text:
Book of Joshua
This article is about the canonical book of the Hebrew Bible. For information on the Samaritan version, see Book of Joshua (Samaritan).
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The Book of Joshua (Hebrew: ספר יהושע Sefer Yehoshua) is the sixth book in the Hebrew Bible and the Christian Old Testament, and is the first book of the Deuteronomistic history, the story of Israel from the conquest of Canaan to the Babylonian exile.[1]:42 It tells of the campaigns of the Israelites in central, southern and northern Canaan, the destruction of their enemies, and the division of the land among the Twelve Tribes, framed by two set-piece speeches, the first by God commanding the conquest of the land, and, at the end, the last by Joshua warning of the need for faithful observance of the Law (torah) revealed to Moses.[2]
Almost all scholars agree that the Book of Joshua holds little historical value for early Israel and most likely reflects a much later period.[3] The earliest parts of the book are possibly chapters 2–11, the story of the conquest; these chapters were later incorporated into an early form of Joshua written late in the reign of king Josiah (reigned 640–609 BCE), but the book was not completed until after the fall of Jerusalem to the Neo-Babylonian Empire in 586 BCE, and possibly not until after the return from the Babylonian exile in 539 BCE.[4]:10–11
1.2 Narrative
1.2.1 God's commission to Joshua (chapter 1)
1.2.2 Entry into the land and conquest (chapters 2–12)
1.2.3 Division of the land (chapters 13–22)
1.2.4 Joshua's farewell speeches (chapters 23–24)
1.2.5 Closing items
2.1 Authorship and date
2.2 Historicity
3.1 Faith and wrath
3.2 God and Israel
3.3 Land
3.4 The enemy
3.5 Obedience
3.6 Moses, Joshua and Josiah
4 Moral and political interpretations
Contents [ edit ]
Joshua and the Israelites crossing the Jordan (Gustave Doré)
Structure [ edit ]
I. Transfer of leadership to Joshua (1:1–18)
A. God's commission to Joshua (1:1–9)
B. Joshua's instructions to the people (1:10–18)
II. Entrance into and conquest of Canaan (2:1–12:24)
A. Entry into Canaan
1.Reconnaissance of Jericho (2:1–24)
2. Crossing the River Jordan (3:1–17)
3. Establishing a foothold at Gilgal (4:1–5:1)
4. Circumcision and Passover (5:2–15)
B. Victory over Canaan (6:1–12:24)
1. Destruction of Jericho (6)
2. Failure and success at Ai (7:1–8:29)
3. Renewal of the covenant at Mount Ebal (8:30–35)
4. Other campaigns in central Canaan. The Gibeonite Deception (9:1–27)
5. Campaigns in southern Canaan (10:1–43)
6. Campaigns in northern Canaan (11:1–15)
7. Summary of lands conquered (11:16-23)
8. Summary list of defeated kings (12:1–24)
III. Division of the land among the tribes (13:1–22:34)
A. God's instructions to Joshua (13:1–7)
B. Tribal allotments (13:8–19:51)
1. Eastern tribes (13:8–33)
2. Western tribes (14:1–19:51)
C. Cities of refuge and levitical cities (20:1–21:42)
D. Summary of conquest (21:43–45)
E. De-commissioning of the eastern tribes (22:1–34)
IV. Conclusion (23:1–24:33)
A. Joshua's farewell address (23:1–16)
B. Covenant at Shechem (24:1–28)
C. Deaths of Joshua and Eleazar; burial of Joseph's bones (24:29–33)[2]
Narrative [ edit ]
God's commission to Joshua (chapter 1) [ edit ]
Chapter 1 commences "after the death of Moses" (Joshua 1:1) and presents the first of three important moments in Joshua marked with major speeches and reflections by the main characters; here first God, and then Joshua, make speeches about the goal of conquest of the Promised Land; in chapter 12, the narrator looks back on the conquest; and in chapter 23 Joshua gives a speech about what must be done if Israel is to live in peace in the land.[5]:49
God commissions Joshua to take possession of the land and warns him to keep faith with the Mosaic covenant. God's speech foreshadows the major themes of the book: the crossing of the Jordan River and conquest of the land, its distribution, and the imperative need for obedience to the Law; Joshua's own immediate obedience is seen in his speeches to the Israelite commanders and to the Transjordanian tribes, and the Transjordanians' affirmation of Joshua's leadership echoes Yahweh's assurances of victory.[6]:175
Entry into the land and conquest (chapters 2–12) [ edit ]
Early Israelite campaigns
Hazor
Lachish
Waters of Merom
Gibeah
Rahab, a Canaanite woman of the Bible, sets in motion the entrance into Canaan by the Israelites [7]. To avoid repeating failed attempts by Moses to have notable men of Israel predict the success rate of entry into Canaan mentioned in the book of Numbers, Joshua tasks two regular men with entering Jericho as spies. They arrive at Rahab's house and spend the night. The king of Jericho, having heard of possible Israelite spies, demands that Rahab reveal the men. She tells him that she is unaware of their whereabouts, when in reality, she hid them on her roof under flax. The next morning, Rahab professes her faith in God to the men and acknowledges her belief that Canaan was meant for the Israelites to inhabit. Because of Rahab's actions, the Israelites are able to enter Canaan.[7]
The Ark Passes Over the Jordan (watercolor circa 1896–1902 by James Tissot)
The Israelites cross the Jordan River through a miraculous intervention of God and the Ark of the Covenant and are circumcised at Gibeath-Haaraloth (translated as hill of foreskins), renamed Gilgal in memory. Gilgal sounds like Gallothi, "I have removed", but is more likely to translate as "circle of standing stones". The conquest begins with the battle of Jericho, followed by Ai (central Canaan), after which Joshua builds an altar to Yahweh at Mount Ebal in northern Canaan and renews the Covenant in a ceremony with elements of a divine land-grant ceremony, similar to ceremonies known from Mesopotamia.[6]:180
The narrative then switches to the south. The Gibeonites trick the Israelites into entering an alliance with them by saying that they are not Canaanites. This prevents the Israelites from exterminating them, but they are enslaved instead. An alliance of Amorite kingdoms headed by the Canaanite king of Jerusalem is defeated with Yahweh's miraculous help of stopping the Sun and the Moon, and hurling down large hailstones (Joshua 10:10–14). The enemy kings were eventually hanged on trees. The Deuteronomist author may have used the then-recent 701 BCE campaign of the Assyrian king Sennacherib in the Kingdom of Judah as his model; the hanging of the captured kings is in accordance with Assyrian practice of the 8th century BCE.[8]
With the south conquered the narrative moves to the northern campaign. A powerful multi-national (or more accurately, multi-ethnic) coalition headed by the king of Hazor, the most important northern city, is defeated with Yahweh's help. Hazor itself is then captured and destroyed. Chapter 11:16–23 summarises the extent of the conquest: Joshua has taken the entire land, almost entirely through military victories, with only the Gibeonites agreeing to peaceful terms with Israel. The land then "had rest from war" (Joshua 11:23, repeated at 14:15). Chapter 12 lists the vanquished kings on both sides of the Jordan River: the two kings who ruled east of the Jordan who were defeated under Moses' leadership (Joshua 12:1-6; cf. Numbers 21), and the 31 kings on the west of the Jordan who were defeated under Joshua's leadership (Joshua 12:7–24). The list of the 31 kings is quasi-tabular:
the king of Jerusalem, one; the king of Hebron, one;
the king of Jarmuth, one; the king of Lachish, one; (etc.; Joshua 12:10–11).
Division of the land (chapters 13–22) [ edit ]
Map of the Holy Land, Pietro Vesconte, 1321, showing the allotments of the tribes of Israel. Described by Adolf Erik Nordenskiöld as "the first non-Ptolemaic map of a definite country"[9]
1759 map of the tribal allotments of Israel
Having described how the Israelites and Joshua have carried out the first of their God's commands, the narrative now turns to the second: to "put the people in possession of the land." Joshua is "old, advanced (or stricken) in years" by this time (Joshua 13:1).
This land distribution is a "covenantal land grant": Yahweh, as king, is issuing each tribe its territory.[6]:183 The "Cities of Refuge" and Levitical cities are attached to the end, since it is necessary for the tribes to receive their grants before they allocate parts of it to others. The Transjordanian tribes are dismissed, affirming their loyalty to Yahweh.
The book reaffirms Moses' allocation of land east of the Jordan to the tribes of Reuben and Gad and the half-tribe of Manasseh (Joshua 13:8–32; cf. Numbers 32:1–42), and then describes how Joshua divided the newly conquered land of Canaan into parcels, and assigned them to the tribes by lot.[10] Joshua 14:1 also makes reference to the role of Eleazar the priest (ahead of Joshua) in the distribution process.[11] The description serves a theological function to show how the promise of the land was realized in the biblical narrative; its origins are unclear, but the descriptions may reflect geographical relations among the places named.[12]:5
The wording of Joshua 18:1-4 suggests that the tribes of Reuben, Gad, Judah, Ephraim and Manasseh received their land allocation some time before the "remaining seven tribes", and a 21-member expedition set out to survey the remainder of the land with a view to organising the allocation to the tribes of Simeon, Benjamin, Asher, Naphtali, Zebulun, Issachar and Dan. Subsequently, 48 cities with their surrounding lands were allocated to the Tribe of Levi (Joshua 21:1-41, cf. Numbers 35:7).
