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February 2022 Weather Recap: Minimal Snow, Wide Variation in Average High & Low
Last winter, February had much more snow than January (26.0" vs. 2.1"), but this winter the tables were turned as February had just 2.0" compared to January's 15.3". Although snowfall was minimal, there have been 31 other winters with even less snow in February (and two-thirds of those had less than an inch).
Temperature patterns were also reversed, as February of last year was 1.7° below average and January was 1.1° above, while this winter February was 1.4° above average and January was 3.4° below. Feb. 2022 was the 21st mildest on record. Five recent Februarys in 2020, 2018, 2017, 2016, and 2012, were milder.
Another very big difference between Feb. 2022 and 2021 was in its diurnal variation, i.e., the difference between the daily high and low temperature. Last February's was just 9.5 degrees, which tied for the second smallest reported in February. This year's however, was 16.9 degrees, which was the widest variation in February since 1990, and the third widest for any February (average variation is 12.7 degrees). Part of the reason was that it had three days with temperature variations of 30 degrees or more; only February 1918 has had more (four).
The difference between the average high and low of Feb. 2022 and 2021 is fascinating, as this February's average high was 6.9 degrees milder than last February, but its average low was 0.5 degrees chillier.
February's above average temperature was driven by the average high, which was 3.5 degrees above average; by contrast, the average low was 0.6 degrees below average. Eight days had highs of 55° or milder, with four of them above 60°, including two climbing to 68° (on 2/17 and 2/23). The first 68° was a record for the date.
Looking at cold conditions, eight days had highs in the 30s or colder, and four of these days had highs of 32° or colder. Similar to the month's warmest reading, the coldest reading (16°) was also reported on two days, 2/14 and 2/15. (January's coldest reading also occurred on back to back days).
Eleven days were 10 degrees or more above or below average (seven were above, four were below). The most above average was +23 degrees on 2/17, when the high/low was 68°/49°; the most below average day came three days before that, with a high/low that was 15 degrees below average (25°/16°).
During the three weeks between Feb. 4-24, four dramatic swings in temperature occurred:
Feb. 4-5: From 8° above average (high/low of 57°/26°), to 11° below average (27°/19°)
Feb. 12-14: From 16° above average (59°/42°), to 1° below average (42°/25°), to 15° below average (25°/16°)
Feb. 15-17: From 13° below average (30°/16°), to 3° above average (49°/28°), to 23° above average (68°/49°)
Feb. 23-24: From 15° above average (68°/35°), to 6° below average (35°/29°)
Finally, precipitation was very close to average, with 3.23" measured (vs. an average of 3.19"). The days with the most precipitation were Feb. 3 and Feb. 20, with 0.72" and 0.74", respectively. The month's measurable snow fell on two days: 2/13 (1.6") and 2/25 (0.4"). Of the Februarys with two inches of snow or less, Feb. 2022 had the fourth biggest drop-off from January.
Here are other February recaps:
Posted in Analysis, February, Monthly Recap | Permalink | Comments (3)
Tags: Big swings in temperature, February 2022's weather in New York City, Februarys with little snowfall in New York
February 2021 Recap: New York Trudges Through One of Snowiest Februarys On Record
February 2021 was 1.1 degrees colder than average, and the eighth snowiest February on record, with 26.0" measured. More than half of the snow fell on Feb. 1, when 14.8" piled up (in total, the storm produced 17.4"). This was the largest accumulation ever reported on the first day of February. Another highlight of the month was the severe Arctic outbreak in the middle of the month that plunged Texas, the southern Plains, Midwest and Ohio Valley into the deep-freeze, but barely brushed New York. Although the month was colder than average, the coldest reading was just 17° (the month's only reading in the teens). The month's colder than average status was driven by the average high, which was 2.7 degrees colder than average; meanwhile, the average low was slightly above average (+0.5 degree). Finally, with 5.13" of precipitation, the month was among the ten wettest Februarys since 1930 (and 21st wettest going back to 1869).
This was New York's coldest February since 2015 and the first colder-than-average month since May 2020. It was also the first year since 2015 in which neither January or February had any readings of 60° or milder. The 15-day period between Feb. 7 and 21 was five degrees colder than average (high/low of 35°/25°), with all but one of the days colder than average (10.2" of snow fell during this period). Temperatures rebounded during the last six days of the month, and were six degrees milder than average (high/low of 48°/38°); temperatures were above freezing for the entire period.
Like January, there was just a 37-degree range between February's coldest and mildest readings (17° and 54° in February, 14° and 51° in January). Since 1950, the typical range has been 49 degrees (11° and 60°); during these year just six other Februarys have had a smaller range, most recently in 2010 (29 degrees). Meanwhile, the month's average diurnal variation (the difference between the high and low temperature) was just 9.5 degrees (February's average is 13.5 degrees), making it just the fourth February with a diurnal variation less than 10 degrees. (The others were in 2010, 1969 and 1869.) This was only the second Jan./Feb. in which both months had diurnal variations less than ten degrees. (The other time it happened was in 1869.) Jan./Feb. 2021's diurnal variation of 9.7 degrees beat out 1869's by 0.1 degree for smallest variation.
This winter's December-February combo was the ninth snowiest on record. It joined four other pairs from this century (the other five happened before the winter of 1962).
February 2021 joined sixteen other Februarys that had 20 inches or more of snow. It was milder than all but two of them (February 1983 and 2006).
Looking at December thru March, February 2021 ranks as the fifteenth snowiest month, just 0.1" behind Feb. 2003, Jan. 1996 and Feb. 1894. This February's hefty snow accumulation was quite a contrast to last February, which saw just a trace.
Posted in February, Monthly Recap, Snow | Permalink | Comments (8)
Tags: diurnal variation, snowiest Februarys in New York, weather of February 2021
Snow Creates Excitement, But Rain Gets No Love
Pity the rain. It doesn't generate anywhere near the levels of excitement accorded snow. (In a Brady Bunch analogy, rain is Jan, snow is Marcia.) Perhaps it's because snow is a seasonal treat confined mostly to four months of the year (in New York), while rain has a year-round presence. Snow is also limited by geography, so persons from warm climates get a thrill when they encounter snow. Sure, kids may enjoy jumping in puddles, and it can be comforting hearing the pitter-patter of rain on the roof, but rain never enthralls us the way snow does. It possesses a certain "je ne sais quoi" that rain simply doesn't have.
Perhaps the enthusiasm for snow comes from childhood memories, e.g., sled riding, making snow angels, building forts, school closings, Christmas. And although rain may generate feelings of gratitude from farmers, it doesn't inspire the fevered anticipation of a snowstorm. No sporting events have been inspired by rain, nor does anyone think back wistfully about rain that fell on someone's wedding day; or a downpour that washed out a summertime barbecue; or a deluge that rained out a baseball game (football games, by contrast, are rarely cancelled because of snow).
There's also something magical about how a snowfall muffles the din of the City, and how its shimmering silver-white color scheme can light up a winter night. Rain, on the other hand, leaves behind a muddy residue and litters the sidewalks with broken umbrellas. (And when I was growing up in suburbia, worms would appear on the streets after a rainfall.)
Snow transforms the cityscape as it piles on top of railings, mailboxes and cars, and beautifully etches tree branches. (I've always been amazed that snow is able to accumulate on Manhattan's busy streets.) With rain, everything basically looks as it did before the rain started, except that surfaces take on a sheen when wet (especially at night). Another contrast is that snow depths can be easily gauged by sight, but not so much with rain. While it's easy to tell the difference between a few inches of snow and a foot of it, can you tell the difference between a quarter-inch rainfall and one of one inch? (OK, perhaps there are more puddles.)
I can attest to the draw of snow since my most popular posts, by far, are those that analyze snowfall, with audience-traffic many times greater than posts about rain. (I've written 30 posts about various aspects of snow, double the number I've penned about rain.)
It should be noted that the love for snow doesn't extend to sleet. And rain's attempts at a brand extension, i.e., freezing rain, gets even less love than rain. Despite the accolades it receives, snow is by no means perfect. Shoveling can bring on a heart-attack; flights are cancelled; plows push snow back onto recently shoveled sidewalks; eyeglasses get broken during snowball fights, and dogs whimper from the sting of rock salt on their paws. But, like a favored child, these personality flaws are largely overlooked.
The weather hobbyists among us pore over snowfall totals, fixating on every tenth of an inch of accumulation. We become infuriated whenever a forecast doesn't deliver on its promise, and, oh, how we dread a changeover to sleet, or, God forbid, rain! By comparison, there is very little grousing when a rainstorm "fizzles" out.
Central Park's weather station is held in low regard by many because it seems to report lower snow totals than surrounding sites. For some reason, it tends to have the least efficient water: snow ratio. It may very well be a gross generalization (albeit based on years of observation), but it just seems that if Central Park and each of the area's three airports receive an inch of liquid precipitation, this amount will produce eight inches in the park, a foot at Newark, and and an amount somewhere in between at LaGuardia and JFK. Who knows why? (Detractors of Central Park's weather station suggest incompetence.)
One area in which rain and snow seem to get equal treatment is automobile advertising, where cars on rain-slicked streets seem to be featured just as often as those shown bounding through snow-covered country roads.
Finally, the snow experience in Manhattan is different from that of the suburbs. The beauty of the snow lasts for just a day - two days max. The sound of snowplows scraping the streets can be grating, and the transformation of snow into slush at street corners is dispiriting. And be on the lookout for snow crashing down from the tops of buildings! On the positive side, snow often results in suspension of alternate side of the street parking regulations, and those of us who are apartment dwellers aren't tasked with shoveling, so we can walk around taking selfies to our heart's content, or put on cross-country skies and pretend to be on a ski weekend. And perhaps the best thing of all is that the hustle-bustle of the City is silenced for a brief time.
Posted in December, February, January, March, Snow, Snowstorms | Permalink | Comments (1)
Tags: Central Park's weather stations, childhood memories, excitement created by snow, snow compared to rain
Months With 20" or More of Snow
During the winter of 2021, February became the 36th month (since 1869) to have 20 inches or more of snow fall in Central Park. This was the seventeenth February to gain this distinction, by far the most of any month (January's had eight occurrences; December's had six; and March, five). Thirty winters have had one of these snowy months, and three have had two (winters of 1978, 1996, and 2011). 19 of the months with 20"+ had more than 25" (including Feb. 2021). And four had 30" or more. The snowiest month of them all is February 2010, which reported 36.9". Below are more observations about these snow-choked months:
The first month with 20" or more snowfall was December 1872, when 27.0" was reported. Despite February being the month most likely to have 20"+ snow, it didn't have its first overly snowy month until 1894, which was later than the first 20"+ occurrence for December, January or March. (November and April have never had 20" or more; however, November 1898 came very close, with 19.0". The most snow in April was in 1875, when 13.5" was measured.)
The most consecutive winters to have a month with 20"+ snow is just two, which has happened five times, most recently during the winters of 2010 and 2011. The most consecutive winters without one of these snowy months is twelve, from 1936 thru 1947. And there have been three ten-year gaps.
The most days of measurable snow during a month with 20"+ is eleven, which occurred in March 1916 (25.5" fell) and February 1920 (25.3"). The fewest days of measurable snow during a 20"+ month is two, in February 2006, when one storm accounted for all of the month's 26.9" (at the time, New York's biggest snowfall on record). And in January 2016 there were three days of snow, with 27.5" of the month's 27.9" falling on two of the days (which supplanted February 2006's snowfall as New York's biggest of all time).
Nine of the thirty-six excessively snowy months had no snowfalls of a foot or more; five had biggest snowfalls that were less than ten inches. The smallest biggest snow was 7.0" in Dec. 1904, followed by March 1916, whose biggest accumulation was 7.6".
In a winter with a month of 20"+ snow, the least total snowfall for the entire winter was the winter of 1979, which had 29.4"; the 20.1" that fell during February of that winter comprised slightly more than two-thirds of the winter's total. And in the winter of 1925, 29.6" of snow fell, of which January 1925 accounted for all but 2.2".
Two of New York's ten snowiest winters had no months with 20" or more: 1874-75 is ranked seventh, and 1960-61 is the City's ninth snowiest winter.
All but five of the thirty-six months were colder than average, including the coldest month on record, February 1934 (which had 27.9" of snow), the coldest March on record (1888, 22.3"), and fifth coldest December (1872, 27.0") and March (1916, 25.5"). The most above-average month to have more than twenty inches of snow is December 1948 (+3.9 degrees), followed by February 1983 (+3.0 degrees); January 2016 (+1.9 degrees); February 2006 (+0.4 degrees); and February 1994 (+0.2 degrees).
Finally, "honorable mentions" go to December 2003, which had 19.8", and January 2014, which had 19.7".
Here are a number of other posts I've written which discuss snowstorms in New York:
Comparing New York's Three Biggest Snowstorms
A History of Back-to-Back Snowstorms
New York's Snowiest 30-Day Periods
Remembering New York's "Snowmageddon" of Winter 2011
Survey of New York Snowstorms by Winter (1950-2021)
Posted in Analysis, February, Snow, Snowstorms | Permalink | Comments (0)
Tags: months with 20 inches or more of snow, snowiest months in New York City
The Coldest Day of New York Winters
Since 1900 the average high/low on the coldest day of each winter has been 19°/6° (in the last third of the 18th century it was 14°/2°; in the 21st century it's risen to a relatively temperate 20°/9°). The coldest day has occurred as early as Nov. 30 (winter of 1875-76) and as late as March 15 (winter of 1931-32). Nearly half of the coldest days of New York's winters have occurred in the four-week period between Jan. 9 and Feb. 6. For this analysis "coldest day" is based on daily mean temperature (average of high/low), not just the low temperature.
THE SPECTRUM OF THE BIG CHILL
The dates of the most frigid coldest winter day and the mildest coldest winter day are, in their respective years, one day apart. The coldest of them all fell on Dec. 30, 1917, when the high/low was 2°/-13°. At the other end of the spectrum, the mildest reading to have the distinction of being the coldest day of a winter was 31°/20° in the winter of 2001-02 on Dec. 31, 2001. January 18 is the date to see the most coldest days of winter - six. Three dates in February have been the coldest for five winters each: Feb. 2, Feb. 5 and Feb. 17.
TWO MEASURES OF "COLDEST"
Although the coldest day is usually the same date as the coldest temperature, they've occasionally occurred on different dates (on average, in one out of four winters). For instance, although the coldest reading of all time is -15°, the coldest day of all time, based on mean temperature, had a low of -13°. Although this is two degrees "warmer" than the coldest reading, the day's high of 2° was six degrees colder than the high on Feb. 9, 1934, so it ended up with a mean of -5.5° compared to a -3.5° in 1934. (The most recent instance was the winter of 2019-20 as its coldest day was on Dec. 19, with a high/low of 25°/16°, while the coldest reading was 14° on 2/15.)
SIMILAR DATES
A number of consecutive years, or a few years apart, have had their coldest day on practically the same date. And in one interesting case the coldest day of winters one hundred years apart (1916 and 2016) occurred on the same date - Feb. 15. And the coldest day of the winters of 1884 and 1984 were two days apart, on 12/23 and 12/25, respectively.
FRIGID HOLIDAYS
The coldest day of some winters has fallen on a holiday. The one exception is Christmas Eve day (but that may change in the winter of 2022-23 which had a Christmas Eve high/low of 15°/7°.) .
"COLDEST COLDEST, MEET MILDEST COLDEST!"
Of course, the coldest winters have a lot of very cold days that that would easily qualify as the coldest dates of many of the winters with average or above average temperatures.
SOMETIMES IT SNOWS
Snow falls very infrequently on the coldest day of the winter - just six winters have had an inch or more of snow on this day. However, a few were significant, with the stand out being the 12.5" accumulation on the coldest day of the winter of 1966-67 (Feb. 9, which had a high/low of 16°/7°).
Finally, the coldest day of the winter of 1963-64 was preceded by a snowstorm that dumped 11.5" the day before, while three storms that followed the coldest day of winter by one day dumped more than ten inches. The storm in February in 2003 dumped 16.3", but started on the coldest day of the winter, with 3.5" falling that evening.
Posted in Analysis, December, February, Frigid, January | Permalink | Comments (4)
Tags: coldest day of the winter, winter in New York City
February 2020 Weather Recap - Mild & Snow-Free
After a January that was the eleventh mildest on record, February ranked even higher, at #8 (and it was the third mildest Leap Year February, behind 2012 and 1984). This was the third February of the past four to rank among the ten mildest. But despite it being the mildest of this winter's months it had the coldest temperature of winter, 14° on 2/15. (However, the coldest day of winter continued to be Dec. 19, which had a high/low of 25°/16°.) In addition to being the seventh mildest February (4.8° degrees above average) it was the sixth February with no measurable snow (the last time was in 2002). Other observations:
Similar to December and January, February had just one day with a high of 32° or colder (and each month had four days with highs of 35° or colder). By comparison, a typical meteorological winter has a sixteen days with highs of 32° or colder. Speaking of the winter, winter 2020 was the sixteenth to have December as the coldest of the three months. And this was despite December's average temperature being slightly above average.
Three-quarters of the month's 2.54" of rain fell between Feb. 6-13.
After being nine degrees above average during the first thirteen days of the month, the rest of February had temperatures closer to the norm - two degrees above average.
Although it was milder, February had one more day with a low of 32° or colder than January. Despite the month's mild temperatures just two days were in the 60s. The highs on these days, 61° (on 2/4) and 62° (2/24), were not nearly as mild as January's mildest highs of 69° and 68°.
This was the driest January-February since 2009. (February was the driest in three years, January was the driest in eighteen years.) Jan-Feb 2020 ranks among the twenty driest first two months of a year.
After January missed by a small margin being the tenth mildest, February missed by an even tinier margin of being seventh mildest.
(If Leap Year Day hadn't been so chilly, with a high/low of 35°/25°, February 2020 would have finished as seventh mildest rather than eighth.)
Previous February recaps:
Posted in February, Monthly Recap | Permalink | Comments (1)
Tags: mild Februarys in New York, mild Leap Year Februarys, New York weather in February 2020
In a Rut: Temperatures Stuck in the 30s
This post was inspired by the first four days of December 2019, all which reported highs and lows in the 30s. The last time there was a streak of this length was in January 1998, when there was one of five days. Although days "stuck in the 30s" aren't rare, as a typical year sees a half dozen of them, strings of three days or longer happen infrequently, about once very five years. Not surprisingly, nine out of ten of these days have occurred from December thru March, with December having the most. (They've occurred as early as Oct. 26 and as late as April 11).
More than half of these days have reported measurable precipitation (57% to be exact); one in four have reported measurable snow. Since many of these days have temperatures around freezing (two-thirds have a reading of 32° or colder for at least part of the day) the type of precipitation that falls is a mixed bag (i.e., rain, freezing rain, sleet, and wet snow). Often the type of snow that falls doesn't readily accumulate on paved surfaces if the temperature is above freezing. And although temperatures in the 30s are far from frigid, the fact that they're often accompanied by overcast skies or precipitation makes these days feel raw and colder than the air temperature.
The most precipitation to fall on one of these "stuck" days was 2.03" on March 29, 1984 (high/low of 36°/34°); 1.8" of the precipitation was snow. Additionally, there have been four other storms that produced two+ inches of liquid precipitation that crossed over to other days - in Jan. 1987, March 1967, Dec. 1930 and Dec. 1914 (all days were in the 30s). The biggest of them all produced 3.49" of precipitation and lasted three days during the first week of March 1967; two inches of snow fell on the first day of the storm.
Speaking of snow, the most to fall on a day with temperatures in the 30s for its entirety was ten inches on Feb. 10, 2010 (high/low was 34°/30°). And 11.8" fell from a storm that crossed over into a second day on March 21-22, 1956. In addition to these snowfalls, there have been nine others that dropped six to ten inches (most recently on March 21, 2018 when 8.2" fell on a day in which the high/low was 39°/31°).
In the years since 1900, the longest streak of days stuck in the 30s is five, which has happened three times: in Jan. 1998, Dec. 1970 and in Dec. 1914. The most days in one winter was 20, which occurred in the winter of 1997-98. Every winter except one, 1924, has had two or more days stuck in the 30s. (The winter of 1924 had one day.) Finally, the most in one month is eight, which has happened twice - in January 1987 and January 1998. (December 2019 had seven.)
If this analysis leaves you cold, I also posted one last year about days stuck in the 70s.
Posted in Analysis, Cold, December, February, January, March, Rain, Snow | Permalink | Comments (4)
Tags: temperatures in the 30s
February 2019 Weather Review: Largely Uninspiring
February 2019 was one of the least interesting months, weather-wise, in a while. In fact, it was so uneventful I was tempted to not even bother with a monthly recap. Although its average temperature was slightly above average (+0.9 degree) it was the coldest February since 2015. Just 2.6" of snow was measured, the smallest amount in February in seven years (ironically, the milder February's preceding it all had more snow). And although the amount of snow was well below the average of 9.2", the month's total precipitation (3.14") was an average amount (which is 3.09"). The coldest and mildest readings of the month occurred during the first week: 11° on 2/1, 65° on 2/5.
Although the month wasn't too far from average, just three days had mean temperatures that were average. Nineteen days were five or more degrees above or below average. There were half a dozen days with highs of 35° or colder (three were 32° or colder) and four with highs of 55° or warmer. The mildest stretch was the six days from 2/3 thru 2/8, which were 12 degrees above average (high/low of 54°/37°). The coldest temperatures were experienced at the beginning and end of the month, with the first two days 13 degrees below average (28°/14°), and the final three days eight degrees colder than average (35°/25°).
