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17 young research talents off to foreign top institutes thanks to Rubicon
17 researchers who have recently received their PhDs can do their research at foreign research institutes thanks to a Rubicon grant from NWO. The Rubicon programme gives young, highly promising researchers the opportunity to gain international research experience.
They will investigate, amongst other things, the survival of the first world language, using the immune system to combat cancer, the effectiveness of psychotherapy for specific disorders, and materials inspired by nature.
Thanks to the Rubicon grant, these young researchers can do their research at top institutes like Harvard University and Stanford University. Fifteen Rubicon researchers will go abroad for a period of 24 months, one for 14 months and another for 12 months. For many researchers, experience abroad is an important step in their career. The awards are for the second funding round of 2018.
A total of 81 researchers submitted a proposal for Rubicon, of which 34 women and 47 men. The overall award rate was 21%. The award rate was 14.7% for women and 25.5% for men. Eleven laureates are going to the United States, two to the United Kingdom, one to Switzerland and one to Australia. For many researchers, experience abroad is an important step in their career.
With a Rubicon grant researchers can conduct research for a period up to 24 months at a foreign research institute. The size of the grant depends on the destination chosen and the length of stay. NWO is able to fund around 60 young researchers through Rubicon every year (for a total sum of 7 million euros, spread over three rounds).
Summaries awarded grants 2018-2
NWO-wide Social Sciences and Humanities Applied and Engineering Sciences Exact and Natural Sciences
Dhr. drs. J.S. Voskuilen +31 (0)70 3440989 rubicon@nwo.nl
Mw. P. Savenije (voor mediavragen) t: +31 (0)6 83 89 37 13 p.savenije@nwo.nl


You should not let a dental issue to make you have a low self-esteem, ensure that you choose a procedure that will keep you well placed as this is very essential. Visiting the right cosmetic dental professional will ensure that you are able to get corrective procedures that will ensure that you get an enhanced appearance and this will play a great role in your self-esteem. You will realize that in the city, you will come across many cosmetic dentist, therefore you will need to choose a professional who will ensure that you get all the attention that you would deserve for your dentals. Here are some of the main things that you need to look at before you get a professional to offer you the services on your dental.
Take time to check the reviews that have been offered by various sites so that you know the best one of them that will be great for you. Take time to look at the various reviews of the different users so that you know the kind of services that are offered in this case. Get more information about how past clients experienced so that you know how you are going to get the various services, this is very important. The experience is another thing that you need to be very sensitive about as this is essential for the kind of services that you will be offered.
After knowing that you require cosmetic dentistry services, then it is time to look for those clinics which have the kind of services you need and look whether you will be getting every bit of it. In fact, you are supposed to be aware of the kind of services you will be getting from the clinic. Be sure that whichever clinic you involve with doesn't lack any of the facilities that you might require. Some clinic will lack some facilities since they might not have invested in enough equipment for operating some procedures. Ensure you are getting all the packages of the services you need and this way, you will not move from one clinic to the other t you will settle with only one clinic.
Some clinics give closing and opening hours which means they might not be available when you need their help. Many patients who search for clinics will be specific that they do not need any clinics which only offer services for limited hours because they know what it means and they just might get inconvenienced. At some point after the cosmetic dental procedure, something might go wrong, and you ask for dentist attention even when it is late at night. It is only a clinic which operates throughout for 24/7 which will deliver such services when you get an emergency.


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What Is the Population of Horses in the United States?
Written by Lex Basu
© Anaite/Shutterstock.com
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Horses have been a great help and support to us in creating and molding our modern civilization.
Horses have been very useful and important in the history of United States from the time of its foundation.
Currently there are more than 7 million horses living scattered across the United States.
Horses (Equus caballus) are amongst the most beautiful animals in the world, and are synonymous to speed, power and endurance. Cultures and civilizations have thrived because of horses being easy to domesticate. Horses have been used as means to transport people, build and carry heavy materials and structures, pull carts and carriages, and in agriculture. Now-a-days horses are kept for exercising and riding activities, games and horse racing purposes, many police departments and armies also have horse riding divisions.
In the United States, they're an important part of the country's history and culture.
Meet the Horse
Horses helped the U.S. become a developed country. In early days, people used horses for transportation, farm work, hunting, fighting in wars, and delivery services. Cowboys relied on their horses when herding cattle, traveling, or patrolling their territory. Horses have long been valued for their willingness to work with humans and the emotional bonds they share with us. Half work animal and half pet, the horse holds a unique position in North American culture.
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There are nearly 8 million horses of various species in the United States.
©Horse Crazy/Shutterstock.com
Where do horses live?
Horses are plentiful in every state of the country. Some are farm horses, some are racehorses, and others are owned by people who love them as pets. Horses are highly adaptable and can live in a wide variety of environments.
Pasture grass and young plants are a horse's favorite foods. These are also what horses in the wild primarily eat. Horses also eat hay, grains, oats, salts, and minerals.
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What is their population in the United States?
There are about 7.7 million horses in the U.S.
There are about 459,526 horse farms that house a total population of 2,850,000 horses. While getting exact figures of wild animals can be difficult, getting exact counts of domestic animals is comparatively easy. For these numbers, we relied on horse organizations, including the American Horse Council, and other reliable sources. These numbers are for all breeds of horses.
Alabama: 114,300
Alaska: 9,100
Arizona: 142,000
California: 535,000
California may be known for Hollywood and the tech industry, but it has large patches of rural farmland, and horses are seen all over the state's farms and ranches.
Colorado: 265,000
Horses are very popular in Colorado, which has a long history of ranching and rodeo riding. Horses have long been a favorite way to visit Colorado's vast mountains and canyons.
Connecticut: 40,400
Delaware: 8,000
Delaware is a small state that is big on horses. With 8,000 of them, it is one of the most densely populated areas for horses in the country.
Florida: 387,000
Georgia: 133,000
Hawaii: 6,000
Hawaii has a unique ecosystem that differs from most of the continental U.S., but Hawaiians are as likely to enjoy horses as anyone else.
Idaho: 125,000
Illinois: 150,000
Indiana: 173,000
Iowa: 44,000
Kansas: 139,000
Kentucky: 238,000
Few states are as associated with horses and horse breeding as this one. Kentucky is home to the famous Kentucky Derby, which some people have called the "most exciting three minutes in sports." Lexington is known as the horse capital of the world, and Shelbyville is considered the saddlebred horse capital of the world. Kentucky's horse farms are famous for their beauty and the outstanding quality of horses they produce.
Louisiana: 120,500
Maine: 28,600
Maryland: 101,500
Like Kentucky, Maryland has a long association with horse racing and horse breeding. While the industry no longer holds a prominent place in the state's economy, Maryland still has many scenic horse farms. The state hosts several major steeplechase and other horse-related events every year.
Massachusetts: 30,000
Michigan: 190,000
Minnesota: 146,000
Mississippi: 87,400
Missouri: 230,000
Montana: 104,900
Montana is ranch country, and ranchers still spend days on horseback with their cattle. Most people in the state use horses for pleasure riding, however, and horse breeding is a major part of the state's economy. The state is home to the Montana Wild Horse Sanctuary.
Nebraska: 117,000
Nevada: 41,200
Nevada is home to some of the country's most exotic scenery. Its vast deserts and rugged canyons are home to a huge variety of wild animals, including thousands of wild horses and wild burros. It also has many domesticated horses.
The Clydesdale horse is one of the tallest horses.
©OlesyaNickolaeva/Shutterstock.com
New Hampshire: 11,700
New Jersey: 59,400
New Mexico: 113,500
New York: 154,000
North Carolina: 205,200
North Carolina's Outer Banks are home to several herds of wild horses.
North Dakota: 47,000
Ohio: 256,000
Oklahoma: 253,000
Oregon: 135,200
Pennsylvania: 223,600
Rhode Island: 2,600
South Carolina: 73,600
South Dakota: 96,500
Tennessee: 165,800
Texas: 767,000
Texas has a reputation as cowboy country, and that is borne out by its large number of horses. Texas hosts thousands of horse-related events each year, including rodeos, horse and cattle shows, and more.
Utah: 96,400
Vermont: 19,800
Vermont's state animal is the Morgan horse, which was bred in Vermont.
Virginia: 183,600
Virginia has a long association with hunt club racing, and it is home to many stunning horse farms. Virginia's small town of Middleburg is nicknamed "horse country" because it hosts dozens of important races. Many of the proceeds from these races go to various charities.
Washington: 197,200
West Virginia: 69,800
Wisconsin: 150,300
Wyoming: 78,600
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These horses can reach speeds of around 40 miles per hour. Their back legs are particularly long, which amplifies thrust as they gallop.
Lex Basu
Lex is a green-living, tree-hugging, animal-lover, who at one time was the mother to twenty one felines and one doggo. Now she helps pet owners around the globe be the best caretakers for their most trusting companions by sharing her experience and spreading love.
Which states have the most horses?
Oklahoma: 253,00
What Is the Population of Wild Horses in the United States?
Wild horses live on the open range. Free from corrals or stables, these untamed equines form large herds that travel together. A horse herd is usually headed by an older mare, who controls the herd and decides where it is going. The males are there to protect the herd and mate with the other mares.
The leader of the herd is a mare, usually the oldest. She may be weaker than the males and other mares, but she still dominates the herd.
There are around 90,000 wild horses in the U.S. Roughly half of them live in Nevada, which is home to the famed Virginia Range herd. There are several places to see wild horses:
Theodore Roosevelt National Park, North Dakota
Tonto National Forest in Arizona
Dugway, Utah, home of the Unaqui herd
Pryor Mountains in Montana and Wyoming
Outer Banks, North Carolina
Assateague Island, Maryland
Chincoteague Island, Virginia
Sand Wash Basin, Colorado
Cumberland Island, Georgia
Steens Mountain Wilderness Area, Oregon, home of the Kiger Mustang herd
Horsey Hooves, Available here: https://horseyhooves.com/wild-horses-in-america/
Horse Council, Available here: https://www.horsecouncil.org/press-releases/us-horse-population-statistics/
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Your commitment to GENI helps make the world work for everyone. Your financial support is critical to us. Your contribution enables the ongoing education, research, and advocacy of this global strategy for peace and sustainable development.
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Loved the luscious red colour of these pomegranates on the linen tablecloth.
I recently visited a friend on her farm and enjoyed painting this cow standing in the sunlight.
These "calliope" eggplants made a nice contrast to the white bowl.
To buy this painting click here to bid.