Omitted in the Masoretic Text, but present in the Septuagint, is a statement that:
Joshua completed the division of the land in its boundaries, and the children gave a portion to Joshua, by the commandment of the Lord. They gave to him the city for which he asked, Thamnath Sarach gave they him in Mount Ephraim, and Joshua built the city, and dwelt in it. And Joshua took the stone knives with which he had circumcised the children of Israel, which were in the way in the wilderness, and he placed them in Tamnath Sarach.[13]
By the end of chapter 21, the narrative records that the fulfilment of God's promise of land, rest and supremacy over the enemies of the Israelites was complete (Joshua 21:43–45). The tribes to whom Moses had granted land east of the Jordan are authorized to return home to Gilead (here used in the widest sense for the whole Transjordan district),[14] having faithfully 'kept the charge' (Joshua 22:3, English Revised Version) of supporting the tribes occupying Canaan. They are granted "riches… with very much livestock, with silver, with gold, with bronze, with iron, and with very much clothing" as a reward (Joshua 22:1–9).
Joshua's farewell speeches (chapters 23–24) [ edit ]
Joshua, in his old age and conscious that he is "going the way of all the earth" (Joshua 23:14), gathers the leaders of the Israelites together and reminds them of Yahweh's great works for them, and of the need to love Yahweh (Joshua 23:11). The Israelites are told – just as Joshua himself had been told (Joshua 1:7) – that they must comply with "all that is written in the Book of the Law of Moses" (Joshua 23:6), neither "turn[ing] aside from it to the right hand or to the left" (i.e. by adding to the law, or diminishing from it).[15]
Joshua meets again with all the people at Shechem in chapter 24 and addresses them a second time. He recounts the history of God's formation of the Israelite nation, beginning with "Terah, the father of Abraham and Nahor, [who] lived beyond the Euphrates River and worshiped other gods" (Joshua 24:2). He invited the Israelites to choose between serving the Lord who had delivered them from Egypt, or the gods which their ancestors had served on the other side of the Euphrates, or the gods of the Amorites in whose land they now lived. The people chose to serve the Lord, a decision which Joshua recorded in the Book of the Law of God. He then erected a memorial stone "under the oak that was by the sanctuary of the Lord" in Shechem (Joshua 24:1-27). The oak is associated with the Oak of Moreh where Abram had set up camp during his travels in this area (Genesis 12:6).[citation needed] Thus "Joshua made a covenant with the people", literally "cut a covenant", a phrase common to the Hebrew, Greek, and Latin languages. It derives from the custom of sacrifice, in which the victims were cut in pieces and offered to the deity invoked in ratification of the engagement.[16]
The people then returned to their inheritance i.e. their allocated lands (Joshua 24:28).
Closing items [ edit ]
The Book of Joshua closes with three concluding items (referred to in the Jerusalem Bible as "Two Additions"):[17]
The death of Joshua and his burial at Timnath-serah (Joshua 24:29–31)
The burial of the bones of Joseph at Shechem (Joshua 24:32)
The death of Eleazar and his burial in land belonging to Phinehas in the mountains of Ephraim (Joshua 24:33).
There were no Levitical cities given to the descendants of Aaron in Ephraim, so theologians Carl Friedrich Keil and Franz Delitzsch suppose the land may have been at Geba in the territory of the Tribe of Benjamin: "the situation, 'upon the mountains of Ephraim', is not at variance with this view, as these mountains extended, according to Judges 4:5, etc., far into the territory of Benjamin".[18]
In some manuscripts and editions of the Septuagint, there is an additional verse relating to the apostasy of the Israelites after Joshua's death.
Composition [ edit ]
The Taking of Jericho (Jean Fouquet, c.1452–1460)
Authorship and date [ edit ]
The Book of Joshua is an anonymous work. The Babylonian Talmud, written in the 3rd to 5th centuries CE, attributed it to Joshua himself, but this idea was rejected as untenable by John Calvin (1509–64), and by the time of Thomas Hobbes (1588–1679) it was recognised that the book must have been written much later than the period it depicted.[5]:26–30 There is now general agreement that it was composed as part of a larger work, the Deuteronomistic history, stretching from the Book of Deuteronomy to the Books of Kings.[6]:174 composed first at the court of king Josiah in the late 7th century BCE, and extensively revised in the 6th century BCE.[5]:63
Historicity [ edit ]
See also: History of ancient Israel and Judah
See also: Cities in the Book of Joshua
"Sun, stand thou still upon Gibeon" (sculpture by Shmuel Bar-Even)
The prevailing scholarly view is that Joshua is not a factual account of historical events.[19][20]:4 The apparent setting of Joshua is the 13th century BCE[20] which was a time of widespread city-destruction, but with a few exceptions (Hazor, Lachish) the destroyed cities are not the ones the Bible associates with Joshua, and the ones it does associate with him show little or no sign of even being occupied at the time.[21]:71–72 Given its lack of historicity, Carolyn Pressler in her commentary for the Westminster Bible Companion series suggests that readers of Joshua should give priority to its theological message ("what passages teach about God") and be aware of what these would have meant to audiences in the 7th and 6th centuries BCE.[22]:5–6 Richard Nelson explained that the needs of the centralised monarchy favoured a single story of origins, combining old traditions of an exodus from Egypt, belief in a national god as "divine warrior," and explanations for ruined cities, social stratification and ethnic groups, and contemporary tribes.[23]:5
In the 1930s Martin Noth made a sweeping criticism of the usefulness of the Book of Joshua for history.[24] Noth was a student of Albrecht Alt, who emphasized form criticism and the importance of etiology.[24][25] Alt and Noth posited a peaceful movement of the Israelites into various areas of Canaan, contra the Biblical account.[26]
Albright questioned the "tenacity" of etiologies, which were key to Noth's analysis of the campaigns in Joshua. Archaeological evidence in the 1930s showed that the city of Ai, an early target for conquest in the putative Joshua account, had existed and been destroyed, but in the 22nd century BCE.[24] Some alternate sites for Ai have been proposed which would partially resolve the discrepancy in dates, but these sites have not been widely accepted.[27] In 1951 Kathleen Kenyon showed that Jericho was from the Middle Bronze Age (c. 2100–1550 BCE), not the Late Bronze Age (c. 1550–1200 BCE). Kenyon argued that the early Israelite campaign could not be historically corroborated, but rather explained as an etiology of the location and a representation of the Israelite settlement.[28][29]
In 1955, G. Ernest Wright discussed the correlation of archaeological data to the early Israelite campaigns, which he divided into three phases per the Book of Joshua. He pointed to two sets of archaeological findings that "seem to suggest that the biblical account is in general correct regarding the nature of the late thirteenth and twelfth-eleventh centuries in the country" (i.e., "a period of tremendous violence").[30] He gives particular weight to what were then recent digs at Hazor by Yigael Yadin.[30]
As an alternative to both the military conquest and uncontested infiltration hypotheses, George Mendenhall and Norman Gottwald suggested that the Israelites emerged through a kind of peasant revolt against their Canaanite lords. Arguing against this view Gary A. Rendsburg says that archaeological findings (presented by Israel Finkelstein in 1986) undermined this idea because the Israelites' first settled areas were not held by Canaanites, whose cities were sustained alongside Israelite areas.[26]
The Book of Joshua holds little historical value.[3] The archaeological evidence shows that Jericho and Ai were not occupied in the Near Eastern Late Bronze Age.[31] The story of the conquest most likely represents the nationalist propaganda of the 8th century BCE kings of Judah and their claims to the territory of the Kingdom of Israel;[19] incorporated into an early form of Joshua written late in the reign of king Josiah (reigned 640–609 BCE). The book was probably revised and completed after the fall of Jerusalem to the Neo-Babylonian Empire in 586 BCE, and possibly after the return from the Babylonian exile in 538 BCE.[4]:10–11
Themes [ edit ]
Joshua Commanding the Sun to Stand Still upon Gideon (John Martin)
Faith and wrath [ edit ]
The overarching theological theme of the Deuteronomistic history is faithfulness and God's mercy, and their opposites, faithlessness and God's wrath. In the Book of Judges, the Books of Samuel, and the Books of Kings, the Israelites become faithless and God ultimately shows his anger by sending his people into exile.[32] But in Joshua Israel is obedient, Joshua is faithful, and God fulfills his promise and gives them the land.[22]:3–4 Yahweh's war campaign in Canaan validates Israel's entitlement to the land[33]:158-159 and provides a paradigm of how Israel was to live there: twelve tribes, with a designated leader, united by covenant in warfare and in worship of Yahweh alone at a single sanctuary, all in obedience to the commands of Moses as found in the Book of Deuteronomy.[34]:162
