text:
Quake in Nepal leaves more than 4,000 dead
by Matt Dayhoff · April 27, 2015
KATHMANDU, Nepal — Nepal's worst earthquake in more than 80 years has so far claimed more than 4,000 lives, even without a full accounting from vulnerable mountain villages that rescue workers were still struggling to reach two days after the disaster. The desperate effort to save lives intensified Monday as aid flights arrived carrying emergency medical teams, search-and-rescue equipment and tarps for shelter.
Lila Mani Poudyal, the government's chief secretary and the rescue coordinator, said Nepal needed more help. He said the recovery was also being slowed because many workers — water tanker drivers, electricity company employees and laborers needed to clear debris — "are all gone to their families and staying with them, refusing to work."
"We are appealing for tents, dry goods, blankets, mattresses, and 80 different medicines that the health department is seeking that we desperately need now," Poudyal told reporters. "We don't have the helicopters that we need or the expertise to rescue the people trapped."
About 7,180 people were injured in the quake, police said. Poudyal estimated that tens of thousands of people had been left homeless. "We have been under severe stress and pressure, and have not been able to reach the people who need help on time," he said.
Here is a collection of images that reveal the scale of the tragedy.
— The Associated Press
Rescue workers remove debris as they search for victims of earthquake in Bhaktapur near Kathmandu, Nepal, Sunday, April 26, 2015. A strong magnitude earthquake shook Nepal's capital and the densely populated Kathmandu Valley before noon Saturday, causing extensive damage with toppled walls and collapsed buildings, officials said. (AP Photo/Niranjan Shrestha)
Family members break down during the cremation of an earthquake victim in Bhaktapur near Kathmandu, Nepal, Sunday, April 26, 2015. A strong magnitude 7.8 earthquake shook Nepal's capital and the densely populated Kathmandu Valley before noon Saturday, causing extensive damage with toppled walls and collapsed buildings, officials said. (AP Photo/Niranjan Shrestha)
Video taken from a drone Saturday April 25 2015 shows devastation in the Nepalese capital Kathmandu, caused by Saturday's quake that measured 7.8 on the Richter Scale. Nepal's earthquake-hit capital was short on everything Monday April 27 2015, as its people searched for lost loved ones, sorted through rubble for their belongings and struggled to provide for their families' needs. In much of the countryside, it was worse, though how much worse was only beginning to become apparent. The official death toll soared past 4-thousand, even without a full accounting from vulnerable mountain villages that rescue workers were still struggling to reach two days after the disaster. (AP Photo / KISHNOR RANA)
Volunteers help with rescue work at the site of a building that collapsed after an earthquake in Kathmandu, Nepal, Saturday, April 25, 2015. A strong magnitude-7.9 earthquake shook Nepal's capital and the densely populated Kathmandu Valley before noon Saturday, causing extensive damage with toppled walls and collapsed buildings, officials said. (AP Photo/ Niranjan Shrestha)
Tents are seen from an airplane window in an open field next to Tribhuwan International Airport Sunday, April 26, 2015, a day after a massive earthquake in Kathmandu, Nepal. A strong earthquake shook Nepal's capital and the densely populated Kathmandu Valley before noon Saturday, causing extensive damage with toppled walls and collapsed buildings, officials said. (AP Photo/Wally Santana)
A Hindu man breaks down during a funeral of Saturday's earthquake victims on the Pashupatinath bank of Bagmati river, in Kathmandu, Nepal, Sunday, April 26, 2015. The earthquake centered outside Kathmandu, the capital, was the worst to hit the South Asian nation in over 80 years. It destroyed swaths of the oldest neighborhoods of Kathmandu, and was strong enough to be felt all across parts of India, Bangladesh, China's region of Tibet and Pakistan.(AP Photo/Bernat Armangue)
An elderly injured woman is taken to her home after treatment in Bhaktapur near Kathmandu, Nepal, Sunday, April 26, 2015. A strong magnitude 7.8 earthquake shook Nepal's capital and the densely populated Kathmandu Valley before noon Saturday, causing extensive damage with toppled walls and collapsed buildings, officials said. (AP Photo/Niranjan Shrestha)
An Injured person receives treatment outside the Medicare Hospital in Kathmandu, Nepal, Saturday, April 25, 2015. A strong magnitude-7.9 earthquake shook Nepal's capital and the densely populated Kathmandu Valley before noon Saturday, causing extensive damage with toppled walls and collapsed buildings, officials said. (AP Photo/ Niranjan Shrestha)
Rescuers clear the debris at Durbar Sqaure after an earthquake in Kathmandu, Nepal, Saturday, April 25, 2015. A strong magnitude-7.9 earthquake shook Nepal's capital and the densely populated Kathmandu Valley before noon Saturday, causing extensive damage with toppled walls and collapsed buildings, officials said. (AP Photo/ Niranjan Shrestha)
Flames rise from burning funeral pyres during the cremation of victims of Saturday's earthquake, at the Pashupatinath temple on the banks of Bagmati river, in Kathmandu, Nepal, Sunday, April 26, 2015. The earthquake centered outside Kathmandu, the capital, was the worst to hit the South Asian nation in over 80 years. It destroyed swaths of the oldest neighborhoods of Kathmandu, and was strong enough to be felt all across parts of India, Bangladesh, China's region of Tibet and Pakistan.(AP Photo/Bernat Armangue)
A Nepalese family collects belongings from their home destroyed in Saturday's earthquake, in Bhaktapur on the outskirts of Kathmandu, Nepal, Monday, April 27, 2015. A strong magnitude earthquake shook Nepal's capital and the densely populated Kathmandu valley on Saturday devastating the region and leaving tens of thousands shell-shocked and sleeping in streets. (AP Photo/Niranjan Shrestha)
A man sits with a child on his lap as victims of Saturday's earthquake, wait for ambulances after being evacuated at the airport in Kathmandu, Nepal, Monday, April 27, 2015. The death toll from Nepal's earthquake is expected to rise depended largely on the condition of vulnerable mountain villages that rescue workers were still struggling to reach two days after the disaster. (AP Photo/Altaf Qadri)
Volunteers run with a stretcher to carry a dead body recovered from the debris of a building that collapsed after an earthquake in Kathmandu, Nepal, Saturday, April 25, 2015. A strong magnitude-7.9 earthquake shook Nepal's capital and the densely populated Kathmandu Valley before noon Saturday, causing extensive damage with toppled walls and collapsed buildings, officials said. (AP Photo/ Niranjan Shrestha)
Nepalese soldiers carry a wounded woman to a waiting Indian air force helicopter as they evacuate victims of Saturday's earthquake from Trishuli Bazar to Kathmandu airport in Nepal, Monday, April 27, 2015. The death toll from Nepal's earthquake is expected to rise depended largely on the condition of vulnerable mountain villages that rescue workers were still struggling to reach two days after the disaster. (AP Photo/Altaf Qadri)
A child injured in Saturday's earthquake, is carried by a Nepalese soldier after being evacuated as they wait to disembark from an Indian Air Force helicopter at the airport in Kathmandu, Nepal, Monday, April 27, 2015. The death toll from Nepal's earthquake is expected to rise depended largely on the condition of vulnerable mountain villages that rescue workers were still struggling to reach two days after the disaster. (AP Photo/Altaf Qadri)
A dead body of a woman is seen after rescue workers recovered it from debris following Saturday's earthquake in Bhaktapur near Kathmandu, Nepal, Sunday, April 26, 2015. A strong earthquake shook Nepal's capital and the densely populated Kathmandu Valley before noon Saturday, causing extensive damage with toppled walls and collapsed buildings, officials said. (AP Photo/Niranjan Shrestha)
A Nepalese woman holds the hand of her relative killed in an earthquake at a hospital, in Kathmandu, Nepal, Sunday, April 26, 2015. A strong magnitude 7.8 earthquake shook Nepal's capital and the densely populated Kathmandu Valley before noon Saturday, causing extensive damage with toppled walls and collapsed buildings, officials said(AP Photo/Manish Swarup)
Earthquake injured Nepalese man Suresh Parihar plays with his daughter Sandhya at a hospital, in Kathmandu, Nepal, Sunday, April 26, 2015. A strong magnitude 7.8 earthquake shook Nepal's capital and the densely populated Kathmandu Valley before noon Saturday, causing extensive damage with toppled walls and collapsed buildings, officials said. (AP Photo/Manish Swarup)
A Nepalese man mourns as he sits near the debris after an earthquake in Bhaktapur near Kathmandu, Nepal, Sunday, April 26, 2015. A strong magnitude 7.8 earthquake shook Nepal's capital and the densely populated Kathmandu Valley before noon Saturday, causing extensive damage with toppled walls and collapsed buildings, officials said. (AP Photo/Niranjan Shrestha)
Nepalese villagers charge their cell phones in an open area in Kathmandu, Nepal, Monday, April 27, 2015. Shelter, fuel, food, medicine, power, news, workers — Nepal's earthquake-hit capital was short on everything Monday as its people searched for lost loved ones, sorted through rubble for their belongings and struggled to provide for their families' needs.. (AP Photo/Bernat Armangue)
An Indian Air Force person walks carrying a Nepalese child, wounded in Saturday's earthquake, to a waiting ambulance as the mother rushes to join after they were evacuated from a remote area at the airport in Kathmandu, Nepal, Monday, April 27, 2015. The death toll from Nepal's earthquake is expected to rise depended largely on the condition of vulnerable mountain villages that rescue workers were still struggling to reach two days after the disaster. (AP Photo/Altaf Qadri)
A Nepalese man cries as he walks through the earthquake debris in Bhaktapur, near Kathmandu, Nepal, Sunday, April 26, 2015. A strong magnitude 7.8 earthquake shook Nepal's capital and the densely populated Kathmandu Valley before noon Saturday, causing extensive damage with toppled walls and collapsed buildings, officials said. (AP Photo/Niranjan Shrestha)
Nepalese people gather to cremate their family members who died in the earthquake in Bhaktapur near Kathmandu, Nepal, Sunday, April 26, 2015. A strong magnitude 7.8 earthquake shook Nepal's capital and the densely populated Kathmandu Valley before noon Saturday, causing extensive damage with toppled walls and collapsed buildings, officials said. (AP Photo/Niranjan Shrestha)
Rescue workers remove debris as they search for victims of earthquake in Bhaktapur near Kathmandu, Nepal, Sunday, April 26, 2015. A strong earthquake shook Nepal's capital and the densely populated Kathmandu Valley before noon Saturday, causing extensive damage with toppled walls and collapsed buildings, officials said. (AP Photo/Niranjan Shrestha)
An injured child lies on the ground outside the Medicare Hospital in Kathmandu, Nepal, Saturday, April 25, 2015. A strong magnitude-7.9 earthquake shook Nepal's capital and the densely populated Kathmandu Valley before noon Saturday, causing extensive damage with toppled walls and collapsed buildings, officials said. (AP Photo/Niranjan Shrestha)
The shadow of an Indian Air Force aircraft carrying relief material is cast on clouds as it approaches landing in Kathmandu, Nepal, Monday, April 27, 2015. Shelter, fuel, food, medicine, power, news, workers — Nepal's earthquake-hit capital was short on everything Monday as its people searched for lost loved ones, sorted through rubble for their belongings and struggled to provide for their families' needs. (AP Photo/Altaf Qadri)
Nepalese soldiers carry a wounded man on a makeshift stretcher to a waiting Indian air force helicopter as they evacuate victims of Saturday's earthquake from Trishuli Bazar to Kathmandu airport in Nepal, Monday, April 27, 2015. The death toll from Nepal's earthquake is expected to rise depended largely on the condition of vulnerable mountain villages that rescue workers were still struggling to reach two days after the disaster. (AP Photo/Altaf Qadri)
People look at the debris of one of the oldest temples after it was damaged in Saturday's earthquake, in Kathmandu, Nepal, Sunday, April 26, 2015. The earthquake centered outside Kathmandu, the capital, was the worst to hit the South Asian nation in over 80 years. It destroyed swaths of the oldest neighborhoods of Kathmandu, and was strong enough to be felt all across parts of India, Bangladesh, China's region of Tibet and Pakistan.(AP Photo/Niranjan Shrestha)
A Hindu Nepalese woman offers prayers at Indrayani temple, that was damaged in Saturday's earthquake, in Kathmandu, Nepal, Monday, April 27, 2015. A strong magnitude earthquake shook Nepal's capital and the densely populated Kathmandu valley on Saturday devastating the region and leaving tens of thousands shell-shocked and sleeping in streets. (AP Photo/Bernat Armangue)
Nepalese residents gather in an open space at the site of destruction caused after Saturday's earthquake in Bhaktapur, on the outskirts of Kathmandu, Nepal, Monday, April 27, 2015. A strong magnitude earthquake shook Nepal's capital and the densely populated Kathmandu valley on Saturday devastating the region and leaving tens of thousands shell-shocked and sleeping in streets. (AP Photo/Niranjan Shrestha)
A man takes a selfie at the historic Dharahara Tower, a city landmark, that was damaged in Saturday's earthquake in Kathmandu, Nepal, Monday, April 27, 2015. A strong magnitude earthquake shook Nepal's capital and the densely populated Kathmandu valley on Saturday devastating the region and leaving tens of thousands shell-shocked and sleeping in streets. (AP Photo/Bernat Armangue)
India's National Disaster Response Force personnel look for survivors in a building, in Kathmandu, Nepal, Sunday, April 26, 2015. Sleeping in the streets and shell-shocked, Nepalese cremated the dead and dug through rubble for the missing Sunday, a day after a massive Himalayan earthquake devastated the region and destroyed homes and infrastructure. (AP Photo/Manish Swarup)
Nepalese victims of Saturday's earthquake lie inside an Indian air force helicopter as they are evacuated from Trishuli Bazar to Kathmandu airport in Nepal, Monday, April 27, 2015. The death toll from Nepal's earthquake is expected to rise depended largely on the condition of vulnerable mountain villages that rescue workers were still struggling to reach two days after the disaster. (AP Photo/Altaf Qadri)
A Nepalese policeman stands atop of a rubble at Basantapur Durbar Square that was damaged in Saturday's earthquake in Kathmandu, Nepal, Sunday, April 26, 2015. The earthquake centered outside Kathmandu, the capital, was the worst to hit the South Asian nation in over 80 years. It destroyed swaths of the oldest neighborhoods of Kathmandu, and was strong enough to be felt all across parts of India, Bangladesh, China's region of Tibet and Pakistan.(AP Photo/Bernat Armangue)
Damaged buildings lean to their sides in Kathmandu, Nepal, Monday, April 27, 2015. A strong magnitude 7.8 earthquake shook Nepal's capital and the densely populated Kathmandu Valley on Saturday, causing extensive damage with toppled walls and collapsed buildings. (AP Photo/Wally Santana)
Nepalese people make themselves warm while they stay on open ground from fears of earthquake tremors in Kathmandu, Nepal, Monday, April 27, 2015. A strong magnitude earthquake shook Nepal's capital and the densely populated Kathmandu valley on Saturday devastating the region and leaving tens of thousands shell-shocked and sleeping in streets. (AP Photo/Niranjan Shrestha)
Matt Dayhoff
Matt Dayhoff started as a photographer for the Journal Star in 1992 shortly after graduating from the Ohio University School of Visual Communications. In 2009, he moved into the newsroom as an online editor and producer and is now responsible for helping manage and edit much of the editorial content on pjstar.com.
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Bake it within 1 hour at 220 degrees Celsius.
*Leftovers can be stored in the fridge.
That is a pretty picture, Shalina, and the pie looks delicious. Are there any accompaniments that are often served with this (like ice cream, whipping cream, etc), or is it served alone? I imagine it would be rich enough without anything else on the plate.
I want to make this for the coming weekend. Thanks for sharing!
Wow, this looks fabulous. Can't wait to try it.


