text:
How America's oldest bank became a money laundering hub for post-Soviet Russia
Andrei Soldatov and Irina Borogan
Yahoo Finance November 17, 2019
Editor's note: The following is an excerpt of "The Compatriots" and has been edited for clarity.
Generally speaking, there was no love lost between the aristocratically minded, deeply Russian Orthodox descendants of the first wave of Russian emigration and the third, mostly Jewish wave of Soviet emigrants that began pouring into the United States in the 1970s. History, family background, and prejudices played a part in the divide.
But as the Soviet Union liberalized, the emerging opportunity to make money in the homeland brought individuals from these two groups together. The results of this unexpected teamwork would be far reaching, with deep consequences for both Russia and the United States.
In 1988, after what the New York Times described as "one of the biggest, longest-running, and most hostile takeover battles in the United States," the Bank of New York—America's oldest bank—succeeded in taking over Irving Trust, one of the biggest.
A person enters a branch of the Bank of New York near the company headquarters in New York on August 19, 1999. (Photo: Peter Morgan/REUTERS)
Thanks to the merger, the Bank of New York got everything the Irving Bank had, including its handsome, Art Deco-style building at One Wall Street. It also got the department dealing with Russian transactions.
Before the merger, Irving Trust had been running an extensive business with Soviet banks. This business was supervised by a Russian émigré named Natasha Gurfinkel. A Soviet Jew who had moved to the United States, Natasha was one of those lucky enough to have had their applications approved by Brezhnev's government in 1979. In 1986, Natasha got a job with Irving Trust, where she dealt with the lucrative trade with Soviet banks.
Over at the Bank of New York, Soviet banks were handled by a Russian aristocrat from the highest echelons of tsarist society, a Russian prince named Vladimir Galitzine. When the two banks merged, Gurfinkel and Galitzine teamed up, sharing an office on the ninth floor of One Wall Street.
This was the moment when two different waves of Russian emigration to the United States finally came together. These two groups, who had never quite been able to find a way to cooperate politically, finally found some common ground when it came to making money.
With their very different backgrounds, the newly minted banking partners began working together.
Natasha and Mickey
Natasha, a nice-looking, outgoing woman, grew up in Leningrad. Her parents sent her to an elite school, the first in the city to teach English. The education was indeed good: the English department was run by the son of a former Russian emigrant who had returned to the Soviet Union from England, along with his father, in the 1930s. After high school, Natasha enrolled at Leningrad University where she specialized in Eastern studies—her field was ancient Assyria, Babylon, and Sumer.
Natasha Gurfinkel. (Photo: Wojtek Laski/Getty Images)
In 1979 her family made a tough decision: Natasha, along with her first husband, her sister, and their mother, moved to the United States while their father stayed in Leningrad. In the United States, the new emigrants settled in Louisville, Kentucky, where a vibrant Jewish community dated to the beginning of the twentieth century. From there, Natasha entered Princeton University, where she earned a master's degree in Near Eastern studies. In 1986 she landed a job with Irving Trust, which put her through a year-long course in commercial banking.
The thin-mustachioed prince Vladimir Galitzine, nicknamed Mickey, on the other hand, had the "countenance of a silent- screen actor." Natasha was always teasing him for his archaic Russian vocabulary. The Galitzines were, in fact, nobler than the Romanovs—indeed, if it hadn't been for that fact that the head of the family was stuck in Polish captivity in the sixteenth century, it could well have been the Galitzines rather than the Romanovs on the throne in 1917. Despite having lost their 16th-century bid, the Galitzines nonetheless remained important in the Russian empire for the next three hundred years.
Vladimir Galitzine, left, worked closely with Gurfinkel. (Photo: Patrick McMullan via Getty Images)
All that was destroyed when the Bolsheviks killed the tsar. Fleeing the revolution, the Galitzine clan spread all over Europe. Vladimir's parents, newly married, settled in Belgrade, where he was born. In the midst of World War II, the family moved to Germany, where, after Hitler's defeat, they found themselves in a displaced persons camp in Munich.
They became lost there in the huge crowd of a second wave of exiles from the Soviet Union—the captured Red army soldiers and Soviet displaced persons studied with such assiduity by the American Russia watchers George Fischer and George Kennan.
In 1951 the Galitzines made it to New York, where they settled in the Brownsville neighborhood of Brooklyn. Vladimir's aristocratic father worked as a hospital orderly, and his mother toiled in a match factory. They were poor, but Vladimir's mother made sure to send young Galitzine to a good school. In 1960, at 18 years old, he joined the Bank of New York as a junior clerk.
In the late 1980s Mickey Galitzine worked his way up from an accounting position to the International Department. His timing couldn't have been better. This was the very moment when, driven by the pressing need for hard currency in the face of an impending economic catastrophe, the Soviet Union was opening up its financial market.
By the time of the takeover, this process was well under way in the Soviet Union. Gurfinkel and Galitzine didn't want to miss out. Before the Irving Trust takeover, Galitzine had made several trips to Moscow, but he didn't understand the people he met in his family's native land, nor did he feel any urge to return to Russia for good. "The United States continues to be my home," he said at the time. "The opportunity to visit the places we've been hearing about all these years is all very attractive. But my career is here. My home is here."
"The Compatriots: The Brutal and Chaotic History of Russia's Exiles, Émigrés, and Agents Abroad"
"The Compatriots" is on sale where books are normally sold.
'Everybody connected with her very quickly'
After the bank merger, Galitzine's closest ally at the bank, Natasha Gurfinkel, stepped up and began making most of the trips to Russia. Thanks to her work at Irving Trust, she already knew all the big shots in the Soviet banks abroad, so her existing network was very good.
Natasha was a real go-getter and very good at developing new contacts. In September 1989, a rising Soviet political star named Boris Yeltsin was stuck in Moscow's airport with a group of American bankers. Yeltsin was on his way to the United States to give a series of lectures. At the airport, he was suddenly surrounded by Americans, but he didn't understand a word of English. Natasha volunteered to help with translation. The two got along swimmingly, and the gentlemanly Yeltsin even carried Natasha's suitcase to the plane.
Thanks to the dynamic duo of Garfunkel and Galitzine, by the time the Soviet Union collapsed, the Bank of New York was leaps and bounds ahead of all the American banks suddenly interested in the Russian market. The bank took steps to solidify its lead and promptly formed a new unit within the bank: the Eastern Europe division. It was led by Natasha, with Galitzine happily serving as her right-hand man. Together they were in charge of fifteen people on the ninth floor of the One Wall Street building.
As part of their work, Natasha brought Galitzine to Moscow to meet some people who were big shots, both then and now. "I was on friendly terms with Natasha, and she brought [Galitzine] to us. It was like going to a museum," remembered Mikhail Khodorkovsky, the richest and most powerful tycoon of the first generation of Russian oligarchs, whose businesses had accounts with the Bank of New York in 1990s.
A view of the Kremlin and Red Square in downtown Moscow (Photo: ALEXANDER NEMENOV/AFP via Getty Images)
"Natasha was special," he went on to explain. "The problem with émigrés—they compensated for their low social status [in the United States] by trying to make the impression in Russia that they were great professionals. They spoke in Russian with a deliberate American accent, all that. That's why we always treated them with a great deal of humor." It was different with Natasha: "She was normal, and everybody connected with her very quickly."
When the Moscow stock exchange opened an account at the Bank of New York in the mid-1990s, the bank became the undisputed leader in the transfer of money between Russia and the United States. "BoNY [as the Bank of New York was known] took over most of the clearing [operations]. They also opened a bunch of corresponding accounts with Russian banks within Russia," remembered Khodorkovsky. Soon more than 80% of all Russian transfers in U.S. dollars came through BoNY.
Very soon, however, the steady stream of dollars flowing from Russia to the United States became muddy.
Lucy and red flags
In New York, Gurfinkel and Galitzine's Eastern Europe division was expanding. In need of more personnel to handle traffic, they hired another recent Russian émigré, Lucy Edwards, in 1992.
"We were looking for people speaking Russian and found Lucy doing something in another department. She was very talented, so we hired her," Natasha told us. Then 36 years old, Lucy Edwards was a resourceful woman. She was also extremely energetic: While others in similar positions at the bank would see four or five clients a day, she saw 10 to 12.
Nobody at the bank was concerned about Lucy's background, which was colorful. She had moved to the United States in the late 1970s by marrying a 19-year-old U.S. merchant seaman she met in a Leningrad nightclub—a not-uncommon way for an attractive young woman to escape the Soviet Union.
In the United States, she and her husband moved to Colorado where Lucy started working as bank teller, then as a waitress. After her marriage fell apart, she moved to New York in 1988. There, she landed an entry-level job handling commercial accounts at the Bank of New York.
Lucy Edwards. (Photo: REUTERS/Joe Skipper)
Four years later, she joined Natasha and Galitzine in the bank's new Eastern Europe division. Soon Lucy became a loan officer, moving into the executive ranks for the first time. In 1994 she was promoted to vice president of BoNY's Eastern Europe division.
Her record, however, had certain red flags. In the early 1990s she was caught stealing more than $1,400 worth of clothing from a Nordstrom's department store in Edison, New Jersey. Two years later she was caught shoplifting at a Bloomingdale's store in Hackensack, New Jersey. She pleaded guilty both times. (Lucy remarried in 1992. She and her new husband, a Russian emigrant named Peter Berlin, were apparently soulmates: he was also arrested for shoplifting in Fairview, New Jersey, when he tried to steal sinus medicine from a local A&P.) The bank later claimed it knew nothing of Lucy's criminal record.
Regardless, for most of the 1990s, the Eastern Europe division was run in the following manner. In New York, Natasha held the highest position, as senior vice president and head of the division, and Galitzine was vice president. As of 1996, Lucy Edwards was seconded to the bank's London office.
Lucy and her husband, Peter, were getting rich, and they frequently spent weekends in Italy. They also bought a new spacious apartment in central London—a striking contrast to the very modest home the couple had shared in upstate New York. They enrolled Lucy's daughter in an expensive private school.
'Believed to be a major money laundering operation'
And no wonder they were getting rich: money was flowing out of Russia to the tune of billions of dollars a year, and BoNY provided a secure and respectable channel for that flow. "To have an account at BoNY back then was like having a badge of honor; it meant you were important," a Russian banker who worked with BoNY in the mid-1990s told us.
But that flow of dollars from Russia had begun to attract the attention of law enforcement agencies in not one but several countries. Still, nothing happened to disrupt the channel. Despite warnings from the British authorities alerting the FBI that the money filling BoNY's coffers could be connected with Russian money laundering or organized crime, the system continued to function without a hiccup for years.
That changed suddenly in the summer of 1998.
In June of that year, a successful, young Russian lawyer was kidnapped in the center of Moscow. Bandits put a gun to his head when he left home and ushered him into a Mercedes, which drove him to the suburbs. This kind of thing was not unusual in Moscow in the late 1990s—in fact, it happened quite a lot. What was unusual was that a few hours later, the captive lawyer phoned a friend in San Francisco and asked her to transfer $300,000 to his abductors' account.
The rules of such business in Moscow held that a ransom always had to be delivered in cash, but apparently not this time. The friend in San Francisco duly complied, and the lawyer was released as soon as the money showed up in the kidnappers' account—which happened to be at BoNY.
A kidnapping in Moscow was the beginning of the end. (Photo: Tom Szlukovenyi/REUTERS)
The Russian Interior Ministry launched an investigation. They sent a request to the FBI asking for help tracing the ransom. This prompted the FBI to launch its own inquiry. The abductors' account turned out to belong to a company set up by Lucy Edwards's husband. Lucy and her husband were put under surveillance, and their phone was tapped.
On August 18, 1999, Natasha's phone rang in her office on the ninth floor of One Wall Street. It was a correspondent from the New York Times asking her about a particular company account. Natasha explained that her department didn't have access to companies' accounts, as they only dealt with other banks. A minute later, a handyman came to Natasha's office to install a lock. She was surprised; they had never locked their offices before.
She asked the handyman, who happened also to be a Russian emigrant, why a lock was being installed. He said he didn't know, he was just following orders. Then her phone rang again. Natasha was called up to the 10th floor—BoNY's executive level. There she was informed that she was now suspended because of an investigation launched by the district attorney's office. She was then escorted out of the building, and her colleagues were told not to contact her. Natasha would never see her office again.
The next day the world learned that something was rotten at BoNY when the New York Times ran a front-page story under the headline, "Activity at Bank Raises Suspicions of Russia Mob Tie." "Billions of dollars have been channeled through the Bank of New York in the last year in what is believed to be a major money laundering operation by Russian organized crime," reported the Times.
The two persons who had surfaced in the investigation, the paper reported, were both senior officers with the bank's Eastern Europe division. Both had emigrated to the United States from Russia, and both were married to Russian businessmen. The paper named them: Natasha Gurfinkel (the Times claimed "the accounts have been handled" by her) and Lucy Edwards.
$7.5 billion moved out of Russia in three years
FBI investigators had discovered that Lucy's husband, Peter, had set up several companies whose bank accounts were at BoNY. These accounts were used for transferring billions of dollars from Russia to the United States. One account, registered to a company called Benex, was linked to a notorious mafia boss from the former Soviet Union, a man wanted by both US and British authorities. According to the Times's story, British intelligence reported that "some of the money from the account went to pay contract killers and some went to drug barons."
The scandal gathered momentum, and more accusations followed. U.S. media outlets published more stories; $7.5 billion was said to have been moved out of Russia through the accounts controlled by Lucy's husband in just three years via BoNY. American newspapers began naming various Russian oligarchs as well as, among others, Boris Yeltsin's son-in-law. Moscow decided to run its own investigation.
Things got hotter in September 1999 when the U.S. House of Representatives' Committee on Banking and Financial Services launched hearings on Russian money laundering. The BoNY investigation became even more important when Yeltsin vetoed Russia's ratification of the International Anti-Money Laundering Convention.
Boris Yeltsin vetoed Russia's ratification of the International Anti-Money Laundering Convention. (Photo: Alexander Natruskin/REUTERS)
"I was summoned by Yeltsin," remembered Khodorkovsky, who, by late 1999, was one of Russia's top oil tycoons. "He told me that the FBI complained about me because of the scandal. I said I knew nothing about it. Yeltsin said, 'Then go and get it sorted out.' So I came back to my office, we prepared all documents, and I phoned the U.S. embassy in Moscow and asked to talk to the FBI people. I gave them our documents, went back to Yeltsin, told him that I spoke to these guys and that everything was OK."
What Khodorkovsky failed to mention was that he had been invited to testify before the American congressional committee on Russian money laundering and had declined to come. The congressional committee also invited Natasha Gurfinkel and Lucy Edwards to testify, but they also failed to come. Instead, the bank sent its chairman and CEO Thomas A. Renyi, a Vietnam veteran. It was Renyi who had supervised the integration of the Irving Trust and BoNY. On the witness stand, Renyi admitted that allowing the suspect accounts "to remain open and active without sufficient questioning was a lapse on the part of the bank."
A daring scheme with three main goals
Before long, many financiers in Russia and the United States came to see the BoNY case as an anti-Russian witch hunt. As the Russian presidential election of 2000 approached, fighting among different power groups intensified. The country was recovering slowly from the devastating economic crisis of 1998 when Russia defaulted on its national debt. Now politicians tried to capitalize on emerging feelings of inflamed patriotism combined with a sense grievance against the West for its failure to rush in and help the Russian economy. Even liberal Russian newspapers treated the BoNY scandal as a manifestation of anti-Russian bias.
The scandal had started with a bang. But after just a few months, it became clear that little would change. Too many interests had too much at stake to stop the hemorrhaging of Russian money. U.S. law enforcement never accused either Galitzine or Gurfinkel of any crime. Natasha, for her part, was angry that BoNY had done nothing to protect her. She spent a month and half in New York waiting to be questioned about BONY, but nobody was interested in talking to her. Eventually, she resigned and moved to London. Her lawyers in Moscow subsequently sued BoNY, and in the end, the bank agreed to unfreeze her money, benefits, and bonuses—all in all, over a million dollars. But she never got another job.
A Bank of New York flag flies next to the American flag at the Bank of New York headquarters in New York on August 19, 1999. (Photo: Peter Morgan/REUTERS)
Still, she didn't hold a grudge against Lucy. "Lucy was just a fool. She traveled to Russia a lot, saw this crazy amount of money coming and going, and couldn't resist the temptation," Natasha told us. Then she admitted, "Well, it was our mistake, mine and Galitzine's—we didn't watch her."
After a year and a half of investigation, U.S. federal agents took Lucy Edwards and her husband, Peter Berlin, to District Court in Manhattan. The couple told a federal judge that they helped create a money laundering scheme that successfully moved billions of dollars out of Russia through a network of front company accounts at the Bank of New York that were controlled by Lucy's husband. From there, the money went to offshore accounts. The scheme was designed by "a group of small but politically well-connected Russian banks."
The couple said the scheme had three main goals: to avoid Russian customs duties on imports, to evade Russian taxes, and to wash the profits of criminal groups through legitimate banks—including the ransom for the young Russian lawyer kidnapped in Moscow. Lucy and her husband admitted that they earned nearly $2 million in due course.
This was evidence of wide-scale state plundering. Yet, ultimately, it had little or no effect on how business between the two countries was done.
Lucy and her husband cooperated with the investigation and pleaded guilty. In 2006 they were sentenced to five years' probation. A year before that, the Bank of New York agreed to pay $38 million in penalties and victim compensation arising from the case of money laundering and fraud.
'Something that the world has never seen before'
In Russia, the scandal ended with a whimper. No one in Moscow was accused of any wrongdoing whatsoever. In 1999 Vladimir Putin, then prime minister, said that Russian law enforcement agencies had investigated the case and could not confirm that Russian money had been laundered through the Bank of New York. As Putin rather cynically explained, "Our senior law enforcement officers met with their American counterparts. But, unfortunately, or fortunately for us, the information that was in the media was never confirmed."
Vladimir Putin was prime minister of Russia at the time of the scandal. (Photo: Reuters POOL)
In the end, only two people were held responsible for the scheme.
Once the Russian émigrés had pried the door to the American financial market open for Russians, their main concern was to keep that door open. Abiding by the rules, on the other hand, was never a top priority.
It took a good decade for U.S. policy makers to realize just how corrupt and cynical the political system really was that replaced communist rule in Russia. At least for some, this understanding also entailed an awareness that this corrupt and cynical system had the potential to one day infect the United States.
In September 1999, James A. Leach, chairman of the House Committee on Banking and Financial Services that had held the headings on Russian money laundering, was struck by the notion that some of the laundered money could have seeped into the American political process. He remarked:
"When we look at Russia today and we see the infiltration of former KGB into the financial system, into the economy, and we wonder what is unique about Russia, because there are other kleptocracies in the world, but one of the unique aspects of Russia today is: A, that it is so large and extraordinary; and B, it is a backward economy in many ways, but it is immensely sophisticated in many other ways, for example, intelligence. The combination of kleptocratic greed, coupled with centralized controls and bureaucratic expertise and coercion of a historical nature is something that the world has never seen before."
Back in 1999, the American congressman couldn't know how prescient he was. In the years to come, Russian money would flood into the United States by the billions. Russian oligarchs became investors in America. They sought out, made, and cultivated important political connections. For many years they acted on their own behalf, not the Kremlin's.
But Russian foreign intelligence was never far behind. And the collapse of the Soviet Union hadn't changed them much.
Andrei Soldatov and Irina Borogan are co-founders of the website agentura.ru and authors of several books about Russia. "The Compatriots" is on sale where books are normally sold.
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Designed to hold a Spherically Mounted Retro-Reflector, Theodolite Sphere, Photogrammetry Sphere, or other Spherical Type Target or Accessory for the purpse of locating inside corners or radius.
1.5 ESM - 2 - 1/4 CAUTION: The 1.5ESM-2-1/4 will not balance over an edge by itself. The 1.5 ESM-2-1/4 must be held in place or it will fall, possibly causing damage to the SMR.