Remarkable progress in Korea: How did they get there?
A rise from rags to riches-literally- this is the Republic of Korea's story. Being one of the poorest countries in Asia almost 60 years ago, Korea has made amazing rapid transformation in its economic and development growth making it a pillar and beacon of hope in the Asian region and the world at large.
With its Ministry of Foreign affairs announcing an earmark ofmore than 1-billion U.S. dollars for foreign aid next year,Korea plans to spend around 930-million dollars on direct bilateral aid in 2015, and about 280-million dollars in indirect aid through international organizations; 11 percent of portion targeted on agriculture and fisheries systems, reports Arirang News.
"Korea's transformation from a post-war conflict stage to OECD membership in two generations is remarkable."
How did Korea get there? What did it do differently? What can be learned and applied that would fit the context of different countries dealing with more or less the same problems that the Republic of Korea has dealt with?
The Korean delegation humble in their response, reminded us that they are interested in teaching and learning from others. It took hard work, rising up again when they failed, and consistency in engaging communities to pull off the rapid transformation they have experienced. The delegation shared that the Korean government recognized early enough that it had to encourage and motivate its people in order to move forward.
Agricultural cooperatives for example were set up as early as the 1960s and the government set up a savings campaign arming households with a way of saving their earnings. Rural development Administration offices were established; and this was an extension in transfer of technologies to rural farmers through selection from various villages; thus building a cooperative and communal spirit.
Investments were made in the public sector not only with physical infrastructure, but by providing education for allwhich increased the literacy rate, enabling farmers in the rural communities to be empowered and innovative in competing for government support for their projects.
The Korean delegation admitted that access to rural finance was a challenge because of the land reform. In crossing that slippery bridge, Korea notes that overcoming that challenge brought about the green revolution and increase in production in a short period of time. The Korean government began a market expansion process and remained consistent in recognizing the rural markets.
It is interesting that Korea's progress ties in with key elements of IFAD's post 2015 MDG goals as expressed by Acting Associate Vice-President of IFAD's Strategy and Knowledge Department, Gary Howe.
Too good to be true? It does sound so. However, the Korean delegation admitting their faults and failures was reassuring and so other member states should not feel alone. It is in the getting up again after a fall that will be the true test of progress and prosperity.


BMC Health Serv Res. 2016 Oct 18;16(1):586.
Implementation of the Quebec mental health reform (2005-2015).
Fleury MJ1,2, Grenier G3, Vallée C4, Aubé D5, Farand L6, Bamvita JM3, Cyr G3.
Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, 845 Sherbrooke Street, Montreal, H3A 0G4, Quebec, Canada. flemar@douglas.mcgill.ca.
Douglas Mental Health University Institute Research Centre, 6875 LaSalle Blvd., Montreal, Quebec, H4H 1R3, Canada. flemar@douglas.mcgill.ca.
Douglas Mental Health University Institute Research Centre, 6875 LaSalle Blvd., Montreal, Quebec, H4H 1R3, Canada.
Rehabilitation Department, Laval University, Quebec, Quebec, GIV 0A6, Canada.
Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, Laval University, National Public Health Institute of Québec, Quebec, Quebec, GIV 0A6, Canada.
Department of Health Administration, Policy and Evaluation, School of Public Health, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, H3T 3J7, Canada.
This study evaluates implementation of the Quebec Mental Health (MH) Reform (2005-2015) which aimed to improve accessibility, quality and continuity of care by developing primary care and optimizing integrated service networks. Implementation of MH primary care teams, clinical strategies for consolidating primary care, integration strategies to improve collaboration between primary care and specialized services, and facilitators and barriers related to these measures were examined.


Last month I had posted a blog about the behind the scenes to my Frick Park adventure. Now I will be sharing some of the shots I had gotten from that day. It was cold and everything was freshly covered in snow. The reflections on the water were beautiful! All the ice and snow mixed together made very interesting scenes to photograph. Although I am not partial to snow, cold, and dead nature, this adventure was actually quite fun and rewarding. I can't wait to see Frick Park in the summer and fall as well! Enjoy the photos!
If you missed it, make sure to check out my behind the scenes from Frick Park!


We all know that childhood obesity is at epidemic proportions. And we all know that establishing good nutrition and wellness behaviors in children is important. No one knows this better than SCSD #1 Food Services Manager Gail Wilkerson. Yesterday, Gail and her staff rolled out a new interactive website for our students and families. Saying that I was amazed at the information you could gather at one website might be an understatement. The website has school menus, DOE Meal applications, and the serving times for our cafeterias. It also has nutrition and fitness information, the District Wellness Policy, and interactive games to help kids gain new fitness and nutrition knowledge. You can also check your student's lunch balance through the PowerSchool Internet Viewer.
One of our ongoing goals at SCSD #1 is to improve our communication. This website is a quantum leap forward for our students and parents interested in nutrition and fitness. Way to go Gail and the food services staff!
This entry was posted in School Nutrition and tagged Nutrition Website. Bookmark the permalink.
Thanks to Gail and her staff for making this happen. Good work!! The progress our district has made in improving the overall education envronment in the last year is amazing.


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Voters cast their ballots at the Winnona Precinct at Columbia Theological Seminary's Richard Center at 701 S. Columbia Drive in Decatur on Tuesday, Nov. 5, 2019. JOHN SPINK/JSPINK@AJC.COM
Problem with new election equipment delays voting in Georgia counties
Mark Niesse, The Atlanta Journal-Constitution
A glitch with Georgia's new voter check-in computers caused delays in most of the six counties testing it, causing some precincts to stay open late to accommodate voters who left without casting their ballots.
The problem occurred in at least four of the six counties where the new voting system was being tested Tuesday before it's rolled out statewide to 7.4 million registered voters during the March 24 presidential primary. Most Georgia voters were still using the state's 17-year-old voting technology Tuesday.
Poll workers weren't able to create voter access cards on new voting check-in computers manufactured by KnowInk. Those cards activate touchscreen voting machines so that they display the ballot associated with the jurisdictions where voters are registered.
In Decatur County, near the Florida border, some voters waited 45 minutes for the problem to be fixed. Decatur election officials decided to keep precincts open an hour later, until 8 p.m.
"Let's get these kinks resolved now, before March 24," said Carol Heard, chief elections officer for Decatur County. "My hair was red before today. Now it's gray."
The same issue also occurred in Bartow, Carroll, Paulding and Lowndes counties. Catoosa County had no problems.
Poll workers couldn't complete the check-in process on the computers, called Poll Pads, said Carroll County Elections Supervisor Greg Rigby. Voter information came up on the screen, but the Poll Pads wouldn't advance to the final step of encoding voter access cards.
Some voters were delayed about 15 or 20 minutes, and one precinct remained open until 7:30 p.m. to accommodate a voter who had to leave for work before casting a ballot in the morning, Rigby said. Election workers got around the problem by manually pulling up ballots on touchscreen voting machines so that they displayed the ballot associated with the jurisdictions where voters are registered.
"It was a programming issue. We did have that same problem that everybody else did," Rigby said.
KnowInk technicians resolved the issues in each of the counties, election officials said.
Lowndes County also kept polls open an hour later to ensure everyone has an opportunity to vote, said Elections Supervisor Deb Cox.
"Our voters were able to keep voting" using a backup check-in process, Cox said. "We're having one hour of extended voting just in case anyone didn't get to vote, or shied away."
Bartow County Elections Supervisor Joseph Kirk said some of the Poll Pads weren't functioning properly, but there was always at least one working in each precinct.
"It didn't slow us down at all," Kirk said. "Everything went fine."
In Paulding County, election hours weren't extended because the county didn't have to stop voting when the problem occurred, said Elections Supervisor Deidre Holden
The problem didn't occur during the previous three weeks of in-person early voting, when about 9,000 voters in the six pilot counties cast ballots on equipment made by Dominion Voting Systems, which won a $107 million state contract this summer to replace Georgia's electronic voting machines with a system that prints out paper ballots.
"It ran as smooth as silk" during early voting, Heard said. "The voters have been overwhelmingly positive with the new system."


The signing of a free-trade agreement between Australia and China this week could give the Australian dollar a boost against the greenback, but most economists still maintain it's longer term path is lower.
After wrapping up hosting duties of the G20 summit in Brisbane, Prime Minister Tony Abbott is preparing to sign a free-trade agreement on Monday with China's President Xi Jinping.
HSBC chief economist Paul Bloxham said while the details are unclear, the free-trade deal (FTA) should be good for Australia's economic growth and that should give the Australian dollar a lift.
"The challenge is we don't know what is in the FTA yet. But if it does include greater access for agriculture and services, producers and the relaxing of foreign investment in Australia, that combination should be somewhat supportive of the Australian dollar, in the short term," he said. He added that he still sees the currency at US82¢ by the end of next year.
The Australian dollar is trading around US87.43¢ against the US dollar, from US86.37¢ at the start of last week, and US93¢ at the start of September.
The local currency rose about 2¢ against the Japanese Yen last week and is buying ¥101.8, with investor confidence growing in the wake of the Bank of Japan's stimulus injection as it tries to encourage growth in its struggling economy.
Global shares finished mixed at the end of last week. Japanese shares shot up 3.6 per cent over the five trading days as investors were also pleased at talk of a delay to the introduction of a 10 per cent increase in a sales tax.
US stocks finished marginally higher, while European shares hardly budged.
Australian shares are expected to gain 6 points when the local market opens Monday, according to the SPI Futures for December.
The most significant move over the last week has been the continuing fall in oil prices. They are down around 30 per cent since June to their lowest levels since 2009.
"The fall in oil prices is likely to push average Australian petrol prices below $A1.30/litre which would represent a saving to the average family petrol bill since June of $8 a week," said AMP Capital chief economist Shane Oliver in a note on Saturday.
It's a relatively light week for economic data but of note will be the minutes from the Reserve Bank of Australia's last meeting and a speech by Governor Glenn Stevens on Tuesday. Both will be watched for clues on interest rates and if the RBA airs any further concerns about the local currency or the property market.