text:
Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology
2. Accuracy of sun photometer measurements
3. Error due to electronic failure, filters, pressure, temperature, and pointing
4. Correction for ozone, water vapor, and trace gas optical depth
5. Calibration of the SIMBIOS Microtops sun photometers
6. Aerosol optical depth accuracies
7. Measurement discussion
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Lenoble, J., 1993: Atmospheric Radiative Transfer. Deepak Publishing, 500 pp.
Morys, M. F., F. M. Mims III, and S. E. Anderson, 1996: Design, calibration and performance of MICROTOPS II hand-held ozonometer. 12th Int. Symp. on Photobiology, Vienna, Austria, International Congress on Photobiology. [Available online at http://www.solar.com/ftp/papers/mtops.pdf.].
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Russell, P. B., and Coauthors, 1993: Pinatubo and pre-Pinatubo optical-depth spectra: Mauna Loa measurements, comparisons, inferred particle size distributions, radiative effects, and their relationship to lidar data. J. Geophys. Res.,98, 22 969–22 985. 10.1029/93JD02308)| false
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Langley plot (440 nm) collected at the MLO on 27 Feb 1998.
The error in the derived total optical depth as a function of air mass and for different percentage errors in (ΔVo/Vo − ΔV/V). The errors occur at small air mass.
Time series of extraterrestrial constants (V′o) for two Microtops sunphotometers.
Microtops temperature dependence if dark measurements are not made. (a) Temperature of the Microtops. (b) Aerosol optical depth (500 nm) obtained from the Microtops.
(a) Temperature time series for Microtops sun photometer units 3756 and 3774. (b) Time series of aerosol optical depths for the same units.
Time series of aerosol optical depths during HOT96 cruise north of Hawaii (9–12 Aug 1999).
Spectral dependence of aerosol optical depths measured on 10–12 Jan 1998 on HOT89 cruise.
Measurements of optical depth using different averaging times.
AOT comparisons between a calibrated Cimel and the Microtops #3773. The Microtops has been calibrated according to the Cimel #37 on 20 Aug 1998, and these measurements were made on 21 Aug 1998.
Ship-Based Sun Photometer Measurements Using Microtops Sun Photometers
John N. Porter 1 , Mark Miller 2 , Christophe Pietras 3 , and Craig Motell 4
1 School of Ocean and Earth Science and Technology, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii
2 Department of Applied Science, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York
3 SAIC-General Sciences Corporation, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland
https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0426(2001)018<0765:SBSPMU>2.0.CO;2
The use of hand-held Microtops II sun photometers (built by Solar Light Inc.) on ship platforms is discussed. Their calibration, filter stability, and temperature effects are also described. It is found that under rough conditions, the ship motion causes the largest error, which can result in a bias toward higher optical depths. In order to minimize this bias, a large number of sun photometer measurements (∼25) should be taken in a short period of time, and the higher values should be discarded. Under rough ocean conditions, it is also best to shorten the Microtops sun photometer sampling period (less than 5 s) and save only a single value (no averaging) and remove the high optical depths in postprocessing. It is found that the Microtops should be turned off frequently to correct for zero drift caused by temperature effects. Calibration is maintained by routine Langley plot calibrations at the Mauna Loa Observatory for each unit or through cross calibration.
Corresponding author address: John Porter, School of Ocean, Earth Science and Technology, University of Hawaii, 2525 Correa Road, Honolulu, HI 96822.
Email: jporter@soest.hawii.edu
Aerosol optical depth measurements have been made for many years with two general techniques. One approach uses a narrow field of view radiometer (Volz type) pointed directly at the sun (Volz 1959, 1974; Shaw 1983). This approach is generally considered more accurate but has the added complexity that the sensor must be pointed directly at the sun (with 1°–3° field of view). A second approach uses a shadow band radiometer (Harrison et al. 1994) that measures the total and diffuse radiation from which the direct radiation is derived.
For years, hand-held Volz-type sun photometers with narrow field-of-view sensors have been a popular option, as they can be manually pointed at the sun and are rather inexpensive. They can also be used on ships where most types of automated sun photometers have problems. The hand-held Microtops II sun photometer (referred to here as Microtops sun photometer) is a Volz-type sun photometer, manufactured by Solar Light Inc., which is used by many investigators throughout the world. One such group of investigators is the National Aeronautics and Space Administration's (NASA) Sensor Intercomparison and Merger for Biological and Interdisciplinary Ocean Studies (SIMBIOS) program, which has purchased and maintains numerous Microtops sun photometers for use on diverse ship cruises. The goal of the SIMBIOS measurement program is to obtain high-quality optical measurements for the purpose of validating satellite biological algorithms.
The popularity of Microtops sun photometers is due to their ease of use, portability, and relatively low cost. The instrument has five wavelengths that can be chosen on the basis of the interference filter installed. Depending on the filter combination, the instrument is designed to measure aerosol optical depths, column ozone concentrations, and column water vapor concentrations. The system uses photodiode detectors coupled with amplifiers and A/D converters. The collimators are mounted in a cast aluminum block with a full field of view of 2.5°. The Microtops sun photometer has built-in pressure and temperature sensors and allows for a GPS connection to obtain the position and time. A built-in microprocessor calculates the aerosol optical depths and the ozone or water vapor in real time and displays these values on an LCD screen. The Microtops sun photometer is pointed toward the sun by aligning the sun in a cross-hair screen. The user can adjust the sampling time and the number of values used for the average value saved. Further information on the Microtops sun photometer can be found in Morys et al. (1996). This report is a summary of our experience using the Microtops sun photometer to make aerosol optical depth measurements from ships. Suggestions are given for their use, calibration, and data processing.
Much of the earth's remote marine atmosphere aerosol optical depths range from 0.03 to 0.05. For these regions, an error of 0.01 in the measured optical depth is substantial and can affect the ability to derive aerosol size information from the wavelength dependence of the aerosol optical depths. Cited uncertainties in sun photometer calibration typically range between 0.005 and 0.02 (Shaw 1983; Harrison et al. 1994; Ehsani et al. 1998; Holben et al. 1998). These uncertainties are primarily due to inaccurate calibration, error in correction of molecular scatter and absorption, and faulty instrumentation (dirty optics included). Sun photometers are typically calibrated by using the Langley plot approach (Reagan et al. 1986; Russell et al. 1993; Schmid and Wehrli 1995), which is based on the Beers law:
where I and Io are the direct radiation at the top and bottom of the atmosphere, respectively; τa and ma are the aerosol optical depth and air mass, respectively; τm and mm are the molecular optical depth and air mass, respectively; τO3 and mO3 are the ozone optical depth and air mass, respectively; and τt and mt are the trace gas optical depth and air mass, respectively. Following Paltridge and Platt (1977), the ratio of mean sun–earth distance to the daily distance is
where doy is the day of the year. Rather than use the solar zenith angles provided by the Microtops, we have used those calculated by the sunangle software, which is available from Susdesign on the Internet. Below 60°, the molecular air mass, mm, can be calculated by the secant of the solar zenith angle. Above 60°, the air mass should be corrected for the curvature of the earth and the vertical distribution of molecules (Lenoble 1993; Kasten and Young 1989) and can be calculated by
mmγαγb−c−1 (3)
where γ = solar zenith angle, α = 0.505 72, b = 6.079 95, and c = 1.6364. In order to calculate the aerosol and trace gas air mass, their vertical distributions are needed. Unfortunately, this is rarely available, so we assume their air masses follow the molecular air masses for normal conditions (no major volcanic eruptions). The ozone has a strong peak in the stratosphere near 22 km and is therefore significantly different from the molecular vertical distribution. Employing the calculations done by Thomason et al. (1983), we have fit a polynomial to calculate the ozone air mass as a deviation from the Kasten and Young (1989) molecular air mass given in Eq. (3):
mO3mmm, (4)
where Δm = −0.011mm + 0.027m2m − 0.0161m3m.
Assuming the detector is linear, the sensor voltage (V and Vo) can be substituted into Eq. (1), and after rearranging, we obtain
VτO3mO3mmτaτmτtV′o (5)
where V′o = Vo(d/dm)2. In Eq. (5), Vo is the annual average extraterrestrial constant (corrected for the sun–earth distance), and V′o is the extraterrestrial constant one would obtain from a Langley plot calibration on any particular day. Equation (5) has the form of a straight line (y = slope x + b), where the y axis values are (lnV + τO3mO3), the x axis values are the molecular air mass (mm), the slope of the line is −(τa + τm + τt), and the zero intercept value is lnV′o. By making measurements of the direct solar beam throughout the sunrise and plotting them as (lnV + τO3mO3) versus mm, it is possible to obtain a straight line, which has a slope equal to the optical depth. By extending the straight line back to zero air mass the extraterrestrial constant, lnV′o is obtained, which is what the instrument would measure if it was above the atmosphere on that day. Once lnV′o is determined, the optical depth can be determined from a single voltage measurement by
where V′o = Vo(d/dm)2 and τa = τ − τm − τt. In carrying out the Langley plot calibration to obtain V′o, it is assumed that the optical depth remains constant during the measurements. The Mauna Loa Observatory (MLO) on the island of Hawaii is often chosen for these efforts (Shaw 1982, 1983; Holben et al. 1998), as it is above the trade wind inversion and has fairly low and stable aerosol optical depths throughout much of the year. At this site, measurements typically take less than 2 h to cover the air mass range from 5 to 2, which is sufficient for a good calibration. The fact that the calibrations are made over a relatively short 2-h time period helps in the assumption that the aerosol will remain constant.
An example of this Langley plot effort for a Microtops sun photometer is shown in Fig. 1. For this day, it can be seen that the measurements fit a straight line well and the lnV′o appears to be well determined. Any error in pointing toward the sun will cause a bias towards higher optical depths. Therefore, our approach to process Langley plots is to 1) fit a line to the data, 2) throw away any data points that are more than 0.1% below the line, and 3) refit the line. This process is continued until all measurements are within 0.1% of the line or higher. This iterative approach minimizes manual pointing errors. In Fig. 1, it can be seen that this approach removes the low measurements at air mass 3.9, which are likely due to poor pointing.
Taking the derivative of Eq. (6), the error in aerosol optical depth is given by