Although only 2.6" of snow fell (during what, on average, is the snowiest month of the winter) an amount this small isn't all that rare, happening about once every four or five years. However, the last time a February as chilly as this year's had less snow was in 2004, which was 0.4 degrees above average and had just 0.7" of snow. Finally, the only excitement about snow this February was the 1.2" snowfall on the 12th, which was the first snowfall of an inch or more in nearly three months (since the snowstorm of 11/15). And it fell on the date most likely to have a snowfall of one-inch+.
Tags: February 2019 weather in New York, meh
Weather Highlights of Presidents' Day
Since the Presidents' Day holiday was first observed on the third Monday of February in 1971, temperatures have ranged from 3° in 2015 to 64° in 2008. There have been three consecutive Presidents' Days with highs of 32° or colder (1977-1979) and four in a row with highs of 50° or warmer (1981-1984). The three coldest (based on mean temperature) were in 2015 (high/low of 21°/3°); 1987 (32°/7°); and 2003 (26°/14°). The three warmest Presidents' Days were in 2008 (64°/40°); 1976 (60°/43°); and 1994 (53°/42°). Here are some additional highlights:
The biggest temperature difference between two consecutive Presidents' Days was in 2007 and 2008 when a high/low of 30°/12° in '07 was followed by a high/low of 64°/40°. The closest in temperature were in 2009 and 2010, when the respective highs/lows were 40°/28° and 40°/27°, and in 1981 and 1982, when the highs/lows were 57°/34° and 56°/33°, respectively.
The most years in a row with lows above freezing is five, from 1981 thru 1985. Ironically, this streak was preceded by the coldest streak, the four-year period from 1977 thru 1980. A five-year period from 2003 thru 2007 was also quite cold.
Three of the coldest and two of the mildest readings on Presidents' Day have fallen on Feb. 16. Additionally, five of the seven coldest readings have occurred during the 21st century. Furthermore, three years in a row (2015-2017) had readings that were either among the coldest or mildest (2015, coldest on record; 2016, fourth coldest; and 2017, sixth mildest). Lastly, the consecutive years 1981 and 1982 had two of the mildest high temperatures, while 2003 and 2004 had two of the coldest lows. (See chart below.)
Measurable snow has fallen in just five years, but two of these snowfalls were major snowstorms. In 2003 16.5" fell (and 3.5" fell the night before), while in 1979 12.7" fell. The other three snowfalls were in 2005 (3.5"), 2011 (3.2") and 2016 (1.4").
The most consecutive years with measurable precipitation on Presidents Day is only two, and it's happened three times: 2018 and 2019; 2010 and 2011; and 1975 and 1976. The most years in a row with no precipitation is six, from 1980 to 1985.
Looking at the three-day Presidents' Day weekends, 1979 was the coldest one, averaging a high/low of 19°/7° (along with a 12.7" snowstorm). The two next coldest were in consecutive years: 24°/6° in 2016 and 26°/8° in 2015. These were followed in 2017 by the mildest Prez Day weekend: 61°/42°; 1994 is second mildest, with a high/low of 59°/39°. There have been six years in which the lows for each day of the weekend were all 32° or milder (most recently in 2017) and four in which the highs were all 32° or colder (most recently in 2015).
Finally, Presidents' Day weekend 2018 has the distinction of being the only one that reported measurable precipitation on all three days. At the other end of the spectrum, the most holiday weekends in a row with no measurable precipitation on any of its days is three, 1981-1983.
Posted in Analysis, February, Holidays | Permalink | Comments (0)
Tags: coldest Presidents' Day, most snow on President's Day, warmest Presidents' Day, weather on Presidents' Day in New York
Snowstorms From Back in "The Good Old Days" (1900 - 1949)
By far the most popular posts on this site are about snowstorms. And after reading a recent photo essay in the New York Times about snowstorms of the distant past I was inspired to write another - this one about those that crippled New York in the first half of the 20th century. It's worth noting that back then snow removal was on the primitive side, largely dependent upon on manual labor, so relatively modest accumulations created problems that might happen nowadays with significantly greater accumulations (i.e., six inches in 1910 might be comparable in inconvenience to what a foot or more of snow creates today). Furthermore, since the work ethos of that era was different than what it is today, employers weren't as forgiving when treacherous weather conditions made it difficult for workers to get to their jobs.
WINTER OF 1901-02
Feb. 17, 1902 - This storm dropped 10". (Similar to a few other winter storms in the first decade of the century, I was unable to find details about when the snow fell, what the hourly amounts were or what the wind speed and direction were for each hour of the day.)
Dec. 25, 1902- This was the second significant snowfall in the past two weeks. After 6.4" fell on Dec. 12-14 (most of it falling on the 13th), 6.5" fell today.
Feb. 15-17, 1903 - This was a snow and sleet storm, which began mid-day on the 15th, continued through much of the 16th, and ended mid-day on the 17th. In total 9.8" accumulated (accounting for all of February's snow). During the first two days temperatures ranged between 28° and 30° then fell into the teens around daybreak on the 17th.
Jan. 2-3, 1904 - All but a half-inch of the storm's eight inches fell today during the afternoon and evening. Temperatures fell slowly thru the day, dropping from 26° to 13°.
Dec. 17-18, 1904 - Bringing to mind December 1902, two significant snowfalls fell in the course of a week as seven inches fell on Dec. 12-13 and a half foot fell today. Snowfall from both was pretty evenly split between the two days of each snowfall.
Jan. 3-4, 1905 - Seven inches of snow fell between mid-afternoon on 1/3 and mid-morning the following day. After passage of a cold front mid-morning on the 3rd (with winds shifting from the northeast to the northwest) temperatures fell from the low-40s to mid-20s, when snow began falling, and were in the mid-teens when the snow came to an end. The snow was blown around by winds gusting between 25-30 mph.
Jan. 24-25, 1905 - Snow began falling after 9PM and continued for 24 hours, accumulating 11". It was a fluffy snow with just 0.54" of water content. During the course of the storm the temperature dropped from mid-20s to low teens. Snow fell heaviest between 8AM and noon on the 25th when an Arctic front moved through. Besides the cold and snow, the afternoon also featured gusty winds (25-30 mph).
Feb. 8-9, 1906 - Six inches of snow fell, much of it during the morning of the 9th. Temperatures were mostly in the 31° to 33° range. Snow changed to sleet and freezing rain shortly after daybreak on the 9th and continued through mid-day.
March 15, 1906 - This cold, late winter storm had temperatures that were only in the mid-20s (typical high for mid-March is mid-40s) as a half-foot of snow piled up. Snow began falling shortly before daybreak and continued until 10PM. Despite the cold temperatures it was a wet snow, with 1.09" of liquid measured.
Jan. 17, 1907 - It was very cold during this quick-moving six-inch snowfall, with temperatures in the mid-teens when the snow began, rising into the low 20s during the afternoon. The snow fell during the daylight hours, coming down heaviest in the early afternoon.
Feb. 4-5, 1907 - Snow began around noon and continued for nearly 24 hours, accumulating 11". It fell heaviest between 8PM and 4AM. Temperatures stayed in a narrow range of 19° to 22°. This storm followed a snowfall of four inches on the first two days of the month.
Feb. 24, 1907 - Six inches of snow piled up between 1PM and 10PM. Temperatures rose steadily, from low 20s when the snow started, to the mid-30s when it changed to rain and sleet in the final few hours.
March 10, 1907 - Much of today's six-inch accumulation fell between 1:00 and 5PM. Temperatures ranged between 27° and 30°. This was the winter's fourth snowfall of six inches or more since mid-January.
Jan. 23-24, 1908 - A 10-inch snowstorm began after dark on the 23rd, with three inches measured thru midnight, and an additional seven inches during the morning of the 24th.
Feb. 5-6, 1908 - The day began bitterly cold with a low of 1° above zero (the coldest reading of the winter). Then the temperature rose all day and was 32° by midnight. Snow began falling in the afternoon and continued into the next day with four inches falling on each day. After 8" had fallen the snow changed to rain as the temperature rose to 40° (it tumbled back to 29° by midnight). This snowstorm came almost one year to the day of an 11-inch snowstorm.
Dec. 25-26, 1909 - Snow began mid-afternoon on Christmas Day and fell for nearly 24 hours, accumulating eight inches. Much of the snow fell on the 25th, and in above-freezing temperatures.
Jan. 14, 1910 - The biggest snowfall of the winter blanketed the City with 10" (0.5" of it fell on 1/15). This came three weeks after a snowfall of eight inches. Snow began falling shortly after midnight and fell steadily through late afternoon. After the temperature rose to 33° late in the morning it fell steadily until 9PM when it was 20°.
Dec. 4, 1911 - A morning snowfall of seven inches ended up being the biggest snowfall of the winter. Precipitation began yesterday evening as rain but changed to snow overnight. The day's high/low of 33/19 made this the coldest day of the month.
Dec. 24, 1912 - A morning snowstorm dumped 11.4", making this Christmas Eve's biggest snowfall on record. Snow fell heaviest between 4-9AM, when it fell at a rate of 1.5" per hour.
Feb. 13-14, 1914 - On the 13th the temperature rose from -1° to the mid-20s by midnight. Snow began falling after 7PM, fell heavily through the overnight hours and then changed to sleet around daybreak as the temperature rose into the low 30s. 9.7" accumulated. Then on 2/16 there was a five-inch snowfall during the morning in temperatures that were in the teens.
March 1, 1914 - Rain in the morning changed to snow around lunchtime and by midnight 13.5" had accumulated (an additional inch fell after midnight on 3/2). It was a very heavy, wet snow with a high water content (2.65") until around 9PM when Arctic air moved in. This was the century's first snowstorm of a foot or more, and the first since February 1899, when 16 inches piled up. This remains the longest period between snowstorms of 12 inches or more.
April 3, 1915 - The biggest snowfall of the "winter" blanketed the City on what was Easter Saturday as ten inches of heavy snow fell between 9AM and 11PM (eight inches fell between 11AM and 6PM). During the storm winds from out of the north gusted to 25 mph and temperatures hovered around 30°, producing wind chills in the teens.
Dec. 15, 1916 - A snowstorm dumped 12.7" of snow between 7AM-9PM, with nearly ten inches on the ground by mid-afternoon. The snow was very powdery, produced from just 0.59" of water (and by daybreak on 12/16 it had packed down to nine inches on the ground). The day's high was 28°, the first of five days in a row with highs in the 20s.
April 9, 1917 - One of April's biggest snowstorms dumped 6.5" (0.1" of it fell late last night). This brought the winter's total snowfall to 50.7" for the second year in a row. The snow was over by 7AM and by noon the temperature was in the upper 30s, where it stayed for the remainder of the afternoon. Combined with sunny skies, substantial melting took place and by nightfall there was less than two inches on the ground in Central Park.
Dec. 13, 1917 - The biggest snowfall of the winter began late in the afternoon and by the time the snow ended in the early hours of 12/14 9.5" had accumulated (eight inches fell today). The temperature rose into the mid-30s as midnight approached, making it a very wet snow, with rain mixed in at times.
Feb. 4-7, 1920 - One of New York's most extended onslaughts of winter weather of all time brought 72 hours of snow, sleet and freezing rain (beginning after 2AM on 2/4 and ending around dawn on 2/7). During this punishing storm, 4.41" of liquid precipitation fell, 17.5" of it in the form of snow (five to six inches of snow fell on 2/4, 2/5 and 2/6); the rest was sleet and freezing rain. For much of the storm temperatures were in the 20s, and winds gusted between 35 and 45 mph, with wind chills in the single digits.
