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December 2000 Pages 162
Turning Point: A Special Report on the Refugee Reproductive Health Field
Laurel Schreck
First published online: December 2, 2000
The United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) estimates that 50 million people worldwide in 1999 had either fled their home country or had been internally displaced.1* In some refugee settings, women and children are believed to comprise 80% of the population. Although this figure varies by setting, it is the women and children in all situations who are most vulnerable to the consequences of displacement,2 including rape and sexually transmitted diseases (STDs).
Increasingly, emergency situations are the result of political conflict rather than natural disaster, which has led some to coin the term "complex political emergencies" to describe such situations. Often, these situations are not resolved quickly and cause a large number of people to be displaced, either within a country (internally) or across international borders (externally).3 Groups affected are diverse and require different health and humanitarian interventions, depending on their experiences prior to and during displacement.4
The changing nature of emergencies and several interrelated events of the last six years have drawn attention to the reproductive health needs of refugees, and a field of refugee reproductive health has emerged. Yet, despite some positive developments, delivery of reproductive health services to refugees remains uneven. Not all humanitarian relief organizations agree that reproductive health care should be a priority during an emergency, and there is insufficient research upon which to base policy or programmatic decisions.5 Because crises can be prolonged and have no clear end, the boundary between relief and development assistance is blurred.
According to Samantha Guy, manager of the Reproductive Health for Refugees Initiative at Marie Stopes International, "this is a critical time, a turning point for refugee reproductive health. It is time to transfer the policies and strategies that have been set in place at the headquarters level to the field."6 It is, therefore, an opportune time to examine how the field of refugee reproductive health emerged and what factors have contributed to, and limited, its growth.
Gender analysis began to play a role in development activities during the United Nations (UN) Decade for Women (1976-1985). In the following years, interest in the special needs of refugee women grew.7 In 1989, UNHCR appointed a senior coordinator for refugee women to ensure that its policies designed to assist refugee women are implemented in the field. To increase women's participation in program development, UNHCR adopted its Policy for Refugee Women in 1990, and the following year developed Guidelines on the Protection of Refugee Women. The latter provide staff and other humanitarian organizations with guidance on how to protect displaced women and girls from violence and abuse.8 Nevertheless, humanitarian agencies are not required to utilize UNHCR tools and guidelines, and they generally follow policies determined by their own organizational mandates.9
Despite advocacy for a more gender-conscious approach to development and increased recognition of refugee women's unique set of needs, relief efforts through the late 1980s and into the early 1990s continued to focus on the traditional areas of assistance: food, water, shelter, sanitation and immunization. But by early in the 1990s, the lack of reproductive health care for refugees, particularly contraceptive services, began to draw attention.
Heightened Awareness
Former Yugoslavia and Rwanda. From the early to the mid-1990s, two complex emergencies highlighted the reproductive health needs of refugee women. In 1991, war broke out in the Balkans, and by 1994 there were an estimated 700,000 Bosnian refugees and another two million people internally displaced in the former Yugoslavia.10 Bosnian women, accustomed to receiving family planning services, demanded that these continue.11 The widespread rape of women and forced pregnancy in Bosnia, reported extensively in the media, elicited a level of international concern about sexual and gender-based violence not previously seen.
In 1994, genocidal conflict erupted in Rwanda, displacing roughly two million people.12 Once again, reports of sexual violence directed at women appeared in the media. Widespread disruption and displacement of the Rwandan population raised awareness of the importance of HIV-prevention efforts during humanitarian emergencies. Based on an AIDS assessment among Rwandan refugees in a camp in Tanzania, researchers were able to conclude that adolescent sexual activity might have increased since displacement, that commercial sex work had grown in the area surrounding the camp (although not within the camp itself) and that knowledge of HIV prevention was high but condom accessibility and usage were low.13 Furthermore, Rwanda's contraceptive prevalence rate had been among the highest in Sub-Saharan Africa, and women and men reported to the team that they lacked access to family planning in the camp and that they had a strong interest in continuing to use it.
Refugee Women and Reproductive Health Care. It has been six years since the Women's Commission for Refugee Women and Children published its seminal report, Refugee Women and Reproductive Health Care: Reassessing Priorities.14 The report concludes that fertility is high in refugee settings and that many pregnancies are among women at high risk of obstetric complications. Where there were reproductive health programs for refugees at the time of the report, their focus was primarily on prenatal and delivery services and the training of traditional birth attendants. In most settings, such areas as contraception, the prevention and treatment of STDs and HIV infection, and sexual and gender-based violence received little attention. Despite having been based primarily on anecdotal evidence, the report spurred great interest in the reproductive health needs of refugees and had a tremendous impact on the growth of the refugee reproductive health field.
International Conference on Population and Development. The 1994 International Conference on Population and Development (ICPD) codified in its Programme of Action a broader, more expansive definition of reproductive health, placed within a rights context. Under pressure from nongovernmental organizations and activists, many of whom had been active in the Balkans crisis, the final Programme of Action included language on refugees, recognizing their "limited access to reproductive health care" and stating that:
Reproductive health care should be available in all situations and be based on the needs and expressed demands of refugees, particularly women, with full respect for the various religious and ethical values and cultural backgrounds of the refugees while also conforming with universally recognised international human rights.15
Furthermore, at this conference, the leaders of the United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA), UNHCR and the World Health Organization (WHO) pledged to work together to more effectively meet the reproductive health needs of refugees. According to Guy of Marie Stopes International, "the ICPD Programme of Action provided a mandate for many organizations and a backdrop against which the refugee reproductive health initiative could evolve and grow."16
Organizational Developments
Key United Nations agencies (such as UNHCR and UNFPA), bilateral donors (such as the U.S. and British governments) and nongovernmental organizations all now offer significant support, at least at the policy level, for the provision of reproductive health services to refugees. In the mid-1990s, two bodies formed to address the need for and absence of reproductive health services for refugees. The Reproductive Health for Refugees Consortium comprises seven nongovernmental organizations whose mission is to promote comprehensive reproductive health services for refugees through needs assessment, training, research and advocacy. The Inter-agency Working Group for Refugee Reproductive Health (IAWG), spearheaded by UNHCR and UNFPA, also advocates for increased reproductive health services as part of primary health care activities provided to displaced populations, and has designed tools and guidelines to facilitate this process.
In 1989, several of the International Rescue Committee's board members decided to form the Women's Commission for Refugee Women and Children to advocate for services for a population whose needs they believed were not being adequately addressed. Nonprofessional volunteers with the Committee had made site visits to refugee camps and had written reports about what they had seen; foremost for many of them was the lack of availability of contraceptive services in the camps.17
According to Mary Ann Schwalbe, the first director of the Women's Commission, she wrote to a number of donors about reproductive health services for refugees when she first arrived at the Commission, and none indicated any interest.18 Early in 1993, by chance, Schwalbe met Carolyn Makinson, program officer for the population program at the Andrew W. Mellon Foundation, who several months later asked her "what refugee women do for family planning and other reproductive health services." At that time, Schwalbe's answer was "very little," which was confirmed by searches of the literature and phone calls to numerous reproductive health and humanitarian organizations.19
Mellon then made a small grant to the Women's Commission to study the situation. A literature review yielded only a few descriptive studies with little mention of reproductive health, and a letter requesting information on family planning programs for refugees sent to roughly 50 international organizations also produced little. Further research was then conducted at six refugee camps and in two countries with internally displaced populations. This work led to the publication of Refugee Women and Reproductive Health Care in 1994.20
After this report was published and another small grant was given to the Commission to publicize its findings, Makinson invited a group of organizations to her offices in August 1994; these later joined together to form the Reproductive Health for Refugees Consortium, with CARE, the International Rescue Committee, JSI Research and Training Institute, Marie Stopes International and the Women's Commission as members.21
These organizations represented a mix of skills and areas of expertise, including humanitarian assistance, reproductive health technical expertise and advocacy.22 Each organization received a grant of equal size for work in its particular area of expertise; JSI received an additional sum to provide subgrants to other organizations, particularly to local nongovernmental organizations, to increase refugees' access to services. Later the American Refugee Committee joined the Consortium, as did Columbia University's Heilbrunn Center for Population and Family Health, at the Joseph Mailman School of Public Health in New York.
Among the Consortium's accomplishments is development of a tool for relief workers to ascertain the reproductive health needs of displaced populations and to guide program activities. In addition, CARE has produced (for the Consortium) both a five-day training manual for health personnel, which covers such key areas as family planning, sexual violence, and STD and HIV prevention and treatment,23 and a one-day training course to raise awareness of reproductive health issues among relief workers. JSI created a data bank on refugee reproductive health to hold materials critical to field staff and others who are involved in this area, including training curricula, program evaluations and policy-related publications.24 Subgrants have been made to several local nongovernmental organizations, including one to Association Najdeh to provide health education workshops among Palestinian refugees in Lebanon and one to the Mae Tao Clinic for reproductive health services for displaced Burmese living in Thailand.25 Finally, the advocacy efforts of the Consortium, both individually and collectively, have raised awareness among donors, policymakers, relief agencies and the public that the reproductive health needs of a population do not disappear once they have become displaced.
Consortium members had not worked together as a group prior to its formation, yet have been able to do so effectively for five years. The majority of participating organizations have chosen representatives to the group who have decision-making authority, which has facilitated the group's consolidation and has enabled it to accomplish concrete tasks.26 Until recently, participants were all women who were committed to the issue and to the collaborative process.27 Serious differences among groups on, for example, abortion did not impede members from working together. According to Barbara Smith, vice president of overseas operations with the International Rescue Committee, "We did not try to become one agency. We always shared information and worked together on overarching issues. We built on our strengths as agencies and created new capacities."28
Finally, the role of the donor in the success of the Consortium cannot be underestimated. Receiving three-year grants allowed a sufficient amount of time for reproductive health to become institution- alized within the participating organizations, and for the Consortium itself to solidify. Participants were encouraged to use donor funds only once they had determined how spending them in a particular way would help them to have funds for the issue in five years' time.29 Smith pointed out that it is unusual in the relief world to have a three-year commitment from a donor. Typically there is a rapid turnover of grants, with donors funding no more than one year. "From the International Rescue Committee's point of view, it was phenomenal to have time to think something through."30
The Inter-agency Working Group
Following the ICPD, in June 1995, UNHCR and UNFPA sponsored a symposium in Geneva on the reproductive health of refugees, in association with UNICEF and WHO. Although the first proposal for such a symposium was written in late 1993, it was not until the ICPD that symposium organizers believed there would be enough interest and support to proceed. Many participants who attended the symposium and who have been actively involved in follow-up activities insist that the meeting would never have occurred without the strong push given it by Daniel Pierotti, principal officer for crisis relief at UNFPA, and Serge Malé, chief of the Health and Development Section at UNHCR. Nafis Sadik, the executive director of UNFPA and the only UN agency leader to show strong interest in the issue, also was instrumental in generating support for the meeting.31
UNFPA and UNHCR invited representatives of UNICEF and WHO, relief agencies, reproductive health organizations and bilateral donors to the first of three preparatory meetings for the June symposium. It was at this meeting in December 1994 that participants began to assess the level of reproductive health services for refugees and to discuss ways to strengthen them. It was also at this first meeting that participants set objectives for the symposium and identified what they considered to be the technical components of reproductive health in refugee situations, including safe motherhood; family planning; STDs, including HIV and AIDS; sexual and gender-based violence; and abortion services.32 To accomplish its overall objective of institutionalizing reproductive health in refugee situations, participants decided that drafting a refugee-specific field manual, covering the technical components they had identified, should be the primary objective of the June meeting. By the June 1995 symposium, working groups had produced a draft manual for discussion.
At the symposium, attended by representatives from more than 50 UN agencies, governments and nongovernmental organizations, Sadako Ogata, the high commissioner of UNHCR, and Nafis Sadik signed a joint Memorandum of Understanding, promising the two agencies' collaboration on this issue. Their high-level endorsement was critical, particularly for those organizations and governments that were not already fully committed. The IAWG was formed at this meeting, with roughly 32 members from UN agencies, nongovernmental organizations, research organizations and governments, and with UNHCR in a coordinating role. Government support, particularly that of the United States, was key. The U.S. State Department funded the reproductive health coordinator position at UNHCR, which, according to Daniel Pierotti, "was an important stepping stone to institutionalization"33 of the IAWG. Kate Burns, the first reproductive health coordinator, has been instrumental in making the IAWG a "forum for exchange."34
The Inter-agency Field Manual
Building on the ICPD Programme of Action, the field manual strongly affirms the place of reproductive health within essential primary health care services to be delivered during an emergency. The manual details those services that are needed in the first phase of an emergency (the Minimum Initial Service Package), such as prevention and treatment of sexual violence, and those that should follow when the situation has stabilized, such as contraceptive services. During the drafting of the manual, there was much discussion of the phases of a complex emergency and when in an emergency reproductive health concerns become valid, according to Beverly Tucker, associate director of field operations at Family Health International. "UNHCR and UNFPA insisted that reproductive health needs begin at day one, not discounting, of course, the need for water, safety and housing. For example, women come to the camp who have been raped."35
The manual was endorsed by 33 UN, nongovernmental and government members of the IAWG.† Yet according to Smith of the International Rescue Committee, "whether reproductive health should be an emergency issue appears to have been resolved in theory, but in practice is still not accepted. Resource allocation remains an issue—in an emergency, are you going to bring in water or a condom?"36
Minimum Initial Service Package. To facilitate the provision of reproductive health services early in an emergency, the concept of the minimum initial service package, or MISP, was born. This is a set of activities, including equipment and sup- plies, that "can be implemented without any new needs assessment" at the outset of a crisis. The MISP calls for a reproductive health coordinator, who can serve as the focal point for all reproductive health activities, coordinate among agencies, interact with government authorities, introduce standardized protocols and provide training to personnel as well to the refugee population. Currently, there are not enough people with the technical skills to serve as coordinator, and the right model has not yet been found. With guidance from UNFPA and support from the Belgian government, a 10-day course will be available shortly to train health care practitioners and to improve their reproductive health skills.37
Among the resources that the MISP identifies for use in an emergency is WHO's New Emergency Health Kit-98 (NEHK-98), which includes supplies for infection control, safe deliveries and management of obstetric emergencies, and treatment for victims of sexual violence. Additionally, UNFPA took the lead in developing a Reproductive Health Kit for Emergency Situations, which complements that of WHO and is based upon kits created by Marie Stopes International for use in Bosnia. This reproductive health kit comprises 12 subkits for use at different health care levels, among which are subkits of condoms, oral and injectable contraceptives, and drugs for the treatment of STDs. There are also subkits with emergency contraception for women who have been raped and manual vacuum aspiration equipment for the treatment of postabortion complications.
Emergency contraception and abortion. Controversy emerged during discussion of the chapters of the field manual that deal with the treatment of survivors of sexual and gender-based violence and with abortion. U.S. Rep. Chris Smith (R-N.J.), a member of the U.S. House of Representatives and a longstanding foe of international family planning assistance, and others decried the availability of emergency contraceptives in refugee camps, calling them "chemical abortifacients." Burns, IAWG coordinator, insists that the group "was guided by WHO, which says that emergency contraception, when used within the first 72 hours of intercourse, does not interfere with an established pregnancy and is not an abortifacient." She asks, "why shouldn't women have access to emergency contraception during an emergency if they would have had access to it as a nonrefugee?"38
In its final version, the field manual recommends emergency contraception as a medical response for survivors of sexual violence in both the MISP and the sexual and gender-based violence chapters.39 The latter includes WHO's definition of postcoital contraception, with WHO's acknowledgement that there is no consensus on how emergency contraceptive pills work and recommendation that a woman be provided with adequate information to allow her to make an informed choice.40 A later chapter on family planning refers readers to the earlier sexual and gender-based violence chapter and states that "national policies and the demands of well-informed users should guide use of emergency contraceptive pills in refugee situations."41 Sandra Krause, director of the Reproductive Health Program at the Women's Commission on Refugee Women and Children, regrets that the field manual only recommends emergency contraception for women who have been raped, but emphasizes that a compromise such as this to satisfy critics of emergency contraception is what collaboration often requires.42
The section on the treatment of postabortion complications, which is included in the field manual chapter entitled "Other Reproductive Health Concerns," also relies heavily on the technical expertise of the WHO and the Post-abortion Care Consortium,‡ as well as on the ICPD Programme of Action. The Programme of Action states that abortions should be safe where they are legal and that services should be available to treat the complications of unsafe abortion. Nevertheless, Rep. Smith asserted that UNFPA, UNHCR and WHO planned to promote abortions among refugee women,43 and he wanted to prevent manual vacuum aspiration from being available under most circumstances.44 In response, Pierotti says, "we speak of the complications of abortion as an emergency in medical practice. When a woman is bleeding to death or is infected, you cannot say you have had an abortion and therefore we will not treat you. It's an emergency and you treat."45
Some participants in IAWG discussions of the field manual expressed concern that the equipment required for manual vacuum aspiration also could be used to induce an abortion. Others, such as Peter Poore, who participated in the IAWG as senior health advisor with Save the Children (UK), said his primary concern regarding manual vacuum aspiration involved quality of care issues. In a 1998 letter to the editor of the Sunday Observer, he wrote, "Save the Children disagrees with the UN guidelines on the quality of care possible in some refugee camps, where minimum standards for safety are often not secure, and alternative measures need to be considered."46 In favor of offering manual vacuum aspiration to treat the complications of unsafe and incomplete abortions, Burns insists that manual authors followed WHO guidelines, which say that this is the more effective method and can be used to save lives.47 In the end, Save the Children (UK) became a signatory to the manual
IAWG's Achievements
The IAWG oversaw two years of field-testing of the field manual in 17 countries. The revised version, published in 1999, opens with a joint statement by WHO Director General Gro Harlem Brundtland, Sadik and Ogata and is widely available in the field. In less than two years, there have been 60 orders for the reproductive health kit, which is in use in more than 28 countries.
The commitment of so many diverse groups to continue to meet after five years is not insignificant. The meetings provide a forum where people can exchange information, receive advice and gain from the experiences of others. According to Pierotti, "when reproductive health is considered as routine, we will no longer need to meet. That is not the case yet."48
At the fifth IAWG meeting in February 2000, the group identified several challenges that remain and areas that must be strengthened. Coordinating a response in emergency situations among agencies has been problematic, as has been the placement of reproductive health coordinators. In addition to the need to increase research among refugees, a more effective monitoring system for reproductive health indicators is needed. Program activities must be strengthened in some key areas, such as for adolescents and HIV and STD prevention and care and in response to sexual and gender-based violence.49
Burns expresses concern that the funding for refugee programs "is in a state of confusion or flux." She says that donors are now more willing to provide money for specific activities, such as for combatting sexual violence or HIV and AIDS, but are less willing to fund core programs. According to her, this amounts to creating vertical programs, whereas integration has been and should continue to be the goal.50 An official from the U.S. State Department worries that other donor governments rely too heavily on the U.S. government as a consistent source of funding for refugee reproductive health programs and have not played as great a role in this area as they should.51 Reproductive health, she says, should be a regular item on their agenda.
Furthermore, it has not been easy to bridge the divide between humanitarian and development assistance. As the character of emergencies has changed, relief agencies increasingly have been drawn into what traditionally have been considered development activities. A similar transition is occurring among development agencies, some of which are now involved in emergency relief services. Changes on the ground have driven the expansion of emergency response into the development phase. This reality challenges donors to respond more flexibly and to support longer term activities, which itself is a formidable task. There may be resistance from host-country governments, which may themselves need development assistance and may not want a refugee population to be permanently settled within their borders. Additionally, donors may also be reluctant to commit funding for the duration of time needed to create sustainable programs.
At this point, no one working in the area of refugee reproductive health questions the need for reliable data to guide policy and program development. Yet, all recognize the difficulty of collecting information on a population that is unstable, many of whom are scattered and not living in settled camps. Additionally, refugees exist in different phases of displacement (from flight to stabilization), further complicating data collection.52 The Consortium and Interaction, a membership organization that includes both development and humanitarian agencies, are sponsoring a research conference in December 2000 to provide a forum for Consortium members (which have all received funding to conduct research) and others to share their findings with policymakers, donors and other implementing organizations.
Additionally, Columbia University has received a three-year grant to create a data bank from the monitoring and evaluation of 10 geographically diverse project sites and to develop monitoring and evaluation guidelines for field use.53 The programs, which are not research projects, vary by setting (covering either one aspect or multiple aspects of reproductive health, depending on existing services) and will provide basic data on population-level knowledge, attitude and behavioral changes. Staff from the 10 sites will meet with one another and attend regional meetings with other groups to exchange information, and will be encouraged to document their findings and present them at conferences.
There is no question that the context in which refugees live differs greatly from that of the general population. Nevertheless, according to Therese McGinn of Columbia University, "in all situations people's individual lives revolve around similar issues."54 A population's reproductive health needs do not disappear upon displacement. A tremendous amount of work remains to be done to ensure that refugees receive reproductive health services from the time they are first displaced through stabilization and finally resettlement, should that occur. Although reproductive health quickly became an area around which policy developed and to which resources have been committed, continued advocacy is needed to fully establish its permanent place in the array of services provided during emergencies and in post-conflict settings.
*Signatories to the field manual are humanitarian organizations (such as the International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies, Médecins du Monde and Médecins Sans Frontières) and other nongovernmental organizations (such as Family Health International, IPAS and the World Association of Girl Guides and Girl Scouts), research institutes (such as the African Medical and Research Foundation, the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine and the Population Council), United Nations agencies (such as the United Nations Children's Fund and the United Nations Joint Program on AIDS) and government agencies (such as the U.S. Agency for International Development, the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and the U.S. Department of State).
†In this article, the term refugee is used to include both those who have fled their country of origin and those who have been displaced internally.
‡The Postabortion Care Consortium comprises AVSC, the International Planned Parenthood Federation, IPAS, JHPIEGO, Johns Hopkins University/Center for Communications Programs and Pathfinder.
1. United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), UNHCR by Numbers, 1999, Geneva: UNHCR, Aug. 1999.
2. Carballo M, Simic S and Zeric D, Health in countries torn by conflict: lessons from Sarajevo, Lancet, 1996, 348(9031):872-874.
3. Waldman R and Martone G, Public health and complex emergencies: new issues, new conditions, American Journal of Public Health, 1999, 89(10):1483-1485.
4. Palmer C, Reproductive Health for Displaced Populations, RRN Network Paper 24, London: Relief and Rehabilitation Network, Overseas Development Institute, 1998.
5. Palmer CA, Lush L and Zwi AB, The emerging international policy agenda for reproductive health services in conflict settings, Social Science and Medicine, 1999, 49(12):1689-1703.
6. Guy S, Marie Stopes International, personal communication, July 26, 2000.
7. Palmer C, 1998, op. cit. (see reference 4).
8. Packer CAA, UNHCR and Refugee Women: Rebuilding a Future Together, Geneva: UNHCR; and Cambridge, MA, USA: Collaborative for Development Action, 1995.
9. Palmer C, 1998, op. cit. (see reference 4), p. 14.
10. Wilkinson R, A decisive year, Refugees, 1999, 1(114):5-15.
11. Reproductive Health for Refugees Consortium (RHRC), Refugees and Reproductive Health Care: The Next Steps, New York: RHRC, 1998.
12. African milestones, Refugees, 1999, 2(115):16-17.
13. Wondergem P and Brady B, AIDS/STD Program for Rwandan Refugees: Health System and Community Assessment, Benaco Camp, Ngara District, Tanzania, Arlington, VA: John Snow, AIDSCAP, 1994.
14. Wulf D, Refugee Women and Reproductive Health Care: Reassessing Priorities, New York: Women's Commission for Refugee Women and Children, 1994.
15. International Conference on Population and Development, Programme of Action, New York: United Nations, 1994.
16. Guy S, 2000, op. cit. (see reference 6).
17. Wulf D, personal communication, July 25, 2000.
18. Schwalbe MA, Women's Commission for Refugee Women and Children, personal communication, July 12, 2000.
19. Makinson C, Andrew W. Mellon Foundation, personal communication, Aug. 8, 1999.
20. Wulf D, 1994, op. cit. (see reference 14).
22. Harris N, JSI Research and Training Institute, personal communication, Aug. 1, 2000.
23. Kambou SD and Monahan B, Reproductive Health Programming in Refugee Settings: A 5-Day Training Program
for Health Personnel, Atlanta, GA, USA: CARE, 1999.
24. Consortium News, London: Marie Stopes International, Aug. 1996.
25. Consortium News, London: Marie Stopes International, May 1998.
26. Toole S, personal communication, July 31, 2000.
27. Krause S, Women's Commission for Refugee Women and Children, personal communication, July 26, 2000.
28. Smith B, International Rescue Committee, personal communication, July 28, 2000.
29. Makinson C and Wheeler-Marrs S, Andrew W. Mellon Foundation, personal communication, July 18, 2000.
31. Pierotti D, United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA), personal communication, Aug. 15, 2000.
32.. Malé S, UNHCR, Minutes of the first preparatory meeting, Symposium of Reproductive Health in Refugee Situation, Geneva, Dec. 14-15, 1994, p. 2.
33. Harris N, 2000, op. cit. (see reference 22).
34. Pierotti D, UNFPA, personal communication, May 10, 2000.
35. Tucker B, Family Health International, personal communication, Aug. 1, 2000.
36. Smith B, 2000, op. cit. (see reference 28).
37. Burns K, UNHCR, personal communication, Aug. 3, 2000.
39. Reproductive Health in Refugee Situations: An Inter-agency Field Manual, Geneva: UNHCR, 1999, p. 13 & 40.
42. Krause S, 2000, op. cit. (see reference 27)
43. Smith C, letter to Sadako Ogata, Jan. 15, 1997.
44. Cohen SA, The reproductive health needs of refugees: emerging consensus attracts predictable controversy, Guttmacher Report on Public Policy, 1998, 1(5):10-12.
45. Pierotti D, 2000, op. cit. (see reference 31).
46. Poore P, letter to the editor, Sunday Observer, April 12, 1998.
47. Burns K, 2000, op. cit. (see reference 37).
49. IAWG, summary proceedings of the 5th IAWG, Geneva, Feb. 14-17, 2000.
51. Petroni S, U.S. Department of State, personal communication, Aug. 29, 2000.
52. Busza J and Lush L, Planning reproductive health in conflict: a conceptual framework, Social Science and Medicine, 1999, 49(2):155-171.
53. McGinn T, Joseph Mailman School of Public Health, Heilbrunn Center for Population and Family Health, Columbia University, personal communication, Aug. 28, 2000.
Laurel Schreck is associate editor, <i>International Family Planning Perspectives</i>. The author wishes to extend special thanks to Kate Burns, Lorelei Goodyear, Rachel Jones, Sandra Krause, Carolyn Makinson, Serge Malé, Therese McGinn, Karen Otsea, Suzanne Petroni, Daniel Pierotti, Beverly Tucker and Samantha Wheeler-Marrs. The author also wishes to thank France Donnay, Samantha Guy, Nancy Harris, Barbara Monahan, Peter Poore, Mary Ann Schwalbe, Sara Seims, Barbara Smith, Susan Toole and Deirdre Wulf. Support for the research and writing of this special report was provided by the U.S. Agency for International Development.
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Home > Journals > Earth & Environmental Sciences > JWARP
Journal of Water Resource and Protection > Vol.5 No.12, December 2013
Health Hazards among Coastal Villagers of Pakistan Due to Arsenic Contaminated Drinking Water ()
Syed Sanwer Ali, Nasim Karim, Alia Bano Munshi, Ishratullah Siddqui, Farooq A. Khan
Bahria University Medical & Dental College (BUMDC), Karachi, Pakistan.
Center for Environmental Studies, PCSIR Labs. Complex, Karachi, Pakistan.
Department of Community Health Sciences, Hamdard College of Medicine & Dentistry (HCM&D), Hamdard University, Karachi, Pakistan.
DOI: 10.4236/jwarp.2013.512132 PDF HTML 4,472 Downloads 6,067 Views Citations
Water supply has become insufficient for the rapidly rising population in Pakistan. As in other parts of Pakistan, coastal villagers also become helpless to use ground water for drinking and daily consumption, due to their need and their not knowing about the quality of water. A number of patients arrived to Karachi hospitals, suffering from a strange disease and this study has been done to find the exact cause of this disease by assuming that arsenic contaminated drinking water may be one of the possibilities. Maximum permissible limit (MRL) of arsenic in drinking water of Pakistan has been calculated by analysis of 50 samples of supply water as 0.05 mg/l. It was observed that most of the residents of Ibrahim Hyderi, Rehri, Chashma, Mubarak, Fagheer Muhammad and Gul Hasan Goths (villages) of the coastal belt of the Karachi city were suffering from melanosis, leuco-melanosis, keratosis, hyperkeratosis, dorsum, non-pitting oedema, gangrene and skin cancer that might be due to arsenic contamination in drinking water. Studied subjects were seriously affected due to paralyzing lower limbs, arms and other body parts in the coastal belt of Karachi, which was observed to be the most prominent health hazards of arsenic. The majority of victims were children. This community problem demands proper addressing and extensive research for improving the quality of life of these villagers.
Coastal Villages; Pakistan; Ground Water; Arsenic Contamination; Arsenic in Urine; Nails; Hair; Skin
S. Ali, N. Karim, A. Munshi, I. Siddqui and F. Khan, "Health Hazards among Coastal Villagers of Pakistan Due to Arsenic Contaminated Drinking Water," Journal of Water Resource and Protection, Vol. 5 No. 12, 2013, pp. 1235-1241. doi: 10.4236/jwarp.2013.512132.
[1] SOE, "Report Compiled by: Freshwater & Toxics Programme, WWF Pakistan. Cover Page Design: Communications Division, WWF Pakistan," WWF Pakistan, Lahore, 2007.
[2] WHO, "International Standards for Drinking Water," 3rd Edition, World Health Organization, 1971.
[3] S. M. Talebi, M. Abedi and A. Mohammadkhah, "The Relationship between Concentration of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons and Heavy Metals Urban Air," Pollution Research, Vol. 24, No. 2, 2005, pp. 451-454.
[4] B. Bennett and M. J. Dudas, "Release of Arsenic and Molybdenum by Reductive Dissolution of Iron Oxides in a Soil with Enriched Levels of Native Arsenic," Journal of Environmental Engineering & Sciences, Vol. 2, 2003, pp. 265-272. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/s03-028
[5] Pakistan Council of Research in Water Resources (PCRWR), "Alarming Levels of Groundwater Arsenic Concentration Has Been Observed during the Course of Water Quality Surveys Conducted by PCRWR during 2001, 2003 and 2004."
[6] A. S. Malik, "UNICEF-Pakistan Taking Clean Water and Hygiene Awareness to Rural Pakistan," 2013.
[7] A. L. Smith, P. A. Lopipero, M. N. Bates and C. M. Steinmaus, "Arsenic Epidemiology and Drinking Water Standards," Science, Vol. 296, No. 5576, 2002, pp. 2145-2146.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1072896
[8] WHO, "Prevention. Cancer Control: Knowledge into Action: WHO Guide for Effective Programs; Module 2," WHO Press, Geneva, 2007.
[9] WHO, "Guidelines for Drinking Water Quality," Vol. 1, 2nd Edition, World Health Organization, Geneva, 1993.
[10] Pak-SCEA, "Pakistan; Strategic Country Environmental Assessment Report: Rising to the Challenges," 2006.
[11] R. T. Nickson, J. M. McArthur, B. Shrestha, T. O. Kyaw-Myint and D. Lowry, "Arsenic and Other Drinking Water Quality Issues, Muzaffargath Pakistan," Journal of Applied Geochemistry, Vol. 20, 2005, p. 55.
[12] HACH DR/4000 1997-2003, "Spectropho Tometer Procedures Manual. © HachCompany, USA,"
[13] WHO, "Guidelines for Drinking Water Quality," 4th Edition, 2011.
[14] J. H. Gulledge and O. J. T. Connor, "Removal of Arsenic (V) from Water by Adsorption on Aluminum and Ferric Hydroxide," Journal of American Water Works Association, Vol. 65, No. 8, 1973, pp. 548-552.
[15] G. Marshall, C. Ferreccio, Y. Yuan, M. N. Bates, C. Steinmaus and S. Selvin, "Fifty-Year Study of Lung and Bladder Cancer Mortality in Chile Related to Arsenic in Drinking Water," Journal of the National Cancer Institute, Vol. 99, No. 12, 2007, pp. 920-928.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jnci/djm004
[16] G. A. Wasserman, M. X. Liu, F. Parvez, P. Factor-Litvak, H. Ahsan and D. Levy, "Arsenic and Manganese Exposure and Children's Intellectual Function," Neurotoxicology, Vol. 32, No. 4, 2006, pp. 450-457.
[17] Y. Chen, A. van Geen, J. H. Graziano, A. Pfaff, M. Madajewicz and F. Parvez, "Reduction in Urinary Arsenic Levels in Response to Arsenic Mitigation Efforts in Araihazar, Bangladesh," Environmental Health Perspectives, Vol. 115, No. 6, 2007, pp. 917-923.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1289/ehp.9833
[18] H. Ahsan, Y. Chen, F. Parvez, L. Zablotska, M. Argos and I. Hussain, "Arsenic Exposure from Drinking Water and Risk of Premalignant Skin Lesions in Bangladesh: Baseline Results from the Health Effects of Arsenic Longitudinal Study," American Journal of Epidemiology, Vol. 163, No. 12, 2006, pp. 1138-1148.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/aje/kwj154
[19] T. G. Kazi, M. B. Arain, J. A. Baig, M. K. Jamali, H. I. Afridi, N. Jalbani, R. A. Sarfraz, A. Q. Shah and A. Niaz, "The Correlation of Arsenic Levels in Drinking Water with the Biological Samples of Skin Disorders. Science of the Total Environment," 2009.
[20] T. Ahsan, K. Zehra, A. Munshi and S. Ahsan, "Chronic Arsenic Poisoning," Journal of Pakistan Medical Association, Vol. 59, No. 2, 2009, pp. 105-107.
[21] Y. Chen, J. H. Graziano, F. Parvez, M. Liu, V. Slavkovich and T. Kalra, "Arsenic Exposure from Drinking Water and Mortality from Cardiovascular Disease in Bangladesh: Prospective Cohort Study," British Medical Journal, Vol. 362, 2011, p. d2431.
[22] G. D. N. Mazumdar, D. J. Gupta and A. Santra, "Non-Cancer Effects of Chronic Arsenicosis with Special Reference to Liver Damage," In: C. O. Abernathy, R. L. Calderon and W. R. Chappell, Eds., Arsenic: Exposure and Health Effects, Chapman & Hall, London, 1997, pp. 112-123.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-5864-0_10