God and Israel [ edit ]
The Book of Joshua takes forward Deuteronomy's theme of Israel as a single people worshipping Yahweh in the land God has given them.[33]:159 Yahweh, as the main character in the book, takes the initiative in conquering the land, and Yahweh's power wins the battles. For example, the walls of Jericho fall because Yahweh fights for Israel, not because the Israelites show superior fighting ability.[4]:7-8 The potential disunity of Israel is a constant theme, the greatest threat of disunity coming from the tribes east of the Jordan. Chapter 22:19 even hints that the land across the Jordan is unclean and that the tribes who live there have secondary status.[4]:9
Land [ edit ]
Land is the central topic of Joshua.[20]:11 The introduction to Deuteronomy recalled how Yahweh had given the land to the Israelites but then withdrew the gift when Israel showed fear and only Joshua and Caleb had trusted in God.[35]:33 The land is Yahweh's to give or withhold, and the fact that he has promised it to Israel gives Israel an inalienable right to take it. For exilic and post-exilic readers, the land was both the sign of Yahweh's faithfulness and Israel's unfaithfulness, as well as the centre of their ethnic identity. In Deuteronomistic theology, "rest" meant Israel's unthreatened possession of the land, the achievement of which began with the conquests of Joshua.[23]:15–16
The enemy [ edit ]
The Taking of Jericho (watercolor circa 1896–1902 by James Tissot)
Joshua "carries out a systematic campaign against the civilians of Canaan — men, women and children — that amounts to genocide."[36] In doing this he is carrying out herem as commanded by Yahweh in Deuteronomy 20:17: "You shall not leave alive anything that breathes". The purpose is to drive out and dispossess the Canaanites, with the implication that there are to be no treaties with the enemy, no mercy, and no intermarriage.[6]:175 "The extermination of the nations glorifies Yahweh as a warrior and promotes Israel's claim to the land," while their continued survival "explores the themes of disobedience and penalty and looks forward to the story told in Judges and Kings."[23]:18–19 The divine call for massacre at Jericho and elsewhere can be explained in terms of cultural norms (Israel was not the only Iron Age state to practice herem) and theology (a measure to ensure Israel's purity as well as the fulfillment of God's promise),[6]:175 but Patrick D. Miller in his commentary on Deuteronomy remarks, "there is no real way to make such reports palatable to the hearts and minds of contemporary readers and believers."[35]:40–41
Obedience [ edit ]
Obedience versus disobedience is a constant theme of the work.[37]:79 Obedience ties in the Jordan crossing, the defeat of Jericho and Ai, circumcision and Passover, and the public display and reading of the Law. Disobedience appears in the story of Achan (stoned for violating the herem command), the Gibeonites, and the altar built by the Transjordan tribes. Joshua's two final addresses challenge the Israel of the future (the readers of the story) to obey the most important command of all, to worship Yahweh and no other gods. Joshua thus illustrates the central Deuteronomistic message, that obedience leads to success and disobedience to ruin.[23]:20
Moses, Joshua and Josiah [ edit ]
The Deuteronomistic history draws parallels in proper leadership between Moses, Joshua and Josiah.[23]:102 God's commission to Joshua in chapter 1 is framed as a royal installation. The people's pledge of loyalty to Joshua as the successor of Moses recalls royal practices. The covenant-renewal ceremony led by Joshua was the prerogative of the kings of Judah. God's command to Joshua to meditate on the "book of the law" day and night parallels the description of Josiah in 2 Kings 23:25 as a king uniquely concerned with the study of the law. The two figures had identical territorial goals; Josiah died in 609 BCE while attempting to annex the former Israel to his own kingdom of Judah.[38]
Some of the parallels with Moses can be seen in the following, and not exhaustive, list:[6]:174
Joshua sent spies to scout out the land near Jericho (2:1), just as Moses sent spies from the wilderness to scout out the Promised Land (Num. 13; Deut. 1:19–25).
Joshua led the Israelites out of the wilderness into the Promised Land, crossing the Jordan River as if on dry ground (3:16), just as Moses led the Israelites out of Egypt through the Red Sea, which they crossed as if on dry land (Ex. 14:22).
After crossing the Jordan River, the Israelites celebrated the Passover (5:10–12) just as they did immediately before the Exodus (Exodus 12).
Joshua's vision of the "commander of Yahweh's army" (5:13–15) is reminiscent of the divine revelation to Moses in the burning bush (Ex. 3:1–6).
Joshua successfully intercedes on behalf of the Israelites when Yahweh is angry for their failure to fully observe the "ban" (herem), just as Moses frequently persuaded God not to punish the people (Ex. 32:11–14, Num. 11:2, 14:13–19).
Joshua and the Israelites were able to defeat the people at Ai because Joshua followed the divine instruction to extend his sword (Josh 8:18), just as the people were able to defeat the Amalekites as long as Moses extended his hand that held the staff of God (Ex. 17:8–13).
Joshua is "old, advanced in years (13:1) at the time when the Israelites can begin to settle on the promised land, just as Moses was old when he died having seen, but not entered, the Promised Land (Deuteronomy 34:7)
Joshua served as the mediator of the renewed covenant between Yahweh and Israel at Shechem (8:30–35; 24), just as Moses was the mediator of Yahweh's covenant with the people at Mount Sinai/Mount Horeb.
Before his death, Joshua delivered a farewell address to the Israelites (23–24), just as Moses had delivered his farewell address (Deuteronomy 32–33).
Moses lived to be 120 (Deuteronomy 34:7) and Joshua lived to be 110 (Joshua 24:29).
Moral and political interpretations [ edit ]
Joshua Leading the Israelites Across the Jordan on 10th of Nisan
Joshua has become an iconic figure for the Jewish Zionist movement,[39] and many Israeli settlements sit on land taken by force from Palestinians.[40] David Ben-Gurion saw in the war narrative of Joshua an ideal basis for a unifying national myth for his new State of Israel, framed against a common enemy, the Arabs.[41] He met with politicians and scholars such as Bible scholar Shemaryahu Talmon to discuss Joshua's supposed conquests and later published a book of the meeting transcripts; in a lecture at Ben-Gurion's home, archaeologist Yigael Yadin argued for the historicity of the Israelite military campaign pointing to the conquests of Hazor, Bethel, and Lachish.[41] Zionism thus presented the 1948 war (the war which saw the creation of the State of Israel) as a "miraculous" clearing of the land based on Joshua, and the Bible as a mandate for the expulsion of the Palestinians.[42]
By the same token, the Biblical narrative of conquest has been used as an apparatus of critique against Zionism. For example, Michael Prior criticizes the use of the campaign in Joshua to favor "colonial enterprises" (in general, not only Zionism) and have been interpreted as validating ethnic cleansing. He asserts that the Bible was used to make the treatment of Palestinians more palatable morally.[43] A related moral condemnation can be seen in "The political sacralization of imperial genocide: contextualizing Timothy Dwight's The Conquest of Canaan" by Bill Templer.[44] This kind of critique is not new; Jonathan Boyarin notes how Frederick W. Turner blamed Israel's monotheism for the very idea of genocide, which Boyarin found "simplistic" yet with precedents.[45]
The Bible Unearthed
"The Bible's Buried Secrets"
Ed (biblical reference)
Transjordan (Bible)
Yom HaAliyah
^ McNutt, Paula (1999). Reconstructing the Society of Ancient Israel. Westminster John Knox Press. ISBN 978-0-66422265-9.
^ a b Achtemeier, Paul J; Boraas, Roger S (1996). The Harper Collins Bible Dictionary. Harper San Francisco. ISBN 978-0-06060037-2.
^ a b Killebrew 2005, p. 152: "Almost without exception, scholars agree that the account in Joshua holds little historical value vis-à-vis early Israel and most likely reflects much later historical times.15"
^ a b c d Creach, Jerome F.D. (2003). Joshua. Westminster John Knox Press. ISBN 978-0-66423738-7.
^ a b c De Pury, Albert; Romer, Thomas (2000). "Deuteronomistic Historiography (DH): History of Research and Debated Issues". In de Pury, Albert; Romer, Thomas; Macchi, Jean-Daniel (eds.). Israel Constructs its History: Deuteronomistic Historiography in Recent Research. Sheffield Academic Press. ISBN 978-0-56722415-6.
^ a b c d e f g Younger, K. Lawson Jr (2003). "Joshua". In Dunn, James D.G.; Rogerson, John William (eds.). Eerdmans Commentary on the Bible. Eerdmans. ISBN 978-0-80283711-0.
^ a b Frymer-Kensky, Tikva Simone. (2002). Reading the women of the Bible (1st ed.). New York: Schocken Books. ISBN 978-0-8052-4121-1. OCLC 49823086.
