text:
Created cardinal
by Martin IV
Benedetto Caetani
Anagni, Papal States, Holy Roman Empire
(1303-10-11)11 October 1303
Rome, Papal States
Cardinal-Deacon of San Nicola in Carcere (1281–1291)
Cardinal-Priest of Santi Silvestro e Martino ai Monti (1291–1294)
Other popes named Boniface
Pope Boniface VIII (Latin: Bonifatius VIII; born Benedetto Caetani, c. 1230 – 11 October 1303) was Pope from 24 December 1294 to his death in 1303.
He organized the first Catholic "jubilee" year to take place in Rome and declared that both spiritual and temporal power were under the pope's jurisdiction, and that kings were subordinate to the power of the Roman pontiff. Today, he is probably best remembered for his feuds with King Philip IV of France, who caused the Pope's death, and Dante Alighieri, who placed the pope in the Eighth Circle of Hell in his Divine Comedy, among the simoniacs.
Benedetto was born in Anagni, some 50 kilometres (31 mi) southeast of Rome. He was a younger son of Roffredo Caetani (Podestà of Todi in 1274–1275), a member of a baronial family of the Papal States, the Caetani or Gaetani dell'Aquila.[1]
Through his mother, Emilia Patrasso di Guarcino, a niece of Pope Alexander IV (Rinaldo dei Conti di Segni—who was himself a nephew of Pope Gregory IX), he was not far distant from the seat of ecclesiastical power and patronage. His father's younger brother, Atenolfo, was Podestà di Orvieto.[2]
Benedetto took his first steps in the religious life when he was sent to the monastery of the Friars Minor in Velletri, where he was put under the care of his maternal uncle Fra Leonardo Patrasso.[3] In 1252, when his paternal uncle Pietro Caetani became Bishop of Todi, in Umbria, Benedetto followed him to Todi and began his legal studies there.
He was granted a canonry of the cathedral in the family's stronghold of Anagni, with the permission of Pope Alexander (1254–1261). His uncle Pietro Caetani granted him a canonry in the Cathedral of Todi in 1260. He also came into possession of the small nearby castello of Sismano, a place with twenty-one fires (hearths, families). In later years Father Vitalis, the Prior of S. Egidio de S. Gemino in Narni testified that he knew him and conversed with him in Todi and that Benedetto was in a school run by Rouchetus, a Doctor of Laws, from that city.[4]
Benedetto never forgot his roots in Todi, later describing the city as "the dwelling place of his early youth," the city which "nourished him while still of tender years," and as a place where he "held lasting memories." Later in life he repeatedly expressed his gratitude to Anagni, Todi, and his family.
In 1264 Benedetto entered the Roman Curia, perhaps with the office of Advocatus.[5] He served as secretary to Cardinal Simon de Brion, the future Pope Martin IV, on a mission to France. Cardinal Simon had been appointed by Pope Urban IV (Jacques Pantaléon), between 25 and 27 April 1264, to engage in negotiations with Charles of Anjou, Comte de Provence, over the Crown of Naples and Sicily. On 1 May 1264 he was given permission to appoint two or three tabelliones (secretaries) for his mission, one of whom was Benedetto.[6]
On 26 February 1265, only eleven days after his coronation, the new pope, Pope Clement IV wrote to Cardinal Simon, telling him to break off negotiations and travel immediately to Provence, where he would receive further instructions. On the same day, Clement wrote to Charles of Anjou, informing him that the pope had 35 conditions that Charles must agree to in accepting the crown; he also wrote to Henry III of England and his son Edmund that they had never been possessors of the Kingdom of Sicily.[7] He also commended to the Cardinal the Sienese bankers who had been working for Urban IV to raise funds for Charles of Anjou, and that he should transfer to them some 7,000 pounds Tournois from the decima of France. On 20 March 1265, in order to expedite the business with Charles of Anjou, Cardinal Simon was authorized to provide benefices from cathedrals or otherwise within his province to five of his clerics.[8] This may have been the occasion on which Benedetto Caetani acquired at least some of his French benefices. On 9 April 1265, on the petition of Cardinal Simon de Brion, the legation which had been assigned him by Pope Urban was declared not to have expired on the death of Urban IV.[9] There would have been no point in making such a ruling if Cardinal Simon had already ceased to be Legate.
Benedetto also accompanied Cardinal Ottobono Fieschi,[10] the future Pope Adrian V, to England. Another member of Cardinal Ottobono's suite was Theobaldus of Piacenza, Archdeacon of Liège, who became a friend of Prince Edward, and went on Crusade with him; he was later elected Pope Gregory X.[11] On 4 May 1265 Cardinal Ottobono was appointed Apostolic Legate to England, Scotland, Wales, and Ireland by the new Pope Clement IV;[12] in fact, he was sent as the successor of Cardinal Guy Folques, who had been elected Clement IV on 5 February 1265. On 29 August 1265 the Cardinal was received at the French Court by King Louis IX. There he learned that Simon de Montfort and his son Henry had been killed at the Battle of Evesham earlier that month. Cardinal Ottobono did not reach Boulogne until October 1265. He was in England until July 1268, working to suppress the remnants of Simon de Montfort's barons who were still in arms against King Henry III of England. To finance their rebellion, the barons had imposed a 10% tax on church property, which the Pope wanted back, not only because the tithe was uncanonical, but also so that he could use the funds already collected for his own purposes. This drawback was a major concern of Cardinal Ottobono and his entourage.[13] While in England Benedetto Caetani became rector of St. Lawrence's church in Towcester, Northamptonshire.[14][15]
Upon Benedetto's return from England, there is an eight-year period in which nothing is known about his life. This period, however, included the long vacancy of the papal throne from 29 November 1268 to February 1272, when Pope Gregory X accepted the papal throne. It also includes the time span when Pope Gregory and his cardinals went to France in 1273 for the Council of Vienne, as well as the Eighth Crusade, led by Louis IX, in 1270. The Pope and some of the cardinals began their return to Italy at the end of November 1275. Pope Gregory celebrated Christmas in Arezzo and died there on 10 January 1276. In 1276, however, Benedetto was sent to France to supervise the collection of a tithe, which is perhaps when he held the office of Advocatus in the Roman Curia,[16] and then was appointed a papal Notary in the late 1270s. During this time, Benedetto accumulated seventeen benefices, which he was permitted to keep when he was promoted. Some of these are enumerated in a bull of Pope Martin IV, in which he bestows the deaconry of S. Nicolas in Carcere on Cardinal Benedetto Caetani.[17]
At Orvieto, on 12 April 1281, Pope Martin IV created Benedetto Caetani cardinal deacon of Saint Nicholas in Carcere.[18] In 1288 he was sent as Legate to Umbria to attempt to calm the strife between Guelfs and Ghibbelines, which was taking the form of a war between the cities of Perugia and Foligno.[19] In the winter of 1289, he was one of Pope Nicholas IV's advisors as he decided on a settlement of the disputes over the election or appointment of Portuguese bishops, in which King Denis played a major role. To give greater authority to the final mandate of the Pope, Cardinal Latino Orsini of Ostia, Cardinal Pietro Peregrosso of S. Marco, and Cardinal Benedetto of S. Nicola in Carcere appended their signatures and seals.[20] Three years later, on 22 September 1291,[21] Pope Nicholas IV (Girolamo Maschi d'Ascoli, O.Min.) promoted him to the Order of Cardinal Priests, with the title of SS. Silvester and Martin.[22] Given the fact that there were only a dozen cardinals, Cardinal Benedetto was assigned the care (commenda) of the deaconry of S. Agata, and his old deaconry of S. Nicola in Carcere.[23] As cardinal, he served as papal legate in diplomatic negotiations to France, Naples, Sicily, and Aragon.
Abdication of Celestine V and Election of Boniface VIII
Pope Celestine V (who had been Brother Peter, the hermit of Mount Murrone near Sulmone) resigned on 13 December 1294 at Naples, where, much to the discomfort of a number of cardinals, he had established the papal court under the patronage of Charles II of Naples. He had continued to live like a monk there, even turning a room in the papal apartment into the semblance of a monastic cell. A contemporary, Bartholomew of Lucca, who was present in Naples in December 1294 and witnessed many of the events of the abdication and election, said that Benedetto Caetani was only one of several cardinals who pressured Celestine to resign.[24] However, it is also on record that Celestine V resigned by his own design after consultation with experts, and that Benedetto merely showed that it was allowed by Church law. Either way, Celestine V vacated the throne and Benedetto Caetani was elected in his place as pope, taking the name Boniface VIII.
The 1294 papal conclave began on 23 December, ten days after Celestine's resignation. The regulations promulgated in the papal bull Ubi periculum by Pope Gregory X at the Second Council of Lyon in 1274 had not envisioned a papal resignation, but the cardinals waited the usual ten days from the papal resignation. This gave all twenty-two cardinals the chance to assemble at the Castel Nuovo in Naples, the site of the resignation. Hugh Aycelin,[25] presided over the papal conclave as the senior cardinal bishop. Benedetto Caetani was elected by ballot and accession on Christmas Eve, 24 December 1294, taking the name Boniface VIII. On the first (secret) ballot, he had a majority of the votes, and at the accessio a sufficient number joined his majority to form the required two-thirds.[26] He was consecrated bishop of Rome in Rome by Cardinal Hugh Aycelin on 23 January 1295.[27] He immediately returned the Papal Curia to Rome, where he was crowned at the Vatican Basilica on Sunday, 23 January 1295. One of his first acts as pontiff was to grant his predecessor residence in the Castle of Fumone in Ferentino, where he died the next year at the age of 81, attended by two monks of his order. Boniface VIII is occasionally discussed in academic literature as possibly implicated in the demise of his predecessor.[28] In 1300, Boniface VIII formalized the custom of the Roman Jubilee, which afterwards became a source of both profit and scandal to the church. Boniface VIII founded Sapienza University of Rome in 1303.[29]
In the field of canon law Boniface VIII had considerable influence. Earlier collections of canon law had been codified in the Decretales Gregorii IX, published under the authority of Pope Gregory IX in 1234, but in the succeeding sixty years, numerous legal decisions were made by one pope after another. By Boniface's time a new and expanded edition was needed. In 1298 Boniface ordered published as a sixth part (or Book) these various papal decisions, including some 88 of his own legal decisions, as well as a collection of legal principles known as the Regulæ Juris.[30] His contribution came to be known as the Liber Sextus.[31] This material is still of importance to canon lawyers or canonists today, to interpret and analyze the canons and other forms of ecclesiastical law properly. The "Regulae Iuris" appear at the end of the Liber Sextus (in VI°),[32] and now published as part of the five Decretales in the Corpus Juris Canonici. They appear as simple aphorisms, such as "Regula VI: Nemo potest ad impossibile obligari." ('No one can be obligated for something impossible.') Other systems of law also have their own Regulæ Juris, whether by the same name or something serving a similar function.[33]
Boniface VIII was a pope who put forward some of the strongest claims of any Pope to temporal as well as spiritual power. He involved himself often with foreign affairs. In his Papal bull of 1302, Unam sanctam, Boniface VIII stated that since the Church is one, since the Church is necessary for salvation, and since Christ appointed Peter to lead it, it is "absolutely necessary for salvation that every human creature be subject to the Roman pontiff".[34] These views, and his chronic intervention in "temporal" affairs, led to many bitter quarrels with Albert I of Germany, Philip IV of France, and Dante Alighieri, who wrote his treatise De Monarchia to dispute Boniface's claims of papal supremacy.
In 1297, Cardinal Jacopo Colonna disinherited his brothers Ottone, Matteo, and Landolfo of their lands. The latter three appealed to Pope Boniface VIII, who ordered Jacopo to return the land and furthermore to hand over the family's strongholds of Colonna, Palestrina, and other towns to the Papacy. Jacopo refused. Jacopo Colonna and his nephew, Pietro Colonna, had also seriously compromised themselves by maintaining highly questionable relations with the political enemies of the pope, James II of Aragon and Frederick III of Sicily. In May, Boniface removed them from the College of Cardinals and excommunicated them and their followers.