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Mayors of major American cities have come together to develop and implement a plan that is designed to end racism and discrimination.
A national group of mayors, meeting in the church where a Ku Klux Klan bomb killed four black girls 50 years ago, on Thursday proposed a 10-point plan to end racism and discrimination in America.
The blueprint by the U.S. Conference of Mayors includes speaking out against bias, reducing poverty and working to reduce disparities between whites, blacks and Hispanics in prison sentencing.
In cities, the mayors said they want to promote inclusion and tolerance and help integrate immigrants into communities. They said closing economic gaps between whites and minorities is key.
The organization unveiled the plan in Alabama at Birmingham's 16th Street Baptist Church, an organizing spot of the civil rights movement that was bombed on Sept. 15, 1963.
"We as a country have made great progress since then, but we still have much to do," said Mayor Kevin Jackson of Sacramento, Calif., from the pulpit.
The mayor's association said it was establishing the U.S. Coalition of Cities Against Racism and Discrimination as part of the International Coalition of Cities Against Racism in partnership with UNESCO, the educational arm of the United Nations.
Other coalitions have been formed in Canada, Latin America, the Caribbean, Europe, Africa, Asia, and in Arab nations.
Charleston, S.C., Mayor Joseph Riley Jr., past president of the mayors' conference, said he hoped the plan would gain wide support and make a difference in U.S. cities.
"I would think that eventually a few hundred mayors will sign on, because it's something that mayors of all political persuasions are committed to," Riley said in an interview before the meeting. "We're right there with the people, our work is not in the abstract."
The gathering was held during five day of commemorations of a bomb that detonated outside 16th Street Baptist, killing four young girls and critically injuring a fourth. Two black boys were shot to death in Birmingham that same day in the chaos that followed the bombing.