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La « propagande par le fait », à ne pas confondre avec l'« action directe », est une stratégie d'action politique développée par une partie des militants anarchistes à la fin du , en association avec la propagande écrite et verbale. Elle proclame le « fait insurrectionnel » « moyen de propagande le plus efficace » et vise à sortir du « terrain légal » pour passer d'une « période d'affirmation » à une « période d'action », de « révolte permanente », la « seule voie menant à la révolution ».

La « propagande par le fait » utilise des moyens très divers, dans l'espoir de provoquer une prise de conscience populaire : elle englobe les attentats, les actions de récupération et de reprise individuelle, les expéditions punitives, le sabotage, le boycott, voire certains actes de guérilla.

Bien qu'ayant été largement répandu au niveau mondial, le recours à ce type d'action reste un phénomène marginal, dénoncé par de nombreux anarchistes.

Histoire
À l'instar du terrorisme russe de la fin du , l'action violente anarchiste bénéficie d'une représentation positive dans l'imaginaire populaire. Perçu comme un idéaliste révolté et romantique, l'action violente anarchiste doit en partie cette sympathie à la littérature classique, et ce malgré des faits parfois d'une extrême violence. Oscillant entre l'approbation et la condamnation, certains auteurs semblent éprouver une sorte de fascination pour l'action violente anarchiste. De manière paradoxale, certains écrivains, à l'exemple d'Octave Mirbeau et de Bernard Lazare, pourtant proches de l'anarchisme, semblent résister à cette fascination pour « l'anarchisme masqué », alors que d'autres, sans sympathie anarchiste affirmée, s'en font les plus ardents défenseurs. Naturalistes et symbolistes s'affrontent également sur ce terrain, les premiers condamnant l'« éternelle poésie noire » (Zola), les seconds saluant l'« éclat décoratif » de l'attentat (Mallarmé).

L'anarchisme est depuis longtemps associé à l'action violente dans l'esprit du public et des pouvoirs. En dépit des critiques, parfois sévères, adressées par beaucoup de théoriciens, sympathisants et activistes libertaires, à l'exemple d'Élisée Reclus et Pierre Kropotkine, l'imaginaire collectif continue d'associer l'anarchisme au chaos, à la violence, voire à la destruction pure et simple de la société.

Contexte économique et social

Le premier auteur donnant à l'anarchie un sens positif est Pierre-Joseph Proudhon en 1840, avec la publication de son livre Qu'est-ce que la propriété ? L'anarchisme, d'abord connoté négativement, se développe au  à travers plusieurs pays comme l'Allemagne, l'Italie avec Errico Malatesta ou encore dans les pays anglo-saxons au sein des Industrial Workers of the World, et la Russie avec Kropotkine. Cette période connaît de grandes tensions nationales et sociales propices aux discours révolutionnaires.

Europe et États-Unis connaissent progrès techniques et transformations économiques jusqu'alors sans précédent. De 1800 à 1870, le PIB par habitant des pays industrialisés est multiplié par quatre, mais pourtant le niveau de vie de la plus grande partie de la population ne s'améliore pas.

Dans le milieu des années 1890, les progrès de la deuxième révolution industrielle et de l'industrie lourde contribuent à structurer les mouvements ouvriers. L'essor des partis ouvriers et du syndicalisme alimente l'espoir d'une amélioration, à terme, du quotidien, mais aussi d'un renversement du capitalisme.

Entre 1875 et 1885, les salaires ouvriers en France restent bas, à peine supérieurs à ceux de la Société d'Ancien Régime. Puis, entre 1895 et 1914, ils connaissent une progression de 20 % dans les pays industrialisés. En même temps, les rudiments d'une sécurité sociale se mettent en place.

Ces améliorations significatives résultent largement d'une prise en compte par une partie du personnel politique des revendications des salariés. En accompagnement des développements de l'industrie, les pays développés comptent en 1890 déjà 2,2 millions de syndiqués. Ils sont 4,9 millions en 1900 ; 8,3 millions en 1910 ; 15,3 millions en 1913 ; 34,5 millions en 1919, .

Origines

L'échec sur le plan social des révolutions de 1848, les persécutions subies par les milieux socialistes ainsi que les conditions difficiles rencontrées par les exilés, entraînent peu à peu le raidissement des positions socialiste-révolutionnaires et anarchistes. Dans son essai  (Le Meurtre, 1848), le radical démocrate Karl Heinzen élabore la première doctrine cohérente du terrorisme : .

En 1871, la Semaine sanglante met fin à la Commune de Paris, la section française de l'Association internationale des travailleurs est dissoute, . Le mur des Fédérés devient dès lors le symbole de l'oppression bourgeoise. Eugène Pottier proclame dans Le Mur voilé (1886), .

Le massacre de  Parisiens par Adolphe Thiers, avec l'approbation quasi unanime des classes moyennes, marque un tournant moral dans l'histoire ouvrière européenne. De nombreux révolutionnaires finirent par se convaincre que la terreur devait être combattue par la terreur, et ce d'autant plus facilement que les exécutions de masse continuaient en Russie, s'ajoutant aux massacres de prisonniers constatés à Cadix en 1873, à la liquidation violente par l'armée des vagues de grèves de 1877 aux États-Unis ou encore aux erreurs judiciaires condamnant à mort des innocents comme à Chicago en 1886.

Développement

En 1876, au cours du congrès international de Berne, Errico Malatesta lance .

Le , Andrea Costa anime à Genève une conférence sur la « propagande par le fait ». Andrea Costa est considéré par James Guillaume comme l'inventeur de ce néologisme popularisé quelques semaines plus tard par Paul Brousse dans un article du Bulletin de la Fédération jurassienne.

Dès son apparition en France, la presse anarchiste défend ces méthodes d'action. La Révolution sociale inaugure une rubrique « Études scientifiques » sur la fabrication des bombes. La Lutte, Le Drapeau noir, La Varlope et La Lutte sociale suivent en créant des rubriques aux noms évocateurs tels que « Produits antibourgeois » ou « Arsenal scientifique ». Dans Le Révolté du , Pierre Kropotkine clame . Mais, sept ans plus tard, Kropotkine écrit, toujours dans Le Révolté, qu'

Le , Louise Michel déclare au groupe révolutionnaire du  arrondissement de Paris :

Mais regardez donc ce qui se passe en Russie ; regardez le grand parti nihiliste, voyez ses membres qui savent si hardiment et si glorieusement mourir ! Que ne faites-vous comme eux ? Manque-t-il donc de pioches pour creuser des souterrains, de dynamite pour faire sauter Paris, de pétrole pour tout incendier ?  Imitez les nihilistes, et je serai à votre tête ; alors seulement nous serons dignes de la liberté, nous pourrons la conquérir ; sur les débris d'une société pourrie qui craque de toutes parts et dont tout bon citoyen doit se débarrasser par le fer et le feu, nous établirons le nouveau monde social.

Cette nouvelle stratégie est adoptée le  au Congrès international anarchiste de Londres (où étaient présents Louise Michel et Émile Pouget). Elle devait se trouver sur le terrain de l'illégalité, avec des moyens en adéquation avec le but révolutionnaire qu'était le communisme libertaire.

En 1882, le groupe La Panthère des Batignolles (Paris, ) consacre sa première réunion à la « confection des bombes à main ». Des tombolas sont organisées, avec des armes pour lots principaux.

Les mots d'ordre véhiculés par la presse anarchiste de l'époque correspondent à une stratégie d'action fondée sur des actes individuels allant de l'assassinat à l'incendie, en passant par l'empoisonnement ou le pillage. Il ne s'agit pas, par ses moyens, de régler les problèmes sociaux mais d'attirer l'attention des exploités sur les causes de leur servitude.

Kropotkine (et entretemps beaucoup d'autres ) change de position en 1887 (quelques années avant la période ).

« L'âge d'or » du terrorisme anarchiste (1880-1888)
La « propagande par le fait » se réalise par une série de coups de main, de faits insurrectionnels, d'assassinats et d'attentats vengeurs. Elle mêle socialiste-révolutionnaires, nihilistes et anarchistes, qu'il est parfois difficile de différencier, d'autant que ces mouvements sont tous trois influencés par les idées de Mikhaïl Bakounine. C'est lui qui conceptualisa l'action directe en l'associant à la terreur et en la mettant directement en application à Lyon.

Je voudrais que le prix de ma vie, c'est-à-dire ma mort, fût l'étincelle qui mît le feu aux poudres, et que la Révolution éclatât. Cela suffit aux âmes tendres et droites qui roulent sous l'échafaud

La section italienne de l'AIT, à l'origine de cette nouvelle stratégie politique, crée le Comité italien pour la révolution sociale en janvier 1874 et organise aussitôt plusieurs tentatives de soulèvements populaires jusqu'en 1877.

La plus connue est organisée par Carlo Cafiero et Errico Malatesta. Le , une trentaine de militants armés, dont les deux théoriciens, surgirent dans les montagnes de la province italienne de Bénévent, brûlèrent les actes de propriété d'un petit village, distribuèrent aux miséreux le contenu de la caisse du percepteur, tentèrent d'appliquer un « communisme libertaire en miniature ». Les paysans les ont observés mais pas suivis, malgré un enthousiasme relatif au départ quand l'autorité du roi fut abolie dans ces villages. Les anarchistes furent finalement capturés, après une fusillade.

Ces premiers essais de guérilla échouèrent sans avoir inquiété la monarchie italienne, mais ils impressionnent durablement les compagnons. Rapidement, toute forme d'action contre la propriété privée ou les pouvoirs publics est considérée comme « propagande par le fait ». Influencés par les nihilistes, les anarchistes conçoivent de plus en plus l'action anarchiste sous l'angle du terrorisme, au détriment des activités syndicales ou collectives.