where τ = τa + τm + τt, which is similar to a form given by Reagan et al. (1986). The first term on the right describes the error due to uncertainty in the molecular air mass calculation, which includes the uncertainty in the aerosol and trace gas air mass. The second term is the uncertainty in the calibration (V′o). The third term describes an error in the actual measurement that could be caused by improper pointing at the sun, dirty optics, or unstable electronics (temperature dependence, etc). The next two terms are due to error in the ozone air mass and optical depth. The last two terms are due to error in the calculation of molecular and trace gas optical depths.
All of the error equations are affected by the air mass so that as air mass increases, the error decreases (holding all other terms constant). This point can be illustrated on Langley plots, such as Fig. 1. If two points on the plot [ln(V′o) and ln(V)], are close together (i.e., small air mass), then errors in either V′o or V will affect the slope more than if the two points are far apart (i.e., large air mass). This effect is illustrated in Fig. 2, which shows the error in optical depth one would obtain for a given error in V′o or V as a function of air mass. For this illustration, the other error terms are set to zero (Δmm = ΔmO3 = ΔτO3 = Δτm = Δτt = 0). Assuming there is no error in the measurement (ΔV = 0), a 0.5% error in the calibration of V′o results in an error of 0.005 in optical depth at low air mass. Conversely, a 0.5% error in the measurement gives a 0.005 error in optical depth at low air mass, assuming the calibration of V′o was perfect.
We would like to make aerosol optical depth measurements with an accuracy of 0.005. With this accuracy goal, the error in calibration of the sun photometer (V′o) should be less than ±0.5% for measurements at air mass one (sun directly overhead). At larger air mass, the errors in the aerosol optical depth decrease. This sensitivity with air mass is of concern, since most of the satellites, which are used to derive aerosol optical depths (AVHRR, SeaWifs, EOS-AM1), make measurements near noon solar time (between 0100 and 1400 local time) when low air mass values can occur.
The Vo taken from selected Langley plots for the Microtops units (3694 and 3774) is shown in Fig. 3. Langley plots were taken mostly at the MLO, Hawaii, but some were also taken from Haleakala, Maui. Figure 3 is from the Langley plots for which more than 90% of the measurements fit the line (to within 0.1%). The Vo standard deviation for the 380, 440, 500, 675, 870, and 1020 channels was 0.9%, 0.32%, 0.44%, 0.28%, 0.83%, and 1.5%, respectively. Based on these measurements, we conclude that the calibration has remained constant throughout the year for these particular Microtops sun photometers.
Besides calibration issues, error in the sun photometer measurements can be caused by changes in electronics, filter degradation, temperature effects, and poor pointing at the sun (ΔV/V term). Faulty electronics is a potential problem that is not always easy to detect. In the past, we have found that a leaky capacitor (present in one of our Microtops) lowered the power and created erratic behavior for the shorter wavelengths, where more gain is required. A weak battery may also cause similar problems, but the Microtops sun photometer has a battery sensor so that presumably this may not be such a serious problem. One way to minimize this problem is to turn the sun photometer off and on before each measurement. This allows the Microtops to make a reference dark measurement within a short time from the actual measurement. One can also get some idea of the stability by taking numerous measurements with the lid covered. The voltage on all five channels should be less than ±0.03 mV, and the variability will give some idea of the noise present in the photometer.
Our Microtops sun photometers have been used in many temperatures and humiditys over the past year on Hawaii Ocean Time Series (HOT) monthly ship cruises, Mauna Loa and Haleakala calibrations, and aircraft measurements. Filter degradation under these conditions is of concern. The Microtops sun photometers use ion-deposited Barr filters, which are supposed to have an unlimited lifetime. Although we only have a limited time sample, the calibrations shown in Fig. 3 show no sign of filter decay. On the other hand, one of our Microtops is experiencing significant decay for the 440-nm filter. Others have experienced similar results (B. Holben 1997, personal communication), suggesting that at least one batch of bad Barr filters exists.
The temperature affects the dark counts and possibly the gain of the Microtops sunphotometers. An example of the temperature effect is shown in Figs. 4a and 4b. For this test the Microtops was heated and cooled to reach the temperatures shown. The measurements were made in the saddle between Mauna Loa and Mauna Kea on the big island of Hawaii (1 March 1989) and took approximately 45 min to complete. Here, it is assumed that the aerosol optical depth remained approximately constant during the measurements, which is consistent with visual observation and the fact that the optical depths follow the temperature down after the hour 21.5. Clear temperature dependence is shown here for the 500-nm channel. These measurements were made without turning the instrument off so that only one dark measurement was made at the beginning of the experiment. Figure 5 shows a subsequent temperature test (at Mauna Loa, 26 November 1998) where the Microtops was turned off and on before each measurement. Simultaneous measurements were made with another Microtops instrument. The temperature of unit 3756 remained approximately constant while the temperature of Microtops unit 3774 was cooled and heated from ∼0° to −40°C. During the same time period, the aerosol optical depths from the two units remained approximately constant. This suggests turning the Microtops off and on before each measurement properly corrected for the temperature effects. In deriving these aerosol optical depths, the average Vo (Fig. 3) was used, and molecular scatter was removed based on the instrument pressure.
Error in the molecular optical depth directly affects the aerosol optical depth [Eq. (7)]. The molecular optical depths for the Microtops 380, 440, 500, 675, 870, 935, and 1020 nm channels at 1013 mb are 0.449, 0.241, 0.144, 0.0424, 0.0152, 0.0113, 0.008 03, respectively. These values were calculated from the spectral response of each filter [see Eq. (9) below] based on the factory FWHM (full width half maximum) filter values. These molecular optical depths decrease with height by P/Po where Po is the surface pressure (1013 hPa). The Microtops sun photometers can be ordered with built-in pressure sensors. We have compared four Microtops with a NIST traceable Vaisala PTB220 class A pressure sensor, which is accurate to better than ±0.1 hPa from 1050 to 500 hPa. The four Microtops were within 2–3 mb high, suggesting a bias of ∼2.5 mb and a variability of ∼1.5 mb. If we assume the error is ±3 mb, this corresponds to 0.3% error for pressure values 1013 mb, which equals an uncertainty in the molecular optical depth at 380 nm of 0.0013 and lower at longer wavelengths.
Pointing the hand-held sun photometer at the sun is one of the major sources of error in making sun photometer measurements at sea. This problem is illustrated in Fig. 6, which shows aerosol optical depth measurements made on a HOT ship cruise north of Oahu. On day 221, the winds were typical trades with swells moving in mainly one direction. The Microtops operator is able to point at the sun fairly accurately. On day 222 and 223 the operator began to have problems possibly as a result of crossed swells as a tropical depression was approaching. It can be seen that when many measurements are made, a cluster of data exists near the bottom with a tail to higher optical depths as errors in pointing cause a bias to larger optical depths. When fewer measurements are made (e.g., day 223.9), then it is not clear which data are correct. Since we have low measurements on previous days and on the same day, it is likely that only the lowest data (below 0.1) are good. Before removing the larger values, one should first plot the data as a short time series to see if the large variations are part of a systematic trend. Poor pointing errors will appear as noise, while real aerosol variations will have a more systematic behavior. This visual inspection and manual removal of bad data needs to be carried out for each channel of the Microtops. While it is possible that one will delete good data with this approach, it will also remove a large amount of bad data, which is the lesser of two evils.
One alternative to reduce the pointing problem on the ship is to reduce the averaging number to one. This way only a single highest value (lowest optical depths) will be saved each time. Figure 8 shows a test where the total optical depths are measured using different averaging values. Measurements were made on a beach with varying salt spray amounts from breaking waves. The difference in averaging does not appear to cause any significant change in the average value or the variability. Based on this test it would appear that for use on a ship, the averaging should be set to 1, and the sampling period can be set down to 5 s or less. This will improve the chances that at least some of the measurements will be correct and speed the sampling. As discussed above, postprocessing to remove the high values is still needed.
Although the wavelengths of the Microtops sun photometer are chosen to avoid major atmospheric absorption regions, some amount of absorption is still present. Based on specifications obtained from the manufacturer, we have calculated the weighted optical depths of ozone, water vapor, and trace gasses for each channel of the Microtops. These are given in Tables 2 and 3. Calculations were based on atmospheric transmittances from the MODTRAN code, and the filter spectral response was modeled using the filter FWHM at 1-nm intervals using
where = weighted atmospheric transmittance, Tλ = monochromatic atmospheric transmittance, Fr,λ = monochromatic filter response, and Sλ = solar spectral response. Water vapor only has a significant absorption in the 1020-nm wavelength, and the water vapor optical depth ranges from 0.002 to 0.008 for midlalitude winter to tropical atmospheres. The water vapor optical depth in the 1020 nm channel can be calculated from
τwv2 (9)
which is based on a fit to MODTRAN calculations using Eq. (8). Molecular optical depths were 0.450, 0.242, 0.144, 0.043, 0.015, 0.0113, and 0.008 at 380, 440, 500, 675, 870, 935.8, and 1020 nm, respectively.
The SIMBIOS program maintains numerous Microtops sun photometers that are used by investigators in diverse ship cruises. It is generally not feasible to perform high-altitude Langley plot calibration for each of these sun photometers because of time and budget constraints. An alternative is to perform a calibration transfer from a calibrated sun photometer. This approach is used routinely by the AERONET network, which maintains two sun photometers at the MLO and occasionally brings one back to NASA/Goddard Space Flight Center to cross-calibrate other sun photometers (Holben et al. 1998). The SIMBIOS program uses the same method to calibrate their Microtops sun photometers, using a calibrated Cimel sun photometer as the standard. The Cimel is calibrated at the high-altitude National Oceanic and Atmosphere Administration (NOAA) MLO (Hawaii) by applying the Langley plot method (Holben et al. 1998).
The calibration transfer consists of taking simultaneous direct sun measurements with the Microtops and the Cimel sun photometers during a clear day. The ratio of the raw measurements can be expressed as
