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The Pupil Residence
In addition to accommodating the students of the Music School, during the school week the Plockton High School Residence provides accommodation for those pupils of the High School who live too far away to travel on a daily basis. These are mainly pupils from Applecross, Arnisdale and other outlying districts.
The residence can accommodate up to 48 pupils – 24 girls and 24 boys in separate accommodation blocks. Pupils share recreational facilities and common rooms.
Pupils stay in the residence for 4 nights per week and travel home on a Friday, when school closes at 1:25 p.m. Students in the Music School will usually return to Plockton on Sunday afternoon or evening. The Residence is closed every weekend apart from the 13 Music Weekends, which are spread throughout the year. A calendar of open weekends and key events is issued during the Induction Week in June.
Several options are available for the closed weekends. Obviously, pupils can go home if they wish, but the feasibility of this depends on how far away home is. Long journeys on a weekend are very tiring, and it can be difficult to organise public transport to make a long journey after school finishes on the Friday, and to get back to Plockton for the Sunday.
It is quite common for our students to stay in the Plockton area on the closed weekends, often at the bunkhouse at Nessun Dorma, local B&Bs or hotels, or friends' houses, and another common solution is for parents and other family to visit pupils here.
Students in the Residence will come into contact with several staff teams:
1) Residence manager: Mrs Shona McGuiness
2) Residence 'Houseparents': Christine, Jean, Gus, Lynne and Mike.
3) Cooks and kitchen assistants: Stevie and Mary.
4) Cleaning assistants: Joan and Jean.
We aim to make the residence as akin to home as possible and operate an open-door policy whereby parents and family are welcome at any time, and to work as a team to promote residence life as a caring and rewarding experience for everyone.
SUPPORT US FAQ VIDEO
HMIe Report
Clàrsach
Scots Song
Flute and whistle
Welcome from the Director
Centre Background
Plockton High School
S6 Course
Audition Process
You can support the making of our CDs and many other activities by becoming a Friend of Plockton Music School. Friends of Plockton Music School is Scottish Charitable Incorporated Organisation (SCIO), charity number SC042890.
Visit www.fpms.org.uk for more information.
Please download the form below and provide your name, postal address and email address.
Then to make your annual membership subscription of £30 easy to pay, fill in the short standing order form, and FPMS will deal with the rest!
A one-off donation of any amount click the button below.
NCETM, Pupil Residence, Plockton High School, Plockton, Wester Ross IV52 8TU
Telephone 01599 544706 Email rhona.sharp@highland.gov.uk or dougie.pincock@highland.gov.uk
The National Centre of Excellence in Traditional Music is financed by The Highland Council in partnership with the Scottish Government's Department of
Education & Lifelong Learning. Students of Sgoil Chiùil na Gàidhealtachd have received recent support from the Knightswood Trust and the Agar Trust.
Sgoil Chiùil na Gàidhealtachd takes great pride in being designated an "All Steinway School."
© Sgoil Chiùil na Gàidhealtachd 2010-19
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Early this month, the Skype team announced a new version of its messaging application would be released to mobile and then to desktop. Well, it looks like it took the developers slightly more than a week to make the new version of Skype available in the Google Play.
Skype 8.0 brings a bucket-load of new features and improvements that we've already discussed in a previous article. However, here is a quick recap for those who missed our initial post about the new Skype app.
First of all, group chats have been redesigned to look more lively and expressive. Users can now customize Skype with their favorite colors. You can now tap on the reaction icon next to a message or video call while in a conversation.
Skype also added its own take on Snapchat's "Stories" feature, which is called "Highlights." It allows users to create a highlight reel of their day with photos and videos, and then share it with friends.
A new "Find" panel makes it much easier to search from within the app. Next to the Find panel, there are two tabs - Chat and Capture - that users can toggle between.
According to Skype, version 8.0 will be available first on Android devices, followed by the new version for iPhone. So, if you're using an Android phone, then you can already download it via Google Play.
I hate this version !!!


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The Unaffiliated adults in the West who are non-parents
Age distribution among the Unaffiliated adults in the West who are non-parents
% of the Unaffiliated adults in the West who are non-parents who are ages…
Generational cohort among the Unaffiliated adults in the West who are non-parents
% of the Unaffiliated adults in the West who are non-parents who are…
23% 20% 19% 29% 9% 1% 1,862
< 1% 23% 23% 35% 15% 3% 1,030
Gender composition among the Unaffiliated adults in the West who are non-parents
Racial and ethnic composition among the Unaffiliated adults in the West who are non-parents
% of the Unaffiliated adults in the West who are non-parents who identify as…
66% 3% 11% 14% 5% 1,849
Immigrant status among the Unaffiliated adults in the West who are non-parents
Income distribution among the Unaffiliated adults in the West who are non-parents
% of the Unaffiliated adults in the West who are non-parents who have a household income of…
22% 22% 34% 22% 870
Educational distribution among the Unaffiliated adults in the West who are non-parents
% of the Unaffiliated adults in the West who are non-parents who have completed…
Marital status among the Unaffiliated adults in the West who are non-parents
Divorced/separated
32% 12% 11% 4% 40% 1,880
Belief in God among the Unaffiliated adults in the West who are non-parents
% of the Unaffiliated adults in the West who are non-parents who say they…
21% 21% 14% 1% 37% 6% 1,888
30% 24% 9% 1% 28% 8% 1,051
Importance of religion in one's life among the Unaffiliated adults in the West who are non-parents
% of the Unaffiliated adults in the West who are non-parents who say religion is…
Attendance at religious services among the Unaffiliated adults in the West who are non-parents
% of the Unaffiliated adults in the West who are non-parents who attend religious services…
3% 22% 74% < 1% 1,888
Frequency of prayer among the Unaffiliated adults in the West who are non-parents
% of the Unaffiliated adults in the West who are non-parents who pray…
Frequency of participation in prayer, scripture study or religious education groups among the Unaffiliated adults in the West who are non-parents
% of the Unaffiliated adults in the West who are non-parents who attend prayer group…
3% 2% 3% 91% 1% 1,888
Frequency of meditation among the Unaffiliated adults in the West who are non-parents
% of the Unaffiliated adults in the West who are non-parents who meditate…
Frequency of feeling spiritual peace and wellbeing among the Unaffiliated adults in the West who are non-parents
% of the Unaffiliated adults in the West who are non-parents who feel a sense of spiritual peace and wellbeing…
Frequency of feeling wonder about the universe among the Unaffiliated adults in the West who are non-parents
% of the Unaffiliated adults in the West who are non-parents who feel a sense of wonder about the universe…
Sources of guidance on right and wrong among the Unaffiliated adults in the West who are non-parents
% of the Unaffiliated adults in the West who are non-parents who say they look to…most for guidance on right and wrong
4% 21% 54% 18% 3% 1,888
Belief in absolute standards for right and wrong among the Unaffiliated adults in the West who are non-parents
% of the Unaffiliated adults in the West who are non-parents who say…
Frequency of reading scripture among the Unaffiliated adults in the West who are non-parents
% of the Unaffiliated adults in the West who are non-parents who read scripture…
6% 4% 7% 82% < 1% 1,888
Interpreting scripture among the Unaffiliated adults in the West who are non-parents
% of the Unaffiliated adults in the West who are non-parents who say the holy scripture is…
5% 9% 1% 74% 10% 1,051
Belief in Heaven among the Unaffiliated adults in the West who are non-parents
% of the Unaffiliated adults in the West who are non-parents who …in heaven
Belief in Hell among the Unaffiliated adults in the West who are non-parents
% of the Unaffiliated adults in the West who are non-parents who …in hell
Party affiliation among the Unaffiliated adults in the West who are non-parents
Political ideology among the Unaffiliated adults in the West who are non-parents
Views about size of government among the Unaffiliated adults in the West who are non-parents
% of the Unaffiliated adults in the West who are non-parents who would rather have…
Views about government aid to the poor among the Unaffiliated adults in the West who are non-parents
% of the Unaffiliated adults in the West who are non-parents who say government aid to the poor…
Views about abortion among the Unaffiliated adults in the West who are non-parents
% of the Unaffiliated adults in the West who are non-parents who say abortion should be…
Views about homosexuality among the Unaffiliated adults in the West who are non-parents
% of the Unaffiliated adults in the West who are non-parents who say homosexuality…
86% 9% 2% 3% 1,888
Views about same-sex marriage among the Unaffiliated adults in the West who are non-parents
% of the Unaffiliated adults in the West who are non-parents who …same-sex marriage
Views about environmental regulation among the Unaffiliated adults in the West who are non-parents
Views about human evolution among the Unaffiliated adults in the West who are non-parents
% of the Unaffiliated adults in the West who are non-parents who say humans…