1878 marque l'entrée dans l'âge « classique » du terrorisme. Pendant un demi-siècle, l'imaginaire bourgeois sera hanté par la figure du nihiliste et de l'anarchiste, poseurs de bombe

Véra Zassoulitch, première femme à passer à l'action, tente le  d'assassiner le général Fiodor Trepov, responsable de la torture des prisonniers narodniks. Jugée le , elle est acquittée.

Le 11 mai et le , l'empereur Guillaume  d'Allemagne est victime de deux tentatives d'assassinat organisées par les anarchistes Max Hödel et Karl Nobiling. Ces tentatives serviront de prétexte à Bismarck pour réprimer les sociaux-démocrates allemands, en faisant adopter par le Reichstag le  les « lois anti-socialistes » .

Le , Joan Oliva Moncasi tente d'assassiner le roi Alphonse XII d'Espagne. Le , c'est au tour de Giovanni Passannante de tenter d'assassiner le roi Humbert  d'Italie.

L'année 1878 se termine par une encyclique du pape Léon XIII consacrée à la « peste mortelle » du communisme. Publié le , l'encyclique Quod apostolici muneris condamne « socialistes, communistes et nihilistes » accusés de vouloir « bouleverser les fondements de la société civile » et « renverser tout l'ordre surnaturel » au nom des « délires de la seule raison ».

Le , l'empereur Alexandre II de Russie est assassiné par la Narodnaïa Volïa. Le geste est salué par la presse anarchiste, notamment dans Le Révolté et La Révolution sociale.

En France, un premier attentat attribué aux anarchistes est incité puis supervisé par Louis Andrieux, préfet de police. Son but est de mettre la main sur un « nid de dynamiteurs » en facilitant leur arrestation. La cible retenue est la statue d'Adolphe Thiers, le « boucher de la Commune », à Saint-Germain-en-Laye. L'attentat a lieu dans la nuit du 15 au  et ne fait aucun dégâts, au plus une mince tache noire. Ne pouvant intervenir sur une accusation aussi mince sans dévoiler le dispositif de la police, Louis Andrieux préfère continuer sa surveillance. Finalement démasqué par les compagnons, l'agent provocateur Égide Spilleux met fin le  à l'épopée rocambolesque de La Révolution sociale, journal anarchiste financé et administré par la préfecture de police.

Un mois plus tard, le , Émile Florion, ouvrier tisseur de 23 ans, arrive à Paris avec le projet de tuer Gambetta. Le , n'ayant pu approcher sa victime, il décide d'abattre le « premier bourgeois venu » et tire à deux reprises sur le docteur Meymar. Il tente ensuite de se suicider, mais ne parvient qu'à se blesser légèrement. Meymar est indemne. Bien qu'ayant exprimé des regrets lors de son procès, Émile Florion est condamné à vingt ans de travaux forcés le 27 octobre suivant. Il accueille la sentence au cri de « Vive la révolution sociale ! » Son geste sera souvent cité en exemple par Le Révolté.

En 1882 apparait à Montceau-les-Mines différentes organisations syndicale anarchistes minières appelées Bandes noires. Ces organisations commettent des attentats et déclenchent des émeutes contre les symboles de l'église, les informateurs de la police, et ceux considérés comme bourgeois.

Le 7 novembre 1884 un piège est organisé par la gendarmerie, deux gendarmes et le maréchal des logis sont blessés par balles, et le tireur est arrêté. Il dénonce de nombreux membres de la bande noire ce qui conduit à un procès en Mai 1885 durant lequel 32 accusés furent jugés. Les bandes noires font alors beaucoup moins parlées d'elles et disparaissent au cours de l'année 1885.

Le , Paul-Marie Curien, 17 ans, décide d'assassiner Jules Ferry. Éconduit par l'huissier, il le menace de son revolver, mais il est aussitôt arrêté. Jugé le  pour voies de fait sur un huissier et outrage à agent, il est condamné à trois mois de prison.

Quelques mois plus tard, dans la banlieue de Marseille, Louis Chaves tue la supérieure d'un couvent et blesse grièvement sa sous-directrice. Ancien employé du couvent, Louis Chaves écrit une lettre datée du  au journal L'Hydre anarchiste dans laquelle il explique son geste et cherche à encourager les compagnons à l'imiter. Il est tué dans la fusillade avec les gendarmes venus l'arrêter. Son geste est magnifié dans la presse anarchiste. Une souscription « pour l'achat du revolver qui doit venger le compagnon Louis Chaves » est même lancée par Le Droit social.

Arrêté en 1879 comme faux-monnayeur, Charles Gallo, qui fait 5 ans de prison, accomplit à sa sortie un acte de propagande par le fait : le , il lance une bouteille d'acide prussique dans l'enceinte de la Bourse de Paris, puis tire trois coups de revolver, sans blesser personne. Aussitôt arrêté, il est jugé le 26 juin suivant mais l'affaire est renvoyée au 15 juillet, à la suite de multiples incidents provoqués par l'accusé. Condamné à 20 ans de travaux forcés, il est de nouveau condamné, à la peine capitale, le , pour s'être révolté contre un de ses geôliers. Sa peine sera finalement commuée en réclusion à perpétuité le .

Lors d'une manifestation ouvrière organisée à Chicago le , un inconnu lance une bombe sur les policiers. L'officier Mathias J. Degan est tué sur le coup. Ses collègues ouvrent immédiatement le feu sur la foule. Une trentaine de manifestants et sept agents de police trouvent la mort. Après l'attentat, la répression s'abat sur les milieux anarchistes, très actifs à Chicago. Huit hommes sont arrêtés et accusés de l'attentat de Haymarket. Malgré l'absence de preuve, cinq sont condamnés à mort. August Spies, Albert Parsons, George Engel et Adolph Fischer sont pendus ; Louis Lingg se suicide dans sa cellule.

Discours de Jaurès (avril 1894) et usage d'agents provocateurs

Après l'attentat d'Auguste Vaillant qui conduit à la promulgation des lois scélérates, Jean Jaurès dénonce dans un discours célèbre, d', la connivence entre certains milieux du capital, le cléricalisme et certains anarchistes, dont certains sont soupçonnés d'être des agents provocateurs.

C'est en effet à l'occasion de la découverte, chez un anarchiste de retour de Carmaux, de fonds venant de haut lieu qu'il prononce un discours à la Chambre, le , où il dénonce la politique répressive du gouvernement, la censure du Père peinard, « consacré presque tout entier à injurier les députés socialistes », le deux poids deux mesures avec d'un côté la censure des journaux et députés socialistes, de l'autre la tolérance de discours également contestataires de certains catholiques (Albert de Mun, l'article « La Bombe » dans La Croix de Morlay, les articles de La Croix ou l'article du père Marie-Antoine publié dans L'Univers puis dans L'En-dehors et titré « Le Christ et la Dynamite »), et l'usage des agents provocateurs :
C'est ainsi que vous êtes obligés de recruter dans le crime de quoi surveiller le crime, dans la misère de quoi surveiller la misère et dans l'anarchie de quoi surveiller l'anarchie. (Interruptions au centre. — Très bien ! très bien ! à l'extrême gauche.)

Et il arrive inévitablement que ces anarchistes de police, subventionnés par vos fonds, se transforment parfois — comme il s'en est produit de douloureux exemples que la Chambre n'a pas pu oublier — en agents provocateurs.

Et d'évoquer un certain Tournadre, actif lors des grèves de 1892, qui avait proposé aux ouvriers de Carmaux des fonds pour acheter de la dynamite et éventuellement de s'enfuir ensuite en Angleterre : or, selon Jaurès, alors que Tournadre avait répondu aux ouvriers qu'il avait des « amis capitalistes à Paris », les perquisitions menés chez Tournadre à Carmaux avaient mené à la découverte de deux lettres, l'une du baron Edmond de Rothschild, l'autre de la duchesse d'Uzès. Malgré ce discours, la Chambre vota avec une large majorité la confiance au gouvernement.

Aujourd'hui
Depuis ce temps-là l'image colle à l'anarchiste d'un lanceur de bombe et d'agitateur anomiste. Dès le tournant du , les anarchistes ont largement abandonné la « propagande par le fait » illégale pour se tourner vers l'action syndicaliste révolutionnaire et le militantisme légal.

Aujourd'hui, les anarchistes ne semblent plus être partisans de l'illégalisme ou des attentats individuels. Ils pensent toujours dans leur majorité, comme le dit Malatesta, que « la violence n'est justifiable que quand elle est nécessaire pour se défendre soi-même, ou défendre les autres contre la violence » et ajoutent souvent que « l'opprimé est toujours en état de légitime défense et il a toujours pleinement le droit de se révolter sans attendre qu'on lui tire effectivement dessus ». Mais si la plupart des anarchistes défendent l'utilisation de la violence « raisonnée », une violence sociale, populaire et révolutionnaire, certains groupes (comme la Fédération anarchiste informelle en Italie ou Lutte révolutionnaire en Grèce) reprennent cette idéologie de la « propagande par le fait ».

Très souvent les anarchistes ont pratiqué la propagande par le fait en réponse à la répression des autorités ; ex : fusillade de Fourmies et répressions des ouvriers, puis réponses par attentats de Ravachol sur les militaires/juges/avocats ayant été impliqués dans ces massacres). La « propagande par le fait » a marqué l'histoire internationale de l'anarchisme.

Les « attentats pâtissiers » (entartages) du Gloupier (Noël Godin), sont une forme de "terrorisme" symbolique, et relativement pacifique, inspirée de cette lignée.

