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4-Year Microsoft Azure ZeroDay Reveals The Source Code Of Web Applications
The security vulnerability could reveal passwords and access tokens as well as blueprints for the internal infrastructure and find software vulnerabilities. Microsoft Azure Application Service has a four-year vulnerability that could expose the source code of web applications written in PHP, Python, Ruby, or Node, said the researchers, which were implemented using Local Git. According to an analysis by Wiz, the bug was almost certainly exploited in the wild as a zero-day. The company named the vulnerability "NotLegit" and stated that it has existed since September 2017.
Azure App Service is a cloud computing-based forum for hosting websites and web applications. In the meantime, Local Git enables developers to start a local Git storage in the Azure App Service container to deploy code directly on the server. Once deployed, the application will be available to anyone on the Internet under the * .azurewebsites.net domain.
The problem arises because when using Local Git, the Git folder is loaded and publicly accessible even on unpatched systems; It is located in the "/home/site / wwwroot" directory that can be accessed by anyone. According to the company, this has serious consequences for safety reasons. "In addition to the case of the source including secrets such as passwords and access tokens, leaked source code is often used for more complex attacks, such as collecting information about the RandD department, learning about the internal infrastructure and finding software vulnerabilities . ", Stated the researchers in a publication this week. "Finding susceptibilities in software is much more comfortable when the source code is available." They counted, "Basically, all an opposing actor had to do was find the '/.git' directory of the target application and get the source code."
Botched Mitigation
Microsoft initially deployed mitigation in the form of adding a "web.config" file to the Git folder within the public directory, which restricted public access; however, it turns out that this is an incomplete fix. According to Wiz, "only Microsoft's IIS web server handles web. config files." "However, if you use PHP, Ruby, Python, or Node...these programming languages are deployed with different web servers that do not handle web.config files, leaving them unaffected by the mitigation and thus completely vulnerable."
Wiz reported the lingering bug to Microsoft in October and was awarded a $7,500 bounty for the discovery; the computing giant distributed fixes to affected users via email between December 7 and 15.
Likely Exploited in the Wild
Git folders are frequently revealed by mistake due to misconfiguration, and as a result, cybercriminals are on the lookout for them, researchers warned.
"An exposed Git folder is a typical security flaw that users commit without even recognizing it," they wrote. "Malicious actors are always searching the internet for exposed Git folders from which to steal secrets and intellectual property."
Wiz set up a vulnerable Azure App Service application and attached it to an unused domain to see if it could be exploited.
"We patiently paused to see if anyone tried to access the Git files," they presented. "Within four days of deploying, we were unsurprised to see various requests for the Git folder from unknown actors....this exploitation approach is extremely simple, common, and actively exploited."
According to Wiz, the below users should assess the potential risk and ensure that their systems are up to date:
Users who deployed code via FTP, Web Deploy, or Bash/SSH, resulting in files existing initialized in the net app prior to any git deployment.
Users who depended on LocalGit in the web app.
Users who use the Git clone sequence after that to publish updates.
"Because the security flaw was in an Azure service, cloud users were exposed on a large scale, and without their knowledge or control," researchers wrote.
Airzero Sec's Cyber Security Consulting specialists have worked on various projects for a number of famous corporations for years. Use this experience as needed, whether or not it is that will help you get there or to carry out technical checks. If you have any doubt about the above topic. Airzero sec will be your digital partner.
5 Cybersecurity Trends to Watch in 2022
Here's what cybersecurity experts want information security professionals to know as we approach 2022.
Nobody could have predicted the total chaos that the cybersecurity industry would face in 2021. Record-breaking ransomware attacks, SolarWinds' supply-chain devastation, and, most recently, the discovery of Log4j by...Minecraft players. All of this would have sounded far too outlandish a year ago.
Nonetheless, here we are.
Predictions for the coming year seem audacious given the previous 12 months, so Threatpost spoke with industry experts and developed this list of the five top trends to watch in 2022.
There Will Be Increasing Government Interest, Effect in Cybersecurity
The government's interest in cybersecurity will grow, as will its influence.
SolarWinds, the Colonial Pipeline attack, malware, and privacy issues have attracted the interest of governments throughout the world, and experts agree that new legislation and investments will be implemented in the coming year.
In the months running up to the 2020 elections, governments were focused on the spread of disinformation to affect election outcomes, but other urgent national security concerns surfaced in the aftermath of significant cyberattacks on critical infrastructure. These urgent cyber risks, according to researchers, will continue to dominate government attention until 2022.
According to Jonathan Reiber, who served as the Office of the Secretary of Defense's chief strategy administrator for cyber-policy during the Obama administration and is now the senior director of cybersecurity strategy and policy at AttackIQ, the federal government is currently working to determine where resources can be most effectively deployed to shore up cyber-defenses.
Congress will most likely focus on national security risk analyses, according to Reiber.
"Trends show that the federal prioritizing debate in Congress will take the form of macro-level catastrophic risk research to manage the country's top-tier threats," he continued.