^ Na'aman, Nadav (2005). Ancient Israel and Its Neighbors: Collected Essays. 2. Eisenbrauns. p. 378. ISBN 978-1-57506113-9.
^ Nordenskiöld, Adolf Erik (1889). Facsimile-atlas to the Early History of Cartography: With Reproductions of the Most Important Maps Printed in the XV and XVI Centuries. Kraus. pp. 51, 64 – via Google books.
^ Hirsch, Emil G. (1906). "Joshua, Book of". Jewish Encyclopedia.
^ Maclear, G. F. (1897). Joshua 14 in The Cambridge Bible for Schools and Colleges. Cambridge University Press – via BibleHub.
^ Dorsey, David A. (1991). The Roads and Highways of Ancient Israel. Johns Hopkins University Press. ISBN 978-0-8018-3898-9.
^ Spence-Jones, HDM; Exell, Joseph S., eds. (1919). "Joshua 21". Pulpit Commentary. Bible Hub.
^ Barnes, Albert (1834). Notes on the Bible: Joshua 22. Bible Hub.
^ Poole, Matthew (1853). "Joshua 23". Commentary on the Holy Bible. Robert Carter & Bros. – via Bible Hub.
^ Spence-Jones, HDM; Exell, Joseph S., eds. (1919). "Joshua 24". Pulpit Commentary. BibleHub.
^ Jerusalem Bible, heading of Joshua 24:29–33
^ Keil, Carl Friedrich; Delitzsch, Franz (1878). Biblical Commentary on the Old Testament: Joshua 24. BibleHub.
^ a b Coote, Robert B. (2000). "Conquest: Biblical narrative". In Freedman, David Noel; Myers, Allen C. (eds.). Eerdmans Dictionary of the Bible. Eerdmans. p. 275. ISBN 978-905356503-2.
^ a b c McConville, Gordon; Williams, Stephen (2010). Joshua. Eerdmans. ISBN 978-0-80282702-9.
^ Miller, James Maxwell; Hayes, John Haralson (1986). A History of Ancient Israel and Judah. Westminster John Knox Press. ISBN 0-664-21262-X.
^ a b Pressler, Carolyn (2002). Joshua, Judges and Ruth. Westminster John Knox Press. ISBN 978-0-66425526-8.
^ a b c d e Nelson, Richard D (1997). Joshua. Westminster John Knox Press. ISBN 978-0-66422666-4.
^ a b c Albright, W. F. (1939). "The Israelite Conquest of Canaan in the Light of Archaeology". Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research. 74 (74): 11–23. doi:10.2307/3218878. JSTOR 3218878.
^ Noort, Ed. 1998. "4QJOSHª and the History of Tradition in the Book of Joshua," Journal of Northwest Semitic Languages, 24 (2): 127–44.
^ a b Rendsburg, Gary A. (1992). "The Date of the Exodus and the Conquest/Settlement: The Case for the 1100S". Vetus Testamentum. 42 (4): 510–27. doi:10.2307/1518961. JSTOR 1518961.
^ Hawkins, Ralph (2015). How Israel Became a People. Abingdon. p. 109. ISBN 978-1-42675487-6. Retrieved 26 January 2017.
^ Kenyon, Kathleen M. (1967). "Jericho". Archaeology. 20 (4): 268–275. JSTOR 41667764.
^ Kenyon, Kathleen M. (20 November 2013). "Some Notes on the History of Jericho in the Second Millennium B.C.". Palestine Exploration Quarterly. 83 (2): 101–38. doi:10.1179/peq.1951.83.2.101.
^ a b Wright, G. Ernest (1955). "Archaeological News and Views: Hazor and the Conquest of Canaan". The Biblical Archaeologist. 18 (4): 106–8. doi:10.2307/3209136. JSTOR 3209136.
^ Bartlett, John R. (2006). "3: Archeology". In Rogerson, J.W.; Lieu, Judith M. (eds.). The Oxford Handbook of Biblical Studies. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 63. ISBN 978-0-19925425-5.
^ Laffey, Alice L (2007). "Deuteronomistic history". In Orlando O. Espín; James B. Nickoloff (eds.). An introductory dictionary of theology and religious studies. Liturgical Press. ISBN 9780814658567.
^ a b McConville, Gordon (2001). "Joshua". In John Barton; John Muddiman (eds.). Oxford Bible Commentary. Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780198755005.
^ Coogan, Michael D. (2009). A Brief Introduction to the Old Testament. Oxford University Press.
^ a b Miller, Patrick D (1990). Deuteronomy. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780664237370.
^ Dever, William (2003). Who Were the Early Israelites and Where Did They Come From?. Eerdmans. p. 38. ISBN 9780802809759.
^ Curtis, Adrian H.W (1998). Joshua. Sheffield Academic Press. ISBN 9781850757061.
^ Finkelstein, Israel; Silberman, Neil Asher (2001). The Bible Unearthed. Free Press. p. 95. ISBN 978-0-74322338-6.
^ Farber 2016.
^ Gordon & Gordon 2012, p. 136.
^ a b Havrelock 2013.
^ Masalha 2014.
^ Prior, Michael (2002). "Ethnic Cleansing and the Bible: A Moral Critique". Journal of Holy Land and Palestine Studies. 1 (1): 37–59. doi:10.3366/hls.2002.0003.
^ Templer, Bill (1 December 2006). "The political sacralization of imperial genocide: contextualizing Timothy Dwight's The Conquest of Canaan". Postcolonial Studies: Culture, Politics, Economy. 9 (4): 358–91. doi:10.1080/13688790600993230.
^ Boyarin, Jonathan (1996). "2: Reading Exodus into History". Palestine and Jewish History: Criticism at the Borders of Ethnography. University of Minnesota Press. p. 42. ISBN 978-1-45290029-2.
Briggs, Peter sr. (2005). "Testing the Factuality of the Conquest of Ai Narrative in the Book of Joshua". In Carnagey, Glenn A.; Carnagey, Glenn jr.; Schoville, Keith N. (eds.). Beyond the Jordan: Studies in Honor of W. Harold Mare. Wipf & Stock. pp. 157–96. ISBN 978-1-59752069-0.
Bright, John (2000). A History of Israel (4th ed.). Westminster John Knox Press. ISBN 978-0-66422068-6.
Bruins, Hendrik J.; van der Plicht, Johannes (1995). "Tell Es-Sultan (Jericho): Radiocarbon Results…" (PDF). Radiocarbon. 37 (2): 213–20. doi:10.1017/S0033822200030666.
Campbell, Anthony F (1994). "Martin Noth and the Deuteronomistic History". In McKenzie, Steven L.; Graham, Matt Patrick (eds.). The history of Israel's traditions: the heritage of Martin Noth. Sheffield Academic Press. ISBN 978-0-56723035-5.
———; O'Brien, Mark (2000). Unfolding the Deuteronomistic history: origins, upgrades, present text. Fortress Press. ISBN 978-1-45141368-7.
Day, John (2002). Yahweh and the Gods and Goddesses of Canaan. Sheffield Academic Press. ISBN 978-0-82646830-7.
den Braber, Marieke; Wesselius, Jan-Wim (November 2008). "The Unity of Joshua 1–8, its Relation to the Story of King Keret, and the Literary Background to the Exodus and Conquest Stories". Scandinavian Journal of the Old Testament. 22 (2): 253–74. doi:10.1080/09018320802661218.
Farber, Zev (2016). Images of Joshua in the Bible and Their Reception. Walter de Gruyter. ISBN 9783110383669.
Gordon, Rivca; Gordon, Haim (2012). Existentialist Themes and Education. Waxmann. ISBN 9783830977520.
Gyémánt, Ladislau (2003). "Historiographic Views on the Settlement of the Jewish Tribes in Canaan". Sacra Scripta. I (1): 26–30. ISSN 1584-7624.
Harstad, Adolph L. (2005). Joshua. Saint Louis, MO: Concordia Pub. House. ISBN 978-0-570-06319-3.
Havrelock, Rachel (2013). "The Joshua Generation: Conquest and the Promised Land". Critical Research on Religion. 1 (3): 309. doi:10.1177/2050303213506473.
Hawk, L. Daniel (13 March 2012). "The Truth about Conquest: Joshua as History, Narrative, and Scripture". Interpretation: A Journal of Bible and Theology. 66 (2): 129–40. doi:10.1177/0020964311434872.
Hess, Richard S. (2008). "The Jericho and Ai of the Book of Joshua". In Hess, Richard S.; Klingbeil, Gerald A.; Ray, Jr, Paul J. (eds.). Critical issues in early Israelite history. Winona Lake, IN: Eisenbrauns. pp. 33–46. ISBN 978-1-57506804-6.
Jacobs, Paul F. (2000). "Jericho". In Freedman, David Noel; Myers, Allen C. (eds.). Eerdmans Dictionary of the Bible. Eerdmans. ISBN 978-9-05356503-2.
Japhet, Sara (1979). "Conquest and Settlement in Chronicles". Journal of Biblical Literature. 98 (2): 205–18. doi:10.2307/3265510. JSTOR 3265510.