De 1986 à 1994 le Comité des mal-logés met en pratique dans ses luttes, ses occupations d'immeubles HLM, et son organisation interne les principes du communisme de conseil, et fait de la propagande par le fait en faveur du logement social, il fédéra plusieurs dizaines d'immeubles en lutte et regroupa jusqu'à cinq cents mal logés de toutes origines géographiques à Paris et Banlieue de 1986 à 1994. Son organisation était de type conseilliste, toutes les décisions étaient prises en assemblée générale avec refus de délégation de représentativité, ses membres sur leur lieu de travail, majoritairement dans les entreprises de nettoyage (Comatec, par exemple), se fédéraient à la CNT. Une dizaine de ses militants se sont réunis pour rédiger une brochure de bilan de cette expérience lorsque scission et dissolution ne faisait quasiment plus de doute tant les forces politiciennes de la gauche de gouvernement se sont liguées pour obtenir la dislocation du comité

Dans les années 2000, l'action politique dite violente, qui inclut le sabotage, est restée pour les autorités un sujet de vigilance. Cette crainte, exprimée dans différents rapports des services de police ou de renseignement, a joué un rôle dans l'affaire de Tarnac, conclue par un non-lieu en 2018. Certains reprochent à cette peur de produire des fantasmes et d'être encore à l'œuvre dans les arrestations du 8 décembre 2020 de militants de gauche radicale revenus du Rojava, poursuivis pour association de malfaiteurs en vue de commettre des actes terroristes.

Bilan

Chronologie de la propagande par le fait

1877 : Le , début de l'insurrection dans le Bénévent italien organisée par une trentaine d'anarchistes dont Errico Malatesta et Carlo Cafiero.
 1877 : Le , conférence animée à Genève par Andrea Costa sur la « propagande par le fait ».
 1878 : Le , tentative d'assassinat de l'empereur allemand Guillaume  par Max Hödel.
 1878 : Le , tentative d'assassinat de l'empereur allemand Guillaume  par Karl Nobiling
 1878 : Le , tentative d'assassinat du roi Alphonse XII d'Espagne par Joan Oliva Moncasi.
 1878 : Le , tentative d'assassinat du roi Humbert  par Giovanni Passannante.
 1880 : Début de « l'âge d'or » du terrorisme anarchiste (1880-1914).
 1880 : Le , parution du journal La Révolution sociale fondé par l'agent provocateur Égide Spilleux, dit Serreaux, et financé par Louis Andrieux, préfet de police.
 1881 : Le , assassinat de l'empereur Alexandre II de Russie par Narodnaïa Volia.
 1881 : Congrès international anarchiste de Londres. Adoption de la « propagande par le fait ».
 1883 : Le , attentat contre Guillaume  d'Allemagne organisé par August Reinsdorf, Küchler et Rupsch.
 1886 : Le , arrestation de Clément Duval, anarchiste illégaliste partisan de la reprise individuelle.
 1891 : Le , fusillade de Fourmies. La troupe tire sur des grévistes pacifiques (9 morts et 35 blessés).
 1892 : Le , attentat contre la demeure du conseiller Benoit, président des assises lors de l'affaire de Clichy, organisé par Ravachol.
 1892 : Le 15 mars 1892, attentat à la caserne Lobau par Théodule Meunier.
 1892 : Le , attentat contre l'immeuble de l'avocat général Bulot, chargé du ministère public, organisé par Ravachol.
 1892 : Le , arrestation de Ravachol.
 1892 : Le , attentat au restaurant Véry par Théodule Meunier.
 1892 : Le , exécution de Ravachol.
 1892 : Le , tentative d'assassinat de Henry Clay Frick par Alexandre Berkman pour venger les ouvriers décédés lors de la grève de Homestead.
 1892 : Le , attentat au commissariat de la rue des Bons-Enfants. Lors de son procès en 1894, Émile Henry sera reconnu comme l'auteur des faits.
 1893 : Le , Léon-Jules Léauthier tue par hasard Đorđević, le ministre de Serbie, d'un coup de tranchet avenue de l'Opéra dans la volonté de « crever un bourgeois ».
 1893 : Le , attentat contre la Chambre des députés organisé par Auguste Vaillant.
 1894 : Le , exécution d'Auguste Vaillant.
 1894 : Le , attentat contre le café Terminus organisé par Émile Henry.
 1894 : Le , exécution d'Émile Henry.
 1894 : Le , assassinat du président de la République française Marie François Sadi Carnot par Sante Geronimo Caserio.
 1894 : Le , exécution de Sante Geronimo Caserio.
 1897 : Le , tentative d'assassinat du roi d'Italie Humbert  par Pietro Acciarito.
 1897 : Le , assassinat du président du Ministère-Régence, Antonio Cánovas del Castillo, responsable de la torture et de l'exécution des anarchistes à Montjuïc (Barcelone) par Michele Angiolillo.
 1898 : Le , assassinat d'Élisabeth de Wittelsbach, impératrice d'Autriche, par Luigi Lucheni.
 1898 : Du 24 novembre au , Conférence internationale de Rome pour la défense sociale contre les anarchistes à la suite de l'assassinat le  d'Élisabeth de Wittelsbach.

1900 : Le , assassinat du roi d'Italie Humbert  par Gaetano Bresci.
 1901 : Le , assassinat du président des États-Unis William McKinley par Leon Czolgosz.
 1901 : En , discours incendiaire de Theodore Roosevelt condamnant l'anarchisme et proposant de sévères mesures à son encontre.
 1902 : Le , tentative d'assassinat du roi Léopold II par Gennaro Rubino.
 1904 : Le , signature du protocole anti-anarchiste de Saint-Pétersbourg.
 1919 : Le , tentative d'assassinat de Georges Clemenceau par Émile Cottin.
 1920 : Le , arrestation de Nicola Sacco et Bartolomeo Vanzetti.
 1920 : Le , attentat à New York organisé par Mario Buda.
 1923 : Le , assassinat de Marius Plateau, un des membres fondateurs de l'Action française par Germaine Berton.
 1924 : Le , assassinat à Paris de Nicola Bonservizi, responsable local du journal fasciste le fascio (faisceau), par Ernesto Bonomini.
 1926 : Le , attentat contre Benito Mussolini organisé par Gino Lucetti.
 1926 : Le , tentative d'assassinat de Benito Mussolini par Anteo Zamboni.
 1927 : Dans la nuit du 22 au , exécution de Nicola Sacco et Bartolomeo Vanzetti.
1929 : Le militant anarchiste Kurt Gustav Wilckens lance une bombe qui tue le colonel Varela, responsable des massacres de la Patagonie rebelle () en Argentine.
 1973 : Le , l'amiral Luis Carrero Blanco,  du régime franquiste, est tué dans un attentat à la bombe de l'ETA.

Citations
on pratiquait la « prise au tas » et la propagande par le fait en s'inspirant des grands exemples de Vaillant, de Caserio, de Ravachol, d'Émile Henry...

Voir aussi

Bibliographie
 Henri Arvon, L'Anarchisme, Presses universitaires de France, Collection « Que sais-je ?, 1951.
 Libertad, Le Culte de la charogne et autres textes choisis et présentés par Roger Langlais, Paris, Éditions Galilée, 1976 . Le « bulletin de critique bibliographique » À contretemps, de Freddy Gomez (http://acontretemps.org), a republié intégralement la préface de cet ouvrage, supprimée par les éditions Agone, dans son numéro 26 (, ).
 Albert Libertad, Le Culte de la charogne, Marseille, Agone, coll. « Mémoires Sociales », 2006
 Roger Langlais, Émile Pouget, Le Père Peinard, Éditions Galilée, 1976 .
 Anne Morelli, Rubino, l'anarchiste qui tenta d'assassiner Léopold II, Labor, coll. « Histoire », 2006
 Gérard Chaliand, Arnaud Blin, Histoire du terrorisme : De l'Antiquité à al-Qaida, Bayard, coll. « Essais », 2004
 Jean Maitron, Le mouvement anarchiste en France, Gallimard, coll. « Tel », 1992
 Jean Maitron, Ravachol et les anarchistes, Gallimard, coll. « Folio-Histoire », 1992
 Jean Préposiet, Histoire de l'anarchisme, Tallandier, coll. « APPROCHES », 2005
 Johann Joseph Most, The Science of Revolutionary Warfare, Desert Pubns, 1878
  Rafael Núñez Florencio, El terrorismo anarquista (1888-1909), Madrid, Siglo Veintiuno de España, 1983
  Sidney Fine, Anarchism and the Assassination of McKinley, The American Historical Review, Vol. 60, , 1955,
 Roger Boussinot, Les Mots de l'anarchie, Éditions Delalain, 1983.
 .
 , , , .
 Uri Eisenzweig, Fictions de l'anarchisme, Bourgois, 2001.

Iconographie
 Flavio Costantini, Braquage de la Société Générale, Chantilly, 1978, en ligne.

Vidéographie
 Chrisitian Mottier, Anarchie et terrorisme, Temps présent, Radio télévision suisse, , voir en ligne.

Articles connexes
Notions

Personnalités

Évènements

Liens externes
 Alexandre Berkman, L'anarchisme est-il synonyme de violence ?, sur mondialisme.org, 1929.
 Ariane Miéville, La propagande par le fait. Syndicalisme, anarchisme et anarcho-syndicalisme en débat au Congrès Anarchiste d'Amsterdam en 1907, sur pelloutier.net, 2006.
 Daniel Colson, La science anarchiste, Réfractions, , sur plusloin.org.
  José Luis García Mañas, La represión del terrorismo anarquista (1890-1900), sur lycos.es.
 Marcel Leglou, La poétique anarchiste au temps des attentats, sur plusloin.org.
 Michel Antony, Terrorismes anarchistes, L'utopie de « la propagande par le fait », sur ac-besancon.fr, 2007.
 Rick Coolsaet, Au temps du terrorisme anarchiste, Le Monde diplomatique, sur monde-diplomatique.fr, 2004.
 Stéphane Mourlane, Les anarchistes italiens dans les Alpes-Maritimes et le Var à la fin du  : le choix de la marginalité ?, Cahiers de la Méditerranée, vol. 69, sur revues.org, 2006.
 Vivien Bouhey, Les ressorts du terrorisme anarchiste en France à la fin du . Article tiré de The Oxford Handbook of the History of Terrorism, dir. par Carola Dietze et Claudia Verhoeven, copyright 2014 par Oxford University Press.