The Colonna family (aside from the three brothers allied with the Pope) declared that Boniface had been elected illegally following the unprecedented abdication of Pope Celestine V. The dispute led to open warfare, and in September Boniface appointed Landolfo to the command of his army to put down the revolt of Landolfo's relatives. By the end of 1298 Landolfo had captured Colonna, Palestrina and other towns and razed them to the ground after it surrendered peacefully under Boniface's assurances that it would be spared. Dante says it was got by treachery by "long promises and short performances" as Guido of Montefeltro counselled, but this account by the implacable Ghibelline has long since been discredited.[35] Palestrina was razed to the ground, the plough driven through and salt strewn over its ruins. A new city — the Città Papale — later replaced it. Only the city's cathedral was spared.[36]
To deal with the problem of the cardinals left to him by his predecessors, Boniface created new cardinals on five occasions during his reign.[37] In the first creation, in 1295, only one cardinal was appointed, the Pope's nephew Benedetto Caetano. This was no surprise. Nor was the second creation, on 17 December 1295. Two more relatives were appointed, Francesco Caetano, the son of Boniface VIII's brother Peter; and Jacopo (Giacomo) Tomassi Caetani, OFM, a son of the Pope's sister, was made Cardinal Priest of S. Clemente. Giacomo Caetani Stefaneschi, a grand-nephew of Pope Nicholas III, was also appointed, along with Francesco Napoleone Orsini, a nephew of Pope Nicholas III. Three years later, on 4 December 1298, four new cardinals were named: Gonzalo Gudiel (Gundisalvus Rodericus Innojosa), Archbishop of Toledo, was appointed Bishop of Albano; Teodorico Ranieri, Archbishop-elect of Pisa and papal Chamberlain, became Cardinal Priest of Santa Croce in Gerusalemme; Niccolò Boccasini, OP, of Treviso, Master General of the Dominicans, became Cardinal Priest of Santa Sabina; and Riccardo Petroni of Siena, Vice-Chancellor of the Holy Roman Church, was named a Cardinal Deacon. A pattern begins to emerge, though one sees the pattern only in terms of negatives: of the ten new cardinals, only two are monks, and neither of them Benedictine (Celestine V had been excessively partial to Benedictines); and there are no Frenchmen (Celestine had named seven Frenchmen, under the influence of Charles II of Naples). Pope Boniface was distinctly changing the complexion of the membership of the Sacred College. Without the Colonnas, the influence of the King of France was greatly diminished.
On 2 March 1300, during the Great Jubilee, Boniface VIII created three more cardinals. The first was Leonardo Patrasso, Archbishop of Capua, who was Boniface VIII's uncle; he replaced the Archbishop of Toledo, who had died in 1299, as Cardinal Bishop of Albano. The second was Gentile Partino, OFM, Doctor of Theology and Lector of Theology in the Roman Curia, who was made Cardinal Priest of S. Martin in montibus. The third was Luca Fieschi, of the Counts of Lavagna, of Genoa, named Cardinal Deacon of S. Maria in Via Lata (the deaconry which had once belonged to Jacopo Colonna). A relative, a Franciscan; all three Italians.
In his last Consistory for the promotion of Cardinals, on 15 December 1302, Boniface VIII named two more cardinals: Pedro Rodríguez, bishop of Burgos, Spain, became Suburbicarian Bishop of Sabina; and Giovanni Minio da Morrovalle (or da Muro), OFM, Minister General of the Franciscans, was appointed Suburbicarian Bishop of Porto. A Franciscan, a Spaniard, no Benedictines, no French. In fact, there were only two French in the Sacred College at Boniface's death, only five regular clergy (only one Benedictine).
Conflicts in Sicily and Italy
When Frederick III of Sicily attained his throne after the death of Peter III of Aragon, Boniface tried to dissuade him from accepting the throne of Sicily. When Frederick persisted, Boniface excommunicated him in 1296, and placed the island under interdict. Neither the king nor the people were moved.[35] The conflict continued until the Peace of Caltabellotta in 1302, which saw Pedro's son Frederick III recognized as king of Sicily while Charles II was recognized as the king of Naples. To prepare for a Crusade, Boniface ordered Venice and Genoa to sign a truce; they fought each other for three more years, and turned down his offer to mediate peace.
Boniface also placed the city of Florence under an interdict and invited the ambitious Charles, Count of Valois to enter Italy in 1300 to end the feud of the Black and White Guelphs, the poet Dante Alighieri being in the party of the Whites. Boniface's political ambitions directly affected Dante when the pope invited Count Charles to intervene in the affairs of Florence. Charles's intervention allowed the Black Guelphs to overthrow the ruling White Guelphs, whose leaders, including the poet Dante, allegedly in Rome at the time to argue Florence's case before Boniface, were sentenced to exile. Dante settled his score with Boniface in the first canticle of the Divine Comedy, the Inferno, by damning the pope, placing him within the circles of Fraud, in the bolgia of the simoniacs. In the Inferno, Pope Nicholas III, mistaking the Poet for Boniface, is surprised to see the latter, supposing him to be ahead of his time.[38]
Conflicts with Philip IV
The conflict between Boniface VIII and King Philip IV of France (1268–1314) came at a time of expanding nation states and the desire for the consolidation of power by the increasingly powerful monarchs. The increase in monarchical power and its conflicts with the Church of Rome were only exacerbated by the rise to power of Philip IV in 1285. In France, the process of centralizing royal power and developing a genuine national state began with the Capetian kings. During his reign, Philip surrounded himself with the best civil lawyers and decidedly expelled the clergy from all participation in the administration of the law. With the clergy beginning to be taxed in France and England to finance their ongoing wars against each other, Boniface took a hard stand against it. He saw the taxation as an assault on traditional clerical rights and ordered the bull Clericis laicos in February 1296, forbidding lay taxation of the clergy without prior papal approval. In the bull, Boniface states "they exact and demand from the same the half, tithe, or twentieth, or any other portion or proportion of their revenues or goods; and in many ways they try to bring them into slavery, and subject them to their authority. And also whatsoever emperors, kings, or princes, dukes, earls or barons...presume to take possession of things anywhere deposited in holy buildings...should incur sentence of excommunication." It was during the issuing of Clericis laicos that hostilities between Boniface and Philip began. Philip retaliated against the bull by denying the exportation of money from France to Rome, funds that the Church required to operate. Boniface had no choice but to contest Philip's demands, informing Philip that "God has set popes over kings and kingdoms."
Philip was convinced that the wealth of the Catholic Church in France should be used in part to support the state. He wanted to make war against the English.[39] He countered the papal bull by decreeing laws prohibiting the export of gold, silver, precious stones, or food from France to the Papal States. These measures had the effect of blocking a main source of papal revenue. Philip also banished from France the papal agents who were raising funds for a new crusade in the Middle East. In the bull Ineffabilis amor of September 1296,[40] Boniface retreated. He sanctioned voluntary contributions from the clergy for the necessary defense of the state and gave the king the right to determine that necessity. Philip rescinded his ordinances regarding the exports and even accepted Boniface as arbitrator in a dispute between himself and King Edward I of England. Boniface decided most of those issues in Philip's favor.
First Jubilee Year
Boniface proclaimed 1300 a "jubilee" year, the first of many such jubilees to take place in Rome.[41] He may have wanted to gather money from pilgrims to Rome[42] as a substitute for the missing money from France, or it may be that he was seeking moral and political support against the hostile behavior of the French king and his henchmen. The event was a success; Rome had never received such crowds before. It is said that on one particular day some 30,000 people were counted.[43] Giovanni Villani estimated that some 200,000 pilgrims came to Rome.[44] Boniface and his aides managed the affair well, food was plentiful, and it was sold at moderate prices. It was an advantage to the pope that the great sums of money he collected could be used according to Boniface's own judgment.
First Scottish War of Independence
After King Edward I of England invaded Scotland and forced the abdication of the Scottish King John Balliol, the deposed King was released into the custody of Pope Boniface on condition that he remain at a papal residence. The hard-pressed Scots, then in the early stages of what came to be known as First Scottish War of Independence, appealed to the Pope to assert a feudal overlordship over Scotland. The Pope assented, condemning Edward's invasions and occupation of Scotland in the Papal Bull Scimus, Fili. The bull ordered Edward to desist his attacks and start negotiations with the Scots. However, Edward ignored the bull. The English Barons' Letter of 1301 rejected the claim of Papal overlordship of Scotland and asserted an English sovereignty.
Continued feud with Philip IV
The feud between Boniface and Philip IV reached its peak in the early 14th century, when Philip began to launch a strong anti-papal campaign against Boniface. A quarrel arose between Philip's aides and a papal legate, Bernard Saisset. The legate was arrested on a charge of inciting an insurrection, was tried and convicted by the royal court, and committed to the custody of the archbishop of Narbonne, Giles Aycelin - one of his key ministers and allies, in 1301. In the bull Ausculta Fili ("Listen, [My] Son", December 1301) Boniface VIII appealed to Philip IV to listen modestly to the Vicar of Christ as the spiritual monarch over all earthly kings. He protested against the trial of churchmen before Philip's royal courts and the continued use of church funds for state purposes and he announced he would summon the bishops and abbots of France to take measures "for the preservation of the liberties of the Church".[45] When the bull was presented to Philip IV, Robert II, Count of Artois, reportedly snatched it from the hands of Boniface's emissary and flung it into the fire.[46]
In February 1302 the bull Ausculta Fili was officially burned at Paris before Philip IV and a great multitude. Nonetheless, on 4 March 1302, Pope Boniface sent cardinal Jean Lemoine as his legate to reassert papal control over the French clergy.[47] To forestall the ecclesiastical council proposed by Boniface, Philip summoned the three estates of his realm to meet at Paris in April. At this first French Estates-General in history, all three classes – nobles, clergy, and commons – wrote separately to Rome in defense of the king and his temporal power. Some forty-five French prelates, despite Philip's prohibition, and the confiscation of their property, attended the council at Rome in October 1302.[48]
Following that council, on 18 November 1302, Boniface issued the bull Unam sanctam ("One holy [catholic and apostolic Church]").[49] It declared that both spiritual and temporal power were under the pope's jurisdiction, and that kings were subordinate to the power of the Roman pontiff. The Pope also appointed Cardinal Jean le Moine as Apostolic Legate to King Philip, to attempt to find some resolution of the impasse that had developed; he was granted the specific power of absolving King Philip from excommunication.[50]
Abduction and death
On Maundy Thursday, 4 April 1303, the Pope again excommunicated all persons who were impeding French clerics from coming to the Holy See, "etiam si imperiali aut regali fulgeant dignitati."[51] This included King Philip IV, though not by name. In response, Guillaume de Nogaret, Philip's chief minister, denounced Boniface as a heretical criminal to the French clergy. On 15 August 1303, the Pope suspended the right of all persons in the Kingdom of France to name anyone as Regent or Doctor, including the King. And in another document of the same day, he reserved to the Holy See the provision of all present and future vacancies in cathedral churches and monasteries, until King Philip should come to the Papal Court and make explanations of his behavior.[52]
On 7 September 1303, an army led by King Philip's minister Nogaret and Sciarra Colonna attacked Boniface at his Palace in Anagni next to the Cathedral.[53] The Pope responded with a bull dated 8 September 1303, in which Philip and Nogaret were excommunicated.[54] The French Chancellor and the Colonnas demanded the Pope's resignation; Boniface VIII responded that he would "sooner die". In response, Colonna allegedly slapped Boniface, a "slap" historically remembered as the schiaffo di Anagni ("Anagni slap").
According to a modern interpreter, the 73-year-old Boniface was probably beaten and nearly executed, but was released from captivity after three days. He died a month later.[55] The famous Florentine chronicler Giovanni Villani, wrote:[56]