Killebrew, Ann E. (2005). Biblical Peoples and Ethnicity: An Archaeological Study of Egyptians, Canaanites, and Early Israel, 1300–1100 B.C.E. Society of Biblical Literature. ISBN 978-1-58983097-4.
Masalha, Nur (2014). The Zionist Bible: Biblical Precedent, Colonialism and the Erasure of Memory. Routlege. ISBN 9781317544654.
Mendenhall, George E. (1962). "The Hebrew Conquest of Palestine". The Biblical Archaeologist. 25 (3): 66–87. doi:10.2307/3210957. JSTOR 3210957.
Moore, Megan Bishop; Kelle, Brad E. (2011). Biblical History and Israel's Past. Eerdmans. ISBN 978-0-80286260-0.
Paton, Lewis Bayles (1913). "Israel's Conquest of Canaan: Presidential Address at the Annual Meeting, Dec. 27, 1912". Journal of Biblical Literature. 32 (1): 1–53. doi:10.2307/3259319. JSTOR 3259319.
Pienaar, Daan (1 January 2004). "Some observations on conquest reports in the Book of Joshua". Journal of Northwest Semitic Languages. 30 (1). hdl:10520/EJC101285. ISSN 0259-0131.
Prior, Michael (September 2002). "Ethnic Cleansing and the Bible: A Moral Critique". Holy Land Studies. 1 (1): 37–59. doi:10.3366/hls.2002.0003.
Thompson, Leonard L. (1981). "The Jordan Crossing: ?idqot Yahweh and World Building". Journal of Biblical Literature. 100 (3): 343–58. doi:10.2307/3265959. JSTOR 3265959.
Van Seters, John (January 1990). "Joshua's campaign of Canaan and near eastern historiography". Scandinavian Journal of the Old Testament. 4 (2): 1–12. doi:10.1080/09018329008584943.
Van Seters, John (2000). "The Deuteronomist from Joshua to Samuel". In Knoppers, Gary N.; McConville, J. Gordon (eds.). Reconsidering Israel and Judah: Recent Studies on the Deuteronomistic History. Eisenbrauns. ISBN 978-1-57506037-8.
Wazana, Nili (2014). "Chapter 1: "Everything Was Fulfilled" versus "The Land That Yet Remains"". In Berthelot, Katell; David, Joseph E.; Hirshman, Marc (eds.). The gift of the land and the fate of the Canaanites in Jewish thought. Oxford University press. pp. 13–35. ISBN 978-0-19995982-2.
Wenham, Gordon J. (1971). "The Deuteronomic Theology of the Book of Joshua" (Submitted manuscript). Journal of Biblical Literature. 90 (2): 140–48. doi:10.2307/3263755. JSTOR 3263755.
Wood, W. Carleton (1916). "The Religion of Canaan: From the Earliest Times to the Hebrew Conquest (Concluded)". Journal of Biblical Literature. 35 (3/4): 163–279. doi:10.2307/3259942. JSTOR 3259942.
Zevit, Ziony (1983). "Archaeological and Literary Stratigraphy in Joshua 7–8". Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research. 251 (251): 23–35. doi:10.2307/1356824. JSTOR 1356824.
Wikisource has original text related to this article:
Joshua (Bible)
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Book of Joshua.
Hebrew and English text:
יְהוֹשֻׁעַ Yehoshua–Joshua (Hebrew–English at Mechon-Mamre.org, Jewish Publication Society translation)
Jewish translations:
Joshua (Judaica Press) translation with Rashi's commentary at chabad.org
Christian translations
Online Bible at GospelHall.org
Joshua at Wikisource (Authorised King James Version)
Joshua public domain audiobook at LibriVox Various versions
Deuteronomy Hebrew Bible Succeeded by
Hebrew Bible/
(protocanon)
1–2 Samuel
1–2 Kings
1–2 Chronicles
Deuterocanon
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Song of the Three Children
Tewahedo Orthodox
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Psalms 152–155
Chapters and verses
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Pseudepigrapha
New Testament apocrypha
Synod of Hippo
BNF: cb12008295f(data)


text:
Tag: Piranha T10
SHARC International to Deploy a SHARC Piranha T10 HC System into a New Vancouver Development with Trillium Projects
3 December 2019 December 11, 2019 James Hyland
VANCOUVER, BRITISH COLUMBIA, Canada — Sharc International Systems Inc. (CSE: SHRC) (FSE: IWIA) (OTCQB: INTWF) ("SHARC" or "the Company") is pleased to announce that the Company is to deploy a SHARC™ Energy Systems' Piranha T10 Heating/Cooling system ("Piranha T10 HC") into ELLA ("ELLA"), a new 45-unit residential development in Vancouver, BC, Canada.
Trillium Projects Management Ltd. ("TRILLIUM") will oversee construction of ELLA on behalf of GN Holdings Limited Partnership ("GN HOLDINGS"). Ella is located at the corner of Grant and Nanaimo Streets in Vancouver's Grandview-Woodland neighbourhood.
The Piranha T10 HC will provide all the domestic hot water and heating energy at a 500% efficiency recovered from the wastewater flow from the 45 suites and will provide air conditioning for the lobby and common areas of the building. The Piranha T10 HC uses the very same energy every day and the cycle of use and re-use goes on in perpetuity within the building, saving the occupants money while reducing their carbon footprint by more than 50 tonnes of CO2 per year.
Province of British Columbia's Ministry of Energy Mines and Petroleum Resources has granted an exemption to ELLA through an application process of the CleanBC Commercial New Construction Program ("CleanBC"). Construction projects like ELLA that choose to save energy and lower greenhouse gas emissions, may apply for assistance under CleanBC, which is funded by the Province of British Columbia and the Government of Canada under the Low Carbon Economy Leadership Fund.
Matt Ilich, Vice President Development at GN Holdings, commented, "We are extremely proud and excited to introduce the Piranha into ELLA as a near net zero building into our portfolio of developments, and we expect the SHARC systems to become widely adopted by the development and construction community."
Lynn Mueller, CEO, SHARC Energy Systems, commented, "We are very excited to be working with Trillium and with the deployment of the SHARC energy system at ELLA, the management team at Trillium embraced the idea seeing immediate benefit for the new homeowners and to the environment."
About Trillium Projects Management Ltd.
Trillium is building Ella on behalf of GN Holdings Limited Partnership.
Trillium is a Vancouver-based construction and project management company. Over the past 20 years, members of the team have developed over one billion dollars of real estate ranging from townhomes and condominiums to senior assisted dwellings and custom homes.
Trillium prides itself on strong relationships built both within the industry and their client base. Trillium provides years of experience, having worked for some of the most prominent real estate developer and construction management companies in the region.
Further information about Trillium Projects is available on their website at www.trilliumprojects.com.
The ELLA development will consist of studio apartments and 1-, 2-, and 3-bedroom residences. The Piranha T10 HC will recover energy that is typically lost and reuse it. Not only will ELLA do its part to help the environment, each homeowner will save in energy costs without changing the habits of their daily life.
At the corner of Vancouver's Grant and Nanaimo Streets, ELLA is a family-oriented community full of old-world charm and thriving local family-run businesses. It is one of the last remaining pockets of Vancouver with genuine, honest character and neighbours who wave to say hello. ELLA will be equipped with amenities catering to convenience and connectivity and features a co-working hub with high-speed Wi-Fi which by night transforms into an expansive indoor/outdoor lounge and terrace, a pet-washing station, a secure smart parcel delivery system, and a bike service station.
Further information about ELLA development is available on their website at ELLA Living.
About SHARC International Systems
SHARC International Systems Inc. is a world leader in thermal heat recovery. SHARC™ technology systems recycle thermal energy from wastewater, generating one of the most energy efficient and economical systems for heating, cooling & hot water preheating for commercial, residential and industrial buildings. SHARC is publicly traded in Canada (CSE: SHRC), the United States (OTCQB: INTWF) and Germany (Frankfurt: IWIA).
Further information about the Company is available on our website at www.sharcenergy.com or under our profile on SEDAR at www.sedar.com.
"Lynn Mueller"
Chairman and Chief Executive Officer
Jamie Hyland
SHARC International Systems Inc.
Email: jamie.hyland@sharcenergy.com
Neither the Canadian Securities Exchange nor its Regulation Services Provider (as that term is defined in policies of the Canadian Securities Exchange) accepts responsibility for the adequacy or accuracy of this release.