text:
Q: ExtJS 4.2 export grid data to downloadable CSV file I want to create a download button in my EXT JS panel which when click download/exports EXTJS grid into downloadable CSV file.
PS: I think we can use store data or the JSON from which i am filling data in grid store to populate data into CSV file
I have tried Ext.ux.CSVExporter but i wasn't able to use it successfully.
My current code is :

        <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=iso-8859-1" />
        <title id='title'>HTML Page setup Tutorial</title>
        <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="ext-all.css" />

A: repository link use this project
here is example how to use it fiddle link
first of all copy repository files to you ext library's ux folder located in ext/src/ux under exporter folder. full path will be ext/src/ux/exporter/[repository_files]
and modify your grid
  var classTable = Ext.create('Ext.grid.Panel', {
    style: 'border: solid Blue 1px',
    id: 'family',
    renderTo: Ext.getBody(),
    store: store,
    requires: [
        'Ext.ux.exporter.Exporter'
    ],
    columns: columnList,
    columnLines: true,
    width: Ext.getBody().getViewSize().width,
    height: Ext.getBody().getViewSize().height,
   bbar: {
        xtype: 'pagingtoolbar',
        pageSize: 2,
        store: store,
        displayInfo: true,
        plugins: new Ext.ux.ProgressBarPager()
    },
    dockedItems:[
    {
                xtype: 'toolbar',
                dock: 'top',
                items: [
                    {
                        xtype: 'exporterbutton',
                        text: 'exrpot data'
                    }
                ]
            }
    ]

});

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
Q: In Drupal, after installing responsive menu, page content is missing After installing responsive menu:

<body class="html not-front logged-in no-sidebars page-user page-user- page-user-1517 fc-save-form-session-processed" style="">

is blocking the page content. Please help me out of these.

A: here's an answer, though it might be partial:
Have you tried the Responsive Menu in a default Bartnik theme to see if the problem still exists? There's a chance that your current theme is designed in a way that Responsive Menu does not take into account. I've had that happen on a few sites in the past, and adjusting the theme itself was the solution.