Notes et références

Notes

Références

Concept anarchiste
Expression ou néologisme politique
Histoire de l'anarchisme
Propagande
Anarchisme insurrectionnel
Attentat
Illégalisme

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Антимусульманські погроми у М'янмі — події, що відбулися 4 червня 2012 року в М'янмі, коли в ході етнічно-релігійного конфлікту буддистів-араканців з мусульманами-рогінджа в штаті Ракгайн на заході країни в ході масових заворушень десятки людей загинули, кілька десятків тисяч змушені були покинути штат, безліч осель було зруйновано або спалено.

Початок заворушень

За заявами буддистів-араканців, заворушення почалися після загибелі 26-ти річної жінки буддистки.

20 березня 2012 року в місті Мейктіла у центрі М'янми почалися погроми мусульманських будинків, число жертв перевищило 30 осіб, були спалені 4 місцевих мечеті, влада країни вивели на вулиці патрульні загони.

22 березня 2012 року в місті і трьох довколишніх селищах було введено надзвичайний стан після дводенних заворушень, в ході яких було вбито 57 мусульман та 31 буддист, а 12 тисяч були змушені тікати з міста, спалено 2528 осель (1336 мусульманських та 1192 будистських).

Конфлікт знову спалахнула у жовтні 2012 року, внаслідок чого принаймні 80 осіб загинуло, понад 20 000 осіб стали біженцями, знищено тисячі будинків. Рогінджам було заборонено покидати свої поселення, офіційно — заради їхньої безпеки.

Наслідки

За даними представництва ООН в Рангуні з посиланням на бірманський уряд, в результаті кривавих зіткнень між буддистами і мусульманами в штаті Ракгайн на заході країни 22587 осіб стали біженцями, зруйновано або спалено 4665 будинків.

Управління Верховного комісара ООН у справах біженців та кілька правозахисних групи відхилили пропозицію Тейна Сена, про переселення рогінджа за кордон.

У тому ж 2012 році була створена сепаратистська воєнізована організація «Армія порятунку рогінджа Аракану», яка продовжує боротьбу за незалежності штату Ракгайн, при цьому використовує терористичні методи, як то нападають на поліцейських, військових та викрадення людей.

Примітки

Міжетнічні конфлікти
Релігійні суперечки
Релігійні переслідування
Рогінджа
Араканці
Насильство проти мусульман


text:
Das ehemalige Wohnhaus Beethovenstraße 2 in Demmin (Mecklenburg-Vorpommern) wurde im 19. Jahrhundert gebaut. Hier hatte der Landkreis bis 2019 einen Verwaltungsstandort.

Das Gebäude steht unter Denkmalschutz.

Geschichte

Die Hansestadt Demmin mit 10.523 Einwohnern (2020) wurde als Burg und civitas maxima 1075 erstmals erwähnt.

Das zweigeschossige, neunachsige, barockisierende, historisierende Haus mit dem dreigeschossigen Mittelrisalit mit rundem Abschluss, dem rückseitigen Mittelflügel und einem Mansarddach wurde in T-Form als Wohnhaus gebaut.

Nach 1950 soll hier eine Landwirtschaftsschule gewesen sein. Nach 1991 hatte u. a. eine Nebenstelle des Landkreises Demmin und die Volkshochschule des Kreises hier ihren Sitz (danach Saarstraße 22d). Später war hier ein Teil der Verwaltung (Jugend- und Katasteramt) des Kreises (seit 2011 Landkreis Mecklenburgische Seenplatte) untergebracht. Seit 2019 steht das Haus leer. Im Rahmen der Städtebauförderung wurde die Fassade in den 1990er Jahren saniert.

Literatur
 BIG Städtebau Mecklenburg-Vorpommern: Hansestadt Demmin – 10 Jahre Städtebauförderung. 2002.

Einzelnachweise, Hinweise

Bauwerk in Demmin
Baudenkmal in Demmin
Demmin
Demmin
Demmin
Demmin
Erbaut im 19. Jahrhundert


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L'église Saint-Joseph est une église  de Villeneuve-la-Garenne, située au 5 Boulevard Charles de Gaulle, et affectée au culte catholique, et un monument des Hauts-de-Seine. Elle est placée sous le vocable de saint Joseph.

Histoire

En 1914 est érigée à Villeneuve-la-Garenne une chapelle qui deviendra l'église Saint-Joseph. Commencée le , elle fut construite sur l'emplacement des établissements pharmaceutiques Pointet, dans le cadre de l'Œuvre des Chantiers du Cardinal, au milieu d'une zone découverte. Elle est consacrée le .

Elle est restaurée en 1986 puis en 2015.

Description

L'église est du plan longitudinal, orienté vers l'ouest, et composée d'une nef flanquée de deux collatéraux. Le chevet est présenté par une abside polygonale à cinq pans coupés. L'édifice est construit en parement de briques.

La statue en façade est l'œuvre du sculpteur Georges Serraz. Elle représente Saint Joseph portant l'Enfant Jésus.

Paroisse

Pour approfondir

Bibliographie

Articles connexes

Liens externes

Notes et références

Église à Villeneuve-La-Garenne
Villeneuve-La-Garenne
Villeneuve-La-Garenne
Édifice religieux du XXe siècle dans les Hauts-de-Seine


We are considered as one of the reputed service providers of Grid False Ceiling Service. Our offered service is imparted in a precise and prompt manner by our skilled engineers that use progressive machines and advanced tools. In addition to this, grid ceiling is done at affordable costs to provide client's the maximum satisfaction.
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We offer complete ceiling systems that can be renewed, replaced or newly installed, to provide you with the desired outcome that you want. With any ceiling project we undertake, aesthetics, acoustics and fire protection are always carefully considered, as is the awareness of accessibility intended for maintenance and services requirements.


text:
Q: Searching two DataTables at once for one value I have two DataTables and I am trying to determine if the tables contain the strings from a list, one string at a time. If the either table contains each string from the list of strings, return true, else false.
Example:
public static bool MyMethod()
{
     DataTable table1 = GetMyTable1();
     DataTable table2 = GetMyTable2();

     List<string> requiredList = new List<string>();
     requiredList.Add("foo");
     requiredList.Add("bar");
     requiredList.Add("foobar");

     int counter = 0;

     foreach (DataRow row in table1.Rows)
     {
          if (requiredList.Contains(row["ColumnName"].ToString()))
          {
               counter++;
          }

     }

     foreach (DataRow row in table2.Rows)
     {
           if (requiredList.Contains(row["ColumnName2"].ToString()))
           {
               counter++;
           }
     }

     return (counter == requiredList.Count);
}

The list and the datatables will not have duplicates, and I only care about one column. There won't be any duplicates between tables either.
Is there a more efficient way? Is there a way to search through both datatable's columns at the same time instead of having two foreachs?

A: If you don't want to loop, there are other options for getting rows from DataTables. You could try a .Select().
foreach(string req in requiredList)
{
    DataRow[] rowsTable1 = table.Select("ColumnName LIKE " + req);
    DataRow[] rowsTable2 = table.Select("ColumnName LIKE " + req);

    counter = counter + rowsTable1.Length + rowsTable2.Length;
}

Of course you can replace the LIKE in the filter string with whatever operator works best for the string comparison you want.
I can't be certain this will be any quicker, but it at least looks shorter.

A: Not sure if this is the best answer, but you could select matching rows from each table and then count those rows like below:
        string listItems = String.Join(",", requiredList);

        DataRow[] table1Rows = table1.Select("ColumnName IN (" + listItems + ")");
        DataRow[] table2Rows = table2.Select("ColumnName IN (" + listItems + ")");

        counter = table1Rows.Length + table2Rows.Length;

A: What you could try to do is to do a for loop that iterates until max(table1.Rows,table2.Rows), as the previous answer said.
Also put an if statement to take care of being out of bounds

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


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There are currently (111) Properties for sale in the Phoenix Arizona Homes 85041 Zip Code Area. Phoenix Arizona 85041 has a population of 56,357, with an average age of 28, and average home value of $165,467.


The ending is just the beginning. In fact, there is no beginning and no end. We just go on.
Continuing this amazing journey of self-discovery.
Going on, we move in the now. Going on, we meet each new day as the precious gift it is. Going on, we keep the fire burning. The fire of love. The fire of truth. The fire of life.
Our Master is planting seeds. In every place he can find some soil, he scatters his words. He pours his grace on them and shines his love. In this energy field of the buddha, many hearts are touched. In this atmosphere of quiet meditation, tender roots can grow strong. Strong enough to survive the wind and the rain. Capable of withstanding the drought and the cold.
We are creating a certain energy here. I call it the buddhafield. It is a field of love, of truth. It is a field of spiritual awakening.
Now remember the fragrance. Take care of it.


Large clusters of fragrant double pink-tinted coppery-apricot flowers from June to September and dark-green leaves. This vigorous repeat-flowering shrub rose makes an excellent specimen plant or informal flowering hedge for a fertile, moist but well-drained site. The fragrant blooms renowned for their resistance to rain make excellent cut-flowers.


Will Fernando Torres recapture his golden touch back home at Atletico Madrid?
The ever controversial Afia Schwarzenegger shared some photos of her beach wear on social media which went viral. Although she covered up most of her body with his pink bikini, we got to see glimpses of what her bikini body would look like.


