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Home » Contractors Sue Small Business Administration Over PPP Post-Loan Inquiry
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Contractors Sue Small Business Administration Over PPP Post-Loan Inquiry
The questionnaire that launched a lawsuit: Is SBA Form 3509 due diligence or too intrusive?
Robert Beverly
KEYWORDS economy and HVAC / HVAC contracting / Taxes and HVACR
On Dec. 8, Associated General Contractors of America (AGC) filed a lawsuit (PDF) in the U.S. District Court for the District of Columbia against the U.S. Small Business Administration (SBA) and the Office of Management and Budget regarding a post-loan questionnaire sent to Paycheck Protection Program (PPP) recipients.
According to the AGC website, the plaintiff represents over 27,000 general contractors, specialty contracting firms, and other service providers and suppliers.
AGC claims that the questionnaire, SBA Form 3509 (PDF) for for-profit PPP recipients (Form 3510 for nonprofits), includes and invites multiple problems.
"The administration has every right, and obligation, to ensure businesses were eligible to apply for and receive the relief loans," said Stephen E. Sandherr, AGC's chief executive officer, in a statement. "But they do not have the right to use a secretly crafted form to gather unprecedented amounts of proprietary information that has little or nothing to do with the economic uncertainty that led businesses to apply for the loans in the first place."
The PPP program itself comprised a hastily assembled plan to cushion COVID-19's economic blow in the early spring by issuing quick loans to U.S. businesses. Recipients who agreed to meet certain requirements regarding maintaining jobs on payroll and usage restriction for those funds could then apply for complete loan forgiveness, no repayment necessary.
Given time-sensitive and precarious economic conditions, the federal government opted to require a "good faith certification" from borrowers to attest to their uncertainty in continuing their ongoing operations.
Borrowers depleted the first allocation of funds, and the government replenished PPP reserves.
Later in the year, the public saw headlines regarding certain companies running contrary to either the spirit or the letter of the program in applying for and often receiving PPP loans.
Subsequent media coverage reported on the incomplete nature of some successful applications. Concerned reactions over borrower abuse of the program and other operational issues arose.
Those concerns led SBA to issue Form 3509, introduced in November to gather information allowing SBA loan reviewers to "evaluate the good-faith certification" on original PPP loan applications.
The SBA is requiring PPP borrowers of $2 million or more to complete the questionnaire. According to U.S. Treasury data (PDF), that group represents only six-tenths of one percent (0.6%) of PPP borrowers, but their loans represent 15% of the PPP money issued.
Prudent or Prying?
The AGC contends the questionnaire is "arbitrary and capricious" and cannot be used as the basis for negative action regarding a PPP borrower or loan status. The association contends that Form 3509 "attempts to set a means test" and implies that companies who received PPP loans could face repercussions for doing well in the second quarter of 2020.
The SBA 3509 introduction states that "receipt of this form does not mean that SBA is challenging" the initial good-faith certification. The SBA states that in its effort to "protect taxpayer resources," it may ask for follow-up information, and that any subsequent determination "will be based on the totality of your circumstances."
So what does SBA 3509 actually ask? The form is divided into two parts: a business activity assessment and a liquidity assessment. Paraphrased in layman's terms, here is the core of the business activity assessment.
What was your gross revenue for 2Q 2020? Provide 2Q 2019 or 1Q 2020 figure for context.
Did a state or local government order your company to shut down due to COVID-19?
Has your company been subject to a COVID-related order to alter operations? If so, provide some detail.
Has your company voluntarily ceased or reduced operations since mid-March? If yes, provide context/detail.
Has the borrower voluntarily altered operations in that timeframe?
Has the borrower started any new capital improvement projects not due to COVID-19 since mid-March? If so, describe.
The section ends with an open box to add comment.
The liquidity assessment begins by asking for the total of borrowers' cash plus assets as of the last day of the calendar quarter preceding their PPP loan applications.
It also asks if borrowers have paid any dividends or other capital distributions to its owners between mid-March and the loan forgiveness covered period.
The bulk of the remainder inquires about expenditures during the loan forgiveness timeframe that could conceivably run beyond the scope or intent of approved PPP loan usage. Various restrictions received considerable attention as Congress debated and refined the program's terms earlier in the year.
These questions ask about any prepayment of outstanding debt and any compensation of any employee or any owner beyond $250,000 on an annualized basis.
Subsequent questions focus on company status. They ask about ownership by any publicly traded company, private equity firm, or foreign state-owned enterprise; the book value of the company prior to the loan; any listing on a national securities exchange; and whether the borrower directly received any other CARES Act funds beyond the PPP loan.
The form includes a deadline of 10 days from receipt of the questionnaire, with another five days after that for the borrower's lender to upload any required supporting documents, signatures, or certifications.
A judge may or may not recognize a certain amount of latitude that an agency such as the SBA can exercise in a process designed to ferret out potential fraud within a program, especially one erected and launched in such unusual circumstances. The SBA may also argue that a portion of the form serves to determine the program's effectiveness, with regard to business success and survival.
However, even if a court finds that the SBA is within its bounds to issue Form 3509 to certain PPP borrowers, the AGC complaint regarding the creation of the form itself would still remain. In short, the AGC contends that the questionnaire was composed in violation of at least two different federal guidelines on creating such documents, failing transparency standards by bypassing public comment periods.
According to the AGC, the SBA defense suggests that adhering to the normal public comment process would have given a counterproductive heads-up to exactly the type of PPP participant that the form is intended to identify.
Recent Articles by Robert Beverly
AHR Pick 'Em: Educational Session Winners in Las Vegas
Meet The Wholesaler: Rhonda Wight
Obstacles to Energy Efficiency Upgrades Are Invisible but Obvious
As 2021 Winds Down, Commercial HVAC Controls Is Looking Up
Higher Efficiencies, 'Sequel' Ratings on Tap for HVAC in 2023
Robert Beverly has worked in HVAC press for BNP Media since 1998, serving as Engineered Systems' editor before joining The ACHR NEWS in 2018 as a senior editor. In addition to covering legislation/regulatory issues and other assignments, he coordinates and edits the recurring Distribution Trends supplement. Robert likes music, the active tense, and air conditioning. Reach him at robertbeverly@achrnews.com.


Autonomous vehicles present a number of challenges to engineers far beyond the simple fact of them needing to safely drive around without a human on board. Before its headline-making accident in Arizona, which resulted in the death of a cyclist and its autonomous fleet being taken off the streets, as well as starting a huge debate concerning autonomous vehicles, Uber was exploring how its self-driving cars could communicate with pedestrians.
A recent patent application from Uber reveals how the ride-hailing service approached the problem.
The application depicts the vehicle with numerous flashing lights. For example, the front bumper can be seen with a large sign reading 'Please proceed to cross' while arrows on the wing mirrors also point pedestrians in the right direction. What's more, an illuminated pedestrian crossing is projected onto the road and a 'virtual driver' pops up on the windscreen to give the whole thing a human touch.
"In the real world, when there's a human driver, they're usually not shouting out the window, 'Hey I'm slowing down now,'" product designer at Uber's Advanced Technology Group Sean Chin told The Verge.
Chin stressed that the systems depicted in the patents aren't the final product and that the firm is also looking to provide instructions to pedestrians and other road users who can act accordingly.
"If we can instead say the car is slowing down, then all actors in the area, whether they're pedestrians or cyclists pulling up along the side, can all interpret the vehicle state and make their own individual decisions," he said.
Uber was also investigating using different noises for its autonomous vehicles to express their intent to road users.
Now, though, the company has to deal with the aftermath of that fatal accident – and everyone is waiting for the outcome of the lawsuit that will set a precedent, as no legislation is yet in place.
Pedestrians give no shxts, they walk and run into the street, some while texting too..
YES – dirty nasty pedestrians, just like you and me………….
Nah. I drive just about everywhere lol. If I do happen to walk I do pay close attention to my surroundings..
Or have a better working autonomous driving system that can pick up pedestrians walking a bicycle. Waymo is much more advanced and is currently better than many people with driver's licenses.
They are forewarned that they will be forced to do this. When electric trains replaced diesel trains in cities, the silence of the electric unit caught out many pedestrians and cars at level crossings, for example.


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Q: How to make Git commit history show up at Redmine issue tracker I followed the instruction of this article and setup an Redmine site on my DreamHost account with Git repository.
It works fine so far, I could manage my project using Redmine, and commit my code to the Git repository using SSH, and I could browse my source code and commit history using Redmine user interface.
But there is my problem: It does not hook Git commit history with issue tracker like the official Redmine site.
For example, there is a commit log listed on http://www.redmine.org/issues/7000.
But in my case, I created a ticket which is numbered by Redmine as #5, and I created a commit log like the following:
commit 580fdb33877d7b4167863f5138973b7a83b352aa
Author: Brian Hsu <XXXX.XXXX@gmail.com>
Date:   Fri Mar 11 11:43:43 2011 +0800

    Add README file. (#5)

commit 9cf0d98a319ffca501dc541c76a6cff9a32d6146
Author: Brian Hsu <XXXX.XXXX@gmail.com>
Date:   Fri Mar 11 11:40:00 2011 +0800

    Inital commit.

I could see these commit in the source code browser in version control tab and click "#5" to go to the issue #5. But in that ticket, it does not show the commit log of 580fdb33877d7b4167863f5138973b7a83b352aa in that ticket.
So how could I hook Git and Redmine issue tracker?
BTW, I followed the master/develop two branch workflow mentioned by "A successful Git branching model", so I would like Redmine to hook the commit in develop branch instead of master.
Thanks.

A: Sorry, my fault.
There are keywords to associate the commit history with issue tracker tickets listed on the  page http://yourredminesite/settings/edit?tab=repositories
Change my commit log with "refs #5" and it works.

