album?
"Quite often the best stuff rises to the top and sticks in your memory - I like to think that that's the case but in truth it doesn't happen like that. With Body Riddle I was looking for one track to complete it and I just couldn't find it. I tend to send stuff to mates and the track Night Knuckles, which I wrote when I was 19, came up and that completed the album. That's quite scary - when you've got so much material you forget about parts of the jigsaw.
Having loads of music is stressful, which is why releasing albums is good because you manage to purge yourself. I tend to keep most stuff but put it on a dusty hard disk and forget about it - I'm a bit of a hoarder."
Your new album Iradelphic appears to have more of a blend of acoustic and electronic elements - was that deliberate?
"That was the concept from the beginning but it took a lot of time to get the textures right so that it felt like a hot fusion rather than detached. That came through using a lot of valves and tape and heavy processing, which gave the album its flavour. The acoustic element started with Body Riddle really, but it was talked up a bit more than the reality of it, in the sense that Iradelphic is a much more acoustic album and has passages that have been totally unedited and not doctored at all, whereas Body Riddle was very heavily processed."
Do you feel the acoustic element brings more emotion to the music?
"I'm not sure. It brings out a different colour of emotion - it softens things a bit and it's a bit less abstract. I'm in no way trying to disregard my origins, though - I'm still massively into electronic stuff. The guitar is played and there's a harpsichord as well, particularly on The Pining Pt II, although some people think it's a guitar, which is weird."
A number of the tracks feature female vocals; was this an attempt to broaden the spectrum of your sound?
"It wasn't a deliberate move to make the album appeal to more people, it's just that I had my own vocals on this track and they weren't really cutting it. I was wondering who could nail it and Martina Topley-Bird came to mind. So I got in touch with her just on the off-chance and she was really up for collaborating on it. It all happened really naturally. She came over and we had a proper studio session - I much prefer doing it like that, I think it's more fruitful. I'm not sure if it's something I'd want to carry on doing but for those two tracks it seemed to work perfectly."
Were you concerned that the vocals would distract the listener from the sound design aspect of your music?
"That's a fair comment. I kind of predicted I was going to get flak from all sides with this album. Some people have given it glowing reviews and others are just disgusted that I'd even try using vocals - I'm destined to divide people. I quite enjoy it to be honest and I'm so used to it - the more albums you release the more people you piss off with whatever direction you choose to take.
"I do agree to a point, though, and I'd like to release instrumentals of those tracks. There's a bit in the middle of the track where Martina's voice drops out and the sound design takes over, and it took a while to get happy with that because when the voice is removed it feels like there's a gap there. It's a real challenge to fill that gap with electronics that are up there with the vocal."
Are you the kind of artist who likes to get feedback on your music?
"Not really - I just give it a cursory glance. It's like if someone's talking to you over the garden fence; it's only human to want to know what they're saying. But I certainly don't let it distract me and it's only ever when I'm releasing music - it's like, here we go again, I've suddenly got all this weird attention. I'm glad when that period of initial promo is over. "Most people are really respectful of my music and if they don't like it then that's fair enough. I'm not looking for ubiquity but I think that you're in a dangerous place if you start writing with a certain audience in mind. It's that classic thing - if you don't like it you don't have to listen to it [laughs]. Personally, I don't watch films that I don't like - I watch films that I do like."
When do you know that it's time to finish or let go of an album?
"I think it's time to let go when you start ruining tracks by doing anything to them, and that was almost happening with Iradelphic - I just had so many mixes. Then finally I had it on over some laptop speakers and my mate was really into it but I didn't want to listen to it anymore, which just made me think, 'That's it, it's done'.
"It's like listening through other people's ears. In its purest form it's a really beautiful feeling and quite often I'll watch films again thinking, 'Would one of my mates like this?' I watch it from their viewpoint, but it's quite weird when it's your music. I don't really like listening to my music in the company of friends - it's like being caught having sex."
Some people say only you can make the music that you want to hear?
"I think that's true. It sounds quite brutal but quite often, when I meet people who want to write music, they want to sound like someone else and they're almost a bit too reverent of other people. It's a really endearing quality to have as a person, but as an artist you have to ultimately be dissatisfied with what you hear - if you're satisfied with just consuming music you're lucky really.
I'm envious of people who can enjoy music without wanting to challenge it or add something different of their own. That's a luxury that you can't have as an artist. I'm not complaining, I love it, but I do feel like I'm filling in a gap and that what I release is in some way unique. Generally, I listen to stuff that's nothing like what I do - from the far reaches of the musical universe."
Looking to the future, how do you intend to develop or who would you like to collaborate with?
"I don't really know, I just want to carry on growing and challenging myself. I can't really see where it's going at the moment - it's a mess, but it's a fertile mess. I don't intend to collaborate in the immediate future, I'm more centred on what I'm doing first and then if anyone of interest comes my way I'll sound them out. I'd like to get Chuck D and Scott Walker in a room together.
I've been in contact with a few directors who I like, but I'd have to see the film. The guy who directed District 9 is a fan of my work and I'm a massive fan of District 9. I'd also love to work with Gaspar Noé, who did the film Enter the Void. If something came my way I'd definitely like to give it a go."
Will you be taking the album out on the road and are you starting to enjoy playing live?
"Yeah, I'm doing loads of gigs around Europe to support the album, which will be fun. I've started enjoying it a lot more since I got this modular setup. There will be new tracks that I'm playing out of Ableton that are being mixed on the fly, but then the modular stuff is purely improvised on the spot. There's oscillators and drum machines and I'm controlling it as it's happening which is really exciting because you don't know what could happen - it could all kind of go quite wrong.
The main thing that can go wrong when you're playing live is the music stopping, so quite often I'll stop a track halfway through to see what that fear feels like. It's weird - people tend to cheer when you stop the music. It's a good way of getting over the fear of silence and its fun to play on the audience's expectations - my live shows are generally pretty raw."
Clark's album Iradelphic is out now and available to download at warp.net
21 greatest drum intros