Hypertonicity Altachlore Sodium Chloride 5% ophthalmic solution in 15mL dropper bottle. For temporary relief of corneal edema. Manufactured by Altaire. NDC Number: 59390-183-13. Comes as singles. Compare to Muro 128.
**THIS ITEM IS CURRENTLY ON BACKORDER.** Sterile Altachlore Hypertonicity Sodium Choride 5% ophthalmic ointment in 3.5gm tube. Used in the treatment of corneal edema. Manufactured by Altaire. NDC Number: 59390-184-50. Comes as singles.
Ammonia respiratory inhalant contains 35% alcohol and 15% ammonia. Each ampule is 0.3ml. Manufactured by Dynarex. Comes 10 per box.
Hydrogen Peroxide 3%, 16 oz.
Hydrogen Peroxide 3% solution in a 16oz. bottle. NDC: 68599-2301-6. Manufactured by McKesson. Comes as singles.
Isopropyl Alcohol 99%, 16 oz.
**THIS ITEM IS CURRENTLY ON BACKORDER.** 16 ounce liquid bottle of isopropyl alcohol 99%. Manufactured by Perrigo. Comes as singles.
Isopropyl Rubbing Alcohol 70%, 16 oz.
16 ounce liquid bottle of isopropyl rubbing alcohol 70%. Manufactured by Sunmark. NDC: 49348-0173-38. Sold as singles.
Sterile Muro 128 Hypertonicity eye drops. Sodium chloride 2% in 15mL dropper bottle. Manufactured by Bausch & Lomb. NDC Number: 24208-0276-15. Comes as singles.
**THIS ITEM IS CURRENTLY ON BACKORDER.** Sterile Muro 128 Hypertonicity ointment. Sodium chloride 5% in 3.5 gm tube. Manufactured by Bausch & Lomb. NDC Number: 24208038556. Comes as singles.
**THIS ITEM IS CURRENTLY ON BACKORDER.** Antihistamine eye drops Opcon-A solution 15mL. Naphazoline HCL and Pheniramine Maleate are active ingredients. Temporarily relieves itching and redness caused by pollen, ragweed, grass, animal hair and dander. Manufactured by Bausch & Lomb. NDC Number: 10119002090. Comes as singles.
**THIS ITEM IS CURRENTLY ON BACKORDER.** TheraTears SteriLid Eyelid Cleanser removes oil, debris and other irritants that can build up on eyelids and eyelashes. Comes in 1.62 FL oz. foaming pump dispenser. Preservative free. NDC: 58790-0005-50. Manufacturer: Akorn. Comes as singles.
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#onsci is a twitter hashtag and monthly chat session originally created to continue and extend conversations 'on science' stemming from the Inspiring Australia conference of 2011 (see http://bridge8.wordpress.com/2012/01/30/onsci/ for more information).
Each month, participants are invited to join a hosted hour-long twitter conversation on topical matters relating to science communication, education, policy, research, marketing and more. Interested parties also use the #onsci tag to share relevant resources and conduct conversations outside of designated chat times.
With approximately 50 participants per session (mostly Australian but also some internationals) in 25 chats, #onsci has been highly successful in providing a forum for those interested in science communication to come together, share ideas and develop their personal and professional networks. #onsci has also contributed to the development of science policy via a submission to the McKeon Review, and teaching of science communication in Australia through informal associations with courses taught at Universities and online.
This presentation will consider effectiveness of #onsci as an online community of practice around science communication, and consider how future iterations might shape the practice of science communication in Australia.


Last year, Julie Shupp went to Cocalico High School's prom in a flowy teal dress with sequins on top.
Shupp's part of the Cocalico National Honor Society's prom dress collection, Cinderella's Closet. The closet is one of the prom clothing drives held throughout Lancaster County to help students. With prom approaching, these groups need dresses, suits and accessories.
How expensive is prom? Students in the Northeast spent an average of $700 last year, from tickets and clothing to hair and accessories, according to Yahoo Style's Prom Across America survey. The survey queried more than 1,700 people across the country.
Cocalico High started a prom dress collection a few years ago.
At Solanco High School, Renee's Closet and Dapper Dan's gives free dress and suit rentals for students. Renee's Closet is named in memory of 2011 Solanco graduate Renee Willard. Dapper Dan's is named in memory of Daniel Lugo, Solanco Class of 2014. Both passed away in 2014.
McCaskey High School has collected dresses for more than a decade. The collection is a great service for students, says Willa Adams, student activities coordinator. And it's a chance for people to share their own prom dresses.
"Think of how many people have dresses in their closet that they've only worn once," she says.


text:
Daniel Magone
Title: Daniel Magone
Subject: Allen C. Beach, New York State Democratic Committee, New York State Department of Public Works, Collector of the Port of New York, Benjamin S. W. Clark
Daniel Magone (January 1829 - September 4, 1904) was Collector of the Port of New York during the first administration of United States President Grover Cleveland.
He was born in Oswegatchie, New York in January 1829.
Magone became a member of the New York Canal Commission during the governorship of Samuel Tilden, in 1875. The next year he served as chairman of the Democratic Party (United States) state committee. During Tilden's unsuccessful run for the presidency versus Rutherford B. Hayes in 1876, Magone was a delegate at the Democratic National Convention. In January 1878, he was nominated by Governor Lucius Robinson to be Superintendent of Public Works but was rejected by the New York State Senate. He was again selected a delegate to the convention which nominated Cleveland in 1884. Cleveland appointed Magone Collector of the Port of New York in 1886.
Magone died at his Caroline Street home in Ogdensburg, New York, in 1904. He had been in declining health for some time. He was survived by his wife and a daughter.[1]
Party political offices
Allen C. Beach New York State Democratic Committee Chairman
September 1875–1877 Succeeded by
William Purcell
Name Magone, Daniel
Date of birth 1829
Date of death September 4, 1904
Allen C. Beach
New York, Mario Cuomo, David Paterson, John Tayler, Herkimer County, New York
New York State Democratic Committee
Manhattan, New York City, Albany, New York, Franklin D. Roosevelt, David Paterson


There is a lot of focus placed on how organisations can find the right way to improve their business. The culture of each business is like a unique personality which, while malleable, needs to be respected by your solution of choice. However, we've found that it's not selecting your Business Improvement methodology that's the hard part, it's successfully implementing it.
In our experience, businesses frequently underestimate the barriers to a successful implementation, causing perfectly good Business Improvement methodologies to fail. So what's causing so many deployments to derail? Here's our rundown of the top ten.
The buy-in of key senior managers is essential to get a Business Improvement approach signed off. But if they are only aware of the end-goals rather than the work required along the way enthused members of the C-suite can quickly become disenchanted, with abandonment of the programme usually not too far behind.
People always judge the strength of a Business Improvement programme on the success of the first project. Ensure that the project you pick is neither too easy so it is dismissed nor too challenging so it doesn't reach completion.
If a project doesn't support the wider business goals, why would managers spend valuable time and resources on it? Just as it is important to consider the size of a project, it is essential to identify how it fits in with the wider strategy to prevent it becoming side-lined in favour of tasks that will further the business objectives.
In order to carry a project through to its successful completion – and actually generate benefits for the company – you need to be given the time and resources necessary. However, all too often project leaders are asked to fit Business Improvement in alongside their other tasks, ensuring it eventually becomes their lowest priority.
The role of the Sponsor is to grease the wheels within the organisation to ensure that the necessary resources are made available, and by communicating with key stakeholders and managers. Without someone effectively carrying out this vital role, the project leader can face too many hurdles for the programme to be a success.
Your decisions are only as good as your data. If you know that your data is unreliable or incomplete you can't expect the outcomes to be favourable. However, many programmes become unstuck because not enough time is spent gathering data to start with, and without this baseline you can neither move forwards nor prove any progress you've made.
If one of your main measures of success is cost-savings, you need to be able to show accurate financial figures. If finance is not involved from the off they may not have the information they need to rubber stamp your figures, leaving your significant savings looking a lot less impressive.
All too often, a candidate is picked for Business Improvement training because they have the time available. For a successful outcome, businesses would be better off selecting a candidate with the right skills and ability.
The importance of charisma should not be underestimated either. Much of a project leader's role is in change management and delicate persuasion so you need someone that people want to follow.
With that in mind, another cause of programme failure is the lack of focus on these softer skills. For Business Improvement to be really successful, it has to become engrained in a company culture. And for that to happen, it is vital that time is spent on internal PR to illustrate to people how it will benefit them personally.
It's easy to remember the external customers, as for many businesses the motivation for Business Improvement is to improve quality. However, it is common to forget that customers are not limited to those who are buying a product or service. Internal customers are those who use a product or process within the company.
As the purpose of Business Improvement is to make those processes easier to use, it is essential that the voice of those internal customers is heard.
With so much to go wrong, ensuring your Business Improvement deployment is a success can seem like an insurmountable task, but it needn't be. We found that laying the groundwork and getting a deployment off on the right foot makes all the difference. Indeed, a poll of our past Lean Six Sigma Black Belt delegates found that 100% have made meaningful change at their company and 80% have introduced significant cost savings.
My business improvement project failed because of the political climate in which I worked. Those that were supposed to take the improvement initiative felt threatened by the concept I was using and sabotaged my efforts.
In my opinion a "deadly disease" not mentioned by Deming is the opinions and attitudes of long serving engineers who are in positions that have clout and don't want to change the traditional system that has served the so well over the years. This is very evident in the former Soviet union where I am.
Hi Peter, you're right – sometimes politics and ego have to be very carefully managed.
Good article. Nicely summed up in 10 clear points, most of which we will have seen at some point and if we are honest perhaps guilty of one or more at some point!
Thanks for the lovely comment Mike. I agree, there may sometimes be other causes – but these are the ten we see time and time again!


