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C's Chat – Graham Spraker
December 12, 2017 Niall O'Donohoe Baseball, C's Chat Leave a comment
Graham Spraker was promoted to Vancouver for the Northwest League final.
This episode of C's Chat features the second player from the Quincy Hawks to wear the Vancouver Canadians uniform in 2017, righthanded pitcher Graham Spraker. The Quincy Hawks reunion between Spraker and first baseman David Jacob did not materialize after Jacob was called up to the Lansing Lugnuts in mid-August while Spraker was promoted to Vancouver just after the Appalachian League playoffs. By the time the 6-foot-3 hurler from Tucson, Arizona was summoned from the Bluefield Blue Jays, the 22 year-old Spraker was well-versed with post-season baseball after some memorable runs with Quincy during his three-year college career.
"That was probably the most fun I've ever had playing baseball my whole life. We were contenders in our regional in my sophomore and junior year. We hosted actually in my sophomore and junior year and we dropped the ball both times.
Coming back for my senior year, this was kind of my last shot to get to the (Division II) World Series. We ended up winning our conference tournament, which gave us our bid to go to our regional. We didn't host the regional, we barely snuck in.
We played Northwood University all the way up in Michigan and we beat them twice on the championship day to take the title and that was awesome. I pitched the first game that day. I started a game two days before that and I got yanked kind of early but we came back and won that game anyway. I started the first game of the doubleheader, got a win and we had a freshman come in and pitch and he threw seven strong. His name was Riley Martin and we won the Midwest Region and that was awesome."
On coach Josh Rabe's influence on the Quincy Hawks.
"He's made all the difference. He played at QU during his time in college and so with him coming back, you could almost say he's kind of like the hometown hero. He's a fantastic coach. He's put together one hell of a program and he really believed that we could do it, especially going into that senior year. We were so close the two years before. It was just as tough on him obviously, us dropping those games in the regional. He has made the biggest impact on my career and I'm sure Dave (David Jacob) would say the same thing."
On why he was successful on the mound during his senior season.
"I stopped stressing about pitching. My junior year, I kind of had a rough year and on the mound, I was kind of trying to force things to happen a little too much. I know that most pitching coaches would tell you that's kind of a good thing but I don't know, I just lost my edge in my junior year and so coming back for my senior year, I just kind of got my composure back on the mound. It was a mental change for me more than it was a physical change."
On who has had the biggest influence on him as a pitcher.
"I've always been a pitcher. I've played a little bit of infield in high school…I wasn't good at it but it was fun. (Pitching) was more fun than being a P-O (putout) that early in my career. I have been a student of Brent Strom's for a really long time. Brent is the pitching coach with the Houston Astros right now but he was in Tucson during the off-season so I've been seeing him on and off since I was like maybe 12 years old. He's kind of modelled my—not quite my mechanics—but my mental approach to pitching, that kind of thing so I've always had him to guide me and give me little pointers year by year.
My pitching coach at QU, Matt Stembridge, he would always do his best to give us the best resources and just as much knowledge as he could possibly could. He was a blessing to the QU program too."
Graham Spraker was drafted by the Toronto Blue Jays in the 31st round of the 2017 draft.
On his approach to pitching.
"That really changed for me while I was with the Blue Jays and at the end of college. I picked up a lot of velocity after I made some mechanical changes right at the end of my college season. Once I started throwing a significant amount harder and I had to pitch in the bullpen, I didn't have to worry about tapering my stamina to stay in the game.
Once I had that plus velocity, I could really challenge hitters. It opened up the top half of the strike zone for me. Before in college, I was basically trying to throw sinkers or sliders and staying low in the zone, trying to get poor contact but then once I got to the Blue Jays, I was able to challenge hitters with the fastball. It opened up the entire half of the strike zone to me. I was able to do so much more."
On his fastball usage.
"I still throw two seams. I kind of got away from the four-seam fastball while I was at Quincy. That was Coach Stembridge right there. For some reason, my two-seam is just as hard as my four-seam fastball so in college, it was just more efficient for me to throw the two-seam because it had a little more movement on it so that we just kind of scrapped the four-seam but not that I can't use it. I usually go to my two-seam because it's my comfort pitch so I just started throwing my two-seam fastball up in the zone and that's how I got most of the strikeouts with the Blue Jays, that in combination with my slider."
On adding another pitch to his repertoire.
"I'm probably going to be focusing on the change right now. I had one in college, I didn't really use it very often because I was so much more confident with my slider but I've been working with the pitching coaches during instructs and I have a totally new grip. I threw it all throughout September/October while we were in the instructional league and I'm already very proud of it.
I don't think I'm going to try to throw a curveball any time soon. I've never had the talent or like the natural ability to create like a 12-to-6 spin so I think we'll put that on the back burner for now until I start to get the feel for that. I've never thrown anything remotely close to a 12-6 so it'd be tough for me to pick it up right now. "
On developing his changeup.
"I guess the one issue that I have with it right now is that it does come out still pretty firm. It's got the downward movement that I want from it but that's my tendency, which I'm aware of on the mound so I'd be able to identify it and fix it when I do mess up. My mistakes I would make with it would be throwing it too hard. Right now, normally it was like 87-88 miles an hour and if I'm starting to get tired during a game and my fastball velocity is coming down from mid-90s coming down to low-(90s), then that spread's a little too small."
On taking part in instructional league.
"Instructs was actually a lot of fun. It felt like summer camp and everybody was always packed in the conference room to start the day. It was a good time. The pitchers did a lot of PFP (pitcher's fielding practice) drills as expected but I've learned a lot during instructs about everything pitching from pitch sequencing to mental toughness in general."
Graham Spraker chats with Travis Bergen (#23) before Game 3 of the Northwest League final.
On getting drafted by the Toronto Blue Jays and who scouted him.
"I was so relieved. I remember watching almost every name get called on that third day and I knew that if I had any chance of going, it was going to be with the Blue Jays so every single time it was their turn to call a name, I was glued to the computer screen hoping waiting to see mine. I remember when they did call, my parents both jumped out of their seats screaming so it was a really fun experience, a huge relief!"
"Jeff Johnson was my scout. He was the Midwest area scout and Jeff actually just got a position as the coordinator of amateur scouting with the Tampa Bay Rays so he's no longer with the Jays. Jeff was definitely the most enthusiastic just by the normal conversation with all the scouts I had spoken with."
On his introduction to pro baseball with Bluefield.
"Bluefield was great. The coaching staff was fantastic. Dennis Holmberg was the man and (pitching) coach Tony, Antonio (Caceras) was the boss. He helped me out a lot. They kind of let us try to do our own thing for the first year there. I could tell that some of the second or third year players would get a lot more one-on-one instruction than the new kids would but I think that's just because they told us they wanted us to try and acclimate to our first year of pro baseball. It's kind of to get used to the little things like the change in lifestyle, that kind of stuff but (the coaches) did a hell of a job. They managed a hell of a team and they took just great care of us. I couldn't be more grateful from everybody, from Roswell and our coaching staff, Caleb (Daniel) the trainer and (Aaron) Spano, our strength coach. They just did everything they could to make sure that we had all the tools that we needed."
On pitching with Ty Tice in the Bluefield bullpen.
"Me and Ty, we were competing with each other to see who could rack up the most saves, although, I mean he kind of ran away with it at the end. Ty was always first up but when Ty couldn't pitch, then it was my turn. We had a healthy competition going on all year long."
On Bluefield winning the Mercer Cup against their arch-rival Princeton Rays.
"The Mercer Cup was pretty fun. We won it pretty early in the season. The County here, they take it pretty seriously. It was cool to be a part of it. When we finally won and got the trophy, that was a good time. Champagne showers. It was kind of weird though, we were shaking champagne in the middle of the season."