"Congress will consider how the federal government can assist in the management of systemic cybersecurity threats to the United States' economy and society, including mission-critical functions in key sectors such as healthcare, elections, and energy, building on previous research of companies across the country that could pose a strategic risk to the country if disrupted."
Social-Engineering Endures
People will still be people in 2022, and they will, for the most part, do what is easy, regardless of the impact on the security posture of the company. And cybercriminals will continue to rely on it to carry out their social engineering schemes.
Otherwise, serious people might be incredibly irresponsible during their working hours, and this is unlikely to change anytime soon.
"Everyone is responsible for cybersecurity, but few people realize how much harm their actions may inflict."
In addition to the frequently recommended user training, Wiacek urged that cybersecurity experts adapt their approach to internal communications in 2022.
"Most protection teams have a standing for saying 'no.'" Instead, they must develop a reputation for saying 'yes.' Building a good security culture involves relationships, trust, and a strong passion for the customer experience – even if that customer is John in accounting."
Jason Hoenich, vice president of service delivery and security awareness at Arctic Wolf, agreed that security teams can do more to encourage employees to back their cause.
Supply Chain is the New Ransomware
According to Ian McShane, field CTO at Arctic Wolf, the industry will begin to adjust its perspective on ransomware this year, realizing that the problem is not the ransomware itself, but rather the access point.
"We'll move our attention away from what to do after an attack and toward how to anticipate and safeguard the first line of defence with data," McShane said. The amount of supply-chain ransomware assaults is unlikely to reduce in the next 12 months, according to Deepen Desai, Zscaler's CISO and vice president of security research and operations.
McShane also recommended the industry embrace disclosures more fully.
The people who are most commonly exposed to supply-chain assault vectors are ordinary people.
In 2022, Troy Gill, senior manager of threat intelligence at Zix | App River, predicts that emails will become more targeted.
Ransomware-as-a-Service Actors Pivoting to SMBs, Prospering
Ransomware-as-a-Service, which focuses on small and medium-sized businesses, has contributed to the expansion of digital extortion, and 2022 is predicted to be another banner year for ransomware threat actors.
"Cyber attackers have created it quite obvious that they make no distinction based on the magnitude of their targets," McShane added. Small and medium-sized enterprises that are underfunded and understaffed are attractive targets for ransomware gangs since the government and large corporations invest heavily in cybersecurity.
Cybersecurity Industry Needs Better Coordination in 2022
Over the previous year, threat groups have shown their resilience by banding together to solve problems with increased cooperation. Cybersecurity? Not in the least.
"Threat actors are ready to band together for mutual success," Gill added, citing the emergence of malware-as-a-service and phishing-as-a-service. For example, when law enforcement shut down Emotet in January, TrickBot stepped in to assist "began re-seeding Emotet conditions in order to get them back up."
According to Gill, even cybercriminals' adversaries appreciate the significance of a robust ransomware market capable of perfecting their weapons and producing noise to hide behind.
"As a result, we hope cybercriminals will make even more solid working relationships in 2022 to help them continue to succeed," Gill stated. According to Ian McShane, the cybersecurity community still has work to do to enhance the overall ecosystem. This means that, among other things, larger organizations share tools.
Airzero Sec's Cyber Security Consulting professionals have worked on projects for some of the most well-known companies in the world for years. Use the information as needed, whether it's to help you get there or to perform technical checks. Please contact us if you have any questions concerning this issue.
Over 300,000 MikroTik Devices Were Found Vulnerable to Remote Hacking Bugs
At least 300,000 IP addresses linked with MikroTik devices were found to be vulnerable to a variety of remotely exploitable security issues, which the popular router and wireless ISP equipment supplier has since fixed.
According to cybersecurity firm Eclypsium's data released by The Hacker News, China, Brazil, Russia, Italy, and Indonesia had the most infected devices, with the United States ranking in ninth.
"These technologies are both robust and often incredibly susceptible," the researchers said. " As a result, threat actors have taken control of MikroTik devices for a variety of purposes, including DDoS attacks, command-and-control (also known as "C2"), traffic tunneling, and more."
MikroTik devices are an enticing target, not least because there are more than two million of them in use worldwide, providing a vast attack surface for threat actors to launch a range of attacks.
Indeed, reports surfaced earlier this September of a new botnet known as MRIs that exploited a now-addressed security vulnerability in the operating system to stage a record-breaking distributed denial-of-service (DDoS) attack on Russian internet company Yandex by using MikroTik network devices as an attack vector (CVE-2018-14847).
It's not the first time MikroTik routers have been utilized in a real-world attack. Trustwave, a cybersecurity firm, discovered at least three significant malware operations in 2018 that installed cryptocurrency miners on workstations connected to MikroTik routers that were not patched. According to China's Netlab 360, thousands of susceptible MikroTik routers were stealthily corralled into a botnet by leveraging CVE-2018-14847 to snoop on network traffic.
MikroTik devices that are vulnerable are distributed across the globe.