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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Kolache Krunch 5K Run/Walk (Caldwell, next on 14 Sep 2019)
BCS Superhero Run Bryan, next on 28 Sep 2019)
BCS Superhero Run College Station, next on 28 Sep 2019)
Buffalo Stampede Half Marathon & 5K (Bryan, next on 5 Oct 2019)
Haunted Woods 5K (Hilltop Lakes, next on 5 Oct 2019)
Dime Box Mini Marathon (Dime Box, next on 5 Oct 2019)
Kay Theater Zombie 5K Run/Walk and Children's 1K Trick or Treat Run/ Walk (Rockdale, next on 5 Oct 2019)
Bearkat Bolt 5K (Huntsville, next on 13 Oct 2019)
Huntsville Half Marathon, Quarter Marathon & 5K (Huntsville, next on 19 Oct 2019)
BCS Oktoberfest Half Marathon & 10K (Texas A&M, next on 20 Oct 2019)
Ready,Set,Go! 5K Fun Run College Station, next on 9 Nov 2019)
Little Monsters Fun Run (College Station, next on 9 Nov 2019)
The Christmas 5K & Christmas Mile at Santa's Wonderland (College Station, next on 16-17 Nov 2019)
BCS Turkey Trot (College Station, next on 28 Nov 2019)
College Station Jingle Bell Fun Run (College Station, next on 8 Dec 2019)BCS Marathon and Half Marathon (Bryan/College Station/Texas A&M, next on 8 Dec 2019)
St. Nick Fun Run 5K & 10K (College Station, next on 14 Dec 2019)
Rocky 50 (Huntsville, last on 9 Feb 2019)
The Green Ultra At Millican (College Station, last on 16 Mar 2019)
XTERRA Bluebonnet Trail Runs (Bryan, last on 24 Mar 2019)
Muster 5K Ruck March / Fun March (Huntsville, last on 30 Mar 2019)
Huntsville 10 Miler (Huntsville, last on 31 Mar 2019)
BCS Association of Realtors 10K, 5K Fun Run & 3K Walk with Pride (Texas A&M, last on 31 Mar 2019)


Enjoyable great service from dana and pete sales manager.
I feel like the sales team did a good job, I bought a kia sonerto.
The wait is long but shondera and pete did a nice job helping me.
Everything was great, customer service was awesome! Great experience!
I am very pleased with the service here. This is my first new car and I just love it. Ms Brice.
I really enjoy dealing with Kia Vaule. I will come back to purchase another car.
I would like to say our, visit here at kia, was a very good experiance and every one there were great at helping us get the vehicle we wanted.
The entire process was painless & pleasurable, I would recommend Value Kia to anyone interested in purchasing a car.
Everyone treated me really nice, and made me understand the buying process well.
Very happy and a great way to buy a car,ms. Williams was so helpful and mr. Pete was great.


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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


This post was originally published on The Get Real Project.
(2) Say it overly politely, and formally, when a little humanity would do a world of good.
There's a lot of the same text in Version 2.
And a world of difference.


text:
Tayleurian Cup 13/14
League Cup 13/14
Nivison Cup 13/14
British Legion Cup 13/14
Queen of the South Cup 13/14
Burns Cup 13/14
British Legion Cup 2013/14
Terregles End 35 Year Wait for Silverware
One of the longest winless streaks in the league's long history ended on Friday night at the Keswick Centre when Terregles Athletic defeated Lochmaben in the Colin's Carpets British Legion Cup ending a 35 year wait for a trophy for the Terregles side. This was yet another cup final setback for league champions Lochmaben who have lost all three finals they have figured in so far this season.
Terregles started the brighter of the two teams and were on the front foot as early as the third minute when man of the match Bobby Green hit the post from a tight angle after the ball fell to him at the back post from a free kick. This was to prove to be a pattern for most of the match as Lochmaben conceded free kicks in dangerous positions throughout. The first 30 minutes belonged to Terregles who put the Lochmaben defence under pressure with lightning fast counter attacks and quality crosses. Keeper Craig Scobie was lucky a few times failing to deal with several crosses confidently which only served to encourage the Terregles attack.
Lochmaben's first real attempt at goal didn't arrive until the 28th minute when Shane Watson cut in from the left but his attempt was weak and keeper Paul Hastings collected easily. Watson would not be denied for long though. A lofted pass from Alan Maxwell split the Terregles defence and this time he made no mistake poking the ball into the bottom corner to give his side the lead. This served to encourage Lochmaben and led to a period of pressure with their best chance coming when a Duncan Smith shot from just inside the box was deflected onto the bar. Craig Irving also got into a good position but his attempt was high and wide when perhaps he should have done better.
Terregles got back into the game in the 40th minute when a speculative shot from30 yards out by Bobby Green ended in the back of the net when it looked like keeper Scobie had it covered. This gave Terregles a lift and it wasn't long before they hit the woodwork for the second time in the match. Paul McCann curled in a free kick which was headed goalward by Bobby Green but the ball came off the post and struck a defenders hand before going out for a corner. The half ended with a late flurry from Lochmaben but there was no further scoring and both teams went in on level terms.
The second half saw Lochmaben have the upper hand for the most part but again Terregles had spells and they always looked dangerous on the break. Duncan Smith looked the most likely Lochmaben striker to make a breakthrough and he went close on a couple of occasions. For Terregles both John Paul Reid and Bobby Green went close. Terregles then dodged a bullet when claims for what looked like a stonewall penalty were waved away by referee Sandy McNay. With the match looking like it was going to go to extra time Lochmaben had a great chance to win it. A cross from the right landed at the back post where Shane Watson controlled and had time and space to pick his shot but he failed to connect cleanly and keeper Hastings managed to block his shot which then rebounded to substitute Stephen Hislop who fired high over the bar.
Terregles secured their historic win with only a minute to go of the 90. With Lochmaben pressing for the winner the ball broke to Bobby Green wide on the left wing and he drove into the Lochmaben half before finding Paul McCann in the centre of the park. McCann then played a perfect through ball to substitute Shaun Kirk who ran through and finished low into the corner from the edge of the box.
After the match the cup was presented to captain John Howie and long serving committee member Roy Henderson by sponsor Colin McBurnie's son Aiden. The man of the match award was collected by Terregles' Bobby Green. The league would like to thank the sponsor Colin's Carpets and the staff at the Davis Keswick Centre for their assistance on the night.


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About DMI
Company Affiliations
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Impact Evaluations
Metering and PowerMap
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home » Services » Metering and PowerMap
DMI has a broad selection of metering equipment, covering three-phase power, pressure, temperature, humidity, light level, and more. Additionally, we have developed software tools to analyze various types of metering data, providing clarity and understanding for assessing energy-user operation and performance. Analysis of metered data can provide information on load profiles and usage patterns. We can provide short term spot metering as well as long term metering for periods of up to two weeks or more.
Shown below is a PowerMap analysis of 15-minute demand data obtained for a site. The PowerMap analysis plots demand intensity, showing both annual (vertical axis) and daily (horizontal axis) trends in energy consumption over time. In the plot below, weekends are seen as periodic horizontal dark bands of data, the typical 6am-6pm schedule of operation stands out as a vertical column in the center of the day, and the highest demand occurs during the summer months in the middle of the day, when air-conditioning systems are working their hardest. The PowerMap is an invaluable tool for visual identification of demand trends, and often points to problem spots and areas of opportunity for improved energy efficiency.
Announcing Madeline Messer, P.E.!
DMI would like to congratulate Maddy on becoming a licensed Professional Engineer. In October, Maddy took the Principles and Practice of Engineering (PE) exam in the Mechanical: HVAC and Refrigeration concentration. The exam is administered by the National Council of Examiners for Engineering and Surveying (NCEES) and is the last step in the process of becoming a licensed P.E. The exam and certification is designed for engineers who have had at least four years of experience, post-college in the mechanical HVAC discipline.
We are now proud to have six Professional Engineers at DMI. On behalf of everyone, congratulations Maddy on your hard work and achievement!
Announcing Kevin McGaffigan, P.E.!
DMI would like to congratulate Kevin on becoming a licensed Professional Engineer. This fall, Kevin took the Principles and Practice of Engineering (PE) exam in the Mechanical: HVAC and Refrigeration concentration. The exam is administered by the National Council of Examiners for Engineering and Surveying (NCEES) and is the last step in the process of becoming a licensed P.E. It is designed for engineers who have at least four years of experience post-college in the mechanical HVAC discipline.
We are proud to now have five Professional Engineers at DMI. Congrats, Kevin!
Energy Analysis & Simulation
At DMI, we realize that having a competitive advantage is about more than just price. That's why we strive to provide quality, in-depth engineering for our clients.
Download our technology brochure and read our case studies.
What is Second Law Engineers?
While many people who are familiar with DMI know that the acronym stands for Demand Management Institute, we also are occasionally asked about Second Law Engineers. This FAQ page should help clear up any confusion.
Spotlight: LEED® Services
Over the past several years, owners, developers, architects, and engineers have begun to favor sustainable development practices to save operational costs, increase asset value, and display an ongoing commitment to the environment. During this time, the Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED) Rating System has emerged as the "nationally accepted benchmark for the design, construction, and operation of high performance green buildings." More information about this program can be obtained from the U.S. Green Building Council's website: www.usgbc.org
The US Green Building council developed the LEED accreditation process to facilitate sustainable development. As LEED-accredited consultants, we specialize in the following energy-related facets of the LEED system.
Learn more about the benefits of the LEED Rating System on the USGBC website.
More about LEED® Services
DMI LEED® Services
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Follow DMI
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Before I begin, I want to say that I'll be so mad if even one member decided to take a day off from Twitter. WE CAME SO FAR TOGETHER!
Day 100! I can't believe we made it this far. Well, I can, because I did it. Only missed a couple over that whole time and I think I still managed to make up for all of them. Aw … I'm gonna miss this weird series.
Shidare says, see you in Hiroshima!
I never really appreciated idol photography, the selfies and outifts and promo shots and the like, until the 100 Days, and I think part of why I learned to see its power is because the NSLE members do it so well. They also reveal a lot about themselves.
Man, sometimes you think you're just going to leave work at a normal time, and sometimes you accept A Drink Or Two and don't even get back until today is almost tomorrow.