text:
Joel Kahn
I served in the US Navy as a weather observer right out of high school. After the service, I did various kinds of activities with computers. Now I am working with algorithmic digital art involving computer programming languages and mathematics.
I have a strong interest in the effects of technology, both positive and negative. I particularly try to explore areas that have received too little attention.
Next Month's Storm
Oct 14, 2014 Article Courtesy of Joel Kahn
Born: Orange, CA, USA
Based: Bolivar, MO
Preface: October 2014
As I write this, we are getting fresh reminders of what the atmosphere can do. Bermuda, Hawaii, and Japan are all confronting tropical systems. In the years since I wrote the original version of "Next Month's Storm," we have seen Katrina and Sandy, the devastation of Haiti, and a variety of disasters around the globe. We also have seen the endlessly growing debates over climate change, including arguments about the significance of each individual event as a sign (or non-sign) of what is coming towards us in the decades to follow.
One thing that has not changed is the imperfection of human beings; our sciences and technologies have not become perfect either. The advancing sophistication of satellites and radars and other gadgets drowns both short-term forecasters and long-term researchers in far more information than possibly can be digested. At the same time, there still is (over most of the world's surface) a shortage of instruments to gather direct data about what is happening in the air.
Simultaneously, we have both too much and too little to work with. And we have no convenient way out of this paradox; technology is not going to cure what it has inflicted on us.
The political environment surrounding our dilemmas has worsened. People demand answers that are clear, simple, absolute, and guaranteed. Scientists (if they practice honesty and integrity) supply careful and cautious estimates instead. Demagogues and advertisers exploit the gap with push-button slogans and phony promises. Sometimes the reckless verbiage contributes to avoidable deaths, and then the blame game (lawsuits included) has another round.
Overall, I have nothing more to contribute than I did before. I can ask people to think and plan realistically, but nobody can force this to happen; furthermore, I confess that I can't even present my own behavior as a shining example of "perfect" analysis and preparation. I can only hope that my words will get people to think. Maybe this is a start.
"My forecast was perfect; the atmosphere was wrong."
— Anonymous weather forecaster.
I was a weather observer stationed on an aircraft carrier, the USS Constellation. We were in the western Pacific, about six hundred miles north of the equator, heading west towards the Philippines; in a few days we would be going through the San Bernardino Straits in the central Philippines and would enter the South China Sea.
Several hundred miles east of our task force was Typhoon Rita. She was following our course towards the Philippines and was forecast to cross the country a few days after us.
Whenever a storm as intense as this one was close to our operating area, we in the weather office became even busier than usual. We were using up our weather plotting charts at a ferocious rate, and I had been sent back to our storage room to pick up a new roll of them. When I got near the room, I saw some boatswain's mates working by the door, transferring some of their gear from one deck to another. I was acquainted with one of them; since he knew that I was one of the "weather-guessers," he asked me about the storm. All of his co-workers stopped their work and gathered around to get the forecast.
Before I could start my impromptu briefing—a task which all of us in the weather office had become accustomed to doing frequently since Rita reached typhoon strength—one of the other boatswain's mates spoke up. I didn't know him, and I never found out his name. He was, like myself, in his early twenties. He was a Filipino, one of thousands in the United States Navy, and he told me that his entire extended family (about twenty-five people) lived in the central Philippines. He wanted to know how much of a threat the storm would be to his folks. He told me that his family was extremely poor—his Navy salary was their primary source of income—and they could not travel all the way to the safer high ground on the larger islands of Luzon or Mindanao. As for the Philippine government . . . well, this was the era of the Marcos dictatorship; it was well known that more money was being splurged on Imelda's shopping sprees in a month than was spent on disaster preparedness in a year. There simply were not enough boats and planes to go around.
I unlocked the door to the storage room, took a roll of charts of Asia off a shelf, unrolled one, and asked him to show me on the chart his family's location. He pointed to a small island on the southern side of the San Bernardino Straits, not far from where our task force would soon be traveling.
I swallowed hard.
The most recent warning from the Forecast Center on Guam had come over the teletype less than an hour before. I had plotted it onto the weather office's storm tracking map myself. Typhoon Rita had a smooth and steady inward flow of moisture and warm air; as far as anyone could tell, all the conditions seemed perfect for continued intensification and a steady westward course. She was expected to go from her current Category Four strength to a Category Five—the strongest category there is—well before she reached land. By the time she hit the islands, her maximum sustained winds were forecast to be around one hundred eighty miles per hour, with gusts well above two hundred.
Winds of this strength, over the open ocean, would produce waves thirty-five to forty-five feet high inside of and around the storm's eye. Driven by these winds, and combined with rainfall amounts that could reach several feet in less than a day, the storm seas would leave few, if any, man-made structures standing after they came ashore.
The young boatswain's mate's family lived near the beach. The highest point on their little island was perhaps a hundred feet above sea level, and they might not even be able to bring all the family members up to that meager refuge.
And, in less than a week, the eye of the typhoon was expected to go a mere thirty miles from their homes. Winds greater than one hundred miles per hour would be pounding them for hours. There was little doubt about what all that air and water would do.
In the weather office, most of our time was spent reducing the atmosphere to numerical quantities and coded messages. We often tended to get separated from the human reality of what we were working on, even when we went outdoors to do an observation and could feel the actual wind and rain in our faces.
But this was different. Now I had to take all the arcane symbols on the plotted charts, all the gray smudges on the satellite photos, all the data provided by a variety of instruments, and turn them into a probable death sentence for a person's family.
I never seriously considered lying to him, and I could not pass the buck to anyone else. I was the person right there with the information, and I was the one who had to look one of my shipmates straight in the eye and give him the bad news. The U. S. Navy had lots of training programs, but neither I nor this poor Filipino kid had ever received any instruction about how to handle a situation like this one. I swallowed hard again, mustered all the reserves of courage that I was able to dredge up, and laid it all out, in the most compassionate but also the clearest language that I could find.
He didn't say anything; what could he have said? What could either of us do besides hope that the forecast was wrong? I will not attempt to describe the expression that was on his face when I finished speaking, but I still remember that expression clearly, more than two decades later. Giving him that forecast was, without a doubt, the most difficult thing I ever had to do as a weatherman. I was very lucky, I suppose, that I only had to do such a job once.
In the early 1800s, scholars and scientists were enthusiastically exploring the vistas opened up to them by the work of Isaac Newton and his followers. A French astronomer and mathematician named Pierre Simon, Marquis de Laplace, spoke for his era in his Analytic Theory of Probabilities:
Given for one instant an intelligence which could comprehend all the forces by which nature is animated and the respective positions of the beings which compose it, if moreover this intelligence were vast enough to submit these data to analysis, it would embrace in the same formula both the movements of the largest bodies in the universe and those of the lightest atom; to it nothing would be uncertain, and the future as the past would be present to its eyes.
Of course, no one seriously believed that any flesh-and-blood humans would ever actually acquire such a perfect "snapshot" of the Universe, let alone be able to apply their knowledge so precisely that they would be able to record all of history and foretell all of the future. But the basic concept of these theoretical possibilities had a strong appeal to the egos of many scientists. We might never wholly gain such Godlike perfection, but we could forever (in theory) keep getting closer and closer to it.
This idea has long had a special importance for those who study the Earth's atmosphere, for it is fairly close in some respects to what they actually attempt to do. Thousands of people, scattered around the world, measure temperature, pressure and relative humidity and so forth, share all the measurements with each other, and then "submit these data to analysis," trying to fill in the gaps between the actual measurements with a combination of sophisticated technology, experience, intuition, guesswork, and their knowledge of natural laws. From all this come forecasts—never perfect, but always (we hope) improving.
Even after the discoveries of twentieth-century physics began dashing hopes for perfection in many areas, quite a few meteorologists hung on to the idea that weather forecasting could improve basically without limit. Although Einstein may have made so many things dependent on where one is standing, and Heisenberg may have made things unavoidably fuzzy down among the electrons, and Hubble may have placed limits on how far even the biggest telescopes can reach, and Gödel may have found frustrating problems in the bowels of mathematics itself—still the atmospheric scientists maintained hope. After all, the demands made by the meteorologist were not as great as those made by the theoretical physicist, were they? The weather forecaster did not want to analyze the structure of the electron, but only that of the air and the oceans; he didn't really need to look at particles smaller than hydrogen atoms; he didn't need to know all the rules operating everywhere throughout the entire universe, but only a relatively small number of laws governing a "laboratory" containing one liquid (water), a few gases, and a single, well-defined energy source (the sun) providing heat and light to an equally well-defined and extremely familiar environment. If the scientists could just get enough measurements in enough places around the world, and sort out some admittedly tricky but not overwhelming (or so they thought) questions concerning the flow of turbulent fluids, then they should have things licked. Eventually, they would be able to tell you exactly whose houses would be clobbered by next month's storm.
Although the specific statements made by meteorologists in the first half of the twentieth century were tentative, they never fully abandoned a long-term faith in the constantly increasing accuracy of forecasts. Thus, in 1931, Donald Piston, an assistant professor of physics at the University of Maine, wrote in his book Meteorology:
The problem of predicting weather for months or years in advance is one which appeals to the popular imagination, and it is a problem which has engaged the serious attention of a number of investigators. In spite of the work which has been done, however, we are still far away from an even approximately satisfactory solution of the problem.
Piston's use of the phrase "far away from," however cautious it may sound, still implies that a "satisfactory solution" still exists out there in the future.
Similarly, in 1938, Thomas Blair, an associate professor of meteorology at the University of Nebraska and a senior meteorologist with the US Weather Bureau, wrote about precipitation forecasting in his book Weather Elements: "It is not possible as yet . . . to foresee the exact area of rain, nor, especially, to foresee the amount of precipitation" (emphasis added). Like Piston, Blair implies that future scientists will be able to achieve the long-term accuracy that present forecasters cannot; it is just a matter of time.
In his book Chaos: Making a New Science, James Gleick gives us a historical perspective and paints a vivid picture of what meteorological hubris looked like at its height:
The fifties and sixties were years of unreal optimism about weather forecasting. Newspapers and magazines were filled with hope for weather science, not just for prediction but for modification and control. Two technologies were maturing together, the digital computer and the space satellite. . . . There was an idea that human society would free itself from weather's turmoil and become its master instead of its victim . . . [Computers were built] with the precise intention, among other things, of controlling the weather. . . . With the computer up and running . . . scientists would calculate the equations of fluid motions for the next few days. Then a central committee of meteorologists would send up airplanes to lay down smoke screens or seed clouds to push the weather into the desired mode.
But Gleick tells us about this optimistic euphoria only so he can describe how short-lived it was. Gleick's book is about chaos theory and its implications, which finally would force weather forecasting into that same tantalizing trap that had already captured so much of twentieth-century physics.
It was, in fact, a meteorologist, using a meteorological program on a computer in 1961, who made some of the earliest discoveries in chaos theory. Edward Lorenz, working at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, ran a simple simulation of some temperature and wind scenarios. While attempting to run the program a second time with identical data, he unintentionally made a tiny change to one number, in the fourth place to the right of the decimal point. When he ran the program again, the long-range results were vastly different. Gleick describes Lorenz's troubled reaction:
Something was philosophically out of joint. The practical import could be staggering. Although his equations were gross parodies of the earth's weather, he had a faith that they captured the essence of the real atmosphere. That first day, he decided that long-range weather forecasting must be doomed.
Indeed it was. Those questions about the flow of turbulent fluids turned out to be not only overwhelming; they were cataclysmic. A modest-sounding but ultimately devastating phrase was added to science: "sensitive dependence on initial conditions." This phenomenon also is known as the "butterfly effect," suggesting, as the Encyclopedia Britannica puts it, "that the mere flapping of a butterfly's wing can change the weather." Gleick summarizes the full awful impact of chaos on weather forecasting:
Suppose the earth could be covered with sensors spaced one foot apart, rising at one-foot intervals all the way to the top of the atmosphere. Suppose every sensor gives perfectly accurate readings of temperature, pressure, humidity, and any other quantity a meteorologist would want. Precisely at noon an infinitely powerful computer takes all the data and calculates what will happen at each point at 12:01, then 12:02, then 12:03 . . . The computer will still be unable to predict whether Princeton, New Jersey, will have sun or rain on a day one month away. At noon the spaces between the sensors will hide fluctuations that the computer will not know about, tiny deviations from the average. By 12:01, those fluctuations will already have created small errors one foot away. Soon the errors will have multiplied to the ten-foot scale, and so on up to the size of the globe.
Among Lorenz's fellow scientists, there was widespread resistance to his ideas early on; but as more and more people have studied them closely, bringing more and more powerful computer hardware and software to bear upon chaos theory, the overall picture has become increasingly (and, one might say, depressingly) clear. By 1993, Lorenz himself was able to write in his book The Essence of Chaos:
[Many] models . . . have been used for predictability experiments, in which two or more solutions originating from slightly different initial states have been examined for the presence of sensitive dependence. . . . The models have indicated that small initial differences will amplify until they are no longer small. There is even good quantitative agreement as to the rate of amplification. . . . We are more or less forced to conclude that the atmosphere itself is chaotic.
And since 1993, the situation has not changed appreciably. Faster computers are continually brought into play, and the programs running on them become more and more sophisticated, but the results they produce simply solidify the entrenchment of chaos. The most recent issues of the Journal of the American Meteorological Society have the language of chaos as prominent in their pages as professors of meteorology have it in their classes.
Paradoxically—and ironically—the mathematics of chaos has sometimes been very useful in meteorology, allowing researchers to describe and analyze complex situations that were difficult, or even impossible, to handle with older tools. But each time chaos theory is applied, it is one more grim reminder of the trade-off that weather forecasting has been forced to make: some gains in certain areas have been obtained by abandoning the hope of long-term convergence towards perfection. The additions to the toolboxes of the theoreticians may be little consolation to the weather workers out in the field.
As it happened, the family of that young boatswain's mate was lucky. Soon after I talked to him, there was a small twitch in the atmospheric circulation near the storm, a twitch so small that no observers or forecasters could have caught it at the time even if there had been weather people in that area, which there weren't. As small as the twitch was, it was enough to nudge Typhoon Rita into a slow, gradual curve to the west-northwest, putting that sailor's family out of the zone of catastrophic destruction—but putting other families into it.
Although Rita's path did not match our early forecast, her intensity did. When Rita made landfall on the island of Luzon, about four hundred miles north of that boatswain's mate's home island, she was a high Category Five, with some wind gusts close to two hundred fifty miles an hour. In spite of the corrupt inefficiency of the Marcos regime, the small islands off the eastern coast of Luzon were evacuated in time, and most coastal residents were moved well up into the steep interior mountains before the worst of the storm hit. The center of the storm cut a jagged line across the peaks, mainly through sparsely populated regions. The rugged terrain did heavy damage to the storm's circulation, and Rita entered the South China Sea with only half the maximum wind speed she had had before landfall.
It was not just that boatswain's mate's family that was lucky; a significant portion of the population of the Philippines was just as fortunate. The final death toll was "only" between two hundred and three hundred people. This may sound like a lot, but consider the following: had that tiny twitch of circulating air been a little different and sent Rita seventy miles or so to the south of its actual landfall point, the city of Manila could have taken a direct hit. The death toll might have exceeded that in Honduras in 1998 after Hurricane Mitch came through. It was just a little movement, too small to detect or measure at the time, which made the difference. One microscopic bit of chaos. One single, unseen beat of the butterfly's wings.
Other people in the weather business have had to do what I did on that October day in the western Pacific: deliver the unavoidable bad news. Sometimes the forecast is correct, and sometimes it is not. As the old saying goes, "It's the suspense that kills you." If we could tell what next month's storm was going to do with strong confidence and tight precision—if we could say "The houses in this block will be destroyed, but not those one block over"—then whole professions related to planning would be vastly different.
But we can't. And so other weather workers will continue to give other forecasts to other people, hoping for the best, and trying to learn what they can from mistakes. And so it will continue forever, unless someone someday finds a way to break the iron grip of chaos.
info Oct 14, 2014
Courtesy of Joel Kahn close


Photo credit: Ruth Hartnup, CC BY 2.0.
Whether you're just starting out in your career or you're nearing retirement, below is The Times's best financial advice from this year on earning and saving more money and, more important, deciding what to do with all of it.
The NYT divides its best financial advice into six big categories which, in effect, cancel each other out: one category advises us to go through our budget and figure out where we can cut back, and another category advises us to spend more on takeout (and other time-saving services) because time is just as important as money.
Except… the NYT also wants some of that income to go towards hiring a financial planner.
If you haven't already used up your free articles for this month, check out the list and let us know which (if any) of their tips you'll be following—because it looks like it'll be difficult to follow them all.


text:
Parafia bł. Karoliny Kózkówny w Tarnowie – parafia rzymskokatolicka w Tarnowie, w diecezji tarnowskiej w dekanacie Tarnów Wschód.

