Tam Tam is a free 'festival' that takes place every Sunday in Montreal around the Georges-Etienne Cartier monument in Parc Mont Royal. It is a drum and dance activity that is almost like a tradition for locals and a popular hit for tourists.
Tam Tam starts at around noon and continues until sunset. Hundreds of people gather there to picnic, walk on ropes, sword fight, play Frisbee, throw balls around, smoke, take in the sun, or just people watch. It truly is one of the most entertaining things to do on a non-rainy Sunday.
The photos (taken on June 1st) will give you a better idea. It truly is a wonderfully spirited event that makes sure you're not bored on Sunday!
As you know, I am a huge coffee enthusiast, not just for coffee as a drink but cafes as places. On my way to work in the morning, I stop by a cafe to enjoy 30 minutes of good morning music, morning smiles, and a warm cup of caffeine. Sunday afternoons, I find a good couch at one of my neighborhood's cafes and I just unwind there with my book or magazine listening to music and enjoying the vibe of the people around me.
How about you? Do you have any rituals that you are attached to?
I was reminded today of why I like Montreal, why I feel good here, why I feel welcomed, and most importantly, why I feel I belong.
While cafe hopping over several consecutive weekends, I stumbled upon this cute scene. I was browsing the world on my tablet, sipping my latte, when three girls come into the cafe, sit on the floor, form a triangle, and start playing Bananagrams. They were not having any coffee or tea. What happened next was even more charming; the lady of the cafe offered them free loukoum.
I have been to St. Joseph Oratory in Spring, but I have never visited it in winter. I knew that it would be lovely, so I headed there this evening with a couple of friends with the intention of taking photos and relaxing in the warmth of the churches. I managed to come out with these photos. I hope you like them!
Montreal is full of interesting and trendy people; I love walking down Mont Royal or St. Denis and admiring the fashion on the street! I spotted this man walking with his family (wife and baby) and their pets: a dog and these two lovely birds perched on his hands! Quite a quaint fashion statement, eh?!
The big move has finally taken place and we are here in Montreal. At the airport, everything went smoothly and we were out of immigration and announced permanent residents in less than an hour. We arrived last Thursday and so far it has been a warm welcome (weather and people) and a great beginning to a new journey.
Just because I like to take photos, here is an album of photos taken this weekend while strolling in my new neighborhood.


Soaring. Or so it feels, that incredible feeling of being above it all, perched on a sunny mountain summit, surrounded by views. There's just something magical about seeing the world from above, wrapped in summit breezes and surrounded by rolling Blue Ridge beauty.
Some of western North Carolina's best summit views are easily accessible from Asheville, thanks to the winding, meandering stretches of the Blue Ridge Parkway. Climbing from the Parkway to some of the highest summits in the South, these trails duck through gorgeous, high-elevation forest and cross open, grassy mountain balds to score exceptional, jaw-dropping views. And while it's literally filled with amazing views (see the full list of our favorite Blue Ridge Parkway hikes), we've whittled this list down of favorite mountaintop hikes near Asheville to just ten: the best, most hike-worthy adventures with the most breathtaking views at the end.
Grab a backpack, hit the Blue Ridge Parkway and head for an excellent adventure, or two: combine several of the shorter-length hikes in our list for a full day of summit-filled beauty. Don't forget to pack water, hiking gear essentials and layers: many of the surrounding summits can be chilly, even on a hot Asheville summer day. And before you go, check the Blue Ridge Parkway official site for road closures and advisories.
Explore each trail's info page to get driving directions, full trail info, interactive maps, and photos, to help you make the most out of your hike. And don't forget to snap a few photos from your summit adventures: these hikes are fully Instagram-worthy! Tag your best shots with #ashevilletrails… we'd love to see them!
The views from Rough Ridge are simply some of the best on the Blue Ridge Parkway. Hike the Tanawha Trail through a dense, rocky forest before summiting the ridge, catching view after breathtaking view from a series of wooden platforms, boardwalks, and extensive rock outcrops. Soak in the sensational views, but don't forget to look down, too – the rocky Rough Ridge terrain is home to a fragile ecosystem of rare plants.
Hike this classic Parkway trail, climbing to the summit of this rocky peak with a sinister-looking profile. The views from Devils Courthouse open in full panoramas – and sunsets from the summit are simply amazing.
Hike a short, 1.5-mile roundtrip to the historic Fryingpan Mountain fire lookout tower, climbing from the Blue Ridge Parkway on an old gravel road lined with wildflowers and wild berries. Score some spectacular views from the tower's lower levels, stretching far on the vast horizon and to nearby Mt Pisgah.
Hikes just don't get much better. This view-packed adventure follows the Art Loeb Trail over the rolling, grassy mountain balds at Black Balsam Knob, Tennent Mountain, and Flower Gap, catching nearly continuous views of the surrounding Shining Rock Wilderness for most of the hike. The hike's end destination is one of the most unique mountain summits in the South: the brilliant white, quartz-encrusted summit of Shining Rock, where views are plentiful and white rock outcrops pierce through a pine forest.
On clear days at Mount Mitchell (which can be rare), the views from the 6684-foot mountaintop are breathtaking, and easily some of the best in western North Carolina. Summit the highest mountain east of the Mississippi, climbing to the summit's observation platform on the 2-mile Old Mitchell Trail to catch gorgeous, 360-degree panoramic views. Then loop back to the trailhead on Mt Mitchell's Camp Alice and Commissary Trails, visiting a small, tumbling waterfall and hiking through meadows of abundant wildflowers and wild berries.
Hike through a beautiful, dense forest filled with rhododendron and blueberries to the grassy, sun-drenched summit at Craggy Gardens. The views from the Craggy summit are especially splendid in springtime when blooming rhododendron and azalea frame views of the surrounding Blue Ridge.
Hike through a forest of gnarly, twisted rhododendron, lush green moss and rare, high-elevation plant life to stunning views from Craggy Pinnacle, scoring a high-elevation, 360-degree view of Craggy Gardens. At under a mile, round trip, this hike scores high on our list for minimal distance with maximum beauty.
Hike through a mossy forest of fern and rhododendron, climbing from the Blue Ridge Parkway to a duo of wide, weathered rock outcrops. Views from the southern Beacon Heights overlook stretch to the nearby Grandmother Mountain, and the distant Table Rock Mountain and Mount Mitchell summits. And the northern overlook views are spectacular, with the towering ridge of Grandfather Mountain on the near horizon.
Hike five miles off the Blue Ridge Parkway to score nearly continuous, sublime, 360-degree views. This view-packed adventure follows the Art Loeb Trail and Ivestor Gap Trail at Black Balsam Knob, soaking in 360-degree panoramic views for nearly all of the hike. This hike's duo of grassy, wildflower and wild blueberry-covered mountain balds offer some of our favorite views in all of the South.
Hike to the soaring Sam Knob summit, trekking through a vast, wildflower-filled, sun-drenched meadow before summiting Sam's rocky mountaintop. Views from Sam Knob stretch far and wide into the Shining Rock Wilderness, to Devils Courthouse and over the grassy ridgeline of Black Balsam Knob and Tennent Mountain. The sunny summit is a perfect place to relax and soak up the views – so pack a snack and stay awhile.


Beyond our experience under the hood, you will also benefit from the great customer service that we provide everyone who walks through our door. From pick-up and drop-off services to appointment setting, we go out of our way to make your Buick care experience as stress-free as possible. Just give us a call today and we'll take it from there!


Set up in 2002, Alternative Meats is a real Shropshire success story.
Browse a large range of recipies for exotic meat at Alternative Meats UK – African, Italian, Indian, British and Chinese meat recipies. You can also buy meat online like crocodile meat, bison steaks,venison burgers and more. The even have a vegetarian section!


