text:
ERCC1
DNA excision repair protein ERCC-1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ERCC1 gene.[5] Together with ERCC4, ERCC1 forms the ERCC1-XPF enzyme complex that participates in DNA repair and DNA recombination.[6][7]
Available structures
Ortholog search: PDBe RCSB
List of PDB id codes
1Z00, 2A1I, 2A1J, 2JNW, 2JPD, 2MUT
ERCC1, COFS4, RAD10, UV20, excision repair cross-complementation group 1, ERCC excision repair 1, endonuclease non-catalytic subunit
External IDs
OMIM: 126380 MGI: 95412 HomoloGene: 1501 GeneCards: ERCC1
Gene location (Human)
Chr.
Chromosome 19 (human)[1]
19q13.32
45,407,333 bp[1]
Gene location (Mouse)
Chromosome 7 (mouse)[2]
7 A3|7 9.6 cM
RNA expression pattern
More reference expression data
• protein domain specific binding
• damaged DNA binding
• single-stranded DNA endodeoxyribonuclease activity
• protein C-terminus binding
• GO:0001948 protein binding
• TFIID-class transcription factor binding
• nuclease activity
• hydrolase activity
• 3' overhang single-stranded DNA endodeoxyribonuclease activity
• DNA binding
• ERCC4-ERCC1 complex
• transcription factor TFIID complex
• nucleoplasm
• nucleotide-excision repair factor 1 complex
• nucleotide-excision repair complex
• nuclear chromosome, telomeric region
• cell nucleus
• cytoplasm
• cytosol
• germ cell development
• DNA recombination
• male gonad development
• interstrand cross-link repair
• positive regulation of t-circle formation
• cell development
• response to nutrient
• multicellular organism growth
• embryonic organ development
• post-embryonic hemopoiesis
• syncytium formation
• response to oxidative stress
• chromosome organization
• replicative cell aging
• pyrimidine dimer repair by nucleotide-excision repair
• oogenesis
• cellular response to DNA damage stimulus
• global genome nucleotide-excision repair
• isotype switching
• spermatogenesis
• multicellular organism aging
• t-circle formation
• negative regulation of telomere maintenance
• transcription-coupled nucleotide-excision repair
• mitotic recombination
• cellular proliferation
• nucleotide-excision repair, DNA incision
• response to X-ray
• response to sucrose
• nucleotide-excision repair
• nucleotide-excision repair, preincision complex stabilization
• double-strand break repair
• DNA repair
• nucleotide-excision repair, DNA incision, 5'-to lesion
• meiotic mismatch repair
• double-strand break repair via nonhomologous end joining
• UV-damage excision repair
• negative regulation of protection from non-homologous end joining at telomere
• telomeric DNA-containing double minutes formation
• response to immobilization stress
• response to cadmium ion
Sources:Amigo / QuickGO
Human Mouse
RefSeq (mRNA)
RefSeq (protein)
NP_001159521
Location (UCSC)
Chr 19: 45.41 – 45.48 Mb Chr 7: 19.34 – 19.36 Mb
PubMed search
View/Edit Human View/Edit Mouse
Many aspects of these two gene products are described together here because they are partners during DNA repair. The ERCC1-XPF nuclease is an essential activity in the pathway of DNA nucleotide excision repair (NER). The ERCC1-XPF nuclease also functions in pathways to repair double-strand breaks in DNA, and in the repair of "crosslink" damage that harmfully links the two DNA strands.
Cells with disabling mutations in ERCC1 are more sensitive than normal to particular DNA damaging agents, including ultraviolet (UV) radiation and to chemicals that cause crosslinking between DNA strands. Genetically engineered mice with disabling mutations in ERCC1 have defects in DNA repair, accompanied by metabolic stress-induced changes in physiology that result in premature aging.[8] Complete deletion of ERCC1 is incompatible with viability of mice, and no human individuals have been found with complete (homozygous) deletion of ERCC1. Rare individuals in the human population harbor inherited mutations that impair the function of ERCC1. When the normal genes are absent, these mutations can lead to human syndromes, including Cockayne syndrome (CS) and COFS.
ERCC1 and ERCC4 are the gene names assigned in mammalian genomes, including the human genome (Homo sapiens). Similar genes with similar functions are found in all eukaryotic organisms.
3 Structure-specific nuclease
3.1 Nucleotide excision repair
3.2 DNA double-strand break repair
3.3 DNA interstrand crosslink repair
4 Clinical significance
4.1 Cerebro-oculo-facio-skeletal syndrome
4.2 Cockayne syndrome
4.3 Relevance in chemotherapy
4.4 Deficiency in cancer
5 Accelerated aging
6 Spermatogenesis and oogenesis
GeneEdit
The genomic DNA for ERCC1 was the first human DNA repair gene to be isolated by molecular cloning. The original method was by transfer of fragments of the human genome to ultraviolet light (UV)-sensitive mutant cell lines derived from Chinese hamster ovary cells.[9] Reflecting this cross-species genetic complementation method, the gene was called "Excision repair cross-complementing 1". Multiple independent complementation groups of Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells were isolated,[10] and this gene restored UV resistance to cells of complementation group 1.
The human ERCC1 gene encodes the ERCC1 protein of 297 amino acids with a molecular mass of about 32,500 daltons.
Genes similar to ERCC1 with equivalent functions (orthologs) are found in other eukaryotic genomes. Some of the most studied gene orthologs include RAD10 in the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, and swi10+ in the fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe.
ProteinEdit
Diagram of ERCC1 showing a central domain and a helix-hairpin-helix domain
One ERCC1 molecule and one XPF molecule bind together, forming an ERCC1-XPF heterodimer which is the active nuclease form of the enzyme. In the ERCC1–XPF heterodimer, ERCC1 mediates DNA– and protein–protein interactions. XPF provides the endonuclease active site and is involved in DNA binding and additional protein–protein interactions.[9]
The ERCC4/XPF protein consists of two conserved domains separated by a less conserved region in the middle. The N-terminal region has homology to several conserved domains of DNA helicases belonging to superfamily II, although XPF is not a DNA helicase.[11] The C-terminal region of XPF includes the active site residues for nuclease activity.[12] Most of the ERCC1 protein is related at the sequence level to the C-terminus of the XPF protein,[13] but residues in the nuclease domain are not present. A DNA binding "helix-hairpin-helix" domain at the C-terminus of each protein.
By primary sequence and protein structural similarity, the ERCC1-XPF nuclease is a member of a broader family of structure specific DNA nucleases comprising two subunits. Such nucleases include, for example, the MUS81-EME1 nuclease.
Structure-specific nucleaseEdit
DNA substrates of ERCC1-XPF nuclease
The ERCC1–XPF complex is a structure-specific endonuclease. ERCC1-XPF does not cut DNA that is exclusively single-stranded or double-stranded, but it cleaves the DNA phosphodiester backbone specifically at junctions between double-stranded and single-stranded DNA. It introduces a cut in double-stranded DNA on the 5′ side of such a junction, about two nucleotides away.[14] This structure-specificity was initially demonstrated for RAD10-RAD1, the yeast orthologs of ERCC1 and XPF.[15]
The hydrophobic helix–hairpin–helix motifs in the C-terminal regions of ERCC1 and XPF interact to promote dimerization of the two proteins.[16] There is no catalytic activity in the absence of dimerization. Indeed, although the catalytic domain is within XPF and ERCC1 is catalytically inactive, ERCC1 is indispensable for activity of the complex.
Several models have been proposed for binding of ERCC1–XPF to DNA, based on partial structures of relevant protein fragments at atomic resolution.[16] DNA binding mediated by the helix-hairpin-helix domains of ERCC1 and XPF domains positions the heterodimer at the junction between double-stranded and single-stranded DNA.
Nucleotide excision repairEdit
During nucleotide excision repair, several protein complexes cooperate to recognize damaged DNA and locally separate the DNA helix for a short distance on either side of the site of a DNA damage. The ERCC1–XPF nuclease incises the damaged DNA strand on the 5′ side of the lesion.[14] During NER, the ERCC1 protein interacts with the XPA protein to coordinate DNA and protein binding.
DNA double-strand break repairEdit
Mammalian cells with mutant ERCC1–XPF are moderately more sensitive than normal cells to agents (such as ionizing radiation) that cause double-stranded breaks in DNA.[17][18] Particular pathways of both homologous recombination repair and non-homologous end-joining rely on ERCC1-XPF function.[19][20] The relevant activity of ERCC1–XPF for both types of double-strand break repair is the ability to remove non-homologous 3′ single-stranded tails from DNA ends before rejoining. This activity is needed during a single-strand annealing subpathway of homologous recombination. Trimming of 3' single-stranded tail is also needed in a mechanistically distinct subpathway of non-homologous end-joining, dependent on the Ku proteins.[21] Homologous integration of DNA, an important technique for genetic manipulation, is dependent on the function of ERCC1-XPF in the host cell.[22]
DNA interstrand crosslink repairEdit
Mammalian cells carrying mutations in ERCC1 or XPF are especially sensitive to agents that cause DNA interstrand crosslinks.[23] Interstrand crosslinks block the progression of DNA replication, and structures at blocked DNA replication forks provide substrates for cleavage by ERCC1-XPF.[24][25] Incisions may be made on either side of the crosslink on one DNA strand to unhook the crosslink and initiate repair. Alternatively, a double-strand break may be made in the DNA near the ICL, and subsequent homologous recombination repair may involve ERCC1-XPF action. Although not the only nuclease involved, ERCC1–XPF is required for ICL repair during several phases of the cell cycle.[26][27]
Clinical significanceEdit
Cerebro-oculo-facio-skeletal syndromeEdit
A few patients with severely disabling ERCC1 mutations that cause cerebro-oculo-facio-skeletal syndrome (COFS) have been reported.[8][28] COFS syndrome is a rare recessive disorder in which affected individuals undergo rapid neurologic decline and indications of accelerated aging. A very severe case of such disabling mutations is F231L mutation in the tandem helix-hairpin-helix domain of ERCC1 at its interface with XPF.[28][29] It is shown that this single mutation is very important for the stability of the ERCC1-XPF complex. This Phenylalanine residue is assisting ERCC1 to accommodate a key Phenylalanine residue from XPF (F894) and the mutation (F231L) disturbs this accommodating function. As a consequence, F894 protrudes out of the interface and the mutant complex is dissociating faster compared to the native one.[29] The life span of patients with such mutations is often around 1–2 years.[28]
Cockayne syndromeEdit
One Cockayne syndrome (CS) type II patient designated CS20LO exhibited a homozygous mutation in exon 7 of ERCC1, producing a F231L mutation.[30]
Relevance in chemotherapyEdit
Measuring ERCC1 activity may have utility in clinical cancer medicine because one mechanism of resistance to platinum chemotherapy drugs correlates with high ERCC1 activity. Nucleotide excision repair (NER) is the primary DNA repair mechanism that removes the therapeutic platinum-DNA adducts from the tumor DNA. ERCC1 activity levels, being an important part of the NER common final pathway, may serve as a marker of general NER throughput. This has been suggested for patients with gastric,[31] ovarian, colorectal and bladder cancers.[32] In Non-small cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC), surgically removed tumors that receive no further therapy have a better survival if ERCC1-positive than if ERCC1-negative. Thus ERCC1 positivity is a favorable prognostic marker, referring to how the disease will proceed if not further treated. ERCC1-positive NSCLC tumors do not benefit from adjuvant platinum chemotherapy. However, ERCC1-negative NSCLC tumors, prognostically worse without treatment, derive substantial benefit from adjuvant cisplatin-based chemotherapy. High ERCC1 is thus a negative predictive marker, referring to how it will respond to a specific type of treatment.[33][34]
ERCC1 genotyping in humans has shown significant polymorphism at codon 118.[35] These polymorphisms may have differential effects on platinum and mitomycin damage.[35]
Deficiency in cancerEdit
ERCC1 protein expression is reduced or absent in 84% to 100% of colorectal cancers,[36][37] and the promoter of ERCC1 is methylated in 38% of gliomas, resulting in reduced mRNA and protein expression.[38] The promoter of ERCC1 was located in the DNA 5 kilobases upstream of the protein coding region.[38] Frequencies of epigenetic reductions of nine other DNA repair genes have been evaluated in various cancers and range from 2% (OGG1 in papillary thyroid cancer) to 88% and 90% (MGMT in gastric and colon cancers, respectively). Thus, reduction of protein expression of ERCC1 in 84% to 100% of colon cancers indicates that reduced ERCC1 is one of the most frequent reductions of a DNA repair gene observed in a cancer.[citation needed] Deficiency in ERCC1 protein expression appears to be an early event in colon carcinogenesis, since ERCC1 was found to be deficient in 40% of the crypts within 10 cm on each side of colonic adenocarcinomas (within the early field defects from which the cancers likely arose).[36]
Cadmium (Cd) and its compounds are well-known human carcinogens. During Cd-induced malignant transformation, the promoter regions of ERCC1, as well as of hMSH2, XRCC1, and hOGG1, were heavily methylated and both the messenger RNA and proteins of these DNA repair genes were progressively reduced.[39] DNA damage also increased with Cd-induced transformation.[39] Reduction of protein expression of ERCC1 in progression to sporadic cancer is unlikely to be due to mutation. While germ line (familial) mutations in DNA repair genes cause a high risk of cancer (see inherited impairment in DNA repair increases cancer risk), somatic mutations in DNA repair genes, including ERCC1, only occur at low levels in sporadic (non-familial) cancers.[40]
Control of ERCC1 protein level occurred at the translational level. In addition to the wild-type sequence, three splice variants of mRNA ERCC1 exist.[41] ERCC1 mRNA is also found to have either wild-type or three alternative transcription start points. Neither the level of overall mRNA transcription, splice variation nor transcription start point of mRNA correlates with protein level of ERCC1. The rate of ERCC1 protein turnover also does not correlate with ERCC1 protein level. A translational level control of ERCC1, due to a microRNA (miRNA), has been shown during HIV viral infection. A trans-activation response element (TAR) miRNA, coded for by the HIV virus, down-regulates ERCC1 protein expression.[42] TAR miRNA allows ERCC1 mRNA to be transcribed, but acts at the p-body level to prevent translation of ERCC1 protein. (A p-body is a cytoplasmic granule "processing body" that interacts with miRNAs to repress translation or trigger degradation of target RNAs.) In breast cancer cell lines, almost one third (55/167) of miRNA promoters were targets for aberrant methylation (epigenetic repression).[43] In breast cancers themselves, methylation of let-7a-3/let-7b miRNA in particular was found. This indicates that let-7a-3/let-7b can be epigenetically repressed.
Repression of let-7a can cause repression of ERCC1 expression through an intermediary step involving the HMGA2 gene. The let-7a miRNA normally represses the HMGA2 gene, and in normal adult tissues, almost no HMGA2 protein is present.[44] (See also Let-7 microRNA precursor.) Reduction or absence of let-7a miRNA allows high expression of the HMGA2 protein. HMGA proteins are characterized by three DNA-binding domains, called AT-hooks, and an acidic carboxy-terminal tail. HMGA proteins are chromatin architectural transcription factors that both positively and negatively regulate the transcription of a variety of genes. They do not display direct transcriptional activation capacity, but regulate gene expression by changing local DNA conformation. Regulation is achieved by binding to AT-rich regions in the DNA and/or direct interaction with several transcription factors.[45] HMGA2 targets and modifies the chromatin architecture at the ERCC1 gene, reducing its expression.[46] Hypermethylation of the promoter for let-7a miRNA reduces its expression and this allows hyperexpression of HMGA2. Hyperexpression of HMGA2 can then reduce expression of ERCC1.
Thus, there are three mechanisms that may be responsible for the low level of protein expression of ERCC1 in 84% to 100% of sporadic colon cancers. From results in gliomas and in cadmium carcinogenesis, methylation of the ERCC1 promoter may be a factor. One or more miRNAs that repress ERCC1 may be a factor. And epigenetically reduced let-7a miRNA allowing hyperexpression of HMGA2 could also reduce protein expression of ERCC1 in colon cancers. Which epigenetic mechanism occurs most frequently, or whether multiple epigenetic mechanisms reduce ERCC1 protein expression in colon cancers has not been determined.[citation needed]
Accelerated agingEdit
DNA repair-deficient Ercc1 mutant mice show numerous features of accelerated aging, and have a limited lifespan.[47] Accelerated aging in the mutant involves various organs. Ercc1 mutant mice are deficient in several DNA repair processes including transcription-coupled DNA repair. This deficiency prevents resumption of RNA synthesis on the template DNA strand subsequent to it receiving a transcription-blocking DNA damage. Such blockages of transcription appear to promote premature aging, particularly in non-proliferating or slowly proliferating organs such as the nervous system, liver and kidney[48] (see DNA damage theory of aging).
When Ercc1 mutant mice were subjected to dietary restriction their response closely resembled the beneficial response to dietary restriction of wild-type mice. Dietary restriction extended the lifespan of the Ercc1 mutant mice from 10 to 35 weeks for males and from 13 to 39 weeks for females.[47] It appears that in Ercc1 mutant mice dietary restriction while delaying aging also attenuates accumulation of genome-wide DNA damage and preserves transcriptional output, likely contributing to improved cell viability.[47]
Spermatogenesis and oogenesisEdit
Both male and female Ercc1-deficient mice are infertile.[49] The DNA repair function of Ercc1 appears to be required in both male and female germ cells at all stages of their maturation. The testes of Ercc1-deficient mice have an increased level of 8-oxoguanine in their DNA, suggesting that Ercc1 may have a role in removing oxidative DNA damages.
NotesEdit
The 2015 version of this article was updated by an external expert under a dual publication model. The corresponding academic peer reviewed article was published in Gene and can be cited as:
Mandira Manandhar; Karen S Boulware; Richard Dean Wood (12 June 2015), "The ERCC1 and ERCC4 (XPF) genes and gene products", Gene, 569 (2): 153–161, doi:10.1016/J.GENE.2015.06.026, PMC 4536074, PMID 26074087 , Wikidata Q35663361
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^ a b Faridounnia M, Wienk H, Kovačič L, Folkers GE, Jaspers NG, Kaptein R, Hoeijmakers JH, Boelens R (Aug 2015). "The Cerebro-Oculo-Facio-Skeletal (COFS) Syndrome point mutation F231L in the ERCC1 DNA repair protein causes dissociation of the ERCC1-XPF complex". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 290 (33): 20541–55. doi:10.1074/jbc.M114.635169. PMC 4536458. PMID 26085086.
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^ a b Zhou ZH, Lei YX, Wang CX (Feb 2012). "Analysis of aberrant methylation in DNA repair genes during malignant transformation of human bronchial epithelial cells induced by cadmium". Toxicological Sciences. 125 (2): 412–7. doi:10.1093/toxsci/kfr320. PMID 22112500.
^ Wood LD, Parsons DW, Jones S, Lin J, Sjöblom T, Leary RJ, Shen D, Boca SM, Barber T, Ptak J, Silliman N, Szabo S, Dezso Z, Ustyanksky V, Nikolskaya T, Nikolsky Y, Karchin R, Wilson PA, Kaminker JS, Zhang Z, Croshaw R, Willis J, Dawson D, Shipitsin M, Willson JK, Sukumar S, Polyak K, Park BH, Pethiyagoda CL, Pant PV, Ballinger DG, Sparks AB, Hartigan J, Smith DR, Suh E, Papadopoulos N, Buckhaults P, Markowitz SD, Parmigiani G, Kinzler KW, Velculescu VE, Vogelstein B (Nov 2007). "The genomic landscapes of human breast and colorectal cancers". Science. 318 (5853): 1108–13. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.218.5477. doi:10.1126/science.1145720. PMID 17932254.
^ McGurk CJ, Cummings M, Köberle B, Hartley JA, Oliver RT, Masters JR (Apr 2006). "Regulation of DNA repair gene expression in human cancer cell lines". Journal of Cellular Biochemistry. 97 (5): 1121–36. doi:10.1002/jcb.20711. PMID 16315315.
^ Klase Z, Winograd R, Davis J, Carpio L, Hildreth R, Heydarian M, Fu S, McCaffrey T, Meiri E, Ayash-Rashkovsky M, Gilad S, Bentwich Z, Kashanchi F (2009). "HIV-1 TAR miRNA protects against apoptosis by altering cellular gene expression". Retrovirology. 6: 18. doi:10.1186/1742-4690-6-18. PMC 2654423. PMID 19220914.
^ Vrba L, Muñoz-Rodríguez JL, Stampfer MR, Futscher BW (2013). "miRNA gene promoters are frequent targets of aberrant DNA methylation in human breast cancer". PLOS ONE. 8 (1): e54398. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0054398. PMC 3547033. PMID 23342147.
^ Motoyama K, Inoue H, Nakamura Y, Uetake H, Sugihara K, Mori M (Apr 2008). "Clinical significance of high mobility group A2 in human gastric cancer and its relationship to let-7 microRNA family". Clinical Cancer Research. 14 (8): 2334–40. doi:10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-07-4667. PMID 18413822.
^ Cleynen I, Van de Ven WJ (Feb 2008). "The HMGA proteins: a myriad of functions (Review)". International Journal of Oncology. 32 (2): 289–305. doi:10.3892/ijo.32.2.289. PMID 18202751.
^ Borrmann L, Schwanbeck R, Heyduk T, Seebeck B, Rogalla P, Bullerdiek J, Wisniewski JR (Dec 2003). "High mobility group A2 protein and its derivatives bind a specific region of the promoter of DNA repair gene ERCC1 and modulate its activity". Nucleic Acids Research. 31 (23): 6841–51. doi:10.1093/nar/gkg884. PMC 290254. PMID 14627817.
^ a b c Vermeij WP, Dollé ME, Reiling E, Jaarsma D, Payan-Gomez C, Bombardieri CR, Wu H, Roks AJ, Botter SM, van der Eerden BC, Youssef SA, Kuiper RV, Nagarajah B, van Oostrom CT, Brandt RM, Barnhoorn S, Imholz S, Pennings JL, de Bruin A, Gyenis Á, Pothof J, Vijg J, van Steeg H, Hoeijmakers JH (2016). "Restricted diet delays accelerated ageing and genomic stress in DNA-repair-deficient mice". Nature. 537 (7620): 427–431. doi:10.1038/nature19329. PMC 5161687. PMID 27556946.
^ Marteijn JA, Lans H, Vermeulen W, Hoeijmakers JH (2014). "Understanding nucleotide excision repair and its roles in cancer and ageing". Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell Biol. 15 (7): 465–81. doi:10.1038/nrm3822. PMID 24954209.
^ Hsia KT, Millar MR, King S, Selfridge J, Redhead NJ, Melton DW, Saunders PT (2003). "DNA repair gene Ercc1 is essential for normal spermatogenesis and oogenesis and for functional integrity of germ cell DNA in the mouse". Development. 130 (2): 369–78. doi:10.1242/dev.00221. PMID 12466203.
Olaussen KA, Mountzios G, Soria JC (Jul 2007). "ERCC1 as a risk stratifier in platinum-based chemotherapy for nonsmall-cell lung cancer". Current Opinion in Pulmonary Medicine. 13 (4): 284–9. doi:10.1097/MCP.0b013e32816b5c63. PMID 17534174.
van Duin M, de Wit J, Odijk H, Westerveld A, Yasui A, Koken MH, Hoeijmakers JH, Bootsma D (Mar 1986). "Molecular characterization of the human excision repair gene ERCC-1: cDNA cloning and amino acid homology with the yeast DNA repair gene RAD10". Cell. 44 (6): 913–23. doi:10.1016/0092-8674(86)90014-0. PMID 2420469.
van Duin M, van Den Tol J, Hoeijmakers JH, Bootsma D, Rupp IP, Reynolds P, Prakash L, Prakash S (Apr 1989). "Conserved pattern of antisense overlapping transcription in the homologous human ERCC-1 and yeast RAD10 DNA repair gene regions". Molecular and Cellular Biology. 9 (4): 1794–8. doi:10.1128/MCB.9.4.1794. PMC 362600. PMID 2471070.
Hoeijmakers JH (1987). "Characterization of genes and proteins involved in excision repair of human cells". Journal of Cell Science. Supplement. 6: 111–25. doi:10.1242/jcs.1984.Supplement_6.7. PMID 2821019.
Hoeijmakers JH, van Duin M, Westerveld A, Yasui A, Bootsma D (1987). "Identification of DNA repair genes in the human genome". Cold Spring Harbor Symposia on Quantitative Biology. 51 (1): 91–101. doi:10.1101/sqb.1986.051.01.012. PMID 3034490.
van Duin M, van den Tol J, Warmerdam P, Odijk H, Meijer D, Westerveld A, Bootsma D, Hoeijmakers JH (Jun 1988). "Evolution and mutagenesis of the mammalian excision repair gene ERCC-1". Nucleic Acids Research. 16 (12): 5305–22. doi:10.1093/nar/16.12.5305. PMC 336769. PMID 3290851.
Nagai A, Saijo M, Kuraoka I, Matsuda T, Kodo N, Nakatsu Y, Mimaki T, Mino M, Biggerstaff M, Wood RD (Jun 1995). "Enhancement of damage-specific DNA binding of XPA by interaction with the ERCC1 DNA repair protein". Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications. 211 (3): 960–6. doi:10.1006/bbrc.1995.1905. PMID 7598728.
Li L, Elledge SJ, Peterson CA, Bales ES, Legerski RJ (May 1994). "Specific association between the human DNA repair proteins XPA and ERCC1". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 91 (11): 5012–6. doi:10.1073/pnas.91.11.5012. PMC 43920. PMID 8197174.
Park CH, Sancar A (May 1994). "Formation of a ternary complex by human XPA, ERCC1, and ERCC4(XPF) excision repair proteins". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 91 (11): 5017–21. doi:10.1073/pnas.91.11.5017. PMC 43921. PMID 8197175.
McWhir J, Selfridge J, Harrison DJ, Squires S, Melton DW (Nov 1993). "Mice with DNA repair gene (ERCC-1) deficiency have elevated levels of p53, liver nuclear abnormalities and die before weaning". Nature Genetics. 5 (3): 217–24. doi:10.1038/ng1193-217. PMID 8275084.
Trask B, Fertitta A, Christensen M, Youngblom J, Bergmann A, Copeland A, de Jong P, Mohrenweiser H, Olsen A, Carrano A (Jan 1993). "Fluorescence in situ hybridization mapping of human chromosome 19: cytogenetic band location of 540 cosmids and 70 genes or DNA markers". Genomics. 15 (1): 133–45. doi:10.1006/geno.1993.1021. PMID 8432525.
Yu JJ, Mu C, Lee KB, Okamoto A, Reed EL, Bostick-Bruton F, Mitchell KC, Reed E (Sep 1997). "A nucleotide polymorphism in ERCC1 in human ovarian cancer cell lines and tumor tissues". Mutation Research. 382 (1–2): 13–20. doi:10.1016/s1383-5726(97)00004-6. PMID 9360634.
Hayashi T, Takao M, Tanaka K, Yasui A (Jun 1998). "ERCC1 mutations in UV-sensitive Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cell lines". Mutation Research. 407 (3): 269–76. doi:10.1016/s0921-8777(98)00013-5. PMID 9653453.
de Laat WL, Sijbers AM, Odijk H, Jaspers NG, Hoeijmakers JH (Sep 1998). "Mapping of interaction domains between human repair proteins ERCC1 and XPF". Nucleic Acids Research. 26 (18): 4146–52. doi:10.1093/nar/26.18.4146. PMC 147836. PMID 9722633.
Lin YW, Kubota M, Koishi S, Sawada M, Usami I, Watanabe K, Akiyama Y (Nov 1998). "Analysis of mutations at the DNA repair genes in acute childhood leukaemia". British Journal of Haematology. 103 (2): 462–6. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2141.1998.00973.x. PMID 9827920.
Houtsmuller AB, Rademakers S, Nigg AL, Hoogstraten D, Hoeijmakers JH, Vermeulen W (May 1999). "Action of DNA repair endonuclease ERCC1/XPF in living cells". Science. 284 (5416): 958–61. doi:10.1126/science.284.5416.958. PMID 10320375.
Cheng L, Guan Y, Li L, Legerski RJ, Einspahr J, Bangert J, Alberts DS, Wei Q (Sep 1999). "Expression in normal human tissues of five nucleotide excision repair genes measured simultaneously by multiplex reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction". Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers & Prevention. 8 (9): 801–7. PMID 10498399.
Yu JJ, Thornton K, Guo Y, Kotz H, Reed E (Nov 2001). "An ERCC1 splicing variant involving the 5'-UTR of the mRNA may have a transcriptional modulatory function". Oncogene. 20 (52): 7694–8. doi:10.1038/sj.onc.1204977. PMID 11753647.
Li QQ, Yunmbam MK, Zhong X, Yu JJ, Mimnaugh EG, Neckers L, Reed E (2002). "Lactacystin enhances cisplatin sensitivity in resistant human ovarian cancer cell lines via inhibition of DNA repair and ERCC-1 expression". Cellular and Molecular Biology. 47 Online Pub: OL61–72. PMID 11936875.
GeneReviews/NIH/NCBI/UW entry on Xeroderma Pigmentosum
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=ERCC1&oldid=932040642"