A: I'm new to Redmine but AFAIK you should be able to just use '#', e.g. #5 as the reference. Then the commits mentioning the reference ID should show up in the issue.
See Redmine - Defect #7593 that seems to cover this issue, although the ticket is closed.
In summary they recommend using '*' in your list of keywords (logon as Redmine Admin user - then navigate to Administration/Settings/Repositories/Referencing keywords). The OP the comments that he had to delete and re-add the git repository to the Redmine project to trigger reparsing of the commit comments so the issues were updated with the correct links.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


Our Show Team has performed for literally millions of people all around the world. From small group parties, Corporate gatherings, Governmental Dignitaries to Americas Got Talent, we've done it all. Our Show Team can put together a program that will make your event special and above all, unique. From dazzling daytime shows to stunning night shows complete with lighted LED suits and lasers, our Show Team will do more than just entertain your audience.


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Diarrhea Is Evolution's Immune System Drain-O
It turns out your body is pretty good at flushing out bacteria.
Giphy / Bridesmaids
Diarrhea sucks. It can create unpleasant bathroom emergencies, and — all jokes aside — if you lack access to healthcare, it can be life-threatening.
But even though diarrhea has existed throughout time, it's only now being understood why our bodies get the squirts.
In a study conducted on mice and published Wednesday in the journal Cell Host and Microbe, a team of pathologists and gastroenterologists at Brigham and Women's Hospital in Massachusetts explain that diarrhea helps clear pathogenic bacteria from your intestines.
That's right: Diarrhea might be good for you. By infecting mice with an intestinal bacterium called Citrobacter rodentium — which is similar to E. coli that infects humans — the researchers were able to study how the mice's intestines attempted to flush out the bacteria with diarrhea. Here's what they found.
Here's how diarrhea works.
The cells that line your intestines have small gaps between them, called intercellular tight junctions, which also have small pores that pass through them. These pores and tight junctions are essential to intestinal function, allowing ions, nutrients, water, and waste through. Principal invesigator Jerrold Turner, a gastroenterology researcher at Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical Center, and his colleagues found that the smallest and most selective gap, known as the pore pathway, becomes more permeable early on in an intestinal infection. It does this as a result of a protein called claudin-2, which is upregulated by another protein called interleukin-22. This increased permeability results in sodium ions and water entering the intestines and flushing out bacteria. And while this experiment was performed on mice, humans also possess these proteins.
This is a big step forward from our previous understanding of diarrhea, explains Turner. For a long time, doctors suspected that diarrhea was the body's way of washing bacteria out.
"The problem is there was no data to speak to that," he tells Inverse.
This study represents the first time scientists have gotten a look at these proteins in action inside living animals' intestines. Turner et al
With this research, though, there's strong evidence that this is true. And again, though this experiment was performed on mice, Turner is confident that these same intestinal mechanisms hold true for humans. "I think it's probably exactly the same," he says. This deepened understanding of diarrhea sheds new light on conventional wisdom.
Often when diarrhea strikes, our go-to response is to grab an anti-diarrheal drug like Lomotil (diphenoxylate hydrochloride and atropine sulfate) or Imodium (loperamide). These drugs, called antimotility agents, stop the intestines from moving feces in the usual way. This gives our bodies more time to draw water out of the stool, resulting in firmer feces. And while some older studies indicated that these might slow down the body's natural defenses, there wasn't enough evidence to say this for sure.
With this research, we're gaining a greater understanding of how the body's immune response leads to diarrhea in the case of a bacterial infection.
"What we showed is that diarrhea is actually really good for you. It's your body's way of saying, 'We need something,'" Turner says.
He cautions that we'll need further research to know exactly what's going on, though.
"I don't know if it's as simple as washing away the bacteria," he tells Inverse. "You could read our data that way, but that's an area of ongoing investigation. I don't know that it's that simple, as just washing bacteria off the surface."
One thing about treating diarrhea hasn't changed: Turner says it's still a good idea to stay hydrated and ingest electrolytes and glucose. In other words, drink some Gatorade or Pedialyte to replace lost nutrients.
Abstract: Diarrhea is a host response to enteric pathogens, but its impact on pathogenesis remains poorly defined. By infecting mice with the attaching and effacing bac- teria Citrobacter rodentium, we defined the mecha- nisms and contributions of diarrhea and intestinal barrier loss to host defense. Increased permeability occurred within 2 days of infection and coincided with IL-22-dependent upregulation of the epithelial tight junction protein claudin-2. Permeability in- creases were limited to small molecules, as expected for the paracellular water and Na+ channel formed by claudin-2. Relative to wild-type, claudin-2-defi- cient mice experienced severe disease, including increased mucosal colonization by C. rodentium, prolonged pathogen shedding, exaggerated cyto- kine responses, and greater tissue injury. Conversely, transgenic claudin-2 overexpression reduced dis- ease severity. Chemically induced osmotic diarrhea reduced colitis severity and C. rodentium burden in claudin-2-deficient, but not transgenic, mice, demon- strating that claudin-2-mediated protection is the result of enhanced water efflux. Thus, IL-22-induced claudin-2 upregulation drives diarrhea and pathogen clearance.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


The data provided here is for general informational purposes and should not be used as legal reference. If you have questions regarding Arkansas payday loan laws contact the Arkansas Attorney General.
Payday loans are prohibited (check casher act, ark. code ann. 23-52-101 et. seq., repealed 2011) in Arkansas but there may be unlicensed lenders offering payday loans in Arkansas.
So if there are lenders in your state they are offering loans under the assumption that they can export their tribal or state laws into Arkansas. Not all states permit exportation of laws and some states enforce their ban more strictly but we do see lenders offering payday loans in states where it is prohibited. In any event remember these lenders are not licensed or regulated by Arkansas and may even be operating illegally so proceed with caution.
See Arkansas Payday Loans or Arkansas Installment Loans to see if any of the lenders we have reviewed are offering loans in Arkansas.


Famous for its tango, football and black coffee, Buenos Aires is the largest and the capital city of Argentina located on the east coast of South America. Its architecture, culture and international vibe give the city a strikingly European feel, earning it the nickname 'the Paris of South America'. The city is divided into many districts: La Boca, La Recoleta, Puerto Madero, Palermo y el Centro and the oldest San Telmo, each with its own cultural and each deserving a visit (if you can!). Whether you're looking for designer fashion, exquisite cuisine or nightlife that doesn't stop, this vibrant metropolis leaves little room for disappointment.
The Buenos Aires Formula E race, or ePrix, takes place on January 10 2015 and forms the fourth of 10 races for the inaugural 2014/2015 season. At 2.44km in length and featuring 12 turns, the circuit is located in the popular and modern Puerto Madero district to the east of the Argentine capital of Buenos Aires. It has been designed by Santiago Garcia Remohi and features 12 turns including a mix of high-speed corners, chicanes and hairpins. The ePrix has been warmly welcomed by Mayor Mauricio Macri along with the City Government, local authorities and the ACA. The race is one of two in South America along with Punta del Este in Uruguay (Round Three) on December 13 2014.


• Build a Colpitts Oscillator from given instructions.
• Test the Colpitts Oscillator for correct operation.
• Take measurements on a Colpitts Oscillator.
Build the Colpitts oscillator shown using either breadboard (proto board) or strip board, then test the oscillator's operation using a multi meter and oscilloscope.
Building and testing your own circuit is a really effective way to learn about oscillators!
This Colpitts oscillator produces a sine wave output in excess of 12Vpp at an approximate frequency set by the values chosen for L1, C2 and C3. It will operate from a 9V battery, or a DC power supply up to 12V. Supply current at 9V is around 20mA. The circuit can be built on breadboard for testing purposes, where it will be found that the value of R3 is fairly critical. This 68 ohm resistor could be replaced by a slightly higher or lower value to alter the amplifier gain for experimentation. The values given for the circuit should work reliably when built on strip-board.
Construct the circuit on breadboard and experiment with different component values. The values shown on the circuit schematic above should give reliable oscillation. Note how some values produce different amplitudes or better wave shapes. It should be possible to obtain a good sine wave with a peak to peak output amplitude even greater than the supply voltage. This is a particular feature of LC oscillators as the AC output voltage depends on the amount of current circulating around the tuned circuit at resonance. But remember that a larger output voltage will also mean a higher collector current.
On a piece of 9 x 25 hole strip-board, mark hole A1 to ensure that counting the strips and holes for placing track cuts and components always starts from the same point.
Having built the Colpitts oscillator, either on breadboard or strip board, check that the circuit is oscillating satisfactorily, then complete the measurements in Tables 1 and 2.
Connect an oscilloscope to TR1 collector and adjust the CRO display to show one to two cycles of the collector waveform. Draw the waveform on the grid.
Enter the time/division and volts/division settings of the CRO in the spaces provided.


Hydros - Designed to exceed the expectations of demanding tec divers. An innovative but modern classic. The classic twinset wing has been completely redesigned. Whilst the elements will be familiar, the attention to detail has left no stone unturned in transforming good into great.
The bag has an irregular shape which allows the wheels rolling on the smooth gas in any direction , and thus to maintain the selected position under water. Increasing the width of the bag and a special insert sewn into the contour of the bag give good lateral grip Twin diving with extra cylinders.
The Halcyon Explorer BC System Wing Set provides everything you need when diving with double tanks. The proven and well tested design of the Halcyon Explorer Series is very popular with exploration divers and is known worldwide because of its robustness when diving in wrecks and caves.
The Halcyon Evolve MC System Wing Set provides everything you need when diving with a wing/backplate and double tanks. In Addition to the normal Halcyon Evolve MC System Wing Set this set includes the Halcyon Cinch System, which is already mounted on the backplate.