SACRAMENTO — Gov. Jerry Brown's plan to drill two tunnels underneath the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta to provide more reliable water supplies downstream has long been controversial for the scant details the administration has provided about how it plans to fund the $25-billion project. Now as more funding details emerge, the plan is likely to spark even more controversy.
Some local water agencies claim they can raise property taxes without a public vote to help pay their share of the project — and various public documents show that water agencies already are setting the stage to do just that. Most observers figured that water rates would go up to fund the project, known as the Bay Delta Conservation Plan, but it's clear now that property taxes may go up, too.
Proposition 13, passed by voters in 1978, capped local property taxes at 1 percent of a property's value, and required supermajority votes of the people to fund local bond initiatives. But the initiative had an exemption for tax increases related to preexisting debt.
The Legislative Analyst's Office concluded in 2012 that state water agencies can levy property taxes above the 1 percent limit "to pay their annual obligations for water deliveries …." The State Water Project was created before 1978. The delta tunnel project would be considered part of this system.
In May, the Santa Clara Valley Water District in the San Jose area unanimously approved a resolution supporting an "override tax" that exceeds Proposition 13 limits to help fund its part of the tunnel project. The San Jose Mercury News reports that the district might raise its property tax rate by almost 70 percent in the next decade under this rule.
It reports on a recent plan to underwrite bonds for the tunnel project, in which Goldman Sachs requires that water contractors be able to levy property taxes as necessary to repay the bonds. It's difficult to sell bonds at decent interest rates unless there are ironclad repayment promises — and there are few things more ironclad than an agency's ability to raise taxes.
Delta supporters insist that their plan is the only sensible fix. Because a small number of endangered Delta Smelt are killed in the pumping station at Tracy, judges often call for those pumps to slow down. The result has been an inconsistent supply of water from the delta region to farms in the San Joaquin Valley and water users in Los Angeles and San Diego. Tunneling underneath the delta would address that problem — and eliminate the state's reliance on an aging system of levies.
But it's not clear that a project this big would actually fix the delta ecosystem. And while it might improve water reliability, many critics note that the plan won't necessarily send more water southward. Foes say there are less costly ways to address the problem.
The Metropolitan Water District of Southern California is an advocate for the project, but some other water agencies throughout the state have been less thrilled with it. Not every water agency thinks that tapping into property taxes is a good idea, either.
"It is ... highly questionable whether the financing of BDCP can be — or should be — backed by taxing authority that was authorized by voters decades ago, when the program was much different than is being discussed today," wrote the San Diego County Water Authority in a 2013 letter to the California Natural Resources Agency. The authority called for a thorough legal analysis of the idea.
State officials told the Mercury News that they are "agnostic" on the funding stream. But that's the problem, isn't it? The governor seems so eager to build this infrastructure project that he's not so concerned about how we're going to pay for it — or how much higher Californians' taxes may go.


To celebrate the season of love, Vivo, a leading global premium smartphone brand, together with India's most renowned designer Manish Malhotra, unveils an "Infinite Red" beauty wrapped in love – Vivo V7+ limited edition. The new V7+ smartphone adorns "Love is Infinite" design philosophy by the ace designer. The Infinite Red V7+ draws inspiration from the universal colour of love, successfully emoting emotions close to heart by targeting young and edgy consumers around Valentine's Day.


Link to some of the more popular manufacturing and boating sites from here. Be sure to check back often as we will expand this listing in the future.
Sky Angel...quality Christian TV broadcasting for the whole family.
© Copyright 2002 Southwest Marine, Inc. All rights reserved.


New Hampshire County Plant Checklist -- Spreadsheet of all known vascular plant species in New Hampshire by county.
Rare Plants, Rare Animals, and Exemplary Natural Communities in New Hampshire Towns – Lists of rare species and exemplary natural communities reported in the last 20 years in each town in New Hampshire. The list includes each species' and natural community's name, its state and federal listing status, the number of known locations in a given town, and the number of known locations throughout New Hampshire.
NH Native Plant Protection Act (RSA 217-A) – The state law regarding rare plant species in New Hampshire.


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Home / India / 'Ask question in short, reply in short', LS Speaker Om Birla's formula for taking more questions
'Ask question in short, reply in short', LS Speaker Om Birla's formula for taking more questions
The request and advise have been given by Lok Sabha Speaker Om Birla on Tuesday.
SNS | New Delhi | March 16, 2021 3:07 pm
Lok Sabha Speaker Om Birla. (Source: IANS)
The Members of Parliament have been "requested" to ask their questions during the Question Hour in a short duration while the Ministers have been "advised" to give the replies to the queries in "limited words" for taking more questions.
Birla's suggestion came during Question Hour session, generally, the first hour of a sitting session of the Lok Sabha devoted to questions that Members of Parliament (MPs) raise about any aspect of administrative activity and the concerned Minister is obliged to answer to the Parliament, either orally or in writing, depending on the type of question raised.
Referring to the importance of the Question Hour, the Speaker said, "Questions should be asked in short sentences and the reply by the concerned ministers should also be in short so that maximum questions can be taken."
Birla has made similar requests to the MPs on earlier occasions too.
Through the Question Hour, the government is able to quickly feel the pulse of the nation and adapt its policies and actions accordingly. It is through questions in the Parliament that the government remains in touch with the people in as much as members are enabled thereby to ventilate the grievances of the public in matters concerning the administration.
Questions enable ministries to gauge the popular reaction to their policy and administration. Questions bring to the notice of the Ministers' many loopholes which otherwise would have gone unnoticed. Sometimes questions may lead to the appointment of a commission, a court of enquiry or even legislation when matters raised by members are grave enough to agitate the public mind and are of wide public importance.
The Question Hour is an interesting part of the Parliamentary proceedings. Although a question mainly seeks information and tries to elicit facts on a particular subject, there are many a time lively and quicksilver repartee between the members asking the questions and the ministers answering them.
The Question Hour repartee is sometimes coupled with flashes of wit and humour. That is why the public galleries and the press galleries are packed to the capacity during the Question Hour.
(With IANS inputs)
Om Birla
Lok Sabha Speaker inspects health and safety measures in Parliament amid rise in covid cases
LS Speaker Om Birla congratulates nation for reaching 150 cr Covid vaccination milestone
LS Speaker Om Birla calls for strengthening parliamentary cooperation between India and UAE