Ruby Object Database is an open-source object database designed for storing and accessing data which rarely changes. The primary reason for designing it was to create a storage facility for natural language dictionaries and corpora. It is optimized for reading speed and easiness of usage.
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Fellbaum C.: WordNet. Theory and Applications of OntoIogy. Computer Applications, 2010, p. 231-243.
Kubis M.: An Access Layer to PolNet-Polish WordNet. Human Language Technology. Challenges for Computer Science and Linguistics, 2011, p. 444-455.
Olson M., Bostic K., Seltzer M.: Berkeley DB. Proceedings of the FREENIX Track: 1999 USENIX Annual Technical Conference, 1999, p. 183-192.
Owens M.: Thedenitiveguide to SQLite. Apress,2006.
Przepiórkowski A.: Korpus IPI PAN. Wersja wstępna. Instytut Podstaw Informatyki PAN, 2004.
Tate B. A., Hibbs C.: Ruby on Rails: Up and Running. O'Railly Media, 2006.
Thomas D., Fowler C., Hunt A.: Programming Ruby. Pragmatic Bookshelf, 2004.
Vicknair C., Macias M., Zhao Z., Nan X., Chen Y., Wilkins D.: A comparison of a graph database and a relational database: a data provenance perspective. Proceedings of the 48th Annual Southeast Regional Conference ACM, 2010, p. 42.
Woliński M.: Morfeusz-a practical tool for the morphological analysis of Polish. Intelligent information processing and web mining, 2006, p. 511-520.
Zawodny J.: Redis: Lightweight key/value Store That Goes the Extra Mile. Linux Magazine, http://www.linux-mag.com/id/7496/, 2009.