Here, i is the channel number of the Microtops and the same channel of the Cimel instrument (same center wavelength). The left side of the ratio is for instantaneous measurements, and the right side is for the extraterrestrial constant. The method can be extended to a different channel if the Rayleigh scattering and ozone absorption is taken into account in the two spectral bands.
Table 1 gives the Vo and standard deviations (for each calibration effort and the long-term average) for one Microtops sun photometer (unit 3773), which was calibrated during August 1998 and June 1999 by comparing with a reference Cimel. The Microtops and Cimel measurements were made nearly simultaneous. The calibration is typically rejected if the standard deviation for a particular day is higher than 1% (one exception is 21 August 1998, which was retained).
In order to calculate the accuracy of the Microtops sun photometer measurements, we now consider each term in Eq. (7). For these calculations, we assume the total optical depth is 0.52, 0.3, 0.2, 0.11, 0.07, and 0.06 at 380, 440, 500, 675, 870, and 1020 nm, respectively. This corresponds to an aerosol optical depth of close to 0.05 at each wavelength, which is common for marine atmospheres. The first term in Eq. (7), −τΔmm/mm, is due to uncertainty in the molecular air mass, which depends on the ability to calculate the air mass and to measure the pressure (air mass varies by P/Po). Based on the range of air masses computed (using numerical integration) by Kasten and Young (1989) and Thomason et al. (1983), Δmm/mm can be calculated with an accuracy of ∼0.5%. As discussed earlier, the pressure can be measured to better than ±3 hPa, which results in a ΔP/P error of 0.003 at 1013 hPa. Adding the calculation and pressure uncertainties results in a 0.008 uncertainty factor. Multiplying by the total optical depths given above results in errors of 0.0042, 0.0024, 0.0016, 0.0008, 0.000 56, and 0.000 48 for the −τΔmm/mm term at each wavelength.
The second term in equation 7, ΔV′o/(mmV′o), is due to an error in calibration. Assuming a normal distribution, 95% of the Langley plot calibrations obtained on different days will lie within two standard deviations of the average of the calibrations. The Vo standard deviation for the 380, 440, 500, 675, 870, and 1020 channels were 0.9%, 0.32%, 0.44%, 0.28%, 0.83%, and 1.5%, respectively. Taking two standard deviations and multiplying by 1/7 to account for the improvement when averaging many measurements results in uncertainties of 0.0068, 0.0024, 0.0033, 0.0021, 0.0063, and 0.0113 for the ΔV′o/(mmV′o) error term. Seven different Langley plot calibrations were used here. More Langley plot calibrations would reduce the uncertainty, but at some point, the improvement would be limited by the assumption that the error is truly random, which may not be perfectly correct.
The next term, ΔV/(mmV), is mainly due to poor pointing, dirty optics, or electronic noise. Dirty optics is easy to correct, and we assume the operator is capable of fixing this problem. Over land, pointing at the sun is fairly easy. We can get some idea about this error term by comparing a time series of sun photometer measurements at a clean site where the optical depth and therefore the aerosol variability is small. Figure 5b shows a time series of aerosol optical depths taken at the MLO with two sun photometers. The aerosol optical depths trend together and vary with respect to each other by less than ±0.03. Based on this example, we assume a 1 standard deviation error of ±0.0025 in pointing at the sun and noise. Next, we assume 2 standard deviations (0.005) include 95% of error. If 10 measurements are averaged, then the error decreases by 1/10, resulting in an error of 0.0016 for the ΔV/(mmV) term.
On a moving platform, pointing at the sun is much more difficult, and the pointing error increases depending on the sea roughness. After removing the biased large values, the 1 standard deviation values in our measurements are typically 0.0125. Taking two standard deviations and multiplying by 1/10 (for an average of 10 measurements) results in an error of 0.008 for the ΔV/(mmV) term.
The next error term in Eq. 7, τO3ΔmO3/mm, describes the error due to ozone optical depth. From Table 2, the average ozone optical depths are 0, 0.001, 0.0105, 0.0134, 0, and 0 for the 6 wavelengths. The largest ozone absorption occurs in the 675 nm channel. At a small air mass, the error in the ozone air mass calculation (ΔmO3/mO3) is equal to the error in calculating the molecular air mass (0.005), as discussed above. Multiplying by τo3 (0.0134) results in 0.000 067, which is negligible. For larger air masses, Eq. (4) can be used to calculate mO3. Based on the cases shown in Thomason et al. (1983), ΔmO3/mO3 is approximately 0.026. As the ozone height can vary, we double the error to 0.052 and multiply by τo3 (0.0134), which results in an error of 0.0004 which is also negligible.
The next error term, mO3ΔτO3/mm, accounts for uncertainty in the ozone optical depth. We assume the average error of τO3 = 0.0134 (see Table 2 at 675 nm) and can have a 15% uncertainty so that τO3 = 0.002. At low air mass, the error term ΔmO3ΔτO3/mm has a value of 0.002, and at higher air mass value, decreases slightly.
The next term, dτm, accounts for the error in the molecular optical depth. Tiellet (1990) compared several techniques to derive the molecular optical depth. He found variations due to atmospheric profiles produced 1% variations. He also found the fitting equation given by Hansen and Travis (1974) and Gordon et al. (1980) fit the best calculations to within 0.1% from 350 to 900 nm, with the largest error occurring at the shortest wavelengths. Combining these two uncertainties results in a 1.1% uncertainty. The molecular optical depths for the Microtops 380, 440, 500, 675, 870, and 1020 nm channels at 1013 hPa are 0.449, 0.241, 0.144, 0.0424, 0.0152, and 0.008 03, respectively. This results in a dτm error of 0.005, 0.0026, 0.0016, 0.0005, 0.0002, 0.0001, and 0.000 09.
The final error term in Eq. (7) is the trace gas optical depth (dτT) error. From Table 3, the average trace gas optical depths are 0.003, 0.0028, 0.001 35, 0.0007, 0.0005, and 0. Based on the small variability seen in Modtrans for different atmospheres, we assume a 25% in trace gas optical depths resulting in a dτT of 0.000 75, 0.0007, 0.0034, 0.0002, 0.0001, and 0.
Combining each term results in aerosol optical depth errors of ±0.02, 0.012, 0.01, 0.007, 0.011, and 0.015 avg for our land-based measurements for the different wavelengths. Ship-based aerosol optical errors increase to 0.026, 0.018, 0.016, 0.013, 0.017, and 0.02 avg. For the transfer calibration, we add the uncertainty of the transfer to the existing error. The 1 standard deviation in Table 1 is multiplied by 2 to account for 95% of the variability and by 1/4 to account for the error reduction in averaging. Adding this transfer error to the existing error results in aerosol optical depth errors of 0.023, 0.018, 0.021, 0.012, and 0.023 (average 0.019) for land-based measurements. For ship-based measurements, the error increases to 0.029, 0.024, 0.027, 0.019, and 0.028 (average 0.025).
The errors given above refer to the 95% values, but most of the errors will be less. One way to estimate the error is to compare aerosol optical depths measured with two independent sun photometers (each calibrated separately). Figure 5b is one example where the difference between the two is closer to 0.03 at 440 for land-based measurements. Although we do not have identical wavelengths, we have collected many ship-based measurements using two Microtops sun photometers. One has a 875-nm channel, and the other has a 1020-nm channel. When sea salt dominates, the wavelength dependence of the aerosol optical depth is flat so that the aerosol optical depth at 875 and 1020 are very close (i.e., see day 10 in Fig. 7). Based on numerous measurements, we find the aerosol optical depths at 875 and 1020 are within 0.01 (or better) for ∼90% of the measurements. These few comparisons suggest that the most common error are likely to be less than the error values given above.
Numerous precautions are needed in making Microtops sun photometer measurements from ships. For open ocean conditions, we suggest setting the averaging to 1 sample and setting the sampling to 32 (less than 5 s sampling). This saves only the lowest optical depth collected during the sampling period. We also suggest collecting 25 sun photometer measurements as quickly as possible. Before each measurement, the Microtops should be turned off and on to allow for dark count correction. The complete 25 measurements will take less than 5 min of time, including turning the unit off and on.
The collected data should be plotted, and large values should be removed if they are not part of a systematic trend. This visual inspection should be done for each channel, and it should not be assumed that removing all bad data points in one channel would remove all bad data in another channel. In this process, we allow for optical depth variability of 20% of the final average value or 0.025 when the optical depths are below 0.08. This approach may slightly bias the data to lower values, but it will remove the unrealistic larger values that would occur if the data were not processed. Exceptions are made when the data shows a systematic trend during the measurement period.
On several instances, we have found condensation to be a problem when the Microtops was stored in air-conditioned rooms prior to making measurements. If this is a problem, the sun photometer should be placed in the sun to warm up to temperatures higher than ambient temperatures prior to making the measurements. The temperature can be monitored to ensure that enough warming has occurred.
The lens of the Microtops should be cleaned prior to each measurement period. For the open ocean, salt is the primary contaminant. Under these conditions, a lens tissue can be wet with clean (filtered, if possible) water and used to remove the salt followed by a dry lens tissue to remove all water drops.
In order to test the Microtops electronics, several dark measurements should be taken with the Microtops lid covered. The volts for each channel should be less than ±0.03 mV. If the voltage is above ±0.03 mV, the instrument will still work, but it must definitely be turned off and on before each measurement. If the problem persists, then the unit should be sent back to the manufacturer for repair.
The Microtops sun photometers offer a rather inexpensive and convenient way to measure aerosol optical depths. Their simple design makes them ideal for field experiments, such as ship cruises. They can provide good quality measurements on moving platforms, but specific precautions must be followed. We have found that making measurements on ships requires one to make many measurements and to manually remove the bad measurements. We have also found that their temperature dependence requires one to turn the instrument off and on before each measurement to ensure good dark count correction.
The work described here was carried out as part of the NASA SIMBIOS project. We would like to thank Dave Karl, Louie Tupas, Terry Houlihan, and Dale Hebel (members of the Hawaii ocean time series) and Steve Poulous (ship staff), who either made or assisted in making the ship measurements.
Citation: Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology 18, 5; 10.1175/1520-0426(2001)018<0765:SBSPMU>2.0.CO;2
VO of the Microtops #3773 obtained at GSFC by intercalibration with the Cimel #37 (August) and #27 (next month). The standard deviation (STD) and STD % are also shown.
Weighted ozone optical depths for the Microtops channels. The filter center wavelength and FWHM are also given.
Weighted trace gas optical depths for the Microtops channels.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


