While the majority of the balls shown on the following pages are from your editor's collection, most of the photos are courtesy of Jim Hagenbuch of Glass Works Auctions and Jeff Wichmann of American Bottle Auctions.
1. Medium yellow amber, very rare, with three sizes of embossed circles around entire ball, often referred to as the "nickle-dime-quarter" ball. 2. Medium yellow amber with a series of horizontal lines on the side and "dots" on front and back. Sometimes called the "stars and bars" ball. 3. Aqua with a series of horizontal lines on the side and "dots" on front and back. Sometimes called the stars and bars" ball. Aqua is rare.
4. Amber, embossed on this side, "Bot Of Jas. Bown & Son, 136 Wood St., Pittsg. Pa." 5. Same ball as 4, but other side embossed: "Manufacturers and Dealers In Fire Arms" 6. Cobalt blue, embossed in center band, "Bogardus' Glass Ball Patd. Apl 10, 1877"
7. Medium yellow amber, blown in a 5-piece mold. (A 3-piece mold is standard.) 8. Medium cobalt blue, blown in a three-part mold. 9. Medium apricot puce, diamond pattern with blank center band and a ground lip.
10. Amber, six horizontal bands. 11. Cobalt blue, six horizontal bands. 12. Yellow olive, "Ira Paine's Filled Ball Pat. Oct. 23, 1877" embossed around center. Paine balls could be purchased empty or filled with feathers.
13. "Bogardus' Glass Ball Patd Apr 10 1877" around center band, often called the "Hobnail Bogardus". 14. Clear glass with a faint olive tint, blown in a two piece mold. While not particularly valuable, this is a very uncommon ball. 15. Yellow amber, blown in a three piece mold.
16. Called a pitch ball, this hollow ball is embossed on the base with "SEPT 19 1879 (?) MARCH 9 1880" in a circle around "CTB PAT (—) CO." on three horizontal lines. 17. Detail: This is a standard sized ball, assumed to have been made by the Composition Target Ball Co. of Greenville, Pa. This is a relatively uncommon ball. 18. Deep emerald green, "Bogardus' Glass Ball Patd. Aprl 10, 1877" around center band. This is the variant with the number "8" in a diamond above the letter "A" in April. Other numbers are also found in that diamond.
19. Yellow amber, "Ira Paine's Filled Ball Pat. Oct. 23, 1877" embossed around center. 20. This is an extremely rare purple ball (similar to 23/24 below), a one-of-a-kind which sold from the Alex Kerr collection in 2007 (and resold in 2010), until a second example surfaced in 2012. This J.H. Johnston ball from Pittsburgh was offered by American Bottle Auctions, and is embossed with 26 words. 21. Yellow with amber and olive tone, "Bogardus' Glass Ball Patd. Apr 10, 1877" around center band. This is the variant with the number backward "6" in a diamond above the letter "T" in Pat..
22. Amethyst color, three piece mold with circle around base. 23. Embossed on the front in five lines is: "FROM / J.H. JOHNSTON / GREAT WESTERN GUN WORKS / 169 SMITHFIELD ST. / PITTSBURGH, PA." 24. Embossed on the back, in six lines, is: "RIFLES SHOTGUNS / REVOLVERS AMMUNITIONS / FISHING TACKLE / CHOKE BORING REPAIRING / & C. / WRITE FOR PRICE LIST." This rare ball comes in several colors.
25. Embossed "C.G. PURDY'S BULLS (EY)E," with flat sides. (The "EY" part of the mold has been filled in. "PAT'T APP'D FOR" is embossed in a circle, on the base. This is a very unusual and very exciting ball. This ball sold for $8,000 in October, 2008. 26. The shape, the embossing, the company name and brand name all add up to a very unique piece. So far, only two examples are known (to me). Alex Kerr had one. The Purdy ball and its trap are not to be confused with the Purdey gun company of London, England. 27. The Bogardus name is synonymous with target balls; in fact, some English collectors refer to all glass balls as "Bogardus balls" as some people refer to all preserving jars as "Mason jars."