And when Sciarra and the others, his enemies, came to him, they mocked at him with vile words and arrested him and his household which had remained with him. Among others, William of Nogaret, who had conducted the negotiations for the king of France, scorned him and threatened him, saying that he would take him bound to Lyons on the Rhone, and there in a general council would cause him to be deposed and condemned.... no man dared to touch [Boniface], nor were they pleased to lay hands on him, but they left him robed under light arrest and were minded to rob the treasure of the Pope and the Church. In this pain, shame and torment, the great Pope Boniface abode prisoner among his enemies for three days.... the People of Anagni beholding their error and issuing from their blind ingratitude, suddenly rose in arms... and drove out Sciarra della Colonna and his followers, with loss to them of prisoners and slain, and freed the Pope and his household. Pope Boniface... departed immediately from Anagni with his court and came to Rome and St. Peter's to hold a council... but... the grief which had hardened in the heart of Pope Boniface, by reason of the injury which he had received, produced in him, once he had come to Rome, a strange malady so that he gnawed at himself as if he were mad, and in this state he passed from this life on the twelfth day of October in the year of Christ 1303, and in the Church of St. Peter near the entrance of the doors, in a rich chapel which was built in his lifetime, he was honorably buried.
He died of a violent fever on 11 October, in full possession of his senses and in the presence of eight cardinals and the chief members of the papal household, after receiving the sacraments and making the usual profession of faith.
Burial and exhumation
The body of Boniface VIII was buried in 1303 in a special chapel that also housed the remains of Pope Boniface IV (A.D. 608-615), which had been moved by Boniface VIII from a tomb outside the Vatican Basilica in the portico. Boniface VIII had arranged that this would be done to offset the fact that his predecessor was still alive, which caused him to worry that the legitimacy of his own papacy would be thrown into doubt. In choosing such a burial, Boniface VIII was trying to show that he was a legitimate pope with the implicit support from the grave of a popular predecessor, Boniface IV.
The body was accidentally exhumed in 1605, and the results of the excavation recorded by Giacomo Grimaldi (1568-1623), Apostolic Notary and Archivist of the Vatican Basilica, and others.[57] The body lay within three coffins, the outermost of wood, the middle of lead, and the innermost of pine. The corporal remains were described as being "unusually tall" measuring seven palms when examined by doctors. The body was found quite intact, especially the shapely hands, thus disproving another spiteful calumny, that he had died in a frenzy, gnawing his hands, beating his brains out against the wall.[58] The body wore ecclesiastical vestments common for Boniface's lifetime: long stockings covered legs and thighs, and it was garbed also with the maniple, cassock, and pontifical habit made of black silk, as well as stole, chasuble, rings, and bejeweled gloves.[59]
After this exhumation and examination, Boniface's body was moved to the Chapel of Pope Gregory and Andrew. His body now lies in the crypt (grotte) of St. Peter's in a large marble sarcophagus, laconically inscribed BONIFACIVS PAPA VIII.[60]
Posthumous trial
After the papacy had been removed to Avignon in 1309, Pope Clement V, under extreme pressure from King Philip IV, consented to a posthumous trial. He said, "[I]t was permissible for any persons who wanted to proceed against the memory of Boniface VIII to proceed." He gave a mandate to the Bishop of Paris, Guillaume de Baufet d'Aurillac, and to Guillaume Pierre Godin, OP, that the complainants should choose prosecutors and determine a day on which the Inquiry would begin in the presence of the Pope (coram nobis Avinione). The Pope signed his mandate at his current place of residence, the Priory of Grauselle[61] near Malusan (Malausène) in the diocese of Vasio (Vaison), on 18 October 1309. Both the King of Aragon and the King of Castile immediately sent ambassadors to Pope Clement, complaining that scandal was being poured into the ears of the Faithful, when they heard that a Roman pontiff was being charged with a crime of heresy.[62] They had a point, in that the persecution implied that a pope was not infallible in matters of faith and morals. Complaints also came from Italy, Germany, and the Netherlands.
On 27 April 1310, in what was certainly a peace gesture toward the French, Clement V pardoned Guillaume Nogaret for his offenses committed at Anagni against Boniface VIII and the Church, for which he had been excommunicated, with the condition that Nogaret personally go to the Holy Land in the next wave of soldiers and serve there in the military.[63] By the end of Spring 1310, Clement was feeling the embarrassment and the pressure over the material being produced by Boniface's accusers. His patience was wearing thin. He issued a mandate on 28 June 1310, in which he complained about the quality of the testimony and the corruption of the various accusers and witnesses. Then he ordered the Quaesitores that future examinations should proceed under threat of excommunication for perjury.[64] A process (judicial investigation) against the memory of Boniface was held by an ecclesiastical consistory at Priory Groseau, near Malaucène, which held preliminary examinations in August and September 1310.[65] and collected testimonies that alleged many heretical opinions of Boniface VIII. This included the offence of sodomy, although there is no substantive evidence for this, and it is likely that this was the standard accusation Philip made against enemies.[66] The same charge was brought against the Templars.
Before the actual trial could be held, Clement persuaded Philip to leave the question of Boniface's guilt to the Council of Vienne, which met in 1311. On 27 April 1311, in a public Consistory, with King Philip's agents present, the Pope formally excused the King for everything that he had said against the memory of Pope Boniface, on the grounds that he was speaking with good intentions. This statement was written down and published as a bull, and the bull contained the statement that the matter would be referred by the Pope to the forthcoming Council. The Pope then announced that he was reserving the whole matter to his own judgment.[67]
The XV Ecumenical Council, the Council of Vienne, opened on 1 November 1311, with more than 300 bishops in attendance. When the Council met (so it is said), three cardinals appeared before it and testified to the orthodoxy and morality of the dead pope. Two knights, as challengers, threw down their gauntlets to maintain his innocence by trial by combat. No one accepted the challenge, and the Council declared the matter closed.[68] Clement's order disbanding the Order of the Knights Templar was signed at the Council of Vienne on 2 May 1312.
In his Inferno, Dante portrayed Boniface VIII as destined for hell, where simony is punished, although Boniface was still alive at the fictional date of the poem's story. Boniface's eventual destiny is revealed to Dante by Pope Nicholas III, whom he meets. A bit later in the Inferno, Dante reminds of the pontiff's feud with the Colonna family, which led him to demolish the city of Palestrina, killing 6,000 citizens and destroying both the home of Julius Caesar and a shrine to Mary. Boniface's ultimate fate is confirmed by Beatrice when Dante visits Heaven. It is notable that he does not adopt Guillaume de Nogaret's aspersion that Boniface VIII was a 'sodomite', however, and does not assign him to that circle of hell (although simony was placed in the eighth circle of fraud, below sodomy, in the seventh circle of violence, designating it as a worse offense and taking precedence above activities of sodomy).
He is also mentioned in François Rabelais's Gargantua and Pantagruel. In the chapter that Epistemos lists the inhabitants of hell and their occupations, he says that Boniface was (in one translation) "skimming the scum off soup pots".
The mathematician and astronomer Campanus of Novara served as personal physician or perhaps only as a chaplain to Pope Boniface VIII.[69] Campano died at Viterbo in 1296.
In Giovanni Boccaccio's Decameron, Boniface VIII is satirically depicted granting a highwayman (Ghino di Tacco) a priorate (Day 10, second tale). Earlier (I.i), Boniface VIII is also mentioned for his role in sending Charles, Count of Valois to Florence in 1300 to end the feud between the Black and White Guelphs.
The Tale of Pope Boniface is told in Book 2 of John Gower's Confessio Amantis as an exemplum of the sin of fraudulently supplanting others. Gower claims that Boniface tricked Pope Celestine V into abdicating by having a young cleric, pretending to be the voice of God, speak to him while he was sleeping and convince him to abdicate (ll. 2861-2900). Gower also repeats the rumour that Boniface died by gnawing off his own hands, but attributes it to hunger rather than a deliberate suicide attempt (ll. 3027-28).
Boniface was a patron of Giotto.
Boniface had the churches of Rome restored for the Great Jubilee of 1300, particularly St. Peter's Basilica, the Lateran Basilica, and the Basilica of Santa Maria Maggiore.
Pope Boniface VIII is a main character played by Jim Carter in the History Channel television show Knightfall. Boniface is portrayed as a warm and avuncular man and a seasoned politician, who acts as a stabilizing, incorruptible force within a corrupt medieval world. The Knights Templar value him as their Holy leader, and they are willing to execute his orders without question. Boniface personally appoints Landry the new Master and Commander of the Paris Temple after Godfrey's assassination, and entrusts him with the mission of finding the Holy Grail, hoping to use it to launch a new Crusade and reclaim the Holy Land.
Giovanni Villani (Florentine chronicler who made an account of Boniface and his jubilee)
Unam sanctam
Barons' Letter of 1301
↑ His elder brother, Roffredo or Goffredo, was the first Conte di Caserta from 1288, Signore di Calvi, Vairano e Norma in 1282, Senator of Rome 1290–1292, Signore di Vairano by decree of the King of Sicily on 1 April 1291, Podestà of Todi (1282/5–1283), Signore di Caserta (1290). He had a younger brother, Giovanni, and three sisters.
↑ Finke, p. 9. Tosti, p. 37.
↑ Tosti, p. 37, citing Teuli, History of Velletri, Book 2, chapter 5.
↑ Pierre Dupuy, Histoire du differend d'entre le Pape Boniface VIII. et Philippes le Bel, Roy de France (Paris 1655), pp. 527-528.
↑ Ptolemaeus of Lucca Historia ecclesiastica XXIII. 26 (Muratori Rerum Italicarum Scriptores XI, p. 203). Tosti (p. 37) believed that Caetani held the office of Advocatus before he set out with Cardinal Ottoboni on the English legation.
↑ August Potthast, Regesta Pontificum Romanorum II (Berlin 1875), p. 1543, nos. 18858, 18859, 18867. Pope Urban IV had held a Consistory on 25 April, at which the matter of naming Charles of Anjou as Senator of Rome was discussed. It was after this meeting that Cardinal Simon was given his Legation.
↑ August Potthast, Regesta Pontificum Romanorum II (Berlin 1875), p. 1543, nos. 19037-19039.
↑ Potthast, no. 19065. These were benefices which in the course of things were in the hands of the Pope.
↑ Potthast, 19089.
↑ This derives from a statement of Pope Clement V in 1309, during the agitation for a posthumous trial of Boniface VIII: A. Theiner (ed.), Caesaris Baronii Annales Ecclesiastici Tomus 23 (Bar-le-Duc 1871), under year 1309, §4, p. 429. Rose Graham, "Letters of Cardinal Ottoboni," English Historical Review 15 (1900) 87-120.
↑ Francis Gasquet, Henry the Third and the English Church (London 1905), p. 414.
↑ Registres de Clément IV I, nos. 40-78.
↑ Francis Gasquet, Henry the Third and the English Church (London 1905), pp. 403-416.
↑ George Baker, The History and Antiquities of the County of Northamptonshire Vol. III (London: J.B.Nicholas & Son 1836), pages 312-338
↑ Tosti, p. 38, n. 15
↑ Tosti (p. 37) believed that Caetani held the office of Advocatus before he set out with Cardinal Ottoboni on the English legation. And yet, Ottobono Fieschi was elected Pope Adrian V on 11 July 1276 and died on 18 August 1276.
↑ Tosti, p. 38, n. 15: ... ut ecclesias S. Nicolai in carcere Tulliano de Urbe, et de Barro in Ligonensi [Langres], et de Piliaco [? Pisiaco (Poissy, Seine et Oise)], archidiaconatum in Carnotensi [Chartres], ac ecclesiam die Thoucester, canonicatus quoque ac praebendas in Ligonensi, Carnotensi, Parisiensi, Anagnina, Tuderina, S. Audomari Morinensi [Therouanne], ac in Basilica S. Petri de Urbe retinere possit." Tosti is wrong in calling Benedetto Caetani a canon of Lyons; he misread Lugdunensi where the text twice has Lingonensi.
↑ "Cardinal Deaconry".
↑ R. Morghen, "Una legazione di Benedetto Caetani nell'Umbria e la guerra tra Perugia e Foligno del 1288," Archivio della Società romana di storia patria, 52 (1929), pp. 485-490.
↑ A. Theiner (ed.), Caesaris Baronii Annales Ecclesiastici Tomus 23 (Bar-le-Duc 1871), under year 1289, §31, p. 54. This fact is blown out of proportion by some commentators into a Legateship to Portugal. The business, however, was done in Rome, through Procurators of the King of Portugal. The document was signed at S. Maria Maggiore on 12 February 1289 and the ecclesiastical censures against the Portuguese withdrawn in March.
↑ Conrad Eubel, Hierarchia catholica medii aevi I edition altera (Monasterii 1913), pp. 10, 47, 52.
↑ "Cardinal Title".
↑ It is sometimes said that he also received the Deaconry of S. Agnes, but S. Agnes was not a deaconry or a titulus in the 13th century.