CVE-2018-14847 is one of four unpatched vulnerabilities identified in the last three years that potentially allow complete control of MikroTik devices. CVE-2019-3977 CVE-2019-3977 CVE-2019-3977 CVE-2019 (CVSS score: 7.5) - Inadequate validation of the upgrade package's origin in MikroTik RouterOS, allowing all usernames and passwords to be reset.
CVE-2019-3978 is a vulnerability that affects computers (CVSS score: 7.5) - Inadequate safeguards of a critical resource in MikroTik RouterOS, resulting in cache poisoning
CVE-2018-14847 is a vulnerability that affects computers (CVSS score: 9.1) - In the MikroTik RouterOS WinBox interface, there is a directory traversal vulnerability.
CVE-2018-7445 is a vulnerability that affects computers (CVSS score: 9.8) - SMB buffer overflow vulnerability in MikroTik RouterOS.
The most popular crypto mining script was identified on unprotected MikroTik devices.
As in previous attacks, business traffic may be tunneled to another location, or malicious content might be introduced into legitimate traffic.
The only devices that have been part of a botnet are MikroTik routers. Fortinet researchers reported this week how the Moobot botnet is expanding its network and leveraging a known remote code execution (RCE) vulnerability in Hikvision video surveillance equipment to launch distributed denial-of-service (DDoS) attacks using infected devices (CVE-2021-36260).
Manga aka Dark Mirai botnet operators are actively exploiting a recently reported post-authenticated remote code execution vulnerability (CVE-2021-41653) to steal TP-Link routers and co-opt them into their network of infected devices, according to a new report.
For years, Airzero Sec's Cyber Security Consulting experts have worked on projects for some of the world's most well-known companies. Use that information as needed, whether it's to assist you in getting there or to make technical inspections. If you have any queries about this topic, please contact us.
Cerber Has Been Resurrected And is Now Targeting Confluence and GitLab Servers
Cerber ransomware has resurfaced with new attack tactics. This time, it was discovered that it was attempting to exploit remote code execution vulnerabilities in Atlassian Confluence and GitLab servers.
Cerber's Name Reappears
Cerber ransomware has been targeting victims all over the world since last month. The ransomware operators were discovered to be employing both Windows and Linux encryptors.
The new ransomware variant contains no code from the previous family. It makes use of the Crypto++ library, whereas the older variant makes use of the Windows CryptoAPI libraries.
The code differences and the absence of Linux variants in older versions suggest that a new threat actor may have begun using the older versions' name, Tor payment site, and a ransom note.
The new version adds the.locked extension and creates ' $$RECOVERY README$$ .html' ransom notes.
Following successful infection, the new Cerber ransomware group demands a ransom of $1,000 to $3,000 from victims.
New Attack Strategies
The new attack targets servers by exploiting newly disclosed vulnerabilities in GitLab and Atlassian Confluence.
Cerber takes advantage of a remote code execution vulnerability in GitLab's ExifTool component. CVE-2021-22205 (improper image file validation in GitLab) and CVE-2021-26084 are the vulnerabilities (an OGNL injection vulnerability in Confluence).
The flaws can be exploited remotely without requiring authentication.
Furthermore, both vulnerabilities have publicly disclosed proofs of concept, allowing attackers to easily target servers.
The Countries Targeted
The most recent attacks have primarily targeted the United States, Germany, and China. They have even targeted Russia, demonstrating that they are not targeting any specific region.
Cybercriminals are always looking for exploitable flaws in popular enterprise software. As a result, the best defense against the recent Cerber attacks is to install the security updates for Atlassian Confluence and GitLab.
Airzero Sec's Cyber Security Consulting professionals have worked on projects for some of the world's most famous corporations for years. Use that information whenever you need it, whether it's to help you get there or to perform technical checks. Please contact us if you have any questions concerning this subject.
Crooks Inject E-Skimmers Into Random WordPress Plugins Used By E-Commerce Sites
Sucuri researchers have issued an alert about threat actors injecting credit card swipers into random plugins on e-commerce WordPress sites. During the holiday season, online scammers and threat actors ramp up their operations.
Sucuri researchers have discovered a concerning trend: threat actors are injecting e-skimmers into WordPress plugin files rather than the more closely monitored 'wp-admin' and 'wp-includes' core directories.
Researchers notice some changes to plugin and theme files while analyzing the logs of a compromised e-store.
"Attackers are aware that most WordPress security plugins include a mechanism for monitoring the file integrity of core files" (that is, the files in wp-admin and wp-includes directories). Because of this, any malware injected into these files is very easy to detect, even by inexperienced website administrators. The following logical step would be for them to target plugin and theme files." Sucuri's analysis reads as follows.
To gain persistence, attackers were able to inject a backdoor into the site files, according to security researchers. This means that even if the administrator installs the most recent security updates for WordPress and installed plugins, the attacker can still gain access to the e-store.
To gain access to the website, the backdoor obtains a list of administrators and exploits their authorization cookie and current user login.
The attackers then inject their malicious code into random plugins. Sucuri researchers noted that many of the scripts did not use standard encoding or obfuscation techniques to avoid detection.
The code analysis revealed the presence of references to WooCommerce as well as numerous undefined variables. The researchers discovered that one of these undefined variables refers to a domain hosted on an Alibaba server in Germany, which is odd given that the infected e-store was operated by a North American company.