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


I think it's fair to say that the evolution of speaker design has lately been directed as much by advances in materials science and improvements in manufacturing processes as by any advances in the science of acoustics. For example, we know that for a dome tweeter to produce clear, undistorted high frequencies, it must move like a piston, such that no part of the dome moves more or less forward or back than any other part. Deviation from this behavior produces distortion. Fortunately, improvements in the use of lightweight, rigid metals such as aluminum, titanium -- and, more recently, beryllium and magnesium -- have helped ensure that distortion artifacts caused by tweeter breakup take place far beyond the audioband (i.e., the audible range).
This illustrates an area in which performance limitations are not rooted in a failure to understand how something works, but in finding a means of making it work that way. In the case of the subject of this review, the PSB Synchrony Two B loudspeaker, changes in how the cabinets and drivers are made and what they are made of are key aspects of the continually evolving line of speakers coming out of company founder Paul Barton's workshop.
I've met Paul Barton several times, and have heard him discuss acoustics and his goals in speaker design. Speaking with Barton, I've gotten a clear sense that not only does he hold those goals firmly in mind, he knows exactly how to achieve them -- no doubt the result of his more than 30 years of experience in designing speakers. One determinant of achieving those goals is the retail price set for each speaker model: the higher the price, the better the parts and materials Barton can use in their design.
The Synchrony series of loudspeakers is PSB's second-most-expensive and thus one of their most technically ambitious. (The top of the line is the Platinum series, introduced about five years ago; although PSB hasn't formally said so, the Synchronys seem destined to replace the Platinums. I own a pair of Platinum M2s.) The Two B bookshelf model ($1500 USD per pair) is the least expensive speaker of the seven Synchronys; the most expensive is the floorstanding One ($4500/pair). In between are another bookshelf model, the One B, and another floorstander, the Two. The Synchrony line is rounded out by a surround and two center-channel models.
The Two B is a two-way bass-reflex design. Its 1" ferrofluid-cooled, titanium-dome tweeter hands off to a 5.25" mid-woofer at 2.2kHz via fourth-order crossover slopes. Each cabinet measures 13.5"H x 7.5"W x 10.75"D and weighs 16 pounds. As Barton has done with every statement bookshelf speaker since the Stratus Mini, over a decade ago, the midrange/woofer is mounted above the tweeter. Combined with the appropriate crossover design, this ensures that the appropriately summed overall response is at driver height and above, and that any cancellations are directed toward the floor.
The Two B's mid-woofer is made of fine-weave fiberglass and compressed-felted fibers to form a rigid cone that's not only lightweight but self-damping. This, in combination with an oversize voice-coil, is said to maintain magnetic linearity when the speaker is pushed hard, all in an effort to achieve lower distortion.
The Synchrony cabinets are another example of Barton's ever-evolving approach to speaker design. When he introduced the Platinum series five years ago, all of the models had cast aluminum tops and bottoms, as well as aluminum faceplates secured by an adhesive to the front baffle to increase rigidity. With the Synchrony series, one could argue that Barton has upped the ante: the front and rear panels are made entirely of extruded aluminum, the curved side panels of seven-ply MDF topped off with a real-wood veneer of dark cherry or black ash.
Although you can't see it, the aluminum front panel actually has two layers: the drivers are mounted to the back layer, with an elastomeric material between the layers. The purpose of this is to thoroughly damp vibrations caused by the drivers. Surrounding the drivers and binding to the front panel is a rubbery material that blends nicely with the baffle for a smooth "acoustical" transition, and also hides the driver mounting bolts. Furthermore, the aluminum edges of the front and back baffles are double-locking -- no screws are used to bind the rest of the enclosure to the side panels. Instead, everything more or less slots together, resulting in a supersolid cabinet that feels very dense.
Around back, set into the rear panel, are two sets of big binding posts in a vertical alignment. These accept any type of connector, including spade lugs, banana plugs, pins, or bare wire. Although I never needed them -- my speaker cables terminate in banana plugs -- the posts have "wings" that can be hand-tightened to cinch down on the cable for a really solid connection. The inset and vertical alignment also help keep the rear panel narrow, giving the Two B a more graceful, flowing form.
And the Two B really does look graceful. With its perforated aluminum grille covering the drivers, it has an understated elegance that should look good in most rooms. I left the grilles on for most of my listening, partly because I preferred their appearance with the grilles in place, and partly because the grilles fit so snugly into the front aluminum corners that it wasn't easy to pry them off with my fingers, indicating to me that Paul Barton designed them to be left on, even for critical listening.
The Two B's claimed frequency response is 50Hz-20kHz, �1.5dB, with a low-frequency cutoff (-10dB) of 40Hz. If accurate, that's impressive extension from a 5.25" driver and a cabinet that could hardly be called large. But part of this must also be due to the Two B's average sensitivity: 86dB under anechoic conditions. Combined with its nominal impedance of 4 ohms, the Two B will require a few watts to wake it up, though I think any amplifier capable of supplying 50Wpc or thereabouts should be more than enough to play it pretty loud.
I set up the Synchrony Two Bs in the system that normally includes my reference speakers of the last two years, PSB's own Platinum M2s. This system also comprises a Bryston B100-SST integrated amplifier with onboard moving-magnet phono stage and DAC, and an NAD C542 CD player used as a transport. Speaker cables were AudioQuest Type 4s. Connecting the NAD to the Bryston's onboard DAC was an AMX Optimum AVC-31 coaxial digital cable. I also have a Thorens TD160HD turntable with TP250 tonearm (a modified Rega RB250) and a Dynavector 10x5 high-output moving-coil cartridge. AMX cables connected the Thorens to the Bryston.
The Two Bs took up residence close to the spots normally inhabited by the M2s: about 30" from the front wall and 25" from the sidewalls. This left the speakers 6' apart and 8' from my listening chair. I toed each speaker in slightly so that the drivers crossed just behind my head. In this position, the Two Bs created a wide soundstage with excellent center fill.
Paul Barton's newest, smallest bookshelf speaker sounded big enough to fill my room. In fact, my admiration of the Synchrony Two B was due in no small part to its amazing ability to sound huge despite its relatively small size. If you don't require chest-thumping bass -- even if it's not ultradeep bass but, rather, tunefully tight and moderately deep bass, as you'll find out -- you should have no problem with these in even a medium-size room; the Two B was capable of quite high output levels.
Not only did the Two B produce plenty of bass for a smallish speaker with a 5.25" woofer, that bass was tight. I first noted the Two B's surprising solidity down low while listening to Elliott Smith's From a Basement on the Hill [LP, Anti- 86741-1]. Although the bass didn't plumb the lowest depths, it was tight, controlled, and clear, with weight I could easily feel. During "Videotape," from Radiohead's In Rainbows [CD, TBD TBD0001], the superb impact in the lowest registers of Thom Yorke's piano gave the instrument wonderful presence in the room, and really brought the performance to life.
Toward the end of "2:45am," from Elliott Smith's Either/Or [LP, Kill Rock Stars KRS 269], when the kick drum enters, its thump was rendered with impressive punch, sounding as clean and controlled as I've heard it through any speaker. Granted, it didn't have the same fullness as through my reference, the Platinum M2, which has a 6.5" mid-woofer and a much larger cabinet, but the quality was every bit as good, and I never found myself missing anything. The same was true when I listened to Nirvana perform with the Meat Puppets on Unplugged in New York City [LP, Geffen 424 727-1]. Cris Kirkwood's bass guitar never went as deep as I've heard it do through bigger speakers, but it was so clear and so surprisingly full that, instead of focusing on those few missing hertz at the bottom, I found myself admiring the quality of what I was hearing. I never expected a speaker as small as the Two B to sound so full in the lower registers.
But delivering tight, relatively deep bass wasn't the only thing the Two Bs did well. As mentioned above, they sounded bigger than their size had led me to expect. There were times when, if I closed my eyes, I could have sworn I was listening to large floorstanding speakers -- such as the Axiom M60 v2s, which I reviewed a couple of months ago. This was definitely the case when I listened to "The Biggest Lie," from Elliot Smith [LP, Kill Rock Stars KRS 246]: the Two Bs created an enormous wall of sound in front of me that was nothing less than astonishing.
The clarity I noted in the bass was just as noticeable through the midrange and into the highs. No doubt about it: The Two B was an exceptionally clean-sounding speaker. Voices were outstanding -- the openness and transparency of the midrange helped provide a sense of space around singers, making it extremely easy to hear the subtlest nuances of their vocalizing. This clarity also revealed a greater degree of expression in sung lyrics that was highly involving, and caused me on several occasions to stop scribbling listening notes and focus on music.
As with its midrange performance, I found very little to criticize about the Two B's treble. The highs were extended and smooth and very detailed, though not to the point of being over analytical. Like every other PSB speaker I've heard (and I've heard quite a few now), the Two B sounded neutral: If a recording was inherently bright, that's how it sounded through the Two Bs. Case in point: Velvet Underground's first album, The Velvet Underground & Nico [CD, Verve 823 290-2]. I wouldn't say this disc is horribly recorded, but it's a mixed bag. On a few tracks, the electric guitars sound bright enough that I have to turn down the volume to remove some of their harsh edge. On "Heroin," Lou Reed's voice is so far down in the mix at one point that it's almost drowned out by the guitars and drums. The Two Bs didn't tame the screech of the guitars or make Reed's lyrics any easier to discern; they just played back exactly what's on the disc. You can't ask for more than that from a pair of high-quality bookshelf speakers.
Finally, as already mentioned, another of the Two B's strengths was its ability to play impressively loud. This shouldn't be overlooked -- some people like to play their music quite loud, and/or use their music-system speakers for home theater as well. So I played some hip-hop. Through the Two Bs, Talib Kweli and DJ Hi-Tek's "This Means You," from Reflection Eternal/Train of Thought [CD, Rawkus/UMVD 112923], only sounded better as I turned up the volume. Most speakers will start to sound hard or distorted once you've passed their level of maximum output -- any further cranking of the volume knob makes thing only messier, not louder. The Two Bs maintained remarkable composure and poise, remaining unflappable at the highest decibel levels I could tolerate. This also served classical music well; after all, reproducing huge dynamic shifts without strain is imperative if you want to re-create the power of a full symphony orchestra. I can imagine the Two Bs would do quite well as the main speakers of a small-to-medium-size home-theater system, provided they're augmented with a subwoofer.
I compared the Two Bs with my Platinum M2 bookshelf speakers, which retail for $2000/pair. The M2 is stockier, tipping the scales at 30 pounds -- almost twice the weight of the Two B. The M2 has a larger cabinet, and a 6.5" mid-woofer instead of the Two B's 5.25" cone.
In terms of appearance, the M2 is far more conventional, with flat side and rear panels and sharp edges. In contrast, all of the Two B's edges are rounded, and the curvature of its cabinet gives it a very chic look. Also, whereas the M2's top and bottom aluminum plates extend slightly over the cabinet, the Two B's front and rear panels of extruded aluminum are perfectly flush with the wood side panels. Overall, while the M2 is handsome, the Two B has a (smooth) edge in appearance -- especially as its sleek profile helped it to disappear into my room a bit better.
Both speakers are well made. However, when I rapped my knuckles on the cabinet sides, the Two B sounded deader, which suggests to me that it's more solidly built. It seems as if Paul Barton's new cabinet design has elevated the quality of the Synchrony series beyond that of his Platinum models.
In terms of sound, the Two B was similar to the M2 in its ability to unveil subtle musical details. And while both models are what I consider to be exceptionally clean-sounding, after going back and forth between them several times, I give the nod to the Two B in this regard -- I could hear plenty of detail through both pairs of speakers, but through the Two Bs, these details were a touch easier to decipher.
A more noticeable difference between the Synchrony and Platinum bookshelf models was in the sense of scale they brought to music. I've lavished a lot of praise on the Two Bs for their remarkable ability to sound big, and they deserve every bit of it. But there was no denying that the M2s brought an even greater sense of space and fullness to music. This was definitely the case with "Hunter," from Portishead's Third [LP, Island 1764104]: the reverberation of Beth Gibbons' voice made the song sound even more cavernous through the M2s than it had through the Two Bs, and produced a denser envelope of sound. In this regard, the M2 was significantly better. On the other hand, this was hardly unexpected: The Platinum M2 has a bigger mid-woofer and a bigger cabinet, which usually mean greater bass extension and higher output. Probably a better comparison would have been with the Synchrony One B ($2000/pair), which has a bigger cabinet than the Two B, a 6.5" mid-woofer, and costs the same as the M2s.
It's been over three decades since Paul Barton began building loudspeakers, and he shows no sign of running out of new ideas. With the Synchrony series, he has again raised the performance bar by implementing several key changes in cabinet design and driver mounting, as well as the materials used to build those drivers. From what I've heard of the Two B, the Synchrony series comprises his best work yet.
While not inexpensive, the Synchrony Two B exhibits levels of build and finish quality that put them several steps above lower-priced, entry-level speakers, and it has sound quality to match. When you consider that the Two B is built even more solidly than the company's Platinum M2 (which costs $500 more per pair), and in some ways sounds as good as or better than the M2, there's no question that the Two B should be considered something of a bargain in the upper end of two-way, stand-mounted speaker designs. If you're in the market for a super-high-quality, stand-mounted speaker, I think you'll be as impressed as I was by the sound that emerges from the stunning little Synchrony Two Bs.