↑ Bartholomew of Lucca, in: Odoricus Raynaldus [Rainaldi], Annales Ecclesiastici Tomus Quartus [Volume XXIII] (Lucca: Leonardo Venturini 1749), sub anno 1294, p. 156: Dominus Benedictus cum aliquibus cardinalibus Caelestino persuasit ut officio cedat quia propter simplicitatem suam, licet sanctus vir, et vitae magni foret exempli, saepius adversis confundabantur ecclesiae in gratiis faciendis et circa regimen orbis.
↑ also known as Hughes (Seguin) of Billom and Hughes de Billay, of the French province of the Dominican Order, former lector at the studium of Santa Sabina. Cardinal Hugh had been created a cardinal priest by Pope Nicholas IV on 16 May 1288, with the title of Santa Sabina, and was promoted Cardinal-Bishop of the Suburbicarian Diocese of Ostia in August 1294 by Celestine V. See Conrad Eubel, Hierarchia catholica medii aevi I edition altera (Monasterii 1913), pp. 11, 35, 46.
↑ See the poem by Jacopo Stefaneschi, Subdeacon of the Holy Roman Church, who participated in the events: Ludovicus Antonius Muratori, Rerum Italicarum Scriptores Tomus Tertius (Milan 1723), 642.
↑ "Frater Hugo de Bidiliomo provincie Francie, magister fuit egregius in theologia et multum famosus in romana curia; qui actu lector existens apud Sanctam Sabinam, per papam Nicolaum quartum eiusdem ecclesie factus cardinalis" [16.V.1288]; postmodum per Celestinum papam [1294] est ordinatus in episcopum ostiensem (Cr Pg 3r). http://www.e-theca.net/emiliopanella/lector12.htm Accessed May 9, 2011; see also Bolgia, Claudia; McKitterick, McKitterick; Osborne, John (2011). Rome Across Time and Space: Cultural Transmission and the Exchange of Ideas, C.500-1400. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-19217-0. , p. 275.
↑ Philip Daileader, The Late Middle Ages, The Teaching Company. (These are audio lectures of a college-level course, with an accompanying book containing the text.)
↑ Filippo Maria Renazzi, Storia dell' Universita degli studj di Roma, detto comunamente La Sapienza Volume I (Roma: Pagliarini 1803), pp. 56-69.
↑ Oswald J. Reichel, The Elements of Canon Law (London: Thomas Baker, 1889), p. 51.
↑ Liber Sextus Decretalium D. Bonifacii Papae VIII, suae integritate, una cum Clementinis et Extravagantibus restitutus (Francofurdi: Ioan. Wechelus 1586), pp. 1-272.
↑ Liber Sextus Decretalium D. Bonifacii Papae VIII (Francofurdi 1586), pp. 252-260.
↑ cf. Medieval Italy: An Encyclopedia Christopher Kleinhenz et al. eds. Routledge, 2004, p. 178.
↑ Pope Boniface VIII. "Unam Sanctam".
1 2 Oestereich, Thomas. "Pope Boniface VIII." The Catholic Encyclopedia Vol. 2. New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1907. 4 March 2016
↑ "The Bad Popes" by ER Chamberlin 1969, 1986 ISBN 0-88029-116-8 Chapter III "The Lord of Europe" page 102-104.
↑ Conrad Eubel, Hierarchia catholica medii aevi I edition altera (Monasterii 1913), pp. 12-13.
↑ Dante Alighierli, Divine Comedy, Inferno, 19.49–63
↑ A. Theiner (ed.), Caesaris Baronii Annales Ecclesiastici Tomus 23 (Bar-le-Duc 1871), under year 1296, §17, pp. 188-189; under year 1300, §26, p. 272-273.
↑ A. Theiner (ed.), Caesaris Baronii Annales Ecclesiastici Tomus 23 (Bar-le-Duc 1871), under year 1296, §24-32, pp. 193-196.
↑ Herbert Thurston, The Holy Year of Jubilee (St. Louis MO: B. Herder 1900), pp. 6-25.
↑ Thurston, p. 17.
↑ Jacopo Stefaneschi, "Jacobi Sancti Georgii ad Velum aureum diaconi Cardinalis, de centesimo seu iubileo anno Liber," Margarino de la Bigne (editor), Maxima Bibliotheca veterum Patrum et antiquorum scriptorum ecclesiasticorum Tomus 25 (Lugduni 1677), pp. 936-944, at p. 940. Stefaneschi was an eyewitness.
↑ A. Theiner (ed.), Caesaris Baronii Annales Ecclesiastici Tomus 23 (Bar-le-Duc 1871), under year 1300, §6, p. 264.
↑ François Guizot and Mme. Guizot de Witt, History of France from the Earliest Times to 1848 Volume I (New York 1885), p. 474.
↑ Catholic Encyclopedia. Tosti, History of Pope Boniface VIII, p. 335.
↑ A. Theiner (ed.), Caesaris Baronii Annales Ecclesiastici Tomus 23 (Bar-le-Duc 1871), under year 1303, §33, p. 325-326.
↑ Joannes Dominicus Mansi, Sacrorum Conciliorum nova et amplissima Collectio novissima edition, Tomus vicesimus quintus (Venetiis 1782), pp. 97-100.
↑ A. Theiner (ed.), Caesaris Baronii Annales Ecclesiastici Tomus 23 (Bar-le-Duc 1871), under year 1302, §13-15, p. 303-304.
↑ Georges Digard (editor), Les Registres de Boniface VIII (Paris 1907), nos. 5041-5069. Cf. no. 5341 (13 April 1303), Pope Boniface's reply to Cardinal Jean's report.
↑ Georges Digard (editor), Les Registres de Boniface VIII (Paris 1907), no. 5345.
↑ Georges Digard (editor), Les Registres de Boniface VIII (Paris 1907), nos. 5386-5387
↑ See the extensive narrative of Gregorovius, 588-596. Giuseppe Marchetti Longhi, "Il palazzo di Bonifacio VIII in Anagni," Archivio della Società romana di storia patria 43 (1920), 379-410. The building still exists: http://www.palazzobonifacioviii.it/
↑ A. Tomassetti, Bullarum diplomatum et privilegiorum sanctorum Romanorum pontificum Tomus IV (Augustae Taurinorum 1859), pp. 170-174. The date of September 8 has caused much scholarly controversy. Chamberlain, E.R. "The Lord of Europe". The Bad Popes. Barnes and Noble. p. 120. Ian Mortimer: "Barriers to the Truth" History Today: 60:12: December 2010: 13
↑ Reardon, Wendy. The Deaths of the Popes. McFarland. p. 120. . Reardon's narrative does not appear to accord with contemporary sources.
↑ Giovanni Villani, Historia universalis, Book VIII, chapter 65. R. E. Selfe and P. H. Wicksteed, Selections from the First Nine Books of the Croniche Fiorentine of Giovanni Villani (Westminster, 1898), pp. 346-350.
↑ A. Theiner (ed.), Caesaris Baronii Annales Ecclesiastici Tomus 23 (Bar-le-Duc 1871), under year 1303, §34, pp. 333. A. L. Frothingham, Jr., "Procès-verbal by Giacomo Grimaldi of the Opening of the Tomb of Pope Boniface VIII in the Basilica of San Pietro in Vaticano in 1605," American Journal of Archaeology 4 (1888), 330-332.
↑ Thomas Oestereich, "Pope Boniface VIII." The Catholic Encyclopedia. Vol. 2. New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1907. Retrieved: 6 February 2018.
↑ The body was seen several times by the Papal Master of Ceremonies, Giovanni Paolo Mucanzio, who reported the details in his Diary, under 11 October 1605: Joannes Baptista Gattico, Acta Selecta Caeremonialia Sanctae Romanae Ecclesiae ex variis mss. codicibus et diariis saeculi xv. xvi. xvii. Tomus I (Romae 1753), p. 478-479. The body had been discovered accidentally during the removal of several altars from the old St. Peter's to make way for the walls and new chapels of Maderno's nave.
↑ Reardon, Wendy. The Deaths of the Popes. Comprehensive Accounts Including Funeral, Burial Places and Epitaphs. McFarland. pp. 120–123. . Her date of 1606 is incorrect.
↑ Gallia christiana I (Paris 1716), pp. 919-920.
↑ Bernardus Guidonis says. "...in publico consistorio pronuntiavit, ut liceret prosequi volentibus procedere contra memoriam Bonifacii papae VIII defuncti." A. Theiner (ed.), Caesaris Baronii Annales Ecclesiastici Tomus 23 (Bar-le-Duc 1871), under year 1309, §4, p. 428.
↑ A. Theiner (ed.), Caesaris Baronii Annales Ecclesiastici Tomus 23 (Bar-le-Duc 1871), under year 1311, §50, p. 495.
↑ Its records were republished in a critical edition by Jean Coste, Boniface VIII en procès: articles d'accusation et dépositions des témoins (1303-1311) (Rome: 'L'Erma' di Bretschneider 1995). See especially pp. 547-732.
↑ James Brundage, Law, Sex and Christianity in Medieval Europe (University of Chicago, 1990), p. 473
↑ The Age of Faith, Will Durant, 1950, 13th printing, page 816--but without citing a source. Durant's authority is not high. It seems quite unlikely that the Church, especially during an Ecumenical Council, would have acquiesced in a trial for heresy by combat--which was contrary to Church policy. And there is evidence that a legal brief had been prepared by an eminent lawyer of Bologna for a trial of Boniface VIII at the Council: Joannes Dominicus Mansi, Sacrorum Conciliorum nova et amplissima Collectio novissima edition, Tomus vicesimus quintus (Venetiis 1782), pp. 415-426; it is pointed out in several places in the same work that the case of Boniface was presented to the Council by Pope Clement, and that the Council rejected it.
↑ Robin Healey, Italian Literature Before 1900 In English Translation: An Annotated Bibliography 1929–2008, page 390 (University of Toronto Press Incorporated, 2011). ISBN 978-1-4426-4269-0. He is not listed as a physician of Boniface VIII by Gaetano Marini, Degli archiatri pontificj I (Roma: Pagliarini 1784), pp. 32-42.
Bautz, Friedrich Wilhelm (1975). "Pope Boniface VIII". In Bautz, Friedrich Wilhelm. Biographisch-Bibliographisches Kirchenlexikon (BBKL) (in German). 1. Hamm: Bautz. cols. 690–692. ISBN 3-88309-013-1.
Boase, Thomas S. R. (1933). Boniface VIII. London: Constable.
Celidonio, Giuseppe (1896). Vita di S. Pietro del Morrone, Celestino Papa V, scritta su documenti coevi (in Italian). 3 volumes. Sulmone: Angeletti.
Coppa, Frank J, ed. (2002). The Great Popes Through History. Connecticut: Greenwood Press. CS1 maint: Extra text: authors list (link)
Coste, Jean, ed. (1995). Boniface VIII en procès. Articles d'accusation et dépositions des témoins (1303–1311) (in French). Rome: L'Erma di Bretschneider. ISBN 88-7062-914-7.
Denifle, H. (1889). "Die Denkschriften der Colonna gegen Bonifaz VIII. und der Cardinale gegen die Colonna". Archiv für Literatur- und Kirchen- geschichte (in German). Freiburg im Breisgau. V.
Finke, Heinrich (1902). Aus den Tagen Bonifaz VIII. Funde und Forschungen (in German). Muenster.
Frugoni, A. (1950). Il giubileo di Bonifacio VIII (in Italian). LXII. Bulletino dell'Istituto storico per il Medioevo.
Gregorovius, Ferdinand (1906). History of the City of Rome in the Middle Ages. vol. V. London: George Bell and Sons.
Marrone, John and Charles Zuckerman (1975). "Cardinal Simon of Beaulieu and relations between Philip the Fair and Boniface VIII". Traditio. 21: 195–222.
Matheus, Michael / Lutz Klinkhammer (eds.): Eigenbild im Konflikt. Krisensituationen des Papsttums zwischen Gregor VII. und Benedikt XV. WBG, Darmstadt, 2009, ISBN 978-3-534-20936-1.
Morghen, R. (1929). "Una legazione di Benedetto Caetani nell'Umbria e la guerra tra Perugia e Foligno del 1288". Archivio della Società romana di storia patria. 52.
Paravicini Bagliani, Agostino (2003). Boniface VIII. Un pape hérétique? (in French). Paris: Payot.
Paravicini Bagliani, Agostino (2003). Bonifacio VIII (in Italian). Torino: Einaudi.
Rociglio, A. (1894). La Rinuncia di Celestino V: Celestino V ed il VI centenario della sua Incornazione (in Italian). Aquila.
Rubeus (Rossi), Joannes (Giovanni) (1651). Bonifacius VIII e familia Caietanorum principum Romanus Pontifex (in Italian). Romae: Corbelletti.
Schmidinger, H. (1964). "Ein vergessener Bericht über das Attentat von Anagni". Mélanges Tisserant (in German). Roma. V.
Schmidt, Tilmann (1983). Bonifatius VIII. In: Lexikon des Mittelalters. Vol. 2, Munich/Zurich 1983, cols. 414-416.
Schmidt, Tilmann (1989). Der Bonifaz-Prozeß. Verfahren der Papstanklage zur Zeit Bonifaz' VIII. und Clemens' V (in German). Cologne, Vienna: Böhlau.
Scholz, Richard (1903). Die Publizistik zur Zeit Philipps des Schönen und Bonifaz' VIII (in German). Stuttgart.
Sestan, Ernesto (1970). Bonifacio VIII. In: Enciclopedia Dantesca, a cura di Umberto Bosco. A-CIL, Rome, 1970, pp. 675–679.
Souchon, Martin (1888). Die Papstwahlen von Bonifaz VIII bis Urban VI (in German). Braunschweig: Benno Goeritz.
Theseider, Eugenio Dupré: Bonifacio VIII. In: Massimo Bray (ed.): Enciclopedia dei Papi, Istituto della Enciclopedia Italiana, Vol. 2 (Niccolò I, santo, Sisto IV), Rome, 2000, OCLC 313581688
Tierney, Brian (1964). Crisis of Church and State. Totowa, New Jersey: Prentice-Hall.
Tosti, Luigi (1911). History of Pope Boniface VIII and his times. Translated by Donnelly, E. J. New York.
Wenck, Karl (1905). War Bonifaz VIII. ein Ketzer? In: Historische Zeitschrift 94 (1905), pp. 1–66.
Wood, Charles, T. (1967). Phillip the Fair and Boniface VIII: State vs Papacy. New York: Holt, Rhinehart, and Winston.
Xavier, Adro (1971). Bonifacio VIII. Barcelona, 1971.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Pope Boniface VIII.
Wikisource has the text of the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica article Boniface.
Wikiquote has quotations related to: Pope Boniface VIII
Catholic Encyclopedia: "Pope Clement V: a paragraph on the trial of Boniface VIII
Notes on the Conclave of April 4, 1292--July 5, 1294 Dr. J. P. Adams (with contemporary sources)
Notes on the Conclave of December, 1294 Dr. J. P. Adams (with contemporary sources)
The Bull Clericis Laicos (Medieval Sourcebook)
"Boniface VIII against the Revolution" (Saint Benedict Center) [a strongly biased conservative Catholic view]
"Boniface VIII and the Heresy of Statism" (Saint Benedict Center) [a strongly biased conservative Catholic view]
Literature by and about Pope Boniface VIII in the German National Library catalogue
Works by and about Pope Boniface VIII in the Deutsche Digitale Bibliothek (German Digital Library)
Meister Eckhart und seine Zeit - Päpste - Bonifaz VIII.
Pope Celestine V Pope
24 December 1294 – 11 October 1303 Succeeded by
Role of Christianity in civilization
Origins,
Ministry of Jesus
Ante-Nicene Period
Council of Ephesus
Dechristianization of France during the French Revolution
Catholic Church sexual abuse cases
Vatican City portal
BNF: cb12128117z (data)
ICCU: IT\ICCU\RMLV\021129
SNAC: w6wh2vqk