Another file on the same site revealed the presence of a second injection on the 404-page plugin, which contained the actual credit card skimmer by employing the same approach of hidden variables in unobfuscated code. Using the same method as in the previous file, experts discovered that the e-skimming activity was carried out using two variables, '$thelist' and '$message.'
"If you run an eCommerce website, be especially cautious during the holiday season." This is when we see the most attacks and compromises on eCommerce websites, as attackers are looking to profit handsomely from stolen credit card information," the report concludes. "Use the best security practices, harden your administrator dashboard, and ideally place your website behind a firewall service!".
The experienced Cyber Security Consulting team at Airzero Sec has years of experience working on projects for some of the world's most prestigious companies. Use that knowledge whenever you need it, whether it's to assist you in arriving or to carry out technical controls. If you have any queries about the topic, please contact us. Please do not hesitate to contact us at the given email address.
ALPHV (Blackcat) is The First Professional Ransomware Gang To Use The Rust Programming Language
This week, security researchers discovered the first professional ransomware strain written in the Rust programming language and used against businesses in real-world attacks.
ALPHV ransomware was discovered by security researchers from Recorded Future and MalwareHunterTeam (or BlackCat).
The ransomware is technically the third ransomware strain written in Rust, following the release of a proof-of-concept strain on GitHub in 2020 and an experimental and now-defunct strain named BadBeeTeam later that year.
However, while they were not the first, ALPHV (BlackCat) is the first to be created and deployed in the wild by what appears to be a professional cybercrime cartel.
ALPHV (BlackCat) is advertised on underground message boards
In a threat actor profile posted today, Recorded Coming analysts stated that they believe the ALPHV author was previously involved in some capacity with the infamous REvil ransomware cartel.
Following REvil's lead, this individual, also known as ALPHV, has been advertising a Ransomware-as-a-Service (RaaS) of the same name on two underground cybercrime forums since early December, inviting others to enter and launch aggression against large corporations to extract ransom payments that can then be divided. Those who use, directed to as "affiliates," are given a version of the ALPHV ransomware to use in attacks.
They promote the capability to encrypt data on Windows, Linux, and VMWare eSXI systems, as well as the ability for "affiliates" to earn between 80% and 90% of the final ransom, depending on the total amount they extract from victims. At the time of writing, the ALPHV gang seems to be in its early stages of operation, with only a handful of victims recognized so far, according to MalwareHunterTeam.
The BlackCat gang's chosen initial entry vector is anonymous at this time, but once inside a network, they search for and steal exposed files before encrypting local systems.
In line with the tactics of most major ransomware operations today, the group also uses stolen data to put pressure on victims to pay, threatening to leak the stolen data if they don't.
At the moment, the group appears to be running multiple leak sites, each of which hosts the data of one or two victims, with ALPHV (BlackCat) creating a new one to use in new attacks. A theory is that these leak sites are instantly being hosted by the ALPHV affiliates themselves, which explains the different leak URLs.
The malware world is gradually shifting to Rust
While there were some other uncertain attempts to make ransomware in Rust last year, BlackCat is the rather one that is a real threat that businesses should be aware of.
Michael Gillespie, a malware analyst at Emsisoft and the author of dozens of ransomware decryption utilities, described BlackCat as "very sophisticated" in a tweet yesterday.
However, BlackCat is not the only experienced malware process that has changed to Rust, which is considered a more secure programming language than C and C++.
Other cybercrime organizations, such as the operators of BuerLoader and FickerStealer, took the first steps toward deploying Rust versions of their tools in 2021.
Airzero Sec's professional Cyber Security Consulting team has years of experience working on projects for some of the world's largest corporations. Use that experience whenever you need it, whether it's to help you arrive or when you're executing technical controls. If you have any questions about the topic. Please do not hesitate to contact us via the email address provided.
PHP Re-Infectors–The Malware that Keeps On Giving
We all understand why bad actors contaminate sites: financial gain, boosts in SEO ratings for their malware or spam drives and a number of other reasons explained in our post on hacker's motivations.
It beats the goal of the attack if the malware is efficiently and removed. Attackers have created some methods for saving their work, as we will examine in this post. We will also glance at how you can extract this infection from a compromised website.
What does this malware look like?
In most cases of this type of infection, we will find a modified index.php It doesn't matter if your site is not operating WordPress, the detractors will usually replace the index.php with an infected copy of the WordPress index.php file.
We usually also see hundreds or occasionally thousands of infected .htaccess files spread throughout the website directories. This is designed to prevent custom PHP files or devices from working on the site or to allow the malicious files from running in case there's some mitigation already in place.
In rare cases, the attackers will leave a copy of the actual index.php file on the server called old-index.php or 1index.php that we can rename back to index.php. In most circumstances, the infected files will have been adjusted to 444 approvals and trying to remove or clean those files directly is unsuccessful since the malware will instantly make a new infected copy.
Cleaning the infection
As we saw from the infected .htaccess, the detractors have made a list of files permitted to run on the server: about.php, radio.php, etc, containing any other PHP files from loading. These files will usually not live on the server but will run as negative processes. The persistent operating processes on the server are what let the malware automatically and instantly reinfect the site once the infection is removed.