text:
Caribbean Stud Poker बिटकॉइन लाइव बिटकॉइन कैसीनो
👉 Caribbean Stud Poker बिटकॉइन लाइव बिटकॉइन कैसीनो
The Governor of Rivers state, Nyesom Wike has reportedly asked the Supreme Court to accelerate hearing on the Value Added Tax case between the Federal Government and some states, which is currently before it. The Governor who wondered why the the apex court has not given the contentious issue the needed attention, argued that the case was of national importance and that the Nigerian citizenry was eagerly waiting to hear the final judgment on the issue. Three United players who might struggle for game time should United hire Conte. If reports are to be believed, then United could have a new manager on their bench before they play Tottenham Hotspur next weekend. The Manchester United board have not been impressed by the performance of the team in recent times, having spent a significant sum on new players during the summer, in an attempt to close the gap between them and other top teams. BBNaija White Money And Laycon Finally Meet As They Exchange Passionate Hug, caribbean stud poker बिटकॉइन लाइव बिटकॉइन कैसीनो. White Money, as we all know, is a Nigerian who won the BBNaija "shine ya eye" season, which finished over a month ago. On the other hand, Laycon, a rapper, was the winner of the BBNaija lockdown season, which took place last year, after defeating Dorathy Bachor, the show's first runner-up. यह नए उपयोगकर्ताओं के लिए एक अनमोल विशेषता है जो अपने पैरों को गीला करना चाहते हैं, यह विश्व स्तरीय जल सुविधाओं का भी दावा करती है और मनोरंजन और खरीदारी दोनों क्षेत्रों तक आसान पहुँच प्रदान करती है। बहुत सारे पोस्टसेन अनुभव के साथ एक बड़ा नाम जोड़ना ऐसा लग रहा था कि यह जुलाई 31 गैर-छूट व्यापार की समय सीमा पर तार्किक निर्णय होगा, जहां जंगली प्रती�


This desirable Adams Shore direct waterfront Colonial boasts spectacular views of Quincy Bay, Boston Harbor and the Boston Skyline that can be enjoyed from either of the 2 back decks that overlook the beach below! Newer updates include the gas furnace, circuit breakers and hardwood flooring throughout. Offering an open floor plan, spacious rooms, an eat-in kitchen with center island and stainless steel appliances, a living/dining room combination with a fireplace, 3 good sized bedrooms and a master bedroom with a large walk-in closet and French doors that lead out to the private deck. Do not miss this opportunity to call Adams Shore your home!
Disclosure: Property is located in a flood zone.
The listing office is Century 21 Annex Realty and the listing agent is Gus Confalone. The property listing data and information, or the images, set forth herein were provided to MLS Property Information Network, Inc. from third party sources, including sellers, lessors and public records, and were compiled by MLS Property Information Network, Inc. The property listing data and information, and the images, are for the personal, non-commercial use of consumers having a good faith interest in purchasing or leasing listed properties of the type displayed to them and may not be used for any purpose other than to identify prospective properties which such consumers may have a good faith interest in purchasing or leasing. MLS Property Information Network, Inc. and it's subscribers disclaim any and all representations and warranties as to the accuracy of the property listing data and information, or as to the accuracy of any of the images, set forth herein. The data was last modified on 12/18/2018 2:44:00 PM.


Today we have the�IP35P motherboard from abit, this board is one of the lower entries in the abit�s P35 chipset range but still has enough features to make a solid machine from it. In my experience though budget boards tend to fall at the wayside, let us hope the IP35P will change that.
As a leader in motherboards and graphic cards, Universal abit is consistently creating new industry standards. Our core strength of research and development allows us to set hardware trends that encompass the entire motherboard business. Universal abit's venerable SoftMenu� created the jumperless standard, and transformed the industry. Technologies like OTES� set new standards in not only superior cooling, but also low noise output. Universal abit's �Guru� technology with BlackBox� integrated e-service changed the kind of service people expect from a motherboard company.
Through superior design, Universal abit has not only achieved numerous industry design awards, but has also been chosen as a rotating design partner for both AMD and Intel, an honor bestowed upon only a select few in the industry. With our unyielding commitment to R&D excellence, both Intel and AMD choose Universal abit for partnership.
By continuously fostering a spirit of innovation, Universal abit will remain the company that sets the trends for others to follow.