Prepare brownie mix according to package directions. Spoon batter in 9-inch springform pan, lined with parchment paper.
Bake 15-18 minutes. Reduce oven temperature to 325°.
In large bowl, beat cream cheese and cornstarch together until fluffy. Gradually beat in condensed milk, vanilla and eggs.
Add peanut butter and mix well, being careful not to overmix. Pour filling over baked brownie.
Wrap pan in foil and place in a low-sided (jellyroll) baking pan and place in oven. Add one cup hot water to pan.
Bake 45 to 50 minutes or until center is almost set. Turn oven off. Let cheesecake cool in oven 30 minutes.
Remove cheesecake from oven and cool for one hour; loosen cheesecake around the pan and chill in the refrigerator. Remove ring from springform pan.
In small saucepan, melt chips with shortening; stir until smooth. Spread chocolate glaze over top and sides of cheesecake.
Garnish with candy Buckeyes. Chill one hour and serve.


Squash Flower Quesadillas and a little lesson on the birds and the bees…..
The nutty, buttery, and delicate flavor of squash blossoms makes for a delicious appetizer or meal when added to some stone ground corn tortillas, cheese, and fresh herbs.
Squash blossoms are often eaten in Mexico and Italy. They can be used in anything from omelettes, to soups, stews and pizza. Often they are stuffed with fresh goat's cheese, mozzarella or ricotta or dipped in a milk/egg mixture, lightly floured and fried. If you don't have a garden, don't despair, you can often find these at farmers markets, Latin grocery stores or specialty markets.
No school bells means more time in the garden and more time in the garden means more cooking! I set the alarm extra early today to make sure I would catch my squash blooms fully open. I had great intentions but I snoozed, and snoozed, and…well you get the picture and before I knew it it was 7:00 A.M.! I threw on my boots, put my hair in a baseball cap and I was out the door with a garden basket in hand determined to cook up some squash blossom quesadillas for dinner.
In this Texas heat, squash blossoms do not stay open very long. It is best to harvest them while the morning is still fresh and cool to avoid damaging the blooms in attempts to pry them open and prepare them.
Male flowers grow on a long narrow stem. You can also tell the two apart by looking at the reproductive organs found in the center of the flower. The female flowers contain the stigma. The female part, or stigma, generally looks like a flower in its own right. It has several "bumpy structures" that cluster around a central opening. It also has a swollen bottom called an ovule.
The male part, or the anther, are longer and thinner and the base of the bloom is not swollen, rather just attached to the stem.
Once you have picked your male blooms leaving some for pollination, it's time to prep your blooms. You'll want to pick a fair amount of blooms. For about 4 quesadillas you should have about 30-40 blooms. This may seem like a lot, but once cooked it really is very little.
Rinse in cool water, snip bottom off the bloom and slit down the middle to remove the anther and stem. Flatten out flowers as you go and put aside.
I will be using these later for our dinner, so in this case the best way to store them is to place the slightly dampened and prepped blossoms on a paper towel within a plastic bag, laying flat and placed in fridge till ready to cook.
I had some beekeeping and chicken chores to tend to and returned hours later from the garden with cilantro and jalapeños as well as onions and garlic from our curing table. Our onion and garlic harvest was less than hoped for due to the heavy Texas' rains March through May that drowned many of them.
Chop onion, garlic, cilantro and jalapeno.
Prepare the Oaxaca cheese by slicing thin or chopping up. It melts relatively quickly and can be fun to eat when fully melted into a stringy and gooey mess.
Oaxaca cheese is white, semi-hard cheese from Mexico. It reminds me of Monterey jack with a mozzarella like string cheese texture. Its name comes from the state of Oaxaca in southern Mexico where it was first made. The Dominican monks brought the string cheese process originally from Italy to Mexico. In Italy they produced mozzarella, but goat milk was unavailable so they used cow milk instead. When you remove cheese from package, you will notice the Oaxaca resembles a ball of yarn. Once pulled apart, you can see ribbons of cheese that have a striking resemblance to mozzarella string cheese.