Rails Girls comes to Szczecin in 2017! Applications will be open in September 2017, so subscribe to our newsletter, we'll let you know how to become part of our next workshop!
In the meantime, don't forget to follow us on Twitter and Facebook, too!
Want to help? We are looking for sponsors and speakers. Email us.
Who is this aimed for? The upcoming edition is for girls with basic knowledge of working with a computer. Most of the speeches and small group work is done in Polish. Please bring your laptop.


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Info Page: Despicable Me
Here is all the information you need about "Despicable Me" on Australian Netflix. Details include the date it was added to Netflix in Australia, any known expiry dates and new episodes/seasons, the ratings and cast etc. So scroll down for more information or share the link on social media to let your friends know what you're watching.
Family Features, Family Comedies, Children & Family Films, Comedies
Great news! "Despicable Me" is available to watch on Netflix in Australia!
Date Added: 17th April 2020
12/09/2018: Added to Netflix
12/09/2019: Removed from Netflix
17/04/2020: Streaming Again
Villainous Gru hatches a plan to steal the moon from the sky. But he has a tough time staying on task after three orphans land in his care.
Certificate: PG Mild animated violence
Duration: 1hr 34m
Audio: Greek, English - Audio Description, English [Original], Italian, Cantonese, Mandarin
Subtitles: Arabic, Greek, English, Italian, Vietnamese
Director: Pierre Coffin, Chris Renaud
Cast: Steve Carell, Jason Segel, Russell Brand, Julie Andrews, Will Arnett, Kristen Wiig, Miranda Cosgrove, Dana Gaier, Elsie Fisher, Pierre Coffin, Chris Renaud, Jemaine Clement, Jack McBrayer, Danny McBride
Production & Box Office Details:
"Despicable Me" was produced by Universal Pictures and Illumination Entertainment with a budget of $69m. With it's initial release on July 8th 2010 it made approximately $533.68m at the Box Office.
Watch the trailer for "Despicable Me"
Where else can you watch 'Despicable Me' on Netflix?
Here are some similar Films to "Despicable Me" that are available on Netflix Australia
Megamind (2010)