This beautifully maintained three bedroom bungalow that sleeps six, stands on a unique 0.75 acre site which has direct frontage onto the scenic beach at Tullagh Strand, just outside the popular village of Clonmany. The house is set in beautifully manicured gardens which lead onto a large raised decking area with uninterrupted views of Tullagh beach.
Also an ideal place to stay if you wish to visit the Historic Walled City of Derry - the 2013 City of Culture. Tours of the city and booking of events can be arranged. This house is the place to stay if you enjoy hill WALKING as we are located next to some of the most beautiful walking trails in Donegal. If you come to the beach house you can enjoy some great FISHING on the beach below the private decking area.
The decking has a gate which leads directly onto the sand making this property an ideal place to holiday with young children.
Horse riding is available on the beach at the end of the garden. It is a five minute walk to Tullagh Bay Equestrian Centre which runs a summer school in July and August. So why not drop the kids off for a full day or a half day and have some time to yourself !
The house is ideal for GOLFERS as it is only a five minute drive to the world famous Ballyliffin golf course! SURFERS would love this house as some of the best waves can be found at Tullagh beach at the end of the garden!
This house is STRICTLY for six people if you need accommodation for more than this number, please do NOT book this property! The owners own holiday home is situated in the grounds directly behind the holiday bungalow so we will be on site to offer help and advice if needed. Free wifi is available.


Continuous testing is about fast and continuous feedback. Specifically, it is the practice in which tests are run as part the build pipeline so that every check-in and deployment is validated. This includes all types of testing, across all non-production environments. This does not mean that all tests are run all the time, but they are all executed at some point, thus providing the necessary gates to know that the deployment package(s) can move into production with high quality.
If you are doing test automation today, you most likely have some type of keyword or hybrid framework that makes automating regression tests easier. Perhaps you have moved to one of the open source tools, but your tests are still dependent on some amount of working code in the testing environment. That approach to automation is no longer effective in today's world of continuous delivery; you must transition to continuous testing.
With continuous testing, tests have to be atomic, which means they are small, independent units. They cannot have dependencies with other tests; otherwise, you will have large amounts of refactoring when small changes are made. Also, debugging time will be increased with large tests. With smaller tests, you are able to categorize them and easily determine when and where to run them and run in parallel.
All testing has to be part of the pipeline, which means that automation, performance, and security engineers have to be familiar with tools such as Maven, Nexus, and Jenkins. They have to ensure that their tests can be kicked off with these tools, and that when a test fails, results are integrated back into the pipeline triggering a failed build.
Pipeline integration requires that test creation becomes more of a design effort. For example, if we run all our regression tests early on, we delay getting feedback to the team versus tagging some tests as a smoke test, running them within seconds, and immediately knowing the build results.
The other design aspect that has to be accounted for is the focus of the tests. Are you following the testing pyramid (from high to low: Unit > Service Layer > UI), or are you more like an ice cream cone (from high to low: UI > Service Layer > Unit)? If it's the ice cream cone, you most likely have flaky tests that fail frequently, or you have a lot of rework when UI changes occur. With continuous testing, automation has to keep in sync with development. Thus, if you have rework with the smallest UI changes, the people doing the automation will not be able to keep up with development, and you quickly will be back to only automating regression tests.
Finally, test data and environment constraints have to be eliminated. For tests to be able to be run constantly, data needs have to be handled automatically as part of the pipeline before and/or after test execution. Therefore, you must have a way to either reset or create or condition the data as part of the pipeline prior to the tests running.
From an environment perspective, you need to be able to eliminate dependencies on all downstream systems, especially those that are not high-availability systems. This is where service virtualization becomes critical. Yes, you do need to run integration tests at some point, but because we are focusing on the components, it's not required all the time. Service virtualization helps remove these constraints and has the added benefit of being able to be used for some test data needs, as well. For example, if you have a system with transaction limitations, you could use service virtualization as a way to remove that system from the critical path.
With the DevOps movement and push for continuous delivery, the way we have done automation in the past has to evolve. Our teams have to learn more about the key enablers to ensure continuous testing can be achieved.
Adam Auerbach will be presenting a session on Putting Quality First through Continuous Testing at STARWEST 2015, from September 27–October 2 in Anaheim, California.


CLFA members are still busily unpacking boxes and arranging the furniture in our new digs over at MeWe, but we've taken the time to put together a collection of favorite books at reduced prices* to help you celebrate the holidays this season! Treat yourself or a friend or family member to one of these highly … More CLFA Holiday Book Sale!
Leave a comment CLFA Holiday Book Sale!
Booknado, special Dragon Con edition!
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Ecolab Cuautitlan Izcalli Mexico Plant Certifying as Water Stewardship Leader
Ecolab's Cuautitlán Izcalli, Mexico Plant Certifying as
Water Stewardship Leader
Implementation of Alliance for Water Stewardship (AWS) Standard Case Study
Ecolab's manufacturing facility located in Cuautitlán Izcalli, Mexico near Mexico City, Mexico is a blend plant that primarily produces industrial cleaning and sanitizing chemicals. The Cuautitlán Izcalli facility sources water from the Cuautitlán-Pachuca Aquifer. Wastewater is discharged into municipal drains that feed into the Río Cuautitlán after treatment. In alignment with Ecolab's commitment to a holistic approach to water management approach across its high-risk manufacturing facilities, the company implemented the Alliance for Water Stewardship (AWS) International Water Standard at its Cuautitlán Izcalli plant.
The team at Ecolab's Cuautitlán Izcalli plant assessed the facility for opportunities to decrease water use across operations to meet the team's objective to reduce water use per ton of product by 7% from its 2020 baseline. Water reduction opportunities were identified in the following areas: washout optimization in hold tanks and production tanks and rainwater collection. Prioritization of these opportunities involved collaboration across the Corporate Sustainability and Cuautitlán Izcalli Engineering and Safety, Health and Environment teams.
A comprehensive risk assessment was performed leveraging insights from Ecolab's Smart Water Navigator, the World Resources Institute (WRI) Aqueduct Atlas and the WWF Water Risk Filter to identify shared and site-level water challenges. Implementation of water withdrawal reduction projects was prioritized based on risk probability and impact to site-level and community stakeholders. Of the five water outcomes of the AWS Standard, Cuautitlán Izcalli focused on sustainable water balance, good water quality status and good water governance balancing relevancy and risk to the site.
With the aim to improve overall health of local watersheds, and as part of Ecolab's 2030 Impact Goals, we have prioritized AWS certification in high-risk watersheds in which we operate.
Total annual water reduction of 760,000 gallons (2,900 cubic meters) equivalent to $74,000 USD in risk-adjusted cost savings
The following projects help improve the facility's water balance and have been completed to reduce overall water use:
Implementation of a rainwater collection and purification system for use throughout operations
Replacement of spray balls for optimized washout efficiency
Optimization of process equipment washout processes
Reduction in water use for reverse osmosis and deionization system regeneration
Installation of high-efficiency bathroom fixtures
The following projects are considered for future enhancements:
Replacement of additional spray balls to reduce wash water consumption
Wastewater treatment improvements to allow the facility to recycle wastewater and reuse it in site applications
These combined efforts contribute to the Cuautitlán Izcalli plant's progress towards their 7% water reduction goal year over year.
Impact: Total annual water reduction of 760,000 gallons (2,900 cubic meters) equivalent to $74,000 USD in risk-adjusted cost savings
Economic Results: 20% reduction of water use per ton of product from a 2020 baseline
Water Governance
At the plant level, the safety, health and environment manager is responsible for wastewater testing and compliance and account for effluent discharge. The site's maintenance supervisor is responsible for sewage discharge, water consumption control and water savings projects and accountable for the operation of the wastewater treatment plant, soft and deionized water and the rain collection system.
To maintain good water quality of both process water and wastewater, internal daily water testing is carried out in addition to third-party wastewater testing every three months. The water is treated to remove colloids, sediment and hazards from the wastewater. If a spill or water-related issue were to occur, the site has a robust incident response plan that includes a root cause analysis of the original incident, a review by the leadership team, documentation in an internal reporting platform and communication of mitigation strategies during monthly site meetings. The site has not had any water related violations in the past year.
The Sustainability Team is guided and advised by the Sustainability Executive Advisory Team, which is made up of the company's senior business and divisional leaders. In addition, Ecolab's Water Stewardship position and Safety, Health and Environment (SHE) position are publicly available and serve as commitments to and guidance on water-related issues and compliance. Ecolab's Water Stewardship position formalizes Ecolab's global commitment to responsible water stewardship by identifying opportunities for the company and its customers to use water resources in a manner that benefits business, communities and nature. Ecolab's SHE position outlines the company's commitment to excellence in safety, health and environmental practices and performance across global operations.
Water Stewardship Journey
In addition to internal operational improvements, Ecolab's Cuautitlán Izcalli facility's external water stewardship activities are ongoing. Shared challenges between the plant and relevant, local stakeholders include water scarcity, infrastructure and finance for water-related projects and water quality. To address these shared issues, Ecolab collaborates with other water users in the basin. The Cuautitlán Izcalli site team has shared its AWS certification journey with over 30 businesses, non-governmental organizations and government institutions in the watershed. Additionally, Ecolab is a part of a coalition of businesses in Cuautitlán that addresses safety events in the area. To contribute to the health of important water-related areas, 100 volunteers from the Cuautitlán Izcalli and Lerma, Mexico sites partnered with The Nature Conservancy (TNC) and ProNatura to plant 2,000 trees in the community of San Andres Totoltepec in Mexico City in 2019.
On top of local water stewardship efforts, Ecolab's global giving program, Solutions for Life, enhances the company's mission to conserve and protect fresh water through partnership with two global NGOs: TNC and Project WET Foundation.
This case study was created to comply with AWS indicators 5.1.1, 5.2.1, 5.3.1. 5.4.1, 5.4.2, 5.5.1, 5.5.2 and 5.5.3. For more information, please contact sustainability@ecolab.com.
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LARRY BANNISTER - FEMA-Safety
CPS: Board Certified Safety Professional (Retired), Comprehensive Practice, CHS-III; Certified in Homeland Security -Level III, Emergency Mangement Specialty, American Board of Certification in Homeland Security (ABCHS), DIPLOMATE
Mr. Bannister has 17 years management in the steel industry with Bethlehem Steel Corporation, 15 years Senior Risk Control Officer-DeKalb County, GA and 15 years with the Federal Emergency Management Agency-Level III Safety Manager-Level III Emergency Management. Mr. Bannister's specialty areas are; OSHA, First Aid, CPR, and AED Instructor training. Mr. Bannister's strong safety input for our Life-Counts® service with FEMA has been invaluable. MORE
SHAWN BLISS - US Life Safety is pleased to announce our newest member to our Advisory Board; Shawn Bliss. We have known Shawn when he first began pursuing the fire service field and proudly regard him as 'family'. Shawn comes from a family of fire fighters and EMS professionals out of Buffalo, NY. Shawn is a certified "Technician 1" for the Prince William County, Virginia Department of Fire and Rescue located in Manassas, Virginia. He is assigned to Tower Company 513. As an active emergency services member, we look forward to having Shawn's professional input for our team. MORE
DAVE CORCORAN - Consultanting Director
Dave has been an advisor, strategist, and friend to many of Corporate America's top CEO's for the past 40 years. Dave is really a sales and customer service specialist. As a "people person" Dave is a standout in his field. His dynamic approach to business first in the medical industry with Hycel Inc. and later with his own company The River's Edge, caught our eye a number of years ago. We were finally able to coax Dave out of his very comfortable life style in Bozeman, Montana to join our Board.
CHARLIE DICKINSON, US Fire Administration
Chief Dickinson and Mr. Burchesky first became acquainted in 1992 when Mr. Burchesky was producing emergency procedure programs. Chief Dickinson was, at the time, Pittsburgh Bureau of Fire, Fire Chief. Chief Dickinson was later appointed as Deputy Administrator by President Bush with USFA. As Administrator, Chief Dickinson managed all day-to-day operations of the USFA's National Emergency Training Center facility and oversaw all projects and programs of the USFA and FEMA leadership. Charlie is our go-to guy with answers to a myriad of procedure issues.
JOHN J. GOLEC - Steve first met John in 1991 while US Life Safety was producing an employee emergency procedure video at the CNG Tower in Pittsburgh. With John's vast experience in risk managment, workplace safety and gas pad oversite, the choice was easy.
Risk management (RM) and loss prevention (LP) leader who teams with diverse groups ranging from union members to boards of directors in eliminating, minimizing, or controlling risk. Drives risk improvement and financial results as a strategic manager, leader, member or consultant to energy, metals, chemicals, manufacturing, retail, higher learning, service industries and health care organizations. [ MORE]
FRED LAW -Pasadena Fire Dept., CA.
Background; Fire fighter with the PFD, Emergency Medical Services Division, Battalion Chief, Emergency Operations Division, "C" platoon, Battalion Chief. Additional responsibilities in the position were facilities administrator, Volunteer program administrator, technology committee, IAFC, Self Assessment Task Force, Training coordinator for Haz Mat FRO, MCI ICS. Other areas of expertise; fire prevention, Cal OSHA, HazMat, building plans, safety plans, emergency operations and apparatus Chief Law and Mr. Burchesky have maintained a business and friendship relationship since 1981 and offers valuable fire fighting knowledge when we need help. MORE
ALLEN R. NEELY - Allen R. Neely Construction
In 2017, Allen became our most recent board member. One of the many talents and specialities that caught US Life Safety's attention was that of his in-depth experience in construction, workplace safety and OSHA code compliance. Steve began a friendship in college in 1968 and it never ended.
Background; President/Owner, Allen R. Neely Co., Inc., Narrows, VA – Owned and operated construction company for 31 years. Attended pre-bid meetings, compiled data for bids, estimated work, inspected projects during construction, supervised subcontractors, kept projects within budget, maintained financial records, worked with engineers and architects on projects. [MORE]
BILL WIPPRECHT - Wells Fargo Security
Mr. Wipprecht held the position as Executive Vice-President and Chief Security Officer for Wells Fargo. Mr. Wipprecht is a Certified Protection Professional (CPP), a national speaker at American Society of Industrial Security and the American Bankers Association, the American Law Firm Association and a member with CPP, ISMA and ASIS). Mr. Wipprecht has taught several college level security management courses, authored "Workplace Violence in Financial Institutions", a consultant with Shetler Security in Phoenix and provides us with expert on-site security knowledge. MORE
GLENN ZEHNER, D. Ed
Adjunct Professor, Lebanon Valley College, Annville, PA
Dr. Zehner served as the Executive Director of the Capital Area Intermediate Unit, located in Summerdale, PA, from 1999-2007. He also served as Superintendent of Schools in the East Pennsboro Area School District in Enola, PA. Currently he is an adjunct professor at Lebanon Valley College in Annville, PA , a member of the Central Penn College Board of Directors in Summerdale, PA and serves as an educational consultant. Dr. Zehner has had an interest in school emergency planning and helped his staff members develop written procedures for natural and man-made disasters. MORE