On pitching in the post-season with Bluefield.
"I loved it. I came out. I got the save in the first game but I got to pitch at Pulaski (in third and deciding Game 3) and I remember when I came out of the bullpen, I can't remember the score, it was pretty close but the crowd started chanting 'Go Yankees!' or something like that and I was just like (speechless)."
On the possibility of getting called up to Vancouver after the Appalachian League playoffs.
"I didn't really think about it because (the C's) had made call-ups like two weeks before that and I didn't move so I kind of assumed I was just going to play the rest of the season (in Bluefield). And then (the Jays) gave me a plane ticket to go home and so I had all my stuff packed up and ready to leave and then about an hour before I was set to go on the bus and get to the airport, they called me and sent me a new itinerary and told me I was going up to Canada."
On finally making it to Vancouver.
"I was pumped. That was my goal from the beginning of the season was to at least end up in Vancouver by the end but I was kind of bummed that—I wasn't bummed that Dave (David Jacob) got promoted—but I was pissed that I was still one level behind him. (Laughs) I was really looking forward to playing on the same team with him again but we'll get there. We'll catch up."
On other players he's close with in the Blue Jays system.
"Pretty much all the pitchers. I was always pretty close with Ty (Tice) and Marcus Reyes. I can name off a ton of names. Connor Law was one of my buds. He started off in the GCL and then finally he came up to Bluefield and it was a riot when he got promoted but Connor, he played in the Division II World Series against us. We didn't get a chance to play him but I didn't meet him yet but I knew he was with Lindenwood which was like two hours away from Quincy but we'd always been in the same area. It was fun to finally meet him."
On making his first playoff appearance during Game 1 of the Northwest League finals against the Eugene Emeralds.
"Eugene was fun. I came in kind of early. I think I was trying to do a little too much when I first got into that game. I let one of those runs score on a sacrifice fly and I was disappointed but in all hindsight, I did my job. And then they gave me one more inning after that and I was kind of on edge to be honest. It was the first game up there but once I struck out my first batter in that second inning, I calmed down a lot because I just did exactly what I would have done if I was pitching in Bluefield and it worked out in that same way so I kind of reassured in my mind that like it's the same game and I shouldn't be worried about it. These guys, they're not that much better from where you were just at."
On the difference between the college and Appalachian League playoffs to the Northwest League playoffs.
"It was the crowd. The huge difference in the amount of people who were there, especially in Vancouver. We had 5,000 people or something like that and pitching in front of that many people, the noise was a distraction I guess. Just from Bluefield, we played with maybe about 700 to 1,000 people. The atmosphere was just totally different."
Graham Spraker pitched 2-2/3 scoreless innings for the C's in the Northwest League final.
On pitching in Game 3 against Eugene in Vancouver.
"I remember our pitching coach Jim Czajkowski. I remember coming out of the game and he was asking me about a certain pitch sequence that I just did to one of the batters that I just struck out. I remembered how disappointed he was when I told him that I just hung a slider. It was a terrible pitch but (the batter) missed it anyway. (Laughs).
Pitching in Vancouver was so much fun. I had to drive out to the mound in that golf cart. I was having fun. That's what I remember about that outing. I wasn't stressed. I wasn't thinking. I was just playing baseball and having a good time."
On riding in the C's bullpen car to the mound.
"I've never done that before. Yeah, it kind of puts you in a different mindset I think because if I was to run in from the bullpen, I'd probably be thinking about all sorts of stuff, trying to be as locked in as possible but driving out in a golf cart with a big ol' Canadians helmet on it, I don't know, it just made me smile."
On getting credited with the victories in both of his playoff appearances with Vancouver.
"That was a blessing. That was kind of just a scorekeeper's decision though because both times, I think if the starter would have gone one more inning just to get to the fifth, then they would have got both the wins. Still, I'm happy that I was the guy that got to sneak in there and grab those two."
On watching the clinching Game 4 from the bullpen.
"Once we took the lead, the whole atmosphere in the bullpen changed. Everyone was on the edge of their seats leading up to that and then finally when we got ahead, we definitely didn't relax but there were a lot more looks of hope and joy around the pen with the guys."
On seeing Chavez Young's catch and tumble over the wall in foul territory down the right field side for the second out of the ninth inning.
"Chavez is just a clutch player. That's exactly what he is. Chavez had bailed me out multiple times while I was in Bluefield too so I always loved pitching with Chavez in the outfield but yeah, it was definitely our year. Chavez needed it too because Chavez, you could tell the way he was playing that he'd do everything possible to win and he did. He did more than that."
On running from the bullpen to the infield to join the celebration of the final out.
"It was the fastest I've definitely ran in a long time. That gate was open before the umpire even called a strike I think. I wish I would have been in Vancouver longer but not that I didn't appreciate all of it. It was a fantastic experience and I just remember being in the locker room when we were done. We had a champagne shower and then the team owner came in, he was ecstatic and he told us that he was going to get us the biggest ring possible. I could tell from looking around the locker room from the guys that had been here all season and had worked for it the whole year, they were just so excited. I'm just blessed. I just wish I could have the same feeling or known exactly what it would have been like if I was there the whole year."
On his off-season preparation.
"I just got back from Tampa two or three days ago. I was at a high performance camp at our Spring Training complex in Dunedin so that's set me up really well going into the rest of the off-season. I got to go through my program for two weeks with our training staff so I know exactly how to do everything, how I should be going about all my workouts and lifting and stuff and now I'm just going to spend some time through it. I got three months now to just do what I can to be ready for spring training."
My thanks again to Graham Spraker for this episode of C's Chat.
Aaron SpanoAntonio CacerasAppalachian LeagueBluefield Blue JaysBrent StromCaleb DanielChavez YoungConnor LawDavid JacobDennis HolmbergEugene EmeraldsGraham SprakerJeff JohnsonJim CzajkowskiJosh RabeLansing LugnutsMarcus ReyesMatt StembridgeQuincy HawksRiley MartinTy Tice
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"A space limited by our imagination"
LARC are committed to public participation in decision making about the future of the Loughrea Town Hall and Cinema building. We are currently engaging community groups in a survey to prepare a feasibility report for the hall. We also organised a public meeting in April to consult with the people of Loughrea the future they see for the Town Hall building - info below.
"Local citizens were pleasantly surprised when they entered the function room of Loughrea Hotel and Spa on Thursday last. Instead of the normal rows of seats in front of a top table, seats were organised in small groups and there was no "top table". Participants at the well managed meeting were asked to discuss why they had come, and the future they saw for the Town Hall and Cinema. The format meant that local councillors and citizens were in small groups, face to face, and everyone had a chance to air their views.
It quickly became clear that the people of Loughrea have a strong emotional link to the old building, and that there is a real desire for it to be managed "by the community, for the community" as one attendee put it. All attendees agreed that the town needed a "multi-functional community and arts space" which could incorporate film, dance, music, lectures, heritage and other events, and there were serious concerns about the County Council's plans to convert the upstairs to office spaces.
Many of the active community groups in Loughrea, from the Seamus O'Kelly players to the Loughrea Pipe Band indicated their desire to use the space, and there were suggestions of the potential to use the building as a meeting space, indoor market and alcohol-free venue as well as for open mic, poetry readings, bridge clubs, classes, as well as for exhibitions and other events. The ideas flowed as the community finally got a chance to air its views. Older members of the community expressed a desire to see younger people have a space like they used to. Younger attendees were also full of energy and enthusiasm. Loughrea's citizens want somewhere they can use to bring life back into the town and that the community can manage and use – "a space limited only by our imaginations" as one group said.