Vipers trip to Widnes Wild on Sunday 20th January saw some big early difficulties for Vipers before they eventually ran out with a 9-3 win in front of a large and loud crowd.
A Vipers' goal after 15 seconds by the League's leading point scorer, Robin Mullen, pointed to a possible runaway win. How wrong this proved to be!
Mistakes in the Vipers defense were dealt with swiftly by clinical Widnes finishing. This had them leading 2-1 at the end of P1. (Goals from Savannah Sumner and Captain, Emma Pearson).
Although Vipers were creating the majority of chances, they were not able to fire on all cylinders; Stephanie Drinkwater in the Widnes net was on top form, stonewalling all efforts.
Goal number two for the Vipers took until the 33rd minute to arrive with another fine finish from Robin Mullen.
The team settled and the combination of Robin Mullen and Madison Wright burst into life for a goal each within a two minutes spell.
The excitement proved a little too much for young Miss Wright, who shortly afterwards seemed to forget she was in Womens' Hockey and threw a ferocious check that landed her a 2+10 minute penalty for elbows, and a long rest in the box.
Nevertheless, Vipers continued to lead 4-2 at the second interval.
The stubborn Wild again came out with real spirit and a continuing determination to cause an upset. A goal from Danielle Skilander made it 4-3 at the 45 minute mark and Nottingham nerves were again jangling.
No Vipers game these days is complete without points from Jessica Urquhart and she choose exactly the right time to receive a pass from Renata Mudrakova and sweep hard at the net from square on. Two goal lead restored!
Thankfully for Vipers, the Wilds' incredible earlier efforts took their toll in the final 10 minutes and the Snakes were able to capitalise on tiredness with two more goals from Robin Mullen, one from Renata Mudrakova and a second for Madison Wright.
The Vipers may have taken the points from this one, but the moral victory really belonged to Widnes.