Feb. 20, 1921 - The winter's biggest snowfall amounted to 12.5". Beginning shortly after midnight as rain, it quickly changed over to snow after 1AM and continued until early evening; it was a very wet snow, with 2.68" of liquid precipitation measured. The temperature fell slowly through the day, from 35° to 22° (on the way to 14° by daybreak on the 21st). Winds gusted to 41 mph.
Jan. 28-29, 1922 - New York was on the northern fringe of a winter storm that became known as the "Knickerbocker Snowstorm", named after a movie theater in Washington, DC whose roof collapsed from the weight of snow the night of 1/28, killing 98 moviegoers. And although NYC escaped the paralyzing amounts of snow that piled up in Virginia, DC, Maryland and southeastern PA (6.5" fell in Central Park, the biggest snowfall of the winter), gale force winds clocked at between 35 and 50 mph howled for nearly 24 hours, beginning mid-day on the 28th. Temperatures throughout the storm were in the 29° to 31° range, with chills in the low teens.
Jan. 3-4, 1923 - The biggest snowfall of the winter began this afternoon and continued until daybreak on the 4th, accumulating nine inches. The temperature fell slowly through the storm, dropping from 33° to 29°.
Jan. 14, 1923 - Snow began falling after 10AM and by 5PM 7.8" had accumulated; then it changed to light rain for the next three hours as the temperature rose into the mid-30s.
March 6-7, 1923 - Snow began falling around 10AM and continued light and steady for the next 24 hours, accumulating 7.3" (along with a mix with sleet and freezing rain after 4PM). This was the tenth snowfall of three inches or more this winter. Besides the snow/ice, winds gusted to 30-35 mph, and temperatures were very cold on the 6th, with a high/low of only 25/19.
April 1, 1924 - It was no April Fool's joke as 8.5" of heavy, wet snow fell from mid-afternoon through 9PM. Interestingly, snow fell mostly with temperatures two or three degrees above freezing. Besides the snow, gale force winds gusted to 35 mph.
Jan. 2, 1925 - A blizzard dumped close to a foot of snow (11.5"). Snow began falling around daybreak and lasted until 11PM. In addition to snow there were also periods of heavy sleet in the early afternoon. Temperatures throughout the storm were in the mid-20s, but howling winds gusting between 35-40 mph produced wind chills in the single digits.
Jan. 20, 1925 - A fierce storm dumped seven inches of snow and ice, with much of the snow falling between 1:00 and 8AM before it changed to sleet, which was driven by winds that gusted close to 40 mph. The sleet came down heaviest during the mid-day hours as the temperature rose above freezing briefly before falling back into the 20s. Snow returned in the storm's last few hours.
Feb. 10, 1926 - Less than a week after a fierce blizzard brought 10.4" of snow and sleet (accompanied by wind gusts of 40-45 mph) another snowstorm dumped a foot on the City, much of it falling this morning between 3:00 and 9:00 (light snow began last night and accumulated 1.6"). Winds from this storm gusted between 30 and 35 mph. Temperatures in the morning held steady in the low 20s and then fell slowly during the afternoon, reaching 11° by midnight. (In a similar fashion, two snowstorms of 9.2" and 12.8" occurred just three days apart in early February during the winter of 1994.)
Dec. 5, 1926 - 7.9" of snow fell on a very cold day, which had a high/low of just 24/11. Snow fell heaviest from 1PM until 7PM. This was the biggest snowfall of the winter and was the snowiest 12/5 until 2003, when 8.0" fell.
Feb. 21, 1929 - More than half of the winter's 13.8" of snow fell today as eight inches accumulated between 5AM and 2PM. Temperatures were in the low-to-mid-twenties during the storm.
Dec. 17, 1932 - Snow that began late in the morning continued through the early AM on 12/18 and amounted to 7.2". It was also a very cold day, with a high/low of only 20/11. (The snow was gone by Christmas Day, which had a high of 59°.) The next measurable snowfall wouldn't be for another seven weeks (on 2/4).
Feb. 11, 1933 - In just eight hours (1-9:00 AM) ten inches of snow fell, the biggest snowstorm in seven years. Sleet mixed in during the final few hours even though temperatures were in the low 20s.
Dec. 26, 1933 - A little more than 24 hours after temperatures were in the mid-50s, a snowstorm swept into the City shortly after daybreak and by early afternoon ten inches had fallen, and temperatures were in the mid-20s. An additional inch of snow fell in the early evening, bringing the day's snowfall total to 11.2". (Much larger accumulations would later fall on this date in 1946 and 2010).
Feb. 25, 1934 - On a brutally cold day (high/low of 16/9) light snow began falling mid-afternoon and fell steadily thru the following afternoon, accumulating 9.3". This was the third snowfall of 7.5" or more this month and brought February's total snowfall to 27.9" (the other major snowfalls were on 2/1 and 2/19-20). At the time this was the second snowiest month on record (now ranked sixth) and the snowiest February (since topped by Feb. 2010 and 2014).
Jan. 22-23, 1935 - This was a two-stage storm. On 1/22 precipitation began in the morning as rain which changed to snow around mid-day as the temperature fell from the low 40s into the upper 20s; five inches was measured. Then after a 13-hour break, winds shifted from the northwest to northeast and heavy snow returned late on the morning of 1/23. Between 1:00 and 7PM it fell at a rate of an inch or more per hour and accumulated nearly thirteen inches. Flakes fell until the wee hours of the next day. Temperatures fell slowly throughout the day, dropping from 26° to 18° (and they'd continue to fall slowly the following day). This was the first snowstorm of a foot or more in nine years.
Jan. 19, 1936 - A winter storm brought heavy snow, sleet and gusty winds. After beginning as light rain late last night, nine inches of snow piled up in the morning (mostly between 3:00-9:00) and the afternoon saw an onslaught of sleet that was propelled by 25-35 mph winds, producing wind chills in the single digits (the air temperature was in the mid-20s). The sleet accumulated 2.5".
April 6-9, 1938 - This was a sloppy four days of weather, with 6.4" of snow falling on April 6 and 7 (the biggest snowfall of the winter) and 0.95" of rain on April 8 and 9. During these days temperatures were mostly in the 30s. The low of 28° on 4/6 was the only April day in the 1930s with a low in the 20s.
Nov. 27, 1938 - Just six weeks after the latest 90-degree reading on record, back-to-back snowstorms dropped nearly 13 inches of snow in four days. The first, on 11/24-25 measured 8.8" (3.9" on Thanksgiving Day, 4.9" the day after) while the snowfall that ended before dawn today (and began late last night) brought an additional four inches. The high/low during these four days was 32/20, which was 18 degrees below average. This was the snowiest month of the winter and the third snowiest November on record (after Nov. 1898 and 1882).
Jan. 13, 1939 - Beginning mid-afternoon, a snowfall of 8.8" (1.0" fell on 1/14) tied the Thanksgiving snowstorm of 11/24-25 as the biggest snowfall of the season.
Feb. 14, 1940 - It was a wintry day, as wind-blown sleet and snow fell throughout the day, accumulating 7.7" (an additional 1.3" fell overnight). Late in the morning winds gusted to 50 mph. Temperatures fell slowly, from the low-30s in the morning to low-20s by midnight.
March 8, 1941 - A fierce winter storm that began late last night brought heavy snow, sleet and high winds during the morning. By 11AM 18.1" of snow had fallen (15.7" of it fell today); the precipitation then changed to light drizzle in the afternoon (the day's high was 33°). At the time this tied with a snowstorm in January 1935 as New York's second biggest snowfall (it's now ranked tenth).
Jan. 28, 1943 - The winter's nastiest storm dropped 7.1" of snow and sleet, which was accompanied by northeasterly winds that gusted to 34 mph. Precipitation began at daybreak and continued through early evening.
April 5, 1944 - Four days before Easter Sunday a late season snowstorm dumped 6.5". Beginning as rain a little after midnight, it changed to snow around 2AM and mixed with sleet around lunchtime before ending in mid-afternoon. The snow came down heaviest between 3-5AM when three inches accumulated. The day's high/low was 34/29.
Dec. 19, 1945 - An afternoon/evening snowstorm dropped 8.3" (all but 0.3" fell today). This would be the biggest snowfall of the winter (and since March 1941). Besides the snow, temperatures were also quite cold, with a high/low of just 23/20 (fifteen degrees below average).
Feb. 21, 1947 - Snow that began yesterday evening (accumulating 4.2" by midnight) continued through this morning and piled up an additional 6.5". This 10.7" snowfall was the biggest in six years. Temperatures were very cold, with a high/low of 24/14, sixteen degrees below average.
Dec. 26, 1947 - Snow began falling around 3:30 AM on the 26th and fell steadily all day, at times at a rate of two inches per hour (the forecast at daybreak called for a five-inch accumulation). Winds gusted as high as 36 mph during the evening and temperatures hovered around 29° for much of the storm. By midnight 25.5" had piled up and an additional 0.9" fell after midnight, breaking the previous snowfall record of 21" set by the great blizzard of March 1888; it would remain the City's greatest snowfall of all time until 26.9" fell in February 2006 (it now ranks third). This storm came three days after a snowfall of 2.5".
Dec. 19, 1948 - One year after the record-setting 26.4" snowstorm of Dec. 26 another formidable snowstorm crippled the City with 16.0". At the time this was the shortest length of time between major snowstorms. Since then there have been seven pairs of major snowstorms (of one foot or more) that have occurred with less than 12 months in between (the shortest time between being four weeks in January and February 1978.)
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Tags: snowstorms in New York before 1950
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Today the way we consider human psychology and mental development is heavily determined by the genetic sciences. We now understand the importance of inherited characteristics more than ever before. Yet we are still unable to decide whether an individual's personality and development are more influenced by genetic factors (nature) or by the environment (nurture).
Research, relating to identical twins, has highlighted how significant inherited characteristics can be for an individual's life. But whether these characteristics are able to develop within the personality of an individual surely depends on whether the circumstances allow such a development. It seems that the experiences we have in life are so unpredictable and so powerful, that they can boost or over-ride other influences, and there seems to be plenty of research findings to confirm this.
My own view is that there is no one major influence in a person's life. Instead, the traits we inherit from our parents and the situation and experiences that we encounter in life are constantly interacting. It is the interaction of the two that shapes a person's personality and dictates how that personality develops. If this were not true, we would be able to predict the behavior and character of a person from the moment they were born. In conclusion, I do not think that either nature or nurture is the major influence on a person, but that both have powerful effects.
The exciting moment, I am convinced, must remain vivid in our mind, when Beijing, the Capital of China, was proclaimed the final winner to host the Olympic Games in 2008 by Chairman of the International Olympic Committee. Time flies, and the new Olympics is coming very soon!
Olympic Games, held every four years, boast a long history and offer rare opportunities for different nations to get together, which are far more than sports contests participated by professional athletes. Through Olympics, new world records are set, resilient sportsmanship is highlighted, sport-related industries spring up and international goodwill and exchange get greatly enhanced.
As college students, we ought to contribute our share to the imminent Olympic Games with responsibility of citizenship as well as focused knowledge. For instance, it is advisable to give voluntary lectures to popularize Olympic knowledge and environmental awareness in some residential areas. And we are looking forward to your suggestions and participation!