Last summer, I sat on my bed and cried unto exhaustion.
Never had I felt so alone. So low. So completely and utterly tired from feeling so wayward. Yes, I was walking with the Lord, seeking His face, going to church, and spending time with community--but never had my sense of loneliness been so apparent.
This was about eleven months into my time in New York City. So many aspects of my life had changed abruptly. A long relationship ended. Auditions resulted in continual rejection. The four jobs I worked left my energy spent. My left knee was injured. And I was thirteen hours away from the people I loved the most--my family.
Above all, I felt that I was not being used for God's glory. That all my gifts were being wasted. And that I had no understanding of His path for me.
All seemed darkness at that moment.
I cried and cried until the tears went dry, feeling utterly defeated and alone. I wept a simple question to the Lord: "God, what do you want from me?"
Have you ever been there? That dark, lonely place of isolation and defeat where God seems so far away from you? Where the enemy has influenced your soul with eerie whispers of "You are alone"?
I would not be surprised if you have been in that place of darkness. It is a very real battle we fight in this imperfect life. The one where we believe the lie--even if just for a moment--that God simply does not care enough to intercede on our behalf. And we succomb to the untruth, even blindly. We do not realize that it is being used to destroy our hope. Our one hope in Christ.
Ladies, this lie is so heavy on my heart today because I, myself, have been blinded by its attack. If we do not expose it, it will threaten to seep its way into our minds, changing the way we view God's character. And God wants us to see through its deceit because it simply is not true.
The LIE: "Where is the good in my situation?"
When the enemy tricks us into thinking that God has abandoned us, our circumstances seem unbeatable. Now, there are some of you enduring extremely rough times, and this is not to discount their difficulties. But when we believe that we are left alone, even the smallest, most daily of blessings are overcome by attitudes of defeat.
The TRUTH: GOD IS GOOD.
He never leaves our side. His character is trustworthy, and his faithfulness stretches to the skies. Because He is good, we can trust that he uses even pain and loneliness for our sanctification. We must expose the lie by trusting that God is indeed good in all He is and does.
The LIE: "I have to figure this out for myself."
We are blinded into believing that the outcome is up to us. Satan plays on our fleshly inclination to be self-sufficient: "If God won't, then I will!" Just like Eve chose to take matters into her own hands in Genesis, so we rely on our own ability to alleviate the present darkness. I spent weeks toiling over the logistics of my circumstances and weighing my options...and it only confused me more.
The TRUTH: GOD IS SOVEREIGN.
You need not figure it out alone because He has it already solved! Psalm 26:3 says, "You keep him in perfect peace whose mind is stayed on You, because he trusts in you." Praise God for who He is, and stay your mind on Him--instead of thinking you have to solve the problem alone.
The LIE: "There is no hope in this place."
The lowest place of doubt is when we feel there is no hope left. Once the enemy has gotten us to this place, if allow ourselves to stay there, he will devour us. 1 Peter 5:8 says, "Be sober-minded; be watchful. Your adversary the devil prowls around like a roaring lion, seeking someone to devour".
The TRUTH: GOD IS HOPE.
Because death itself was defeated on the cross, we have the power of Jesus to defeat our adversary! We are told to "hold fast the confession of our hope without wavering, for he who promised is faithful" (Hebrews 10:23). It is finished! Nothing can separate us from the love of God in Jesus Christ.
"And behold, I am with you always, to the end of the age."
Let us expose this lie each and every time it tempts us to blindness. Let us hold fast to the hope that we are never alone!
Heavenly Father, You are good. You are sovereign. You are hope. We ask that You would reveal any lies that we have been blinded into believing lately, especially the lie about You abandoning us. We confess that we have doubted Your presence in difficult times. But we hold fast to our one hope in Jesus, and we proclaim victory over our circumstances! Show us the truth.
When have you believed the lie that God has abandoned you?