One chapter ends, a new one begins!
The most important news my Green Card Visa application was approved. The finishing process at the US embassy in Switzerland was smooth and efficient. After they checked all my original documents I had to answer a few questions. A ten months long journey has come to an end and I can finish now our move from … Continue reading One chapter ends, a new one begins!


The International Teaching Summit 2015: Have the PISA Testers Gone Soft?
A funny thing has happened to the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) Education Office on its way to the fifth annual International Summit on the Teaching Profession (ISTP 2015). An ambitious international movement, initiated in March 2011 in New York City and dedicated to "Improving Teacher Quality Around the World" now sounds 'warm and fuzzy' on those professional issues that really matter – building better teachers, improving classroom instruction, and ensuring teaching effectiveness.
The ISTP 2015 agenda is clearly the work of three influential education experts, the formidable Schleicher, Ontario's ageless education change wizard Michael Fullan, and Stanford University education professor Linda Darling-Hammond, passed over in 2008 by President Barack Obama in his choice for U.S. Secretary of Education. Two of the three in that troika have spent their careers urging governments to invest in teachers and enhance professional support programs rather than to focus on student and teacher accountability.
Since Canada has no federal Department of Education, alone among the leading OECD countries, the titular head of our national delegation and host of ISTP 2015 will be Alberta Education Minister Gordon Dirks, currently serving as Chair of the Council of Ministers of Education of Canada (CMEC). Dianne Woloschuk, President, Canadian Teachers' Federation, will be at his side, modelling the collegial partnership model so common in the higher echelons of Canada's provincial and territorial school systems.
The Alberta Teacher Summit is particularly focused on promoting the so-called "learning partnership" between "education ministers and teacher's union leaders" and that is obvious from the media releases and invitation lists. While Mike Cooper of the Toronto-based Learning Partnership is on the planning team, the only visible partnerships with business are with the leading "learning corporations" like Pearson International and SMART Technologies who tend to underwrite most of the sessions promoting their systems, products, and curricula.
The Great Powers will be represented by Arne Duncan, United States Secretary of Education, and Hao Ping, Vice Minister of Education, Peoples' Republic of China, although much of the agenda runs counter to their current 'higher standards' educational reform priorities.
Judging from the laudatory treatment of Finland in the ISTP 2015 policy brief, Krista Kiuru, Minister of Education and Science, will be there to provide fresh evidence of the superiority of Finnish teachers and their extraordinary professionalism. Even though Finnish students have slipped on recent PISA tests, that system continues to be the "holy grail" for teachers opposed to regular student testing and school choice of any kind.
Anyone looking for specific policy measures to improve the quality of teaching will be disappointed with the official menu. The ISTP2015 brief and the results of TALIS 2013, the 2013 OECD study of teacher competencies and perspectives, which included 20 teachers in each of 200 schools in Canada, focuses on ways of strengthening teachers' confidence levels and helping them to overcome "risk-aversion" to innovation.
After five consecutive years of Summitry, it is high time to get into the real nitty-gritty and build actual classroom teachers into the process. From the outside looking in, the Summit resembles a gathering of education ministers and system insiders who purport to know what's best for teachers as well as students in today's classrooms. In other words, a high altitude "risk-free" summit.
Two fundamental questions arise: Whatever happened to all the recent independent research calling for major reforms to teacher education, professional standards, and classroom accountability? And most importantly, where are the exemplary classroom teachers on that star-studded international guest list?
Violence and Bullying in Schools: Who's Doing What to Whom–and Why?
Safe School initiatives and "No Tolerance" policies have been around since the mid-1990s, but school boards and provincial education authorities across Canada are now collecting and beginning to publicly report on acts of school violence. It's also headline news because of startling figures, inaccurate reports, and hair-raising tales of violence against teachers.
Nova Scotia Teacher's Union president Shelley Morse topped them all in February 16, 2015 in a CBCNews Nova Scotia report. "I've been kicked, punched, bitten. Had chairs and desks and rocks thrown at me, " she said. "I've had students spit on me. Have been verbally abusive to me. They have destroyed my office, because I'm a vice principal as well." Teachers, Morse claimed, call the NSTU in fear of their students it gets so bad at times.
Cracking down on school violence is not new. It goes back to 1994, when American President Bill Clinton passed the Gun Free Schools Act banning guns from public schools and cracking down on school violence. After the 1999 mass shooting at Columbine High School in Littleton, CO, the majority of U.S. schools adopted "No Tolerance" policies for violence, tobacco, alcohol, drugs, firearms, and weapons other than guns. Since then, Canada's provincial school systems have adopted their own versions of such policies aimed at combating bullying, managing youth violence, and controlling unwanted aggression.
Twelve years ago, when British Columbia Premier Christy Clark was Education Minister, a government task force called for province-wide policies for dealing with bullying, harassment and intimidation in schools, including annual reports from school boards on how they handled violent incidents. Since then, safe school policies in many urban schools in Ontario have featured security guards, electronic surveillance, student identification tags, discipline, and zero tolerance.
Implementing simple "No Tolerance" policies ran into unexpected difficulties. In 2000, the Ontario Ministry of Education passed the Safe Schools Act, which set out a list of offences that could trigger expulsion, suspension, and other disciplinary responses. Interestingly, it did not define safety. In a parallel move, the Toronto District School Board (TDSB) adopted The Equity Foundation Statement in 1999 – a comprehensive commitment to equity and a rally against racism, homophobia, sexism, and oppression based on class. Those two initiatives have, in effect, exposed differences in students' and teachers' perceptions of safety and equity, and how they experience bulling and harassment on a day-to-day basis.
Public disclosure of violence and bullying is now far more common. In 2011, Ontario's Ministry of Education responded to public concerns by amending the Education Act and requiring the 73 school boards to report the numbers for incidents like weapon possession, serious assaults and sexual assaults in its schools With the passage of the Nova Scotia 2012 Respectful Schools Act, reporting acts of violence became mandatory in public schools.
The official figures for acts of violence in school can be alarming. Last year teachers, principals and school staff in Nova Scotia recorded 4,730 acts of physical violence in a provincial system with only 400 schools, 122,000 students and 9,300 teachers. So shocking, in fact, that Minister of Education Karen Casey attempted to downplay the figures. "I think it's misleading to suggest that 4,700 of those are truly violent acts," she told CBC News. She thinks there's a distinction to be made between students with emotional or mental difficulties acting out and students who are intentionally violent or aggressive.
The posted data from the Ontario school boards has generated much controversy. In 2011-2012, 2,659 violent incidents were reported from almost 5,000 different schools. In 2012-2013, 2,188 incidents are listed. Judging from the Nova Scotia disclosures, those figures look to be remarkably low.
The Ontario school boards were later found to be under-reporting or inaccurately reporting their incidents of violence. The Peel District School Board, appears to lead the pack with 641 total incidents in 2011-2012 and then again in 2012-2013 with 478. The largest board in the province, the Toronto District School Board reported only 177 incidents in the first year and 178 in the second year of tracking the incidents. York Region, which is around the same size as Peel, reported 30 incidents and 38 incidents. In all, 10 of Ontario's 73 school boards reported no incidents in 2011-2012, and 11 reported no incidents in 2012-2013. Twenty boards reported less than 10 incidents in 2011-2012 and 22 boards report less than 10 incidents in 2012-2013.
After Stu Auty, founding president of the Canadian Safe Schools Network, raised concerns about the accuracy of the reporting, and the Ministry of Education eventually conceded that the numbers were problematic for comparative purposes. Trafficking drugs the Peel public schools, for example, was reported to the province as a violent incident, even though it lay outside the reporting guidelines. A quick look at the figures highlighted a number of other irregularities. In 2011-2012, the Hamilton-Wentworth District School Board reported 191 violent incidents. The next year, it reported zero.
A series of school disciplinary policy changes have been implemented over the past 20 years in an attempt to curb violence in schools and to stamp out bullying in hallways and playgrounds. Whatever happened to the Zero Tolerance and Safe Schools policy initiatives? Are acts of school violence and bullying escalating as much as is being reported? If one out of ten acts of violence are directed toward teachers, is that a worrisome trend? How reliable are the current school violence reports as a basis for framing school discipline policy?
School Snow Days: What Can Be Done to "Make-Up" for Lost Learning Time?
School days lost to winter storms and other calamities is back on the public agenda, particularly in Atlantic Canada and the northeastern United States. It broke into the open only when the numbers of lost days were approaching two full weeks of school. After shrugging off the issue for years, a couple of Canadian Ministers of Education suddenly went into a panicky, reactive mode. All of a sudden, recovering "lost learning time" became a priority.
A succession of severe snow and ice storms in late February 2015 finally spurred that intervention. After New Brunswick's Education Minister Serge Rousselle announced he was looking at adding "make-up" days, his Nova Scotia counterpart, Karen Casey, shocked everyone by sounding a public alarm bell. In a media scrum, Casey drew what sounded like "a line in the ice" and openly mused about sending students and teachers to school on Saturdays and during March break to make up for lost days. It caused such a furor that Premier Stephen McNeil was forced to intervene, assuring worried parents that the province was not going to commandeer their upcoming holidays.
Since a Nova Scotia Snow Days report by Dr. Jim Gunn in November 2009, five years ago, many concerned parents and citizens were asking –what's really changed? Aside from minor policy adjustments and clearer communications, very little had happened to address the fundamental issue – the erosion of learning time and its impact on both student engagement and achievement.
Compared to Nova Scotia and the neighbouring Maritime provinces, American state governments and school districts have done much better. Transforming School Snow Days into E-Learning Days opened the door to what are known as "Blizzard Bags." With a storm approaching, teachers are prepared with class-based homework assignments, inserted in special bags, to ensure continuity in teaching and learning.
Last winter, one of the most severe ever, Nova Scotia school boards cancelled between 5 and 15 full days, the highest numbers since 2008-09. So far this season, the number of "lost days" totals from 5 in Halifax to 11 in Cape Breton, with a month of winter still ahead of us.
Connecting the dots leads to one inescapable conclusion: Students in Nova Scotia, as well as New Brunswick and Prince Edward Island, would be doing better if they actually spent more time in school and were expected to complete work now being "written-off" in our public schools. Cancelling whole school days for real or threatened severe weather, then allowing between 12 and 16 days to be consumed by "Teacher Days" for professional activities was only compounding the student performance challenges.
No school system anywhere can be competitive when students are only in school for 165 to 175 of the scheduled 180 to 182 instructional days. Over the past five years, students outside of Halifax have actually missed 40 to 55 full days of school as a direct result of storm closures, double that of those in the HRSB, putting them at a real disadvantage compared to city kids. The pattern was similar in both New Brunswick and Prince Edward Island.
Raising such critical matters is no longer about finding fault, but rather about appealing for constructive policy changes to alleviate or minimize student learning loss in relation to other provinces and states. If "E-Learning Days" cannot be implemented because of the uneven state of Internet and home computer access, simply shrugging it off is no longer tenable.
The American 'Snow-Belt' states are way ahead of Maritimers in tackling the problem of repeated school day cancellations. Confronted with the problem, good old "Yankee ingenuity" sprouted up in Ohio, Minnesota and New Hampshire. Creative solutions are now appearing in the Greater Boston area, where school superintendents have stepped up to meet the challenge.
The state of Ohio was first out of the gate. Five school days a year were designated "Calamity Days" to accommodate storms, power outages, tornadoes, and local events, including fires, roof leaks, and boiler problems. Lost days, above 3 days, then later 5, were re-claimed by alternative means, including E-Days, replacing PD days or adding 'make-up' days at the end of term.
E-Learning Days emerged over the past five years as a popular alternative, employed in some 200 Ohio schools, mostly in rural and remote school districts. Given the choice between providing E-Learning activities during Snow Days and giving up PD or holiday time, teachers warmed to the concept and it was incorporated into the school's curricular program.
The wintry blast of 2014 wreaked havoc in the state school system and ultimately claimed the Calamity Days model. When school day cancellations exceeded nine days, Ohio schools were unable to guarantee the mandated minimum of 180 days without pushing the school year into the final exam period. In September 2014, Ohio shifted from mandating school days to setting minimum annual hours of instruction, specifying 910 hours of instruction for K-6 and 1,001 hours for 7-12, and permitting more flexibility in implementing replacement days.
Ohio's Calamity Days were ahead of the curve and states like Massachusetts, New Hampshire, and Maine have taken different approaches. In the Greater Boston area, Burlington City Schools, are now leading the way – providing students with Blizzard Bags and the option of completing work online or in traditional fashion.
Building and developing an effective Snow Days Alternative program is not easy, but Burlington Public Schools are proving that it can be done. Assistant Superintendent Patrick M. Larkin was "underwhelmed" with Blizzard Bags from a cross-section of Ohio schools that were stuffed with worksheets and rather mundane homework assignments. Working with teachers, Larkin has ensured that Blizzard Bags are now being filled with more challenging assignments requiring independent thinking, collaboration, digital learning, peer feedback and teacher guidance.
What's standing in the way of re-claiming lost School Snow Days? Should provincial and state education authorities establish a minimum number of days when students will actually be in the classroom? If so, what type of a school calendar and schedule would be best for conserving and protecting instructional time? Where have school districts actually succeeded in limiting the erosion of student learning time?


text:
Kurravaara är en småort i Jukkasjärvi distrikt (Jukkasjärvi socken) i Kiruna kommun, vid Torneälvens strand cirka 12 km nordost om centralorten Kiruna som den är förbunden med via länsväg BD 874. Orten har omfattande fritidshusbebyggelse som ger byn en vid utbredning längs älvdalen och dess vik Lahti. Trakterna runt Kurravaara är kända för sin geologi och sina mineraltillgångar.

Vid småortsavgränsningen 2010 utgjorde andelen obebodda fritidshusfastigheter i småorten mer än 30 % av samtliga fastigheter.