The Quantitative Psychology master's degree sequence focuses on the use of quantitative methods in the solution of problems in theoretical and applied psychology. The sequence provides critical foundation preparation for advanced graduate study and can facilitate entry into careers in community college teaching and a variety of careers in the business-industrial sector. For the master's thesis, students are encouraged to work with any faculty member in the department on any topic of interest in which measurement and statistics is relevant or applied in novel ways. The graduate sequence can be completed with two years of full-time enrollment.
The Quantitative Psychology sequence objective is to build a solid foundation of basic psychological principles that help students to understand and explain human behavior. Students use computers and technology in data collection, management, and analysis through coursework. The training requires a proficiency in common statistical software packages and using the Internet for data collection and analysis, and applied experiences. Students must complete a master's thesis based on original research. Completing a thesis is an indispensable part of learning the intricacies of integrating theory, design, measurement, and analysis. Work on the thesis typically begins during the student's second semester, and it is usually complete at the end of the second year.
To accomplish our objectives, students are required to complete a minimum of 32 graduate credits and the master's thesis. Listed below are the required courses and other courses that are strongly recommended (depending on the student's specific interests). All courses are three credits unless otherwise noted.
NOTE: The schedule above is composed of courses currently identified in the Graduate Catalog. Courses proposed in the future could change the structure of this master's degree sequence.
Class meets on alternative Tuesdays from 3:30- 4:20 p.m. in 48 DeGarmo Hall. Speaker evaluation surveys must be completed on ReggieNet in a timely fashion. Feedback is due the following Tuesday at 3:30 p.m.
Articles and PowerPoint slides from current and previous semesters are available through ReggieNet. When an article is listed below after a speaker, students should download the article from ReggieNet and read it prior to the presentation.
Students should note, however, that articles are not typically included in the fall semester when second-year students are presenting their theses; articles are presented in the spring semester when first-year students introduce and lead the discussion based on a specific article. Grades will be assessed based on the quantity and quality of participation and timeliness of speaker and topic feedback provided on ReggieNet .
Any last minute changes to the schedule below will be posted on ReggieNet and announced to ProSeminar participants through ReggieNet.
Featured Guest Speaker: Rod Funk, Chestnut Health Systems: Godley, M D., Kahn, J. H., Dennis, M. L. Godley, S. H., & Funk, R. R. (2005). The stability and impact of environmental factors on substance use and problems after adolescent outpatient treatment for cannabis abuse or dependence.
Students admitted into a master's sequence in Psychology (Cognitive and Behavioral Sciences, Developmental Psychology, Industrial/Organizational-Social Psychology, or Quantitative Psychology) may complete coursework for a second ("dual") sequence.
Students should complete the DUAL SEQUENCE APPLICATION. The application is an interactive Microsoft Word document. The student should open the application and complete it on a computer. The student should print, sign, and date the application and submit the signed application to the sequence coordinator by October 15. The sequence coordinator may write a letter of support for the student's application. The second sequence coordinator should receive the application and letter of support, if applicable, from the sequence coordinator by November 1.
The faculty members of the second sequence review the application and determine if the second sequence is appropriate based on the student's goals, qualifications, and the second sequence's resources (e.g., space limitation, faculty availability, etc.). After a decision is reached, the second sequence coordinator approves or denies the dual sequence application. The second sequence coordinator completes the lower portion of the application and submits it to the Graduate Programs Office for processing.
If the second sequence coordinator approves the application, the Graduate Programs Office updates the student's graduate record in Campus Solutions. The Graduate Programs Office notifies the student and both sequence coordinators when the student's graduate record includes the second sequence.
After completing all degree requirements, the University confers a master's degree in Psychology will a concentration that identifies both sequences.
Graduate students must complete a thesis in order to satisfy graduation requirements for a master's degree. Students must complete all of the degree requirements, including the thesis, in six years beginning with the first semester of enrollment. Students are responsible for reviewing and complying with the department's Thesis Procedures, which are explained below.
Must investigate a real problem (i.e., if the answer is obvious based on existing literature, the thesis poses a non-problem). However, research may be conducted to solve a practical problem, provided the solution can be generalized.
A thesis should be written in the professional style of a journal article, except for the rare thesis that is non-empirical in nature. The thesis chapters are usually identified as: Introduction, Method, Results, and Discussion. Graduate students are required to comply with the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association (6th edition, 2010) and with the University's thesis policies, which are available on the Graduate School's Student Support (Thesis Assistance) website.
The Graduate School's thesis policies covers the administrative aspects and appearance of a thesis. The APA's Publication Manual governs the professional format and style of a thesis. There are subtle differences between the Graduate School's thesis policies and the department's Thesis Procedures. Students are expected to comply with the department's Thesis Procedures to successfully complete their theses. Students must also follow the standards of the APA's Ethical Principles of Psychologists and Code of Conduct when conducting research.
Students are encouraged to review the Dates and Deadlines on the Graduate School's Student Support Graduation and Commencement website for specific deadlines related thesis procedures including the last day for: submitting a Proposal Approval Form, submitting a Right to Defend request, and for a thesis defense. If these deadlines are not met, graduation will be postponed until the following semester.
During the first semester of graduate study, students should review the Faculty Research Interests website, as a resource for potential research topics. Students should talk to faculty members who are knowledgeable or who are willing to become familiar in the area in which students would like to complete their thesis research. Students need to solicit faculty members to serve as the thesis committee chair and on the thesis committee.
By the middle of the second semester of their first year, students should solicit one faculty member to serve as the thesis committee chair. Graduate School thesis policies require the committee chair be a full member of the Graduate Faculty. An associate member of the Graduate Faculty may serve as a committee co-chair, along with a full member of the Graduate Faculty.
When a faculty member agrees to serve as a committee chair (or two faculty members as co-chairs), students must complete the DEPARTMENT APPROVAL OF THESIS COMMITTEE CHAIR form. The Committee Chair form also includes an override request for PSY 499 Master's Thesis. The Committee Chair form should be signed by the student, committee chair, and the program or sequence graduate coordinator. The signed Committee Chair form should be submitted to the Graduate Programs Office. Students cannot register for PSY 499 until the signed Committee Chair form has been received by the Graduate Programs Office and the override request has been processed. Students will be notified, by the Graduate Programs Office, when they can register for PSY 499.
In consultation with their thesis committee chair, students should solicit a second faculty member for the committee. After the second faculty member agrees to serve on the committee, students must complete the DEPARTMENT APPROVAL OF THESIS COMMITTEE form. The Committee form should be signed by the student, committee chair, and faculty member. The signed Committee form must be submitted to the Graduate Programs Office for approval by the department chair. If there are committee co-chairs, students and their co-chairs may decide not to solicit another faculty member for the thesis committee, provided both co-chairs are full member's of the Graduate Faculty. Graduate School thesis policies require the majority of the thesis committee (i.e., chair and members) to be full members of the Graduate Faculty. If one co-chair is an associate member of the Graduate Faculty, another faculty member, who is a full member of the Graduate Faculty, must be solicited for the thesis committee.
If a committee member is unable to complete his or her service or is willing to yield his or her position on the committee, students should consult with their thesis committee chair about soliciting a new faculty member for the committee. Students must complete the CHANGE OF THESIS COMMITTEE and/or TOPIC form. The Change form should be signed by the student, committee chair(s), current committee member, and new faculty member. The signed Change form must be submitted to the Graduate Programs Office for approval by the department chair. Students will be notified if the faculty member has been approved as the new thesis committee member. If the thesis has been proposed and approved by the thesis committee, students must also complete the Graduate School's COMMITTEE CHANGE FORM, which is available on the Graduate School's Student Support (Forms) website.
Graduate students must write a proposal that will be evaluated by their thesis committee. Students should discuss the contents of the proposal with their committee chair. The committee chair determines how much guidance will be provided to students in the development of the hypothesis, research project, and proposal. There should be a clear understanding between students and their committee chair of what is expected from each party.
The proposal should include a brief synopsis of the thesis topic and hypothesis, and the details of the research project. A thesis usually involves data collection; however, other data-based approaches are acceptable (e.g., meta-analyses, archival data sets, etc.). The proposal should address the use of human participants or animals in the research, if applicable. The proposal should also identify any ethical issues with the use of human participants or animals. Students should be diligent in the completeness of their thesis topic and research project. The committee chair should approve a draft of the proposal before it is submitted to the thesis committee.
Students should review the information on the department's Tools and Links for Researchers website in preparation for their thesis research. Before conducting any research involving human participants, the student's research project must be approved by Illinois State's Institutional Review Board (IRB). The proposal must include, in its method section, a detailed explanation of how the ethical issues will be addressed (e.g., possible risks to human participants, how such risks will be minimized, confidentiality procedures, informed consent, debriefing procedures, etc.). Students must also comply with the department's Ethical Guidelines and Procedures for Research Using Human Participants. If students anticipate using human participants from external sources (outside the University), the proposal must include a statement of the ethical procedures of the external source, and how the research project will conform to those requirements. The department recommends students obtain a signed agreement or memorandum of understanding, from the external source, that identifies the specific data students have permission to collect and use for their research project.
Before conducting any research involving the use of animals, the student's research project must be approved by Illinois State's Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee (IACUC). The proposal must include, in its method section, a detailed explanation of how the ethical requirements for the care and use of animals will comply with the IACUC procedures.
Graduate students must propose their thesis in a public forum. Before presenting a proposal, students must determine if the proposal contains any copyrighted material. Students should review and complete page 2 of the Graduate School's PROPOSAL APPROVAL FORM, which is available on the Graduate School's Student Support (Forms) website. If any box under section (5) Copyright Checklist is checked for copyrighted material, students must consult with the Copyright Officer and obtain the Copyright Officer's signature on the Proposal Approval Form.
After consulting with the committee chair about proposing the thesis, students must contact the Graduate Programs Office to request a reader. The reader, who is a psychology faculty member, is appointed by the department. The reader represents the department and ensures that students and their thesis committees comply with the department's procedures and the University's requirements. The Graduate Programs Office will notify students when a reader has been assigned.
The proposal must be presented at a time that is mutually agreeable to the student, thesis committee, and reader. The proposal must be presented between 8:00 a.m. and 5:00 p.m., Monday through Friday, while classes are in session (i.e., excluding University holidays, final exams week, or semester breaks). When an acceptable time has been determined, students should contact the Graduate Programs Office to reserve a room. The Graduate Programs Office will notify the student when a room has been reserved.
When the proposal date has been determined, students must complete the information on page 3 of the Proposal Approval Form. Only the thesis committee should be identified on the Proposal Approval Form, along with their department/school and Graduate Faculty status. Students should contact the Graduate Programs Office at psygrad@ilstu.edu to determine the Graduate Faculty status for the thesis committee. The reader is not identified on the Proposal Approval Form. If the thesis committee does not satisfy the Graduate School's thesis committee requirements (described on page 1 of the Proposal Approval Form), the exception section on page 3, under section (6) Graduate Committee Information, must be completed. A brief rationale must be provided for the exception. If a committee member is not an Illinois State faculty member, students must also include the committee member's curriculum vitae, with the Proposal Approval Form, to satisfy the exception requirement.
At least one week before the scheduled proposal date, students must submit, by 12:00 p.m. (Noon), the Proposal Approval Form and a printed copy of their proposal to the Graduate Programs Office. Students must also provide a copy of the proposal to the thesis committee and reader; the copy may be printed or sent electronically, depending on the preferences of the committee members or reader. The Graduate Programs Office will announce the scheduled proposal on the department's graduate students and faculty email listserv, and will post the information on the University Events website and on the bulletin board across from the department's office.
The department encourages psychology graduate students to attend thesis proposals in order to observe the process. The proposal is also open to the University academic community. Students should consult with their thesis committee chair if students would like to invite non-academic parties (i.e., family and friends) to the proposal. Individuals observing the proposal may ask the student questions and provide comments about the presentation. However, participation by such individuals should not monopolize the presentation. Since the proposal is a formal evaluation of the student, the thesis committee chair has the discretion of whether or not to recognize individuals for questions or comments during the presentation. The department prohibits any refreshments at a thesis proposal.
At the proposal, students should discuss their thesis and any relevant literature, and explain their research project. When the presentation has ended and there are no more questions, everyone should leave the room except for the thesis committee, reader, and any other psychology faculty members. The committee will discuss the proposal. Psychology faculty who have an opinion about the proposal are encouraged to present their remarks for consideration by the thesis committee. The decision to approve or withhold approval of the thesis proposal is the responsibility of the thesis committee. The committee must reach a consensus about the status of the proposal. When a consensus is reached, the student will be asked to return to the room and will be informed of the committee's decision.
If the proposal is approved, the thesis committee and the student should sign the Proposal Approval Form. If the committee determines that changes are required in the thesis, the committee should discuss the changes with the student. The committee chair should give the student a written list of the required changes. Students are responsible for incorporating the changes in the thesis and must provide the thesis committee and reader with an updated proposal. When the thesis committee is satisfied with the revised thesis proposal, the thesis committee and the student should sign the Proposal Approval Form. The student must submit the signed Proposal Approval Form to the Graduate Programs Office, for approval by the department chair.
The Graduate School must also approve the Proposal Approval Form. The Graduate Programs Office will submit the signed Proposal Approval Form to the Graduate School. The Graduate School will send students the approved Proposal Approval Form by email. The approved Proposal Approval Form should be retained by the student; the information on the Proposal Approval Form will be required by the Graduate School when the student is ready to defend the thesis.
Students may choose, with the agreement of their committee, to rewrite the proposal. The thesis committee and student should discuss the problems with the current proposal. The second proposal must address and correct the identified problems. Students must schedule a second proposal presentation. This option requires students retain the same thesis committee.
Students may chose to develop a new thesis topic. If this option is selected, students may retain their thesis committee, if the committee members agree to stay with the thesis committee, or solicit other faculty members for a new committee. The department's thesis procedures must be repeated, including the forms for a new committee, if applicable, and proposal presentation.
The University uses a national electronic database, ProQuest, for submission of all theses. The department recommends students establish a ProQuest account after their proposal has been approved. Students can access the ProQuest website on the Graduate School's Student Support Thesis Assistance (Plan Your Defense) website. The approved proposal should be uploaded to ProQuest. If the ProQuest account is not established after the thesis proposal is approved, it must be established before students submit the Right to Defend form to the Graduate School.
Students should review Continuous Registration requirements in the Thesis section of the Graduate Catalog. After the proposal is approved and all degree coursework has been completed, students must enroll for at least one credit of PSY 499 every fall and spring semester until the thesis is successfully defended. Registration for PSY 499 in the summer is required only when a student expects to defend the thesis and complete the degree by the end of the summer semester. Students should contact the Graduate Programs Office at psygrad@ilstu.edu to request an override for PSY 499.
After the proposal is approved, students should begin conducting their thesis research. While it is appropriate to consult with faculty members, students are expected to conceptually understand the statistics and data analysis that is presented in the thesis. Any significant changes to the research project, after the proposal has been approved, may require additional IRB or IACUC review and approval, if applicable. Students should consult with their thesis committee chair before making any changes to their approved proposal or research project.
Graduate students must defend their thesis in a public forum. Before scheduling a defense, students must have a current thesis uploaded in ProQuest. Although the thesis does not have to be fully formatted, it should contain all of the required thesis chapters. The thesis must comply with the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association and the Graduate School's thesis policies, which are available on the Graduate School's Student Support (Thesis Assistance) website. Student must complete and submit the RIGHT TO DEFEND FORM, which is available on the Graduate School's Student Support (Forms) website. The completed Defend Form should be submitted to the Graduate School. The Graduate School will review the thesis in ProQuest. If the thesis is acceptable, the Graduate School will notify students by email that they may schedule their thesis defense. If the Graduate Programs Office is not copied on this email, students must forward the Graduate School's email to the Graduate Programs Office. The Right to Defend email must be on file in the Graduate Programs Office before students can schedule their thesis defense.
The thesis should be defended at a time that is mutually agreeable to the student, thesis committee, and reader. The thesis must be defended between 8:00 a.m. and 5:00 p.m., Monday through Friday, while classes are in session (i.e., excluding University holidays, final exams week, or semester breaks). When an acceptable time has been determined, students should contact the Graduate Programs Office to reserve a room. The Graduate Programs Office will notify the student when a room has been reserved.
At least one week before the scheduled defense, students must submit to the Graduate Programs Office by 12:00 p.m. (Noon) a printed copy of the thesis. Students must also provide a copy of the thesis to their thesis committee and reader; the copy may be printed or sent electronically, depending on the preferences of the committee members and reader. The Graduate Programs Office will announce the scheduled defense to the department's graduate students and faculty members. The thesis defense will also be posted on the University Events website and on the bulletin board across from the department's office. Students must also complete the Graduate School's OUTCOME OF DEFENSE FORM, which is available on the Graduate School's Student Support (Forms) website. Students should take the Outcome of Defense Form to their thesis defense.
The department encourages psychology graduate students to attend a thesis defense in order to observe the process. The defense is also open to the University academic community. Students should consult with their thesis committee chair if students would like to invite non-academic parties (i.e., family and friends) to their defense. Individuals observing the defense may ask the student questions and provide comments about the presentation. However, participation by such individuals should not monopolize the presentation. Since the defense is a formal evaluation of the student, the thesis committee chair has the discretion of whether or not to recognize individuals for questions or comments during the presentation. The department prohibits any refreshments at a thesis defense.
At the defense, students should discuss the importance of the thesis topic, their research and the methods employed, analysis of the data, and their conclusion. When the defense has ended and there are no more questions, everyone should leave the room except for the thesis committee, reader, and any other psychology faculty members. The committee will discuss the quality of the thesis and defense, taking into account the consistency between the thesis proposal and defense, and the incorporation of required changes identified at the thesis proposal, if applicable. Psychology faculty who have an opinion about the thesis are encouraged to present their remarks for consideration by the thesis committee. The decision to approve or withhold approval of the thesis defense is the responsibility of the committee. The committee must reach a consensus about the status of the defense. When a consensus has been reached, the student will be asked to return to the room and will be informed of the committee's decision.
The thesis committee can reach one of three decisions about the thesis: approved, a provisional approval with required changes, or not approved. If the committee approves the thesis, the committee members should sign the Outcome of Defense Form. If the decision is a provisional approval, the committee should discuss the changes required in the thesis with the student. The committee chair should provide the student with a written list of the required changes. Students are responsible for incorporating the changes before the thesis committee will approve the thesis. After the changes have been made and the thesis is approved, the thesis committee should sign the Outcome of Defense Form. Students must submit a copy of the signed Outcome of Defense Form to the Graduate Programs Office. If the thesis is not approved, the student should discuss any viable options with the thesis committee.
Students must upload the approved thesis to ProQuest. Students must also complete the FINAL DEPOSIT CHECKLIST, which is available on the Graduate School's Student Support (Forms) website. Students must submit the signed Outcome of Defense Form and the Final Deposit Checklist, and any copyright permissions, if applicable, to the Graduate School. The Graduate School will examine the thesis in ProQuest to determine if the thesis complies with the University's thesis policies. If the Graduate School notifies students of required changes, those changes must be made and the revised thesis must be uploaded to ProQuest before the University will accept the thesis as meeting degree requirements for graduation. If the required changes are not completed before the thesis final deposit filing deadline, graduation will be postponed until the following semester.
If the thesis is published or if a paper is presented at a professional convention, authorship should follow the provisions of the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association. An agreement between students and their thesis committee should govern whether committee members are identified as co-authors.