text:
Latin America • Mexico • North America • The Americas
Mexico's Best Kept Secret: Amazing Cenotes in the Yucatan Peninsula
Cenotes are like portals to a different world. From the surface, they may appear like nothing special, but look down and go further then you will find surreal beauty. The cenotes are sinkholes formed from collapsed limestone bedrock which exposed ground water underneath. These water pools can be partially enclosed, fully open, or completely hidden underground with nothing but a small opening on the surface. Thousands of cenotes are located in the Yucatan Peninsula and if you know where to look, you'll discover some of the best secret swimming holes in the world.
Here are some of the best cenotes in Mexico:
Cenote Calavera – near Tulum
The word calavera means "skull." Cenote Calavera (also known as Temple of Doom) was named because of the three holes on the ground that appear to be the holes in a skull. The biggest hole on the ground, about 10m in diameter, serves as the entrance to this cenote. The gorgeous colour of the water is simply inviting even as you look at it from above. When we got into the clear water, we saw the real size of the underground cavern – it was huge!
This was the site for our first swim in a cenote and truly memorable to us. After a hot day of biking around Tulum and exploring the magnificent Tulum ruins along the coast, swimming in Cenote Calavera was definitely the best way to rejuvenate. The place is also more private compared to other cenotes we visited in Mexico. We had to share the swimming hole with 5 other people at first but after a while we got the chance to have Cenote Calavera to ourselves.
RELATED POST: Beaches, Ruins and Cenotes: Bike Your Way to Tulum's Best Attractions
Apart from swimming, people visit this cenote for cave diving. We saw two divers come out of the water when we were there and they had pretty amazing stories of the cave system underwater.
How to get to Cenote Calavera:
Cenote Calavera is located along the highway, about 2km from Tulum Pueblo (main town). We went to this Cenote by bike from the Tulum archaeological site, which took us around 20 minutes.
Entrance Fee to Cenote Calavera: $80 MXN
Cenote Ik Kil – near Chichen Itza
Cenote Ik Kil is a like a hole straight into the jungle. This large cenote, about 25 meters below the surface, is draped with different vines and tree roots from above. It feels like you're swimming in another world. The water is quite clear but it is very deep. It's definitely one of the most popular cenotes in Mexico because of its proximity to Chichen Itza but it's well worth a visit.
RELATED POST: Exploring the Wonder of the World, Chichen Itza
This cenote is fully developed as a public swimming attraction, complete with changing rooms, toilets, showers and locker areas. Don't be discouraged to go, as the cenote itself still retains its natural beauty. However, expect big crowds in this cenote since it is a popular stop for tour groups that go to Chichen Itza.
How to get to Cenote Ik kil:
Cenote Ik Kil is located on the highway between Chichen Itza and Valladolid. Taking a taxi from the archaeological site of Chichen Itza costs $60 MXN.
Entrance Fee to Cenote Ik kil: $70 MXN
Cenote X'Keken (Cenote Dzitnup) – near Valladolid
Cenote X'Keken has the most impressive stalactite and stalagmite formations among the cenotes we've seen in Mexico and the turquoise water adds more to its appeal. This cenote is almost fully enclosed in a crystal-like cave and there is a small hole above which provide some natural light. Artificial lights are also installed within the swimming hole which almost makes the water sparkle. This place is also home to a lot of fish, so it's perfect not only for swimming but also for best for snorkelling.
Cenote Samula – near Valladolid
Cenote Samula provides a similiar enclosed atmosphere as Cenote X'Keken but instead of the stalactites, the highlight is a small hole on its ceiling where tree roots cascade a few meters towards the cenote. This is also source of the natural light which shines over the water. In contrast to the other cenotes in the Yucatan, there is a shallow area, almost like a small island, at the center of this cenote. The variation in water depth makes for an interesting change in colour from light turquoise to deep turquoise blue.
How to get to Cenote X'keken (Cenote Dzitnup) and Cenote Samula:
Cenote X'keken (Cenote Dzitnup) and Cenote Samula are located 3km from the town of Valladolid. From Valladolid, you can either rent a bike or take a taxi ($70 MXN). The best option (as it was cheap) is to take a collectivo to Dzitnup which costs $20 MXN per person. The collectivos are located at Calle 44, one block away from the main square.
Entrance Fee to Cenote X'keken and Cenote Samula: $35 MXN (for local) and $65 MXN (for foreigner)
Cenote Zaci – Valladolid
This massive cenote boasts stunning cave formations, flora and fauna. Cenote Zaci is one of the biggest cenotes in the Yucatan peninsula. The water is not very inviting for swimming (compared to other cenotes in Mexico) but it remains a gorgeous attraction in the heart of Valladolid.
How to get to Cenote Zaci:
Cenote Zaci is located only a few blocks from Valladolid's main square. This is one of the easiest cenotes to visit from Valladolid.
Entrance Fee to Cenote Zaci: $35 MXN. If you just want to see the cenote and don't intend to swim, you can see the place for free via the viewing point from the nearby restaurant.
Sacred Cenote – Chichen Itza
Ancient Mayans placed high importance on cenotes. The cenotes were considered a gateway to the underworld and ritual offerings have been made in these natural wonders. The Sacred Cenote, located in the archaeological site of Chichen Itza is the best way to appreciate the historical significance of the cenotes in Mexico. There is no direct access to the Sacred Cenote, but there is a view point where you can see its deep green water enclosed in limestone formations and lush vegetation. Swimming is prohibited in this cenote (I didn't find it appealing to swim here anyway just thinking of all the human sacrifices) but important dives to unveil Mayan history were done here in the past.
RELATED POST: 8 of the Best Ancient Ruins and Pyramids in Mexico
How to get to Sacred Cenote:
Sacred Cenote is located within the archaeological site of Chichen Itza. From Valladolid, you can take the second class bus, Oriente to Chichen Itza which costs $26 MXN.
Entrance Fee (Chichen Itza Archaeological Site): $220 MXN
Location Map of Cenotes in the Yucatan Peninsula, Mexico
What do you think are the best cenotes in Mexico? Have you been to any of the cenotes in the Yucatan Peninsula or other parts of the world? Let us know.
Do you want to save this post on Pinterest? Click the pin below.
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around the world travel Caribbean cenote couple couple travel Latin America love Mexico nature travel Yucatan
titi81 says:
I have never heard of these places before but they look absolutely amazing!
giakristel says:
I didn't know about the term "cenote" as well till we went to Mexico. Its beauty simply surprised me!
roamingpursuits says:
Gorgeous photos.
Dont forget to visit Los 7 Cenotes if you are in Merida!
Gia Kristel De Guia says:
Awesome! Thanks for the recommendation.
vcragain says:
I had never heard of these cenotes, but went to a resort south of Cancun a few years back, with my kids, and had a wonderful side trip to Chichen Itza & the deep cenote nearby – what a gorgeous place, the kids were in their seventh heaven swimming in the cool water – it is so-o-o-o beautiful I will never forget the experience.


text:
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Corey Feldman Would Like To Expose Hollywood's Darkest Secrets.
Posted in Nudelive.Cim
Why Isn't Anybody Listening?
Call at the leafy suburbs of Woodland Hills, California, in a okay home in a okay community, the star Corey Feldman is wandering around, saying he quickly might name the title associated with guy he says raped their like-a-brother friend that is best and regular co-star, the late Corey Haim, back 1985. He's been talking about naming this title for over seven years now. But everytime, Feldman has shied away during the minute that is last citing lawsuit fears, further ostracism and derailment of a lifetime career currently from the tracks, and possible real injury to him and his family members.
He sucks on a nicotine-filled vape, exhales a plume, falls their mind only a little and says, "I mean, I've had my entire life threatened twice within the last 6 months. "
Their spouse of 2 yrs, a high blonde named Courtney, nods. "People wish to kill him. They don't want what he's got to express to turn out. "
"i will let you know that the number-one issue in Hollywood had been and it is… Pedophilia, " Feldman says, while he frequently has. "That's the largest issue for the kids in this industry. It's the major secret. "
One feasible, obvious basis for the keeping and hiding of the big key: no body desires to read about kiddies and rape if it involves the nation's number-one supply of escapist entertainment. In 2013, Feldman went regarding the View to share the way the pedophile figures are bigger than anyone understands and can include a ring reaching up to the Hollywood elite that's been shielded for a long time by the establishment. Barbara Walters seemed at him with disbelief, fingers clasped across her stomach, and snarled, "You're damaging a complete industry, " just as if to state that Hollywood it self had been more valuable as compared to wrecked everyday lives of the few youths.
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Then there's HBO's Neverland that is leaving which two guys allege that Michael Jackson, who had been certainly one of Feldman's closest friends growing up, abused them once they had been young ones. Feldman has always stated Jackson never ever touched him inappropriately, and also at times he appeared to be protecting Jackson against accusers. After viewing 1st 50 % of the documentary, he tweeted, "This entire thing is 1 sided w no possibility of a protection from the dead guy, & no proof apart from the term of 2 males who as grownups defended him in court. " This resulted in a barrage of critique on social media marketing, however, and, several days later on, a clarification from Feldman, whom proceeded CNN to express, "I cannot in good conscience protect anybody who's being accused of these horrendous crimes. But during the exact same time, I'm additionally maybe maybe maybe not here to guage him, because, once more, he didn't do those activities if you ask me and that wasn't my experience. "
"I watched it with my spouse and son, " he claims now. "It caused us to possess concerns. It's the standard grooming procedure which they describe. Every thing had been similar to just what happened certainly to me up before the sexual component. Every Thing. He bought me presents, a Watchman television, a silver watch from Disneyland. Therefore had been he grooming me personally and I also simply never wound up being his choose? Or ended up being that simply who he had been? That's the thing that is fucking. We'll never understand. But I would personally exactly have been their kind. I happened to be adorable, blond and short. You understand? "
In what presumably took place to Corey Haim, however, Feldman does not have any doubts. "Not one, " he says — much towards the unending dismay of Haim's mom, https://www.camsloveaholics.com/nudelive-review Judy, whom states her son had been never ever raped by anyone and that Feldman says it just happened only be cause he's still jealous of her boy's success, and that he's making use of Haim's title to scam the public out of crowd-funded cash for a film about industry pedophiles that'll never have made.
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loretta.acre-84 (#1) 179 days ago Tv, Movies 1080p All http://www.youtube.com Discuss Published New Discard Success!
trailersBattlefleet Gothic: Armada is a real-time strategy video game developed by Tindalos Interactive and published by Focus Home Interactive. It is set in the Warhammer 40,000 universe by Games Workshop, being an adaptation of Battlefleet Gothic tabletop miniatures game.


text:
package LivingCreature;

use 5.006;
use strict;
use warnings;

=head1 NAME

LivingCreature class for the Alpaca book

=head1 VERSION

Version 0.01

=cut

our $VERSION = '0.01';

=head1 SYNOPSIS

LivingCreature superclass, abstract

=head1 EXPORT

speak, sound

=head1 SUBROUTINES/METHODS

=head2 speak

Speak function, takes one argument or invokes default sound

=cut

sub speak {
    my $class = shift;
    my $sound = shift;
    my ($verb, $what);
    if ($sound)  {
        $verb = 'says';
        $what = "'$sound'";
    } else {
        $verb = 'goes';
        $what = $class->sound;
    }

    print "a $class $verb $what!\n";
}

=head2 sound

The sound; dies and has to be defined in a subclass

=cut

sub sound {
    die 'You have to define sound() in a subclass'
}

=head1 AUTHOR

Benjamin Wuthrich, C<< <benjamin at example.com> >>

=head1 BUGS

Please report any bugs or feature requests to C<bug-. at rt.cpan.org>, or through
the web interface at L<http://rt.cpan.org/NoAuth/ReportBug.html?Queue=.>.  I will be notified, and then you'll
automatically be notified of progress on your bug as I make changes.