text:
Ugandan author of The Greedy Barbarian detained – lawyer
Ugandan author Kakwenza Rukirabashaija, who won a prestigious prize this year for courageous writing, has been detained, his lawyer has confirmed.
The reason for his arrest is unclear, but he has recently been scathing about President Yoweri Museveni and his son Lt-Gen Muhoozi Kainerugaba on Twitter.
He described the general as "obese" and said "the Musevenis have imposed enormous suffering on this country".
The BBC has contacted the police for comment.
They have not yet confirmed Rubirabashaija's arrest but his lawyer Eron Kiiza said he was being held by the police crime intelligence agency in a suburb of the capital, Kampala.
Mr Kiiza added that he has not been able to gain access to the author, and he had not yet been charged.
In his last Facebook post before he was taken away on Tuesday, Rubirabashaija wrote: "I'm under house arrest. Men with guns are breaking my door. They say they're policemen but are not in uniform. I've locked myself inside."
Rukirabashaija won this year's Pen Pinter Prize's International Writer of Courage award.
He is best known for The Greedy Barbarian, a satirical novel which describes high-level corruption in a fictional country, and Banana Republic: Where Writing is Treasonous, an account of the torture he was subjected to while in detention in 2020.
President Museveni, 77, has been in power in Uganda since 1986, and there has been long-standing speculation that he was grooming his son – a powerful figure in the military – to succeed him.
The opposition Forum for Democratic Change (FDC) party has condemned Rukirabashaija's arrest, urging that he be freed.
The author's handle and the hashtag #FreeKakwenza are trending on Twitter in the East African nation.
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text:
Unionalimentari - Confapi è un'associazione italiana che rappresenta tutte le aziende del settore agroalimentare aderenti alla Confapi presso le istituzioni nazionali. Il presidente, dal 2022, è l'imprenditore Paolo Uberti.