text:
Mars Needs a Whole New Clock and Calendar
Getty Images / ESA
Soon enough, humans will be living on Mars, almost 40 million miles from their home planet. This will require some major work, like finding new ways to grow crops, build houses, and treat disease. Not the least on the list is settling on a whole new clock and calendar.
Thankfully, astronomers have already figured out some of the basics.
Time on Mars
Days, at least, are pretty similar on Mars. The name for one rotation of the Red Planet is called a sol. A sol is 24 hours, 39 minutes, and 35 seconds, whereas a day on Earth is 23 hours, 56 minutes, and 4 seconds. This will make it fairly easy for the first humans traveling to Mars to keep track of the time once they are there.
"The day length is almost exactly the same, it's actually quite a coincidence," Emily Lakdawalla, senior editor and planetary evangelist, for The Planetary Society, tells Inverse. "The first humans living on Mars will probably just use a 24-hour clock and not think too much about it."
If using a 24-hour clock for a 24.7-hour day, of course, Martians would have to make some adjustments to maintain consistency.
One option would be to have special "leap days" that are extra long or short to correct for time slippage: Lakdawalla suggests a five-day workweek paired with one super-long weekend day.
Another option, already used by some, is a slow watch. NASA engineer Nagin Cox says she and colleagues started using a "Mars watch" back in 2004 when they were monitoring the Spirit and Opportunity rovers. For a while, they were also keeping to consistent Martian hours, which sometimes meant getting up in the middle of the night. "You really needed something on your wrist to tell you: What time is it on the Earth? What time is it on Mars?" Nagin said in a recent TED talk.
Nagin and others working with Mars informally developed new terms to talk about time over there. The current sol is tosol; there's also yestersol and nextersol or solorrow.
Mars really is a red planet, as apparent in this true-color image. ESA Rosetta
Dates on Mars
Keeping track of the date on Mars might be trickier.
To start, a Martian year is nearly twice as long as an Earth year. It takes the Red Planet 669 sols — or 687 days — to orbit the Sun. If annual dates are to have any meaning on Mars, then, our sister planet will need to keep its own count.
As for months, Mars can't go with a lunar cycle as Earth does since it's got two moons: Phobos and Deimos. Still, Martians might just divide the year into a certain number of segments to help keep track of things, and various scientists and authors have proposed just how. Among them: Robert Heinlein described a 24-month version in his 1949 book Red Planet; Kurt Vonnegut had a 21-month version in his 1959 novel The Sirens of Titan.
Any attempt to track years on Mars will, of course, require us to pick a starting point. There are some suggestions here, with a few plans settling on Earth's 1609, when the telescope was invented; or, for unclear reasons, on December 29, 1873 or April 11, 1955.
For current missions to Mars, at least, space organizations have kept things simple, counting the number of sols since the mission started. If there is a future colony on Mars, perhaps it will track sols — and Martian years — from the date the first colonists land.
As of June 14, 2017, Curiosity has been on Mars for 1,726 sols. Getty Images / NASA
Seasons on Mars
Until humans make up their minds, there is really only one set-in-stone way to think about the time of year on Mars: seasons.
"The main reason we care about date-keeping on Earth is because of seasons," Lakdawalla says. "We need to know what to wear for the weather. The same will go for Mars, it's just that the seasons happen to last a lot longer."
Mars has a similar axial tilt to Earth's at 25 degrees, just a fraction away from the Earth's 23.5 degrees, which means the planet has similar seasons to ours.
Since Mars has a much more elliptical orbit than Earth, however, its seasons vary greatly in length. Northern hemisphere spring clocks (or southern hemisphere autumn) is the longest season at 194 sols; northern hemisphere autumn is the shortest at 142.
The seasons also vary drastically depending on what hemisphere you reside on. On the northern hemisphere, the winter solstice happens to be the point at which the north is closest to the Sun (perihelion), this would create a very moderate winter. Likewise, in the summer, the north is farthest from the Sun (aphelion), so summer would be cool. But, in the southern hemisphere, where the winter comes near aphelion and summer comes near perihelion, the seasons are extreme.
Mars' orbit (red) is more elliptical than Earth's (blue). Areong/Wikimedia Commons
Whatever NASA and other Earth-based groups choose for Martian time, there's a chance that future colonists will come up with their own system — with, say, a second system used for universal coordination.
"If there is one thing I've learned from science fiction, once humans leave Earth and go off into space they aren't really going to care what happens on Earth anymore," Lakdawalla says. "They'll do what they want to do and say 'hey if you want to fix it, then you come here.' And we have to accept that."
Manned Mars Missions are scheduled for the near future. NASA is hoping for a 2030s landing and the determined commercial space company, SpaceX, is shooting for 2020.