The first step to attempt to stop the malware is to create a file from one of those names and include the following content. For example, on radio.php
<  ?php echo shell_exec("ps aux | grep -i php | awk {'print $2'} | xargs kill -9") ? >?
We can then load that file in the browser.
hxxps://yourwebsite[.]com/radio.php
You won't see any scope in the browser, but if the operation was booming, you should be capable to rename or delete .htaccess and index.php without visiting a new infected copy being made. If you are not capable of accessing the file you developed, you will need to proceed with the SSH steps below. It is essential that some malware may not re-create the infected files directly, and you would like to load your site a pair of times, studying for the reinfected files after each attempt.
Once you have verified that the files are not moving to return, you will require deleting the remainder of the infection.
Persistence via WordPress core files
If the malware is still current, it is possible that the re-infector lives somewhere in the core WordPress files. One way we continually see is a modified wp-includes/plugin.php file planned to re-create the index.php and..htaccess
After releasing that content, the index.php and .htaccess should be opened and you can move with washing those files along with the rest of the condition. Though plugin.php is a standard point of attack, we have seen parallel code on other core files.
One choice you have is to return all the core site files with fresh documents and reinstall your themes and plugins. Some reinfections are laboriously obfuscated and are scheduled to remain well hidden. It is also not unusual for the assailants to upload fake plugins to the wp-content/plugins directory that will not be visible from the wp-admin.
Proceeding via ssh
If earlier attempts to clean the infected index.php or. htaccess have been unsuccessful, you may require gaining SSH access or loading a Cpanel airport to check running processes.
Run the top command and encourage the 'c' key to expand the output of "ps -aux" and examine for anything strange there. Often these issues will reveal something like this:
wp-content/uploads/2021/lock360.php
Or this:
wp-includes/l.php
In this case, we can see the function operating with PID 664739 and we can kill that approach.
If the offending method was liable for playing index.php, you should be able to rename the file without visiting a new copy dropping in, and you should be capable of proceeding with cleaning the remainder of the infection.
Dealing with memory-based malware
In rare cases, the malware will live in php-fpm memory. If index.php is always being re-created after the overhead steps have been finished, run top and check for the presence of php-fpm.
Though this usually will not correct the problem, you can attempt to clear OPCache. Develop a file in the site's document root named opcache.php:
Opcache improves the PHP version by storing pre-compiled writing bytecode in shared memory, thereby releasing the need for PHP to load and parse scripts on each request. Because of this, malware can persist in Opcache after being cleaned from the site files or database. You can then test that in the browser and this should attempt to flush the Opcache:
hxxp://yourwebsite[.]com/opcache.php
If Opcache is not allowed, or pardon that did not fix the issue, php-fpm will require to be restarted. You may require a sudo pass to re-start the benefit. However, if there are numerous sites on the server, then they resolve all needs to be cleaned, otherwise, they will reinfect each other.
Please note that renewing the service will break all active sessions in all sites–there isn't any way to target a distinct php-fpm pool for these goals. Restarting php-fpm will also rely on the Linux allocation in use and the specific version of the service. If the malware is still there, we will need to investigate further.
Though attackers are always examining new ways to infect sites, there are some common steps you can take to minimize those infections.
Put your website after a firewall.
Regularly adjust all admin passwords associated with your site. This has the admin dashboard, Cpanel/FTP, ssh, and email. Read our blog post on the method of making certain passwords.
Keep all plugins, themes, and your CMS up to date at all times. remove any unnecessary plugins or themes–attackers are always on top of new and undiscovered vulnerabilities.
Airzero Sec's Cyber Security Consulting backs your organization with years of expertise functioning on projects for a few of the world's largest organizations. tap into that experience on-demand to assist your arrival or as you execute technical controls. If you've got any doubt regarding the topic. Don't hesitate to contact us through the given email.
Mozilla Patches High-Severity Vulnerabilities in Firefox, Thunderbird
Mozilla released security updates for the Firefox browser and Thunderbird mail customer to handle multiple vulnerabilities, as well as many bugs, rated giant severity.
Firefox 95 began rolling out to users at the beginning of this week with the new RLBox isolation technology inside, which suggested improving protections from web attacks by sandboxing complex sub-components. The browser refresh also contains patches for 13 vulnerabilities, including six that have a severity rating of high. Some of these patches were also incorporated in Firefox ESR 91.4 and Thunderbird 91.4.0. If successfully manipulated, the most powerful of these safety errors could permit an attacker to run arbitrary code within the context of the weak application, which could guide to full system compromise. The first of these high-severity exposures could result in the mark URL being exposed during navigation when asynchronous operations are performed (CVE-2021-43536). Another one is a heap cushion overflow generated by the "incorrect style conversion of sizes from 64bit to 32bit integers". Mozilla also fixed a potential spoofing invasion where the full screen and pointed lock notification would be ignored when ordering both (CVE-2021-43538), and a use-after-free generated by the GC not outlining live pointers (CVE-2021-43539). Mozilla shipped patches for these four high-severity exposures to Firefox, Firefox ESR, and Thunderbird users. Further, it managed a high-severity use-after-free flaw in Firefox for macOS. The browser maker also removed patches for high-severity, remembering the bugs that were seen in the previous iterations of its applications, along with fixes for several medium- and low-severity vulnerabilities. Looking to raise comprehension of these exposures, the U.S. Cybersecurity and Infrastructure Security Agency on Wednesday gave an advisory to promote associations to apply the available patches as soon as possible. "Mozilla has published security updates to address susceptibilities in Firefox, Firefox ESR, and Thunderbird. An attacker could exploit some of these vulnerabilities to take control of a manufactured system," CISA notes.