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text:
"Sleepy Hollow": Will One of Abbie's Ancestors Join Team Witness?
By Monique on Saturday, February 14, 2015
The new clips from the upcoming episode, "Awakening," have been released, and while all of them are interesting, one of them is particularly of note:
As you know, I usually don't post tons of clips and stuff; posting clips along with talking about casting news are always tedious for me, so I avoid those types of posts because I'm lazy. I'm so sorry about that.
But this clip is very intriguing. Why? Because Abbie brings up the fact that she wants to free her ancestor that was turned to stone by the gorgon! You also know what that could mean? That there's already a plan for a third season asking to be written!
Well, I'm hoping, anyways. If anything I've said is true, then the fact that the writers wrote in the possibility of another character, especially one that has a lot of info we need, means that if Fox needs to figure out a trajectory for the show, they can easily bring in the new ancestor and have a character that kills two birds with one stone.
First, she kills the "But what about Katrina!" angle. We don't need Katrina anyways, but if Fox is worried about having a vacuum created after the loss/evil turn of Katrina, they could easily, just fill it with the ancestor lady. She's bound to 1) know a lot about the Witness prophesy and 2) actually be useful, since she was frozen in time trying to do useful things.
ALSO READ: Gabrielle Byndloss On The Timeliness Of 'The Falcon And The Winter Soldier'
This character could also get rid of growing resentment about Abbie's past and ancestry not being fleshed out enough. Abbie also needs a time traveler friend on the black side of life; I know Ichabod is as supportive as he can be, but it'd be cool to have Abbie's ancestor verbally spar with Ichabod when it comes to history. It'd be the Fox version of the Dave Chappelle joke about the black and white views of George Washington:
That would really take us back to Season 1, when Irving and Abbie tagged Ichabod's behind for repping Thomas Jefferson. Those were good times…
Third, we know how networks are scrambling to get more diversity. In a way, if Goffman was truly behind bringing Katrina to the forefront and pushing Abbie back (which I guess he was, since he's the showrunner), then the joke's on him, since one of the big reasons Fox might keep Sleepy Hollow around is that it is one of it's most diverse shows. Apart from Ichabod, Katrina, and Henry (and Hawley, when he was with us), everyone else is a minority—Reyes and a bunch of black folks. Even stranger, all of the really evil people are white (apart from Irving, but he's a special case; he was tricked into his evilness). I don't know if white evil people was what the writing team intended from the beginning, but someone could certainly write a paper on this and the reversal of racial identity used in conjunction with evil characters.
ALSO READ: 'Never Have I Ever's' Richa Moorjani on Kamala Taking Charge in Season 2
Because Fox is still reeling from Empire's runaway success, they're going to try to bump up their fall lineup with even more minority-led shows. If Sleepy Hollow comes back next season, the first thing I think Fox will do, apart from keeping strict tabs on the show's flow, is to fill the cast with even more minority characters. Hopefully, this means they'll bring Calvin back, but let's hope that it also makes them revisit the plot crumb of Abbie's stone ancestor. Nowadays, more minorities means more money, so perhaps Fox will look at Abbie's ancestor from a business perspective, at least.
In any case, I'm excited for "Awakening," especially since we've heard not only about Grace Dixon, but also Abbie's ancestor. By the way, can we get Grace to somehow make a hologram appearance? We need to even out the Thomas Jefferson hologram. (I really dislike Thomas Jefferson.)
What do you think about this upcoming episode? Give your opinions in the comments section below!
Photo credit: Brownie Harris/FOX
Abbie Awakening featured FOX Ichabbie Ichabod Sleepy Hollow TV
Another Royal Reunion? 'Queens' Writer Proposes Adding Paolo Montalban Opposite Brandy