SAP and RedPrairie lead the way in the latest round of supply chain technology deals.
Both enterprise giant SAP and supply chain execution vendor RedPrairie have made two acquisitions each in recent weeks, as part of the continuing saga of the technology shakeout.
SAP has acquired Factory Logic, a lean manufacturing solutions provider, and Pilot Software, which provides performance management solutions. Meanwhile, RedPrairie has added to its warehouse management portfolio with its purchases of GEOCOMtms, a fleet management software company, and StorePerform Technologies, which offers store execution management solutions.
The following scorecard highlights significant corporate moves in the supply chain technology sector since our last update in the January 2007 IW.


When you want to be creative, coloring can be a great artistic solution! Print this Pocoyo free online coloring page and add your favorite colors and create your own piece of art.
Pocoyo coloring pages are not only fun to color, but can help to develop motor skills and a sense of color. Staple all the Pocoyo coloring pages together to make your own coloring book.


It's design team day and I truly had fun making these cards! The card below is for Jazzy Inspirations and we had to make our cards based off the colors: Taken with Teal, Green Galore, Basic Black & Whisper White. I immediately knew I wanted to ink up this set and just went with the picture I had in my head......I must say that I do like the final result---not overdone but still classy!
My next card is for the Etsy Challenge. This week's shop is Expressingyou and it's full of things to get your creative juices flowing . I chose the black & white ensemble from this room and just went with the flow....in other words; I didn't have a clue how this card was going to come out but was/am pretty happy with the final result LOL!! I know I'm not the only one that does that!!!
Be sure and check out the design team blogs. We'd love to have you play along and there's another cool prize for you to win. Just make your creation and link it to Ashley's blog......don't forget to have FUN! I hope to see some of your wonderful creations!!
I need to tend to my son--he has dry socket for those of you that understand the dental lingo & he's in so much pain right now. I'll be so happy when he completely heals & this is all behind us!!
I'm also looking forward to seeing my good friend Krista....girl time! Thanks so much for stopping by and have a great rest of the day!!
OMG!!!! I know dry socket, heard the horror stories but fortunately never got it and I had all 4 wisdom teeth done at once! Poor baby! Give him big gentle hugs!! Your card is AWESOME by the way! OMG! I SOOO love it! TFS ;)!
WOW Jackie! You've been busy!! These are both gorgeous. I love the flower one because I love the colors & that set and I like the B&W one because I like B&W! You just put it all together so well!
Hope DS gets this taken care of and is back to his old self soon. Enjoy your "friend" time, too!
Jackie I like the teal and green together... looks great!
Hope your DS' dental issues heal quickly.. that kind of pain is NO fun.. and he has already been through enough.
Jackie, both cards are wonderful! You always make gorgeous stuff! I hope your son feels better soon and enjoy your girl time!
Beautiful Cards Jackie! I really want that fifth avenue set now. Thanks! LOL! Hope your son feels better soon. Dental stuff is no fun. Have a wonderful girls day out too.
Great cards Jackie! I can definitely see your inspiration...love those embossed flowers!
I hope your son feels better soon-ouch!
Your cards are so very pretty!
I got dry socketts they are awful!!! I am so sorry he has to deal with that!!! The Dentist put sea weed in my mouth which tasted and smelled horrible but did help with the pain and healed the dry sockets!!!
I love both your cards you did a wonderful job this time around!!!
Love it!!! Love that texture you added with the embossing!!!
Hope the dry socket is something that can be fixed or at least the pain taken care of quickly. Hugs for both of you!!!
Gorgeous card Jackie!! Hugs to your son!!!
Lovely cards - especially the black and white one - really striking.
So sorry your son is in pain, hope he feels better very soon.
Beautiful, the more I see this stamp set I like it!
I'm really diggin' both color combos! FAB cards!
Oh WOW! both cards are pretty, but I am lovin' the first card! It's stunning.
Sorry your son isn't feeling well. Hope he is better quickly!
Oh Jackie, you may have pushed me over the edge! I've been eyeing and resisting the The fifth avenue set and matching DP since the new catalog came out. I keep telling myself I have enough flowers, but this beauty of a card just makes me want to run out and order it! It's gorgeous -- well done!
I really like the overall design and colors of the first card. The more I see this set used, the more I think I need it!
Black and white alone can be challenging but your really pulled it off.
Jackie great minds must think a like! We justed the same stamp set for the Jazzy challenge.
Great job on your design.
Your cards are both gorgeous, Jackie!!! I just ordered the Fifth Ave. Floral set and can't wait to ink it up!!! I am so sorry about your son's complications with his oral surgery....Hope the pain eases up and he heals completely!!!
Great cards. You know I'm a brights kind of gal so I adore the first one.
I'm so sorry about your son. Your card are beautiful though.
What fun cards! love them both!