Airzero sec's Cyber Security Consulting backs your organization with years of experience working on projects for some of the world's largest organizations. Tap into that expertise on-demand to help your projects or as you implement technical controls. If you have any doubt about the above topic. Don't hesitate to contact us through the given email.
Microsoft And Github OAuth Implementation Vulnerabilities Lead To Redirection Attacks
Exposures in Microsoft and others' famous OAuth2.0 performances direct to redirection aggression that bypass most phishing detection answers and email security explanations.
large-scale incursions targeting hundreds of users to client tenants,and the numbers increase daily.
Most of the phishing URLs were using Microsoft's Azure backgrounds to host the phishing attacks, making them look more legitimate.
The noticed campaigns contain, among others, Outlook Web Access phishing, PayPal login phishing and credit card harvesting.
Real attacks targeting Microsoft's OAuth implementation
When analyzing data and finding large-scale targeted attacks using modi operandi, will discuss them in detail later in this blog post. The attacks use dozens of distinct Microsoft 365 third-party applications with malicious redirect URLs defined for them. They've successfully targeted hundreds of users of client tenants, and the numerals keep growing daily.
All the third-party applications were existing paid through a Microsoft URL with a missing response_type query parameter, with the purpose to redirect unsuspecting users to additional phishing URLs. Most of the phishing URLs were manipulating Microsoft's Azure domains to host the phishing episodes, creating them to examine fairer. The phishing kit used in these invasions was sheathed in a serious dive by Security here.
The witnessed campaigns contain, among others, Outlook Web Access phishing, PayPal login phishing and credit card harvesting—and these campaigns are still alive and growing.
How Microsoft implements OAuth 2.0?
OAuth 2.0 is a widely adopted protocol for authorization. When creating an OAuth application, creators must register their applications in the OAuth provider's framework to get a unique application id, and as part of this approach, they deliver their redirect URI. The OAuth provider shifts the user with the authorization response to the redirect URI.
There are many additional OAuth 2.0 flows. A redirection attack needs one of the following flows: Approval code flow, Implicit flow, and the Hybrid flow, which combines both the Authorization and Implicit flows.
Microsoft's implementation of OAuth 2.0 relies on the Microsoft identity platform endpoint, or the older Azure AD endpoint, for authenticating users before the authorization process.
The relevant OAuth flows begin with a user browsing to the authorization URL, which is located at the /authorize endpoint under the right API URL.
At this point, users will need to authenticate themselves, and then authorize the application's permissions.
How to break the valid flow?
The normal chain of events of the OAuth protocol elaborates on top of things once all the desired question parameters are present and hold a legitimate worth. Then, the user is redirected to an attacker-controlled redirect universal resource locator once clicking a legitimate-looking universal resource locator happiness to Microsoft and distinguishing itself through one in all the Microsoft authentication endpoints.
Microsoft, by design, sends error responses to the applications to send a universal resource locator in order that the application contains a likelihood to handle them. Along with the fact that specific values certainly question parameters will trigger a slip-up right once authentication, Microsoft's style alternative makes a redirection attack attainable. an assaulter will therefore craft a special universal resource locator using one in all the mechanisms we'll describe later during this post, and send that universal resource locator to potential victims through email or the other means of communication.
We'll present completely different MOs, every beginning with a legitimate Microsoft-owned universal resource locator followed by a redirection by Microsoft itself to an attacker-controlled universal resource locator with the lowest user interaction throughout the flow:
Once the response_type question parameter is missing or contains a non-relevant value, the user is going to be redirected by Microsoft right once authentication. the subsequent diagram illustrates a universal resource locator clicked by a user, with the response_type parameter missing from the URL:
The official documentation states that this situation could be caused by any scope belonging to a "resource that's invalid as a result of it doesn't exist, Azure AD can't realize it, or it's not properly organized."
If all the question parameters are valid, and also the user gets to the consent screen, clicking the "Cancel" button will cause the user to be redirected to the attacker-controlled universal resource locator.
The third case, which is not an instantaneous redirection, poses a dangerous threat. During this state of affairs, clicking on the "Accept" button can provide the malicious application access to the user's resources, whereas clicking on the "Cancel" button can send the user to the malicious send universal resource locator of the application. The latter scenario will result in a whole new set of threats—think of document phishing, forcefully downloading a malicious file, or maybe chaining the redirection with another vulnerability to deliver a very completely different threat.