*If a parent is going to be detained, he/she should notify the school immediately so that the child can be reassured. There is an overtime charge of $10 after 10 minutes. If saving 10 minutes means risking an accident, please drive safely— and plan differently next time. Consistently picking up late will be cause for dismissal.
No child shall be released to a person not authorized by a parent to pick up the child. There must be written or verbal authorization from an authorized guardian. Once authorization is given, a picture I.D. will be required upon picking up the child.
There are 10 children in each classroom with 1 teacher. We have four classes going on in each session.
Items to Bring to School?
It is possible that your child could have a potty accident. Please leave a pair of underwear, pants, and socks in your child's backpack.
Provide your child with a sturdy backpack to transport all those precious projects and notes home. Also, check that backpack every day for important information!
*Provide jackets, hats, mittens, etc. when needed.
Inclement Weather: When Lincoln Public Schools announces a school cancellation due to inclement weather, Wee Wisdom will also be closed.
Funerals: In the rare event that school would be cancelled due to a funeral being held at the church, every effort will be made to notify all affected families at least 24 hours in advanced.
*No make-up days or tuition reimbursement will be given in such cases.
A non-refundable Registration Fee of $50 for Preschool Class or for the Academy Class must accompany all student Registrations. This registration fee also covers the cost of the field trips and field trip shirt.
There are a few occasional fees that vary with Picture Day, Graduation, etc. These will be announced in advance.
Tuition is due the first week of school in August and then it is due the 15th of each month thereafter. The last payment is due on April 15th .
$160 is applied to students enrolled for 3 three-hour sessions/week (Mon, Wed, Fri).
Payment Plan #1: With this plan, tuition is paid monthly and is due on the 15th of each month.
Payment Plan #2: With this plan tuition is paid for the entire school year up front. This option expires on October 7 of each school year for that year. A 2% discount is given with Payment Plan #2. The amount owed can be figured by multiplying the monthly tuition fee by nine, and subtracting 2% off of the total.
Check: Place in box on top of cubbies. There will be a $25 fee for returned checks.
Cash: Put in an envelope with your name on it and place in the box on top of the cubbies.
Automatic Withdrawal: Fill out bank form and return to office with a voided check attached. This transaction will occur on the 15th of each month. This is a safe, secure, and easy way to pay!
At 8 days late, a written reminder will be given and a $15 fee will be assessed.
At 20 days late, a verbal reminder will be given.
At 30 days late, termination will result for non-payment.
For the month of May, any student with an outstanding bill will not graduate.
A 10% discount may be taken for siblings enrolled simultaneously. This is deducted from the monthly tuition for the younger child.
A 2% discount may be taken when utilizing Payment Plan #2 for tuition payment.
Families receiving a discount may only receive one of the discounts above.
Wee Wisdom requires the exclusion of any child who has any illness associated with a fever or any communicable condition such as diarrhea, ringworm, impetigo, head lice, pinkeye, and scabies. If a parent refuses to exclude his/her child, he/she must provide a written statement from a physician indicating that the child's illness/condition is not highly communicable.
has a fever or has had one during the previous 24 hours.
has a heavy nasal discharge.
is fussy, cranky, or just not themselves.
is overly tired. Rest in such cases may prevent the development of serious illness.
has symptoms of a possible communicable disease. These are usually sniffles, reddened eyes, sore throat, headache, abdominal pain, and a fever. Please notify Wee Wisdom at once if the child does have a communicable disease.
If his/her cold is over, but he/she still has a minor nasal drip.
If he/she has been exposed to a communicable disease, but Wee Wisdom has been notified so that the incubation period can be discussed and it can be determined on what dates he/she should stay home.
Parental classroom assistance is a key component of the Wee Wisdom program. There are always a wide range of "helps" needed. Any guardian willing to help is encouraged to do so! We could not do it all without you.
Field Trips give us unique opportunities for learning. Approximately 2 field trips are planned each year for your child's benefit. Due to State Regulations that we cannot transport the children, we will not have school on the days that we schedule a field trip. If you would like to have your child attend the field trip that we provide, you will need to bring your child or have someone bring them for you and you or they are responsible for them the whole time.


Home in French Cove offering 4 bedrooms, 2 baths, formal living and dining room, kitchen with tile countertops and opens to family room w/corner fireplace, lots of storage and inside laundry room. Master suite is spacious and master bath offers separate shower and tub, dual sinks and large walk in closet. Mature landscaping and 3 car garage.


Transport and Environment (T&E) commissioned Cambridge Econometrics to assess the level of dependency in the 28 EU Member States (EU28) on imported oil, and how it exposes them to environmental and supply risks.
A major part of the project involved producing an oil trade database detailing all bilateral trade flows into and out of EU Member States. To help visualise the data in a manner that was clear and easy to interpret, we developed an interactive mapping tool to allow users to explore the geographic dimension to the data in a way that cannot be achieved through conventional tables and charts.
An interactive map tool to present the flow of crude and refined oil products into and out of the EU Member States. The tool presents trade data for a comprehensive set of oil products for the historical period from 2000-2013. It also provides oil trade projections out to 2030.
An interactive heat map of geopolitical risk to the supply of oil for EU Member States. The risk index is derived using data from the World Bank's Worldwide Governance Indicators alongside information about the source and diversity of oil supply.
Provides a detailed description of the indicators and sources that were used to construct the oil trade database.