=head1 SUPPORT

You can find documentation for this module with the perldoc command.

    perldoc LivingCreature

You can also look for information at:

=over 4

=item * RT: CPAN's request tracker (report bugs here)

L<http://rt.cpan.org/NoAuth/Bugs.html?Dist=.>

=item * AnnoCPAN: Annotated CPAN documentation

L<http://annocpan.org/dist/.>

=item * CPAN Ratings

L<http://cpanratings.perl.org/d/.>

=item * Search CPAN

L<http://search.cpan.org/dist/./>

=back

=head1 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

=head1 LICENSE AND COPYRIGHT

Copyright 2015 Benjamin Wuthrich.

This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
under the terms of the the Artistic License (2.0). You may obtain a
copy of the full license at:

L<http://www.perlfoundation.org/artistic_license_2_0>

Any use, modification, and distribution of the Standard or Modified
Versions is governed by this Artistic License. By using, modifying or
distributing the Package, you accept this license. Do not use, modify,
or distribute the Package, if you do not accept this license.

If your Modified Version has been derived from a Modified Version made
by someone other than you, you are nevertheless required to ensure that
your Modified Version complies with the requirements of this license.

This license does not grant you the right to use any trademark, service
mark, tradename, or logo of the Copyright Holder.

This license includes the non-exclusive, worldwide, free-of-charge
patent license to make, have made, use, offer to sell, sell, import and
otherwise transfer the Package with respect to any patent claims
licensable by the Copyright Holder that are necessarily infringed by the
Package. If you institute patent litigation (including a cross-claim or
counterclaim) against any party alleging that the Package constitutes
direct or contributory patent infringement, then this Artistic License
to you shall terminate on the date that such litigation is filed.

Disclaimer of Warranty: THE PACKAGE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDER
AND CONTRIBUTORS "AS IS' AND WITHOUT ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES.
THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR
PURPOSE, OR NON-INFRINGEMENT ARE DISCLAIMED TO THE EXTENT PERMITTED BY
YOUR LOCAL LAW. UNLESS REQUIRED BY LAW, NO COPYRIGHT HOLDER OR
CONTRIBUTOR WILL BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, OR
CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE OF THE PACKAGE,
EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.

=cut

1; # End of LivingCreature

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


So much more than sand, skyscrapers and surfers (okay those as well), the Gold Coast's top ten beaches are pure excellence.
She's the pin-up chick for the entire Gold Coast; a long sliver of golden sand guarded by shiny skyscrapers. This is Surfers Paradise and para-dyllic she is (that's paradise and idyllic FYI). The wide boulevard lines the entire stretch and beckons walkers, skaters and cyclists alike to use its picture-perfect pathway. Saunter down on a Wednesday, Friday or Sunday night and you'll discover Surfers Paradise Beachfront Markets. A collaboration of over 100 stalls and live music, the eclectic range of goods are extensive. As are the bars, restaurants and ice-cream vendors serving drippy Mr Whippys.
HOT TIP: Make Surfers your morning objective; come 3pm the sun slinks behind the towering high-rises and things get a little shadowy.
Or 'Broadie' if you want to sound like a bonafide GC resident. As much of a hunk as Surfers Paradise, this equally good-looking beach is fun but not as loud. It boasts oodles of GC glitz, but you'll find that most locals prefer to frequent here, rather than mix with the "outta towners" down at Surfers. The ambiance is dialled down a notch or two, but relaxed doesn't mean it's dull. To the contrary, Broadbeach is sprinkled with restaurants, casinos and bars, while nearby Pratten Park boasts a large playground and free barbecues, for you know, "throwing a shrimp on the barbie" and all that.
HOT TIP: The recently refurbished Pacific Fair is just a 10-minute meander from the sand. As one of Australia's most refined shopping malls, you won't be able to resist its pulling power.
Main Beach considers itself, well, the main beach. But for good reason - there's a little bit of something for everyone here.
Situated at the northern end of the Gold Coast, sun-seekers make a beeline for the expansive golden sand, while those after a trim soy latte head to walkable Tedder Avenue, complete with its neat collection of cafes, bars and boutiques. The Spit, which is the pier-like platform extending into the sea, provides an awesome viewpoint for keen photographers, while families like to take advantage of the beach's shady park.
HOT TIP: The old bathing pavilion has been rejuvenated and transformed into a casual beach café, which is well worth a visit.
In contrast to Main Beach, Miami Beach is often overlooked. But with its wide stretch of sand, grassy banks and absence of any overbearing high rises, it's instantly lovable. There is a playground for the kids and plenty of coffee shops for all-day refreshment.
HOT TIP: Make your Miami Beach trip coordinate with the weekly Miami Marketta. Held every Wednesday, Friday and Saturday, this street-food inspired foodie event is dripping in good vibes. Grab a bite, a locally brewed beer and listen to live music. Open from 5pm.
Low key Mermaid Beach is next to busy Broadbeach and blends effortlessly into Miami. Highlights include not one, but three themed 18-hole golf courses at Putt Putt Golf Mermaid Beach, and a beach which is often, surprisingly empty.
HOT TIP: Discover an eclectic assortment of dining venues. If you're as much a foodie as you are a beach-lover, the diverse range of Asian and Australian cuisines will polish off a perfect day at the seaside.
Boasting the three Bs everyone wants out of a top-notch holiday spot: breweries, bakeries and great brunch spots. Lest we forget the biggest B of them all – beach! And a beautiful one at that. Burleigh Beach is a bit more bohemian than its sandy neighbours, with surfy pockets of coolness, which, along with the essential chilled vibes, makes it a mecca for socialising locals. You'll find a slick bunch of cafes, arcades and shops, classy restaurants and lush Burleigh Headland is a stone's throw away. With waters protected by the southern point, it's also a great beach for swimming and surfing.
HOT TIP: Fish n' chips is a must. There are plenty of options, but for something fancy, try The Fish House. The price tag screams special occasion but so do the spectacular views. For cheaper eats, Burleigh Heads Fishmongers is simple counter-service, and don't miss Rick Shores. Much talked about for its contemporary Asian flavours, the beach is just inches from the dining room.
This one's the wild card, simply because it's so different to most GC beaches, plus it's 25-minutes inland. Stripped of any east coast glitterati, it offers a more laid-back water-filled creek for lazy paddles and canoeing. With more 'small town' vibes than any other suburb, it's an all-natural, family friendly hangout with calm water, plentiful wildlife (dolphins like to pop over for a quick hooroo) and ample opportunities to paddle board, bathe or laze.
HOT TIP: A handful of shorefront businesses hire out SUP boards, whereas surfers prefer to head out to 'The Alley'. This is where the waterway meets the sea and where the best surf breaks are found.
Not to be confused with Currumbin Creek, Currumbin Beach is 20 minutes by car from its namesake creek, and offers all the expected niceties of a GC beach. A dream scene of golden sand and crystal-clear water, there are shark-netted swimming areas, parks and communal barbecues. The aforementioned Alley is just a two-minute walk away, with decent waves for decent surfers, and multiple surfing lesson schools for those just starting out. Operating most weekends.
HOT TIP: Open Friday through Sunday afternoons, Balter HQ is the brainchild brewery of four local surfer boys. Less than five minutes' drive from Currumbin Beach and located on the Currumbin industrial estate, pop over for a cold one.
It's hard to decipher where Currumbin Beach ends and Kirra Beach begins (or vice versa) but it's a delicious toes-in-the-sand stroll and a nice way to soak up the sunshine. Good walking paths and scenic views will satisfy those who are getting restless on the beach, while the R T Peak Memorial Park offers a bijou recreation area with barbecue facilities and sheltered picnic tables, perfect for those fresh out of the swell and feeling ravenous.
HOT TIP: Kirra Beach is a goodie for swimmers and beginner boarders because the waves are closer to the shore and relatively small.
Tittering on the very southern tip of the Gold Coast, once you hit Coolangatta, you're at the very end of the Queensland line. Any further, and you slip into New South Wales. It's a great place to get a shot of the very photogenic Surfer's Paradise skyline, and an even better place to surf. Those who can carve up the waves better than a dolphin with a tummy full of tuna, enjoy the spectacular surf off the northern corner of Coolangatta Beach, as well as the headland around Greenmount, and the world-class surf break that is Duranbah.
HOT TIP: To blend in with the locals, refer to Duranbah as D'Bah.
Those who can, beach. Click Here for all our Gold Coast holiday deals.


You will need you own music on a computer, phones or iPad Device. It will be April 27th at 6:00 PM.
Come spend the day in Albany and experience the Wild West. We will start at noon with a Calliope Concert and have activities all afternoon for kids and adults. We will end the night with an Albany Idol Contest. Check out our Facebook page for additional information. Albany Texas Chamber of Commerce All activities are free of charge. We will have shopping downtown, vendors and food trucks as well as our restaurants will be open.
The Blue Duck Winery will be be opened as well.