Andrew Wolff is a highly respected expert in hip arthroscopy, hip preservation and sports medicine who instructs orthopaedic surgeons from around the world in advanced techniques.
Dr. Wolff is a board-certified, fellowship-trained orthopaedic surgeon who specializes in hip arthroscopy, hip preservation and sports medicine. He has been in practice in the Washington, DC area since 2008 and joined Washington Orthopaedics and Sports Medicine in the fall of 2013. He is widely recognized as an expert in the field of hip arthroscopy and preservation.
Dr. Wolff regularly lectures and instructs orthopaedic surgeons from around the world in advanced techniques in arthroscopic hip surgery. He helped develop and design techniques and instrumentation that made the arthroscopic treatment of hip problems easier, safer, and more reliable. Dr. Wolff regularly lectures at regional, national and international meetings and has published multiple articles in peer-reviewed orthopaedic surgery literature. In addition, he serves as a consultant reviewer of current research for the American Journal of Sports Medicine and the Journal of the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons.
As a leader in the field of orthopaedic surgery, Dr. Wolff served as the president of the Washington Orthopaedic Society in 2012-2013. He also served as the organization's vice president and treasurer. He co-chaired the 2012 Virginia Orthopaedic Society meeting and is an active member of the International Society for Hip Arthroscopy, the Arthroscopy Association of North America, the American Orthopaedic Society for Sports Medicine and a fellow of American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons. He is the Washington, DC representative of the Medicare Carrier Advisory Committee.
Dr. Wolff is a graduate of Amherst College and Washington University School of Medicine in Saint Louis where he received multiple awards, including selection for membership in Alpha Omega Alpha Medical Honor Society. He went on to complete his Orthopaedic Surgery residency training at Yale University and a Sports Medicine and Hip, Knee and Shoulder fellowship at the Steadman Clinic in Vail, Colorado.
Dr. Wolff discusses Stephen Strasburg's injury on Fox TV.
Fellowship, Sports Medicine, Hip, Knee and Shoulder Surgery– 2007-2008. Steadman Clinic Vail, Colorado.
Wolff AB. Grossman J. "Arthroscopic Management of the Labrum" Chapter 4 Clinics in Sports Medicine. In Press.
Wolff AB. Gray K. Malloy P. "Rehabilitation following Arthroscopic Surgery of the Hip" Chapter 12 Clinics in Sports Medicine. In Press.
Wolff AB. Mantell M. Gerscovich D. Haines C. "Arthroscopic Management of the Labrum: Debridement, Repair, and Stitch Configurations" Chapter 11 with accompanying video in The Hip: Arthroscopy Association of North America Advanced Arthroscopic Surgical Techniques. In Press.
Wolff AB. Yen YM, Millett PJ. "Arthroscopic surgery for arthrofibrosis of the knee" Book chapter. Operative Techniques in Sports Medicine Surgery. 2010.
Wolff EF. Wolff AB. Du H. Taylor HS. "Demonstration of multipotent stem cells in the adult human endometrium by in vitro chondrogenesis" Reproductive Sciences 14:524-533, 2007 Sep.
Gordon JE. Wolff A. Luhmann SJ. Ortman MR. Dobbs MB. Schoenecker PL. "Primary and delayed closure after open irrigation and debridement of septic arthritis in children" Journal of Pediatric Orthopaedics (British) 14(2):101-4, 2005 Mar.
Kokoska ER. Wolff AB. Smith GS. Miller TA. "Epidermal growth factor-induced cytoprotection in human intestinal cells involves intracellular calcium signaling." Journal of Surgical Research 88(2): 97-103, 2000 Feb.
Wolff AB. Silen ML. Kokoska ER. Rodgers BM. "Treatment of refractory chylothorax with externalized pleuroperitoneal shunts in children." Annals of Thoracic Surgery 68(3):1053-7, 1999 Sep.
Smith GS. Wolff AB. Kokoska ER. Galie KL. Boyce ML. Vogler GA. Miller TA. "A simplified method for studying hypoxia and reoxygenation injury under in vitro conditions." International Journal of Surgical Investigation 1(1): 73-80, 1999.