Certain statements contained in this news release may constitute forward-looking information. Forward-looking information is often, but not always, identified by the use of words such as "anticipate", "plan", "estimate", "expect", "may", "will", "intend", "should", and similar expressions. Forward-looking information involves known and unknown risks, uncertainties and other factors that may cause actual results or events to differ materially from those anticipated in such forward-looking information. SHARC's actual results could differ materially from those anticipated in this forward-looking information as a result of regulatory decisions, competitive factors in the industries in which the Company operates, prevailing economic conditions, and other factors, many of which are beyond the control of the Company. SHARC believes that the expectations reflected in the forward-looking information are reasonable, but no assurance can be given that these expectations will prove to be correct and such forward-looking information should not be unduly relied upon. Any forward-looking information contained in this news release represents the Company's expectations as of the date hereof, and is subject to change after such date. The Company disclaims any intention or obligation to update or revise any forward-looking information whether as a result of new information, future events or otherwise, except as required by applicable securities legislation.
Viscount Mining Provides Corporate Update
2310 – 1177 West Hastings St.
Vancouver, BC V6E 2K3
Toll Free (866) 866-733-5030
Kemp House, 152 – 160 City Road
info@tribecacap.com
© 2020 Tribeca Capital

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text:
Posts tagged with "Boba Fett"
New Star Wars: The Book of Boba Fett™ Pins Available Only on Toynk
December 30th, 2021030 A Bounty Worth Hunting! New Star Wars: The Book of Boba Fett™ Pins Available Only on Toynk.com Gilbert, IL- 12/29/2021 - Toynk.com announces the arrival of the two new Toynk Exclusive Star Wars: The Book Of Boba Fett™ Limited Edition Enamel Pins. These officially licensed pins are inspired by the new series Star Wars:...
Bring Home the Bounty, Week 12
December 28th, 2021034 It's week 12 and and here are the final Bring Home the Bounty highlights: MobyFox Watch Bands: Celebrate The Book of Boba Fett with two new watch bands honoring the bounty hunter - Boba Fett Lives! and The Bounty Hunter (available online later today). Sprayground Star Wars Collection: featuring designs from classic Star...
December 14th, 2021069 Bring Home the Bounty highlights for Week 10: Hasbro TVC and The Black Series Reveals: Hasbro unveiled two new The Vintage Collection figures of Boba Fett and Fennec Shand, along with a new The Black Series helmet for Bo-Katan Kryze. All three go on pre-order tomorrow at 10am PT. Funko Duel of the Fates Pop! Deluxe - Darth...
Bring Home the Bounty, Week Nine
December 8th, 2021034 Week 9 of Bring Home the Bounty is live and here are some of the highlights: Star Wars: Visions products: Inspired by the original anime series on Disney+, Bandai revealed two (Karre, Am) new action figures and Funko unveiled a new deluxe Pop!. All three items are available in the US only at Target. Hasbro Black Series Boba...
Columbia Sportswear Unveils New Boba Fett Collection, Teams Up With Temuera Morrison to Support Boys & Girls Clubs of America
December 1st, 20210151 Star Wars fans have even more reasons to be excited this week! In addition to Columbia Sportswear's Boba Fett - inspired collection available staring December 3, 12:01am EDT, the brand has teamed up with Temuera Morrison, the actor who plays Boba Fett in the highly-anticipated Disney+ Series – The Book of Boba Fett – to help...
Columbia Unveils New Star Wars™ Collection Inspired by Boba Fett
November 22nd, 20210119 Columbia Sportswear Reveals Special-Edition Star WarsTM Collection Inspired by Boba FettTM Collection blends fandom and function with authentic Star Wars style made for the outdoors Portland, Oregon – November 22, 2021 – Columbia Sportswear, in collaboration with Lucasfilm, is launching a special-edition collection inspired by...
Bring Home the Bounty, Week Four
November 2nd, 2021087 Welcome to Week 4 of Bring Home the Bounty! In honor of the release of the The Book of Boba Fett trailer, there are some Boba Fett-inspired items included with this week's highlights: MobyFox: New Boba Fett-inspired and Fennec Shand-inspired watch bands Acme Archives/Dark Ink Art: Two new prints inspired by the famed...
Star Wars Insider #206 On Sale November 2
October 25th, 2021049 STAR WARS INSIDER #206 ON SALE US, CANADA: NOVEMBER 2, 2021 / ON SALE UK: DECEMBER 2, 2021 Official Synopsis: THE FETT FAMILY'S FINEST With the premier of The Book of Boba Fett on Disney+ approaching as quickly as the Millennium Falcon made the Kessel Run, now seems like an excellent time to reflect on the jaw-dropping Star Wars...
Product Reveals for Bring Home the Bounty, Week Two!
October 19th, 20210123 New products have been revealed for week two of Bring Home the Bounty! Everyone will find something to enjoy, from action figures, to apparel, collectibles, artwork, and more! Check out the items below: Star Wars The Vintage Collection Artoo-Detoo (R2-D2) - $15.99 Link: https://www.target.com/p/-/A-83690286 A reliable and...
New Hasbro Star Wars Figures Inspired by STAR WARS: DROIDS Revealed!
September 23rd, 20212108 These new figures joining the Black Series and The Vintage Collection lines are inspired by the popular 1980's animated series STAR WARS: DROIDS (The Adventures of R2-D2 and C-3PO). Included in the line are STAR WARS: THE VINTAGE COLLECTION 3.75-INCH ARTOO-DETOO (R2-D2), SEE-THREEPIO (C-3PO), and BOBA FETT Figures as well as a STAR...
Purchase Dan Z's Star Wars Books
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		--mapping invalid_mapping_to_short_middle

	rm -vf out_test_image.nii.gz

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


Nebraska Lab Rescue View other Labs for adoption.
Boomer is a Chocolate Lab and he will be one year old on Oct 1, 2014. He is neutered, tested heart worm negative and is up to date on his vaccinations. Boomer is a big bundle of puppy energy that loves people and other dogs. Due to his size (60 pounds) and exuberance we do not recommend him in a family with small children.


The Lotta Foundation is the proud recipient of several awards from a variety of community and business partners. Here are a few.
The Lotta Foundation was the recipient of the proceeds of an event held by Business Leaders of Charlotte.
Pegram Insurance nominated the Lotta Foundation and was awarded as the recipient of one of beneficiaries of Safeco Insurance annual charitable donations.


text:
SIT Study Abroad Netherlands: International Perspectives on Sexuality and Gender
http://www.sit.edu/nlr
Natalie Brady
Netherlands: International Perspectives on Sexuality and Gender
Acquire an intersectional understanding of the complexities and paradoxes surrounding issues of gender and sexuality in the Netherlands.
Examine the intersections of gender and sexuality with race, class, and religion.
Choose to do independent field research or an internship.
Learn from experts in Amsterdam, Utrecht, and Rotterdam.
Spend two weeks in Morocco.
Enjoy access to specialized archives and research centers in the Netherlands.
Explore Amsterdam.
Participate in an optional volunteer project.
During the final four weeks of the program, you can choose to use your new language and cultural skills and the academic knowledge you have acquired to complete an Independent Study Project (ISP) on a topic of interest to you. The ISP is most often conducted in Amsterdam, but another approved location is possible as long as it is relevant to the project.
Negotiating religion and homosexuality
Interracial relationships in the Dutch postcolonial context
Intergenerational dating strategies
Black feminist activism in the Netherlands
Dating strategies of older lesbian women in the Netherlands
Multicultural approaches to sex education
Female body images in media and their effects on women's self-perception
Sample internship sites:
Preparing exhibitions and doing research at the International Gay and Lesbian Archive and Information Center
Providing support work at PROUD (Dutch Union for Sex Workers)
Assisting men's emancipation in Amsterdam at grassroots organization Emancipator
Promoting sexual education for all at international platform Love Matters
Researching and writing Wikipedia entries about female role models, artists, and scientists and about feminist organizations or gender equality at Atria Knowledge Institute for Emancipation and Women's History
Sexual politics in a multicultural society
Homonationalism in the Netherlands
Sex and gender education: policies and methods in the Netherlands
Feminist and sex-positive activism in the Netherlands
Gender roles and women's movements in Morocco
Trans* issues, human rights, and health
Gendered and racialized aspects of labor migration in a global and neo-liberal context
How identity is affected by gender, sexuality, race, religion, and class, both as experienced and as perceived


text: Q: Enable HTML5 and JS in webbrowser control for app to windows mobile 6.5 I'm going to create an application for Windows Mobile 6.5 in Visual Studio 2008, where the Framework it handles is 3.5, the WebBrowser control when it is tested on a device with WM6.5, does not detect JS controls or some applications with HTML5, one of The alternatives I found is to use WebKit, but I could not apply it in a form itself, any idea how to incorporate it or enable that option ?, thank you.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
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Abbott, Sir Albert (Francis), (10 Dec. 1913–10 Feb. 2006), Mayor, City of Mackay, Queensland, 1970–88
Kt 1981; CBE 1974
Born Marvel Loch, WA, 10 Dec. 1913; s of late Albert Victor and Diana Abbott; m 1941, Gwendoline Joyce Maclean; two ...