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


The 2018 Supplemental Capital Budget (Chapter 298, 2018, PV, Section 1008) created the CERB administered Broadband Infrastructure Program. CERB provides low-interest loan/grant packages to local governments and federally recognized Indian tribes, financing the cost to build infrastructure to provide high-speed, open-access broadband service, to rural underserved communities, for the purpose of community economic development.
The 2018 CERB Rural Broadband Program Legislative Report is now available for viewing.
CERB provides funding for construction and planning for rural broadband projects.
Prior to submitting an application for rural broadband construction, please print out and complete the Rural Broadband Threshold Checklist. This will ensure that the submitted application is complete.
If your community is in need of rural broadband planning, CERB provides limited resources for planning studies. Please print out and complete the Planning Threshold Checklist. This will ensure that the submitted application is complete. All broadband planning projects must complete the Rural Broadband Planning Minimum Requirements and include them in the final submitted document. The Planning Program Application Overview document will show you what questions will be asked on the actual application.
For more information on our Planning Program, please see CERB's Planning Program information.
Public entities are eligible to apply for and receive loans and grants to build broadband infrastructure in rural underserved communities linked to community and economic development.
• Improve accessibility for underserved communities and populations.
• The primary purpose of the project is to facilitate or promote a retail shopping development or expansion.
• The primary purpose of the project is to facilitate or promote gambling.
• Evidence exists that the project would result in a development or expansion that would displace existing jobs in any other community in the state.
• The project is located outside the jurisdiction of the applicant local government or federally recognized Indian tribe.
• The project is for equipment or facilities, which would enable a public entity to provide retail, telecommunications services or services that the entity is not authorized by statute to provide.
• The project is for the deployment of publicly-owned telecommunication network infrastructure ("backbone") solely for the sake of creating competitive, publicly-owned telecommunication network infrastructure.
Join our Rural Broadband email list!