Fondazione
L'associazione è stata costituita il 23 settembre 1992 da alcuni imprenditori del settore agroalimentare con l'obiettivo di tutelare e promuovere gli interessi economici e sociali delle PMI alimentari. È l'unione verticale della CONFAPI, Confederazione della Piccola e Media Industria Italiana, che dal 1947 tutela gli interessi e valorizza il ruolo delle imprese italiane di piccola e media dimensione (PMI). Il cuore dell'associazione sono gli imprenditori di piccole e medie imprese di tutti i settori del comparto agroalimentare italiano.

Presidenti di UnionAlimentari

Organizzazione e struttura
È un'associazione apartitica e senza fini di lucro e vige una rappresentanza democratica indipendente dalle dimensioni aziendali, dal numero di addetti o dal fatturato: ogni azienda un voto. È composta da una struttura nazionale nonché da articolazioni e comitati territoriali, regionali o locali, ed infine da gruppi produttivi che riuniscono aziende con interessi simili per tipo di produzione, mercato o tecnologia alimentare.

Nel 2015, con la sottoscrizione dell'accordo con Worldex
(China) Exhibition & Promotion, società del Gruppo Fiera Milano a
Guangzhou, ha aperto una struttura a supporto delle PMI in China.

UNAS - Unione Nazionale Alimenti Surgelati
UNAS è stata costituita il 29 settembre 2010 riunisce le aziende del comparto del surgelato aderenti ad UnionAlimentari. Nasce dall'esigenza di tutelare gli interessi del settore, valorizzando la qualità degli alimenti surgelati, attraverso la rappresentatività presso le istituzioni. Tra gli obiettivi anche il supporto di enti fieristici, principalmente TUTTOFOOD e anche CIBUS, che nel 2012 per la prima volta ha ospitato una spazio dedicato agli alimenti surgelati: CIBUS FROZEN. Il presidente è l'imprenditore Renato Bonaglia.

Presidenti di UNAS

C.C.N.L. Piccola e Media Industria Alimentare
UnionAlimentari è firmataria insieme alle sigle sindacali (FAI-CISL, FLAI-CGIL, UILA-UIL) del C.C.N.L. PMI Industria Alimentare applicato da circa 4000 PMI produttrici e trasformatici di alimenti e che interessa circa 30.000 lavoratori dipendenti. Il primo C.C.N.L che applica interamente la Legge Biagi. Il 16 settembre 2016 è stato rinnovato ed è vigente dal 1 luglio 2016 al 30 giugno 2020. Il 12 luglio 2021, nonostante le molte incertezze economiche e le difficoltà del momento dovute alla pandemia, è stato rinnovato il CCNL ed avrà vigenza fino ad ottobre 2024.

Note

Voci correlate
 Confapi

Collegamenti esterni

Associazioni industriali e commerciali

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
Deborah J. Fox
Margaret Rosequist
Anticipated Supreme Court Ruling in First Amendment Sign Ordinance Case
The Supreme Court of the United States granted Writ of Certiorari in the Ninth Circuit's Reed v. Town of Gilbert (Reed II) case. The Ninth Circuit's Reed II ruling considered a municipal sign ordinance that, among other things, imposed different limitations on signs depending on whether the sign was classified as a "temporary directional sign," a "political sign" or an "ideological" sign. Despite the fact that the sign ordinance drew distinctions based on the subject matter of the speech involved, the Ninth Circuit found that the regulation's distinctions were content-neutral because the distinctions were not based on a preference for some messages over others. The Ninth Circuit's ruling in Reed II was a departure from its previous precedent regarding the test for content-neutrality. While Reed II may have been seen by some as a welcome outcome for municipalities as it allowed potentially more latitude in distinctions and restrictions in sign regulations, its analysis does not appear to comport with previous precedent so left an already nuanced area of First Amendment law even more opaque.
Petitioners in Reed II filed their brief with the Supreme Court in September 2014, arguing that the ordinance is a content-based regulation that fails the strict scrutiny test and is thus unconstitutional. Numerous parties have filed amicus curiae briefs in support of Petitioners, including the United States. It appears that the United States is concerned that a ruling in Reed II could impact the constitutionality of the Highway Beautification Act. The United States urges the Supreme Court to take a context-dependent approach in determining whether to label a law content-neutral and argues that in the particular context of a sign-regulation scheme premised solely on the government's interests in safety and aesthetics that such a regulation should be deemed content-neutral and subject to intermediate scrutiny. The United States posits that the regulation in Reed II fails intermediate scrutiny but that the federal Highway Beautification Act does not. By contrast, the amicus curiae brief filed by the American Center for Law and Justice argues that a speech regulation need not have an intent to discriminate in order to be classified as content-based. Rather, it asserts that the test for whether a regulation is content-based is to determine if the regulation is content-discriminatory on its face or content-discriminatory in its purpose, but it need not be both. These arguments highlight the complex nature of this ever-evolving area of law.
The Supreme Court's ruling in this case should resolve the divergent approaches to determining content-neutrality and provide some welcome guidance regarding the appropriate test for the lower courts to apply when determining whether the provisions of sign ordinances are content-neutral versus content-based. Respondents' brief is due to be filed in mid-November 2014. A ruling by the United States Supreme Court in Reed v. Town of Gilbert is expected in early 2015.