28. "C. BOGARDUS' GLASS BALL PATd APR *10th 1877" is embossed in a circle on the base only! The pattern isn't the usual quilting with a center rib, but instead is quilted with 1/8-inch diamonds all over except the 1 1/4-inch clear area on the base, where the embossing is located. (*Date may also read without the "th".) 29. A side view of ball No. 28. The "C" here is short for "Capt." Very rare, and it also is found in green. 30. The balls patented by Capt. Adam H. Bogardus were very popular in the late 1800s, and likely were made by many glasshouses both in the U.S. and in England. Among the reasons to collect Bogardus balls is the wide array of colors these balls come in.
31. This is the very rare "Shooting Gallery" ball. It is embossed "FROM BOGARDUS & CO. SHOOTING GALLERY 158 SOUTH CLARK ST. CHICAGO" in a 2-inch circle on the base. The rest of the three-piece-mold ball is quilted. Around the mouth, in a circle, is "BOGARDUS GLASS BALL PAT'd APR 10 77." 32. Same as #31. This is an extremely desirable ball for several reasons: It has eye appeal; the quilted pattern is different; base-embossed balls are unusual; it has an address; it has the Bogardus name; it says SHOOTING GALLERY; and it's from Chicago, a hub of serious glass collectors. 33. "Liddle & Kaeding Agents" is embossed in a circle on one side of this very rare ball likely made by the San Francisco Glass Works. There are two known examples: In 1977, these two balls were discovered while workers were digging in Marysville, Calif., during downtown redevelopment. Liddle & Keading were San Francisco gun merchants, located at 418 and/or 538 Washington St. Another version of this ball comes in amber.
34. This extremely rare ball is embossed "Sure Break / Patent / Apl'd For." Also shown in picture #35. 35. The unusual ball has three series of concave panels around the ball. There are at least two different molds; the ball with sharper corners perhaps is the rarer version.
So far, it has been found only in amber. 36. Embossed "PATD SEPT 25th 1877" in a circle about a half-inch down from the neck. The patent calls for the ball to be rolled in sand, but this example wasn't. It is found in a variety of colors, and is a very desirable ball.
37. Ira Paine's balls also come in a variety of colors, and with some variation to the embossing. Paine patented perhaps the first ball trap, a rubber-band device not unlike a slingshot. 38. Ira Paine died Sept. 10, 1889, in Paris, where he was performing at the Follies Bergeres. "One evening after leaving the theater, being overheated, he drank a few glasses of cold beer in rapid succession. He was attacked with strangulated hernia, and the most heroic measures taken by his physicians were of no avail, and he expired in great agony after an illness of 48 hours," reported a period newspaper. 39. I know nothing about this ball, marked "SAGOR" on the center band, except that in 35 years, it is the only one I've ever heard of. But rarity doesn't always translate to desirability, since no one knows what "Sagor" means. In fact, it may not be an American-made ball.
40. A very rare hobnail-pattern target ball; embossed on a small lower panel is: "Patent Applied For." 41. This ball is totally quilted except for a circle about 11/2 inches wide on the base. In that circle, in a circle, is embossed "From F.G. Hopkins, St. Jo. Mo." In small letters, in a small, tight circle around the neck is embossed: "Bogardus Glass Ball Patd Apr 10 (obliterated)". 42. The bottom of ball No. 41. In small letters, in a small, tight circle around the neck is embossed: "Bogardus Glass Ball Patd Apr 10 (obliterated)." This is a very rare ball.
43. This ball is embossed "C NEWMAN". In 1876, Carlton Newman was the co-founder of the San Francisco Glass Works. A relatively rare ball. 44. This is an extremely uncommon color for a target ball. It likely is a cousin to the ball often found in amber or topaz, and they almost always have a ground mouth —that's very rare in target balls 45. Target balls occasionally are offered by unknowing dealers as Christmas ornaments, and in fact were used as such. This ball has, in gold paint, "Millie Lines, 1892," and has a metal spring inserted into it.