COLUMBUS, Ohio – Police in Ohio have brought more charges against a Walmart shopper accused of punching children in the head for kicks.
Columbus Police Sgt. John Hurst says two additional assault counts were filed Sunday against 68-year-old Ralph Conone. He was arrested at a Walmart store last week on similar charges after police said he smacked a woman's sons with a key sticking out of his fist.
Hurst says the new charges involve a 2-year-old boy struck the same way in two separate incidents at the store on Feb. 28.
Investigators say Conone told them it was exciting to hit children with their parents nearby.
Conone remained jailed on $150,000 bond Monday on the initial charges. His attorney, Tanya Askew, declined comment.


text:
Dell Technologies Inc. (DELL)
Dell Technologies Inc.
One Dell Way
https://www.delltechnologies.com
Sector(s): Technology
Industry: Computer Hardware
Full-time employees: 133,000
Mr. Michael Saul Dell Chairman & CEO 3.47M N/A 1965
Mr. Thomas W. Sweet Exec. VP & CFO 2.22M 72.44M 1960
Mr. Jeffrey W. Clarke Co-COO & Vice Chairman 3.42M 7.21M 1963
Mr. Anthony Charles Whitten Co-Chief Operating Officer 6.43M N/A 1976
Mr. William F. Scannell Pres of Global Sales & Customer Operations 2.22M N/A 1962
Ms. Brunilda Rios Sr. VP of Corp. Fin. & Chief Accounting Officer N/A N/A 1966
Mr. Richard J. Rothberg Esq. Gen. Counsel & Sec. N/A N/A 1964
Ms. Allison Dew Chief Marketing Officer N/A N/A 1970
Mr. Michael Zimmerman VP of Corp. Devel. N/A N/A N/A
Dr. Jennifer D. Saavedra Ph.D. Chief HR Officer N/A N/A 1971
Amounts are as of 31 December 2022, and compensation values are for the last fiscal year ending on that date. Pay includes salary, bonuses, etc. Exercised is the value of options exercised during the fiscal year. Currency in USD.
Dell Technologies Inc. designs, develops, manufactures, markets, sells, and supports various comprehensive and integrated solutions, products, and services in the Americas, Europe, the Middle East, Asia, and internationally. The company operates through two segments, Infrastructure Solutions Group (ISG) and Client Solutions Group (CSG). The ISG segment provides traditional and next-generation storage solutions; and rack, blade, tower, and hyperscale servers. This segment also offers networking products and services that help its business customers to transform and modernize their infrastructure, mobilize and enrich end-user experiences, and accelerate business applications and processes; attached software and peripherals; and support and deployment, configuration, and extended warranty services. The CSG segment provides desktops, workstations, and notebooks; displays, docking stations, and other electronics; and third-party software and peripherals, as well as support and deployment, configuration, and extended warranty services. The company is also involved in the provision of information security solutions focused on protecting its clients from cyber attacks; and cloud software and infrastructure-as-a-service solutions that enable customers to migrate, run, and manage mission-critical applications in cloud-based IT environments, as well as in the resale of VMware products and services. The company was formerly known as Denali Holding Inc. and changed its name to Dell Technologies Inc. in August 2016. Dell Technologies Inc. was founded in 1984 and is headquartered in Round Rock, Texas.
Dell Technologies Inc.'s ISS governance QualityScore as of 1 January 2023 is 10. The pillar scores are Audit: 9; Board: 10; Shareholder rights: 10; Compensation: 8.
Corporate governance scores courtesy of Institutional Shareholder Services (ISS). Scores indicate decile rank relative to index or region. A decile score of 1 indicates lower governance risk, while 10 indicates higher governance risk.


Sizewell Hall is situated on the Suffolk coast, in an area of outstanding natural beauty and is a very special place by the sea. It is the ideal place to have your group conference or church house party or training course.
All of us at Sizewell Hall try to develop a place with peaceful and relaxing atmosphere which promotes our Christian values, faith and community to all that come. The lovely atmosphere here also makes it easier to have a rest from your everyday life, allowing you to enjoy God's presence as you fellowship with others. When the time comes for you to leave we hope that when you do, you will feel you have been to a very special place, feeling inspired and encouraged as you return to your everyday life.
For more than 40 years Sizewell Hall has been facilitating self catering conferences. Over the years hundreds of people have stayed here, most of whom come back every year, and now their children are coming back and bringing their children to God's special place by the sea.
Please explore our website to find out more key features about what we do and what God is doing for us all here.
The urgent work needed to repair our roof will start in September. Replacing every slate of the roof is important for the ministry of the work here to continue.
Sizewell Hall is the perfect place to hold your church house party, or youth group's week away, over 50 groups, men or women's conference.
These pages will give you a glimpse at some of the things that go on at Sizewell Hall.
We give thanks to God for the various way so many people have faithfully invested in God's work at Sizewell Hall.


MADISON, Wis. (AP) — Two bills toughening Wisconsin's drunken driving laws are up for a vote in the state Senate.
One bill up for Senate approval Tuesday calls for permanently revoking a person's license after a fourth drunken driving offense or after a second offense in conjunction with other related vehicular offenses.
A similar measure failed to pass the Legislature last session.
Another proposal up for final approval Tuesday would prohibit all repeat offenders as well as first-time offenders with a blood alcohol percentage of 0.15 or greater from driving any vehicle without an ignition interlock.
State law already requires all offenders to place an interlock on their vehicles when their license is reinstated. The bill's supporters worry that offenders will drive someone else's car.
The Assembly passed it in May.


GNU/Linux console-based text editor. Freely licensed under the GPL.
Help us build the largest freeware directory of free software downloads by submitting your downloadable freeware today. Find more listings like Dav by browsing the freeware category File Editors.


I've had a love/hate relationship with clothes shopping for as long as I can remember. Most of the time I was secretly traumatized and itching to be anywhere but near a department store. While also drooling over the colors and fabrics and wanting to dress so the outside looked more like who I knew I was on the inside.
When I was a child I would cry in frustration and hurt that the beautiful things I picked out no longer looked so beautiful once I tried them on, if we could find anything beautiful in my size. My mom would always comfort me and tell me I was beautiful and promise to take me to the bookstore, everything was possible with a good book.
In my teens I was just happy if we found something that fit and was comfortable. I had decided my clothes didn't matter. No one who mattered would judge me based on my clothes. I developed serious callouses about my appearance so I could get through life in a world where appearance is stressed, and beauty is boxed up in gorgeous glossy magazines. I didn't look in mirrors to see my over all look. When I looked in a mirror it was to check something specific. That my hair wasn't sticking out too crazy, or that my acne was still there, always carefully avoiding the whole picture. I accepted that any beauty or attractiveness I had would not be physical.
As an adult I have cried in a shoe store. I have barely made it to the dressing room before the tears rolled down my cheeks.
It is humiliating to know that what I feel is irrational. Ultimately what I'm wearing isn't a big deal. Clothes just need to keep me decent, warm, whatever, right?
Then I realized, I was having some big deal feelings about this supposedly no big deal thing.
Then this crazy thing happened. A couple good friends took me clothes shopping and wouldn't let me just pick out two or three things I knew were comfortable and didn't have to try on. Oh, no. They had me pick out two or three sizes of a thing if I really liked it, and to take way more to the dressing room than what I could ever need. Then there was the number of things they gave to me to try on that I thought would just look terrible on me! I bravely trusted that they wouldn't steer me wrong. I started to see that I could feel good and look good. This was a hard lesson. These shopping trips happened several times. They were both generous with their time and money and honest about what worked and what didn't.
Going shopping became less traumatizing. But I was still frustrated. Something was missing.
I knew I needed to break down and use this precious fabric hoard now. I hadn't lost any weight and if I did, I could sew! Whatever I make I could size down. By making clothes for myself I could express more of my personality. I could use some pent-up creativity and find my style.
My favorite thing to make and wear are skirts. One skirt can be worn with multiple tops, dressing it up or down depending on my mood or the occasion. In addition to their versatility skirts just feel good. I especially like the way long skirts feel on my legs.
As soon as I began wearing my colorful and unique skirts I began to get compliments. Strangers would stop me to tell me they loved my skirt and ask if I made it. Then they would want to know if I sold them. I had some friends hint that they wanted skirts of their own. I was nervous to make skirts for other people because of size. I am a plus size woman and I look at the waist line on some smaller clothes and can't fathom, I mean maybe that would fit my thigh…. How could I design something that would fit someone so much smaller than me? Or even just a different shape?
But I did it. Eventually I made a skirt for one friend then another and I found that I could make clothes that fit whatever size.
That was a couple years ago. Since then I have been developing ideas and techniques and getting ready. Now I am making skirts to sell at last.
My skirts are designed to fit a variety of sizes. Some skirts will literally fit a size 2-22, while others will look best on a smaller range of sizes, none of them are strictly one size because who is always the same size? I guess some people are, but most women I know fluctuate even if only a little bit with seasons or hormones or pints of ice cream consumed as a method to keep from screaming in public… no wait, that is probably just me. Right?
Please explore my website and check out my online store (link also located in menu). Share with your friends and spread the word. I can't wait to hear about how much you love wearing one of my skirts!