text:
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Once home to the most advanced civilization on Earth, Atlantis is now an underwater kingdom ruled by the power-hungry King Orm. With a vast army at his disposal, Orm plans to conquer the remaining oceanic people and then the surface world. Standing in his way is Arthur Curry, Orm's half-human, half-Atlantean brother and true heir to the throne.
Acts of Vengeance (2017)
A fast-talking lawyer transforms his body and takes a vow of silence, not to be broken until he finds out who killed his wife and daughter and has his revenge.
Country: Bulgaria, USA, Spain
Fearing the actions of a god-like Super Hero left unchecked, Gotham City's own formidable, forceful vigilante takes on Metropolis's most revered, modern-day savior, while the world wrestles with what sort…
Cats & Dogs 3: Paws Unite (2020)
It's been ten years since the creation of the Great Truce, an elaborate joint-species surveillance system designed and monitored by cats and dogs to keep the peace when conflicts arise….
Genre: Action, Adventure, Animation, Comedy, Family, Fantasy, Romance
Berserk: The Golden Age Arc III – The Advent (2013)
A year has passed since Guts parted ways with the Band of the Hawks. Meanwhile, his former mercenary group is plotting a rescue mission to save an imprisoned Griffith.
Genre: Action, Adventure, Animation, Drama, Fantasy, Horror
Spiderhead (2022)
A prisoner in a state-of-the-art penitentiary begins to question the purpose of the emotion-controlling drugs he's testing for a pharmaceutical genius.
Jarhead: Law of Return (2019)
Major Ronan Jackson (Devon Sawa), an accomplished fighter pilot for the Israel Defense Forces and son of a U.S. Senator (Robert Patrick), is shot down while flying through Syrian airspace….
Country: Israel, USA
Exodus: Gods and Kings (2014)
The defiant leader Moses rises up against the Egyptian Pharaoh Ramses, setting 400,000 slaves on a monumental journey of escape from Egypt and its terrifying cycle of deadly plagues.
Country: UK, Spain, USA
Genre: Action, Adventure, Drama, Fantasy
The Matrix Resurrections (2021)
Plagued by strange memories, Neo's life takes an unexpected turn when he finds himself back inside the Matrix.
The Virtuoso (2021)
A lonesome stranger with nerves of steel must track down and kill a rogue hitman to satisfy an outstanding debt. But the only information he's been given is a time…
Black Fox (2019)
Rikka is a ninja descendant. Her grandfather Hyoe is the last chief of their ninja clan and her father is a cyborg researcher. Both are killed when a weapons' company…
Genre: Action, Adventure, Animation, Drama, Sci-Fi
Pixels (2015)
Video game experts are recruited by the military to fight 1980s-era video game characters who've attacked New York.
Country: USA, China, Canada
Genre: Action, Comedy, Fantasy, Sci-Fi
Captain America: The Winter Soldier (2014)
After the cataclysmic events in New York with The Avengers, Steve Rogers, aka Captain America is living quietly in Washington, D.C. and trying to adjust to the modern world. But…
Trailer: Aquaman (2018)


text:
Biden, Booker Cruise to Easy Wins in New Jersey; Gottheimer, Sherrill Fight Off Challengers
in County, Washington Political Breaking News
While New Jersey solidifies its deep blue state status on Election night, the country will be awaiting a decision of who will be the next President of the United State for at least another day—and probably more.
As of 11:30 p.m. Nov. 3, due to states such as Pennsylvania, Michigan, Georgia and Wisconsin stating their vote totals would not be decided on Election Night, President Donald Trump and Democratic nominee Joe Biden could not be declared the winner to be the next U.S. President.
The only state to change from the 2016 map was Arizona, where Joe Biden is projected to win. Key states too close to call but having Trump leading include Florida, Texas, and North Carolina.
Booker Sails
New Jersey was called early for Biden. With 61% of the vote accounted for, the former vice president holds a 61% to 37% lead over President Trump, with 1.7 million votes.
In the U.S. Senate race, Sen Cory Booker will return to Washington, cruising to victory over Morris County resident Rik Metha. Booker received 60% of the vote to Metha's 38%.
In the House Races, all five of the North Jersey incumbents appear to have fended off their challenges.
Gottheimer, Sherrill Winners
Rep. Josh Gottheimer is expected to be re-elected to a third term as, with 68% of the precincts reporting, he holds a 58%-41% lead over Frank Pallotta. Gottheimer leads in Bergen County by 22%, while Pallotta leads in the other three counties—by 2% in Passaic and 9% in both Sussex and Warren counties.
In the 11th Congressional District, Rep. Mikie Sherrill (D) is likely to be re-elected with 56% of precincts reporting. Sherrill has a 59%-41% advantage over GOP contender Rosemary Becchi, winning Essex County by 28 points, Morris by 17 and Passaic by three. Becchi carried Sussex County by 6 points.
The three veterans of the delegation—Donald Payne, Jr., Albio Sires and Bill Pascrell—cruised to easy victories.
Veterans Return
Payne holds a 75 percentage point lead over GOP nominee Jennifer Zinoe, up 86%-11% advantage with just over half the precincts reporting in the 10th Congressional district.
Sires is ahead by a 77%-22% margin over Jason Mushnick in the 8th Congressional District. As for the 9th Congressional District, Pascrell is up 67%-31% over Republician Billy Prempeh with about 50% of the districts reporting.
Candidates on both sides of the aisles have noted it will take days to have a final count in New Jersey due to the large number of votes in this election, including the universal vote-by-mail model offered for the first time in a general election statewide.
Tags: 10th Congressional District11th Congressional District2020 Elections5th Congressional District8th Congressional District9th Congressional DistrictBergen CountyBilly PrempehEssex CountyFrank PallottaJason MushnickJennifer ZinoneJoe BidenMorris CountyNorth JerseyPassaic CountyPresident Donald TrumpRep. Albio SiresRep. Bill PascrellRep. Donald Payne Jr.Rep. Josh GottheimerRep. Mikie SherrillRik MehtaRosemary BecchiSen. Cory BookerSussex CountyWarren County
State Senate Passes Bill Allowing U.S. Flag on New Jersey Overpasses
Second Surge of COVID-19 Expected to Peak Early 2021
Pingback: North Jersey News Roundup for Nov. 4, 2020 | | North-JerseyNews.com


Certain types of anxiety can be beneficial , however, anxiety that is abnormal and excessive becomes a real burden.
This recording can enable you to be completely free from abnormal/excessive anxiety. Helping you achieve peace and calmness in all areas of your life.


Have you seen the new Colorwheel Yarn at Michaels yet? Very soon it will be available online as well!
The Colorwheel Knit or Crochet Shawl!
Want to say Thank You for this FREE Pattern?
This is a perfect project for summer travels. The 90 yard skeins are small to place in side pockets of a purse or backpack. Simply pull one out, yep even in public *wink*, and keep adding to your rainbow shawl. The easy repetition of the pattern allows a quick work up without staring at a pattern every row. And this clean and straightforward pattern repeat creates an stunning and fun shawl! So what are you waiting for? Grab some awesome Colorwheel Yarn and whip up this fun Rainbow Crochet or Knit Shawl today! And might I add, the drape on both versions is AMAZING with a SOFT texture worth wearing.
Notes: Stitch count will increase every other row.
Bind off using basic knit bind off. Fasten off and weave in ends. Lightly block.
Row count will also match stitch count.
Chains do not count as a stitch on current working row.
Fasten off and weave in ends. Lightly block.
Love the colors. Will try this for sure!
If I'm reading this wrong…please let me know but it looks like all you're doing is slip stitching…is this a misprint??
This page was supposed to be the CROCHET pattern.
Will give this a go for sure.
I love the pattern thank you for sharing it.
Love to win the yarn to make this! After your Colorwheel game, I'm dreaming of pools, beaches, oceans and laying on a secluded beach or next to a pool at a private resort….being waited on while I'm sipping Mint tea or Landslides and CROCHETING (this in all my favorite colors)!
…really?? mesurement in slip stitch and 13 rows…??
Maybe the stitch type is SC ??


text:
Q: Having trouble storing string inside an array of C struct Hey I'm simply trying to store a string inside of a struct so i can call on it later in printf's. For some reason it doesn't store the string or print it. What am i doing wrong?
#include <stdio.h>
#include <string.h>

struct receipt
{
  char burger_type[45];
};
struct receipt r[25];
int main()
{
  r[1].burger_type == "chicken Burger";

  printf("%s pls work",r[1].burger_type);

  return 0;
}

Thank you too anyone who can help.
Thanks

A: == is the equality operator. For assignment you use the = assignment operator.
Regardless of that, you cannot assign a value of type const char * to a char [45]. Use strcpy to place the value of that string in your destination.
strcpy(r[1].burger_type, "chicken Burger");

When using these functions, you must be cautious that the size of your input does not exceed the size of your destination.
You should turn up the warnings on your compiler to catch these kinds of malformed code (e.g., gcc -Wall ...).