We specialise in mortgages for part-residential borrowers who run a sustainable enterprise from home. We can consider lending if you are building, buying or renovating a live/work property – or converting to one.
Please note that we don't provide loans for the start-up of new businesses and we need to see the last three years' accounts of your business, or the business you are purchasing.
For mortgages secured on properties of mixed use that are not reliant on commercial activities undertaken on the land or premises to service your repayments, please refer to our residential mortgages information.
Our Part-residential mortgage is not regulated by the Financial Conduct Authority.
An early repayment charge may be payable if you repay all or part of your mortgage within the first two years.
We have supported a wide range of borrowers with part-residential mortgages, including architects, environmental consultants, garden nurseries and organic farms. We recognise that properties that carry mixed use planning consents or restrictive covenants such as agricultural ties can present challenges to some lenders, but we believe that running a business from home represents a low-impact approach.
For new build projects, homes need to achieve an A rating under the Energy Performance Certificate (EPC) scheme for us to consider lending, see other Energy Standards we accept below.
If you are intending to undertake renovation or conversion work as part of your plans, we will expect the measures you propose to meet our ecological standards via the use of energy efficient measures and sustainable materials.
Our mortgages are available across England, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland.
Ecology Building Society was rated as an ethical Best Buy for our mortgages and savings accounts by Ethical Consumer magazine in its product guide rankings (May/June 2018 issue).
As a building society with a unique mission to build a greener society, we lend on projects and properties that support our aims through their reduced impact on our environment. Making your home energy efficient is a major way you can support tackling climate change – while saving on your energy bills.
We reward borrowers whose properties are energy efficient (therefore have lower carbon emissions) with our C-Change discounts off our Standard Variable Rate which helps them save money on their mortgage. We call our discounts 'C-Change discounts' simply because we're aiming to make a 'sea-change' of difference to our climate with each property or project we fund.
The level of our C-Change sustainable homes or C-Change retrofit discount that applies is based on the Energy Standard rating achieved on the self-build, renovation or conversion when the work is completed. Our C-Change energy improvements discount is based on the qualifying energy measures being installed. The discount is applied from the date we receive evidence that the work has been completed and if applicable the Energy Standard rating required has been achieved.
For us to apply the applicable C-Change sustainable homes, C-Change retrofit or C-Change energy improvements discount, once your build, renovation or conversion is complete you need to provide an Energy Performance Certificate and an Architect's or Building Control sign off of works if applicable.
The discount is only applied to our Variable Rate when we receive evidence that the work has been completed and the Energy Standard rating required has been achieved.
The Society reserves the right to amend existing services and charges, or to introduce new ones.
Any change to charges will only reflect the increased operational costs of providing the service. You will always be notified before any changes are implemented.
For further details and tariff information please see our current Commercial rates and charges leaflet.
Do we need to provide planning permission for a new build development?
Yes. We need at least outline planning permission to start the application process and detailed planning permission before the mortgage is released.
What information do we need to progress a mortgage application?
You'll need to have a specific project in mind which needs to be supported by detailed plans, including a breakdown of material and labour costs and an indication of the energy standard you are building or renovating to. We will also ask for recent financial accounts and bank statements where appropriate, along with financial projections to show how your project will service your mortgage repayments and other ongoing financial commitments.
What deposit do we need for my mortgage?
You need a minimum deposit of 20% of the purchase price or value of the property(ies) being mortgaged, whichever is the lower.
Do we still need a deposit if we already own the land and have planning permission?
No, you don't always need a deposit; we can lend based on the value of your land or property, providing you already own the land and it's mortgage-free. Also, if you need us to, we can help you repay any outstanding finance on the land.
How much will our mortgage cost a month?
How long do we have to complete the build or renovation?
Subject to planning constraints, we allow a maximum of 2 years for you to complete the build or renovation, although we encourage you to complete earlier to benefit from our C-Change sustainable homes or C-Change retrofit discount which is applied to the Variable Rate from the date we receive evidence that both the work has been completed and the Energy Standard rating required has been achieved.
Do you offer stage payments?
Yes, although we do not release payments at set construction milestone stages (e.g. foundation, wall plate etc.). We release funds as and when the build progresses and release up to a percentage of the increased value of the property.
Can we have interest-only during the build or renovation phase?
Yes, we can offer an interest-only period during the construction or renovation phase subject to an acceptable repayment vehicle.
Does Ecology require a particular build warranty on completion of my project?
A build warranty is not a mandatory lending requirement of our mortgage and we are happy with a Building Regulation Completion Certificate. However, if you wish to take out a build warranty for the completion of the property then this is acceptable to the Society.
Do we need to have been established for a minimum period before you will lend to us?
Yes, we need to see the last three years' accounts for your business, or the business you are purchasing.
We'll only use your details to respond to your query and for legal/regulatory obligations. Your information will not be used for marketing purposes, unless you have requested this.


Celebrate the Holiday Season with MSED at Lakes Restaurant in Troy featuring hot and cold hors d'oeuvres and a cash bar.
MSED Event Cancellation Policy: Cancellations will be accepted until 5pm on Friday, December 11, 2015. Cancellations received by this date will be refunded less a 10% administrative fee, with a minimum charge of $5. Refunds cannot be issued for cancellations received after this date; however, substitutions for another person to attend in your place are gladly accepted.


text:
Tony Nathan Quotes
"Tony Curtis Nathan" is an American football coach and former running back.
Nathan was a running back from Alabama Crimson Tide/Alabama who was selected in the third round (61st overall) of the 1979 NFL Draft by the Miami Dolphins, with whom he played from 1979 Miami Dolphins season/1979-1987 Miami Dolphins season/1987. A smart and elusive runner with great pass-catching abilities, he was undersized and so would rarely receive the most carries.
In his four seasons with the Crimson Tide, Nathan rushed for 1,997 yards, with 29 touchdowns and a 6.4 yards per carry average. Also excelling as a kick returner, he finished his college career with 30 touchdowns and 3,362 all-purpose yards, including a 10.9 average in yards per punt return.
More Tony Nathan on Wikipedia.
I think this gives you the luxury that you can use either one.
Tony Nathan
It's not every day that they come that size, and can run as fast as the smaller ones do. So right now, he's pretty much an exception.
In the near future, we're going to find out if we can use both of them at the same time.
Tony Muser
Tony Neate