Muscle-type ACh receptors were first isolated from electric tissue of electric eel (Electrophorus electricus) and electric ray (Torpedo spp.), which are the richest sources . The receptors in Torpedo electric tissue and in fetal muscle are heteropentamers, with the subunit composition a2Py§ (Fig. 1A) . In adult muscle, the receptor contains an e subunit in place of the y subunit and has a greater singlechannel conductance and a smaller mean single-channel-open time than fetal receptor . The neuronal-type ACh receptors are also pentamers, but of one, two, or three types of subunits [4,5]. There are nine known neuronal a subunits (a2 to a10) and three known neuronal P subunits (P2 to P4); various combinations of a subunits and P subunits, when expressed heterologously, yield functional complexes with distinct functional properties. Some neuronal a subunits (e.g., a7) form functional homopentamers. Different regions of the peripheral and central nervous system express different combinations of the neuronal subunits.
Figure 1 Structure of the nicotinic acetylcholine receptors. (A) Schematic representation of the quaternary structure showing the arrangement of the sub-units in the muscle-type receptors, the location of the two ACh binding sites between an a and a y subunit and an a and a 8 subunit and opening to the periphery of the complex, and the axial cation-conducting channel (dashed lines). (B). The threading pattern of the subunits through the membrane.
The subunits are 450 to 650 residues long. The aligned sequences are sufficiently similar that their common origin is certain; that is, they are all homologous [5,12,13]. One completely conserved characteristic of all of these sequences is a 15-residue loop closed by a disulfide bond between two Cys residues separated by 13 conserved residues. All sub-units also contain four hydrophobic segments (M1-M4) sufficiently long to form membrane-spanning a-helices. The subunits of the ionophoric receptors for y-aminobutyric acid, glycine, 5-hydroxytryptamine, and an invertebrate glutamate receptor are homologous to those of the nicotinic ACh receptors, and these subunits constitute a superfamily of Cys-loop receptors. Conservation of primary structure implies conservation of three-dimensional structure as well.
(Fig. 1B) . The N-terminal half of each subunit is extracellular. Three membrane-spanning segments (M1, M2, M3) follow. A long cytoplasmic loop connects M3 to a fourth membrane-spanning segment (M4), and a short C-terminal tail is extracellular. Each subunit is glycosylated at one or more extracellular sites.
The structure of the extracellular domain of the ACh receptor can be inferred from the crystal structure of a water-soluble ACh binding protein secreted by snail glial cells . The ACh binding protein is a homopentamer of a subunit that is homologous to the extracellular, N-terminal half of the ACh receptor subunits. The ACh binding protein subunit starts at its N terminus with two short helices; the remaining sequence forms ten P-strands and connecting loops arranged in a modified immunoglobulin fold. There is less certainty about the structures of the membrane-embedded and cytoplasmic domains of the receptor. Patterns of reactivity, infrared spec-troscopy, and prediction algorithms indicate that the membrane-spanning segments are largely, but not completely, a-helical [12,15].
The overall shape of the ACh receptor is known from cryo-electron microscopy of two-dimensionally ordered Torpedo receptors in membrane  and from the X-ray structure of the ACh binding protein . The receptor is a narrow-waisted cylinder, roughly 120 A in length, of which 65 A is extracellular, 30 A spans the lipid bilayer, and 25 A is intracellular. The extracellular domain is 80 A in diameter. The five subunits are arranged like thick barrel staves around an axial channel. The channel lumen is about 30 A in diameter in the extracellular domain and tapers to less than 10 A in the membrane domain. It is possible that access to the channel on the cytoplasmic side is through gaps between the cytoplasmic domains of neighboring subunits .
The ACh receptor a subunit was originally identified as contributing to the ACh binding site by its specific reaction with a radioactive affinity label, and the two a subunits correspond to the two ACh binding sites per receptor complex. The labeling was mapped to aCys192 and aCys193, and these adjacent Cys were shown to be disulfide-bonded to each other , a rare arrangement. Four aromatic residues, well separated in the sequence aTyr93, aTrp149, aTyr190, and aTyr198, were also affinity labeled . These six residues in a are at the interface between the a subunit and a neighboring subunit. They form the principal side of the ACh binding site .
In the muscle-type receptor, the complementary side of the first ACh binding site is formed by the y (or e) subunit, and the complementary side of the second ACh binding site is formed by the 8 subunit. Affinity labeling pointed to yTrp53, yLeu109, yTyr111, yTyr117, and the aligned residues in the 8 subunit as contributing to these complementary sides .
Mutations of each of the residues from the principal and complementary sides of the site affect agonist binding, gating kinetics, or competitive antagonist binding [17,19]. The location of the ACh binding sites in the interface between subunits is consistent with the idea that binding of ACh promotes relative movement of the subunits that propagates through the bilayer to the gate [12,16].
In the homopentameric ACh binding protein, each of the five binding sites is formed in the interface between opposite sides of adjacent subunits . All of the ACh binding site residues identified in the muscle-type receptor a subunit are on one side of the ACh binding protein subunit, and all of the binding site residues identified in muscle-type y and 5 subunits are on the other side of the ACh binding protein subunit and form the complementary side of the binding site. The ACh binding site is a cage of mostly aromatic residues, the door to which is formed by the adjacent disulfide-bonded cysteines. Based on the ACh binding protein structure, the ACh binding sites in the ACh receptors are about 30 A above the membrane, opening to the outside of the cylindrical extracellular domain.
Acetylcholine and other specific ligands of the ACh binding site contain at least one quaternary ammonium group or protonated tertiary ammonium group. The preponderance of aromatic residues lining the binding site cavity is consistent with n-cation interaction between aromatic rings and quaternary ammonium groups . In addition, there are conserved negatively charged residues in y and 5 in the vicinity of the binding site that might move toward a bound ammonium group as part of the conformational change leading to channel opening .
The channel has three tasks. It must mitigate the high-energy barrier to the translocation of an ion from one polar aqueous phase to another, through a nonpolar lipid membrane; it must select among ions both by size and by charge; and it must open and close. The energy barrier is partly mitigated by the funnel shape of the channel  and by its water content. Only a short section (~ 6 A long) near the cytoplasmic end is narrow enough to force water and a cation to move in single file . It is in this section, where the translocating cations contact the walls, that size selection occurs and where some of the residues determining charge selectivity reside [12,17]. The resting-state gate may also be in this section .
The channel-lining residues were identified by photola-beling with channel blockers, by the effects of mutations, and by the accessibility to small, charged sulfhydryl reagents of residues mutated to Cys [12,17]. The pseudo symmetry of the ACh structure, the sequence similarity among subunits, and the labeling within the channel indicate that in het-eropentameric complexes the five subunits make similar but not identical contributions to the channel lining. Toward the extracellular side of the membrane where the channel is relatively wide, residues from both M1 and M2 form the lining.
Toward the intracellular side of the membrane, where the channel is narrowest, the lining is formed just by M2 and by the residues immediately flanking the cytoplasmic end of M2 in the M1-M2 loop . In the open state, the M2 residues that are exposed in the channel lie within a 100° sector of a helical wheel. By contrast, the M1 residues exposed in the channel do not conform to a regular secondary structure.
It is likely that aligned residues in the sequence are also in register in the channel lining, forming pentameric rings of similar residues exposed at different levels of the channel . The functional roles of some of these rings are clear. Starting from the cytoplasmic end of the channel, in the predicted M1-M2 loop, a ring of four glutamates and one glut-amine (five glutamates in homopentameric receptor) strongly determines the magnitude of cation conductance  and the intrinsic negative electrostatic potential in the channel . Three steps in the extracellular direction, a ring of four or five threonines and serines strongly determines selectivity among different cations (; also see Chapter 36). These two rings are in the narrowest part of the channel. Rings of hydrophobic residues further in the extracellular direction stabilize the resting state compared to the open state .
The structure of the channel is different in the resting, open, and desensitized states. These differences are reflected in electron microscope images of ordered arrays of receptors in membrane  and in the binding of channel-blocking aromatic amines, the reactions of channel-lining residues with photolabels, and the reactivity of substituted cysteines with charged sulfhydryl reagents . The reactivity differences and the underlying structural changes are widespread, beyond the immediate vicinity of the gate. One view based on the accessibility of substituted cysteines from the two sides of the membrane is that the resting-state gate is in the same narrow region at the cytoplasmic end of the channel that forms the selectivity filter [22,27]. Another view based on cryo-electron microscopy is that this gate is in the middle of the membrane-spanning portion of the channel . These views could be reconciled if the narrow part of the channel formed by the cytoplasmic end of M2 and the M1-M2 loop led into an antechamber that extended into the plane of the bilayer.
The charge selectivity of a homopentameric ACh receptor , as well as of the 5HT3 receptor , is changed from cationic to anionic by a minimum of three changes in the M1-M2 loop and in M2. Two of the changes are in the narrowest region; the glutamate is changed to glutamine, eliminating the negative charge, and a proline is inserted just before it, lengthening this region by one residue. A third change is two-thirds the distance toward the extracellular end of M2, where a valine is changed to a threonine. The new residues match those in the anion-conducting glycine receptor. The reverse mutations in the glycine receptor change its selectivity from anionic to cationic . The mutation of the ring of glutamates indicates an electrostatic contribution to charge selectivity, but the bases for the effects on charge selectivity of the other two mutations are not known.
The cytoplasmic domain of each subunit consists of a short loop between Ml and M2 and a long loop between M3 and M4. As discussed above, the M1-M2 loop is involved in selectivity and gating. The much larger M3-M4 loop is involved in subunit assembly  and in targeting , clustering , and anchoring [33,34] of the assembled receptor in the postsynaptic membrane. Phosphorylation of sites in this loop modifies the rate of desensitization and may regulate interactions of the receptor with cytoplasmic proteins [35,36].
1. Katz, B. (1966). Nerve Muscle and Synapse, McGraw-Hill, New York.
2. Changeux, J. P. and Edelstein, S. J. (1998). Allosteric receptors after 30 years. Neuron 21, 959-980.
3 Sakmann, B. (1992). Nobel Lecture: elementary steps in synaptic transmission revealed by currents through single ion channels. Neuron 8, 613-629.
4 Role, L. W. and Berg, D. K. (1996). Nicotinic receptors in the development and modulation of CNS synapses. Neuron 16, 1077-1085.
5. Lindstrom, J. (2000). The structures of neuronal nicotinic receptors, in Clementi, F., Fornasari, D., and Gotti, C., Eds., Handbook of Experimental Pharmacology, eds., Vol. 144, pp. 101-162. SpringerVerlag, Berlin.
6. Takahama, K. and Klee, M. R. (1990). Voltage clamp analysis of the kinetics of piperidine-induced chloride current in isolated Aplysia neurons. Naunyn-Schmiedebergs Arch. Pharmacol. 342, 575-581.
7. Langley, J. N. (1907). On the contraction of muscle chiefly in relation to the presence of receptive substances. Part 1. J. Physiol. (London) 36, 347-384.
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9. Karlin, A. (1980). Molecular properties of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors, in Cotman, C. W., Poste, G., and Nicolson, G. L., Eds., The Cell Surface and Neuronal Function, pp. 191-260, Elsevier-North Holland, Amsterdam).
10. Karlin, A. (1989). Explorations of the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor. Harvey Lect. 85, 71-107.
11. Herlitze, S., Villarroel, A., Witzemann, V., Koenen, M., and Sakmann, B. (1996). Structural determinants of channel conductance in fetal and adult rat muscle acetylcholine receptors. J. Physiol. 492, 775-787.
12. Karlin, A. and Akabas, M. H. (1995). Toward a structural basis for the function of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors and their cousins. Neuron 15, 1231-1244.
13. Ortells, M. O. and Lunt, G. G. (1995). Evolutionary history of the ligand-gated ion-channel superfamily of receptors. Trends Neurosci. 18, 121-127.
14. Brejc, K., van Dijk, W. J., Klassen, R. V., Schuurmans, M., van der Oost, J., Smit, A. B., and Sixma, T. K. (2001). Crystal structure of an ACh-binding protein reveals the ligand-binding domain of nicotinic receptors. Nature 411, 269-276.
15. Le Novere, N., Corringer, P. J., and Changeux, J. P. (1999). Improved secondary structure predictions for a nicotinic receptor subunit: incorporation of solvent accessibility and experimental data into a two-dimensional representation. Biophys. J. 76, 2329-2345.
16. Miyazawa, A., Fujiyoshi, Y., Stowell, M., and Unwin, N. (1999). Nicotinic acetylcholine receptor at 4.6 A resolution: transverse tunnels in the channel wall. J. Mol. Biol. 288, 765-786.
17. Corringer, P. J., Le Novere, N., and Changeux, J. P. (2000). Nicotinic receptors at the amino acid level. Annu. Rev. Pharmacol. Toxicol. 40, 431-458.
18. Xie, Y. and Cohen, J. B. (2001). Contributions of Torpedo nicotinic acetylcholine receptor gamma Trp-55 and delta Trp-57 to agonist and competitive antagonist function. J. Biol. Chem. 276, 2417-2426.
19. Karlin, A. (2001). The acetylcholine-binding protein: "What's in a name?" Pharmacogenomics J.
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21. Dani, J. A. (1989). Open channel structure and ion binding sites of the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor channel. J. Neurosci. 9, 884-892.
22. Wilson, G. G. and Karlin, A. (2001). Acetylcholine channel structure in the resting, open, and desensitized states probed with the substituted-cysteine-accessibility method. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 98, 1241-1248.
23. Zhang, H. and Karlin, A. (1998). Contribution of the beta subunit M2 segment to the ion-conducting pathway of the acetylcholine receptor Biochemistry 37, 7952-7964.
24. Konno, T., Busch, C., Von Kitzing, E., Imoto, K., Wang, F., Nakai, J., Mishina, M., Numa, S., and Sakmann, B. (1991). Rings of anionic amino acids as structural determinants of ion selectivity in the acetyl-choline receptor channel. Proc. Roy. Soc. London Ser. B Biol. Sci. 244, 69-79.
25. Wilson, G. G., Pascual, J. M., Brooijmans, N., Murray, D., and Karlin, A. (2000). The intrinsic electrostatic potential and the intermediate ring of charge in the acetylcholine receptor channel. J. Gen. Physiol. 115, 93-106.
26. Villarroel, A., Herlitze, S., Koenen, M., and Sakmann, B. (1991). Location of a threonine residue in the alpha-subunit M2 transmembrane segment that determines the ion flow through the acetylcholine receptor channel. Proc. Roy. Soc. London Ser. B Biol. Sci. 243, 69-74.
27. Wilson, G. G. and Karlin, A. (1998). The location of the gate in the acetylcholine receptor channel. Neuron 20, 1269-1281.
28. Gunthorpe, M. J. and Lummis, S. C. (2001). Conversion of the ion selectivity of the 5-HT(3a) receptor from cationic to anionic reveals a conserved feature of the ligand-gated ion channel superfamily. J. Biol. Chem.. 276, 10977-10983.
29. Keramidas, A., Moorhouse, A. J., French, C. R., Schofield, P. R., and Barry, P. H. (2000). M2 pore mutations convert the glycine receptor channel from being anion- to cation-selective. Biophys. J. 79, 247-259.
30. Quiram, P. A., Ohno, K., Milone, M., Patterson, M. C., Pruitt, N. J., Brengman, J. M., Sine, S. M., and Engel, A. G. (1999). Mutation causing congenital myasthenia reveals acetylcholine receptor beta/delta subunit interaction essential for assembly. J. Clin. Invest. 104, 1403-1410.
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32. Maimone, M. M. and Enigk, R. E. (1999). The intracellular domain of the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor alpha subunit mediates its coclus-tering with rapsyn. Mol. Cell. Neurosci. 14, 340-354.
33. Mohamed, A. S., Rivas-Plata, K. A., Kraas, J. R., Saleh, S. M., and Swope, S. L. (2001). Src-class kinases act within the agrin/MuSK pathway to regulate acetylcholine receptor phosphorylation, cytoskeletal anchoring, and clustering. J. Neurosci. 21, 3806-3818.
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The MetalCloak JK Rear Coil Spring Retainer assures the rear coil stays in place.
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Today's chart of the day, USDCAD, has broken out of a large area of resistance. The 1.2980 area is visible on both the hourly and daily charts. We had a solid punch through the area during Thursday's trade, meaning I am now looking for a return to the area.
Upon return to the area I will look to buy, and am currently bid 1.2976. My target is currently 1.3045, my stop is 1.2927. This gives around 1.5R. The order is subject to change, should new structure form ahead, thereby changing the trade dynamics.
Next ArticleAre YOU A Market Atheist?