Breaking a different Microsoft login system
All the previously mentioned redirection MOs also are offered underneath this login system. A considerable difference is that within the case of this URL format, the redirections happen even before the authentication method. this implies that once mistreatment of the previously mentioned ways for redirecting the innocent user in conjunction with this URL format, the user won't even get an opportunity to log in, and therefore the redirection, by Microsoft itself, can happen as presently because the user clicks the maliciously crafted URL.
Breaking OAuth flow for different providers
Other OAuth suppliers additionally suffer from similar open redirection vulnerabilities. GitHub, a popular, git-based code hosting service, that is additionally owned by Microsoft, permits users to form OAuth applications that alter and improve workflows. exploitation GitHub because the identity provider to manifest users against, anyone will register an OAuth application whereas supplying a redirect uniform resource locator which may be a malicious phishing uniform resource locator.
After registering your app and getting your client_id, there are multiple error situations within which GitHub, by design, can send users to the malicious send URL:
Once the redirect_uri query parameter differs from the application-defined uniform resource locator, users are redirected to the uniform resource locator outlined for the app. meaning attackers will target users to click on consent uniform resource locators embedded with any legitimate uniform resource locator to cause a redirection to a distinct malicious URL.
the user enters the consent page with success however rejects access to the application, they're going to even be sent to the redirect uniform resource locator. though it's dangerous to observe, the uniform resource locator is mentioned at the rock bottom of the consent page, with the text "Authorizing can send to:" Note that the text doesn't mention that additionally canceling can send users to the send uniform resource locator.
Although the application with the malicious send uniform resource locator is suspended by GitHub, users can still be redirected to the malicious uniform resource locator.
Our researchers couldn't notice similar OAuth redirection vulnerabilities. However, there are multiple non-erroneous redirections flows within which a user is tricked into a phishing page:
Registering a sign-in OAuth application with a malicious redirect uniform resource locator in Google's framework needs no verification by Google. the subsequent example uniform resource locator can cause Google to send the user, right when authentication, to the malicious send uniform resource locator, with no further consent screen popups:
A lot of severe cases of open redirection were found within the admin consent flow for marketplace applications. Any legitimate marketplace application is used, and everyone that's required is that the app's symbol.
After an admin user clicks on the link and authenticates, the consent screen of that application can seem. If the admin clicks on the "Cancel" button, Google can send the admin to the malicious uniform resource locator equipped, even if this uniform resource locator doesn't match the application's outlined, redirect the uniform resource locator.
Effective mitigation techniques
Phishing is less complicated with covert redirection attacks that exploit OAuth implementation vulnerabilities and use legitimate Microsoft domains. These attacks will fool even the foremost tech-savvy users. different OAuth providers' implementations that we've discovered, like Google or LinkedIn, show that there are higher ways that of error handling to keep the OAuth framework safer.
One way is to redirect the user to the provider's domain with a close rationalization of the error. If forwarding the user to the developer's redirect URL is important, it is often done in a secure manner to scale back the danger of phishing innocent users. Effective mitigation techniques are presenting the user with a clear warning that they're effort this application, implementing a protracted delay before automatic redirection of the user or forcing the user to click on the link before the redirection.
Phishing innocent users remain the foremost prosperous attack technique to compromise user credentials and breach your organization's network within the method. Email security systems are helpless against these attacks. By abusing OAuth infrastructure, these attacks deliver malicious emails to their targets undiscovered. Such attacks on PayPal will cause thieving of economic data like credit cards. Phishing attacks on Microsoft will cause fraud, theft, and additional.
Phishing URL domains
Below is a list of all the URLs we observed malicious applications using to redirect users:
102871.z13.web.core.windows[.]net/redirect.htm
59328.z13.web.core.windows[.]net/redirect.htm
bewaio.z13.web.core.windows[.]net/redirect.htm
apqiuz.z13.web.core.windows[.]net/redirect.htm
cdoiaioa.z13.web.core.windows[.]net/redirect.htm
csadawzq.z13.web.core.windows[.]net/redirect.htm
cwasdcawz.z13.web.core.windows[.]net/redirect.htm
zoopqp.z13.web.core.windows[.]net/redirect.htm
7172981.z13.web.core.windows[.]net/redirect.htm
cijuaiu.z13.web.core.windows[.]net/redirect.htm
38e1-138-199-58-114.ngrok[.]io/informationssk
66d0-185-91-121-4.ngrok[.]io/informationssk
769b-216-131-110-210.ngrok[.]io/informationssk
c578-143-202-163-94.ngrok[.]io/informationssk
f1e7-185-108-106-250.ngrok[.]io/informationssk
ff99-185-245-84-32.ngrok[.]io/informationssk
www.lifetivate[.]com/wp-admin/js
tuffgigmusic[.]com/imdmlm/pp
tuffgigmusic[.]com/immmnf/pp
tuffgigmusic[.]com/immmnn/pp
tuffgigmusic[.]com/impho/pp
i12313212111478.blogspot[.]com
i8974541122.blogspot[.]com
i98742138576.blogspot[.]com
id2021serviceupp.blogspot[.]com
montana.co[.]ke/pp
persiken[.]com/in
How Airzero Sec can help?
Airzero Sec can help you identify, prevent and remediate the troubles from such attacks across email, web, and the cloud with the latest technologies. If you have any doubt about the above topic. Don't hesitate to contact us.