Od 1992 proboszczem parafii jest ks. prał. Stanisław Dutka.

Linki zewnętrzne
 Informacje diecezjalne o parafii
 Historia parafii

Karoliny
Tarnów

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


The time has come in our deployment of iOS devices where we need to delete a large chunk of devices from the JSS. Of course, we could go through and "unmanage" each device from the JSS, but for approximately 250 devices, that is a fair amount of clicking. We could also go the route of deleting the profile from the mobile device, but that required even more tapping. How can we do this programmatically? That is where the JSS API comes to the rescue!
The JSS API provides a method for coding HTTP RESTful commands in a way that is very efficient and fast. Luckily, I've had some experience with the API while working on Casper Ally. If you are interested in the steps used to outline the app, read the paragraph below. If you just want to see the requirements skip the next paragraph.
The first parameter is the path to a text file containing the serial numbers of the device you wish to delete. The second is your jss username and the third is your jss password. That's all!
The script does need a few modifications on your part (your JSS URL & port) as well as commenting out the line associated with deleting mobile devices or computers. Also, there is a section in the while loop where you can generate output to show what commands will be run and these allow you to test the code on one device before inputting in the entire serial number list. As always, please make sure to have a backup of your JSS database or snapshot the VM before running.


At Keller Williams Honolulu, we have hand-picked a highly experienced and talented group of professionals to support our incredible agents. Every member of our team is here to serve you whether that be in kick starting your brand new real estate business or taking your business to the next level. Your success is our number one priority!