The Moodle migration is completed!
We've upgraded to Moodle version 3.3 and moved to a new host, eThink. Our move to eThink allows us to include new applications that promise to make our academic lives just a bit easier.
All of our current courses were downloaded from our current host and reestablished on eThink's servers. We've opened Moodle up again at our same address (moodle.sou.edu) and we'll soon be off to the races for Winter term!
See what's new in version 3.3.


text:
Huddersfield University has success in the bag
A GROUND-BREAKING design by a Huddersfield University lecturer has won worldwide praise.
Henryk ZientekBusiness Correspondent
Now Dr David Swann's treatment bag for health workers is poised for commercial development – and has attracted a host of potential backers.
Dr Swann, a subject teacher for 3D and interior design at the university, is also in line for four major awards – one of which means a date with European royalty and the prospect of a 10,000 euro prize.
The nursing bag was developed by Dr Swann as a PhD project with NHS East Riding of Yorkshire.
The aim was to improve the delivery and experience of care that patients receive away from hospital – such as in their homes.
The result was a special home treatment bag made from one major moulding, small enough to fit into the boot of a car and easy to use in compact spaces.
The treatment bag opens up to provide a work surface and has several compartments to contain medical supplies.
The project earned Dr Swann his PhD at the Royal College of Art – but has attracted wider attention.
It has been chosen by Innovation RCA as a design with commercial potential and as a result Dr Swann has been nominated for a James Dyson Fellowship, set up and funded by the famed designer and inventor of the Dyson vacuum cleaner.
Dr Swann is also a finalist in the Conran Foundation Design Award at the RCA and he won the Helen Hamlyn Design Award for Creativity.
On the horizon is the most glittering prize of all – for Dr Swann has been nominated in one of the categories of the globally prestigious Index Design Awards, which boasts the Crown Prince of Denmark as its patron.
That means a trip to Copenhagen in September for a function at the Opera House at which the winners will be announced. Each category winner will receive about 100,000 euros.
Meanwhile, Lord Darzi, a leading surgeon and a former health minister and who has been carrying out important research for the NHS, has been "very impressed" and has requested images of the bag for inclusion in his presentations on hospital-acquired infections.
Said Dr Swann: "After some fine-tuning, the bag is ready for commercial development.
"I have already made presentations to major potential backers – and in tests it has proved to deliver higher productivity and patient safety performance."
Dr Swann is already working on his next design challenge. Using his contact in the health sector, he is laying the foundations for a Huddersfield University-based research project that will help to bring about safer injections in the developing world.
FacebookMain Bradford road closed due to huge mill fire plus Ossett road shut due to accident - live updatesThe latest traffic, news and weather updates for Leeds, Halifax, Bradford, Huddersfield and Wakefield
BusinessBridge Business Park in Huddersfield could bring up to 100 jobsNew business park near Mamas and Papas at Colne Bridge is perfectly-placed for M62


Waltham Forest Liberal Democrats Liberal Democrats from Chingford, Walthamstow, Leyton and Leytonstone, campaigning to build a better borough.
As the battle over Brexit in Parliament reaches its final stages, many people are asking me, "what has happened to the People's Vote"?
Behind the political manoeuvring and procedural wrangles at Westminster, there is still everything to play for. The People's Vote is alive and well.
The next step to securing it is to narrow the options, by removing a massively disruptive 'no deal' from the table.
To be clear, allowing 'No Deal' to happen is a choice by the government. It cannot happen 'accidentally'. But Theresa May seems determined to run the clock down and try to con people that the only alternatives are her deal or the EU without one.
So Liberal Democrats are working across the parties to on a co-operative basis to stop 'No Deal'.
With no deal off the table, Parliament and the country will then have a clear choice between Theresa May's deal, which MPs have already overwhelmingly rejected, or the deal we already have as a member of the EU. At that point a People's Vote – to give the public the say on those two options – will be the most logical way forward.
While these parliamentary manoeuvres are taking place, we must keep up public pressure on MPs – and Jeremy Corbyn in particular – to support a People's Vote.
There is now a huge movement of people who are demanding better than Brexit Britain has to offer, and Liberal Democrats are leading from the front. If you want to help us, join us.
Printed (Hosted) by NationBuilder. Published and promoted by Waltham Forest Liberal Democrats all at 8-10 Great George Street, London SW1P 3AE.


Homes Offering Meaningful Education exists as an organization of families who are committed to maintaining educational freedoms and encouraging excellence in home education. It is our purpose to promote and develop home education as a viable educational alternative and to provide encouragement and support to those families.
HOME is an inclusive support group for homeschooling families in the greater Fayetteville area. Each member has an important role in the success of the group and the level of activities we can offer to our families. Typical activities include: monthly fellowship meetings, field trips, Mom's Night Out, field day, and graduation. We also have a parent-facilitated Enrichment Day which meets weekly throughout the school year. All families are welcome to join HOME. Board Members and E-Day Facilitators are required to sign a statement of faith in Christ.


Most of the students staying abroad face a lot of difficulty with their assignments. The first year of the college is very alluring for international students, but few obstacles are obvious to arise. Settling down in a new city can be one and the other, is the problem faced in academic front.
The various challenges they face while completing their assignment are like cultural challenge, understanding of the structure of new assignments, new subjects, new friends and new food. All this creates a lot of pressure in their mind and they gradually face difficulty to meet their deadlines.
These guides can be in the form small books or online guides. By and large they increase the understanding on the subject. This helps in increasing the student's analytical as well as comprehensive skills.
Every student wants an environment which fosters a love of learning in them. It involves a lot of things, social changes; emotions are all the part of it. Positive attitude is the most important aspect of learning the subject. The powerful emotions are core part of meeting the deadlines, but overlooked sometimes. Group activities and seminars are other parameters which help in the overall growth of the student. In a group activity each student brings a different angle to a problem which develops new ideas among all other students bringing in new ideas and perspective. Regularly finding new ways of learning, whether in a form of interaction to a stranger or joining classes to learn the local language of the city keeps the mind active. Students collect as much information as possible about the subject and inculcate new standard of living.


Listen to "05/19/17 Episode 52: Talkin' Bout That Reputation" on Spreaker.
The prophet Joan Jett once said/sang, "I don't give a damn 'bout my bad reputation" and the world hasn't been the same since. Just kidding, as a society, humans have been building and burning reputations since it all began. (trust me, there are scrolls, books, poems and rock songs all about it). But what are we talking about REALLY when we say corporate or company reputation? We're going to dig deep into this topic and we'll find out who's building and burning their reps in Winning and Losing as well. Join me and sing along! — I Don't Give a Damn Bout My Bad Reputation (insert air guitar there).


siliconchipsuperstar, the debut album by Peter Fitzpatrick's Circuit 3, featuring a collaboration with me on the track Ghost Machine, is now available to buy!
Order the limited edition vinyl LP/2xCD set and / or digital download here.
You can watch a video for Ghost Machine here.


The Speed & Strength Smokin' Aces collection gives women riders another choice when it comes to casual motorcycle gear. I think this collection is also great for the cafe racer, V-twin or custom bike crowd. It just comes down to what you want to wear when you ride.
The Speed and Strength Smokin' Aces Shirt is for the casual crowd. It's made of a cotton-poly blend but the shoulders and elbows are reinforced with Kevlar fiber thread. With a form-fitting profile, the Moto Shirt would look fantastic underneath your Speed Society Leather Jacket. The fit is on the long and lean side, with slightly longer arms and overall length.
Of course you'll need a pair of riding jeans to go with your new Moto Shirt! The Speed and Strength Smokin' Aces Pants are also form-fitting and have a very flattering fit. They have a straight leg with articulated knees and removable knee armor. Upgrade these with a pair of D3O Knee Pads to make them ready to ride. The knees and seat are also reinforced with Dupont Kevlar fiber thread for a little extra strength. The cargo pocket on each leg makes it easy to stash some ear plugs, a few bucks and a credit card.
To complete the outfit, you'll want the Speed and Strength Smokin' Aces Boots. These are styled for an ultra-casual look, but feature toe shifter pads to help with wear and tear while riding. With the extra ankle protection, toe reinforcements and anti-slip rubber outsole, you'll also gain a bit more protection.