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Women's Writing Before Woolf: A Social Reference/Leigh Hunt
< Women's Writing Before Woolf: A Social Reference
1 Leigh Hunt (1784-1859)
1.1 Biography
1.2 Works
1.3 Legacy
1.5 Works Cited
Leigh Hunt (1784-1859)Edit
James Henry Leigh Hunt, more commonly known as Leigh Hunt (1784-1859), was an important literary figure in the nineteenth century and a major contributor to Romantic Era literature. A poet, essayist, journalist, and literary critic,[1] Hunt is notable for having created several publications such as The Examiner and for his wide range of ground-breaking work across several forms. He is also known for his friendship and mentorship to famous literary figures such as Percy Bysshe Shelley and John Keats, whom he is credited with introducing to the literary world.[2] Although much early scholarship on Hunt has downplayed his significance to literature, his works are currently regarded by academics as "key to our understanding of the Romantic Period." [3].
BiographyEdit
Leigh Hunt was born James Henry Leigh Hunt on the 19th of October 1784[4] in Southgate, England.[1] Hunt's parents were American. His father, Isaac was "a lawyer from Barbados"[2] and his mother Mary, was the daughter of a merchant from Philadelphia.[2] The couple immigrated to England where Isaac "became a clergyman."[4]
At age eight, Hunt began to attend Christ's Hospital School, where he supposedly discovered his love of writing and romanticism.[4] It was during his time at Christ's Hospital that Hunt would write his first volume of poems Juvenilia (1801).[1] The volume was published via subscription with significant help from Hunt's parents, who used their international connections to obtain a reported 807 subscribers "from both sides of the Atlantic."[4] Hunt's family had often supported his career, especially his brother John whom he worked with often and who helped him to launch The Examiner in 1808.[1]
Whilst his career took off in the early 1800s, Hunt met Marianne Kent.[4] They were married on July 3, 1809.[4] Kent died in 1857 after a period of ill health. Though he had slowly faded from public consciousness,[5] Hunt wrote up until his death on August 28, 1859.[2] He is buried in Kensal Green Cemetery in North-West London.[5]
WorksEdit
Hunt's works are plentiful and wide ranging. Over the course of his writing career, he would write several poems, plays, works of fiction, critical essays, edit several journalist publications, periodicals, and provided influential literary and theatrical criticism.[2]
His creative work began in 1801 with the publication of Juvenilia and continued with the publication of The Story of Rimini (1816) and The Feast of the Poets in 1812.[3] This was followed by Hero and Leander, and Bacchus and Ariadne (1819), considered by some as his "best verse."[1] He would go on to publish a novel The Palfrey: A Love-Story of Old Times (1842) and several plays including A Legend of Florence, "which was successfully staged in 1840."[3] Hunt was also the leader of a group of writers called the Cockney School of Poetry, with members including John Keats.[3]
His journalist work began in 1805 when Hunt was employed by his brother John as a drama critic for his weekly paper The News.[2] Hunt would write for a variety of publications and periodicals in his career including The Literary Pocket Book,[2] Tatler, the Reflector, and the Indicator.[3]
Hunt's most significant and well known journalistic contribution was his work with The Examiner (1808-1886). Hunt and his brother John created The Examiner in 1808. It was a periodical that focused on advocation for the "abolition of the slave trade, Catholic emancipation, and reform of Parliament and the criminal law."[1] The publication of this paper would launch Leigh Hunt to literary and political fame. For his political opinions and criticism of the Prince Regent, published via the Examiner, Hunt and his brother were jailed for two years.[5] When they were released, Hunt had become established as an influential journalistic figure and had made his name in the literary world.[5] In his final years Hunt wrote and published an autobiography, Autobiography (1850), that has been critically acclaimed.[3]
LegacyEdit
Early scholarship of Leigh Hunt often downplays his contributions and importance to the literary world, particularly that of the Romantic Era.[3] It is only in the last few decades that Hunt has been considered a major contributor and influential literary figure.
As a journalist and political commentator, Hunt is credited with the "modernization of the magazine essay."[3] His essays would break ground for "the new genre of personal literary essays"[3] that would go on to influence other significant writers such as Charles Lamb. In his criticism of theatre, beginning at The News, Hunt was ground-breaking in his perceptiveness and impartiality.[2] Scholar Nicholas Roe posits that Hunt "abandoned the convention of 'puffing' productions and offered, instead, a combative critical engagement with the plays."[6] These criticisms would anticipate "the concept of dramatic character" and again pave the way for other writers to develop this concept further.[3]
As a Romantic Era writer, Hunt's creative writing is noted for its poetic use of language and it's experimentation with prosody.[3] Hunt is credited with reintroducing a "freedom of movement in English couplet verse".[1] His introduction and support of several well-known writers such as Keats and Shelley also solidify his worth as an influential literary figure of the time. His writings were also said to have influenced the work of these writers. Keats supposedly taking a "delight in colour and imaginative sensual experience" from Hunt.[1]
Hunt's contribution to the nineteenth century, Romantic Era literary period was vast, wide-ranging, and hugely influential. Much of his work would establish new literary concepts and go on to pave the way for other writers to develop and use them successfully. Hunt's contribution to the poetic form, as well as his innovations in criticism and journalism have canonized him as a hugely influential and important literary figure.[3]
Blunden, Edmund. Leigh Hunt: A Biography. Cobden-Sanderson, 1930.Eberle-Sinatra, Michael. Leigh Hunt and the London Literary Scene: A Reception History of His Major Works, 1805-1828. Taylor & Francis Group, 2005.
Fogle, Stephen F. "Leigh Hunt's Lost Brother and the American Legacy." Keats-Shelley Journal, vol. 8, no. 2, 1959, pp. 95-101.Holden, Anthony. The Wit In The Dungeon, The Life of Leigh Hunt, Hachette UK, 2016.
Langbauer, Laurie. "Leigh Hunt and Juvenilia." Keats-Shelley Journal, vol. 60, 2011, pp. 112-133.
Works CitedEdit
Blunden, Edmund. Leigh Hunt: A Biography. Cobden-Sanderson, 1930. Google Books.Eberle-Sinatra, Michael. Leigh Hunt and the London Literary Scene: A Reception History of His Major Works, 1805-1828. Taylor & Francis Group, 2005.
Holden, Anthony. The Wit In The Dungeon, The Life of Leigh Hunt. Hachette UK, 2016. Google Books.
"Leigh Hunt: British author." Britannica, 2021.
"Leigh Hunt: 1784–1859." Poetry Foundation, 2021.
Roe, Nicholas. Leigh Hunt: Life, Poetics, Politics. Taylor & Francis Group, 2003.
↑ a b c d e f g h "Leigh Hunt: British author." Britannica, 2021.
↑ a b c d e f g h "Leigh Hunt: 1784–1859." Poetry Foundation, 2021.
↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l Eberle-Sinatra, Michael. Leigh Hunt and the London Literary Scene: A Reception History of His Major Works, 1805-1828. Taylor & Francis Group, 2005.
↑ a b c d e f Blunden, Edmund. Leigh Hunt: A Biography. Cobden-Sanderson, 1930. Google Books.
↑ a b c d Holden, Anthony. The Wit In The Dungeon, The Life of Leigh Hunt. Hachette UK, 2016. Google Books.
↑ Roe, Nicholas. Leigh Hunt: Life, Poetics, Politics. Taylor & Francis Group, 2003.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikibooks.org/w/index.php?title=Women%27s_Writing_Before_Woolf:_A_Social_Reference/Leigh_Hunt&oldid=4199659"