text:
Thurles watches with interest as Jayson Molumby transfers to Preston North End till season ends
Noel Dundon
nd@tipperarystar.ie
Jayson Molumby, whose father, the late Darren was a Thurles
The Waterford natives grandparents are from Thurles
Thurles soccer enthusiasts have been watching with great interest as Republic of Ireland midfielder Jayson Molumby completed a loan move to Preston North End for the remainder of the season.
21 year old Molumby, whose late father Darren - a gifted sportsman also - hailed from the Cathedral Town and whose grandparents still live in Butler Avenue spent last season on loan with Millwall, but returned to his parent club Brighton at the start of this season. Though he made his Premier League debut, he was working very hard to regularly break into the first team and has now joined Preston until the end of the season.
"I think this is a signal of intent from us and he is a great acquisition. He has great energy, is good on the ball and is an Irish international. He has played at this level before for Millwall and he knows what it is about and we are delighted to get it across the line", said Preston Manager Alex Neil.
Jason attracted interest from a number of clubs, with Millwall – for whom he made 40 appearances last season – reportedly failing in a club record bid to sign him on a permanent transfer.
The Waterford native has linked up with fellow Irish internationals Seanie Maguire and Alan Browne at Deepdale and has said that he is very happy with the move.
"I am really happy to be here. I spoke to the gaffer and the Irish boys here, who I know quite well, and it was a no brainer in the end and I am looking forward to getting started", said Molumby.