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Aloha! You have arrived in Hawaii. Your MSC Cruise will take you to Maui, the second largest island in the Hawaiian archipelago. Turquoise sea, soft golden, yellow and black beaches, and lush greenery welcome you to this garden of Eden, home to two large and powerful volcanoes.
An excursion will take you to see one of the volcanoes, Haleakala, which is in the Haleakala National Park: an area of 51 square miles, with lush and colourful vegetation, rivers and streams. The volcano, now dormant, has the largest crater in the world, with a circumference of 20 miles and a depth of about 2,600 ft. If you want to fully enjoy the beauty and holiness of this place, go at dawn when the sun looks as if it rising directly out of the caldera.
There is also an excursion to the island of Molokini, a partially submerged crescent-shaped crater off the coast of Maui. Regarded as one of the ten most spectacular places in the world for diving, Molokini has breath-taking scenery, with an intact coral reef and many varieties of tropical fish. The island is also a sanctuary for marine birds such as Bulwer's petrels and wedge-tailed shearwaters.
Don't miss out on the excursion that takes you on the road to Hana. The road starts south of Kahului and runs along the southeast coast of the island, for just under 65 miles. It is considered one of the most beautiful roads in the world, with waterfalls, lush plants and flowers, beautiful cliffs, small bridges, hundreds of curves and a bamboo forest. The main attractions are the Keanae peninsula, a patch of green with panoramic views, the Keanae Arboretum, the Kahanu tropical botanical gardens and the fascinating town of Hana.
Palm fringed beaches and ravishing islands
Surrounded by the Pacific Ocean, Hawaii is an archipelago of seven islands and is part of the United States. The capital is Honolulu, located on the island of Oahu, where there is also the Waimea Beach Park: an endless white sandy beach lapped by seemingly calm crystal clear waters, in which spectacular sea turtles swim undisturbed. In winter, in fact, the waves can reach up to 15 metres high and the beach is a popular destination for surfers from around the world.
When on Oahu, it is respectful to visit Pearl Harbor, the U.S. naval base that was completely destroyed by the Japanese on 7 December 1941, during the Second World War, and today the site of a national monument to commemorate the tragic event. Another must in the county of Honolulu is a trip to the Ho'omaluhia Botanical Garden: volcanic peaks surrounded by wild nature and a lake where animals roam in peace.
Another interesting place is the Valley of Temples, which houses, not far from Kanehoe, Buddhist temples, churches and even a cemetery.
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L'edizione 2012-2013 è stata la quarantaseiesima edizione del campionato italiano di Serie A femminile di calcio femminile.

Stagione

Novità
Aumenta il numero delle squadre partecipanti, che dalle 14 dell'anno precedente salgono a 16. Alle retrocesse Roma e Milan, si sostituiscono Fortitudo Mozzecane, Graphistudio Pordenone, Grifo Perugia e Napoli, vincitrici dei quattro gironi di A2. La quinta promossa, il Siena, vincitore dei play-off tra le seconde classificate della Serie A2, ha rinunciato alla Serie A, assieme al Venezia 1984, salvo dopo i play-out. Pertanto, vengono riammesse in Serie A la Lazio (che aveva perso proprio col Venezia i play-out della stagione precedente ed è stata retrocessa sul campo) e il Fiammamonza, finalista della finale play-off, perdente a sua volta dal Siena.

Salgono le regioni rappresentate rispetto all'anno precedente (10 contro 8). La Lombardia resta la regione più rappresentata con 4 squadre, segue il Friuli Venezia Giulia con tre e il Veneto con due. Una squadra a testa per Lazio, Toscana, Umbria, Campania, Piemonte, Sardegna ed Emilia-Romagna.

Formula
Diverse novità rispetto all'anno precedente: oltre all'aumento del numero delle partecipanti (da 14 a 16), cambia il sistema di retrocessioni: retrocedono in Serie A2 quattro squadre: le ultime due classificate, più altre due dai play-out secondo l'accoppiamento 11ª-14ª e 12ª-13ª, con gare di andata e ritorno, al termine delle quali, in caso di parità, sarà considerata salva la squadra meglio classificata in campionato. Al loro posto, dalla Serie A2, vengono promosse per l'anno successivo altrettante 4 squadre (le vincitrici dei 4 gironi). Nulla di invariato per l'accesso alla UEFA Women's Champions League: qualificate direttamente per la fase finale la vincitrice dello scudetto e la seconda classificata.

Squadre partecipanti

Allenatori e primatisti

Classifica finale
Come da dati ufficiali della Divisione Calcio Femminile (c.u. 80 dell'8 maggio 2013)

Legenda:
      Campione d'Italia e ammessa alla UEFA Women's Champions League 2013-2014
      Ammessa alla UEFA Women's Champions League 2013-2014
Ammesse al play-out.
      Retrocesse in Serie A2 2013-2014

Note:
Tre punti a vittoria, uno a pareggio, zero a sconfitta.

Lazio penalizzata di due punti dalla FIGC, successivamente confermata con comunicato ufficiale n. 44/CGF del 5 settembre 2012.
Torino penalizzato di un punto per aver rinunciato alla gara Torres-Torino del 16 marzo 2013 (comunicato ufficiale n. 66 del 20 marzo 2013).