Day 3 of my healthy recipe sharing and this particular one is a family favourite. Me, my mother and my grandmother LOVE fruit loaf!
I had to browse the internet and cook books for recipes most like the way I bake my fruit loaf but with measurements as I don't always measure my ingredients because I like to experiment in the kitchen. This recipe is the most similar, simplest and probably the tastiest that I could find.
In a mixing bowl mix the wheat, dried fruit and sugar. Then stir in the milk, cover and leave to soak for at least 1hr – 2hrs.
Add flour, baking soda, cinnamon and ginger and stir well. The mixture will be quick thick and sticky.
Transfer mixture to well greased loaf tin.
Place in a moderate oven 150-160C for 1hr – 1hr 15mins. Check with skewer to ensure cooked.
Half way through cooking time, cover with foil to prevent over browning.
Allow to cool for 5mins before turning out of tin and onto a baking tray.
Once baked, I like to cut mine into 1cm thick slices and serve it warm spread with margarine or drizzled with honey or you could have it just as it is.
The good thing with this is that it will keep for up to a week in an air tight container so instead of reaching for the bread and making a slice of toast in the morning, cut a slice of this loaf and toast it. You don't need to put any jam on it, its fruity enough!
Posted on June 29, 2012 by saritakb	• This entry was posted in Recipes and tagged baking, healthy baking, healthy breakfast, healthy snack, homemade fruit loaf, Olympics, olympics inspired. Bookmark the permalink.
Thank you 🙂 Let me know if you try out the recipe.


text:
This is a growing resource of links to websites that portray GWR history. Most recently added are first.
August 1968 at Barry and lines of GWR locos are just waiting to be rescued. Nice album by Tom Curtis.
5028 Llantilio Castle is Paul Tomlinson's tribute to his favourite GWR locomotive. Rich in technical data, newspaper reports, as well as audio and video shots and with over 90 photos of 5028 at work around Netwon Abbot and Plymouth, he preserves the memory of an engine prematurely scrapped following an accident in Plymouth.
Lionel J Lee's Photo Collection is presented by Bev Parker and is a wonderful evocation of the railways around Wolverhampton in the 1950′s and 1960s. This link is to Low Level images, there is another page about GWR locos including great shots of Stafford Road and other pages are devoted to the LMS lines.
The STEAM Museum Photographic Archive at Swindon amounts to approximately 10,000 images, as well as slides and a collection of 1,000 official GWR glass lantern slides. Subject areas depicted include Swindon Works, both manufacturing and architectural views, locomotives and rolling stock, local and social history. It also holds a large number of locomotive postcards.
Robert Darlaston's railway web pages I found by accident. He has some striking photos from the mid 1950s, mostly of GWR subjects and are well worth looking at. In particular, I liked his very first photograph, a shot taken in July 1953 of now preserved Hall 5900 Hinderton Hall standing outside Tyseley shed, cleaned and ready for work. Lots of other marvellous high quality pictures and there are links at the bottom of the page to his other holiday railway pages.
The Great Western in Warwickshire A fascinating site with marvellous photographs, accompanied with extremely well detailed and researched captions and notes. Great period photos of the great, late and lamented Birmingham Snow Hill station.
Railways in Worcestershire An interesting site that looks at the main and branch lines around Worcester. Particularly good for fans of the Honeybourne line.
The Fairford Branch in Oxfordshire. Martin Loader's marvellous portrait of the branch line route that never quite got further than Fairford. Lovely photos and hugely atmospheric website.
The Lambourn Valley Railway, Oxfordshire. A nice site documenting with lots of great photos this once independent branch line famous for its horsebox traffic that closed in 1960.
The Great Western Archive This is a good site with lots of information across a wide range of GWR topics, including some nice sound files. It also includes a Western Region archive that has details of the 'diesel hydraulic era' that was so distinctive and very much in keeping with the independent spirit of the GWR
Bristol Railway Archive A wiki style site with a complete list of stations (not all GWR) in the Bristol area. It also has forums and photos from all historical eras. Excellent resource
The Broad Gauge Society Dedicated to ensuring that the early GWR is not forgotten, this site has sections for modellers and arranges events for members such as field visits. Some signs that the site is not very active these days
Great Western Society: A variety of new and wonderful collection of archive photos from the GWS archive. Many scenes around Didcot and elsewhere.
Swindon's Other Railway: a nice site dedicated to the memory of the MSWJR, with very interesting photos and a marvellous video showing scenes between Swindon Town and Andover


Po Wah specialises in Chinese takeaway meals, serving a range of dishes.
So, welcome to Po Wah now serving Chinese and other takeaway meal combinations. At Po Wah you are certain to find the perfect dish for not only yourself but for your family and friends.
"Chinese Takeaways in Hook Takeaway The Easy Way"


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Posted on 10. Nov, 2018 by ma8e1e1ne.
We've looked at all the data – the gravity of 1.01525, the estimated refund rate, the information from trust ranking web sites and I've produced… … This is an outstanding product with lots of happy customers.
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Posted on 27. Oct, 2018 by ma8e1e1ne.
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Posted on 22. Oct, 2018 by ma8e1e1ne.
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Posted on 15. Oct, 2018 by ma8e1e1ne.
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Posted on 13. Sep, 2018 by ma8e1e1ne.
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Posted on 12. Sep, 2018 by ma8e1e1ne.
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Posted on 27. Aug, 2018 by ma8e1e1ne.
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Posted on 25. Aug, 2018 by ma8e1e1ne.
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text:
Als Krapfen wird bezeichnet:

 eine Gruppe von Gebäck, siehe Siedegebäck, darunter:
 Krapfen (Hefeteig), aus Hefeteig, typischerweise ein kleines, rundes, oft süß gefülltes Gebäckstück
 Krapfen (Quarkteig), aus Quarkteig
 Krapfen (Brandteig), aus Brandteig
 diverse in Fett ausgebackenen Stücke Fleisch, Gemüse oder Ähnliches, siehe Beignet
 in der Schweiz eine Form der Blätterteigtasche

als Verkürzung oder regionales Synonym von:

 Berliner Pfannkuchen
 Kirchtagskrapfen
 Knieküchle (Bauernkrapfen)
 Krautkrapfen
 Punschkrapfen
 Schlutzkrapfen
 Schmalzgreben
 Zigerkrapfen

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


Description / remarks: Used, in condition as new, complete Frigoscandia horizontal full automatic plate freezer with a production capacity depends on the product specifications (see below products). In feed/out feed: North/South, 15 plates of 380 x 190 cm (149 inch x 75 inch), 14 stations. This nice Frigoscandia horizontal plate freezer was completely overhauled in 2009. This horizontal plate freezer can be used for various products such as: fish in sauce (size: 140 x 100 x 29 mm, weight: 0,17 kg, no. per station: 507, weight per station: 86,19 kg, freeze time: 40 min., throughput per station: 760 packs/h, throughput per station: 129, 2 kg/h, leading edge: 140, trailing edge: 100), hamburgers (size: 150 x 130 x 35 mm, weight: 0,45 kg, no. per station: 360, weight per station: 162 kg, freeze time: 70 min., throughput per station: 308 packs/h, throughput per station: 138,62 kg/h, leading edge: 150, trailing edge: 130), spinach (size: 142 x 100 x 50mm, weight: 0,45 kg, no. per station: 507, weight per station: 228,15 kg, freeze time: 90 min., throughput per station: 338 packs/h, throughput per station: 152,1 kg/h, leading edge: 142, trailing edge: 100) , ice cream (size: 90 x 90 x 41 mm, weight: 312 ml, no. per station: 903, weight per station: 281 litres, freeze time: 35 min., throughput per station: 1548 packs/h, throughput per station: 483 litres/h, leading edge: 90, trailing edge: 90), vegetable lasagne (size: 140 x 110 x 48 mm, weight: 0,297 kg, no. per station: 455, weight per station: 135,135 kg, freeze time: 90 min., throughput per station: 303 packs/h, throughput per station: 89,991 kg/h, leading edge: 140, trailing edge: 110). This freezer has 14 stations, so the totals can multiplied by 14 to get what you can freeze and for total throughput.


text:
LeBlanc vows fight as European Union reviews impact of North American lobster
Kevin Bissett THE ASSOCIATED PRESS
Published Tuesday, September 6, 2016 2:03PM ADT Last Updated Tuesday, September 6, 2016 4:17PM ADT
In this May 21, 2012, file photo, Scott Beede returns an undersized lobster while fishing in Mount Desert, Maine. (Robert F. Bukaty, File/AP)
FREDERICTON -- Federal Fisheries Minister Dominic LeBlanc says the Canadian and American governments will "vigorously" try to convince the European Union that the American lobster does not pose a threat.
LeBlanc vowed to fight after an arm of the European Union announced Tuesday that there's enough scientific evidence to move forward with a review of Sweden's request to declare the American lobster an invasive species.
"The analysis of the scientific evidence is far from certain from our perspective. We believe we have equally compelling, if not more compelling, scientific evidence to say that it is not an invasive species whatsoever," LeBlanc said Tuesday.
The opinion of the European Union's Scientific Forum on Invasive Alien Species sets in motion a broader review of the proposal to ban American lobsters, but a spokeswoman for the European Commission stresses it is only a preliminary opinion.
"Before a final decision on whether to list or not, a number of further consultations will now take place both," Iris Petsa wrote in an email to The Canadian Press.
"The Commission will be considering all information submitted by the U.S. and Canadian authorities."
Lobstermen in the U.S. and Canada stand to lose $200 million in business with EU countries if the ban becomes a reality, but they contend a ban is not supported by science.
Sweden set the wheels in motion when it announced it had found 32 American lobsters in the country's waters earlier this year and that they pose a threat to native crustaceans.
How the American lobsters ended up in Swedish waters is unclear.
LeBlanc speculates that some people who had purchased live lobster could have tossed them overboard from a cruise ship, believing they were doing a good thing, and not realizing the consequences.
"Obviously we will pursue vigorously, in partnership with the United States government, every avenue we have to convince the European Union that this has no significant scientific merit," he said.
The expanded review won't be completed until the spring, at the earliest.
Sweden's Agency for Marine and Water Management contends the country is right to be cautious about the appearance of a foreign species. The agency also says more research is needed into the impact of cross-breeding of American and European lobsters.
But Robert S. Steneck, a University of Maine scientist, contends American lobsters don't pose a threat to European lobsters in part because winter ocean temperatures along the coasts of European countries are too warm for American lobsters to reproduce.
Christian Brun, executive-secretary of the Maritime Fishermen's Union, said 85 per cent of live lobster from his region currently goes to the United States, but Europe is a coveted market.
"(The European Union) is an emerging market and it was to become important in the future especially with a free trade agreement if that also goes through," Brun said.
Gallant said with 90 per cent of New Brunswick's exports going to the United States, it's important to expand trade with the European Union.
"We are going to continue to go to the European Union with trade missions to try to let them know that we have great products whether it's in our seafood, agriculture, or some of the things we'll be coming out with within the tech sector, wood or other natural resources," Gallant said.
Gallant said the anticipated announcement from the European Union was discussed at last month's meeting of the Eastern Premiers and New England Governors. He said they agreed to discuss the issue with their respective federal governments.
Brun said he believes it is a case of protectionism, but LeBlanc said he hopes no one is trying to get non-tariff barriers to trade.
"We believe that a free trade agreement with Europe is in the economic interest of Canada and of the European Union," LeBlanc said.
LeBlanc vows fight as EU reviews impact of Canadian, American lobster
Shellfish behaviour: Canada, U.S. lobster industry at odds with Sweden
Some scientists skeptical over proposed EU ban for North American lobsters
Police begin dismantling homeless campsite
N.S. changes recommendations for rapid tests
N.L. students to return to in-person learning
N.S. invests in electric vehicle charging stations
LIVE: Pentagon briefing with Press Secretary Kirby