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text:
European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry
pp 1–10 | Cite as
Comparing the genetic architecture of childhood behavioral problems across socioeconomic strata in the Netherlands and the United Kingdom
A. M. Hendriks
C. Finkenauer
M. G. Nivard
C. E. M. Van Beijsterveldt
R. J. Plomin
D. I. Boomsma
M. Bartels
Original Contribution
Socioeconomic status (SES) affects the development of childhood behavioral problems. It has been frequently observed that children from low SES background tend to show more behavioral problems. There also is some evidence that SES has a moderating effect on the causes of individual differences in childhood behavioral problems, with lower heritability estimates and a stronger contribution of environmental factors in low SES groups. The aim of the present study was to examine whether the genetic architecture of childhood behavioral problems suggests the presence of protective and/or harmful effects across socioeconomic strata, in two countries with different levels of socioeconomic disparity: the Netherlands and the United Kingdom. We analyzed data from 7-year-old twins from the Netherlands Twin Register (N = 24,112 twins) and the Twins Early Development Study (N = 19,644 twins). The results revealed a nonlinear moderation effect of SES on the contribution of genetic and environmental factors to individual differences in childhood behavioral problems. The heritability was higher, the contribution of the shared environment was lower, and the contribution of the nonshared environment was higher, for children from high SES families, compared to children from low or medium SES families. The pattern was similar for Dutch and UK families. We discuss the importance of these findings for prevention and intervention goals.
Childhood behavioral problems Socioeconomic status Netherlands UK
Childhood behavioral problems comprise of aggressive and non-aggressive behaviors such as fighting, lying, stealing, or disobedience [1, 2]. Childhood behavioral problems co-occur with many other symptoms of childhood psychopathology such as hyperactivity, inattention, and anxiety [3]. Moreover, they are considered a potential marker for psychopathology in later life [4, 5]. Childhood behavioral problems are, in addition, associated with substantial costs for families and society [6, 7]. Given its profound effects for healthy development, it is important to gain more insight into risk factors for childhood behavioral problems.
One factor that is consistently found to be associated with childhood behavioral problems is socioeconomic status (SES), with children from low SES families displaying more behavioral problems than children from high SES families [8, 9]. SES refers to indicators of people's standing in the stratification system and is usually measured by education, occupation, employment, income, and/or wealth. SES determines a families' access to social, material, or cultural resources, for example, as a result of the parents' educational qualifications [10, 11].
Despite evidence for an overall association between childhood behavioral problems and SES, an underexplored question in the field is whether differences in childhood behavioral problems emerge due to different underlying genetic and environmental processes for children from low SES families compared to children from high SES families. A powerful approach to gain more insight in the etiology of childhood behavioral problems is through twin studies. Twin studies have the ability to discern the contribution of genetic factors, shared environmental factors, and nonshared environmental factors to differences in childhood behavioral problems [12]. So far, twin studies have demonstrated that genetic differences between children explain about 52–78% of the differences in parent-reported behavioral problems in children. Shared environmental factors account for about 1–36% of the differences in childhood behavioral problems [13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19]. In addition, twin studies have shown that the contribution of genetic and environmental factors to individual differences in childhood behavioral problems varies across SES strata, indicating a moderator effect of SES on the genetic architecture of childhood behavioral problems. For example, research in children from the Netherlands [20] and research on adolescents from Sweden [21] report lower heritability, higher influence of the shared environment, and lower influence of the nonshared environment on behavioral problems in children from lower SES families compared to children from higher SES families. These findings suggest that the influence of shared environmental factors is amplified in disadvantageous environments, such as low SES, or reduced by advantageous environments.
The literature typically assumes that the effect of SES on both means and variances is linear, such that children with lower SES show more behavioral problems than children with higher SES or that the heritability is lower in low SES groups than in high SES groups, respectively. Alternatively, there may be separate protective and harmful effects, which can be examined using a trichotomization approach [22]. This approach compares the mid-range of a variable's distribution, in our case SES, with the upper and lower ends. An effect limited to low SES would be distinguishable if, for example, only children with low SES were to show more behavioral problems than the children in the mid-range and high SES. Put differently, children with mid-range and high SES would not differ in behavioral problems, but would show less behavioral problems than those with low SES, indicating that low SES is a risk factor for childhood behavioral problems. Furthermore, trichotomization of variance components could distinguish shifts in heritability (or a common environment) due to protective effects from shifts in heritability due to harmful effects. Gaining knowledge about the SES conditions that are promotive versus risky for the development of childhood behavioral problems is critical to our understanding of factors associated with childhood behavioral problems and can be used to tailor interventions to fit the needs of children from different social strata.
To get a better hold of the possible effects of SES on levels and variation of behavioral problems in middle childhood we, in the current study, compare two countries with different levels of socioeconomic disparity; the Netherlands, and the United Kingdom [23]. While the contribution of genetic and environmental factors to individual differences in childhood behavioral problems appears to be similar in the Netherlands and the United Kingdom [18], comparability of effects of SES on the variance decomposition is unknown. Because of the larger difference between low and high SES in the United Kingdom compared to the Netherlands [23], we expect larger differences in the etiology of childhood behavioral problems (e.g., the contribution of genetic and environmental factors to individual differences in childhood behavioral problems) across SES strata in the United Kingdom than in the Netherlands.
The present study aims to (1) investigate linearity of the moderating effect of SES on the genetic architecture of childhood behavioral problems and (2) investigate whether the moderating effect of SES differs between the Netherlands and the United Kingdom. To this end, we analyzed twin data from two large longitudinal prospective twin cohorts in the two countries. To allow for nonlinear effects of SES, we categorized SES into three strata.
Participants and measures
Data from the Netherlands
The Netherlands twin register (NTR) is a nation-wide population-based register founded in 1987 in the Netherlands [24]. For the present study, we included mother-reported data for 7-year-old twins (N = 24,826) born between 1986 and 2006. We excluded twin pairs in which one or both twins had a disease or disability that interfered with daily functioning (N = 714). The final sample consisted of 12,056 twin pairs (N = 24,112 twins, M age = 7.45 years, SD = 0.40, 49.7% males). Socioeconomic status (SES) was based on parental level of education. Based on the highest educational qualification of either the mother or the father assessed at age seven, we categorized children's SES as low, medium, or high.
Behavioral problems were assessed using maternal ratings on the Aggressive Behavior syndrome subscale of the Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL) [1]. This scale consisted of 18 items that assessed aggressive and non-aggressive behaviors such as "Disobedient at home", "Gets in many fights", and "Sulks a lot". Mothers were asked to report on their child's behavior in the past 6 months. Response categories were: 0 = "Not true", 1 = "Sometimes or somewhat true", and 2 = "Very true or often true". If more than three items were missing, participants were not included; otherwise, the mean score was imputed for missing items.
Data from the United Kingdom
The Twins early development study (TEDS) is a twin register that longitudinally follows the development of twins born between 1994 and 1996 in England and Wales (from here on referred to as the United Kingdom) [25]. For the present study, we included parent-reported data for 7-year-old twins (N = 20,685). We excluded 515 twin pairs in which one or both twins had a disease or disability that interfered with daily functioning. The final sample consisted of 9,822 twin pairs (N = 19,644 twins, M age = 7.07, SD = 0.25, 48.7% males). Like in the NTR, SES was based on parental level of education for the TEDS sample. Based on the highest educational qualification of either the mother or the father, assessed at first contact, we categorized children's SES as low, medium, or high. Although the educational system differs between the Netherlands and the United Kingdom, we established comparable categories, as displayed in Table 1.
SES categories
Few years of more extensive primary education (mulo)
Graduated mulo or general secondary education (mavo)
Few years of lower technical education (lts)
Few years higher general secondary education (havo)/pre-university education (vwo)
CSE grade 2–5 or 0-level/GCSE grade D-G
Graduated havo/vwo
Few years intermediate vocational education (mbo)
Graduated mbo
Few years of higher vocational education (hbo) or university
CSE grade 1 or 0-level/GCSE grade A-C
A-level or S-level
Higher National Certificates
Graduated hbo
Graduated university
Higher National Diplomas
Postgraduate qualification
Behavioral problems were assessed using parental (97.3% maternal ratings) ratings on the Conduct Problem subscale of the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ) [2]. This scale consisted of five items that assessed aggressive and non-aggressive behaviors such as "Often fights with other children or bullies them", "Generally obedient, usually does what parents request", and "Often has temper tantrums or hot tempers". Parents were asked to report on their child's behavior. Response categories were: 0 = "Not true", 1 = "Somewhat true", and 2 = "Certainly true". If more than two items were missing, participants were not included; otherwise, the mean score was imputed for missing items.
To gain insight in the distribution of childhood behavioral problems across sex, SES, and countries, we obtained descriptive statistics using R. Next, we performed twin analyses in R (version 3.4.3) with the package OpenMx (version 2.8.3) with the NPSOL optimizer [26].
Twin analyses