Risultati

Calendario

Play-out

Statistiche

Squadre

Record
 Maggior numero di vittorie: Torres (26)
 Minor numero di sconfitte: Tavagnacco (0)
 Migliore attacco: Torres (107 reti fatte)
 Miglior difesa: Torres (12 reti subite)
 Miglior differenza reti: Torres (+95)
 Maggior numero di pareggi: Chiasiellis, Mozzanica (11)
 Minor numero di pareggi: Torino (2)
 Minor numero di vittorie: Fortitudo Mozzecane, Torino (2)
 Maggior numero di sconfitte: Torino (26)
 Peggiore attacco: Torino (14 reti fatte)
 Peggior difesa: Fortitudo Mozzecane (96 reti subite)
 Peggior differenza reti: Torino (-79)
 Partita con più reti: Lazio-Bardolino Verona 2-7 e Bardolino Verona-Torino 9-0 (9 reti)
 Partita con maggiore scarto di gol: Bardolino Verona-Torino 9-0
 Maggior numero di reti in una giornata: 39 (3ª giornata)
 Minor numero di reti in una giornata: 17 (2ª giornata)
 Miglior serie positiva: Tavagnacco (30 giornate)
 Peggior serie negativa: Torino (23 giornate)

Individuali

Classifica marcatrici

Note

Collegamenti esterni

 Divisione Calcio Femminile, classifiche ufficiali della Serie A 2012-2013 sul c.u. 80 dell'8 maggio 2013.

2012

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


The Easiest Gluten Free Pasta Recipe Ever!
Have I got a treat for you! How about the easiest gluten free pasta recipe ever?
I know so many of you might be scared to make fresh homemade pasta, but guys… it is SOOO easy! For real. When you take out the rest time, the active time preparing this pasta is under 15 minutes.
The dough takes literally 1 minute to make in the food processor. Allow the dough to rest for 1 hour at room temperature. It will be much easier to work with after it rests. When the dough is complete it should look something like this.
After you allow the dough to rest for an hour (this is an important step with gluten free cooking), then you are ready to roll it out.
Be sure to roll it out as thin as you can. The thinner the better. Don't worry, the dough won't fall apart, it is very elastic! This is how thin you want it.
Now on a floured surface, simple roll out the dough and with a pizza cutter and cut your pasta into your desired shape. I am not picky here, I just quickly cut out strips.
Again, don't spend to much time on this, simply slice and go.
Next you boil a pot of heavily salted water. There is no salt in the pasta dough, so it is important to heavily salt your water. I added about 1 tablespoon of salt to the water.
Drop the pasta into the boiling water and cook for 4 minutes or until tender. Fresh pasta cooks a lot faster then dried pasta. Do not overcook the pasta!
Be careful not to put to much pasta into the pot. I did mine in 3 batches. Certainly you could use a larger pot and boil it all at once, I just prefer to do it in batches.
Remove pasta with a slotted spoon and drain well. I do not rinse pasta. The sauce will stick better to the pasta if you do not rinse the pasta.
Feel free to add a little olive oil or butter to prevent sticking. Place on a plate or platter. Notice how much the pasta swells up. This is normal, reminds me of a fettuccine pasta.
Now that wasn't hard was it? Now top with your favorite sauce (mine in the picture is actually a roasted red pepper sauce) and serve immediately.
I promise you, you will wonder why you have waited so long to make this gluten free pasta recipe…it is that good! Enjoy!
So many people get scared by the thought of making fresh pasta. It is so easy and I have the easiest gluten-free pasta recipe ever!
1 1/4 cup Now Foods Gluten Free All Purpose Flour (I have tried other brands of all purpose gluten free blends and this is hands down my favorite brand)!
In a food processor, add the all purpose flour and xanthan gum and pulse several times.
Add in egg and egg yolks and pulse until combine. Mixture will be crumbly.
Add in water and run food processor until sticky dough forms (about 10 seconds).
Remove dough and place onto a floured surface (use the tapioca flour to flour the hard surface).
Knead in 2 tbsp tapioca flour or until the dough forms into a ball and is no longer sticky.
Allow the dough to rest at room temperature for an hour. Do not skip this step. The dough will be so much easier to work with.
Roll the dough out onto a floured surface. If it sticks, simply add more tapioca flour to the top and bottom of the dough (or both sides) as you roll it out. Roll out to 1/8″ thick or until very thin.
Cut the dough into desired strips or shapes and place into a heavily salted pot of boiling water.
Cook for 4 minutes or until tender. Do not overcook. Fresh pasta takes a lot less time to cook then packaged pastas.
Drain and toss with some olive oil. Toss with favorite sauce and serve immediately.
How would you make this recipe if you can't have eggs or gluten?
Well we have the gluten covered, not sure how this would work without eggs. You could try 2 tbsp water + 1 tbsp oil + 2 tsp baking powder per egg and see if that works. I have NOT tested this method however. If you try it, please let us know how it turns out!
Would this recipe be OK to run through my kitchen aid pasta machine?
Can these noodles be used for homemade soups?
Can these noodles be dried and stored?
Can you dry these noodles in food dehydrator?
I'm not sure Linda as I have not tried that and they are a bit thick. You certainly can try it out with a small batch to see how it works.


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The Seminar on School Bus Safety Policy and Standards, held by AIP Foundation under the Legal Development Program (LDP) with the support of WHO Thailand on 21 May 2018, aims to advocate for a safer school bus system in Thailand.
LDP Thailand is a collaboration between the Asia Injury Prevention Foundation (AIP Foundation) Thailand and the World Health Organization (WHO) aiming to reduce road traffic injuries and fatalities through legislative improvement, supported by the Bloomberg Initiative for Global Road Safety (BIGRS).
More about the seminar: https://www.facebook.com/LDPTH/posts/1959648604346317
Photos: https://www.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.1960136714297506.1073741846.1576458315998683&type=3
"Thailand loses up to 400 million baht a year to school bus crashes, which are caused by unsafe vehicles, incompetent or untrained drivers and the fact that there is no lead agency tasked to manage school bus safety." – LDP member Thatchawut Jardbandista, Road Safety Group Thailand
"Unsafe school buses are a systemic problem and to solve it we need a good management system that brings together key stakeholders including schools, provincial land transport offices and local administration organisations." – LDP member Thanachart Paliyawate
"Due to existing legal limitations, state agencies' hands are tied. This is why relevant laws and regulations should be amended." – LDP member Pisith Wongthiathana, Department of Disaster Prevention and Mitigation
"If safe school bus services can be provided to students across the country, not only can we reduce underage driving but also injuries and fatalities from road crashes." – Thailand Country Manager Oratai Junsuwanaruk, AIP Foundation
"The Ministry of Education needs to issue a clear policy so that schools can properly provide students with safe school bus services." – Busakorn Kankampon, the teacher and advocate behind Bangplama Model
The Seminar on School Bus Safety Policy and Standards was held by AIP Foundation under the Legal Development Program (LDP) with the support of WHO Thailand on 21 May 2018 with the aim of establishing a safer school bus system in Thailand.