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Maravilla Pictures
Tim Parfitt
'Parfitt is no ordinary Englishman.' 'Frequently laugh-out-loud funny.' 'Magnifica ... brillante y conmovedor, hilarante y veraz'
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Un observador inglés (13) – Dear Spain, don't criticise the international media. Blame your own government.
Posted on April 1, 2018 by timparfitt
Six months ago today, Spain's Prime Minister, Mariano Rajoy, failed to stop a referendum in Catalonia taking place – despite saying he would, and despite spending over €87m brutally trying to prevent it, deploying the Spanish National Police and Guardia Civil to attack innocent voters of all ages. In the weeks prior to 1st October 2017, Rajoy's right-wing Spanish government warned its country's media against publishing any advertisements about the referendum, sending Guardia Civil agents to editorial offices in Catalonia – effectively banning them from doing so. Not only did it try to censor the Catalan media (in addition to clearly controlling certain media in Madrid), but it also blocked websites and apps that gave balanced and practical information about the referendum, or on how to vote. They searched printers for ballot cards (even the car boot of a printing company's cleaner), banned posters, events and debates, blocked telephone operators and even threatened to cut off the power, clearly violating human rights and the freedom of speech. And now … for that same government and its 'diplomats' to openly criticise the international media for reporting the true facts about what happened before, during and since 1st October, it is an utter disgrace.
Spain is a country full of rich material for foreign writers. But not only has Rajoy spectacularly failed to defuse the Catalan issue (in fact he's done more for independence than anyone else on the planet), but his actions have also unearthed Spain's underlying fascism and Francoism for us all to see. It was obviously always there … but it is now clearly visible. As Ian Gibson, the renowned Hispanist and biographer, said on Deutsche Welle radio: 'The Spanish right-wing says that it isn't Francoist but it has Francoism in its genes, in its DNA. It's outrageous.' This Francoism is ugly, Spain. It's very ugly, and you need to do something about it. But that does not mean telling us not to write about it.
In a weird sense, I'm glad that this whole issue is now in the hands of top lawyers in Germany, Scotland, Switzerland and Belgium. I'm glad that the media from all over the world are reporting on it all, in every language. The EU Commission and Juncker himself have done bugger all. It needs international lawyers and the international media to continue to expose the truth, and if Spain's 'ambassadors' don't like it, then … tough. Get proper jobs. As the top human rights lawyer, Aamer Anwar, who is representing Clara Ponsatí in Scotland, said the other day: 'Our defence in court may make uncomfortable reading for the Spanish government in the full glare of international scrutiny. We are confident that the outcome will make it even more so.' Go for it.
I've written here before about my experiences of 1st October, and how I was incensed that the 'Madrid media' failed to report on the true events – unlike the international (and Catalan) media. It incensed me that the EU remained silent. It incensed me that Spain's foreign minister, Alfonso Dastis, went on CNN and BBC stating that the images of police brutality were 'fake news'. It incensed me and it still does. Late October (I think it was), Spanish 'politician' Juan Carlos Girauta, the C's spokesman, voiced his concern in Congress about the international media's coverage of events in Spain, appearing to suggest that it should be better controlled (he then blocked me on Twitter and I wasn't even following him). This time last week, the former First Minister of Scotland, Alex Salmond, said on his LBC radio show, about the detention of Carles Puigdemont in Germany: 'I thought European Arrest Warrants were for drug smugglers and criminals, not for democratically-elected political opponents of the Spanish government.' We've since had the weekly German magazine, Stern, comparing Rajoy to Milosevic – and The New York Times reporting that 'Spain is creating a situation where Europe's judges rather than its own politicians are being asked to solve Catalonia' – yes, because Rajoy is used to getting his judges in Spain to resolve his ineptitude. In the past few days, Spanish ambassadors, diplomats and Spanish authors have criticised The Washington Post, Le Monde, The Times and other international media for daring to question Spain's democracy, calling it a 'campaign of disrepute'. But, no, no, it's not a campaign of disrepute. It's called reporting the truth.
There was no 'rebellion' in the weeks prior to the Catalan referendum of 1st October, nor on the day itself, nor was there since. There was no 'violence' – except the violence carried out by Spain's national police and Guardia Civil. As far as I know (and as far as some videos now show Rajoy appearing to also confirm it), there was no 'misuse of public funds', either. So why are there nine political prisoners in Spain (still without any trial) and a further seven in self-imposed exile fighting extradition charges? The fact is this: there shouldn't be. It is clearly an injustice, and it is up to the international lawyers and foreign media to finally expose it. Someone has to.
14 thoughts on "Un observador inglés (13) – Dear Spain, don't criticise the international media. Blame your own government."
Permalink ⋅ Reply
April 1, 2018 at 3:12pm
Very good Tim!!!. You are the best. The blog is Fantastic. Catalunya love you!!!.
Brandon Jones
Wonderful article.
However, I disagree that "The EU Commission and Juncker himself have done bugger all"
They have applied a very sad, and detrimental-to-the-truth REAL POLITIK attitude, in compliance with what Rajoy is looking for: "It's an internal affair". Well, as you and The Times and The New York Times and other international journalists say, it is not!
Rajoy has also rewarded Junker and other EU cronies with Spanish awards.
One of the things I think many people have got wrong is that Rajoy should "dialogue". A couple of years ago I asked a foreign Ambassador to Spain who had met Rajoy, what he thought about his dialoguing skills : "They don't exist".
So, what is needed? … as it is impossible to dialogue with this man.
Unfortunately, the PSOE leader has disappeared from the scene, having been caught in Rajoy's web of collusion in "outlawing" the Catalan desire to have a meaningful referendum.
I, like you, love Spain. I would love to see a truly federal Spain, una Nación de Naciones. A plurinational country, which it is!
How can we all help to create this?
Ideas, please …
Steve Groen
I feel lucky to have found Tim's blog. I always enjoy Tim's assessments, and this one is certainly relates much of what I've perceived from abroad, including in retrospect this undeniable statement, "Rajoy spectacularly failed to defuse the Catalan issue (in fact he's done more for independence than anyone else on the planet). . . ." When will Rajoy, and the rabid chipmunk sitting next to him in parliament, realize that a civilized society, one which values fundamental rights at least as much as it does profit, excludes Francoism?
Thank you, thank you, thank you!!!!
Juli Costa-Esteban
You, Ramón Cotarelo and VilaWeb are the best chroniclers of what's happening in Catalonia. Thank you so much to all of you.
Diane Beauchamp
Thank you so much for this. The citizens of good will need to be correctly informed about this situation.
Susan Koller
April 1, 2018 at 11:46pm
All excellent stuff – including the comments. The "rabid chipmunk" – what a perfect description. I like that very much indeed.
Great stuff Tim. As an Irishman living in Spain, I am gobsmacked by the whole situation. The sheer insecurity of the Spaniards is mind-boggling. Any foreign praise (basically Merkel's and the EU's) is proudly trumpeted; any foreign criticism is defined as being the work of ingénues brainwashed by Catalan propaganda (it's amazing how effective Catalan propaganda is!).
I saw Pérez-Reverte's criticism but could you be so kind as to point out who the other critics of the foreign press were? Thanks!
Consuelo Alfonso
A wonderfully exquisite reply Tim. When i read you everything in my mind relaxes..as oppossed to reading the Madrid controlled press. As soon as i open one of them i feel the screech of anxiety..the sense that reality has been so deeply violated at the cost of the reader.
Couldn't summarize it better. This truly reflects the feeling of those of us on the side of democracy here in Catalonia.
PS: I am a French national, we have demonstrations either in our blood or as a national sports. Seeing how freedom of speech is restricted here makes me sick.
Ernest Ross
This blog/post is so insightful. UK MSM never reported anything like this, Scotland's 45% received tweets/posts from Catalonians they post videos clearly showing Spanish government controlled civil guardia/police attacking voters dragging voters out with their hair using batons on elderly voters.
IF ANYTHING IT SHOULD BE RAJOY AND THE SPANISH GOVERNMENT WHO SHOULD BE ON TRIAL.
Thank you for this Tim.
The fact that there was a Court order banning Regional Catalán Gov to celebrate the referéndum seems to be ignored here.
The independence of Justice is ignored as well.
The Spanish Constitution voted by 98% in Cataluña also asiático ignored.
2m Catalans cant impose or destroy the other 2m.
We have suffered separatist terrorism for 40y. We honour those who were killed not surrending to the fascist who tried to destroy a vibrant country as is Spain and wanted to impose their fascism to the people. Now a minority so Spanish want a new Republican and We the mayoirty have to surrender.?
Like your blog. Strange that foreign media haven't (mostly) realised that a very strange right-wing coup has occurred in Spain.
All the top courts and judges have taken over the state – taking it back to Franco. A gang of right-wing judges govern: has anything similar happened in the past ? The judges are appointed by the PPSOE, but the politicians choose to do nothing – even enabling this coup dètat.
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The Weekly Noticias – Show No.17
The Weekly Noticias – Shows 14-16
Un observador inglés (24) – Is this what Spanish politics has become?
john doe on Un observador inglés (24) – Is this what Spanish politics has become?
John Roe on Un observador inglés (1) – Rajoy is inept and Spain's lost its mojo.
Josep A. Jareno on Un observador inglés (21) – What's the point of Ciudadanos?
Gill Chesney-Green on Un observador inglés (24) – Is this what Spanish politics has become?
Juli Costa-Esteban Hospital-Brunsó on Un observador inglés (24) – Is this what Spanish politics has become?
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text:
Q: How to print >null 2>&1 to file I'm trying to execute:
echo reg add HKLM\SOFTWARE\Policies\Microsoft\Windows\WindowsUpdate /v DisableOSUpgrade /t REG_DWORD /d 1 /f >nul 2>&1 >%path%

In output file i get all execpt >nul 2>&1.
How can I escape > carracter? I tryed with ^ or \ but nothing works. If I quote whole echo without >%path% I'll get all in the output but and quotes too.