Abbott, Adm. Sir Peter (Charles), (12 Feb. 1942–28 Sept. 2015), Vice Chief of the Defence Staff, 1997–2001; Commissioner, Commonwealth War Graves Commission, 2001–06
GBE 1999; KCB 1994
Born 12 Feb. 1942; s of late Lieut-Col Dennis Abbott, Royal Garwhal Rifles and Delphine McConaghey; m 1965, Susan Phillippa Grey; three d; died 28 Sept. 2015...
Abbott, Thomas Charles, (died 26 Jan. 1927), JP for the City of Manchester, and Alderman
Born Blackburn; m Anna Pye of Fulwood, Preston; one s one d; died 26 Jan. 1927
JP for the City of Manchester, and Alderman
Abdul Maliki, Alhaji, (1914–28 Aug. 1969), Ambassador for Nigeria in Paris since 1966
CBE 1960
Born Okene, Nigeria, 1914; m; c; died 28 Aug. 1969
Ambassador for Nigeria in Paris since 1966
Okene Elementary School; Katsina Training College
Local Government Course, UK, ...
Abdy, Sir Valentine (Robert Duff), (11 Sept. 1937–27 June 2012), European Representative, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, 1983–95 and 1998 (Member, National Board, 1995–98)
6th Bt cr 1850
Born 11 Sept. 1937; s of Sir Robert Henry Edward Abdy, 5th Bt, and Lady Diana Bridgeman (d 1967), ...
Abel, Kenneth Arthur, (4 April 1926–13 Dec. 2010), Clerk and Chief Executive, Dorset County Council, 1967–91 (Clerk of the Peace, 1967–73)
Born 4 April 1926; s of late Arthur Abel, CBE and Frances Ethel Abel; m 1955, Sarah Matilda, d of late Capt. M. P. Poynor, TD and Norah Elizabeth Poynor; three ...
Aberdare, 4th Baron, (Morys George Lyndhurst Bruce) (16 June 1919–23 Jan. 2005)
KBE 1984; PC 1974; DL
Born 16 June 1919; s of 3rd Baron Aberdare, GBE, and Margaret Bethune (née Black); m 1946, Maud Helen Sarah, ...
Aberhart, Hon. William, (30 Dec. 1878–22 May 1943), Premier of Alberta since 1935; Minister of Education and Attorney General for the Province
Born 30 Dec. 1878; s of William Aberhart and Louise Pepper; m 1902, Jessie M. Flatt; two d; died 22 May 1943
Premier of Alberta since 1935; Minister of Education and Attorney General for the Province...
Abernethy, William Leslie, (10 June 1910–22 Sept. 2003), Managing Trustee, Municipal Mutual Insurance Ltd, and Director of associated companies, 1973–87; Comptroller of Financial Services, Greater London Council, 1972–73 (Treasurer, 1964–72) and Chief Financial Officer, Inner London Education Authority, 1967–73
CBE 1972; FCA, CPFA
Born 10 June 1910; s of Robert and Margaret Abernethy; m 1937, Irene Holden (d 1998); one s.; died...
Abinger, 8th Baron, (James Richard Scarlett) (28 Sept. 1914–23 Sept. 2002)
Born 28 Sept. 1914; e s of 7th Baron and Marjorie (d 1965), 2nd d of John McPhillamy, Blair Athol, Bathurst, NSW; m...
Abney, Sir William de Wiveleslie, (24 July 1843–2 Dec. 1921), Adviser to the Board of Education (Science Department) since 1903; Member of the Advisory Council for Education to the War Office, 1903
KCB 1900 (CB 1888); DSc, DCL; FRS 1876
Born Derby, 24 July 1843; e s of Rev. Canon Edward Henry Abney; m 1st, 1864...
Abraham, William, (1840–2 Aug. 1915), MP (N) Harbour Division, Dublin, from 1910
Born 1840; died 2 Aug. 1915
MP (N) Harbour Division, Dublin, from 1910
Abrahams, Allan Rose, (29 Nov. 1908–16 Nov. 1991)
Born 29 Nov. 1908; s of late Mr and Mrs Frank Abrahams; m 1948, Norma Adeline Neita; one s two d; died 16 Nov. 1991
Jamaica College, Jamaica...
Abrahams, Harold Maurice, (15 Dec. 1899–14 Jan. 1978), Secretary of National Parks Commission, 1950–63
CBE 1957; MA, LLB
Born 15 Dec. 1899; s of late Isaac Abrahams; m 1936, Sybil Marjorie (d 1963), er d of late C. P. Evers; one adopted ...
Abrahams, Sir Lionel, (9 Dec. 1869–30 Nov. 1919)
KCB 1915 (CB 1908)
Born London, 9 Dec. 1869; o s of M. Abrahams; m 1896, Lucy, d of N. S. Joseph; one s...
Abrams, Dr Michael Ellis, (17 Sept. 1932–31 July 2019), public health consultant, since 1992; Chairman, Whittington Hospital NHS Trust, 1998–2003; Deputy Chief Medical Officer, Department of Health (formerly of Health and Social Security), 1985–92
CB 1992; FRCP, FFPH
public health consultant, since 1992; Chairman, Whittington Hospital NHS Trust, 1998–2003; Deputy Chief Medical Officer, Department of Health (formerly of Health and Social Security), 1985–92
Abramson, Sidney, (14 Sept. 1921–16 July 1994), retired from Department of Trade (Under Secretary, 1972–81)
Born 14 Sept. 1921; s of Jacob and Rebecca Abramson; m 1st, 1946, Lerine Freedman (marr. diss. 1958); two s; 2nd, 1960, Violet Ellen Eatly; died 16 July 1994...
Abse, Leo, (22 April 1917–19 Aug. 2008)
Born 22 April 1917; s of Rudolph and Kate Abse; m 1st, 1955, Marjorie Davies (d 1996); one s one d; 2nd, 2000, Ania Czepulkowska; died 19 Aug. 2008...
Abu Bakar, Datuk Jamaluddin, (19 May 1929–12 Feb. 1992), High Commissioner for Malaysia in United Kingdom and Ambassador to Ireland, 1986–88
PNBS 1977; JMN 1967 (AMN 1965)
Born Seremban, 19 May 1929; m Datin Rahmah Jamaluddin; one s two d; died 12 Feb. 1992
High Commissioner for Malaysia in United Kingdom and Ambassador to Ireland, ...
Acheson, Sir (Ernest) Donald, (17 Sept. 1926–10 Jan. 2010), Chief Medical Officer, Departments of Health and of Social Security (formerly Department of Health and Social Security), Department of Education and Science and Home Office, 1983–91
KBE 1986
Born 17 Sept. 1926; s of Malcolm King Acheson, MC, MD, and Dorothy Josephine Rennoldson; m 1st, Barbara Mary Castle (marr. diss. 2002); one s four d...


text:
What is Hub na nÓg?
About Hub na nÓg?
Participation Strategy
Giving voice to the young
Hub na nÓg provides training and education on young voices in decision-making for professionals working with children and young people.
Our training and education work follows four goals:
Develop and conduct generic child participation training programmes for professionals who work with children and young people. Such programmes will be conducted on a regular basis.
Partner with academic and other experts in developing and conducting tailored children participation training programmes.
Partner with third-level and adult education institutions to oversee development of education on the right of children and young people to a voice in decision-making for professionals who work with and on behalf of children and young people.
Work with qualification bodies and other education experts on the development of child participation education and training programmes and on certification of programmes and practice.
The Hub has developed a training programme for Sport Ireland to train personnel from five national sporting bodies in how to give children and young people a voice in decision-making in their sports. The first round of this training will be conducted on 20th and 21st November.
The Hub has commenced the process of developing training for HIQA Child Inspectors to be delivered in 2018.
The Hub conducted a training programme for a panel of facilitators and methodology developers in early November 2017. Further training of this panel will take place early in 2018. This panel will collaborate in delivering Hub services.
For information on forthcoming training opportunities, please email us at hubnanog@dcya.gov.ie
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Training & Education Child Participation Library Contact us
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Q: How To Select The Files With Same Name In Two Folders Let's guess I have two folders: A & B.
Now, there are 600+ files in folder A and 400+ files in folder B.
There are many files which share the same name in these two folders.
I.E. file.so in folder A and file.so in folder B.
Now, there are also some files which are not present in both of the folders, I want to ignore them.
So, is there any software that can do this without much hassle?

A: Here's how to do it:
rsync --existing /path/to/dirA/* /path/to/dirB/

It'll update the files from dirA to dirB.
Credit: Impavidus @UbuntuForums


The following have accepted nominations for officer positions in the LIUFF election for officers. Click on the link next to each candidate to view his/her statement for the position, if available.
Stacey Horstmann-Gatti:Stacey Horstmann Gatti Secretary statement.


text:
Unexpected retirement prompts candidate scramble in the 25th House district
By Andrew Jenner, Publisher
Posted in Harrisonburg Politics
Sen. Obenshain, Del. Wilt discuss legislative agendas – and the wild news cycle
Congressman Cline condemns storming of Capitol, votes to reject two states' election results
Reed and Romero return as city leaders. Now comes the hard part of leading Hburg's recovery.