Heat a skillet and have corn tortillas ready to go. These are fresh hand made corn tortillas my garden helper made this morning while I was out and about doing chores.
Place 2 teaspoons of olive oil in a skillet, add onions and garlic and sauté.
Add chopped squash blossoms. Be careful not to overcook as I did. Once onion and garlic are done, turn stove off, add blossoms and toss lightly. Turning heat off and gently tossing will help keep the vibrant and beautiful color and shape.
Place corn tortilla on hot griddle (comal) and fill with cheese and blossom mixture, cover with additional tortilla. Check for a golden brown and flip. Continue to cook till cheese is fully melted. Flip to avoid scorching or burning.
I personally like my corn tortillas extra brown as it brings out a nice smokey flavor.
Cut in quarters, garnish with cilantro and add jalapeño for a little extra kick! Great as an appetizer or add a side of black beans or charro/boracho beans and some avocado and you have a meal!
Tip: Here are a couple of ways to keep leftover cilantro fresh: Place in clean cool water in a cup or glass and keep it on kitchen counter and change water daily. You may also keep in in a glass of water, place a zip plastic bag over it and zip both ends at bottom (or use a rubber band to keep encapsulate), place in fridge and change out water every few days.
Always remember your chickens ! Our brood loves our veggie scraps.
Keep it real & keep it local!


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Building a diverse MedComms workforce: Including people with (in)visible disabilities
Business management, Careers support
MedComms companies are striving to build a truly diverse workforce, which should translate into real benefits for the business and also improve the well-being of individuals within the business. Importantly, it should also directly inform and improve the services we deliver, which, after all, are intended for very diverse audiences. In recent years, there has been a greater focus on gender, ethnicity and race, though other characteristics are sometimes forgotten about. Examples include visible (and invisible) disabilities, neurodiversity, gender identity and expression, caring responsibilities, and socio-economic circumstances.
In this webinar, we hear some personal stories and experiences that will encourage us all to think about how well we support each other in practice, and about how MedComms can offer career opportunities for all – free from prejudice and discrimination. Jayne Carey-George is Scientific Director at Sciterion and was born with severe-to-profound hearing loss. Hayley Hubberstey is the Director of Patient Engagement at COUCH Health. She has recently been diagnosed with ADHD, has experienced herself and cared for others with long term health conditions. Simon Stones is Medical Writer at Envision Pharma Group who has been a carer and has coped with psoriatic arthritis, inflammatory bowel disease, and a number of other conditions since childhood. All have successful careers in MedComms. What challenges have they faced along the way and what practical advice can they offer employers and employees? Please help generate further discussion and action to make MedComms the equitable, diverse, and inclusive workplace it should be.
Recorded 30 November 2022 as a MedComms Networking webinar. Produced by NetworkPharma.tv
Jayne's LinkedIn page is at https://www.linkedin.com/in/jayne-carey-george-9147b24/
Find out more about Sciterion at https://sciterion.com/
Hayley's LinkedIn page is at https://www.linkedin.com/in/hayleyhubberstey/
Find out more about COUCH Health at https://couchhealth.agency/
Simon's LinkedIn page is at https://www.linkedin.com/in/simonstones/
Find out more about Envision Pharma Group at https://www.envisionpharmagroup.com/
NOTE we used a human captioner, Jeanette Christian during this webinar. If you would like to know more about the captioning service, see https://www.1capapp.com/ or email Jeannette directly on jeanette@1capapp.com