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hematite chemical composition
Characterization of Chemical Composition and ...
The study aimed at investigating the chemical composition and microstructure of raw iron ore from the deposits in Muko area (south-western Uganda). The quality of this iron ore was evaluated to establish its suitability to serve as a raw material for iron production. Samples were taken from the six hills of Muko ore deposits and tests carried out to establish their composition and properties.
University of Minnesota's Mineral Pages: Calcite
Economic magnetite deposits primarily occur in layered igneous rocks that formed from the slow cooling of magma, heavy mineral sedimentary deposits, and Early Proterozoic (2.5 to 1.6 billion years ago) marine precipitates. The iron from magnetite and hematite deposits is the source of the steel used almost universally through our modern society ...
Limonite Mineral Information, photos and Facts
Limonite is commonly associated in its occurrence with hematite, turgite, pyrolusite, calcite, siderite, etc. Identification and Diagnostics In its chemical properties limonite resembles goethite, from which it can be distinguished only with great difficulty except when the latter is in crystals.
Difference Between Magnetite and Hematite l Magnetite vs ...
Jan 28, 2012· Magnetite is an iron oxide with the chemical formula Fe 3 O 4 whereas hematite is an iron oxide with the chemical formula Fe 2 O 3. Magnetite iron is in +2 and +3 oxidation states whereas, in hematite, it is only in +3 oxidation state. This is the key difference between magnetite and hematite. Moreover, magnetite has higher iron content than ...
What is the composition of hematite cast iron - answers.com
The chemical formula for the mineral hematite is Fe2O3. The only metal in hematite is iron. Therefore, iron is what would be extracted from hematite ore.
Limonite - Wikipedia
Limonite usually forms from the hydration of hematite and magnetite, from the oxidation and hydration of iron rich sulfide minerals, and chemical weathering of other iron rich minerals such as olivine, pyroxene, amphibole, and biotite. It is often the major iron component in lateritic soils. It is often deposited in run-off streams from mining ...
What is the composition of haematite - answers.com
Hematite is a mineral. This is from wikipedia: A mineral is a naturally occurring solid with a definite chemical composition and a specific crystalline structure. A rock is an aggregate of one or ...
Hematite Mineral Data - webmin.mindat.org
Rutile Hematite Comments: Acicular, golden yellow crystals of rutile epitaxially overgrown on black crystals of hematite. The overgrowths are perpendicular to the trigonal crystallography of the hematite.
Types of Iron Ore: Hematite vs. Magnetite | Investing News ...
Types of Iron Ore: Hematite vs. Magnetite. Amanda Kay - June 28th, 2018. Iron ore is most often found in the forms of hematite and magnetite. Learn what makes those types of iron ore different and ...
Hematite: The mineral hematite information and pictures
Hematite was largely used in the past as a red and brown pigment, although nowadays cheaper sources have been substituted. Well formed Hematite crystals are popular among mineral collectors, and tumbled, highly lustrous Hematite from Brazil makes a very popular, inexpensive specimen for amateur collectors. Hematite is also used as a minor gemstone.
The Properties of Hematite - Rock tumbler
Hematite: A Popular Tumbled Stone We sell over fifty varieties of tumbled stones and hematite is one of the most popular. People enjoy its mirror bright luster and its silver color. But, most of all, they are delighted by how its high density produces a "hefty" sensation when it is handled.
Hematite - Wikipedia
Hematite is one of the most abundant minerals on Earth's surface and in the shallow crust. It is an iron oxide with a chemical composition of Fe 2 O 3. It is a common rock-forming mineral found in sedimentary, metamorphic, and igneous rocks at locations throughout the world. Hematite is the most important ore of iron. Although it was once mined ...
Natural Hematite mineral specimens – Bestcrystals.com
Natural Hematite specimens. Specializing in natural crystals for 25 years, to collectors and the metaphysical community. Hematite enhances mental activity. ... Chemical Composition: Hematite is composed of iron oxide Fe02 Hardness: 5-6. Metaphysical Properties: Hematite enhances mental activity. Balances yin/yang energies and emotions.
Different Types of Iron Ore - Mineral Processing & Metallurgy
Ankerite is a carbonate of lime, magnesia, manganese, and iron. It is of valuable composition, carries only 14 or 15% of iron, and is used more for its lime and magnesia as a flux than for its iron-content. Goethite and turgite come between hematite and limonite in composition, and are found with both, but are comparatively rare.
Hematite, also spelled as haematite, is a common iron oxide with the formula Fe 2 O 3 and is widespread in rocks and soils. Hematite crystallizes in the rhombohedral lattice system, and it has the same crystal structure as ilmenite and corundum.Hematite and ilmenite form a complete solid solution at temperatures above 950 °C (1,740 °F).
Magnetite & Lodestone | Mineral Photos, Uses, Properties
Magnetite is very easy to identify. It is one of just a few minerals that are attracted to a common magnet. It is a black, opaque, submetallic to metallic mineral with a Mohs hardness between 5 and 6.5. It is often found in the form of isometric crystals. It is the most strongly magnetic mineral ...
hematite and magnetite iron composition
chemical composition of hematite iron ore - setildas.co.za. EFFECT OF MAGNETITE, HEMATITE AND PELLET LKAB. The reference sinter and the three sinters containing LKAB iron ore have been The aim for chemical composition … Chat With Sales
Specularite (Specular Hematite) - DISCOVER LIFE'S PRECIOUS ...
Chemical Composition: Fe2O3. Discovery/ Found / Mined: Commonly found in banded iron formations. Gray hematite is typically found in places that still have standing water or mineral hot springs. (Yellowstone) Itcan also form out of water and collect in layers at the bottom of a lake, spring or other standing water areas.
The geology and genesis of high grade hematite ore deposits
the geology and genesis of high-grade hematite iron ore deposits F IG 6 - Schematic cross-section illustrating the general setting of supergene modified hematite ores at the N4E deposit, Carajas,
Hematite | Fe2O3 - PubChem
Three types of iron oxide aerosols feathers hematite, birdshot hematite, and gamma-oxide (a magnetic form of hematite gamma-Fe2O3), are suited for studies of deposition & clearance in animal lungs because the particles can be visualized in light microscopy & electron microscopy and can be …
Hematite Group | Polarizing Microscopes Educational Resources
The chemical composition of mineral Hematite is indicated by the formula Fe2O3, an Iron Oxide. This Hematite belongs to the Oxides and Hydroxides mineral class. Hematite mineral is considered as a very important ore of iron and as an ore mineral, it is most often …
Hematite: Mineral information, data and localities.
Hematite Group.The iron analogue of Corundum, Eskolaite, and Karelianite. Hematite is rather variable in its appearance - it can be in reddish brown, ocherous masses, dark silvery-grey scaled masses, silvery-grey to black crystals, and dark-grey masses, to name a few.
Specular Hematite - Crystal Meanings - Spirit Of ISIS Crystals
Hematite is an iron oxide mineral which occurs in most metamorphic and sedimentary rocks. Hematite often occurs intermixed with Quartz. Crystalline rose forms of Hematite make fine specimens for collections. Specular Hematite included with Mica, also known as Specularite, display a wonderful sparkling star effect.
Hematite - Mineral and Healing Properties
Hematite is one of the most abundant minerals on Earth's surface and in the shallow crust. It is an iron oxide with a chemical composition of Fe2O3. It is a common rock-forming mineral found in sedimentary, metamorphic, and igneous rocks at locations throughout the world. Hematite has an extremely variable appearance.
Hematite Mineral Data
Hematite Rutile Comments: Acicular, golden yellow crystals of rutile epitaxially overgrown on black crystals of hematite. The overgrowths are perpendicular to the trigonal crystallography of the hematite.
Hematite Chemical - Hematite Powder Manufacturer from Mumbai
As a reputed enterprise of the industry, we are involved in offering a broad range of Hematite Iron Ore,Hematite powder,hematite granule sand Magnetite iron ore It is used for various application inl for paints, oil well drilling with highest purity from 90 to 96 % with specific gravity 4. 9 to 5. 5.
Hematite Meaning & Healing Properties | Energy Muse
Hematite's message is simple--Go outside more and reconnect your spirit to the wonder and mystery of the lights in the sky. Hematite Properties. Hematite is also excellent for healing the body because it cleanses the blood and supports circulation, making it a must-have in your healing crystal tool kit.
The Chemical Composition of Marble | Actforlibraries.org
The Chemical Composition of Marble. Earth Science. ... then this could result in the formation of magnetite and hematite. Chemical composition. Marble is composed primarily of calcite, dolotimite, or perhaps serpentine and other similar minerals. The exact chemical composition of marble will greatly vary dependong on the location and the ...
Dave's Down To Earth Rock Shop Hematite!!!
Hematite, with its high iron content is a very useful mineral. Its chemical composition contains a high percentage of Iron (70%) and it is the primary ore used to create Iron. "Kidney ore", a variety of Hematite that takes on a botryoidal habit. Location: Cumbria, England. Hematite has several varieties, each with their own unique names.
Magnetite: The mineral Magnetite information and pictures
The mineral Hematite is known to form pseudomorphs over Magnetite. Such pseudomorphs are commonly known as Martite, and their appearance may be very similar to regular Magnetite. However, they differ from Magnetite in that they are only weakly attracted to …
Magnetite Mineral Data
Visit our Advertisers for Magnetite : A Bijoux Google Search for Magnetite Dakota Matrix Minerals Google Search for Magnetite John Betts Fine Minerals Search for Magnetite McDougall Minerals Google Search for Magnetite Rock and Mineral Shows Google Search for Magnetite Weinrich Minerals, Inc. Google Search for Magnetite. Ask about Magnetite here :
The Metaphysical Meaning of hematite | RemedyGrove
The Metaphysical Meaning of hematite. Updated on July 25, 2016. sunnyray. more. Properties of hematite. In this article I would like to talk about several important metaphysical properties of hematite. Prior to that, let us examine some of hematite's physical and chemical properties. What is the composition of this significant and powerful stone?
University of Minnesota's Mineral Pages: Hematite
With all of hematite's many varieties, it is natural that some of them can be easily confused with other metallic minerals. All of the hematite varieties though, exhibit the same distinctive red to red-brown streak when scratched across a rough hard surface, which should serve to distinguish hematite from similar-appearing minerals.
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News / Utah / Sub-sections: More sections »EducationKSL InvestigatesYour Life - Your HealthStaying SafeHomeless in UtahInto the Voting Booth
2 girls hospitalized after being struck by lightning in Beaver County
By Jacob Klopfenstein, KSL.com | Posted - July 28, 2017 at 10:36 p.m.
(Jay Dortzbach, KSL TV)
10PM: 2 girls hospitalized after being struck by lightning in Beaver County
Alex Cabrero, KSL TV
Show 1 more video
5PM: 2 girls hospitalized after being struck by lightning in Beaver County
KSL TV
BEAVER — Two girls were seriously injured after a lightning strike in Beaver County on Friday morning, according to Beaver County sheriff's detective Kelly Davis.
Around 10:30 or 11 a.m. Friday, the girls were planning to go on a hike near Big Flat in the Tushar Mountains, about 25 miles east of Beaver, Davis said. They were camping with family members about 2 miles away and had driven an ATV to the trailhead, along with their dog.
Witnesses told officials that the girls were crossing an open meadow about 100 yards west of state Route 153 when the lightning struck, Davis said.
The dog returned to the campsite and alerted family members, who then followed the dog back to the lighting strike site, according to a Beaver County Sheriff's Office statement. Family members found both girls unconscious upon returning to the site.
A Utah Department of Public Safety was flying in the Beaver County area with biologists doing a study when that call came in.
"We just happened to be in the right place at the right time," said Utah Department of Public Safety pilot Bret Hutchings. "It's pretty dramatic when you see what happens when a person gets struck by lightning."
Hutchings landed the helicopter in the area a few minutes later and airlifted the girls, one age 16 and the other age 8, to Beaver Valley Hospital. They were later taken to hospitals in Salt Lake City, Davis said.
"I asked who was the more critical? They said this one that was with the mother," Hutchings said. "So I said, 'Mom, come with me. Let's get her loaded and get her down there.' So we had about an 8-minute flight down to Beaver (Valley) Hospital."
The 8-year-old was in critical condition and the 16-year old was in serious, but stable, condition, according to the sheriff's office statement.
"I think the quick response was simply witnesses being there and intervening as quick as they could and getting them off the mountain," Davis said. "To my knowledge, there were no immediate life-saving measures that were taken shy of just transporting them off the mountain."
Contributing: Alex Cabrero, KSL TV; Xoel Càrdenas, KSL.com
Jacob Klopfenstein
Woman injured after exchange of gunfire in Draper home
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