the service provider and rate offering associated with the shipments.
Restrict to plan shipment with only voyage's service provider.
1. Define an order to plan shipment on a voyage.
2. (M):Order Release > Order Release > Actions > Operational Planning > Create Buy Shipment > Bulk Plan - Buy.
3. Build shipment from the order on the voyage but its service provider is not the same as voyage's one.


text:
Teun Floris de Nooijer est un joueur néerlandais de hockey sur gazon né le  à Egmond aan den Hoef en Hollande-Septentrionale.

Biographie

De Nooijer fait ses débuts en équipe nationale le  contre la Nouvelle-Zélande (5-0 pour les Pays-Bas). Aujourd'hui il compte plus de 300 sélections et 145 buts à son actif. En 1998 il marque le « but en or » en finale de la coupe du monde et offre ainsi à son pays un  de champion du monde (après 1973 et 1990).

Il reçoit à trois reprises le titre de meilleur joueur de l'année (2003, 2005 et 2006).

Liens externes

Naissance en mars 1976
Naissance à Bergen (Hollande-Septentrionale)
Joueur néerlandais de hockey sur gazon
Champion du monde de hockey sur gazon
Champion d'Europe de hockey sur gazon
Champion olympique de hockey sur gazon
Champion olympique néerlandais
Médaillé d'argent olympique néerlandais
Joueur de hockey sur gazon aux Jeux olympiques d'été de 1996
Joueur de hockey sur gazon aux Jeux olympiques d'été de 2000
Joueur de hockey sur gazon aux Jeux olympiques d'été de 2004
Joueur de hockey sur gazon aux Jeux olympiques d'été de 2008
Joueur de hockey sur gazon aux Jeux olympiques d'été de 2012


The Red Feather Club, operated and managed by the 95th Bomb Group Heritage Association, (95th BGHA) is the official UK museum of the 95th Bomb Group. The award-winning museum in a former NCOs' club houses uniforms and memorabilia relating exclusively to the 95th Bomb Group and has been described by visitors as "stepping back in time".
The museum is continually being updated as new additions are donated or acquired. It aims to tell the story of the 95th from their early days in the US to their return home after the end of the war through displays, films and the firsthand accounts of locals and servicemen.
Outside there is a memorial to all those who served with the 95th and a marble bench commemorating Bob Cozens who is credited with saving the 95th twice – the first time when he rallied the battered squadron over Kiel during WW2 and the second time by invigorating the veterans organisation in the US.
The Red Feather Club complex itself consists of five interconnected rooms and a separate guardroom.The former kitchen, which is now the entrance, houses a massive diorama of the airfield as it was during WW2 and the roll of honour listing all those lost. The mural room houses original artwork painted by US servicemen and preserved in place by the association. The bar is a faithful recreation of the bar as it was used by NCOs during WW2. The museum itself used to be the Beer Hall. The most recently opened part of the complex is the former Dry Lounge – which is now called the Blue Lounge and is used extensively for 40's style dances and events of all types.The Red Feather Club is also the home to the 1285th Military Police Company re-enactors. The MPs, or Snowdrops as they were known because of their white helmets, are often in evidence when the Red Feather Club is open and they have their own guardroom complete with cell which you can visit.
We are open between 10am and 4pm on the last Sunday of every month between April and October. See a list of dates here.
If you require a more specific visiting time, for a group or if you're travelling a long distance for example, please get in touch on the contact form here and we'll do our best to accommodate you.
Recent drone footage courtesy of Richard Flagg.
Published on Jan 10, 2016 by our good friend, Richard Flagg. This video shows our museum in all of its glory from the air.
We operate a dog-friendly environment, provided your dog is well supervised at all times. We do kindly ask that you don't allow your dog inside the exhibits area as many of our items are irreplaceable.
Obviously, guide and assistance dogs are welcome throughout the museum.


RiP is a handsome sartorialist, who has been serenaded by waiters before. He is also sport-mad. RiP likes rugby, but brings his vast knowledge of all sports to bear when talking to the narrower-of-vision i.e. us.


text:
Fox News prime-time shows spent over 3 hours displaying violent imagery in August
Written by Tyler Monroe
Research contributions from Media Matters Staff
Published 09/03/20 10:04 AM EDT
The hosts of Fox News' prime-time shows -- Tucker Carlson Tonight, Hannity, and The Ingraham Angle -- spent August bombarding their viewers with imagery of violence and fires, often with images that were days or months old, as they discussed the ongoing protests against police brutality across the U.S.
Top Lines:
Fox News' prime-time shows displayed 3 hours and 15 minutes of violent imagery during the month of August.
Fox displayed images or videos of burning objects or fires 81 times.
At least 50 times, Fox displayed images or videos that were over five days old.
On more than 20 occasions, the images or videos shown in August were from May or June.
In total, Fox's three prime-time shows displayed 3 hours and 15 minutes of violent imagery -- including of looting, crime scenes, acts of violence, fires, and the aftermath of violence or destruction -- in the month of August. Of the 252 instances of violent imagery, 81 instances included images of burning objects
In August, protests continued across the country in support of racial justice and against police violence in the wake of the killing of George Floyd and others. In some cases, clashes between police and protesters have turned violent, resulting in looting and property destruction. Fox has seized on these protests, oftentimes attempting to use them to further the idea that President Donald Trump is the "law and order" candidate.
Prime-time shows repeatedly cherry-picked images and videos of violence to create a false sense of a large-scale crisis across the United States, particularly in "Democrat-controlled cities." Oftentimes, Fox relied on old footage to support its violence narrative, airing clips older than five days at least 50 times in August. On more than 20 occasions, the images or videos shown in August were from May or June. Fox displayed images and footage of violence -- protesters clashing with police, crime scenes, shootings, sexual assaults, or fires -- during nearly every show throughout its prime-time broadcasts in August. The images were shown during hosts' opening monologues, in their predesigned graphics, and while they conducted interviews with guests. Tucker Carlson Tonight showed the most violent imagery, with an hour and 42 minutes shown in August.
Citation From the August 27, 2020, edition of Fox News' The Ingraham Angle
This repeated fearmongering about violence happened while Fox News hosts like Carlson defended violence from the 17-year-old Trump supporter who allegedly shot three protesters, killing two, in Kenosha, Wisconsin, in late August.
Media Matters scanned all original episodes of Fox News' Tucker Carlson Tonight, Hannity, and The Ingraham Angle during the month of August for video packages containing violent imagery.
We counted as "violent imagery" images of people sexually assaulting or shooting others; people looting stores, destroying property, or stealing items; police physically attacking, threatening, or arresting persons; the aftermath of violent altercations, such as boarded-up, wrecked, or destroyed buildings, crime scenes, or crime tape; and buildings, cars, or other objects on fire or persons throwing Molotov cocktails or other incendiary devices.
We counted an uninterrupted series of violent images as a "video package." Each video package was reviewed for whether the package included any burning or fire imagery and timed and tallied.
We coded the dates of video packages based on on-screen identification of the footage aired. We assumed vague dates, such as "month of May," to be the first of the month. If no dates were provided, we excluded those packages from the video package analysis.
Fox News' support for violent right-wing vigilantism is as horrifying as it was inevitable


Ms. Yang Yi, Chinese Guzheng Master is acknowledged as a foremost Guzheng master on the earth, described by the New York Times as fascinating, shocking and extraordinarily beautiful",extraordinarily fantastic, intensive and passionate." by the West German Information, and She really units the instrument on hearth," by the Each day File, NJ A winner of Worldwide Chinese language Devices Competition and numerous awards, Yang Yi is a extremely acclaimed guzheng virtuoso, distinguished guzheng educator and lecturer.
Within the mid-Nineties Naughty by Nature started their own music imprint, Illtown Data, eight and in 1995 released an album from their protégés the Rottin Razkals The group (primarily Kay Gee) labored carefully with plenty of R&B teams over the next few years notably Zhane and Subsequent Kay Gee produced Subsequent's " Too Shut ", which became a #1 hit in 1998.
While you activate the Ipod, or crank up the turntable to listen to your favourite oldie, you turn into part of that sound a part of the music, it's the nice musicians that draw you in and also you change into part of the music, your inner soul begins to dance and that sound is branded inside your unconscious.