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« A detour in the Adirondack tourist train debate
Remembering 9/11 in Canada and Ottawa »
The In Box Home
Ritchie calls for a president at every SUNY campus
by Martha Foley on September 7th, 2011
This just in from state Sen. Patty Ritchie's office, re. the plan to merge presidencies at SUNY campuses in Canton and Potsdam:
RITCHIE LEGISLATION: A PRESIDENT FOR EVERY SUNY COLLEGE
Ritchie is the chair of the Senate Agriculture Committee. The legislation, which her press release says has bipartisan support in both the Senate and Assembly, would protect Canton and other SUNY schools with roots on the farm from the university system's "shared leaders" plan.
She writes:
Our SUNY campuses each are unique, and they've been successful thanks to strong, dynamic, independent leadership. But that success is threatened by this plan which would combine colleges with little in common in terms of their mission, history and character.
While I support the goal of maximizing the use of taxpayer and tuition dollars, and finding ways to share services and lower costs, combining the leadership of two colleges with vastly different missions and character goes a step too far.
Ritchie's bill goes a couple big steps further, too. It would give each local college council the authority to approve or reject the chancellor's choice to lead a school.
SUNY Canton President Joe Kennedy's being forced out of his longtime post by the planned merger of the Canton and Potsdam shared presidency, which has been widely panned(here – and here) in both Canton and Potsdam. In an interview airing today on NCPR, he said he has a hard time seeing how the shared presidency would work to the benefit of either the campus cultures or finances. He also said he expected the community and politicians weigh in on the shared presidency.
Tags: education, politics, stlv
5 Comments on "Ritchie calls for a president at every SUNY campus"
Jim Bullard says:
They could share resources but I think a shared presidency is a knuckle-headed idea. I tried to arrange to teach a Photoshop course through Continuing Ed at SUNY Potsdam several years ago. They didn't have a computer lab with Photoshop on the computers. I approached SUNY Canton and they had a suitable lab but no Continuing Ed program. Sadly there wasn't any arrangement for SUNY P to arrange a class at SUNY C. I suspect there are other examples and I don't think a shared president is the answer. I'm sure he/she would be much too busy to get involved in arranging Continuing Ed classes. What they need is greater coordination at lower levels.
Two Cents says:
knuckleheadedliberal says:
Actually Jim it wasn't my idea but I do want to know what the savings will be in salary costs. Isn't it funny that so often when organizations want to cut costs it is the lower level workers who get canned. When a top level person gets canned the solution is to pass a law against it.
Mervel says:
I don't think this has to do with costs but I could be wrong.
How many other SUNY's are combining presidents? How does SUNY Canton's financial situation compare with other SUNY's who are not losing their identity as an institution, because that is what this means. Maybe it is needed, but this is not just sharing costs this is creating a new institution and getting rid of two others, this is a merger.
Well, isn't a merger about cutting costs? Otherwise why merge. I believe there are at least a couple of other of these mergers within the SUNY system. My guess is that they are similar situations where schools have developed within close proximity and sharing services may cut costs. But I'm just guessing.


For the hearts challenge, I started with some made fabric rectangles, cut them into 24 half-heart shapes, sewed them into hearts, added backs, then stuffed them, embellished them, added pin backs and have mailed them to a some friends.
Lucky friends - these are gorgeous.
Sweet. Wish I was on the friends list.
As I was adding the daisies to each one, I noticed how each contains a unique arrangement of the scrap strips, each interesting in their own way.
I was lucky enough to get one of these beauties which are so so lovely in person thanks to Sophie's generous nature and just being an all round sweetie!


Hi! It's been a while since I posted on craftster. But here is my latest purse- complete with origami owl decoration. I created the owl in true origami fashion- from a single square- but of course I had to stitch it together, because it is fabric! Let me know what you think!
Wow, I bet that took some patience! Good job!