Historia
Vid Vuolusjoki mellan sjön Alanen Vuolusjärvi och Torneälven, mitt emot den nuvarande byn Kurravaara, anlades år 1700 en hytta för att smälta malmen från koppargruvan i Sjangeli. Den första bruksperioden avslutades dock redan 1702. I juni 1718 besöktes platsen av Aubry de La Motraye, som beskrev den på följande sätt:

År 1734 rapporterades byggnaderna vid hyttan vara mycket förfallna.

År 1749 återuppbyggdes hyttan av malmletaren Nils Petter Abrahamsson Fougt (1723–1793), som något år senare även anlade nybygget Kurravaara. I hyttan smältes nu inte bara malm från Sjangeli utan även från Gruvberget ovanför det nuvarande samhället, Rakisvaara tre mil längre norrut samt Pahtavaara vid Vittangiälven. Snart övergavs emellertid hyttan igen och fick förfalla.

Förutom masugnsruiner och slagghögar är en av byggnaderna vid Jukkasjärvi hembygdsgård det enda kvarvarande minnet av smältverksepoken vid Vuolusjoki. Det mesta skingrades vid en auktion i mitten av 1800-talet. Kvar blev en kvarn som brukades ytterligare ett antal år. Av den återstår bara ett par kvarnstenar som finns vid bäcken Vuolusjoki.

Befolkningsutveckling

Vid folkräkningen den 31 december 1890 bodde det 110 personer i Kurravaara.

Film, TV och litteratur

 I tv-serien "Rebecka Martinsson" (som baseras på böckerna av Åsa Larsson) kommer huvudkaraktären från Kurravaara.

Källor
 Ove Larssons förord till Åke Barcks bok KURRAVAARA genom 300 år

Fotnoter

Orter i Kiruna kommun
Småorter i Sverige

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
How do transformers work?
Last updated: 18th Mar '20
The transformer has a laminated iron core and only operates with an AC power supply on an electromagnetic conductor. example: the primary coil has 1200 turns, 120 Vac is applied to the coil. 10 turns per volt. this magnetises the iron core at 60 Hz. If the secondary coil has 120 turns, there will be 12 VACs generated on the secondary. it's called transformer. if we apply 12 Vac to the secondary coil, we will get 120 Vac generated on the primary coil. it is a step-up transformer. This is a very simple description of the transformer. but in reality things are more complex. Regarding Patricia
, when the wire is placed in a changing magnetic field or loop, a voltage is produced in that wire. this voltage can provide a load and produce current. conversely, if a current flows in a wire, it produces a magnetic field. these effects are used to make a transformer. the transformer is arranged so that a coil of wire is wound around a magnetic conductor, such as iron. this coil is called the primary. the magnetic field is looped through another coil, called secondary. this coil then develops a voltage. it is important to note that the ratio of the number of wire turns in the primary to the secondary determines the ratio of increase or decrease in voltage.
The core (magnetic conductor) may be an iron oxide or ferrite. coils or windings are generally a good conductor of electricity such as copper. all transformers require alternating voltage or alternating current to operate. Large processors can be very efficient, about 98%.
In the past, transformers mainly operated at a frequency of 50 or 60 Hz and used iron cores. Today, many transformers operate in kilohertz and use ferrite cores. they can be much smaller than their frequency counterparts in the area.
a transformer, alternating or reciprocating, requires 2 coils wound one coil on the other. the primary coil, the input coil, applies an AC voltage that excites a current in the coil that generates a magnetic field. this field then passes on the secondary coil, the output and the magnetic field induces a voltage and a current in this secondary coil.
the number of revolutions, the ratio between the turns of the primary and the secondary determines the output voltage of the secondary coil with respect to the voltage of the primary coil. if primary to secondary says 10: 1, primary has 10 times the turns of secondary, the voltage is reduced from 10 … 100vac output 10vac. but the current goes in the other direction, 1a on the primary 10 amps in the secondary.
at low frequency, like conventional domestic AC transformers, have an iron-based core, the core of the wire for both coils is wound that limits most of the magnetic field to the core and coils, resulting in a greater part of the magnetic field passing on the secondary.
the magnetic field must be variable or moving so that a voltage is induced in the secondary and the reason for the use of alternating current, and not of direct current. Direct current would ensure that a fixed magnetic field level would not be moving / changing and no voltage would be induced in the secondary.
one may have more than one secondary coil. often a transformer is used to power more than one circuit and requires high and low voltages. there may therefore be a secondary coil with several turns to produce a high voltage and another secondary coil a few turns for a low voltage. as in your microwave oven where the magnatron tube used to generate the microwave for heating requiring a voltage of 2000v and the front panel and electronics requiring the same way as 5v, the transformer could have 2 coils for each of these tensions. of course, in this case, the alternating current of the transformer should be corrected and made continuous.
Why is enhancement MOSFET preferred over depletion MOSFET for switching purposes?
Why is enhancement MOSFET preferred over depletion MOSFET for switching purposes? The source of the mosfet is very often connected to the power rail. therefore, the amplification type gates are…
How to use thyristors?
How to use thyristors If you buy a thyristor, it must have given you the data sheet in which the voltage limit, the current limit, the performance charts, etc. have…
What is a relay?
What is a relay? relay that detects the fault and the information given to the c.b. sequence of operation: relay-c.b-isolator: Relays are switches that open and close circuits electromechanically or…
Why does the overall resistance of a circuit decrease as the resistors are connected in parallel?