text:
33. Bill on Church Reform read twice in the House of Lords.[1]
[House of Lords' MSS. First reading July 1, second reading July 3, 1641.[2] See Fuller, Church History, ed. Brewer, vi. 188; Hist. of. Engl. ix. 409.]
An Act for the better regulating of Archbishops, Bishops, Deans, Deans and Chapters, Canons and Prebends, and the better ordering of their revenues, and for the better governing of the Courts Ecclesiastical and the Ministers thereof, and the proceeding therein.
Whereas the preaching of God's Holy Word hath of late years been much neglected in several places, and to the end that Archbishops and Bishops may from henceforth give good examples to others in Holy Orders, by doing their duties in their own persons for the better instruction of the people committed to their charge, His Majesty, out of his abundant goodness and religious care of the souls of his people, is graciously pleased that it be enacted, and by the authority of this present Parliament be it enacted, that every Archbishop and Bishop, being under the age of seventy years, and not being hindered by sickness and being within his diocese, shall from henceforth, from and after the first day of January now next ensuing, upon every Lord's Day throughout the year, preach in some one Cathedral Church, Parish Church or public Chapel, upon pain to forfeit the sum of five pounds for every default therein, to the use of the poor of the same parish where the said Archbishop or Bishop shall then be, where he make such default, and of the poor of the four parishes thereunto next adjoining, the same to be levied of the goods of every such offender by distress and sale thereof, and rendering the overplus to the owner thereof, by warrant of any one Justice of the Peace next or near adjoining to the place where such offence shall be committed, to be directed to the constable, churchwardens and overseers of the poor of the said several parishes and every of them. And to the intent that the said Archbishops, Bishops and all other persons now or at any time hereafter being in Holy Orders, may not be hindered to discharge their duties in the office of the Ministry by intermeddling with secular affairs: be it therefore enacted by the authority aforesaid, that no Archbishop, Bishop, Parson, Vicar or other person whatsoever, that hath received or at any time hereafter shall receive any degree in Holy Orders with cure of souls, shall at any time from and after the said first day of January have any suffrage or vote, or use or execute any power or authority in the Court usually called the Star-Chamber, nor shall have any suffrage or voice, or use or execute any judicial power or authority in any other temporal Court whatsoever; nor shall be any Justice of Peace, nor use nor execute the office of a Justice of the Peace by virtue or colour of any statute, commission, charter or otherwise within the kingdom of England or dominion of Wales; nor shall have or enjoy any judicial room or place in any of the said Courts, nor shall execute any commission that shall issue from any standing temporal Court whatsoever; nor shall be of the Privy Council of His Majesty, his heirs or successors, but shall be wholly disabled and incapable to have, receive, use or execute any of the said offices, places, powers and authorities aforesaid. And be it further enacted by the authority aforesaid, that all acts from and after the said first day of January which shall be done or executed by any Archbishop, Bishop, Parson, Vicar or other person whatsoever in Holy Orders, and all and every suffrage, vote and voice to be given or delivered by them or any of them, contrary to the purport and true meaning of this present Act, shall be utterly void in law to all intents, constructions and purposes; and be it further enacted by the authority aforesaid, that if any Archbishop, Bishop, Parson, Vicar or other person whatsoever in Holy Orders from or after the said first day of January, shall give his or their votes, suffrage or voice, or shall do or execute anything prohibited or forbidden by this Act, contrary to the true intent and meaning thereof, shall for the first offence forfeit and lose so much money as shall amount unto the full and true value of one whole year's profit and benefit of all his and their spiritual and ecclesiastical livings, benefices, dignities and promotions whatsoever, the same to be recovered in any of His Majesty's Courts of Record by action of debt, bill, plaint or information by him or them that will sue for the same, in which suit no essoine, protection, wager of law, aid, prayer, privilege, injunction or order of restraint, nor any more than one jmparlance shall be in anywise prayed, granted, admitted or allowed, the one moiety whereof to be unto our Sovereign Lord the King, his heirs and successors, and the other moiety to him or them that will sue for the same. And if any Archbishop, Bishop, Parson, Vicar or other person whatsoever, once convict of any offence concerning the premises or against whom any such recovery shall be had as aforesaid, shall therein offend again or shall thereafter do anything contrary to the true intent and meaning of this law, and shall be thereof duly convicted by indictment, information or any other lawful ways or means, then such party shall from and after such conviction, forfeit and lose, and be incapable to hold all and every the spiritual and ecclesiastical livings, benefices, dignities and promotions which he shall then have, and be from thenceforth utterly disabled to have, receive, take or enjoy any the same spiritual or ecclesiastical livings, benefices, dignities or promotions whatsoever; and that all the spiritual and ecclesiastical livings, benefices, dignities and promotions which he shall have at the time of such conviction[3], shall be to all intents, constructions and purposes utterly void. Provided always, and be it enacted by the authority aforesaid, that no lapse shall incur against the patron or such person as ought to present unto, collate or dispose of all or any such spiritual or ecclesiastical benefices, livings, dignities or promotions until six months after notice given by the Ordinary of the Diocese within which such spiritual or ecclesiastical living, benefice, dignity or promotion shall be, unto the patron or other person that ought to present thereunto, or collate or dispose thereof. And be it likewise further provided and enacted, that this Act, or any clause or thing therein contained, shall not extend unto the exercise of any jurisdiction, power or authority within either of the two Universities or the liberties thereof, nor unto any person or persons being or who hereafter shall be in Holy Orders, and who is or hereafter shall be a Duke, Marquis, Earl, Viscount, Baron or Peer of this kingdom by descent, nor unto the exercise of any the power of a Justice of Peace at any time heretofore given by any Act of Parliament to the Dean of Westminster within the liberties of Westminster, at Saint Martin's Le Grand in London.
And to the end that Archbishops and Bishops within their several dioceses may have such assistance as may hereafter tend and be for the better execution of their said offices and places, be it therefore enacted by the authority aforesaid, that within every shire or county of each several diocese within the kingdom of England and dominion of Wales there be nominated, in such manner as is hereafter expressed, twelve ministers being in Holy Orders, and being fit both in respect of their life and doctrine, to be assistants to every such Archbishop and Bishop, together with the Dean and Chapter of each several diocese, in conferring of Holy Orders and in the exercise and administration of ecclesiastical jurisdiction, and for such other purposes as be hereafter declared; and that none of the said Archbishops or Bishops at any time from henceforth shall confer any Holy Orders upon any person or persons without the presence and approbation of four of the said assistants at the least; and that none of the said Archbishops or Bishops, or any Dean, Archdeacon, Chancellor, Commissary, Official, Surrogate or other person having or exercising any ecclesiastical jurisdiction within any of the dioceses aforesaid, or within any places of peculiar or exempt jurisdiction whatsoever, shall pronounce any sentence of degradation, deprivation or suspension against any minister or other person in Holy Orders, or any sentence of excommunication or absolution of or against any person whatsoever, or shall proceed to the final sentence of any cause whatsoever depending in any of their several Courts, or to the sentence or taxation of costs or charges of suit, or to the making of any request or instance to any ordinary or superior Judge to hear or determine any cause depending before them without the presence and approbation of two or, at the least, of one of the said assistants next dwelling; and that the said assistants shall from time to time be nominated or chosen in manner following, that is to say: before the said first day of January four of them by the King's Majesty, his heirs or successors, under the sign manual; four other of them by the order of the Lords in Parliament assembled, and the other four by the order of the House of Commons in Parliament assembled; and upon the death or removal of any of the said assistants out of any of the shires or counties in the several dioceses aforesaid respectively, such other person or persons shall be named in their stead and to supply their rooms, as by His Majesty, his heirs or successors, shall be nominated and appointed in like manner as is aforesaid, which said assistants and every of them respectively, shall from time to time hereafter give their personal attendance in and for the due execution of the trust by this Act in them reposed, at each public Ordination within each several diocese, and at such other times when any such sentence, or any such taxation of costs, or any such act for request or instance shall be made as is aforesaid, upon sufficient notice to be given or left at their several dwelling-houses by the known apparitor of any such Archbishop or Bishop by the space of fourteen days next before any meeting shall be had for any of the purposes aforesaid; and if any such assistant, having such notice as is aforesaid, shall fail to appear at the place so intimated unto him as is aforesaid, that then the said assistant for every such default shall forfeit £10, to be levied by distress and sale of the goods of every such offender (rendering to every such offender the overplus) to the use of the poor of the parish where such assistant shall be then dwelling, by warrant from any Justice of the Peace next or nigh adjoining to the said parish, to be directed to the constable, churchwarden or overseer of the same parish or any of them, unless the said offender shall have such reasonable excuse for his said default as shall be allowed by the said Archbishop or by the Bishop of the same diocese and the said then other assistants respectively, or the greater number of them, within three months next after any such default. And be it also enacted by the authority aforesaid, that all sentences and other of the acts of Courts aforesaid, which at any time hereafter shall be sped, pronounced, declared or made in any other manner than is by this present Act appointed, shall be utterly void to all intents and purposes; and that all and every Archbishop, Bishop and other the ecclesiastical Judges aforesaid, which shall speed, pronounce, declare or make any of the said sentences or acts of Court, or which shall confer any Holy Orders otherwise than as by this Act is limited and appointed, shall ipso facto be suspended from the exercise of their said respective places, offices and functions by the space of one whole year next ensuing every such offence, and shall forfeit for every such offence the sum of £100, to be recovered by bill, action, plaint or information by any person that shall sue for the same in any of His Majesty's Courts of Record, in which no wager of law, essoine, protection, privilege, injunction or order of restraint, nor any more than one imparlance shall be admitted or allowed, the one moiety of the said forfeiture to be to such person or persons as will sue for the same, and the other to be employed to and for the relief of the poor of the parish where the said offence shall be committed.
And that from henceforth such persons may be preferred to be Archbishops and Bishops which shall be of the best integrity of life, soundness of doctrine and fitness for government, be it therefore enacted by authority of this present Parliament, that upon every avoidance of any of the Archbishops or Bishops aforesaid at any time hereafter to be made, the Dean and Chapter of each several diocese respectively, and the said assistants of all the shires and counties within the said diocese, so to be named as is aforesaid, or the greater number of the said Dean, Chapter and assistants then living within twenty days next after every such avoidance, shall, by a writing under their hands and seals, recommend and present to His Majesty, his heirs or successors, the names of three persons in Holy Orders within the same or any other of the said dioceses, whom in their judgments they shall hold fit and worthy for so great a function; and that thereupon His Majesty, his heirs or successors, shall and may be pleased by his or their Letters Patents, under the Great Seal of England, to nominate one of the said three persons to be Archbishop or Bishop of the see so respectively being void; and if the same be a Bishopric which shall be so void, that then the nomination by His Majesty, his heirs or successors, to be as aforesaid made, shall be made to the Archbishop of the Province within which the see of the said Bishopric shall happen to he; and if it shall be an Archbishopric which shall be so void, that then every such nomination shall be made to the other Archbishop or, in his vacancy, to four such Bishops within this realm of England as shall be thereunto appointed by His Majesty, his heirs or successors; and that with all convenient speed, after every such nomination to be made as is aforesaid, the said Archbishop or four Bishops, to whom the same shall be made as is aforesaid, shall invest and consecrate the said person so nominated to the said Archbishopric or Bishopric so being void; and that every person hereafter being so nominated as aforesaid to any Archbishopric or Bishopric, and so invested and consecrated and receiving their temporalities out of the hands of His Majesty, his heirs or successors, and taking their oath and making their homage as in such case is now accustomed, shall and may from thenceforth be installed and have and take their restitution out of the hands of His Majesty, his heirs or successors, of all the possessions, rents and profits belonging to the said Archbishopric or Bishopric whereunto they shall be so nominated as is aforesaid, and shall he from thenceforth enabled fully and to all intents and purposes to do, execute and perform all and every thing and things in the present Act expressed and declared to be done by every such Archbishop and Bishop respectively, and in such manner as in and by this present Act is expressed, limited and appointed, and also to do all such other thing or things as any Archbishop or Bishop of the same see might lawfully do before the making of this present Act; and if the said Dean, Chapter and assistants shall defer or delay such their nomination and presentment of the names of the said three persons longer than by the space of twenty days next after the avoidance of any such Archbishopric or Bishopric as is aforesaid, that then upon every such default the King's Majesty, his heirs and successors, at their liberty and pleasure, shall and may nominate and present any such person as they shall think fit, as if this present Act had not been made, anything herein to the contrary thereof notwithstanding. And for every such default the said Dean and Chapter and assistants, or such of them as shall be in such default as is aforesaid, shall forfeit the sum of £100 to be recovered by bill, action, plaint or information by any person that will sue for the same in any of His Majesty's said Courts of Record, in which no wager of law, essoine, protection, privilege, injunction or other order of restraint, nor any more than one imparlance shall be admitted or allowed, the one moiety of the said forfeiture to be to such person or persons as will sue for the same, and the other to be employed to and for the use of such Commissioners as shall be hereafter nominated by this present Act for the buying in of impropriations.