text:
Giuliani associate: Trump had knowledge of Ukraine pressure
WASHINGTON (AP) — A close associate of President Donald Trump's personal lawyer Rudy Giuliani is claiming Trump was directly involved in the effort to pressure Ukraine to investigate Democratic rival Joe Biden.
Lev Parnas says he delivered an ultimatum in May, at Giuliani's behest, to the incoming president of Ukraine that no senior U.S. officials would attend his inauguration and vital American security aid would be withheld if an investigation into Biden wasn't announced.
He said Trump was aware of Giuliani's efforts to secure an investigation and the president was briefed regularly.
If true, Parnas' account undercuts a key Republican defense of Trump during the impeachment investigation — that Trump's withholding of vital military aid to Ukraine last summer wasn't a quid pro quo for Biden investigations.
"President Trump knew exactly what was going on," said Parnas, a Soviet-born Florida businessman facing a raft of criminal charges related to campaign finance violations. "He was aware of all my movements. I wouldn't do anything without the consent of Rudy Giuliani, or the President."
Parnas made several potentially explosive claims in a televised interview Wednesday night with MSNBC's Rachel Maddow. The day after Parnas said he delivered the message, the State Department announced that Vice President Mike Pence would no longer be attending the inauguration of Ukrainian President Volodymir Zelenskiy.
Parnas alleged that Trump ordered Pence to stay away at the behest of Giuliani to send a clear message to the incoming Ukrainian administration that they needed to take seriously the demand for an investigation into Biden, a Democratic presidential candidate seen as a potential threat to Trump's 2020 reelection.
Parnas said every communication he had with Zelenskiy's team was at the direction of Giuliani, whom he regularly overheard briefing Trump about their progress by phone.
Giuliani called Parnas' statements "sad."
"I feel sorry for him," Giuliani said Wednesday in a text message to an AP reporter. "I thought he was an honorable man. I was wrong."
Asked directly if Parnas was lying, Trump's lawyer replied, "I'm not responding yet."
Parnas said he also heard Giuliani and another Trump-aligned defense lawyer, Victoria Toensing, briefing Attorney General William Barr by phone about their efforts to pressure the Ukrainian government to announce the investigation into Biden and his son Hunter's business dealings.
"Barr was basically on the team," Parnas said.
The Justice Department said in September that Trump had not spoken to Barr about having Ukraine investigate the Bidens and that the attorney general had not discussed Ukraine with Giuliani. Justice Department spokeswoman Kerri Kupec said Wednesday that Parnas' claims were "100% false."
The new accusations came as House Democrats made public a trove of documents, text messages and photos from Parnas' smartphones that appear to verify parts of his account.
A federal judge earlier this month ruled that Parnas could provide the materials to Congress as part of the impeachment proceedings. Democrats voted in December to impeach Trump for abuse of power and for obstruction of Congress.
A House committee chairman said Wednesday his panel will investigate what he says are "profoundly alarming" text messages among the newly disclosed materials that have raised questions about the possible surveillance of former Ambassador to Ukraine Marie Yovanovitch before she was ousted by the Trump administration last spring.
The messages show that a Robert F. Hyde, a Republican candidate for Congress from Connecticut, disparaged Yovanovitch in messages to Parnas and gave him updates on her location and cellphone use.
Rep. Eliot Engel, a New York Democrat who chairs the House Foreign Affairs Committee, said Wednesday that the messages are "profoundly alarming" and "suggest a possible risk" to Yovanovitch's security in Kyiv before she was recalled from her post.
"These threats occurred at the same time that the two men were also discussing President Trump's efforts, through Rudy Giuliani, to smear the ambassador's reputation," Engel said.
He said the committee staff flagged the information for the State Department's Bureau of Diplomatic Security and is seeking assurances that proper steps have been taken to ensure the security of Yovanovitch and committee staff. He said he also wanted to know what, if anything, the State Department knew about the situation.
"This unprecedented threat to our diplomats must be thoroughly investigated and, if warranted, prosecuted to the fullest extent of the law," Engel said.
Democrats released the files this week as they prepared to send articles of impeachment to the Senate for Trump's trial. The documents could add pressure on the Senate as it debates whether to hear witnesses in the trial.
The text and phone records show Parnas communicating with Giuliani multiple times a day before Yovanovitch's removal, as well as a handwritten note that mentions asking Ukraine's president to investigate "the Biden case."
Among the documents is a screenshot of a previously undisclosed letter from Giuliani to Zelenskiy dated May 10, 2019, which was shortly after Zelenskiy was elected but before he took office. In the letter, Giuliani requests a meeting with Zelenskiy "as personal counsel to President Trump and with his knowledge and consent."
The Associated Press reported in October that Zelenskiy had huddled three days earlier, on May 7, with a small group of key advisers in Kyiv to seek advice about how to navigate the insistence from Trump and Giuliani for a probe into the Bidens. He expressed his unease about becoming entangled in the American elections, according to three people familiar with the details of the three-hour meeting. They spoke on the condition of anonymity because of the diplomatic sensitivity of the issue, which has roiled U.S.-Ukrainian relations.
One of the documents released by Democrats is a handwritten note on stationery from the Ritz-Carlton Hotel in Vienna that says "get Zalensky to Annonce that the Biden case will be Investigated."
Parnas told Maddow he took the notes as he was speaking by phone to Giuliani, receiving precise instructions about the demands Trump wanted to convey to Zelenskiy's team.
Trump asked Zelenskiy in a July 25 call to investigate the Bidens. Hunter Biden served on the board of a gas company based in Ukraine.
The documents were sent to the House Judiciary Committee by three other House panels "to be included as part of the official record that will be transmitted to the Senate along with the Articles of Impeachment," according to a statement. Some of the materials were made public while others were blacked out and marked as sensitive.
Parnas and his business partner, Igor Fruman, both U.S. citizens who emigrated from the former Soviet Union, were indicted last year on charges of conspiracy, making false statements and falsification of records. Prosecutors allege they made outsize campaign donations to Republican causes after receiving millions of dollars originating from Russia. The men have pleaded not guilty.
Parnas' lawyer, Joseph Bondy, told The New York Times that his client is looking to cooperate with prosecutors in his case, who are investigating Giuliani and his dealings in Ukraine.
"We very much want to provide substantial assistance to the government," Bondy told the Times.
Parnas told the newspaper that although he didn't speak with Trump directly about the efforts, he met with the president on several occasions and was told by Giuliani that Trump was kept in the loop.
Trump on the July call told Zelenskiy that Yovanovitch was "going to go through some things." She had been recalled from her diplomatic post roughly three months earlier.
Parnas also received messages from Hyde, who referred to Yovanovitch as a "bitch."
Hyde texted Parnas that "they are willing to help if we/you would like a price," and "guess you can do anything in Ukraine with money … is what I was told."
Lawrence Robbins, an attorney for Yovanovitch, called for an investigation into the messages.
In a Twitter post Tuesday, Hyde called Parnas a "dweeb" and suggested the messages about surveilling the ambassador were a joke. He said he welcomed an investigation.
Parnas, in turn, also said Wednesday that Hyde's texts shouldn't be taken seriously.
The text messages show that Parnas consulted Giuliani in January 2019 after the U.S. denied a visa to former Ukrainian Prosecutor General Viktor Shokin. Giuliani replied: "I can revive it."
The following day, Giuliani told Parnas, "It's going to work I have no 1 in it." Giuliani then predicted "he will get one," before giving Parnas the phone number for Jay Sekulow, the leader of the president's personal legal team. Sekulow is expected to be part of Trump's legal team during the impeachment trial.
Trump has repeatedly denied knowing Parnas and Fruman, despite numerous photos that have emerged of the men together. Among the materials released from Parnas' phone this week were more photos of him with Trump, as well as the president's son Donald Trump Jr., first daughter Ivanka Trump, and her husband, Jared Kushner.
Asked by Maddow about Trump's denials of knowing him, Parnas said he had spoken one-on-one with the president numerous times.
"He lied," Parnas said of the president. "I mean, we're not friends. Me and him didn't watch football games together, we didn't eat hot dogs. But he knew exactly who we were, who I was especially."
(Copyright (c) 2019 The Associated Press. All Rights Reserved. This material may not be published, broadcast, rewritten, or redistributed.)


The glamorous Bedroom : Inspiration 3D Animals Wall Decors Added White Crib And Single Couch In Gray Small Space Baby Boy Rooms Inspiring Designs up above, is important segment of Absorbing Baby Boy Rooms Contemporary Crib And Nursery Design document, which specifically classified in Bedroom Design category.
Inspiration 3D Animals Wall Decors Added White Crib And Single Couch In Gray Small Space Baby Boy Rooms Inspiring Designs image earlier mentioned, is named as baby crib bedding sets theme, together with unique baby boy crib bedding topic, as well as custom baby bedding sets matter, then modern nursery bedding theme, .
As a result don't ever miss to browse the key document Absorbing Baby Boy Rooms Contemporary Crib And Nursery Design that would look at the entire details.
Are usually identified beside keywords in particular custom baby bedding sets matter, then modern nursery bedding matter, furthermore baby boy crib bedding discussion, together with unique baby boy crib bedding topic, also modern baby crib topic, plus Inspiration 3D Animals Wall Decors Added White Crib And Single Couch In Gray Small Space Baby Boy Rooms Inspiring Designs is geared up with all tremendous 15 pics made up of 90 percentage point on its actual mark grade from 484 lovers for sure. As a consequence, just simply hassle-free to have a look at all the pictures below therefore we joyed you to enjoy your choosing by all the superior masterpiece of design.


Book any adult lesson with Gondola Snowsports from March to April 10th and your kids ski free!
One free kids rental per adult rental, kids equipment will be of the same level (standard/premium) as the adult rentals. Available for rentals during March 2016. Only covers ski/snowboard/boots rentals, not helmets/jackets/pants.


text:
package com.puresoltechnologies.ductiledb.logstore.index;

import static org.junit.Assert.assertTrue;
import static org.mockito.Mockito.mock;

import java.io.File;

import org.junit.Test;

import com.puresoltechnologies.ductiledb.logstore.Key;
import com.puresoltechnologies.ductiledb.logstore.index.IndexEntry;
import com.puresoltechnologies.ductiledb.logstore.index.IndexImpl;
import com.puresoltechnologies.ductiledb.logstore.index.OffsetRange;
import com.puresoltechnologies.ductiledb.storage.spi.Storage;

public class IndexImplTest {

    @Test
    public void test() {
	IndexImpl index = new IndexImpl(mock(Storage.class), mock(File.class));

	index.put(new IndexEntry(Key.of(0l), new File("File0"), 0l));
	index.put(new IndexEntry(Key.of(1l), new File("File1"), 1l));
	long a = 0;
	long b = 1;
	for (int i = 2; i <= 25; ++i) {
	    long f = a + b;
	    index.put(new IndexEntry(Key.of(f), new File("File" + i), f));
	    a = b;
	    b = f;
	    System.out.println(f);
	}
	for (int i = 0; i <= b; ++i) {
	    OffsetRange range = index.find(Key.of((long) i));
	    IndexEntry startOffset = range.getStartOffset();
	    IndexEntry endOffset = range.getEndOffset();
	    // System.out.println("------");
	    // System.out.println(Bytes.toHumanReadableString(Bytes.toBytes((long)
	    // i)));
	    // System.out.println(startOffset);
	    // System.out.println(endOffset);
	    assertTrue(startOffset.getRowKey().compareTo(endOffset.getRowKey()) <= 0);
	}
    }

}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
Q: Docker HTTPS access - ONLYOFFICE3 I'm following the ONLYOFFICE Docker documentation
(GITHUB ONLYOFFICE docker HTTPS access) to get ONLYOFFICE
documentserver and communityserver running with HTTPS.
What I've tried:
1.
I've created the cert files (.crt, .key, .pem) like mentioned in the documentation. After that I created a file named env.list in my home dir /home/jw/data/ with the following content:
SSL_CERTIFICATE_PATH=/opt/onlyoffice/Data/certs/onlyoffice.crt
SSL_KEY_PATH=/opt/onlyoffice/Data/certs/onlyoffice.key
SSL_DHPARAM_PATH=/opt/onlyoffice/Data/certs/dhparam.pem
SSL_VERIFY_CLIENT=true

2.
After that I added the directory /home/jw/data/ to my $PATH environment
variable:
PATH=$PATH:/home/jw/data/; export PATH

3.
On the same shell I started the docker container like this:
sudo docker run -i -t -d --name onlyoffice-document-server -p 443:443 -v /opt/onlyoffice/Data:/var/www/onlyoffice/Data --env-file /home/jw/data/env.list onlyoffice/documentserver

4.
The documentserver is running fine. After that I've started the
communityserver with:
sudo docker run -i -t -d --link onlyoffice-document-server:document_server --env-file /home/jw/data/env.list onlyoffice/communityserver

5.
With the command docker ps -a I see booth docker containers running fine:
CONTAINER ID        IMAGE                        COMMAND                  CREATED             STATUS              PORTS                          NAMES
4f573111f2e5        onlyoffice/communityserver   "/bin/sh -c 'bash -C "   29 seconds ago      Up 28 seconds       80/tcp, 443/tcp, 5222/tcp      lonely_mcnulty
23543300fa51        onlyoffice/documentserver    "/bin/sh -c 'bash -C "   42 seconds ago      Up 41 seconds       80/tcp, 0.0.0.0:443->443/tcp   onlyoffice-document-server

But when I'm trying to access https://localhost there is an error "Secure
Connection Failed" in Firefox.
Did I miss something?