With twin models, by comparing resemblance on a trait between monozygotic (MZ) and dizygotic (DZ) twins, it is possible to disentangle to which extent individual differences in a trait can be explained by genetic variance (A), variance due to the shared environment (C), and variance due to the nonshared environment (E) [12]. We extended the model by including two moderators to test whether the contribution of genetic and environmental variance to individual differences in childhood behavioral problems interacted with these moderators (i.e., SES strata and country).
Because the distribution of childhood behavioral problems was highly skewed, we categorized the variable by applying two thresholds, partitioning the sample in the 33% lowest scoring, the middle 33%, and 33% highest scoring children on childhood behavioral problems. This method has the advantage of optimizing parameter estimates [27]. We fitted the thresholds for the Netherlands and the United Kingdom separately, before entering them into the model. To simultaneously compare SES strata and countries, we fitted a 30 group model containing all groups (e.g., MZ male, DZ male, MZ female, DZ female, DZ opposite sex × SES low, SES medium, SES high × the Netherlands and the United Kingdom). Categorizing SES into low, medium, and high allowed us to test for both protective and negative moderating effects of (high/low) SES. Because studies so far did not find evidence for qualitative or quantitative sex differences for childhood behavioral problems [18, 28], we constrained the correlations and A, C, and E components to be equal for boys and girls and opposite-sex twin correlations to be equal to DZ correlations. To account for the frequently observed mean differences in behavioral problems, thresholds were allowed to vary across sex.
Model fitting
We tested moderator effects by stepwise testing whether constraining parameters to be equal across moderator categories significantly deteriorated goodness of fit (i.e., p < 0.01). If a constraint did not significantly deteriorate model fit, we proceeded with applying this constraint in the later models. Based on the best fitting model, we estimated the influence of genetic and environmental factors on childhood behavioral problems across SES strata and countries.
First, we fitted a saturated model with thresholds freely estimated across sex, SES strata, and countries, and with correlations freely estimated across SES strata and countries. Next, we fitted the following models to test for the moderating effects of SES and country: thresholds constrained to be equal across SES strata; correlations constrained to be equal across SES strata; thresholds constrained to be equal across country; and correlations constrained to be equal across country.
Based on the findings from the saturated model, we specified the ACE model with the same 30 groups, constraining thresholds and A, C, and E in line with the results from the previous models to test the moderating effect of SES and country on the contribution of genetic and environmental factors to childhood behavioral problems. We first compared the ACE model to the best saturated model. Next, we tested the moderator effects by constraining A, C, and E across moderator categories.
For interpretational purposes, we performed additional analyses; we fitted the best ACE model but then with the thresholds constrained and the means and variances freely estimated. This model allowed us to examine the absolute variance of childhood behavioral problems across SES strata and countries. Based on this model, we reported the absolute values of A, C, and E.
The descriptives in Table 2 reveal that means were higher for boys than girls, behavioral problems decreased as SES increased, and the variance decreased as SES increased. The patterns were similar between the Netherlands and the United Kingdom. The twin correlations, as displayed in Table 3, suggest that for all three SES strata, genetic factors played a role, because the MZ correlations were higher than the DZ correlations. Because the DZ correlations were larger than half of the MZ correlations, we suspected shared environmental effects. MZ and DZ twin correlations were highest for low SES, were slightly lower for medium SES, and lowest for high SES, suggesting an increased contribution of the nonshared environment for higher SES; the difference between MZ and DZ correlations was constant across SES strata. These patterns occurred both in the Netherlands and in the United Kingdom.
SES strata
N pairs
Mean boys
Variance boys
Variance girls
Total mean
Total variance
SES low
SES medium
SES high
Twin correlations
0.87 [0.84, 0.89]
The results of the model fitting are displayed in the upper half of Table 4. We fitted a saturated model allowing for sex differences on the thresholds, but with correlations constrained to be equal for boys and girls (model 0). To test for the moderating effect of SES on childhood behavioral problems, we first constrained thresholds to be equal across SES strata (model 1). Applying this constraint significantly deteriorated model fit, indicating that the prevalence of behavioral problems varied over SES strata, with higher liability for children of low SES families to be in the group scoring highest on behavioral problems in both countries. Next, we constrained twin correlations to be equal across SES strata (model 2). This constraint significantly decreased model fit, indicating that there were SES effects on the correlations. MZ and DZ correlations were highest for low SES, slightly lower for medium SES, and lowest for high SES, with the difference between MZ and DZ remaining constant, suggesting that the contribution of genetic factors increased, shared environment decreased, and the nonshared environment increased for higher SES. To test the moderating effect of country on childhood behavioral problems, we constrained thresholds to be equal across countries (model 3). This constraint significantly deteriorated model fit, indicating that the thresholds were significantly different between countries. This difference indicated that the liability of children to fall within the lowest, middle, or highest scoring group of behavioral problems was different between the Netherlands and the United Kingdom. The first threshold was lower for the Netherlands, the second threshold was only lower in the Netherlands for boys from medium or high SES, the other second thresholds were higher in the Netherlands. This indicated a higher liability to belong to the middle scoring group of behavioral problems, but a lower liability to belong to the highest scoring group for boys and for girls from low SES for children in the Netherlands compared to children in the United Kingdom. Next, we constrained correlations to be equal across countries (model 4). This constraint did not decrease model fit, indicating that there were no effects of country on the correlations. Table 5 displays the parameter estimates of the final saturated model (model 4).
Statistics of the fitted models
Estimated parameters
− 2 LL
Compared to model
Δ − 2 LL
Δ df
Saturated model
Saturated model with thresholds equal for MZ and DZ twins, correlations equal for boys and girls
Thresholds equal across SES
3.63e−50
Correlations equal across SES
Thresholds equal across countries
Correlations equal across countries
ACE model
ACE model based on the results of the final saturated model
A, C, and E equal across low, medium, and high SES
A, C, and E equal across low and medium SES
A, C, and E equal across low and high SES
A, C, and E equal across medium and high SES
Model number corresponds to the description in "Results". − 2 LL refers to the minus 2 log likelihood. df represents the number of degrees of freedom of the model. Δ − 2 LL refers to the difference in minus 2 log likelihood of the compared models. Δ df refers to the difference in number of degrees of freedom of the compared models. p corresponds to the p value of the difference in model fit between the compared models
Parameter estimates of the best fitting saturated model (model 3) with 95% confidence intervals
− 0.86 [− 0.93, − 0.79]
0.01 [− 0.09, 0.11]
− 0.29 [− 0.35, 0.24]
Based on the outcomes from the saturated model (model 4), we fitted the ACE model allowing thresholds to vary across sex, SES strata, and countries, and allowing A, C, and E to vary across SES strata (model 5). Because in the final saturated model, the MZ and DZ correlations did not differ significantly between the Netherlands and the United Kingdom, we constrained A, C, and E to be equal across country. The results of the ACE model fitting are displayed in the lower half of Table 4. We tested the moderating effect of SES by constraining A, C, and E to be equal across SES strata (model 6). This constraint significantly deteriorated model fit, indicating that the values of A, C, and E were significantly different for low, medium, and high SES. Between low and medium SES, A, C, and E were distributed similarly. For high SES compared to low and medium SES, A appeared to be higher, C lower, and E higher. To explore the moderating effect of SES, we performed pairwise comparisons on the A, C, and E estimates between SES strata to test which strata significantly differed from each other. The difference between low and medium SES (model 6.1) did not significantly decrease model fit. The difference between low and high SES (model 6.2), and medium and high SES (model 6.3) did significantly decrease model fit, indicating a significant difference in A, C, and E between low and high SES and medium and high SES. A appeared to be higher, C lower, and E higher, for high SES compared to both low SES and medium SES.
The additional analyses revealed absolute differences in variance across SES (Δ − 2 LL = 13.58, Δ df = 4, p < 0.01), with the highest variance for low SES, lower variance for medium SES, and lowest variance for high SES. Furthermore, the absolute variance varied between the Netherlands and the United Kingdom (Δ − 2 LL = 221.37, Δ df = 3, p < 0.01); the variance was larger in the United Kingdom. Table 6 presents the absolute and standardized estimates across countries and SES strata. Figure 1 graphically displays the unstandardized and standardized parameter estimates. The parameter estimates and their confidence intervals suggested that the moderating effect of SES was mainly driven by E. Constraining A and C to be equal across SES strata, however, revealed that there were significant differences in A and C across SES strata (Δ − 2 LL = 32.92, Δ df = 8, p < 0.01).
Parameter estimates of the best fitting ACE model (model 4) with 95% confidence intervals from the model estimating the thresholds and separately for the Netherlands and the United Kingdom from the model estimating the absolute variance
SES category
A unstandardized
C unstandardized
E unstandardized
NL SES low
NL SES medium
NL SES high
UK SES low
UK SES medium
UK SES high
Unstandardized and standardized estimates of variance components from the best fitting ACE model with 95% confidence intervals. The top half of the figure represents unstandardized estimates of variance components due to A (additive genetic factors), C (shared environment), and E (nonshared environment) for the different SES strata (i.e., low, medium, and high) for the Netherlands on the left and the United Kingdom on the right, respectively. The lower half of the figure displays the standardized estimates of variance due to A, C, and E across SES strata and countries