And to the intent the revenues of Deans and Chapters and of all Cathedrals and Collegiate Churches may be better employed for the good of the Church and advancement of religion, and that the Deans, Canons, Prebendaries and Residentiaries may not themselves live idly during the time of their residencies, but spend their times for the instructing of the people, well ordering of the Church, and good example of other Ministers; be it further enacted, that all Deans and Chapters, and Residentiaries and Prebendaries in Cathedral or Collegiate Churches, that hold any living or livings with cure of souls, shall so dispose of their time of residency in the said Cathedral or Collegiate Churches, as that they shall not severally and respectively spend more time in their said residence than sixty days in one year, all local statutes of the said Churches to the contrary notwithstanding; and that they shall likewise preach or provide to be preached two sermons upon every Lord's Day, the one in the forenoon and the other in the afternoon, and one upon every Holy Day, and one Lecture upon every Wednesday, for which they shall pay to the Lecturer one hundred marks per annum at the least, in every one of the said Cathedral and Collegiate Churches, upon pain and penalty of £100 to the King upon every default, and to be suspended from the profit of their places for one whole year, and the profit of that year to be employed to raise a stock for the poor of that city or town, where such Cathedral or Collegiate Church is situate. And further, that when any Archbishop, Bishop, Dean, Dean and Chapter, or any other Dignitary or Prebendary of any Cathedral or Collegiate Church, Master, Fellows and Scholars of any College in either University or elsewhere in the kingdom of England, shall take a fine or sum of money for the renovation or letting of any lease belonging to any of their several corps or the communalty of their Church or College, or shall increase the rent upon any such lease, they shall lay aside one-fourth part of that fine or sum of money, and of that increase of yearly rent, for the buying in of impropriations of parsonages or vicarages or portions of tithes now made lay fees, all such sums of money to be delivered into the hands of so many able Commissioners as shall from time to time be nominated by the orders of both Houses of Parliament, in every shire or county of England and Wales, for the collecting and receiving of the said money, and for the purchasing and bringing in of such impropriations, when the money shall arise to a sufficient sum for such an employment, and that such fine shall not be agreed or concluded of between the lessors and lessees, or any other on their behalf, without the approbation of three of the said Commissioners under their bands in writing.
And be it further enacted, that every impropriation or parsonage or vicarage or portion of tithes now impropriate, shall by due course of law, upon the purchases thereof, be made disappropriate and annexed to the Church, and made presentative for ever, without any license of mortmain to be obtained for the same; and that the said Commissioners shall present a Clerk for the first time: the Archbishop, Bishop, Dean, Dean and Chapter (wherein these Dignities and Prebendaries are endowed), as also the Master, Fellows and Scholars of the said Colleges from whom those sums of money are received respectively, shall ever after the first time severally and respectively present or nominate such Clerks as shall have and receive the benefit thereof. And it is further provided and enacted, that of the sum remaining of any fine or sum of money received by or from any of these persons, bodies or corporations before mentioned, for any lease or increase of rent upon any impropriate rectory belonging to any of the said Archbishops, Bishops, Deans, Deans and Chapters, Dignities, Prebendaries, Masters, Fellows and Scholars of any of the said former Colleges, one-tenth part of the remaining fine shall be duly paid unto the Vicar or Curate (where no vicarage is endowed) that dischargeth the cure of the said impropriation, until the same shall be reunited and annexed to the Church, and be employed for the use and benefit of that minister who shall officiate the cure; and if any of the said Archbishops, Bishops, Deans, Deans and Chapters, Dignities, Prebendaries, Masters, Fellows and Scholars of any of the said Colleges, or any of them shall defraud or fail to pay unto the said Commissioners, or the said Vicars respectively, the said several apportioned fines and sums of money, the same being lawfully demanded at the two usual feasts of the year, the one of St. Michael the Archangel and the other of the Annunciation of Our Lady, all persons and corporations so offending shall forfeit unto the said Commissioners and Vicars respectively three times the value of that fine or sum of money so detained or not justly and duly paid, the same to be recovered by the Commissioners and Vicars respectively in any Court of Law or Equity.
Be it likewise enacted, that every Residentiary or Canon of any Cathedral or Collegiate Church, that hath a living with cure of souls, shall pay unto his Curate that preacheth and officiates that cure at or upon that living for his hire or his wages (over and besides his ordinary entertainment for the other part of the year), a proportion of the moiety of the value of that benefice, be it more or less, for that time of the year wherein such Prebendary, Residentiary or Canon liveth at the Cathedral Church, and is non-resident from his parsonage or vicarage; and that every Parson or Vicar that hath two or more livings with cure of souls, shall maintain upon that living on which he doth reside, an able minister and preacher, that shall preach twice every Lord's Day, and shall pay unto him for his entertainment a full moiety of the profits of the said benefice for the time he doth not reside thereon, first-fruits, tenths and subsidies being first deducted.
And for the better regulating of Ecclesiastical Courts, which are now an extreme grievance and vexation to the common people of England, be it enacted, that no citation shall at any time hereafter issue forth against any of the King's subjects, without the articles and libel be first left in Court ready to be showed and delivered to the party cited, under pain of suspension ab officio et beneficio in both the Judge and Registrar; and that no cause hereafter be proceeded in against any of the King's subjects ex officio mero, but both the Judge and Registrar shall be liable to pay the costs and double damages to the party so proceeded against, in case the cause be not confessed or proved against him; and further, that none of the King's subjects hereafter be put to accuse themselves by or upon their own oaths in any criminal cause whatsoever in any of the said Courts Ecclesiastical, unless it be voluntarily taken by them to clear themselves from a fame, thereby to satisfy the Church or Congregation; and that the defendant being cited, shall answer within twenty days after the day assigned for his appearance, and the agent and defendant shall examine all their witnesses in that cause, which they mean to produce upon the articles, libel and interrogatories, or other proofs and evidences, within four months then next following, or else the defendant to be dismissed and have costs paid unto him, her or them, for their unjust vexation. And to avoid that dilatory and vexatious course yet in use, it is further enacted, that no exceptions be admitted against witnesses, but either for some matters appearing of record in one of the King's Courts, or for some matters proved against or confessed by the party produced in some Ecclesiastical Court before that time, whereby it shall appear that such witness is a party interested in the cause, or a person to whose testimony credit is not to be given; and that causes in this Court may come to a speedier end than heretofore, be it further enacted, that if any cause be protracted so that it be not ended within one twelve-month after the first beginning of the suit, then at the end of the year the defendant shall be dismissed with his costs, to be paid, the one half by the plaintiff, and the other by the Judge and the Proctor for the agent or plaintiff in that Court, unless they shall show unto the Bishop of the diocese, with the attestation of one or more of the assistants, that the defendant did wilfully hinder the same, in which case the Bishop, with two or more assistants, shall order according to reason and justice.
And to avoid the excessive number of Proctors and Apparitors in Courts Ecclesiastical, be it farther enacted, that the Bishops and six of the assistants shall name the number and also the choice of the Proctors and Apparitors in their several dioceses respectively, that are to plead and serve in all the several Ecclesiastical Courts within this kingdom, and that no Judge, Proctor or Registrar shall suffer any suitor, plaintiff or defendant, to go upon trust for their fees in any cause of instance, under pain of suspension from their places for one year for every time so offending; and that the Proctor shall have no fee allowed him at the taxation but for those days only wherein he doth plead or defend actually, and not for desiring continuance of days; and whereas there are now, by reason of unnecessary appeals, four or five instances or processes in all or most causes and proceedings ecclesiastical, to the great vexation and undoing of the plaintiff and defendant, and the apparent wrong and scandal of all inferior judicatories, Bishops, and ecclesiastical jurisdiction, be it enacted, that from henceforth there shall lie from the first ecclesiastical Judge in the cause, be he Dean, Archdeacon, Prebendary, Official, Commissary, Chancellor, or of any other title whatsoever, assisted as is before required, but two appeals only, one to the Bishop of the diocese, who shall not hear the same otherwise than accompanied with six of the said assistants at the least, so to be nominated as aforesaid, and then from the Bishop so assisted to the King's Majesty's delegates only and immediately, amongst the which the Archbishops of Canterbury and of York, with respect to the causes arising from their several provinces, shall be always in every Commission, and of the quorum in ferenda sententia, in all causes wherein the appeal lieth not from their own sentence, and all other appeals from the several dioceses to the Arches or audience to be from henceforth utterly abolished as an intolerable vexation to the subject — and altogether unnecessary; which Courts of Arches and audience are by virtue of this Act utterly suppressed and made void as concerning appeals from inferior Courts; and the Lord Keeper for the time being is hereby required to be very careful what persons he doth nominate for Judges delegates in this high and supreme Court in causes ecclesiastical, which care hath hitherto been much neglected.
Lastly, because the Church of England hath now lived under no certain ecclesiastical laws, but in an interim only, from the 25th of Henry VIII to this present, by reason that the persons for the purging of the ecclesiastical laws and the squaring of them to the common laws of the realm have not as yet met together, be it enacted by the authority aforesaid, that sixteen persons, to be named, six by the King's Majesty, five by the House of Lords, and five by the House of Commons respectively, understanding in both the laws, do presently meet, and taking the form begun by Doctor Haddon into their consideration, reduce by their general assent, or by the assent of the major part of them, all the canon laws of use and practice within this kingdom into as short a body and digest in the English tongue as well can be, so as they may be understood as well by the Bishops, Deans, Archdeacons, and Prebendaries, as also by the rest of the King's liege people, and may be more ascertained in matter and form, and receive the allowance of the King and the Parliament.
[1] Indorsed 'The Bishops' Bill. Hodie 1[d] vice lecta est Billa, I[o] Julii, 1641. 2[d] vice lecta est 3[o] Julii, 1641. Committed to the whole House.'
[2] Fuller says that the bishops and divines, directed by the lords ' to consult together for correction of what was amiss ' in the Church ' and to settle peace,' of which John Williams, Bishop of Lincoln, was chairman, considered four subjects: — Innovations in doctrine; innovations in discipline; the Common Prayer; and regulation of government. Their proposal on the latter head, he says, ' was not brought in, because the Bishop of Lincoln had undertaken the draft thereof, but not finished it.' Fuller seems to have been mistaken, as the Bill here given was certainly brought into the House of Lords, and can hardly be other than that proposed by Williams.
[3] Convention in MS.