46. Is this ball a target ball? It has a horizontal rib pattern similar to others, but is just a hair smaller than known balls, and is in clear; most early balls were amber or blue. 47. The Bogardus name is very popular with collectors, who also appreciate the wide spectrum of mold designs and colors available. 48. Is this ball a target ball? It is the right size, has a quilted pattern similar to other balls, but is clear, has an odd neck, and the only one known so far in my 35 years of collecting.


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American Go E-Journal » Columns
The Power Report (Part 2 of 3): Iyama defends Honinbo title; Fujisawa defends 5thHollyhock Cup
by John Power, special Japan correspondent for the E-Journal
Iyama defends Honinbo title: The fourth game of the 73rdHoninbo best-of-seven title match was held at the Hotel Hankyu Expo Park in Suita City, Osaka Prefecture, on June 12 and 13. Yamashita Keigo 9P, the challenger, who had white, took the initiative in the fighting on the first day and went into the second day with a slight advantage. But on the evening of the second day he flinched in the face of an all-out do-or-die challenge by Iyama Yuta (or Honinbo Monyu) and in a flash his lead was upset. He resigned after 189 moves. Iyama had now won three games in a row, so Yamashita faced a kadoban. Incidentally, this is the third year in a row that this hotel was scheduled to host a Honinbo game, but on the previous occasions the match ended before it reached the hotel.
The fifth game was played at the Konjakutei inn in Aizu Wakamatsu City, Fukushima Prefecture, on June 30 and July 1. Playing white, Iyama secured a resignation after 228 moves and won the match 4-1. As in the previous game, Yamashita played well and seemed to have the initiative in the middle-game fighting on the second day, but when he launched an attack there was a chink in his armor; Iyama seized the opportunity to unleash a fierce counterpunch that Yamashita was unable to handle. He fought on until he ran out of options.
The prize money is 30,000,000 yen (about $278,000). Iyama has now held the Honinbo title for seven years in a row, so he has matched the record of Sakata Eio (16th to 26th terms); his next goals will be the nine-in-a-row posted by Takagawa Shukaku (7th to 15th terms), then Cho Chikun's record of ten in a row (44th to 53rd). This is Iyama's 52nd title. He is in fourth place after Cho Chikun (74), Sakata Eio (64), and Kobayashi Koichi (60), but in his tally of big-three titles (19) he is second only to Cho (29). Also, he has won 41 top-seven titles, just behind Cho's record of 42.
Like the venues for the first and second games, the venue for the fifth game has a connection with the Meiji Restoration 150 years ago. The restoration of imperial rules was made possible by the victory of the clans supporting the restoration over those supporting the Tokugawa shogunate. After an attack by Imperial forces on Edo, the last shogun, Yoshinobu, surrendered in May 1868, but the Aizu clan, which supported the Tokugawas, continued fighting. The imperial army attacked Aizu Wakamatsu in October and the city surrendered in early November. The most famous incident in this part of the war was a mass suicide of 19 teenaged Aizu samurai in the White Tiger Corps when they concluded (prematurely) that their side had lost. This episode has been very popular in literature and film. For details of the war, check out "the Boshin war" in Wikipedia and for the suicide "the Byakkotai." The players visited the White Tiger graves to make offerings the day before the game.
Fujisawa defends 5th Hollyhock Cup: The games in the 5th Aizu Central Hospital Women's Hollyhock Cup best-of-three were held in the space of eight days. The first two games were held in the Konjakutei, a traditional Japanese inn, in Aizu Wakamatsu City in Fukushima Prefecture with just one rest day between them; the score was a tie, so the deciding game was played at the Nihon Ki-in in Tokyo after a break of four days. Xie made a good start in her bid to seek revenge for her loss to Fujisawa last year when she pulled off an upset win in the first game, but Fujisawa fought hard to take the next two games, thus defending her title.
Game 1 (June 15). Xie (W) by resig.
Game 2 (June 17). Fujisawa (W) by resig.
Game 3 (June 22). Fujisawa (B) by resig.
Fujisawa won the inaugural term, so she has now won this title three times. By my count, this is her eighth title. First prize is 7,000,000 yen (close to $65,000).