Shanghai Xing Yue Env Protection Services Ltd.
Description of Services: The facility operates a rotary kiln incinerator for the treatment of hazardous and non-hazardous industrial wastes. The facility has on-site storage warehouses and also conducts some on-site waste bulking/consolidation prior to incineration.


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On this page you'll find blogs on the subject of friends from our the latest edition of "Connections ",MARCH APRIL 2019 our Benefice magazine.
Junior Church reflections by Tilda and Cicily with Helen and Anne. A good friend is ..


text:
IANXTC
In which Certain Events that happen to Ian end up as Compelling Words designed to Entertain all Comers.
8/30/02 Tessa flew to Los
Tessa flew to Los Angeles today to provide the "director's commentary" to the DVD release of Five Wives, her award-winning documentary about her father. DVD commentary is something I've always wanted to do – it's usually my favorite part of renting movies these days. Even though we could never be fully honest about our travails making The Pink House, just getting to that stage would be an incredible honor. P.T. Anderson once said he learned how to direct by listening to the audio commentary on laserdiscs, so I did the same in the months before we filmed. I didn't actually glean much about directing, but got addicted to the meta-experience of watching the art with the artist's commentary superimposed. Sort of like Mystery Science Theater on yourself. Ah, the glories of technical post-modernism!
In Tessa's absence, Chopes and I puttered around the house before making an ill-timed errand visit to Manhattan around 5pm on Labor Day Friday. Sitting on the Manhattan Bridge for an hour both ways is nerve-wracking even when the country isn't on high alert for terrorists; frankly, giant trucks hauling fish don't particularly care which lane they're in if they're bigger than you, and frequently try the kind of don't-bother-checking-your-blind-spot turns that would make the mtatu van drivers in rural Kenya proud.
Another old friend has joined us here in New York; that's right, boys, Jiffer Bourguignon has come to study at Columbia. Jiff is one of the more colorful Pink House residents to grace us with her presence – she and Zia Zareem gave the place a well-needed jolt of supercharged estrogen. She was (and is) always game for whatever fun has been planned for the evening, and her down-home Wisconsin demeanor belies a fiery mantle inside: she's the only girl with which I've had a full-on fight with two dozen Krispy Kreme donuts. Check her out at the bottom of the 'about the movie' page on the Pink House site.
Or just peruse the pictures below. A lot happened between these two shots, spanning five years. I went to LA, then to New York and got engaged – while she served in the Peace Corps in Mauritania, lived in Hamburg for a while, then moved here yesterday for grad school in International Affairs. She went from 22 to 27 years old; I went from 29 to 35 (my birthday is a little earlier in the year). Good to remain friends as long as we can in this wicked world, yes?
top, at the 1920s party in February '97; bottom, in New York in August '02
Originally published: August 30, 2002
← 8/29/02 They say that dogs, 8/31/02 I think I'll dispense →
Ian Richard Williams
California United States
@xtcian
who am i if not that
cheese barely staying on cracker
when I'm enraged or hittin' the stage
psyche returns from underworld
diary of a drowning defeated