From 2012 to 2017, NLEP has joined forces with companies across the region to expand and generate new business.
5,538 direct new jobs created.
More than $1.6 billion in direct capital investment generated.
Became part of an organization with nearly 200 investors- public and private leaders- shaping the future of North Louisiana! We would like to invite you to watch the video and read the information found in our Capital Development Booklet which can be download from this page. Contact Ashley Busada at abusada@nlep.org or 318.677.2508.


text:
Canada's giant panda cubs are safely home in China
Calgary, AB – The first giant panda twins born
Calgary Zoo recognized for enduring commitment to forest conservation
Calgary, AB – The Calgary Zoo is proud to be a
The 2019 Calgary Play Summit
Play is … "an activity controlled and structure
Honouring Our Military
Zoo Activities
Calgary Zoo and Pembina Pipeline Corporation partner to save wildlife and wild places
Posted on October 01
Calgary, AB - Calgary Zoo and Pembina Pipeline Corporation announced earlier today that they have partnered to protect wildlife and wild places.
Pembina's founding sponsorship of the Calgary Zoo includes a $250,000 investment over a 5-year period dedicated to construction and operational expenses of greater sage-grouse flight pens or burrowing owl facilities at the Calgary Zoo's new Wildlife Conservation Centre being constructed outside of metro Calgary.
"At Pembina we strive to have a net positive impact in our communities and invest in initiatives aimed at fostering environmental conservation," says Wendy Ross, Senior Manager of Environment at Pembina Pipeline Corporation. "We are excited to partner with the Calgary Zoo and support their programs to restore and protect these endangered species."
"The generous support and leadership from Pembina Pipeline Corporation for our greater sage-grouse and burrowing owl programs will help restore these endangered species to ecosystems where they are disappearing", said Calgary Zoo President & CEO Dr. Clement Lanthier. "This will have positive benefits for ecosystems and for people".
Conservation Project updates:
Greater sage-grouse: The Calgary Zoo is leading Canada's only reintroduction breeding program for greater sage-grouse, one of Canada's most endangered birds; preserving the unique genetics of the species and releasing birds to increase the wild population. The first successful breeding took place in 2017 and the Calgary Zoo and partners are currently preparing for fall releases in October 2019. Protecting greater sage-grouse helps save other species that also rely on sagebrush habitat. This summer, volunteers from Pembina spent a day collecting sage for the birds living in the Synder-Wilson Family Greater Sage-Grouse Pavilion at the Devonian Wildlife Conservation Centre.
Burrowing owls - In 2016, the Calgary Zoo launched an innovative project to boost wild burrowing owl populations using a technique called head-starting. In this initiative, young owls are brought into captivity until they are old enough to have a better chance of surviving before they are released into the wild. These owls are an indicator species, which means they reflect the health of the grasslands they call home. The Calgary Zoo is hard at work to understand the challenges these endangered owls face and restore the population in the Canadian prairies.
The Calgary Zoo's greater sage-grouse program is supported by and in partnership with Environment and Climate Change Canada, Canadian Wildlife Service and Alberta Environment and Parks, and in partnership with Nature Conservancy of Canada and Parks Canada.
The Calgary Zoo's burrowing owl program is in partnership with Environment and Climate Change Canada, Canadian Wildlife Service, and Alberta Environment and Parks.
About the Calgary Zoo: The Calgary Zoo is a globally recognized conservation organization that guides, innovates, and applies scientific solutions to restore some of the world's most endangered species. Locally and globally we take action in the wild every day to yield powerful benefits for nature and for people. Our over 1,000 employees and volunteers are passionate about inspiring people to take action to sustain wildlife and wild places, welcoming over 1.3 million guests annually. As visitors discover the rare and endangered species that we love and care for at our facilities, they are directly contributing through admission and on-grounds sales to a not-for-profit charitable conservation organization that works to fight extinction of plants and animals worldwide.
Pembina Pipelines
Calgary Zoo
Justine Lissack
Senior Advisor, Communications
Alison Archambault
Director Marketing, Sales & Communications