Situated in the heart of Taipei, the Hotel Quote is a quirky boutique hotel offering easy access to bustling commercial areas and sightseeing spots. The hotel has 64 guestrooms, all thoughtfully designed with modern comforts and stylish decor. The homely atmosphere in the hotel is epitomised by the H.Q Lounge, where guests can help themselves to an array of beverages and snacks 24 hours a day. The stylish 333 Restaurant & Bar is open from 11.30am until late and is a cosy place to enjoy a meal or a drink.
A genuinely interesting design-focused boutique hotel.


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Biografia
Dal 1518-1519 fu segretario del nunzio papale arcivescovo Latino Orsini, nel 1524 pubblica i Coryciana, una raccolta di poesie scelte composte a Roma in onore di un mecenate di nazionalità tedesca, Hans Goritz.

Fu anche autore dell'opera in versi Suburbanum Augustini Chisii  composta nel 1512, in onore della residenza suburbana del banchiere senese Agostino Chigi.

Il noto architetto e pittore Baldassarre Peruzzi, con il quale era stretto da una forte amicizia,  progettò per lui la villa di Monte Mario a Roma.

Fu segretario domestico sotto Papa Clemente VII, posizione che mantenne anche sotto papa Paolo III e poco prima della sua morte sotto papa Giulio III.

Paolo III lo nominò vescovo di Foligno nel 1540, ma non fu mai consacrato.

Fu sepolto a Roma nella chiesa di Santa Maria in Aquiro.

Bibliografia
Enzo Bentivoglio, Blosio Palladio di Collevecchio in Sabina nella Roma tra Giulio II e Giulio III

Collegamenti esterni
 Giada Carboni, Blosio Palladio, l'architetto e poeta inventore dei turundalia, in L'Amletico, 2022.

Vescovi di Foligno

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
Florida Fish Student Art Contest Entries Due by March 31
The deadline is fast approaching for the 2021 Art of Conservation™ Florida Fish Art Contest, hosted by the Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission (FWC). This contest is open to youth in grades kindergarten through twelfth grade from across the globe. The deadline to enter is March 31.
Students from Florida can win top honors, international recognition and prizes while learning about fish, fishing and aquatic conservation. The Art of Conservation inspires young people to get involved in the great outdoors and ignites a passion to become lifelong activists for the natural world.
To enter, artists create an original illustration of their chosen fish from the Official Fish List. Students in fourth grade and above should also submit a one-page creative writing piece based on the habitat conservation needs of their species. Artwork and essays will both be judged and awarded.
Winners will be awarded in four grade categories, K-3, 4-6, 7-9 and 10-12. Entries must be sent by Wednesday, March 31. Judging will occur in April and winners will be announced in May.
For more information about the Florida Fish Art Contest, contact Laura Rambo Walthall at 850-488-0520 or [email protected]


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Regulatory & Government Affairs
WELCOME TO MEYSAN PARTNERS
We are pleased to announce that Chambers, Partners, the world's most reputable legal directory, has upgraded Meysan Partners to Band 2 in Kuwait
Meysan Shortlisted for Kuwait Law Firm of the Year
Meysan Partners was chosen as one of six finalists for the IFLR National Law Firm of the Year for Kuwait award
Meysan Partners Expands its Presence to Lebanon
Meysan Partners, announced the launch of a new office in Beirut,Lebanon
Meysan Partners Advises the Winning Consortium for the Privatization
Meysan Partners, one of the region's leading law firms, announced today it has acted as legal advisor to the winning consortium
Meysan Secures Overwhelming Victory for Clients in Cayman Islands
Meysan Partners acted as international legal counsel to group of investors in proceedings that resulted in a landmark ruling delivered on 16 June 2020 by the Grand Court of the Cayman Islands
MORE ABOUT OUR FIRM
Meysan Partners, a Middle Eastern law firm, sets itself apart by offering high quality, innovative legal advice delivered by a team of highly-experienced Arabic and English speaking lawyers. This is underpinned by over 85 years of combined legal experience in the Middle East shared by its partners who, in recent years, have advised clients across a range of industry sectors on some of the most noteworthy and complex transactions and litigation. Read More
"Meysan Partners has proven to be the number one law firm in Kuwait. Recently expanded their work to include litigation further strengthening their position in the country." - Capital markets: Debt, investment funds.
"The finest M&A advisors in Kuwait/MENA."
"Meysan operates as if it is competing with the top law firms in New York and London, delivering smart, assertive advice and knowledge of the Middle East with a global mind-set."-- Chambers (2019)
"Chambers (2019)"
Meysan is the most sophisticated, capable and aggressive firm in the market, hands down. -- Legal 500 (2020)
"Legal 500 (2020)"
LATEST NEWS & PUBLICATIONS
Dec 01, 2020 Dechert faces renewed discovery bid in Iraqi telecoms dispute Read More
June 01, 2020 Meysan Secures Overwhelming Victory for Clients in Cayman Islands Read More
August 16, 2020 Meysan Partners Send Food Donations to Lebanon Read More
August 16, 2020 Meysan Lawyers and Legal Consultants, Kuwait, announced today that the office has launched a donation campaign by providing more than 600 boxes Read More
Corporate Meysan's Corporate Group provides integrated advice and service across a spectrum of practice areas. The Group's diverse client base includes international and regional industrial and commercial... Read More
Dispute Resolution Meysan's litigators are skilled at handling a wide range of international litigations and arbitrations for multinational and domestic financial institutions and corporations, sovereign governments... Read More
Private Clients Lawyers in the firm's Private Clients practice appreciate our clients' complex and highly personalized needs. We help our clients protect and administer family wealth and plan for the transmission... Read More
Regulatory & Government Affairs Our Regulatory and Government Affairs practice benefits from our involvement in many of the region's most significant legal reforms. As our clients' operations grow, the associated risks and... Read More
Copyright © 2020 Meysan Partners. All Rights Reserved.
Website Notice


text:
Apple's redesigned MacBook Pro with the next gen in-house chips is expected to arrive early this summer
Performance of Apple M1 chips Exceeded our expectations And by 2020 we have transformed the MacBook Air into the laptop we have used for years (even this one) The redesigned Imag did wonders). So this is not so surprising Bloomberg News This morning, Apple is preparing the entire slate of the Max using the next gen versions of the in-chips. The details are very promising.
The story comes from trusted Apple-viewer Mark Kurman, who says the company is preparing to release the redesigned MacBook Pro in 14-inch and 16-inch screen sizes "early this summer." Not only do the engines have a redesigned chassis, they also bring back the beloved magnetic Maxoff charger (although not clearly visible in any form) and previously excluded inputs such as the HDMI port and SD card slot.
Return of the SD slot to the MacBook Pro – first Rumor has it in January – Would be very welcome for many professionals who use the port to quickly transfer videos and pictures from the SD cards of the cameras. Although we have seen reports that MagSafe may be The MacBook returns to the climb, We don't know if the MacBook Pro will get it.
After the launch of the new MacBook Pros, Kurman says that Apple plans to release the "updated MacBook Air, the new low-cost MacBook Pro and the all-new MacBo workstation." According to Kourman's anonymous sources, the new chips, a high-end Mac Mini and a large iMac, all boast that they "will greatly outperform the performance and capabilities of the current M1 chips."
The chips for the MacBook Pro are said to come in two variants, codenamed "Jade C-Chop" and "Jade C-Die". Compared to the M1 chips – which have four high-performance cores, four energy-efficient cores and eight graphics cores – the new designs will have eight high-performance cores, two power-capable cores and 16 or 32 graphics cores. Bloomberg It claims to have an updated neural engine for machine learning tasks and supports 64 gigabytes of memory compared to the current 16 gigabytes for the M1.
None of this is particularly shocking. We all expect the next generation of Apple's in – chips to be "always better" (they always are, every year, in line with Apple's marketing spell), but it's even better to hear that Apple is making such a wide range – a modification of its Mac lineup. The M1 chip breathes new life into Apple's computers, what can the M2 do next?
Previous The first images of China's Mars may take a while to reach Earth
Next The Texas governor banned the masking orders of state public schools and local governments


During this time he was tasked with the establishment of WING and management of the company's integrated real estate development and investment activities.
Noah has built WING into Hungary's leading local property company, and today he is also the Chairman of RICS (Royal Institution of Chartered Surveyors) in Hungary.
He graduated from Princeton University, Woodrow Wilson School of Public and International Affairs, Princeton University – BA, and the Diplomatic Academy of Vienna – MA. He speaks English, Hungarian, French, German and Spanish.
I came for the first time in 1990. I was at Graduate school in Vienna, my roommate was a Hungarian, and I came with him. His father took us out for lunch on our first day. He asked me what I wanted and I said something that's unique, especially Hungarian, and I got fish soup and an Unicum. After I tasted this herbal, brown liquor and that spicy bowl of oily boney soup I thought, ok, good that I was here once, but this place is not for me. Years later we went out again, and on my own I ordered the same and they said, 'You see, you figured it out in the meantime'.
I think the continuous progression over the last 30 years. Over these years I think that Hungary has been a society true to its roots and its historical legacy, and has also rediscovered itself in an ongoing fashion. It's a dynamic country, one that's on an interesting development curve, and it has been exciting to be part of the changes.
I send everyone to Nagy Vásárcsarnok (Great Market Hall). Also everybody should go out at night in the 7th district, and they should go to one of the thermal baths. Budapest has unparalleled museums, both the larger better known and some of the smaller ones, so I recommend people follow their taste. As far as restaurants go there are excellent high end gastronomic offerings which I recommend, but no one should leave without having tasted kolbász and lángos.
I am a big liba töpörtyű (goose cracklings) guy.
7.What is your favourite Hungarian word?
Maholnap (literally: Today-tomorrow) recently entered my lexicon.
I like going to baseball games, and so miss that, and I like the expansiveness of America, in every way, physically, interpersonally.
I studied international politics, and always thought diplomacy or international politics is what I would do. I think in the future I still would like to be able to do something that provides an even greater opportunity to contribute to society. Not that I don't now, it is a piece of my job now, to communicate, motivate, and inspire.
When I was a student I worked in a warehouse in a factory, and I think I would avoid anything that is particularly monotonous.
In the US, in Boston, and New York, with my parents over the Christmas holiday.
Next will be on the ski slopes, but after that somewhere warm and sunny. I love to travel, and love to travel with my family, and we are lucky to be able to do that often, and our kids have travelled with us since they were small. We like to go somewhere which gives something else, something new, a change, with different smells, tastes, places, ideas. I find that very refreshing.
Band: I am very eclectic; I like a lot of music. My very first album was by Billy Joel.
Film: I am fond of saying that if you don't have time to do an MBA, there are three films that can tell you a lot of what you need to know about business: Training Day, Jerry Maguire, Oceans 11.
Hobby: I always enjoyed sports. I was a rower in college and high school. And I row now here at Csepel in the Masters 8. I enjoy the team spirit, the sport, and I enjoy being outdoors, in the elements, in another environment.
I am a big believer in the fact that people should be able to make their own personal choices right across this spectrum, whatever the social issues might be.
I work in real estate, so Buda AND Pest!
I don't know if I have a motto per se, but in my High school yearbook I wrote a quote which remains as good as any other I have come across. It basically says that a human should be able to cook a good dinner, write a poem, repair a car, build a company, care for children, cooperate, act alone, laugh at a joke, laugh at himself, program a computer, love heartily, and die gallantly. It concludes that specialization is for insects. I chose it almost 40 years ago and I still find it an excellent outlook on life.