EKTA has launched its next generation LED display screens at this year's ISE. Designed for both indoor and outdoor applications, the range features 3D technology as well as other enhancements such as improved durability.
EKTA is showcasing its latest video display technology, having unveiled its two next generation LED display screens at ISE.
The state-of-the-art iLVM 4C-Qs LED-Wall Indoor series and LVM 6C-Q LED-Wall Outdoor series incorporate 3D technology as well as other features that enhance screen quality, brightness and resolution. Refinements made in their construction have also increased the displays' durability.
Offering the ability to create an LED video wall of any size and shape as a fixed installation or mobile, whilst retaining super-sharp image quality, the display screens and video control equipment are said to provide the global audio-visual market with an elegant and high performance solution.
The range is aimed at a diverse customer base, from system integrators, rental and advertising companies to modern art museums, retail centres and universities.


We have recently implemented 5S in our stores building to ensure we provide our customers, internal and external, with a first-class service by meeting their needs first-time, every time. 5S is a Japanese concept which originated in the motor industry, most notably with Toyota. Nowadays, many organisations use 5S to maintain the standards and discipline to manage the organisation in a safe, efficient and productive way and forms the basis of a culture of continuous improvement.


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From app to service — a tool to battle COVID-19
by Sean Ruck, Contributing Editor | July 03, 2020
From the July 2020 issue of HealthCare Business News magazine
In 2008, infectious disease clinicians and public health experts at Johns Hopkins University initially conceived the emocha app. The app was deployed in Uganda to monitor HIV patients. The company was commercialized in 2014, and used by the State of Maryland in 2015 to support remote monitoring amidst the Ebola outbreak. It was well-received, and put into use at the Johns Hopkins Biocontainment Unit to monitor healthcare workers for highly infectious diseases.
It worked through direct video observations, monitoring patients remotely as opposed to having them head to the clinic. Sebastian Seiguer, co-founder and CEO of telemedicine provider emocha Mobile Health Inc., was one of the people to realize the value of the app that Johns Hopkins had created. He licensed it from the hospital and his company added more functionality.
So this was the work emocha was doing for years. Keeping an eye on travelers coming in from India or Africa to monitor for Ebola for Baltimore, assisting the state of Mississippi with TB cases, monitoring healthcare workers for infectious disease at Johns Hopkins and dozens of other use cases for clients.
Source-Ray, Inc. - Innovations In Portable X-Ray
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When COVID arrived, the shift to handle the monitoring of staff at Johns Hopkins and other locales for the virus took hours, not days. But hospitals were scrambling with staffing decisions and logistics, determining what additional training needed to occur to ensure the safety of staff and patients and more. By late January, there was discussion about expanding COVID tracking to non-frontline staff and other hospitals. Knowing hospitals were already overburdened with process change and the new normal, it wasn't realistic to expect that they would be able to keep the needed staff on top of the data being collected. Instead, emocha introduced their COVID tracker as a full service rather than a tech implementation. Seiguer explained why this was important. "I think the unique thing in COVID is speed of transition — everything you do has to be fast, has to be ahead of the curve. Means weekends, nights, everything."
Seiguer says that the value of the monitoring is that healthcare systems are looking for a needle in a haystack and the service emocha provides finds that needle. It's a small percentage of people who are monitored who are showing symptoms, but those symptoms — in the case of COVID, they're focused on eight — will put an alert into the system. A report of concerning symptoms is sent to the customer twice a day. Whereas hospital switchboards have been overwhelmed with people calling in recent months, the report emocha provides is only utilizing recognized symptoms. According to Seiguer, that cuts the static down from maybe a thousand individuals with concerns to a small fraction of that number who should really get a close look and monitoring. This relieves some of the pressure on healthcare workers.
July 2020 Magazine
Read more stories from the July 2020 issue
More Cost Containment Corner
How connective health technology can detect and prevent the costly patient safety issue of senior falls
Improving ROI and reducing denials with mid-revenue cycle review
How hospitals can get ahead of the coming CMS price transparency enforcement wave
The power of technology to expand equitable access to healthcare
Prioritizing patient safety to save lives and dollars


What is worth giving our lives for? This lesson uses the stories of Daniel and Esther to explore the topics of integrity and faithfulness. This portion examines the literary and historical context of Daniel and Esther and continues the discussion of integrity and sacrifice.
Julie and Kevin continue the discussion.


Home Sweet Rouen Cathédrale – što se nalazi u blizini?
Kasna prijava moguća je nakon 21.00 uz dodatnu naknadu od 40 EUR.
Dječji krevetići dostupni su za 5.0 EUR po boravku.
I stayed here in October 2018. It is modern, well-lit and well-maintained. It is tastefully decorated with a calming color scheme. Good water pressure. Comfortable bed. It is just a short walk to the cathedral and old market square. I accidentally blew a fuse because I forgot to use my power convertor and the owner resolved the problem promptly. I am completely satisfied and would stay here again.
Great location, clean. But the owner did not answer our call when we arrived had to get hotel.com on the phone (they were helpful), finally after 1 hour the guy finally call and we got in. A very tiny place, the bed is uncomfortable and takes up the entire place just leaving the bathroom to move about. But a great location!
Home Sweet Rouen was a very comfortable room. Spacious with a small kitchenette. The owner lets you into the room remotely, so you must have a working phone. You call him and he opens the door for you. The hotel is very close to the Cathedral and other sites. The pluses: convenient, clean and helpful owner. The minuses: parking is 2 blocks away in a pay lot, 3 flights of stairs with no lift, owner is not on site.
Great location, this property is right next to the big tourist spots and is well furnished. Check-in was a bit tricky, but had good communication with the owner which helped. Everything was clean and kitchen/bathroom were nice, however the bed was just a pullout couch which was disappointing to learn. Luckily we were only there one night, however if staying longer, it would've been more of an issue.
We communicated to the owner we would arrive at 4:30pm. We waited 1.5 h for someone to let us in. Worse, we did not get the room described on the reservation. Instead of a double bed, fireplace, and kitchen table, there was no bedroom, no kitchen table, no fireplace. There was a sofa bed that was mediocre.