EMIKA Drei (remixes) vinyl at Juno Records.
Emika continues her impressive new independent direction on her eponymous label, with the Berlin artist seeking out some great remixes to complement her most recent album Drei. There's the legendary The Black Dog turning in a stellar remix of "Battles", The Exaltics do a great rework of "What's The Cure" injecting a smooth late night flavour which sounds great. Otherwise there's Emika herself with Borai doing another version of it that is pure electro pop bliss of the darkest kind. Finally, Irish Techno stalwart Eomac turns in another dark atmospheric rework reminiscent of The Haxan Cloak.


text:
Q: Unable to create database table in Laravel 4.2 I am trying to create a database in Laravel. I am following a tutorial online: http://daylerees.com/codebright/schema. This is my database config and my route file.
app/config/database.php
'my_candidatedb' => array(
                'driver'   => 'mysql',
                'host'     => 'localhost',
                'database' => 'test',
                'username' => 'root',
                'password' => '',
                'prefix'   => '',
                'port'     => '3306',
                'collation' => 'utf8_general_ci',
                'charset' => 'utf8'

app/route.php
Route::get('table', function()
{
    try
    {
        schema::create('candidate', function($table)
        {
            $table->increments('candidate_id');
            $table->string('first_name', 32);
            $table->string('last_name', 32);
            $table->string('email', 320);
        });
    }

    catch (Exception $e)
    {
        return 'Error ' . '<p>'.$e->getMessage().'</p>';
    }
});

When I hit the URI/table, I do not get any error message except "Whoops, looks like something went wrong.". It would be great if anyone can tell me what I did wrong.

A: The correct way is using php artisan to create a migration, then building your schema.
In terminal from the root of your project, type:
php artisan migrate:make create_candidate_table
then navigate to app/database/migrations and you'll see the generated file. Add your schema in the up() method and in the down method drop your schema using:
Schema::drop('candidate');
Back in terminal run php artisan migrate and the table should generate.
Migration:
public function up() {

    Schema::create('candidate', function($table)
    {
        $table->increments('candidate_id');
        $table->string('first_name', 32);
        $table->string('last_name', 32);
        $table->string('email', 320);
    });

}

public function down() {

    Schema::drop('candidate');

}

This is the recommended and safest (and easiest) way to generate tables.

A: Change localhost to IP
'host'     => 'localhost',
to
'host'     => '127.0.0.1',
Had the same issue and that solved it


The Tedeschi Trucks Band tour stopped in Victoria on June 29th to headline the TD Victoria International Jazz Festival. TTB is a 12-piece powerhouse of talent fronted by married couple Susan Tedeschi and Derek Trucks. The Victoria date marked their first official concert together here even though Trucks played the Victoria Jazz Fest in 2009 and brought up special surprise guest Tedeschi for a few songs.
Trucks was a guitar prodigy who became a full-time member of the Allman Brothers in 1999 when he was only 20, Tedeschi was having a great solo career when they met at an Allman Brothers concert and later formed TTB, the rest is now music history.
It was a night of standing ovations at the Royal Theatre, TTB showed that they are a force to be reckoned with. Fans were treated with two percussionists on full drum kits, a trombonist, a trumpeter, a saxophonist, three supporting vocalists, a pianist and flutist, a bassist and of course Trucks and Tedeschi. I now see why Derek Trucks is on Rolling Stone's list of Greatest Guitarists of All Time.


text:
Publisher's Perspective
New Civil War museum is a game-changer
Posted Thursday, May 9, 2019 6:00 am
By Terence J. Fitzwater
Editor & Publisher
It was a day over five years in the making. Realistically, it was a weekend almost 10 years in the making.
Last week, I traveled to Richmond, Va. to visit my daughter Stephanie Fitzwater-Arduini, the Director of Education at the American Civil War Museum. It was going to be a big weekend for her and for the museum, as they were finally going to open their doors and unveil the brand new American Civil War Museum after planning the project for the last decade.
Over the years, my daughter has discussed the project of the new museum on the phone with me or in-person, and she would enlighten me with how exciting the project was and how awesome the facility would look and what they intended to do with the exhibits once they opened. I was excited for her, but was also enthralled with the concept of a Civil War Museum as I have been interested in the American Civil War all my life. I have done extensive reading and research on the subject and have contemplated doing a book on a specific regimental unit that fought in the war. My kids were "prisoners" of my interest, as they often had to tag along on vacations with me when they were little and had absolutely no interest in the Civil War.
The joke in our family goes something like: (Me) "Where do you all want to go on Spring or Summer vacation this year?" I would ask.
(Them): "Oh Dad, let's go to Disney World!" or "Let's go to Universal Studios!"
I took them to Gettysburg. Or Manassas. Or Antietam. Much to their dismay. I even made them walk Pickett's Charge and watch the movie Gettysburg over and over. They would cringe when I would start reciting the lines of the movie to them.
Don't get me wrong, we still went on family vacations to Disney World, Yellowstone, Rocky Mountain National Park and other adventures, but they always reminded me of how I held them hostage on the trips to the battlefields and historic sites.
It was great irony, then, that my oldest daughter would have a strong love of history and pursue it as a career. When she got the job in Richmond, I was excited for her. But what really got me was her vision of what the American Civil War Museum should look like and what stories and meaning they could present to the public at the new facility. Together with her boss and the board of directors of the museum, they planned an entirely new museum that not only told about the battles, but also about the people and the choices they had to make during those turbulent times. They decided it was time to make all of us think about what it was like to live during the most turbulent and deadly time in American history, and what the people went through, what issues they faced, what decisions they made, and what the effects were on them afterward.
This philosophy is a game-changer in telling the history of the Civil War and may be a game changer in how other museums deal with the subject matter they have before them. While I was there, I got to meet a lot of interesting scholars and historians and spent a lot of time talking to the marvelous staff the museum has put together.
I was enthralled by the amount of new material, and as someone who thought he knew a lot about the Civil War, I had a lot of jaw-dropping experiences and "A-ha!" moments over the weekend. The museum was that well done, that well laid out, and that well planned out.
The historians and scholars who were there were in awe of the new building and raved about the new facility and the new presentation of Civil War history. Media from Smithsonian Magazine to the Washington Post gushed about it. This week, the New York Times is going to be there for a major story on the museum. The story is honest, enlightening, intriguing, thought-provoking and accomplishes its mission of asking guests and patrons to think about the issues that those people faced during the times they lived. It puts a whole different spin on the Civil War, and to me, makes the history come alive in 3-D.
And the artifacts they have there! Robert E. Lee's uniform, belt, field jacket and field glasses. Diaries of soldiers who fought on both sides of the war. Relics from the battlefields of the civil war, uniforms, testimonials, personal effects, and even a bible that stopped a bullet and saved a soldier's life.
But the most moving part are the stories and words of the people who lived through those times and the period after the war. There is a judicious use of the quotes, and they all are very powerful.
However, the thing that was most powerful to me was walking into the last exhibit when I first got there. As I walked in, there was the huge and famous painting of Robert E. Lee and Stonewall Jackson conversing just before Jackson launched his flank attack at Chancellorsville in the spring of 1863. It was Lee's most audacious battle tactic, and Jackson was the only general who could have carried it out. The name of the painting is the Lost Cause, and it has come to symbolize what the South wanted to believe it was before and after the war. Right across from that painting was a Ku Klux Klan outfit that symbolized what took place after the war. Both were powerful images, and they made you think and see things in a different light.
I urge all of you who are interested in the Civil War to check out this amazing facility in Richmond, Va. They built the American Civil War Museum around the ruins of the Tredegar Works ruins on the James River. It is a stunning building and the architecture is phenomenal.
I am also proud of my daughter's role in making this dream a reality. No dad could be prouder. It is something she can proud of for the rest of her lifetime.