A detailed profile of this northern Japanese hunting breed with many names including Ainu Dog, Ainu-Ken, Ainu Inu, Hokkaido Dog, Hakkaidoken.
The Hokkaido or Ainu Dog is one of the traditional breeds of Japanese dogs along with the Akita, Shiba and others. Includes photographs.


text:
La specialità della Getto del peso femminile dei campionati europei di atletica leggera 2022 si è svolta il 15 agosto all'Olympiastadion di Monaco di Baviera, in Germania.

Podio

Situazione pre-gara

Record
Prima di questa competizione, il record del mondo (RM), il record europeo (EU) e il record dei campionati (RC) erano i seguenti.

Campione in carica
La campionessa europea in carica era prima della manifestazione sportiva:

La stagione
Prima di questa gara, gli atleti con le migliori tre prestazioni dell'anno erano:

Risultati

Qualificazioni
Le qualificazioni si sono disputate a partire dalle 11:20 del 15 agosto. Accedono alla finale le atlete di ogni Gruppo che raggiungono la misura di 18,60 m () o almeno le 12 migliori performance ()

Gruppo A

Gruppo B

Finale
La finale si è disputata alle ore 20:38 del 15 agosto.

Note

Campionati europei di atletica leggera 2022
Getto del peso ai campionati europei di atletica leggera

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


Whether you call them groundcovers, creepers, or spillers, most gardeners are on the lookout for low-growing plants that will cover some ground.
You don't have to have a large backyard, a tractor, or even a tiller to grow great summer flavors. See which herbs and vegetables Charlie is growing in his planter this summer.
Many plants that look beautiful in the garden can quickly get out of hand and become an overgrown mess.
We are so blessed to live in the South. In the month of March, we witness many of Mother Nature's miracles as annuals, bulbs, perennials, trees, and shrubs break dormancy and begin to flower.
Why not do something a little different this year for Valentine's Day? Personalize an arrangement using colored wire and spell out or shape a sentiment that will be original and make your gift special for the one you love.
After the holiday season is over, most of us have an empty basket or two around the house. Take a look at how you can easily transform one with living plants.
Are you dreaming of a white Christmas with a thick blanket of snow covering the ground? If you really want a white Christmas, decorate your home using birch, white candles, ornaments, and flowers for an elegant look.
As Thanksgiving approaches, it is a great time to gather with family and friends to celebrate the harvest season and all of our many blessings. Take a look at these three simple ideas that can help you transform your dining or serving table into an interesting and appealing work of art.
In a large chocolate terracotta bowl-shaped container we mixed up a colorful combination of autumn hues. Keep reading to learn how you can make your own fall planter.
You often hear people say they want a shiny new car, but you don't ever hear anyone say they want a shiny new garden. In fact most people want their new gardens to immediately look established and aged.
Late summer gardening can be tough. Gardeners don't want to be outside and plants are just hanging on. However, if you and your garden can endure these difficult times, September and October will bring cooler temperatures and a pretty garden.


text:
Spotlight Message
During Elementary School District 159's March Board of Education meeting, Woodgate students, parents, Faculty Members, Administration Team and community members celebrated the revealing and dedication of Woodgate's new Science Lab. To preserve "sea life" and explore the science of Oceanography, the lab presents as a large aquarium in which students can envision themselves below the ocean's surface.
The lab is colorfully and meticulously decorated in Woodgate's school colors with vivid sea life that appears to be actually "swimming" around the classroom! "The students and Staff absolutely love it!" exclaims, Dr. Antonia Hill, Woodgate's Principal. "The lab looks as if the class is positioned within an aquarium in which actual sea creatures are swimming around them! What a fantastic space to learn and engage in." The new lab is equipped with the latest technology and equipment. Students and Staff are already enjoying the new lab and look forward to a fun and engaging time, under the sea!

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Could someone please help, am I missing something?
I have downloaded the trail version of Pixelmator and am happy with everything (it is very similar to Photoshop CS6).
But when I try to fill a selected area or colour I cannot find how to fill with custom pattern.
On the pro version it is there insert/effects/fill/pattern.
I like the format that the standard version is in because its very similar to Photoshop CS6.
I don't think that Classic Pixelmator has a pattern fill. There are still ways to achieve the effect, though.
If you create your pattern on one layer and have the object you want to fill on another you can use either Mask or Clippling Mask.
1. Use your preferred selection tool to select your shape.
2. In the layers pallette, right click on your pattern layer and select 'Add Mask'.
A mask will be created in the shape of the selection.
1. Put the layer with the pattern above the shape to be filled.
2. In the layers pallette, right-click on the pattern layer and select 'Create Clipping Mask'.
The lower layer will hold transparency information and the upper RGB info.
Cheers, I'll have a go.
You guys had this convo right when I was researching the topic. Like, 3 minutes after st3f posted the answer.
I used Clipping Mask. Worked like a charm. Even learned I could move the background image around.


text:
Q: $C^1$ eigenvectors of a Jacobian Matrix. Let $F: \mathbb{R}^2 \longrightarrow \mathbb{R}^2$ be a $C^2$ function given by
$F(u,v)=(F_1(u,v),F_2(u,v))$.
   Assume that the Jacobian matrix
$$ DF(u,v)=\begin{pmatrix}
  \frac{\partial F_1}{\partial u}(u,v) & \frac{\partial F_1}{\partial v}(u,v) \\
  \frac{\partial F_2}{\partial u}(u,v) & \frac{\partial F_2}{\partial v}(u,v)
\end{pmatrix}$$
has two real and distinct eigenvalues $\lambda(u,v)<\mu(u,v)$. I have seen in the literature that a right eigenvector of $DF(u,v)$ associtated to $\lambda$ ( let's say $r_{\lambda}(u,v)$  ) may be chosen so $r_{\lambda}$ vary smoothly with $(u,v)$ (at least locally), but I don't realize how this can be proved. Thank you for your help in advance!

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


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