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Home >> Expertise >> Research and Evaluation >> Arts Education Research and Program Development >> New Jersey Symphony Orchestra CHAMPS
Alliance for Young Artists & Writers
Arts Rising
Barr Foundation and Klarman Family Foundation
Big Thought
Community Musicworks
DreamYard
EdVestors
Florida West Coast Symphony
Greater Hancock County
National September 11 Memorial and Museum
National Steinbeck Center
New Jersey Symphony Orchestra CHAMPS
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Young Audiences, Inc.
NEW JERSEY SYMPHONY ORCHESTRA'S CHARACTER, ACHIEVEMENT, & MUSIC PROJECT (NJSO CHAMPS)
Findings from the 2013-14 Season
An education in music has been linked to higher levels of academic achievement, but it is not known how music education may achieve these effects. One possibility is that music education fosters the development of other more proximal domains such as perseverance or prosocial behaviors, and that it is through fostering development in these areas that music education may ultimately influence distal outcomes such as academic achievement.
In 2013 the New Jersey Symphony Orchestra retained WolfBrown to assess whether participation in it's Character, Achievement, and Music Project (NJSO CHAMPS) may confer benefits to students' academic achievement, perseverance, prosocial behaviors, intrapersonal skills, and future orientation? To address these questions, data were collected from 36 students enrolled in CHAMPS and a comparison group of 24 students attending the same grades and classrooms at University Heights Charter School (UHCS). A series of measures were collected from students, their parents or caregivers, their UHCS teachers, and their primary instructors in CHAMPS. Most measures were collected twice, coinciding with the first and final two weeks of the CHAMPS program, and these were supplemented by year-end data provided by UHCS.
Analyses focused on students' scores on post-Champs assessments while controlling for students' scores on pre-Champs assessments. Controlling for pre-Champs scores allows us to attribute differences in post- Champs scores to the program's influence with more confidence, and constitute a stronger form of evidence of the program's effects. While there was no evidence that enrollment in Champs was associated with higher levels of academic achievement, enrollment was associated with higher parent ratings of children's prosocial behaviors, as well as higher child ratings of their own intrapersonal skills and future orientation for girls. Students rated as more highly-engaged in Champs by their teaching artists were rated as exhibiting higher levels of perseverance by their in-school, UHCS teachers, while parents of more highly-engaged boys also rated their children as exhibiting higher levels of perseverance. UHCS teachers also rated more highly-engaged students as displaying higher levels of prosocial behavior, while more highly-engaged boys reported higher levels of prosocial behavior for themselves. In many cases, the sizes of the effects associated with both enrollment and engagement in CHAMPS were large.
Though our evaluation was not without limitations (i.e., a small sample size that constrained statistical power), it did provide evidence that CHAMPS may contribute to the development of key outcomes, including perseverance, prosocial behaviors, intrapersonal skills, and future orientation. Fostering these characteristics in students can have long-lasting consequences for life outcomes that are in the end more important than grades or test scores, and achieving those long-lasting effects is the ultimate goal of CHAMPS: to harness the power of music to change lives.
Consultant: Steven Holochwost


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Separatists gave Ukrainian side 60 of sentenced persons to continue serving their sentence on the territory.
Representatives of non-government-controlled areas of Luhansk region on Wednesday, March 20, handed over to the Ukrainian authorities 60 prisoners to continue serving their sentence on the territory controlled by Ukraine. This was announced by the Parliament Commissioner for human rights Lyudmila Denisova in Facebook.
"Today in the town of Happiness gave us 60 convicts in penal institutions in certain areas of uncontrolled territory of the Luhansk region, to continue serving the sentence on the government-controlled Ukrainian territory," – wrote the Ombudsman in the social network.
Previously, the so-called government "LNR" handed over to the Kiev 33 prisoners who were convicted before the outbreak of hostilities in the Donbass.
We will remind, during 2018 from penal institutions and detention facilities of State criminal-Executive service of Ukraine was carried out on 28 shoots.


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InnovationBatteriesShareSubscribe
Tesla's Battery-Powered Future Is Getting Affordable
Electric cars and rising energy costs are increasing demand.
By Yasmin Tayag
Filed Under Cars & Power
Tesla's CTO believes the battery-powered future is looming. At the Intersolar 2015 conference, J.B. Straubel, who co-founded the company, predicted that energy storage was about to get much cheaper and much bigger, thanks to increasing demand for high-capacity batteries. And he's not talking about the AA in your Wii; he's talking about powering cars, homes, and even commercial buildings with stored energy from both solar panels and from the traditional grid.
"It's kind of like the difference between solar used for pocket calculators and satellites versus solar used for buildings," he said in the keynote address. "The demand is orders of magnitude higher and puts it on a different trajectory for cost declines."
Experts at Sustainnovate have issued a similar prediction, saying that the cost of big batteries will decline 40 to 60 percent by 2020. As buying energy off the grid becomes more expensive, utility-scale batteries are becoming a lot more appealing, increasing demand. Both the commercial and residential sectors can use these to move "behind the meter," a term referring to energy-generating and energy-storing systems that are on-site instead of on the grid's side. It doesn't hurt that these systems are becoming cheaper to produce, thanks to advancements in solar technology.
Consider that the average American home needs 30 kWh of electricity a day. Batteries like Tesla's 100-kWh Powerpack as well as the smaller Powerwall can charge from the grid during off-peak hours as well as store solar power during the day, releasing it when it's most economical. The Powerpack can even be scaled up into an array to form a mini on-site power plant for larger businesses.
Adding to the demand for bigger and cheaper storage, Straubel also believes that nearly all of our cars will be electric in less than 10 years. Better get in line for your Model X.
Media via Google Images
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Tesla Electric Jet: Elon Musk Predicts When Planes C...
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La Coppa di Francia 1971-72 fu la 55ª edizione della coppa nazionale francese di calcio.
La finale di quell'edizione di manifestazione coincise con il primo incontro di club che si tenne al rinnovato Parco dei Principi di Parigi e vide l' battere 2-1 il .

Risultati

Trentaduesimi di finale

Sedicesimi di finale

Ottavi di finale

Quarti di finale

Semifinali

Andata

Ritorno

Finale

Tabellone (fase finale)

Note

Collegamenti esterni

Calcio nel 1971
Calcio nel 1972
1971-1972

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


This project will consist of two parts.
The first part will be a graphical user interface for generating 3D maps. Maps will consist of textures, altitudes, objects, and water. The GUI will allow the user to load custom textures and objects.
The second part will consist of a user-friendly library for loading the maps generated by the GUI for use in an actual game.
This is one of the tools I will need for the "Universe Storage" game.
I have finished writing the code for loading texture and altitude maps, and I have created several tools for changing the view and applying textures to the map. The code for selecting map cells is complete. Cells can be selected one at a time or multiple at a time while holding down "Control". It is also possible to "drag-select" with the mouse. I made it so that if any cells are selected, the paint tool will automatically fill them with whatever texture I pick. I made it so right-click always acts like the select tool, so I won't have to keep switching back and forth between tools. I added in a visible wireframe that I can turn on or off from the Options toolbar. This helps to distinguish one cell from the next. The "Save" button in the options toolbar works nicely. The "Load" function, however, isn't finished. I've also added in buttons for "Select by cell", "Select by map", and "Free select". The later two will be implemented later after I add in the ability to load more than one adjacent maps at a time.
Wishing I could figure out how to use the Particle maker 4 and 5 in other maps. So cool.


text:
Q: How might I reformulate a "MM/YYYY" date as "YYYYMM"? I want to convert this string format:

11/2013

TO

201311

So, suppose my string is in this variable:
string s = "11/2013";

What should be the code for this problem? Thanks!

A:  sprime = s.Split(new char [] {'/'});
 s = sprime[1] + sprime[0];

This is fastest:
 s = s[3] + s[4] + s[5] + s[6] + s[0] + s[1];

If you are converting a gazillion billion records it will matter.

A: string newString = s.Split('/')[1] + s.Split('/')[0];

A: string [] split = s.Split('/');
string str = split[1] + split[0];

A: Note that this answer assumes s will match, and it will return an empty string if it doesn't.
Using Split will throw an IndexOutOfRangeException when you try to access [1] when there was no /.
You could of course add code to handle these cases regardless of whether you use Regex or Split.
string s = "11/2013";

// Match 1+ digits followed by a forward slash followed by 1+ digits
Regex r = new Regex(@"(\d+)/(\d+)");

var m = r.Match(s);
string result = m.Groups[2].Value + m.Groups[1].Value;

A: string s = "11/2011";
s = String.Format("{0}{1}", s.Split('/')[1], s.Split('/')[0]);

A: All so complicated. Makes my head hurt. Try this instead:
static readonly Regex rx = new Regex( @"^(\d\d)/(\d\d\d\d)$" ) ;
...
string s1 = "12/3456" ;
string s2 = rx.Replace( s1 , @"$2/$1" ) ;

A: Or Splitless for [??]/YYYY; s.Substring(s.Length - 4, 4) + s.Substring(0, s.Length - 5);

A: string s = "11/2013";
Regex r = new Regex("^(?<month>[0-1]?[0-9])/(?<year>[0-9]{4})$");
var match = r.Match(s);
string month = match.Groups["month"].Value;
string year = match.Groups["year"].Value;
string result = year + month;

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


A second-year undergraduate student in a college or university, or a second-year student in a four-year secondary school or high school.
She was very mature for a and had several friends who were juniors or even seniors.
(context, horse-racing) A three year old horse.
The filly had looked promising as a , but concerns over her health had prompted the owner to pull her from the season's early races.
The second in a series, especially, the second of an artist's albums or the second of four years in a secondary or post-secondary school.
The band's album built upon the success of their debut release, catapulting them to megastardom.
Etymology: From Greek sophumer, from the obsolete word sophom, meaning "sophism" or "dialectical" exercise, likely influenced by sophos + moros "wise fool".
Supplemental Details:Sponsor an extended definition for sophomore for as little as $10 per month. Click here to contact us.


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