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Why does accretion of planetesimals, in forming the planets, only work for solids?
Gases would fly off. Gases consist of atoms or molecules that are unbound. In a room, the air is free to move, being limited only by the walls which trap the gas in the room. What would hold a gas together when a few gas molecules collide? Only gravity, if the gravitational attraction between the molecules is stronger than the tendency of the gas molecules to move apart, i.e. if gravitational attraction is stronger than thermal pressure.
Liquids, like gases, are unbound atoms and molecules; however, the motion of the materials in liquids is much slower so the material takes up less volume. Typically, the motions of liquids are slow enough that walls are not needed to keep the material from dispersing (although walls of a container are needed keep gravity from distributing the liquid into the flattest possible form).
A solid contains such slow moving atoms and molecules that the atoms/molecules are bound together by the sharing of electrons. The energy of these atoms/molecules are too low to enable them to break these electronic bonds and move about freely, unbound.
Whether a material is in the gas, liquid or solid phase is determined by the ambient temperature and pressure. At standard temperature and pressure (room temperature at the surface of the Earth), water is a liquid. At the same temperature, but on the Moon, without 30 pounds per square inch of atmospheric pressure to hold moving water molecules down, water in a bucket would evaporate into the gas phase. But at the distance of Saturn, water would freeze into the solid phase.
There were no liquids in the solar nebula. Why? In an interstellar cloud, the pressure and temperature are both very low. If we were to find water molecules in the gas phase in such a cloud, and if we were to slowly cool them off, they would go directly from the gas to the solid phase, because of the low pressure. Thus, in the solar nebula, which was a small fragment of an interstellar cloud, we need only think about solids and gases.
H and He were always in the gas phase. No interstellar cloud in a galaxy can every get cold enough for hydrogen or helium to go through a phase change from gas to solid (or liquid). Light from stars in our and other galaxies, and even light from the Big Bang itself, is sufficient to keep the H and He warm enough to stay in the gas phase.
Water(H2O), Carbon Dioxide (CO2), Methane (CH4) and Ammonia (NH3). These materials are compounds of hydrogen, oxygen, carbon and nitrogen, the four most abundant materials in the universe (ignoring helium). At what tempertures would they be gases and solids in the solar nebula? Observations of comets tell us about the behavior of water. At and beyond Jupiter's orbital distance from the Sun, comets do not develop comae and tails. But once they cross to asteroid belt distances, the water ice begins to sublimate. This distance from the Sun, the distance at which water ice begins to sublimate -- or thinking about a comet receding from the Sun, the distance at which a vapor cloud around a comet would begin to freeze back as frost onto the surface of the comet -- is called the snow line. Thus, inside of about 4 AU from the Sun, if I tried to make a planetesimal (or a comet), the water ice would be unstable as a solid and would sublimate. Only outside of 4 AU could I make solids, or planetesimals that contain water! Therefore, if at 1 AU I can only make a planet out of solids, I will have little, if any, water to work with. Similarly, carbon dioxide, methane and ammonia remain in the gas phase out to much greater distances from the Sun (i.e., they don't freeze out until much colder temperatures than for water).
The Jovian advantage. Our observations of stars and galaxies reveal that 98% of everything is H and He. The other 2% is the sum total of all the O, C, N, iron, nickel, gold and all other elements put together. Now, imagine the zone in the ecliptic plane at about 1 AU from the young Sun. Herein, the Earth is forming, and for starters 98% of the mass in this zone is unusable because it is in the gas phase (H, He). Worse, the next three most abundant elements in the universe - O, C, N - readily form molecules with each other (O2, CO, CO2, N2) or with hydrogen (water, methane, ammonia). All of these easily formed molecules are volatiles - that is, they sublimate at relatively low temperatures, making them very difficult to find as solids. Consequently, most of the remaining 2% of the mass is trapped in volatile substances, trapped in the gas phase. What's left for making solids? At temperatures below about 2000 K, metal oxides (e.g., Al2O3) can condense from the gas phase; at temperatures below 1300 K slicates ("rocks" containing SiO4) can condense; below 1000 K, we start to get very common materials like iron-oxide (FeO), olivine (Fe2SiO4 and Mg2SiO4). Thus, the solids available to make the terrestrial planets were (first, where it was warmest) metal oxides [think: Mercury] and next (where it is a bit cooler) silicates and metal oxides [think: Venus, Earth, Mars]. As we move outwards from the Sun, as the temperature presumably continues to decrease, no other significant new materials are added to the mix until we add water. And we don't get water until we get out past 4 AU. But when we do pass 4 AU, we suddenly have water ice to work with. And the amount of water ice would be enormous compared to the tota mass of metal oxides and silicates. Therefore, at the present day distance of Jupiter, the process of accretion has an enormous advantage in that it has much more material in the solid phase to work with.
Forming Giant, gaseous planets. Current theory suggests that giant planets form through a two stage process, whereas the rocky, terrestrial planets require but a single step (accretion). The gas giants first undergo accretion from solids, taking advantage of the presence of icey solids in the outer solar system to accrete large 'cores' quickly. In fact, as best as we can tell, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and Neptune all have cores containing about 10 Earth masses of rock and iron, so-called 'rocky cores.' Once these protoplanets grow to about 10 Earth masses by accretion, they are capable of collecting gas using gravity. This becomes possible because the escape velocity from these protoplanets becomes greater than the thermal velocity of the gas.
So, provided there remains some gas to collect, these rocky cores sweep up all the nearby gas as they orbit the Sun. Since 98% of the gas is H and He, they will become more and more Sun-like in composition, as they sweep up more and more gas. Jupiter and Saturn did this very successfully. Uranus and Neptune appear to have failed to sweep up much gas, perhaps because there was no gas left to collect by the time their cores were big enough to begin the sweep-up process.
Forming comets. The snow line concept restricts our ideas on where comets formed, principally by defining the region inside of 5 AU as off-limits for comet formation: comets must have formed at distances form the Sun greater than 5 AU. Despite the present day existence of the Kuiper Belt and the Oort Cloud, the consensus among astronomers is that comets did not form in these locations. Rather, they formed in the giant planet zone, from 5 AU - 30 AU. Comets formed as icey planetesimals; then, they experienced close gravitational encounters with the giant planets, not close enough for them to be accreted by the giant planets, but close enough for the giant planets to toss them into dramatically different orbits. Jupiter and Saturn, being so much more massive than Neptune and Uranus, were able to toss enormous numbers of comets far out, creating the Oort Cloud. Neptune and Uranus tossed objects out into the Kuiper Belt. Many of the comets that were tossed out of the inner solar system probably escaped into interstellar space; however, gravitational forces from surrounding stars and the remaining molecular cloud out of which the Sun formed should have slowed the outward rush of some of the comets such that they went into orbit around the Sun and became the Oort Cloud.


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Q: MongoDB error to push data in mongoose schema from self define methods like generateAuthToken I'm facing a problem to push data on collection in mongodb
const mongoose=require('mongoose');
const jwt=require('jsonwebtoken');
const _=require('lodash');
const express=require('express');
const bodyParser=require('body-parser');

mongoose.Promise=global.Promise;
mongoose.connect('mongodb://localhost:27017/mydata');

var app=express();
app.use(bodyParser.json());

var UserSchema=new mongoose.Schema({
    email:{
        type:String,
        required:true
    },
    tokens:[{
        access:{
            type:String,
            require:true
        },
        token:{
            type:String,
            required:true
        }
    }]
});

UserSchema.methods.generateAuthToken=function(){
    var user=this;
    var access='auth';
    var token=jwt.sign({_id:user._id.toHexString(),access},'123abc').toString();

    user.tokens.push({access,token});
    return user.save().then((token)=>{
        return token;
    });
};

var User=mongoose.model('users',UserSchema);

app.post('/testapp',(req,res)=>{
    var body=_.pick(req.body,['email']);
    var user=new User(body);

    user.save().then(()=>{
        return user.generateAuthToken();
    }).then((token)=>{
        res.send(user);
    }).catch((e)=>{
        res.status(400).send(e);
    });
});

app.listen(3000,()=>{
    console.log(`server is

    //----------

    port:${3000}`);
});

In result email is saved but it can't push data in token and display
this type of error in postman.
{
    "name": "MongoError",
    "message": "Unknown modifier: $pushAll",
    "driver": true,
    "index": 0,
    "code": 9,
    "errmsg": "Unknown modifier: $pushAll"
}