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
12 Most Densely Populated Cities in the World
In 2020, the world population reached 7.76 billion people—a 12% increase compared to 2010. Our species is reproducing at a rapid pace, setting new records. But what about population density, though? Which cities around the globe have the highest concentration of citizens per square mile?
That's what we're here to find out! So, is it Beijing or Mumbai? Or maybe it's Tokyo? None of the above! And now that we got you excited to find out which city took the top spot, let's get right to it. A quick note: our focus will be on the entire city proper, not urban or metropolitan areas. Alright, now we begin!
The 12 Most Densely Populated Cities in the World
1. Manila, Philippines
Image Credit: Alexes Gerard, Unsplash
Population (city proper): 1.85 million people
Population density: 43K km2/111.5K sq. mi
Area/Size: 43K km2/16.5 sq. mi
Established in 1571 by Spanish conquistadors, Manila is one of the most vibrant, diverse, and culturally rich places in the world. On top of that, the capital of the Philippines has been the most densely-populated city since 2019: 111.5K sq. mi. Home to 1.85 million people, it's among the richest regions in Southeast Asia and is a very popular tourist destination.
The parks, museums, historical landmarks, and delicious food attract hundreds of thousands of foreigners every year. However, with the city already being overly crowded, visitors put an even bigger strain on local authorities. The living standards aren't very high in Manila, either; furthermore, it's prone to earthquakes.
2. Mandaluyong, Philippines
Image Credit: Lyman Hansel Gerona, Unsplash
Population (city proper): 425.7K people
Population density: 38.5K km2/99.7K sq. mi
Area/Size: 11K km2/4K sq. mi
A highly urbanized city with a population of 425K people, Mandaluyong has been an independent town since 1841 and got its name in 1931, during the US invasion. Mandaluyong is not very big (only 4K sq. mi) but it's currently ranked as one of the most densely-populated cities: 99.7K sq. mi. There are lots of business HQs, banks, and malls there. The local infrastructure is, indeed, quite impressive.
Speaking of the malls, the city is known as the "Shopping Capital of the Philippines". Now, while it's not nearly as popular among tourists as Manila, during the holiday, Mandaluyong is often "taken over" by shoppers from all over the country, which temporarily boosts population density, making it even more crowded.
3. Pateros, Philippines
Image Credit: KN111, Shutterstock
Population (city proper): 65.2K people
Population density: 37K km2/96K sq. mi
Area/Size: 1.8K km2/0.7K sq. mi
Pateros is one of the smallest towns in the Philippines. With an area of 0.7K sq. mi and a population of 65.2K persons, it's the third-most densely populated place in the world (almost as busy as Mandaluyong). So, what can you expect to find there? Is Pateros worth a visit? Well, if you're interested in ducks, then you'll definitely find it to be a great destination for your next trip.
Pateros raises ducks and produces various delicacies with duck eggs, including balut. In Tagalog (the language of the locals), "pato" means duck.
4. Caloocan, Philippines
Area/Size: 53K km2/21K sq. mi
At the #4 spot, we have Caloocan, a chaotic, fast-paced city that houses 1.66 million citizens. It's actually bigger than Manila and feels a bit less noisy. Much like Mandaluyong, Caloocan is an industrial and business center. The combination of beautiful residential areas and commercial properties turns it into a bustling "hive".
Before the 19th century, there was no city or even a settlement in this area. However, in the early 1800s, fishermen from neighboring communities turned it into a full-fledged town (in 1802, to be exact). The people of Tondo also found a shelter in Caloocan, away from the oppression.
5. Bnei Brak, Israel
Image Credit: Danor, Pixabay
Population (city proper): 212K people
Population density: 30K km2/77.7K sq. mi
Area/Size: 7K km2/3K sq. mi
Moving on from the Philippines, we've got Bnei Brak, a city located in Israel. While it was technically founded in 1924, the city's origins date back to ancient times. Bnei Brak has always been a center for Haredi Judaism and is today home to 212K people (95% of the locals are ultra-orthodox Jews). Sadly, despite its beauty, Bnei Brak is an underdeveloped, poor town.
This is the most densely-populated city in all of Israel but it has been struggling economically ever since the local food and cigarette factories were closed. If you ever visit, make sure to check out the famous Coca-Cola plant and the women-only department store.
6. Kathmandu, Nepal
Image Credit: Raimond Klavins, Unsplash
Founded in: The 2nd century BC
If you want to get a taste of South Asia, Kathmandu will be a perfect destination. This is the capital and the most crowded city in Nepal. So, what makes it stand out? First, Kathmandu is located at an altitude of 4.6K feet. Second, it's largely recognized as one of the oldest cities ever built. Third, Kathmandu is a cultural and historical marvel.
With 1.444 million inhabitants, it's a tourist-favored city. And, it's constantly ranked by the likes of TripAdvisor as one of the best places to visit in Asia. This is a densely populated city, however. You'll have to learn how to navigate the narrow streets of Kathmandu like a local!
7. Dhaka, Bangladesh
Image Credit: rahmatullah77, Pixabay
Population (city proper): 8.9 million people
Area/Size: 306K km2/118K sq. mi
Dhaka is the largest and most populated city on the list. With an area of 306K square kilometers/118K square miles, it has an impressive demographic: 8.9 million people. Dhaka is also the capital and the biggest city in Bangladesh and the most densely populated built-up urban area in the whole world.
The strong economy (the 2nd-best in South Asia), advanced infrastructure, and exotic cuisine make it worth a visit. Last, but not least, Dhaka (also spelled Dacca) has a record-high number of Bengali speakers. It's a cultural and spiritual home for Muslims as well—has been for over 400 years.
8. Makati, Philippines
Image Credit: jon manosca, Pexels
Population density: 28.9K km2/75K sq. mi
Alright, let's go back to the Philippines and see what Makati is all about. It's a rich, multicultural and multinational city with an impressive line-up of local and foreign businesses. Next, Makati's architecture is a beautiful mix of European and Asian styles. The skyscrapers, in turn, confirm its title as the corporal center of the Philippines.
As for population density, it's slightly lower than that of Dhaka and Kathmandu. The city is relatively small (only 8K sq. mi) and currently, 630K people live there.
9. Port-au-Prince, Haiti
Image Credit: Sylvie Corriveau, Shutterstock
The capital of Haiti, Port-au-Prince, relies heavily on its harbors. Home to almost one million people (2.6–3.7 million if we count the metropolitan area), it's been an economical hub in the Caribbean for many centuries. It was the French that built the harbor back in 1749 and it's still a major source of income not only for the city but the whole country.
As for the downsides, there are too many slums in the residential areas, and most are dangerous and overpopulated. In this city, while the commercial buildings are located near the ocean, the residential districts all sit on the hills. Port-au-Prince was devastated by a horrible earthquake back in 2010 that took the lives of 230K people.
10. Levallois-Perret, France
Image Credit: ESPA photo, Shutterstock
Area/Size: 2.41K km2/0.9K sq. mi
In contrast to popular belief, there are some densely populated cities in Europe as well. Coming in at the #10 spot is the lovely Levallois-Perret in France. Founded 200 years ago (in 1822), it's a small (0.9K sq. mi), yet a beautiful and well-developed town. The population is 64K, but for a commune this tiny, it's rather high. In fact, Levallois-Perret is the most densely populated city in the EU.
11. Vincennes, France
Image Credit: Robin Ooode, Unsplash
Area/Size: 1.9K km2/0.74K sq. mi
If Levallois-Perret is a bit too expensive for you, Vincennes might be the right destination. The area, population, and density are slightly smaller which equals a more comfortable time there. Vincennes is an older city, too (established 90 years earlier, in 1732). The beautiful thing about this commune is that you'll be able to reach Paris in 5–10 minutes (it's just 4.2 miles away).
While still in Vincennes, don't forget to visit the breathtaking park and castle.
12. Le Pré-Saint-Gervais, France
A post shared by @tramontibrutti
Population (city proper): 18K people
People looking for a quiet, picturesque, and rich community in the center of Europe will like what Le Pré-Saint-Gervais has to offer. Now, 18K citizens are quite a lot for a town this tiny (0.27K square miles). And, the vast majority of the locals are French in the second or third generation: everyone knows each other. The population hasn't changed much over the years, by the way. It was 14.7K back in 1968.
How Do Cities Get Overcrowded?
Since the dawn of humanity, we've had a tendency of huddling together in one spot. Scattered all over the place, people aren't very productive. In contrast, when they're all living and working in the same area, that leads to prosperity. These days, the most crowded cities are usually the capital or the industrial, financial, and entertainment centers.
Younger people are naturally drawn to places with better jobs and more ways to express themselves. That puts a lot of pressure on the city, though, especially the roads, the housing system, and the labor market. World governments introduce various incentives to make people move to the suburbs, but that doesn't always work.
Living in a Densely-Populated City: Pros and Cons
Image Credit: Gino, Unsplash
Back in the day, it used to be that the bigger the city, the more opportunities it holds. In many ways, that's still very much true. A densely-populated area can offer better job prospects, a well-developed public transport system, and a diverse environment. Better health care is a factor, too.
As for the cons, the higher the number of people per square mile, the harder it will be to move around. Busy, loud streets, heavy traffic, and congestion: that's what you can expect. High living costs and crime rates will be a part of the deal as well. People aren't that happy in overcrowded urban environments, either.
Most Densely-Populated Countries: A Quick Look
Before we wrap things up, check out the most crowded countries on the planet:
Monaco (Europe): 19.3K km sq./50K sq. mi
Singapore (Asia): 8K km sq./20.7K sq. mi
Bahrain (Middle East): 2.1K km sq./5.4K sq. mi
Maldives (South Asia): 1.8K km sq./4.6K sq. mi
Malta (Europe): 1.6K km sq./4.1K sq. mi
Bangladesh (South Asia): 1.2K km sq./3.1K sq. mi
Vatican City (Europe): 900 km sq./2.3K sq. mi
Barbados (the Caribbean): 668 km sq./1.7K sq. mi
Lebanon (Middle East): 667 km sq./1.7K sq. mi
Mauritius (East Africa): 624 km sq./1.6K sq. mi
This is important: if we add territories to the list, Macau (a Special Administrative Region of China) will take the lead with a population density of 19.7K km sq./51K sq. mi. The #4 spot will be seized by Hong Kong (also a SAR of China): 7.1K km sq./18.3K sq. mi. Finally, Gibraltar (a British Overseas Territory) will be ranked #5 with 3.3K km sq./8.5K sq. mi.
Population density is often confused with the total number of people living in a city, state, or country. However, it's not the same thing. You can have a big city with millions of citizens yet low density, and vice versa. As we learned today, the Philippines is the undisputed champ, with five cities on the list. France is the second-best with three chart-toppers.
The world is moving at a very fast pace, and it's hard to tell which cities will take the lead in 10–15 years. But right now, if you're planning on relocating, you might want to think twice before moving to Manila or Mandaluyong, as you'll probably be overwhelmed by the number of people on the streets!
See Also: 10 Most Populated Cities in the World
Featured Image Credit: AGDProductions, Pixabay
Worldometers.Info – Current World Population
List of cities proper by population density
World: Total population from 2010 to 2020
WorldPopulationReview – Population Density by City
WorldPopulationReview – Countries by Population Density
List of European Union cities proper by population density
The World's Most Densely Populated Cities
BBC -Why cities are not as bad for you as you think
Study Session 5 Urbanisation: Trends, Causes and Effects
Investopedia – Special Administrative Region (SAR)
JewishVirtualLibrary – Geography of Israel: Bnei Brak
Port-au-Prince slum exemplifies dire problems of crisis-racked Haiti
Cagayanvalley.da.gov.ph – Duck Raising
PhelanUSCentre – big and dense cities
Wikipedia – Le Pré-Saint-Gervais
1 The 12 Most Densely Populated Cities in the World
1.1 1. Manila, Philippines
1.2 2. Mandaluyong, Philippines
1.3 3. Pateros, Philippines
1.4 4. Caloocan, Philippines
1.5 5. Bnei Brak, Israel
1.6 6. Kathmandu, Nepal
1.7 7. Dhaka, Bangladesh
1.8 8. Makati, Philippines
1.9 9. Port-au-Prince, Haiti
1.10 10. Levallois-Perret, France
1.11 11. Vincennes, France
1.12 12. Le Pré-Saint-Gervais, France
2 How Do Cities Get Overcrowded?
2.1 Living in a Densely-Populated City: Pros and Cons
2.2 Most Densely-Populated Countries: A Quick Look
9 Free DIY Pool Cue Rack Plans You Can Make Today (with Pictures)
9 Accent Wall Trends In 2023 – Design Ideas for a Modern Home
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How to Keep Squirrels Out of Potted Plants: 9 Tips & Tricks
Squirrels are one of the most common rodents, and they infuriate plant owners across the US by destroying and eating everything they can get their
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How to Safely Dispose of Old CFL Bulbs – A Complete Guide