A: Okay got it:
I've changed the environment variables in env.list to:
SSL_CERTIFICATE_PATH=/var/www/onlyoffice/Data/certs/onlyoffice.crt
SSL_KEY_PATH=/var/www/onlyoffice/Data/certs/onlyoffice.key
SSL_DHPARAM_PATH=/var/www/onlyoffice/Data/certs/dhparam.pem

After that used the following command to run ONLY the documentserver:
sudo docker run -i -t -d --name onlyoffice-document-server -p 443:443 -v /opt/onlyoffice/Data:/var/www/onlyoffice/Data --env-file /home/jw/data/env.list onlyoffice/documentserver

The ONLYOFFICE OnlineEditor API is now available over HTTPS:
https://localhost/OfficeWeb/apps/api/documents/api.js
If you want to use CommunityServer with HTTPS just change the run command above to:
sudo docker run -i -t -d --name onlyoffice-community-server -p 443:443 -v /opt/onlyoffice/Data:/var/www/onlyoffice/Data --env-file /home/<username>/env.list onlyoffice/communityserver

Thank you anyway!

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


Happy Turkey Day! It is snowing quite a bit, but here is a look at Thanksgiving outfit of the day.
I hope you are staying warm and spending time with your friends and family! I am so thankful to be able to be with mine today. What are you thankful for this holiday season?


text:
Q: Pandas DataFrame: How to calculate the difference by first row and last row in group? Here is my pandas DataFrame:
import pandas as pd
import numpy as np

data = {"column1": [338, 519, 871, 1731, 2693, 2963, 3379, 3789, 3910, 4109, 4307, 4800, 4912, 5111, 5341, 5820, 6003, ...],
         "column2": [NaN, 1, 1, 1, 1, NaN, NaN, 2, 2, NaN, NaN, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, NaN, NaN], ...}

df = pd.DataFrame(data)
df
>>>      column1  column2
0        338      NaN
1        519      1.0
2        871      1.0
3       1731      1.0
4       2693      1.0
5       2963      NaN
6       3379      NaN
7       3789      2.0
8       3910      2.0
9       4109      NaN
10      4307      NaN
11      4800      3.0
12      4912      3.0
13      5111      3.0
14      5341      3.0
15      5820      3.0
16      6003      NaN
17      ....      ....

The integers in column2 denote "groups" in column1, e.g. rows 1-4 is group "1", rows 7-8 is group "2", rows 11-15 is group "3", etc.
I would like to calculate the difference between the first row and last row in each group. The resulting dataframe would look like this:
df
>>>      column1  column2  column3
0        338      NaN      NaN
1        519      1.0      2174
2        871      1.0      2174
3       1731      1.0      2174
4       2693      1.0      2174
5       2963      NaN      NaN
6       3379      NaN      NaN
7       3789      2.0      121
8       3910      2.0      121
9       4109      NaN      NaN
10      4307      NaN      NaN
11      4800      3.0      1020
12      4912      3.0      1020
13      5111      3.0      1020
14      5341      3.0      1020
15      5820      3.0      1020
16      6003      NaN      NaN
17      ....      ....     ...

because:
2693-519 = 2174
3910-3789 = 121
5820-4800 = 1020

What is the "pandas way" to calculate column3? Somehow, one must iterate through column3, looking for consecutive groups of values such that df.column2 != "NaN".
EDIT: I realized my example may lead readers to assume the values in column1 are only increasing. Actually, there are intervals, column intervals
df = pd.DataFrame(data)
df
>>>    interval      column1  column2
0      interval1     338      NaN
1      interval1     519      1.0
2      interval1     871      1.0
3      interval1     1731      1.0
4      interval1     2693      1.0
5      interval1     2963      NaN
6      interval1     3379      NaN
7      interval1     3789      2.0
8      interval1     3910      2.0
9      interval1     4109      NaN
10     interval1     4307      NaN
11     interval1     4800      3.0
12     interval1     4912      3.0
13     interval1     5111      3.0
14     interval1     5341      3.0
15     interval1     5820      3.0
16     interval1     6003      NaN
17      ....      ....
18     interval2     12        13
19     interval2     115       13
20     interval2     275       NaN
....

A: You can filter first and then get difference first and last value in transform:
df['col3'] = df[df.column2.notnull()]
                  .groupby('column2')['column1']
                  .transform(lambda x: x.iat[-1] - x.iat[0])
print (df)
    column1  column2    col3
0       338      NaN     NaN
1       519      1.0  2174.0
2       871      1.0  2174.0
3      1731      1.0  2174.0
4      2693      1.0  2174.0
5      2963      NaN     NaN
6      3379      NaN     NaN
7      3789      2.0   121.0
8      3910      2.0   121.0
9      4109      NaN     NaN
10     4307      NaN     NaN
11     4800      3.0  1020.0
12     4912      3.0  1020.0
13     5111      3.0  1020.0
14     5341      3.0  1020.0
15     5820      3.0  1020.0
16     6003      NaN     NaN

EDIT1 by your new data:
df['col3'] = df[df.column2.notnull()]
                  .groupby('column2')['column1']
                  .transform(lambda x: x.iat[-1] - x.iat[0])
print (df)
     interval  column1  column2    col3
0   interval1      338      NaN     NaN
1   interval1      519      1.0  2174.0
2   interval1      871      1.0  2174.0
3   interval1     1731      1.0  2174.0
4   interval1     2693      1.0  2174.0
5   interval1     2963      NaN     NaN
6   interval1     3379      NaN     NaN
7   interval1     3789      2.0   121.0
8   interval1     3910      2.0   121.0
9   interval1     4109      NaN     NaN
10  interval1     4307      NaN     NaN
11  interval1     4800      3.0  1020.0
12  interval1     4912      3.0  1020.0
13  interval1     5111      3.0  1020.0
14  interval1     5341      3.0  1020.0
15  interval1     5820      3.0  1020.0
16  interval1     6003      NaN     NaN
18  interval2       12     13.0   103.0
19  interval2      115     13.0   103.0
20  interval2      275      NaN     NaN


The School Resource Officer Program is designed to serve as a resource and to provide law enforcement assistance to the student and staff of the district and it's community. Through interaction with the students and staff, the program develops more positive rapport with the police officers, and an understanding of law enforcement and the criminal justice system. The students learn through interaction with us that we are not just police officers, but are normal people who care and will go that extra step for them. We provide intervention/prevention techniques and programs to help prevent crimes against persons and property, address law related issues, and create and maintain a positive bond between law enforcement and students. As a Texas State Peace Officer we are still charged with enforcing municipal, county, state, and federal ordinances and laws as well as policies, directives and standards of the district.
Listed below are presentations for students, parents, staff, and organizations. Click on the link to get a brief description of the topic. A presentation request form is at the bottom of this page. This form may be filled out and submitted to schedule a presentation. Requests will be scheduled based on officer availability. An officer will contact the contact person listed with a confirmation. You may also contact Chief Tony Arsuaga or Officer James Lill if there is a topic not listed that you would like to have presented.
Gang Recognition Personal Safety C.P.T.E.D.


Despite the economic slow-down and emerging competition from BPO destinations such as Philippines and South Africa, the Indian IT BPO industry crossed the magical figure of 100 billion USD in revenues. However, the last couple of years have been challenging with growth forecast being around 11-14%. First and foremost, to counter the challenges from upcoming BPO destinations, the IT BPO companies in India along with industry associations such as NASSCOM need to work very closely with the government to create and market the right kind of business environment which would encourage global companies to continue outsourcing to India.
In the last decade or so, the expectations of clients from their service providers have increased to a great extent. The industry has moved on from the phase when as a service provider, companies needed to lift a process from the client site and deploy, monitor and implement the process in offshore centers. Clients now look for strategic partners who could add value to their business and contribute to their growth. Hence to stay competitive and meet the growth forecasts, companies need to innovate, leverage the technology and software expertise to build efficient tools, systems and processes.
With the evolution of the industry and increase in complexity of transactions, service providers also face the heat of shortage of skilled resources. There has to be a focus on training and development which is essential to meet the potential growth opportunities.


Join us in Agrabah as we explore Aladdin's magical story! Each day will be filled with intensives in acting, dancing, stage design and this two week camp will conclude with our "Genie" inviting parents into Agrabah to see this amazing love story come to life! Must have basic dance training. Cast Party Lunch included on second Thursday. Cast t-shirt included! May have extra costume fees.
Come explore all the basics of musical theatre-singing, acting and dancing! Scripts from varies Broadway plays will be used to create an amazing Friday show for the campers parents. No experience necessary, must be a fluent reader. Cast Party Lunch included on Thursday. May have extra costume fees.
This intensive will focus on the basics and technique of ballet. Dancers will work on flexibility and strength focusing on footwork, turn out, proper posture and port de bras. Dancers will explore french terminology, stage directions and put on a short performance at the end of the week! Dancers must have DDA Ballet uniform.
This intensive will focus on ballet technique, strengthening and conditioning preparing dancers for pointe and refining footwork for those already on pointe! Students will learn ballet variations, as well as french terminology and ballet history! Students will perform the famous variations at the end of the week for their families. Dancers must have at least 2 full years of ballet training and a DDA Ballet uniform.
This intensive will explore all the basics of lyrical dancing- telling a beautiful story using your body, the ballet foundation necessary for lyrical and the strength/flexibility exercises to become a beautiful lyrical dancer! Dancers must have 2 years of ballet training and a DDA Leotard for this intensive.
This camp will explore all different types of hip hop dancing- break dancing, pop & lock, old school, house and nu school! No experience necessary! Dance breaks will include fun games and crafts too! This DDA Hip Hop Crew will have a Friday lunch included before their parent performance.
Calling all Tampa Princess Dancers! Come spend a week dancing with us! We will present lessons in Jazz, Ballet, Lyrical and Hip Hop all with FUN as our goal. Daily craft lessons will make our days extra special. And your Princess, along with her new Princess friends, will present their new choreography to you and your family on the last day of camp at our DDA Coronation Ceremony. Special tea party lunch included on Friday!