This article has been updated with the correct the date of the April 27 Republican firehouse primary.
By Andrew Jenner
At his campaign launch event yesterday in Bridgewater, Chris Runion handed out his regular business card from Eddie Edwards Signs, where he's president. It's been a busy few days, he said. There hasn't been time yet to throw together a card for the House of Delegates race he's just scrambled into.
Del. Steve Landes (R-Verona) announced this week that he will not seek reelection to that seat.
That scramble was kicked off less than a week ago, when rumors began to circulate that Del. Steve Landes (R-Verona) would announce his unexpected retirement after 23 years representing the 25th District in the House of Delegates. It became official on Tuesday, when Landes said he will run for Clerk of the Court in Augusta County this fall, rather than seek reelection.
Before they knew of Landes's plans, Republicans in the district had set Wednesday evening as the filing deadline for any candidate to contest the nomination, said Dan Cullers, unit chairman of the Rockingham County Republican Committee. The party had also agreed on a firehouse primary with one polling location in each of the three counties in the district, on Sat., April 27. The 25th District begins just south of Harrisonburg's city limit and stretches across parts of Rockingham, Augusta and Albemarle Counties.
"We frankly assumed that it was unlikely that anyone would challenge [Landes], so we presumed that we probably would not have [that firehouse primary]," Cullers said. "But politics is always surprising."
Surrounded by supporters on Wednesday in Bridgewater, Chris Runion announced his campaign for the House of Delegates
Runion runs on business experience, community involvement
Announcing his candidacy at the Bridgewater Town Hall on Wednesday, Runion emphasized his decades of experience as a local businessman and civic involvement in organizations ranging from the Harrisonburg-Rockingham Chamber of Commerce to the United Way, the RMH Foundation and the Rotary Club. He lives just outside of Bridgewater.
Describing himself as fiscally and socially "conservative by nature," Runion said he's optimistic about the future.
"I truly value the opportunity to serve and represent you," he said, surrounded at the podium by his wife, friends and supporters. "I commit to you to listen, to hear, to engage, to work hard, to work together and to have fun."
During the recently concluded General Assembly session, Landes carried a controversial bill to begin tolling on I-81 to pay for $2.2 billion in critical upgrades identified by state transportation planners. In the end, lawmakers couldn't agree on that or any other funding mechanism, and decided instead to continue studying the options throughout the rest of the year.
"I'm disappointed we did not get something that could work across all interest groups … but we were closer than we've ever been," said Runion, who wants to let the study unfold before endorsing to a specific approach. "We need to ask questions, need to understand from the different constituencies what their concerns are…. A year's worth of conversation is going to be beneficial in bringing people together so there can be a reasonable solution."
Albermarle, Augusta candidates also enter race
Also filing to run for the Republican nomination by the Wednesday deadline were Richard Fox, who lives outside of Charlottesville, and Marshall Pattie, a professor at JMU's College of Business and current member of the Augusta County Board of Supervisors.
Fox, 28, owns Roslyn Farm just outside of Charlottesville, which serves as both a working farm with beef cattle, horse boarding and a market garden and an Airbnb destination. He said his direct experience in agriculture, the traditional economic mainstay of the region, and the sharing economy equip him well to represent the 25th District.
Richard Fox and his fiancée, Alexia Richards. Photo courtesy of Richard Fox.
"It's a diverse district, a unique district. I feel with my business background, with my agricultural background, I can relate to a lot of people. I definitely look forward to getting out and meeting people," Fox said.
While he admires many of Landes's accomplishments and ideas, Fox said they "differ a little bit" on the approach to I-81 funding. Rather than tolls or new taxes, Fox said federal tax dollars should be returned to state to pay for improvements to the interstate.
"The first step is … seeing what we can do with that," he said.
Also among his priorities, Fox said, would be expanding the state's school voucher system and promoting more technical and career education in high schools.
Pattie, the third candidate in the race said he would speak to The Citizen after formally announcing his campaign on Thursday afternoon.
Cullers, of the Rockingham Republican Committee, said that despite the unexpected retirement of a prominent member of the House – Landes chaired three committees and was vice-chair of the Appropriations Committee – the party has "a great deal of enthusiasm" about the coming campaign.
"We have a fairly long and strong history in this community," Cullers said. "We have some great legislators like Tony Wilt and Mark Obenshain that have longstanding support. I think enthusiasm is pretty high."
Two Democrats already in the race
Prior to Landes's announcement, two candidates had already announced intentions to seek the Democratic nomination for the seat – Jennifer Kitchen, from Augusta County, and Lauren Thompson, from Albemarle County.
As in the neighboring 26th District, which includes Harrisonburg, the Democratic nominee in the 25th District will be chosen in a state-run primary on June 11.
"We were already really excited to have two relatively young women candidates already willing to undertake a hard race," said Thea Litchfield Campbell, chair of the Rockingham County Democratic Committee. "Now with the change in the Republican candidate, that will certainly add a lot more interest to the race. We are excited to be able to talk to people and not have them just rely on name recognition, to be able to start a new conversation about what values people really hold and what constituents really want for their area."
Campbell said she's not aware of any other Democratic candidates who intend to join the race after Landes's announcement, although the filing deadline isn't until the end of the month.
Journalism is changing, and that's why The Citizen is here. We're independent. We're local. We pay our contributors. and the money you give goes directly to the reporting. No overhead. No printing costs. Just facts, stories and context. Thanks for your support.
25th House DistrictDel. Steve LandesprimaryRockingham County Democratic CommitteeRockingham County Republican Committee
Andrew Jenner, Publisher
Andrew has spent most of his career as a journalist in the Shenandoah Valley, working as a freelancer for the past decade. He has covered many things for many media outlets, including The Atlantic, The Washington Post, Roads & Kingdoms, Discover and WMRA. He returned home to Harrisonburg in 2018, after three years living and writing in Brazil.


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Alyssa Milano and David Beckham on Airbnb for the first time in the UK
The pair of Irish actors have been sharing a house together on Airbnb, sharing a shared bedroom and living on their own.
Their relationship started last year when they met on the streets of Dublin in May, and now they've been living together ever since.
They have three children together: a daughter and a son.
Milano is the first star to host an entire series of events on Airbnb.
The pair of actors, who have previously starred in a range of films including The Last Kiss, The Wedding, and The Perfect Guy, have recently launched a series of event bookings in India.
They recently booked their first night at the Rameshwaram house for an event titled The Last Night.
They are staying with their daughter, Shruti, in a house on the edge of Mumbai.
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Heathrow Terminal 2 was inaugurated in 1955 and was actually the first terminal of the airport. In the beginning it was identified as the Europa Building and at present it is going through renovation from November 2009 and will open again to travellers in June, 2014. Close to 30 airlines functioned from Terminal 2 and as many as 8.5 million travellers took a trip from Terminal 2. Most of the flights that operated from Terminal 2 are for destinations to Europe and there are also a number of long-haul flights that operate from this terminal. When Terminal 2 will re-open, it will be identified as The Queen's Terminal. Terminal 2 will boast of the most up to date facilities and amenities like leading –edge communication facilities, best available medical facilities, Information counters, Bureau de Change facilities, cash point locations in easy reach, Baggage Inquiries counters, showers and toilets facilities, prayer rooms, taxi services and car rental facilities. All these facilities are designed to offer expediency to passengers. Terminal 2 at Heathrow Airport will be home to around 52 stores that will stock an extensive range of brands in order to facilitate shopping for passengers. There will be more than 17 restaurants and bars at Heathrow Terminal 2 so that passengers can enjoy a variety of cuisines. A great thing for passengers is that seven restaurants will have a view of the airfield. Terminal 2 will be home to the following airlines once it is in service again: TAP Portugal, United Airlines, Scandinavian Airlines, South African Airways, Virgin Atlantic Little Red, Thai Airways, Turkish Airlines, Singapore Airlines, Lufthansa, Swiss, LOT Polish Airlines, Ethiopian Airways, Egypt air, Asiana Airlines, Air New Zealand, ANA, Aer Lingus, Aegean Airlines, German wings, Croatia Airlines, Brussels Airlines, Austrian Airlines, Eva Air, Air Canada and Air China. iPark Airport Parking will provide the best services for cheap and secure parking at Heathrow the moment Terminal 2 becomes operational. We have already been providing the best Heathrow Valet Parking plus Meet and Greet airport parking at Heathrow terminal 2 services for all the other terminals already. Our forte in Heathrow Parking or Heathrow Airport Parking Valet is due to our belief in offering only quality services to travellers. Since the inception of our Parking Heathrow Airport offerings, we have working diligently to meet our customers' expectations and this intention has made us the number 1 provider of Parking Services. With us, Parking at Heathrow has become really easy and convenient. If you are worried about Car Parking Heathrow, then try our renowned parking at Heathrow Airport services including Heathrow Airport Valet Parking today and we assure you will not even regret a bit.