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https://www.sfgate.com/bayarea/article/LAKE-TAHOE-Surprising-find-beneath-lake-2548872.php
LAKE TAHOE / Surprising find beneath lake / Underwater slide kicked up tsunami, geology shows
By David Perlman
Published 4:00 am PDT, Thursday, October 26, 2006
TRUCKEETRAVELnorthstar034PG.JPG View of Lake Tahoe from Northstar ski resort For Travel section. Truckee CA. The San Francisco Chronicle, Penni Gladstone Photo taken on 2/24/05, in Truckee,
Photo: Penni Gladstone
A giant underwater landslide that gouged the bottom of Lake Tahoe thousands of years ago sent a tsunami coursing across the lake and left huge ripples of rock that remain today, geologists have discovered.
Three scuba divers, a robot submarine from Santa Clara University and teams from the U.S. Geological Survey and the University of Nevada in Reno combined forces to piece the story together from evidence they gathered during two years spent surveying what lies beneath the lake's storied blue waters just offshore from Tahoe City (Placer County).
The scientists say damaging waves from future landslides along the lake's steep underwater cliffs are clearly possible -- but just when, they cannot say.
The big slide undermined the ancient Tahoe shore where McKinney Bay on the lake's west side is now and sent cubic miles of boulders, rocks and soil plunging more than 1,500 feet to the lake bottom, and all the way across until they smashed against the eastern shore, 12 miles away.
The waves that hit the lake's far shore must have splashed tremendously high, said James G. Moore of the Geological Survey's regional office in Menlo Park, who led the survey. The results are being published in the November issue of Geology magazine, a journal of the Geological Society of America.
Just what caused the McKinney Bay landslide remains a mystery, Moore said in an interview, but he speculated that the west side of the "ancestral lake" some 2 million years ago must have held a "great pile of sediments uplifted by faulting that sat there for hundreds of thousands of years, just ready to slide."
Any one of the many small-to-moderate earthquakes that are still common throughout the Tahoe region could have triggered the slide and could do so again, Moore said.
The scientists cannot determine the date of the McKinney Bay slide, but cores drilled from the lake bottom by other geologists have revealed an ash layer deposited from the spectacular eruption of long-vanished Mount Mazama that created Crater Lake in what is now Oregon. Radioactive carbon dating of the core set the age at 7,015 years ago -- give or take 45 years -- so the landslide must have occurred at least that long ago. Moore and his colleagues believe from fossil evidence that the landslide occurred somewhere between then and 15,000 years ago.
Whenever it happened, it sent one towering wall of water across a shallow triangular region of the lake bottom less than 50 feet below the surface, an area known today as the Tahoe City Shelf. Shaped a little like the Indian subcontinent, the shelf's base runs roughly from Dollar Point on the lake's North shore to the neighborhood of Ward Creek and Sunnyside on the western shore.
The eastern edge of the shelf, in turn, ends in an unstable steep escarpment more than 1,500 feet above the deepest part of the lake.
Christopher Kitts, a Santa Clara University engineer and director of the school's Robotic Systems Laboratory, sent his students scuba diving onto the shelf and also led two imaging missions by the robot submarine Triton -- designed and built by his students -- across the shelf. Dredges, too, dug material from the area as well as from the farthest reaches of the landslide detritus across the lake.
"The tethered Triton is just a one-horsepower workhorse vehicle, a student-designed beast," Kitts said, "but using it successfully on a scientific mission is a great way for the engineering students to take their final exam."
That's how Moore and his colleagues -- aided by the diving students and images from the Triton -- discovered the ripplelike stony ridges that the tsunami left as litter across the shelf. The ridges, each 6 feet high and more than a mile long, are made of glacial boulders as large as a yard wide and millions of smaller rocks made largely of relatively fresh volcanic material. They all were swept across the Tahoe City shelf by the onrushing force of the tsunami's water.
Other researchers probing the bottom of Tahoe in the past have discovered at least two significant seismic faults on the lake floor and estimate they could trigger earthquakes with a magnitude as high as 7 that would generate tsunamis across the lake, with waves 10 to 30 feet high.
Soft sediments underlie the massive rock ridges on the Tahoe City Shelf, Moore's team has found, and if the edge of the shelf gives way in a quake, the tsunami hazard could be real.
"Even a moderate earthquake," Moore said, "could trigger landslides and waves that would cause widespread damage and flooding around the lake, and where 50,000 people live and 100,000 people visit during the tourist season. The waves would overtop the lake's only outlet at the dam at Tahoe City, and water could flood down the Truckee River Canyon as far as Reno."
Moore's colleagues in the study include Joel E. Robinson of the Geological Survey, Richard A. Schweickert and Mary M. Lahren of the University of Nevada, and Kitts of Santa Clara University.


text:
Q: Can't permanently change instance property from method? Ok, I'm probably missing something super basic. I have an instance property called currentValue, initialized to be a String.
class ViewController: NSViewController {
    var currentValue = ""

    // ...

    func getNewValue() {
        currentValue = computeNewValue()
        aLabel.stringValue = currentValue
    }

    func calledLater() {
        println("\(currentValue)")
    }
}

When I call getNewValue(), the label updates correctly.
But, when I call calledLater(), the currentValue is "reset" to an empty string.
At first I thought it was a weak storage thing but Swift apparently defaults to strong storage?
I tested this by initializing currentValue to "a" and, again, the label updates correctly, but when I get the variable later it returns "a".
I feel like I'm missing something but can't word it in a way that will let me do correct research.

A: You might be calling the methods on different instances of your 'ViewController' class.
(A typical scenario is when loading controllers from a storyboard; it "looks" like instances in the storyboard, but they are really just blueprints.)

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


March 18, 2019 – The Federal Reserve today announced the members of its Fraud Definitions Work Group, the latest initiative to advance the Federal Reserve's strategy for improving the U.S. payment system. Over the next year, these 23 payments industry leaders and subject matter specialists will work collaboratively with Federal Reserve leaders to formulate recommendations for improving the quality and consistency of automated clearing house (ACH), wire, and check fraud data. Although noncash payments fraud remains a very small fraction of total payments value, it is a large number in absolute terms – approximately $8.3 billion in 2015. This, combined with the growth of real-time payments, underscores the need to better understand payment confidentiality, integrity, and security threats.
"The Fraud Definitions Work Group is another step in the Federal Reserve's efforts to promote the safety, security and integrity of the U.S. payment system through collaboration with the payments industry," said David Sapenaro, Federal Reserve System payments strategy director and chief operating officer at the Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis.
In January, the Federal Reserve outlined the expertise needed to serve on the work group and asked payments experts to submit "expressions of interest." The Federal Reserve selected work group participants from these submissions and appointed some additional Federal Reserve and industry participants to ensure diversity of thought and strong expertise across the many needed disciplines.
The Federal Reserve also has established the Fraud Definitions Community Interest Group for individuals who are interested in providing input and following the efforts of the work group. Visit FedPaymentsImprovement.org to sign up for this community interest group and learn more about how to contribute to the fraud definitions work.
As the U.S. central bank, the Federal Reserve System provides payment services and seeks to foster the stability, integrity and efficiency of the nation's monetary, financial and payment systems. In 2013, the Federal Reserve initiated a broadly collaborative effort to achieve ubiquitous, nationwide access to safe and efficient faster payments in the United States. As a leader and catalyst for change in the U.S. payment system, the Federal Reserve now collaborates with industry stakeholders to advance five desired outcomes outlined in the 2015 Strategies for Improving the U.S. Payment System (PDF) paper: speed, security, efficiency, international payments and collaboration. For more information, visit FedPaymentsImprovement.org.


Internally, a keyword is implemented as something like a tagged symbol, where the tag identifies the keyword as being self-evaluating, and the symbol, known as the keyword's dash symbol has the same name as the keyword name but prefixed by a single dash. For example, the keyword #:name has the corresponding dash symbol -name.
Most keyword objects are constructed automatically by the reader when it reads a token beginning with #:. However, if you need to construct a keyword object programmatically, you can do so by calling make-keyword-from-dash-symbol with the corresponding dash symbol (as the reader does). The dash symbol for a keyword object can be retrieved using the keyword-dash-symbol procedure.
Make a keyword object from a symbol that starts with a dash.
Return #t if the argument obj is a keyword, else #f.
Return the dash symbol for keyword. This is the inverse of make-keyword-from-dash-symbol.


RESEARCHER Flo Cox flocox.2410@gmail.com on 16 Aug 2001.
[S3502] 1880 US Census, 1880 Forest Hill, Summers, West Virginia; roll 1413 FHL film 1255413-pg 143A ED 133.
[S3497] 1900 U. S. Census [Ancestry], Year: 1900; Census Place: Forest Hill, Summers, West Virginia; Page: 4; Enumeration District: 0123; FHL microfilm: 1241773.
[S4962] West Virginia Will Books, 1756-1971.
[S3503] 1920 U. S. Census, Year: 1920; Census Place: East River, Mercer, West Virginia; Roll: T625_1963; Page: 21A; Enumeration District: 88.