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Melissa M. Cybulski
Longmeadow During the 1918 Influenza Epidemic
Area schools, including Longmeadow, closed their doors on September 27th, 1918 in an effort to stop the spread of the deadly illness. 102 years later our community and schools are struggling with how to respond to a new and totally different virus.
What role did World War I troops stationed in Boston, Springfield, and West Springfield play?
What about the Boston Red Sox?
Did you know a Tent Hospital was established in Forest Park to deal with the overflow of patients at area hospitals?
In addition to newspaper articles of the period, old Annual Town Reports offers a wealth of information on a variety of topics since 1855 when our collection begins. In the 128 pages of the 1918 report, only two short paragraphs give mention to the global pandemic which ravaged the world in the waning months of the Great War.
School Committee Meeting Minutes, October 1918
In the Board of Health's section of the report, it is stated simply, "Our community has been visited during the past year with the usual contagious diseases. But the general health of the community at large has been quite good. The epidemic of influenza that swept over the country was quite successfully combated; 75 cases being reported with 7 deaths."
On September 24, 2020, Melissa Cybulski presented her research about life in Longmeadow during the 1918 influenza outbreak. Click here to view the video.
Contributed by Melissa M. Cybulski, Board member, Longmeadow Historical Society


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The Invention of Murder. How the Victorians Revelled in Death and Detection and Created Modern Crime
By Judith Flanders
Published Feb 2011
'Pleasure it is, no doubt, to drink tea with your sweetheart, but most disagreeable to find her bubbling in the tea-urn.' So wrote Thomas de Quincey in 1826, and it is hard not to agree. What was pleasant, he thought, was to read about someone else's sweetheart bubbling in the urn.
Over the course of the nineteenth century, murder – a rarity in life – became ubiquitous: transformed into novels, into broadsides and ballads, into theatre and melodrama and opera – even into puppet shows and performing-dog acts. Detective fiction and the new police force developed in parallel, each imitating the other – the founders of Scotland Yard gave rise to Dickens' Inspector Bucket, the first fictional police detective, who in turn influenced Sherlock Holmes and, ultimately, even P.D. James and Patricia Cornwell.
In this meticulously researched and compellingly written exploration of a century of murder, Judith Flanders explores some of the most gripping and gruesome cases, both famous and obscure: from Greenacre, who transported his dismembered fiancée around London by omnibus, to Burke and Hare's body business in Edinburgh; from the tragedy of orphans left to die of neglect in 'baby-farms', to Eleanor Pearcey, who murdered her lover's wife and child, only for the lover to sell his moustache to Madame Tussaud's to give that vital touch of authenticity to his own waxwork after her execution. The modern age is heralded by the case of Tawell the Quaker, the first murderer caught by telegraph, and the perennially notorious Jack the Ripper, the savagery of his crimes setting new standards of horror.
Flanders uses the stories of murder – from the brutal to the pathetic – to build up a rich and multi-faceted portrait of Victorian society. Filled to the brim with swindlers, forgers, poisoners and all-round bad hats, The Invention of Murder is both a gripping tale of crime and punishment, and history at its most readable.
Other books by Judith Flanders
A Place for Everything. The Story of Alphabetical Order
Christmas: A Biography
A Cast of Vultures
A Bed of Scorpions
The Making of Home
A Murder of Magpies
The Victorian City: Everyday Life in Dickens' London
A Circle of Sisters
The Victorian House: Domestic Life from Childbirth to Deathbed
Consuming Passions


According to the US Legal Code, you are innocent of a felony until proven otherwise by a court of law. It is for this reason that you need to hire an experienced Defense Attorney Naples to defend you regardless of the type of crime you have been accused of. Criminal defense attorneys are trained and experienced in criminal law, and as such are able to provide you with the best defense in order to guarantee a favorable outcome.
Being charged with a crime, for example, possession with intent to sell, assault and battery, embezzlement, criminal threat and domestic battery can be a frightening and confusing moment. Nevertheless, it is crucial that you find a reputable criminal defense attorney as soon as possible. By doing so, you can rest assured that the attorney will apply his/her expertise into ensuring that the charges against you are either dismissed, or a lesser sentence handed down by the presiding judge.
1. Talk to a couple of your close friends and colleagues about the criminal charges that have been preferred against you and request them to refer an attorney who is experienced in criminal law to help defend you against the charges. On the other hand, if you have in the past utilized the services of a family lawyer or an estate planning attorney for simply things like writing a will, you can ask them to recommend a criminal law attorney to you.
The American Bar Association website is another great source of information that you can use when searching for an experienced criminal defense lawyer.
2. Next, get in touch with the attorneys that have been recommended to you and request for an interview. The first appointment is usually free, and as such you should be able to meet at least 3 to 4 Defense Attorney Naples. Try to ask as many questions as possible during the consultation so as to make certain that you are making the right decision in hiring the attorney.