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Flames Sports Hotline Returns Monday at 6 p.m.
October 31, 2016 Lynchburg, Va. RSS
Internet Listening Option: Link to Listen Live at 6 p.m. on Monday Night (ESPNinVa.com)
Mobile Listening Option: My Journey FM app (available in the Google Play and iTunes app stores)
Lynchburg Location: Liberty University Bookstore (Main Campus across the street from Williams Stadium in Speakman parking lot) – Link to Campus Map
To email questions: LFSN@liberty.edu
Twitter: @LUFlamesVoice
Toll Free Hotline: (877) 401-9041
The Flames Sports Hotline, a weekly radio call-in show spotlighting Liberty's football program, returns to the airwaves this Monday evening at 6 p.m. The show is hosted weekly at the Liberty University Bookstore and traditionally features Flames Head Coach Turner Gill.
For the fourth year in a row, the Flames Sports Hotline will air weekly on the ESPNinVA network, which includes the following ESPN Radio stations in the Central Virginia area: 93.3 FM (Lynchburg), 730 AM (Gretna/Danville), 1240 AM (Roanoke), 1320 AM (Lynchburg) and 1350 AM (Bedford).
Fans unable to listen to the show via a traditional radio station can also listen via the link provided above or by downloading the My Journey FM mobile app. The app is available in both the Google Play and iTunes mobile app stores.
The Liberty University Bookstore is located across the street from Williams Stadium in the Speakman parking lot. The show broadcasts live throughout the Barnes and Nobles bookstore and fans are encouraged to participate during the call-in segments.
Alan York, the radio play-by-play broadcaster for football and men's basketball, hosts the call-in show, which traditionally features Liberty's fifth-year head football coach Turner Gill, as well as a member of his coaching and administrative staff.
Monday's show will feature two members of Gill's football staff and will not have a segment with Gill. Defensive Coordinator Robert Wimberly and Assistant AD for Football Administration Paul Rutigliano will share time during this week's show.
Wimberly is no stranger to Liberty, as his addition to Turner Gill's coaching staff in January 2012 marked the beginning of his second stint as an assistant coach with the Flames. Wimberly previously worked on Liberty's staff for five seasons (2004-08) before he joined Gill's at Buffalo in 2009 to coach the Bulls' linebackers. He also followed Gill to Kansas for two season (2010-11) before returning to Liberty.
Rutigliano has been a part of Liberty's football program for more than two decades, including his second stint with the team that began in January 2006. In his current position as Assistant Athletics Director for Football Administration, Rutigliano oversees the overall operations for the football program. His responsibilities include budget management and business operations, while working closely with the President's Office on specially assigned projects.
Throughout the hour-long program, York will open up the phone lines and field questions from the radio listening audience or those seated inside the Liberty University Bookstore. Fans unable to be on location for the show each Monday night may call in at (877) 401-9041 to participate in the weekly show.
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Assessment for Improvement
"Feeding the Pig..."
Discipline Specific Knowledge
Buffs Improvement Handbook
Student Evaluations of Instructor/Course
Data Bites
Contact Institutional Effectiveness
West Texas A & M University identifies, evaluates, and publishes goals and outcomes for student achievement that are in line with the university's mission, students, and programs.
The mission of West Texas A&M University is to provide intellectually challenging, critically reflective, regionally-responsive, and inclusive academic programs that discover, interpret, apply, and disseminate knowledge for preparing the next generation of global citizens.
Relevance of Measure – WTAMU monitors undergraduate enrollment as it is critical to the fulfillment of the university's generational plan, WT 125 - From the Panhandle to the World.
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Outcomes – Over the past seven years, undergraduate enrollment at WTAMU has seen a high point in 2017 and a gradual decline from 2018-2021.
Threshold for Accptbty
Stretch goal 2026
Outcomes by Academic Year
Undergrad Enrollment
Relevance - WTAMU's graduate-level footprint is an essential part of the University's continuously improving reputation as a leader with regard to research in the West Texas region, around the state, and extending across the nation and as well as globally.
Achievement Goals - WTAMU set its achievement threshold for graduate enrollment within its previous six years' average range.
Outcomes - Graduate enrollment mostly sustained its numbers due to widespread implementation of enrollment management plans and increased recruitment efforts. As a result, enrollment in 2020 rose to its highest level during the past five years
Undergraduate Retention (Year 1 to Year 2)
Relevance - The annual return rate of students as they progress through their educational program correlates strongly with their successful 4-year degree completion.
Achievement Goals – The acceptable threshold for this retention metric fell within the average range of the previous five years (2017-2021). The stretch goal for 2026 is set at 73%, nearly 5 points above the previous five year high.
Outcomes - From 2018 – 2020, retention from year 1 to year 2 stabilized in the high 60s percentile, however there was a strong dip in 2021.
Undergrad Retention (Year 1 to Year 2)
Undergraduate Degrees Conferred
Relevance – WTAMU closely tracks the number of degrees conferred for undergraduate, masters, and doctoral programs. These metrics are significant indicators of student achievement.
Achievement Goals – The threshold for undergraduate degrees conferred was based upon expectations of a continued upward trend. The stretch goal for 2026 is highly anticipated. The master's degree threshold was also set with upward trends expected to continue. The stretch goal for the coming five years (2026) reflects an ambitious, though realistic, return to previous expectations.
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Masters Degrees Conferred
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Doctoral Degrees Conferred
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*Note - Fall 2021, saw 17 doctoral graduates. This was the initial cohort of the COE's Ed.D. program. This new program alone increases the goals for the future significantly.
Undergrad Degrees Conferred
Undergraduate State Licensure – Education
Relevance – Pass rates for WTAMU are very important . Passing these exams is of career long relevance to both education and nursing students.
Achievement Goals - the WTAMU Department of Education has set its achievement goal at 98% to ensure students are consistently performing above the state standard and among the most highly trained educators in the Panhandle, as well as the state. Minimum targets for the TExES exams are based on the state standard of 85% of educator candidates passing certification exams. WTAMU strives for its students to perform at or above the state standard. The stretch goal for 2026 maintains this very high standard.
Outcomes - Pass rates fell approximately 1.5 points in the final two years of the period of measure.
Undergraduate State Licensure – Nursing
Achievement Goals – Minimum targets for the TExES exams are based on the state standard of 85% of educator candidates passing certification exams. WTAMU strives for its students to perform at or above the state standard. The stretch goal for 2026 maintains this very high standard.
Outcomes - While exceeding the threshold in 2017 and 2020, the 2021 goal was not reached.
Undergrad State Licensure - Education
Undergrad State Licensure - Nursing (BSN)
4-year Graduation Rates
Relevance - WTAMU tracks graduation rates of first-time full-time undergraduate students within four, six, and eight years of beginning their program.
Achievement Goals – The threshold for the 4-year graduation rates was chosen with the expectation that these rates would continue their upward trend. Further growth is expected as the stretch goal for 2026 seeks another 3.5 percentage points of growth.
Outcomes - Threshold was exceeded four of the last five years. The 2021 goal was reached the final two years.
Achievement Goals - The acceptable threshold was chosen with the expectation that these rates would continue their upward trend. The rate reached its peak with the 2013 cohort (See Table 1), then fell with the 2014 cohort before rebounding with the 2015 cohort in 2021.
Outcomes - The rate reached its peak with the 2013 cohort (See Table 1), then fell with the 2014 cohort before rebounding with the 2015 cohort in 2021. The 2021 goal (See Table 1) was not attained; however, it is expected that the new enrollment and retention goals and initiatives are moving forward.
Achievement Goals - This acceptable threshold was chosen with the expectation that these rates would continue their upward trend.
Outcomes - The 2021 goal, revised in 2019 (See Table 1), was not attained; however, it is expected that the new enrollment and retention goals and initiatives discussed earlier in the standard will also support gradual upward trends moving forward.
4-yr Grad Rates
28.3 2015 Cohort


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Winners will be announced on-air, week commencing the 17th of October.
Prestige Bakeware – whether you love making home made bread or cupcakes, the superior non-stick coating of Prestige Bakeware allows for your delicious treats to evenly bake and allows for easy release and simple clean up.
Russell Hobbs Desire Kitchen Machine - The Desire Kitchen Machine is perfect for people who are passionate about food. Whether you are preparing pastry for a pie or a baking a cake this stylish device has all the tools on board to make mealtimes magic. Making a chic statement in red and black, the fashionable, multipurpose machine looks great and performs brilliantly. It includes three different attachments for supreme mixing efficiency when cooking and baking at home.
New Circulon Bakeware - Uniquely designed to be the ultimate choice for your kitchen, the Circulon Ultimum range offers the latest in cookware technological innovation. This pan collection offers the Ultra Total non-stick system and new profile hi-low grooves significantly reduces abrasion and enhances cooking performance. Featuring easy clean patented flush rivet design means no stubborn bits of food left to clean!
Kenwood Chef Food Processor - a smart and very robust kitchen machine for someone who likes nothing more than to get busy creating delicious meals and baking delights. With a 1000W motor and three power outlets and huge choice of attachments, the Premier Chef has all the everyday power and versatility to make light work of kneading heavy dough and mixing complex ingredients.
KitchenAid Golden Nector stand mixer – Easily make your favourite cakes and bakes with the 5-quart stainless steel mixing bowl with comfortable handle. With 10 speeds, the standmixer will quickly become your kitchen's culinary center as you mix, knead and whip ingredients with ease. And for even more versatility, the power hub fits optional attachments from food grinders to pasta makers and more.
Don't forget all week (17th – 22nd October) there will be 20% off cookware and 10% off electrical at Wardens!
Denise Watson along with the U105 Promotions team will select the top 5 from the submitted entries.
Monday 17th October: £250 worth of Prestige Bakeware.
Tuesday 18th October: £250 worth of Circulon Bakeware.
Prizes to be claimed from Wardens of Newtownards within one month of winning. Winners will be required to take a promotional photo on collection of their prize. Winner's names and recipes for their winning entry may be used in Wardens own Promotion Material.
3: Listeners can enter via email to win@u105.com. Listeners can enter as often as they chose, but once they qualify for a prize in this competition they can no longer enter again. Any entries submitted after 3pm on Friday 14th October automatically become void. NO EXCEPTIONS.


France lock, Yoann Maestri, has escaped with just a warning for his clash with Johnny Sexton during the Six Nations clash in Paris.
The player struck Sexton with a shoulder charge off the ball but didn't come to the attention of the referee.
Maestri will not serve a ban with the citing commissioner deciding a warning is sufficient. In a statement the RBS Six Nations disciplinary committee said: A Citing Commissioner Warning has been issued to the French second row, Yoann Maestri, following an incident in the 13th minute of the match between France and Ireland on Saturday, 13th February 2016, in the RBS Six Nations Championship.
"The independent citing commissioner reported that Mr. Maestri had used his shoulder in making contact with the Ireland outside-half, Johnny Sexton, which resulted in Mr Sexton being knocked off his feet. The citing commissioner concluded that Mr Maestri had infringed the World Rugby's laws of the game and that his actions fell 'just short' of warranting a red card. Mr Maestri has been informed of the Citing Commissioner Warning.


This is a 1940 ad for a Cartoon by Bernard Partridge! The size of the ad is approximately 6x8.5inches. The caption for this ad is 'Vol. CXCIX' The ad is in good overall condition, with some light wear. This vintage ad would look great framed and displayed! Add it to your collection today!
1946 Cartoon by George Reckas - How You Coming?


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Jeepers Creepers 3 (2017) Film Explained in Hindi/Urdu | Horror Creeper Summarized हिन्दी
Jeepers Creepers 3 (2017) horror movie story explained in Hindi Urdu. The American horror thriller film "Jeepers Creepers Three" summed up with a full-ending explanation. This plot has been shown to be between the first and second parts of the series. The Sheriff and the creeper hunters both set up a strong task force team to stop the monster 'Jeepers Creepers'. All this happened because the Creeper had begun to harm the local farming community more than ever before. It was time to kill it completely. The task force team also knows a lot of secrets about the creeper who he is and where he comes from. This helps them a lot to kill him, but the creeper competes much more viciously against them. He is something the Wicked One has returned. This time, you and I will also see many mysterious and dark origins of creeper. Please Like, Share, Subscribe. Here are the pervious
part 2: https://youtu.be/p92gdOnyXhs
Part 1: https://youtu.be/HrrJ8cApGv0
Jeepers Creepers 3 is a 2017 American horror film written and directed by Victor Salva. In the starting of film we see a boy. He is running away from Creeper to save his life. In his hand, he had a machete knife. He's seeing a car coming from the front. He's running towards it. But as he gets there, Jeeper comes along and takes him with him. Hope you will love it.
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Regie Gibson, poet, author, songwriter and a National Poetry Slam Individual Champion, will be this year's Visiting Writer at North Shore Community College. He will be giving free public performances on Tuesday, April 28, at 9:30 am and 11:00 am on the Danvers Campus, 1 Ferncroft Road, in the Math and Sciences Building in the Old Cafe and on Wednesday, April 29, at 9:30 am and 11:30 am on the Lynn Campus, 300 Broad Street in the McGee Building Gym.
Gibson has performed in feature films, on cable television, on radio, and in venues all over the world. He is also an educator widely published in magazines, journals, and anthologies. His full-length book of poetry Storms Beneath the Skin was published in 2001 and won the Golden Pen Award.
These performances and more are listed in the Happens Calendar.