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PRESANS
Gérard Mourou and his lasers of extreme power
by Staff Presans | Oct 17, 2018 | HEROES
| Tags: Chirped Pulse Amplification, collaboration Recherche-Industrie, Ecole Polytechnique, Gérard Mourou, Laboratoire d'Optique Appliquée, Laser, Philippe Aubourd, Prix Nobel, Thales
Our Optical Fellow Philippe Aubourg, former President of the Société Française d'Optique, talks about the career of Gérard Mourou, Nobel Prize in Physics 2018.
The creation of an ultimate intense local electric field is the guiding thread of the career of Gérard Mourou, Nobel Prize in Physics 2018, the award he shares with Donna Strickland and Arthur Ashkin.
To achieve this Grail, the short pulsed laser was the obvious starting point, but how to boost the power of its beam without damaging or destroying the amplifier components subjected to these intense fields? Gérard Mourou then imagines an innovative method: the CPA (for Chirped Pulse Amplification or Amplifiers with a drift of frequency). It is a question of lengthening in time a short laser pulse by taking advantage of its frequency characteristics and thus of decreasing the instantaneous power which makes it possible to amplify it without damage in a laser crystal, then to recompress it to find again its initial duration.
This breakthrough in laser technology helped revive in 1985 the race for power that had stagnated for more than ten years. The language evolves: starting from the Terawatt, passing by the Petawatt, the Exawatt even the Zettawatt arrives to speak power. For the pulse duration, same evolution: picosecond, femtosecond, attosecond ….
Gérard Mourou conducted his work first in Rochester and then at the University of Michigan in Ann Arbor. Many Ph.D. students from his laboratory, from all over the world (many French!), Have since become key women and men in the dissemination of intense lasers in research and industry. Convinced of the need for research-industry collaboration, he soon helped found Medox Inc., the first commercial company to offer the Terawatt Table Top Laser in collaboration with Quantel. Then, in France, Thales-lasers and Amplitudes successfully embarked on the adventure of the femtosecond laser.
A quick review of past Nobel Prize in Physics confirms that research-industry collaborations are in fact often associated with the success of researchers. A reality that serves as an inspiration for many players in industrial innovation, such as the Presans platform. Back in 2008, the 2007 Nobel Prize in Physics, Albert Fert, awarded the École Polytechnique Innovation Award to Albert's Meige new project. Albert Fert did and still does his research within the CNRS / Thales joint physics unit.
But let's return to Gérard Mourou's lasers. Short-pulse lasers are currently used in ophthalmology for corneal surgery in precision industrial machining. They have also made it possible to progress very rapidly in many disciplines of physics, chemistry or biology.
Beyond his passions for the mountains, the music, and the ultra-intense fields, Gérard Mourou knows the importance of the international collaboration to imagine and realize big scientific projects. Upon his return to France in 2005, he took charge of the LOA (Laboratory of Applied Optics – joint laboratory ENSTA ParisTech, CNRS, and Ecole Polytechnique), then he initiated 3 major collaborative projects. Two of these projects are in France: XCAN at Ecole Polytechnique and the Apollon laser at Paris-Saclay. The third is the ELI (Extreme Light Infrastructure) European project. This unique power laser infrastructure in the world, dedicated to the physics of the extreme, will host the 3 most intense lasers in the world in Hungary, Romania and the Czech Republic.
As a visionary, Gérard Mourou is also director of the International Center for Zetta-Exawatt Science and Technology (IZEST). Bringing together around thirty laboratories worldwide, this center imagines and anticipates the future of high-power lasers and their applications. There is the talk of both Proton Therapy and polarization of the vacuum.
Gérard Albert Mourou is a French scientist and pioneer in the field of electrical engineering and lasers. He was awarded a Nobel Prize in Physics in 2018, along with Donna Strickland, for the invention of chirped pulse amplification, a technique later used to create ultrashort-pulse, very high-intensity (petawatt) laser pulses. In 1994, Mourou and his team at the University of Michigan discovered that the balance between the self-focusing refraction (see Kerr effect) and self-attenuating diffraction by ionization and rarefaction of a laser beam of terawatt intensities in the atmosphere creates "filaments" which act as waveguides for the beam thus preventing divergence.
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April 28 Practice and Clean Up Day.
Kick off screen-free week racking, playground sprucing, cleaning up the flower beds and other small projects while enjoying a lovely spring Saturday. Bring rakes and work gloves. Adults and children are welcome. Additionally, we will begin the earth oven practice by gathering in the Trayes Room to discuss the ins and outs of the earth oven. Then we will go outside and mix the cob and fashion our own mini-earth ovens. They will stay at school for the next several days while they dry and harden and then you can take them home.


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"It Was a Real Anthem": Peaches' Most Influential Album Just Turned 20
By Emma Specter
When The Teaches of Peaches first came out in 2000, jaws dropped; with its unapologetic, electro-infused angle on sex, best evidenced in the hit song "Fuck the Pain Away," the album was called everything from "a performance-art take on pro-sex feminism" to "the most immortal and excellently coarse album of the noughties."
Today, it's hard to imagine the genre-bending career of, say, Lady Gaga without the influence of Peaches, whose most influential album just turned 20. Last week, Vogue caught up with her via phone to discuss her more recent work, her quarantine lifestyle, and her hopes for the future.
Where are you based right now?
I'm in Berlin.
What has quarantine been like for you?
It's been a roller-coaster ride! I feel like I've gotten a lot done and have been writing a lot of music, but I'm very used to traveling all the time, so staying in one place has been a big change. I'm very lucky that we were in Germany, though, because it was quite sane. All the qualities of Berlin that people come for, obviously—the clubs, et cetera—aren't available, but it's also a very chill city.
Are you a club person in normal life?
I don't see clubs opening up for a while. I'm not much of a clubber anymore, although I do like to gather with people at events and performances.
I know things are closer to normal in Germany than they are in the U.S., but is there anything you're really excited to do when the world fully opens back up?
I don't really know what I'm most excited for, but what I really want to do is just socialize in a way that feels natural.
What did you do to commemorate the day of The Teaches of Peaches anniversary?
Well, I couldn't really celebrate the way I wanted to, but it went really well. I wish we could have done our tour, but I did a lot of posting and got a lot of really sweet messages. The xx, Karen O, all of these people were writing to me, and seeing a lot of people repost it and say how much it meant to them was great.
What were your biggest influences in making the album?
I was very influenced by Daft Punk's first album at that time, because it was electronica with a very rock-and-roll attitude. I'm still really into that attitude. Riot grrrl, stuff like that, then Missy Elliott, Salt-N-Pepa—what I wanted to do was take the directness of hip-hop choruses and the repetition of rock and roll and the sound of electronica and put them together, which I felt like I wasn't hearing at that time, especially from a woman's perspective. It was still very male gaze-y, so I got this machine, the MC-505. I had never really played electronic music before, and I liked that I could be the whole band, the drummer and the keyboard player and the guitarist.
What was it like during the early days premiering such experimental music?
I started in Toronto, and Toronto didn't understand it at all, but I think Toronto's grown a lot since then. A lot of people didn't get it—I was programming, but I wasn't playing all the time, and people were very confused as to what I was doing. Now, it's so normal, but back then, it was like, 'I'm standing with a machine,' and then sometimes I would move away from it and be more performative.
What do you think now when you listen to The Teaches of Peaches?
I think of it as such a beautiful approach, you know? I'm super-proud of it. I think it was a real anthem, and still is, for a lot of people, a real coming-of-age, for when you're coming into your own sexuality or your own power.
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Over my coaching career I've worked with people on leadership and careers, relationships, self-empowerment, and personal growth. It's my life's mission to get people clear on where they're stuck and why, removing obstacles, and developing a concrete plan for moving forward and creating a life they love.
But I haven't always been so deeply satisfied with my life and definitely not so clear on my purpose. Prior to becoming a full-time professional leadership and life coach, I spent over 20 years in consulting and project management.
By all accounts I was really good at it, climbing successfully and headed in the "right direction" toward the golden days of my career and ultimately to retirement.
But the reality was that even with all that, something inside was out of alignment and honestly, I wasn't really that fulfilled.
I often felt totally stressed out, rushed through my days, and left with a sense of not having enough time … time for family, time for healthy choices, time for solid friendships. And while the external successes and good-looking life was real, the reality was that it wasn't real(ly) me. But I didn't know it yet.
So at 40, I took stock (I clearly remember the day I was commuting to work and yelling in my car "There's got to be more than this!!"). I began to look for something that would bring more meaning to my life … and it had something to do with being in service to others.
An immediate career change wasn't exactly what I wanted, so I looked at leadership and life coaching as a way to do more meaningful work as a compliment to my "day job." I trained and became certified at one of the oldest and most recognized coaching schools in the world, the Coaches Training Instititue (CTI). I also trained with Coaching for Right Relationship (CRR Global) in Organizational and Relationship Systems Coaching.
And I found over time that my success with clients only increased my desire to do this work as my vocation … doing it as a side job wasn't going to cut it!
I began to understand that coaching was my life's calling.
I believe that we're all "still here," we're just not "all there." We're often feeling stuck (in careers, relationships, situations) and therefore frustrated and therefore disengaged or isolated (so not "all there").
I get it when my clients want change, and are just unclear on how to get the change they want. There's no one-size-fits-all solution to navigating midlife. I've been there, walked through the fires, and have arrived on the other side to a place of choice and greater freedom in my life.
The good news is that you don't have to become a life coach to do it! And while there's no simple solution or easy path, I can help you get clear on the change you want and how you make it happen.
Midlife isn't a cake walk, but it doesn't have to be a walk of shame either.
Some of the biggest challenges for men in midlife are getting good information and getting the support systems in place so we don't have to go it alone.
My goal for Midlife and Thriving is to provide men a place to get current and relevant information to support whatever midlife transitions they're going through. It's also a place to connect and know that you don't have to do it alone.
So You've Heard Enough About Me!
I'd love to hear about you. Drop me a line at the link here or call me at 907.863.8688 to set up a free consultation!