text:
Oriental Orthodox Church Denomination
Emerged from the established church after the Council of Chalcedon in 451 A.D. over Christological disagreements with Rome.
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Oriental Orthodox Church
- Emerged from the Western Church in 451 A.D. as a result of Christological differences and persecution at the hands of Roman church leadership.
This group of early Christians primarily drew their authority, although largely de-centralised, from the Alexandrian Arch Bishop (Coptic Christians) and were primarily concentrated in Northern Africa. They recognised (and still do somewhat recognise) four primary centres of authority for the Christian church: Rome, Alexandria, Ephesus (Constantinople), and Antioch.
As with all the primary Bishops of Christianity, they took part in Ecumenical Councils beginning with Nicaea, then Constantinople, then the Council at Ephesus, the Second Council at Ephesus, but stopped participating (along with many other Christian regions) after the Council of Chalcedon. It was at this Council that the complex topic of Christ's dual natures: human and divine were discussed and a verdict of orthodoxy declared: Christ has two natures, one human and one divine which are inseparable and united.
Many Christian Bishops took issue with this position as it seemed to them to be at odds with Scripture whereby the author of Hebrews says that Jesus was "in all ways tempted as we are, yet without sin". They would contend that two inseparable natures would make Jesus "other than we are" and ultimately impossible to be tempted "as we are". Nevertheless this doctrine was decreed into orthodoxy, primarily at the urging of the Roman contingency - Chalcedonian Christology still remains as the "orthodox" position to this day.
In that day (451 A.D.) Dioscorus, the "Pope" or "Archbishop" of Alexandria took exception to this declaration and asserted the alternative position: Christ has two natures one human and one divine - of or from two natures (Miaphysite). This puts the greater emphasis on protecting the position of the incarnation of Christ as God incarnate as MAN - thus satisfying the concept that Jesus, being God, was fully man with a fully human nature and therefore able to be "tempted as we are yet without sin".
This alternative was fully rejected by the Roman contingency, who, at this very Council, began to assert themselves as the "pre-eminent See" of all Christian Sees and therefore of the highest authority and Leo I who was their Archbishop, the "Pope" over the whole of Christianity.
Because of the political manoeuvring of the Roman leaders in steering much of the proceedings to satisfy political positions, the Bishops of the area now considered under the "Coptic Christian" jurisdiction, withdrew from all future Ecumenical Councils and fully rejected the Dyophysite definition of Christ's natures along with the Chalcedonian Council itself.
Another group which hotly contested this position of Christ's dual natures were led by a man named Nestorius who held to a third alternative view of Christology: Christ has two natures, one human and one diving which are "intermingled" as one person (Monophysite). The dyophysite position was autocratically established at Chalcedon primarily to oust Nestorius from his position as Archbishop and to gain support for declaring his "monophysite" Christology as "heresy".
Because the Oriental Orthodox leaders also disagreed with the Roman Christology, they were incorrectly labeled as followers of Nestorius' monophysitism and to this day many wrongly refer to them as "Nestorians" or "Monophysites" both of which were, and are decidedly rejected by the Bishops of the Oriental Orthodoxy, along with the Dyophysite position, and the Roman assertion of supreme power over the whole church. The Oriental Orthodox consider Rome to be one of four equal primary Sees but not superior to any of them and prefer the label of "Non-Chalcedonian" or "Miaphysites" as this distinguishes them from Nestorius altogether.
Unfortunately, within 70 years, the Roman Church would declare the Oriental Orthodox Christians to be "heretics" and began to persecute them and exclude them from participation in gatherings and removed several Bishops and Archbishops from their positions of acceptance - considering them "excommunicated" or "out of communion" with the mother church of Rome. This early 6th century persecution was the beginning of nearly 1000 years of persecution at the hands of the Roman Catholic church for nearly any and all groups that would dare to disagree with the declarations of its Pope in Rome.
The Armenian Orthodox Church is considered a part of the decentralised authority structure of Coptic and Oriental Orthodox Archbishops. There is a disdain in this church for the practice of praying to saints and/or Mary. Today, the Oriental Orthodox Church is most prominent in Armenia, Ethiopia (highest concentration), Egypt, Sudan, Syria, and parts of India.
Betts, Robert B. Christians in the Arab East Athens: Lycabbetus Press, 1978.
Binns, John. An Introduction to the Christian Orthodox Churches (Introduction to Religion). Cambridge University Press, 2002.
Charles, R. H. The Chronicle of John, Bishop of Nikiu: Translated from Hermann Zotenberg's Ethiopic Text. Evolution Publishing, 1916. Reprinted 2007. ISBN 978-1-889758-87-9
Harakas, Stanley H. The Orthodox Church; 455 Questions and Answers. Light and Life Publishing Company, 1988. ISBN 0-937032-56-5
Ware, Timothy. The Orthodox Church. Penguin Books, 1997. ISBN 0-14-014656-3
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text:
Browsing all posts tagged with jennifer connelly.
Blu-ray Review: Dario Argento's PHENOMENA
PHENOMENA (aka Creepers) was directed by Dario Argento from a screenplay by Franco Ferrini and Dario Argento and stars Jennifer Connelly, Donald Pleasence, Daria Nicolodi, Patrick Bauchau and Fiore Argento. The soundtrack features music from progressive-rock favorite Goblin, British Heavy Metal masters Motörhead and Iron Maiden, Andi Sex Gang, Bill Wyman [...]
Casting New For TNT's Upcoming SNOWPIERCER Series
Earlier today TNT announced that Jennifer Connelly (A Beautiful Mind) is the latest to join the upcoming SNOWPIERCER series, based on the acclaimed movie of the same name. Head inside for more!
WINTER'S TALE Releasing On Blu-ray Combo, DVD And Digital June 24th
Wednesday, April 23rd, 2014
Warner Bros. Home Entertainment and Village Roadshow Pictures have announced the home video release of WINTER'S TALE on Blu-ray Combo Pack, DVD and Digital HD on June 24th. Head inside for the details! #WintersTale
NOAH Gets Four New TV Spots
Thursday, March 13th, 2014
Head inside to watch four new TV spots for the upcoming Biblical epic NOAH, written and directed by Darren Aronofsky and starring Russell Crowe,Emma Watson, Ray Winstone, Logan Lerman, Jennifer Connelly and Anthony Hopkins. #Noah
Watch The New "Protect" TV Spot For NOAH
Saturday, March 1st, 2014
Head inside to check out the new "Protect" TV spot for the upcoming Biblical epic NOAH, written and directed by Darren Aronofsky and starring Russell Crowe,Emma Watson, Ray Winstone, Logan Lerman, Jennifer Connelly and Anthony Hopkins. #Noah
NOAH Gets A New Motion Poster That Sends In "The Flood"
Head inside to check out the new "The Flood" motion poster for the upcoming Biblical epic NOAH, written and directed by Darren Aronofsky and starring Russell Crowe,Emma Watson, Ray Winstone, Logan Lerman, Jennifer Connelly and Anthony Hopkins. #Noah
This New TV Spot For NOAH Is All About Who Or What Gets "Chosen"
Head inside to check out the new "Chosen" TV spot for the upcoming Biblical epic NOAH, written and directed by Darren Aronofsky and starring Russell Crowe,Emma Watson, Ray Winstone, Logan Lerman, Jennifer Connelly and Anthony Hopkins. #Noah
New Poster And International Trailer For NOAH
Head inside to check out a new poster and the third international trailer released for the upcoming Biblical epic NOAH, written and directed by Darren Aronofsky and starring Russell Crowe,Emma Watson, Ray Winstone, Logan Lerman, Jennifer Connelly and Anthony Hopkins. #Noah


text:
Q: How can I output UIAlertController to a separate file and output data from there? I'm trying to output alert to a separate function, since there will be many similar ones.
Here is my alert:
extension UIViewController {
    func alertEditSum(nameCell: String, completion: (() -> Void)) {
        let alertController = UIAlertController(title: "Hello", message: "", preferredStyle: .alert)

        alertController.addAction(UIAlertAction(title: "Save", style: .default , handler: { _ in
            let nameFolderField = alertController.textFields![0] as UITextField
            if nameFolderField.isTextFieldCheck(text: nameFolderField.text!) == true {

                // -----here----

            }
        }))

        alertController.addAction(UIAlertAction(title: "Cancel"

                                                , style: .cancel, handler: nil))

        alertController.addTextField(configurationHandler: { (nameField: UITextField!) -> Void in
            nameField.clearButtonMode = .always
            nameField.keyboardType = .decimalPad

        })

        self.present(alertController, animated: true)

    }

}

and my piece of code is in another VC:
self.sortedDate[indexPath.section-1].personPayment = Double(nameFolderField.text!)!
 do {
try! self.context.save()
collectionView.reloadData()
}

The problem is that I need to consider what exactly the user enters in UITextField. text! (nameFolderField.text!). I also can't add completion to the alert code, writes an error.
Completion should be added to the line where it says: / / - - - - - here----
Please tell me how to solve this problem?

A: You neeed @escaping completion to send value from inside a closure to a caller , Main changes completion:@escaping (String?) -> Void) and completion(nameFolderField.text)
extension UIViewController {
    func alertEditSum(nameCell: String,completion:@escaping (String?) -> Void) {
        let alertController = UIAlertController(title: "Hello", message: "", preferredStyle: .alert)
        alertController.addAction(UIAlertAction(title: "Save", style: .default , handler: { _ in
            let nameFolderField = alertController.textFields!.first!
            if nameFolderField.isTextFieldCheck(text: nameFolderField.text!) {
              completion(nameFolderField.text)
            }
        }))
        alertController.addAction(UIAlertAction(title: "Cancel", style: .cancel, handler: nil))
        alertController.addTextField(configurationHandler: { (nameField: UITextField!) -> Void in
            nameField.clearButtonMode = .always
            nameField.keyboardType = .decimalPad
        })
        self.present(alertController, animated: true)
    }
 }

Call
alertEditSum(nameCell:<#SomeValue#>) { result in
  print(result)
}

A: This should do the trick:
func alertEditSum(nameCell: String, completion: @escaping ((String?) -> Void)) {

    let alertController = UIAlertController(title: "Hello", message: "", preferredStyle: .alert)

    alertController.addAction(UIAlertAction(title: "Save", style: .default, handler: { _ in
        let nameFolderField = alertController.textFields![0] as UITextField
        if nameFolderField.isTextFieldCheck(text: nameFolderField.text!) == true {
            completion(nameFolderField.text)
        }
    }))

    alertController.addAction(UIAlertAction(title: "Cancel", style: .cancel, handler: { _ in
        completion(nil)
    }))

    alertController.addTextField(configurationHandler: { nameField in
        nameField.clearButtonMode = .always
        nameField.keyboardType = .decimalPad
    })

    self.present(alertController, animated: true)
}

To call it:
theViewController.alertEditSum(nameCell: "text") { text in
    if let text = text {
        //Do stuff
    } else { //Text is invalid or user has cancel

    }
}

Now, isTextFieldCheck(text:) is I guess a method on UITextField, since it's checking its own text, why giving it as a parameter?
Why not just func isTextValid()?
I would also avoid the force unwrap: !.
Going further, would be to use Result<String, Error> in the completion:
completion((Result<String, Error>) -> Void)) to have more infos if needed (user has canceled, text wasn't not valid for any reason, etc.)