They pair herbs with debittered citrus to create unique and sophisticated flavors that please bored palates and excite the imagination. SIP is all about health, so we start with heavily mineralised water, add healthy herbs and balance with a titch of easily metabolised cane sugar, that boasts only 25 calories per 12 oz bottle.
SIP complements carefully prepared food, mixes well with your favourite spirits and adds to the conversation between two, ten or hundreds of people. Discover the Rosemary Lime paired with that perfect hot meat sandwich or the Lavender LemonPeel with your favourite Gin or Chocolate. Go spicy with the Coriander Orange and see how it pairs perfectly with Indian cuisine. SIP tranforms a mediocre dish, drink or partyinto something memorable.


text:
Mitsubishi Fuso reveals 93 new defects
by Kaho Shimizu
Scandal-tainted Mitsubishi Fuso Truck & Bus Corp. has reported another 93 previously undisclosed defects in its large vehicles, government officials said Tuesday.
A total of 21 accidents resulting in injuries have been reported due to some of the defects, but none resulting in death, according to officials at the Land, Infrastructure and Transport Ministry.
Mitsubishi Fuso said it uncovered the latest defect scandal while going over company documents dating as far back as October 1992.
Some of the defects concern brake systems and problems that can lead to fuel tanks detaching, according to the ministry officials.
The figure includes 10 defects involving vehicles exported overseas.
Further details, including when the accidents took place or the specific vehicle models affected by the defects, were not immediately available.
The ministry officials said 41 of the 93 defects will probably require recalls, although the transport ministry is still analyzing whether they involve structural flaws in components.
The truck and bus maker submitted the report Friday, and transport minister Nobuteru Ishihara disclosed it during a regularly scheduled news conference Tuesday.
Mitsubishi Fuso, spun off from Mitsubishi Motors Corp. in January 2003, said it still does not know how many vehicles are affected by the defects.
Mitsubishi Fuso spokesman Kyoichi Shimada said the company has yet to determine why these defects were not detected at the time of MMC's 2000 recall scandals.
When it was revealed in 2000 that MMC had dealt secretly with customer complaints over vehicle defects for nearly 30 years, the automaker conducted investigations to find other defect coverups and reviewed past safety-related cases.
Hoping to regain some credibility, the two companies have pledged to review all past safety-related cases and publicize any more defect coverups.
They each set up in-house investigation teams in April. It was their investigations that found the latest coverup.
Mitsubishi Fuso, 65 percent owned by DaimlerChrysler AG, announced two major sets of recalls between March and May.
Recalls in March and April involved defective wheel hubs that caused a series of accidents. In one case, a 29-year-old woman was killed in Kanagawa Prefecture in January 2002 when a wheel came off a truck and hit her.
Mitsubishi Fuso issued the other major recall in May over defective clutch housings that have caused a number of accidents, including one fatality. A 39-year-old truck driver died after he lost control of his vehicle and smashed into a building in Yamaguchi Prefecture in October 2002.
Earlier this month, MMC admitted that it had hidden defects in its passenger cars and recreational vehicles by individually repairing them between 1993 and 1997.
Redress claim mulled
Compiled from staff, wire reports DaimlerChrysler AG may ask Mitsubishi Motors Corp. for compensation over the recall scandals involving Mitsubishi Fuso Truck & Bus Corp., MMC officials said Tuesday.
According to MMC officials, DaimlerChrysler notified the struggling automaker that MMC might have violated the contract concluded between the two automakers for the sale of Mitsubishi Fuso shares to the German-American automaker.
The officials said DaimlerChrysler did not clarify which clause MMC had contravened and how much the German-American automaker may claim.
In March, MMC sold roughly half of its 42 percent stake in Mitsubishi Fuso, which it spun off in 2003, to DaimlerChrysler. As a result, DaimlerChrysler now owns 65 percent of Mitsubishi Fuso.
DaimlerChrysler holds a 37 percent stake in MMC, although it recently decided to stop pumping money into the troubled automaker.
DaimlerChrysler has reportedly cited a "product quality problem" in considering seeking compensation from MMC — an apparent allusion to revelations vehicle defect coverups by the truck and bus maker.


In the last two years, Universal Converting Equipment has doubled its turnover. To support this turnover growth, Universal invested in additional manufacturing space, designers and assembly staff (Phase 1). However, Universal found that the business was being held back by the lack of capacity of its sub-contractors to meet their increased demands. In the last 12 months Universal undertook an ambitious plan to install its own machine shop so it could be self-sufficient in machined mechanical parts. This Phase 2 investment plan is now complete following the installation of £1m in CNC controlled machine tools. The investment has included a CNC mill for the manufacture of machine side-frames, a CNC lathe for production of rollers, PC controlled roller balancing equipment and a range of CNC machining centres for the manufacture of other parts. Special foundations were built for some of the equipment. For example, the large mill sits on a solid reinforced concrete base over 1000mm deep. Levelling the machine bed to the tolerances required took a specialist team over a week to achieve.
Universal Converting Equipment are a manufacturer of slitter rewinders, rewinding machines, hot melt coating equipment, core cutters and other ancillary systems used in the converting industry. These machines are sold globally. The Universal X6 slitter rewinder is a machine with a compact footprint that has proved particularly successful as a high performance yet cost effective slitting machine for slitting flexible materials. It incorporates automatic knife setting, core alignment, closed loop tension control, additional tension zone through slitting and constant geometry contact rollers to allow high speed operation, minimising changeover time, with consistent high quality output.


That was Sunday in Chicago when Marte was sidelined by a slight strain in his right hamstring. Miller drew the start and committed a poor two-out throw in the ninth inning on a play that should have ended the game.
The Mariners lost in 10 innings.
Fair or not, Miller's error reinforced the idea among club officials that manager Lloyd McClendon is right in contending Miller fits best as a utility player.
That possible fit became center field Monday when the Mariners traded Austin Jackson to the Chicago Cubs for a player to be named and one of the Cubs' slots in the international signing-bonus pool.
Jackson was a pending free agent who wasn't likely to return, which meant the Mariners' offseason checklist includes finding or acquiring a replacement. Miller is, in effect, auditioning for the job.
"At this point in time," interim general manager Jeff Kingston said, "it's probably hist best fit for this organization going forward. We think he has the components and that skill set to play out there.
McClendon said much the same thing.
Miller hears this and, well, he's game for the challenge.
That inexperience showed Tuesday night when Miller threw to the wrong base after fielding a double in the gap. His error permitted the runner to take third.
There are other things to learn.
Most outfielders often read the ball off the bat, make a judgment on where it's headed, run toward that spot and pick up the ball again. For now, Miller keeps his eye on the ball the entire time.
Even with limited outfield experience, though, Miller already agrees with the standard view that, in many ways, center field is the easiest of the three positions.
"Center field is cool because I can still see the pitches," he said. "I can still be in the game. Whereas in the corners, you're pretty blind out there. There's a lot of room to run out there and talk to yourself and think.
That's what the next month is all about.
Taylor Zeutenhorst's two-run homer keyed a three-run 12th inning Wednesday night that carried Single-A Everett to an 8-5 victory at Spokane (Rangers) and into the Northwest League playoffs.
The victory enabled the AquaSox to to clinch a tie for North Division second-half pennant. They have a four-game lead over Tri-City (Padres) with four games remaining.
Since Tri-City won the first-half pennant, the AquaSox clinched a playoff spot. They will host Tri-City on Monday in the opener to a best-of-three series.
It was 34 years ago Friday — Sept. 4, 1981 — that the Mariners won two games against the Boston Red Sox at Fenway Park without playing a doubleheader.
The first was an 8-7 victory in 20 innings that was the completion of a game suspended the prior night because of the American League's 1 a.m. curfew.
The Mariners then won 5-2 in the regularly scheduled game.
Half of Franklin Gutierrez's 42 hits have been for extra bases. … Kyle Seager is 12 for 26 in six games since getting a rare day out of the starting lineup. … Right-hander Taijuan Walker is closing strong. He has seven quality starts (at least six innings, no more than three earned runs) in his past eight outings. … On Wednesday, the Mariners became the first visiting team to win a series at Houston's Minute Maid Park since the Chicago White Sox on May 29-31.
The Mariners begin the final portion of their three-city trip when they open a three-game weekend series at 7:10 p.m. Friday in Oakland. Lefty Edgar Olmos (1-0, 2.13 ERA) will face Athletics right-hander Aaron Brooks (1-1, 5.47).