Between the incredible consumption of passive products by the boom in IoT, double ordering for safety buffering, and the time and lack of motivation for manufacturers to increase their production, the shortage has no end in sight. It is the perfect storm. Everything we use is slowly being connected. Even the latest toothbrushes connect to the internet now so you can see how much pressure you are applying and how long you are brushing. What is next!!! This boom will continue and manufacturers need to respond. But from what this article states, they are not rushing to fix the shortage. These products have low margins and are old technology. The manufacturers have little motivation to make large capital outlays to increase production. For now, they may just enjoy the ability to reap higher margins on their products. And in the meantime, users will continue to double order in an attempt to hedge their supply creating an even bigger problem.
More counterfeit avoidance is being done in the purchasing process. Weary buyers have likely been more selective who they are ordering from.
Government seizures of counterfeit product have potentially caused some international suppliers to give up trying to ship to the U.S.
Increased awareness and detection techniques may have stifled sellers attempts to pass counterfeits through previously naïve buyers, causing sellers to give up trying.
The report at this link only has data up to 2017, but our organization has noticed a decrease in received counterfeits this year as well. We will have to wait another few months to get ERAI's final 2018 numbers, but we predict there will not be an increase over 2017.
ERAI, which was originally created to serve electronic distributors with collection and reporting needs, has been collecting reports of counterfeits for over a decade. They have branched out from accepting reports from distributors only to manufacturers and government as well. Their database is by far the largest in the industry. The database is only available by membership, but it is free to report. Please feel free to ask one of our search experts if you would like us to see if your parts have ever been reported.
On August 23rd almost every electronic component made in China will have an additional 25% cost due to sweeping tariffs on Chinese products. As of yesterday, the US has officially added the following important electronic component segments to their new tariff rates.
Including the tariffs on products that went into effect on July 6th this 2nd group means almost all electronic components made in China will have the 25% tariff. In order to avoid these extreme tariffs and keep your costs down order your parts from AERI by Wednesday August 15th and we will try to get them through customs before the deadline.
To learn more about the changes see the following articles.
We look forward to partnering with you to make this transition as smooth as possible.
Please contact your AERI search expert for more information.
The US postal service does not require any content documentation from international shippers making it very difficult for Customs and Border Patrol (CBP) to flag and inspect counterfeit or dangerous products entering our borders. All other shippers, such as UPS and FedEx, are required to provide content lists. At a growth rate of 232% in the last 4 years, the number of small parcels imported through USPS is alarming and a threat to all industries and public safety. Just to name some of the illicit material getting through; there are fake medicines, aerospace electronics, auto safety products such as brake pads, and fake batteries which are famous for exploding and causing injury.
Although any product can be a challenge to authenticate, passive electronic components, if faked fairly well, can be nearly impossible. This is true even for the most competent electronics distributor or test house with sophisticated counterfeit test equipment.
Creating a fake passive is fairly easy. There are many low grade, no name manufacturers which make capacitors, resistors, and other simple passive devices. Quite often the parts are so small that there are no markings on the part's body. Therefore they do not need to be remarked since there was nothing there to start with. The only source of information is the easily reproducible printed label on the box or reel.
Even with the increased risk brought about by the current electronic component shortage, equipment manufacturers are buying passive electronics from independent distribution out of sheer desperation to keep their production lines moving. Lead times are often 26+ weeks even on simple capacitors.
But there are still uncertainties after performing all of these tests, and remember, this is difficult for any test facility, even if they tell you otherwise. If you cannot find them at an authorized source or use an alternative manufacturer part number, AERI is one of the safest independent distributors to buy electronic components from in the world.
Could Substandard Parts Be The Culprit?
One of the questions being asked about April's jet engine explosion is whether the fan blades were substandard parts. It is very unlikely, but there are many other parts of the aircraft that have been found to be substandard or even counterfeit. The Department of Transportation's Office of the Inspector General (OIG) has completed an audit of the FAA and found that they had consistently failed to alert federal law enforcement authorities about suspect parts installed in U.S. airplanes. They also charged that the agency had closed investigations without ensuring that counterfeit and improperly manufactured parts (SUPs) were removed.
The manufacturing and supply chain have been moving to the east in countries like China and India, which may be part of the problem. The safety threat posed by fraudulent parts is likely to increase unless federal authorities become more aggressive in combating it. "We're outsourcing so much work into those regions (that) the propensity for risk increases exponentially," said Michael Dreikorn, a former FAA safety inspector who helped set up the agency's first Suspected Unapproved Parts (SUP) program in the 1990s. Whether it is fake engine parts or counterfeit electronic components in control systems, something must be done to protect the safety of the public.
The current electronic component shortage is causing OEM's to fall far behind on deliveries to their customers. At this point there is no end in sight to the long lead times. Of even more concern is a shortage often leads to a more pronounced shortage than it really is since there is an over ordering frenzy. Customers order more than they need from multiple vendors creating a false demand. If the manufacturers of the components build everything ordered there may eventually be a huge glut in the market which would trigger a whole different set of problems. At AERI we are helping one customer at a time get the parts they need with reduced lead times. Our offices and connections throughout the globe allow us to locate parts that are difficult for most to obtain. Reach out to one of our search experts to see if we can solve your component shortage problem. CONTACT US.
More on this topic here. Read More.
The indictment alleges that Vasquez acquired old, used, and/or discarded integrated circuits from Chinese suppliers that had been repainted and remarked with counterfeit logos. The devices were further remarked with altered date codes, lot codes, or countries of origin and then resold in an effort to deceive customers and end users into thinking the integrated circuits were new, according to the indictment. The indictment identifies specific parts which have been determined to be counterfeit by the corresponding Original Equipment Manufacturers (OEMs), namely Xilinx, Inc., Analog Devices, Inc., and Intel Corporation.
The sale of counterfeit integrated circuits into the stream of commerce is a significant problem for both U.S. military and commercial end users due to the increased risk of equipment failure from using salvaged, sub-standard, or wrong components. The Naval Surface Warfare Center, Crane Division, is assisting the Department of Justice, the Defense Criminal Investigative Service, the National Reconnaissance Office, Office of Inspector General, and the U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement to convict Rogelio. He will then join a growing list of convicts who have put their wallet above the safety of our soldiers and citizens.
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In 2023, Biden may have to Choose between Sanctions against Russia's Ukraine War and Maximum Pressure on Iran
Ann Arbor (Informed Comment) – Does President Joe Biden have a choice of winning his struggle with Russia's Vladimir Putin, or continuing "maximum pressure" sanctions against Iran? The problem is that if he continues to pursue both, he may end up handing Russia more resources to prosecute its campaign in Ukraine.
Can NATO and the Pentagon Find a Diplomatic Off-Ramp From the Ukraine War?
Medea Benjamin and Nicholas J.S. Davies
( Code Pink) – NATO Secretary General Jens Stoltenberg, known for his staunch support for Ukraine, recently revealed his greatest fear for this winter to a TV interviewer in his native Norway: that the fighting in Ukraine could spin out of control and become a major war between NATO and Russia. "If things go wrong," […]
Is the Russian Economy headed for Collapse?
By Eric Werker, Simon Fraser University | – (The Conversation) – To justify invading Ukraine, Vladimir Putin has painted Russia as a hegemonic power re-asserting its rightful claim to imperial greatness. Yet even before the invasion, Russia's economic capabilities were hardly capable of sustaining an empire. Now, with foreign sanctions presiding over a plummeting Russian […]
2023 Prediction: The 2 Major Headaches for U.S. Foreign Policy, aside from Russia, will be Israeli and Iranian Fundamentalism
Ann Arbor (Informed Comment) – Despite the desire of all recent presidents to pivot away from the Middle East, Israel, fundamentalism and Iran have made it difficult to do so. In 2023, I believe that the Biden administration will have to spend far more time on Iran and Israel-Palestine than it had imagined, despite the […]
The Ukraine Crisis: A Classic Security Dilemma
( Code Pink) – On December 27 2022, both Russia and Ukraine issued calls for ending the war in Ukraine, but only on non-negotiable terms that they each know the other side will reject. Ukraine's Foreign Minister Kuleba proposed a "peace summit" in February to be chaired by UN Secretary General Guterres, but with the […]
U.S.-Trained Afghan Soldiers Angry Over Their Plight Are Ready To Join Russia's War Against Ukraine
Radio Free Europe Radio Liberty
By Michael Scollon ( RFE/RL ) – Lost status and a desperate existence in Iran are driving thousands of former Afghan troops — many of them elite commandos trained by the United States — to consider fighting as mercenaries in Ukraine and other battlefields. Many ex-Afghan security personnel accuse the United States of abandoning them […]
How Putin's War and small Islands are accelerating the global Shift to Clean Energy, and What to Watch for in 2023
By Rachel Kyte | – (The Conversation) – The year 2022 was a tough one for the growing number of people living in food insecurity and energy poverty around the world, and the beginning of 2023 is looking bleak. Russia's war on Ukraine, one of the world's largest grain and fertilizer feedstock suppliers, tightened global […]
Ukraine war: Putin has been weaponising energy for years, here's what to look out for next
By Thomas Froehlich, King's College London | – Not since the 1970s oil crisis has the west seen such a focus on energy security. Suddenly in 2022 it became a critical part of the battle for Ukraine. Russian attacks on energy facilities have left millions of Ukrainians without power during a freezing winter. Since it […]
Is the New Energy Crisis a Boon for the Green Energy Transition?
By Elif Selin Calik | – ( Middle East Monitor ) – The year 2022 saw the energy topic return intensely to the attention of media, political leaders and public opinion after Russia's invasion of Ukraine in February. Russia's war has had huge impacts on the global energy system, disrupting supply and demand patterns and […]


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Draupadi Murmu Biography PDF
Draupadi Murmu Biography PDF Download
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Draupadi Murmu Biography
Dear reader, if you are searching for Draupadi Murmu Biography PDF and you are unable to find it anywhere then don't worry you are on the right page. Draupadi Murmu was born on 20/06/1958 in a Santhal family in Baidaposi village of Mayurbhanj district of Odisha. Her father's name was Biranchi Narayan Tudu. Both her grandfather and her father were the leader of her village. She coupled Shyam Charan Murmu. She had two sons and a daughter. sadly, both the sons and their husbands 3 died prematurely at various times. Her daughter is coupled and lives in Bhubaneswar. Draupadi Murmu started her professional career as a teacher. After that, she gradually entered politics.
Draupadi Murmu (born 20 June 1958) is an Indian female politician. She has been elected as the 15th President of India on 21/07/2022. Draupadi Murmu will take the oath of office and secrecy as President on July 25. Previous to this, she was the Governor of Jharkhand from 2015 to 2021. She was born in a Santhal family in Baidaposi village of Mayurbhanj district of Odisha.
Name Draupadi Murmu
Born June 20, 1958
Birth Place Uparbeda, Mayurbhanj, Odisha, India
Parents Biranchi Narayan Tudu
Political Party Bharatiya Janata Party
Education Ramadevi Women's University
Previous Offices Governor of Jharkhand, Minister of State for Fisheries
and Animal, Minister of State for Commerce and Transport,
Member of the Odisha Legislative Assembly
Children Itishri Murmu
Spouse Shyam Charan Murmu (passed away in 2014)
Draupadi Murmu History PDF – Political Career
Positions held Tenure
Minister of State with Independent
Charge for Commerce and Transportation March 6, 2000, to August 6, 2000
Minister of Fisheries and
Animal Resources Development August 6, 2002, to May 16, 2004
Former Odisha Minister 2000
MLA from Rairangpur Assembly Constituency 2004
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