The purpose of the present study was to investigate whether the genetic architecture of childhood behavioral problems differs across low, medium, and high SES. In addition, we examined whether this effect varied between the Netherlands and the United Kingdom, two countries that differ in income disparity [23]. For this, we used data from two large longitudinal prospective twin cohorts. We found more childhood behavioral problems in children from low SES compared to medium SES, and from medium SES compared to high SES. Furthermore, children from the Netherlands were more likely to be in the middle scoring group on childhood behavioral problems compared to children from the United Kingdom, whereas children from the United Kingdom were more likely to be in the high scoring group compared to children from the Netherlands, except for girls from medium and high SES. The variance of childhood behavioral problems was higher in the United Kingdom compared to the Netherlands.
In our study, SES did have a moderating effect on the contribution of genetic and environmental factors to childhood behavioral problems. Because we categorized SES into three strata, we were able to examine whether the moderating effect of SES on the genetic architecture of childhood behavioral problems may be due to the presence of advantageous factors (i.e., high vs. medium SES) or to the presence of disadvantageous factors (i.e., low vs. medium SES) [22]. The difference in the contribution of genetic and environmental factors to childhood behavioral problems between low and medium SES was not significant, while the difference between low and high SES and the difference between medium and high SES were significant. These findings indicate that the moderating effect of SES appears to be due to growing up in a more advantageous environment. Children from high SES families tend to have less exposure to environmental factors that increase the risk of behavioral problems (e.g., parental stress) and more exposure to environmental factors that may decrease the risk of behavioral problems (e.g., monitoring). The environment in high SES families may leave less room for individual differences in childhood behavioral problems, as evidenced in the non-significant contribution of the shared environment. Among children from high SES backgrounds, genetic and nonshared environmental factors appear to be more relevant in explaining variability in behavioral problems, compared to children from low or medium SES backgrounds, for whom the influence of the shared environment is larger. The total variance estimate was higher for low and medium SES, compared to high SES, indicating that children from low and medium SES were more heterogeneous in their levels of childhood behavioral problems. For the variance component estimates, the estimate of genetic variance was similar across SES strata, the estimate of the shared environment variance component was larger in low and medium SES than in high SES families, and the estimate of the nonshared environment variance component was higher for children from high SES families than for children from low and medium SES. This pattern occurred both in the Netherlands and in the United Kingdom. Our results were in line with the theory that under advantageous circumstances (i.e., high SES), genetic influences are more fully realized compared to less advantageous or disadvantageous circumstances in which genetic influences are more suppressed and the environment contributes more strongly [29].
A clinical implication from these results is that the etiology of childhood behavioral problems is different for children from low or medium SES families compared to children from high SES families. For children from low or medium SES families, the shared environment explains a larger proportion of the variance compared to children from high SES families, suggesting that these children could benefit from treatment aiming to ameliorate shared environmental factors [19]. Examples of these factors could be healthy family functioning, less parental stress, positive school attachment, or housing quality [22, 30, 31, 32].
We did not find evidence for our hypothesized stronger moderating effect of SES on the genetic architecture of behavioral problems for children in the United Kingdom than in the Netherlands. Nevertheless, this should be interpreted with caution, because the two countries measured behavioral problems with a different questionnaire. Porsch and colleagues [18] found that the contribution of genetic and environmental factors to childhood behavioral problems is similar for children from the Netherlands and the United Kingdom. Extending this finding, our results showed that the moderating effect of SES was comparable in the Netherlands and the United Kingdom. Although there is more income inequality in the United Kingdom compared to the Netherlands [23], the United Kingdom also, for example, invests a larger percentage of the Gross National Product in family benefits [33] and education [34], which may attenuate the effects of larger income inequality. A similar explanation is proposed for the different findings of the moderating effect of SES on the contribution of genetic and environmental factors to intelligence [35, 36]. Therefore, it would be promising for future research to investigate whether our findings replicate in other countries with different levels of income inequality and country investments in children and families.
One strength of this study is that we applied thresholds to take the skewed distribution of childhood behavioral problems into account. Studies so far on the moderating effect of SES on the genetic architecture of childhood behavioral problems included childhood behavioral problems as a continuous variable [20, 37]. Because of the non-normal distribution of childhood behavioral problems, analyzing behavioral problems continuously might lead to overestimated genetic variance and underestimated shared environmental variance. By incorporating thresholds, our analyses could have led to more precise parameter estimates [27]. Nevertheless, although we used a method to obtain more precise estimates compared to the previous articles, our results confirmed their findings regarding the moderating effect of SES on the contribution of genetic and environmental factors to individual differences in behavioral problems both in the Netherlands and the United Kingdom, indicating robustness. A second strength of this study is that we fitted all the estimates for the different SES strata and countries simultaneously, instead of separately for each country, allowing for formal comparison of parameter estimates across all groups.
Despite the strengths of our study, several limitations warrant mentioning. One limitation is that the measures of childhood behavioral problems differed between the Netherlands and the United Kingdom. For this reason, it is not certain whether the difference in means and variances between the Netherlands and the United Kingdom was due to true differences across countries or due to different measures. Furthermore, the different measures could lead to underestimation of the moderating effect of countries on the contribution of genetic and environmental factors to childhood behavioral problems. Although several studies found high comparability between the Child Behavior Checklist and the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire [38, 39], they assess different symptoms of behavioral problems. A recent study with data from the Netherlands and the United Kingdom found that the genetic architecture of childhood behavioral problems was similar for both instruments [18]. In this paper, we took a next step and allowed moderation of genetic architecture by SES. Here also, the outcomes suggested very similar findings for both instruments, but we acknowledge that we cannot state to which extent the results may be affected by different measures of behavioral problems and different countries. For example, whereas the sample from the United Kingdom represents the population [25], the sample from the Netherlands is on average more highly educated than the Dutch population [40]. Future research should investigate whether the genetic architecture of childhood behavioral problems varies across questionnaires in the same sample and whether our findings hold when employing the same questionnaire in the Netherlands and the United Kingdom.
A second limitation is that we used only parental education as measure of SES. Studies with TEDS data usually employ a measure of SES comprised of parental education, parental occupation, income, and sometimes maternal age at birth of the first child [41, 42]. However, because we used data from two different countries with different questionnaires, we decided to use a homogenous measure to optimize comparability between the data from the Netherlands and from the United Kingdom. An opportunity for future research would be to test whether our results regarding the moderating effect of SES on the genetic architecture of childhood behavioral problems across countries also apply to other measures of SES. Nevertheless, although the abovementioned limitations require more cautious interpretation of our findings, the present study does provide important insight in the genetic architecture of childhood behavioral problems across SES strata and countries.
A third limitation was that we only included a single age group. It is known that the contribution of genetic and environmental factors to individual differences in behavioral problems changes with age; the role of the shared environment disappears in adolescence [16, 43]. Furthermore, the way adolescents perceive their SES differs from how children perceive it [44]. In addition, the association between behavioral problems and SES decreases as children become older [9]. Therefore, it is likely that our findings cannot be generalized to other ages, and thus, it would be useful for future research to examine the moderating effect of SES on the genetic architecture of behavioral problems across childhood and adolescence.
The present study sought to gain insight in the etiology of childhood behavioral problems by investigating whether the contribution of genetic and environmental factors varies across SES strata in the Netherlands and the United Kingdom. Our results showed that both in the Netherlands and the UK, shared environmental factors have a stronger effect in behavioral problems in children from low SES families, while genetic factors are most prominent for behavioral problems in children from medium and high SES families. These findings have important implications for prevention and intervention goals.
This work was supported by the "Aggression in Children: Unraveling gene–environment interplay to inform Treatment and Intervention strategies" project (ACTION). ACTION receives funding from the European Union Seventh Framework Program (FP7/2007-2013) under grant agreement no 602768. Meike Bartels is supported by an ERC consolidator grant (WELL-BEING 771057 PI Bartels). The funding sources were not involved in the preparation of the article.
All data were collected with approval of an Ethics Committee. All participants gave their informed consent prior to participation in the study.
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1.Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Department of Biological PsychologyNetherlands Twin RegisterAmsterdamthe Netherlands
2.Amsterdam Public Health Research InstituteAmsterdamthe Netherlands
3.Department of Interdisciplinary Social Sciences: Youth StudiesUtrecht UniversityUtrechtthe Netherlands
4.King's College London, Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, MRC Social, Institute of PsychiatryLondonUK
Hendriks, A.M., Finkenauer, C., Nivard, M.G. et al. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00787-019-01357-x
Accepted 23 May 2019
DOI https://doi.org/10.1007/s00787-019-01357-x