(Note: Until the third term, this tournament was a knock-out, with the previous winner starting out in the final stage and the final being just one game. Last year the final became a best-of-three, with the winner to defend the title this year. It has taken two years to transform the title to the usual challenger format.)
Tomorrow: Kyo makes good start in Gosei; Kobayashi Koichi wins tournament for senior players; Ryu wins seat in 2018 Samsung Cup; Yamashita leads S League; Cho U keeps lead in Meijin League; Promotions; Obituary: Nishigami Yoshihiko 9P
The Power Report (Part 1 of 3): Japan eliminated in LG Cup; China wins 8th Huanglongshi Cup; Japanese team comes 6th in Chinese B League; Nannami Nao wins Senko Cup
Japan eliminated in LG Cup: The first two rounds of the 23rd LG Cup were held at the Konjiam resort in Gwangju City in Korea on May 28 and 30. This is a large-scale tournament, with 32 players in the first round, so I'm going to give mainly just the results of Japanese players here (I plan to give full details from the quarterfinals on when they are played). Despite making the final in the previous term, Iyama Yuta was eliminated by a player who's a new name to me. However, Shibano Toramaru (left) made up for it by beating a previous winner of the Samsung Cup. Apparently this success attracted a lot of attention among Korean fans discussing the tournament on a chat site. However, he ran into the world's number one player in the second round. Shibano lamented that his score against Park Jeonghwan is now 0-4, but he was happy about his first-round win.
The makeup of the participants in this tournament reflects the status quo in international go: 16 Chinese players, 11 Korean, and just four Japanese, with the last player being from Chinese Taipei. The fierceness of the competition is frightening. Besides Iyama, two other semifinalists from the 22ndCup, Xie Erhao and Ke Jie, were also eliminated in the first round, as was all-time great Lee Sedol and the winner of the recent TV Asia tournament, Kim Jiseok.
In this tournament, the winner of the nigiri chooses the color, and the influence of AI was seen in the fact that most players chose white, as the AI programs "think" the komi gives white the advantage. Actually, white won just over half the games: 13 out of 24.
Round 1. Zhao Chen'u 6P (China) beat Iyama Yuta 9P (Japan) by resig.; Yang Tianxin 6P (China) beat Ida Atsushi 8P (Japan) on time; Ichiriki Ryo 8P (Japan) (B) beat Zhong Wenjing 6P (China) by resig.; Shibano Toramaru 7P (B) beat Tang Weixing 9P (China) by resig.; Jiang Weijie 9P (China) (W) beat Yi Sedol 9P (Korea) by resig.; Weon Seongjin 9P (Korea) (W) beat Ke Jie 9P (China) by resig.
Round 2. Kang Tongyun 9P (Korea) (B) beat Ichiriki by resig.; Park Jeonghwan 9P (Korea) (B) beat Shibano by resig.
China wins 8th Huanglongshi Cup: The second round of this women's team tournament for five-player teams from China, Korea, and Japan was held in Taizhou City, Jiangsu Province in China from June 5 to 8. The star of the first round was Li He 5P of China, who won five in a row before losing to O Yujin 5P of Korea (Nyu Eiko of Japan won the first game – see my report published on April 17 for more details). The result of the first round was that China had four players left, and Korea and Japan two each. In the second and concluding round, the stars were the world's number two woman player, Choi Jeong, who won three in a row, and Yu Zhiying of China, the world's number one, who beat Choi in the final game.
Game 8 (June 5). O Yujin (Korea) (W) beat Ueno Asami 2P (Japan) by resig.
Game 9 (June 5). Zhou Hungyu 4P (China) (W) beat O Yujin by resig.
Game 10 (June 6). Fujisawa Rina 4P (Japan) (B) beat Zhou by resig.
Game 11 (June 6). Choi Jeong 9P (Korea) (B) beat Fujisawa by resig.
Game 12 (June 7). Choi (W) beat Rui Naiwei 9P (China) by resig.
Game 13 (June 8). Choi beat Wang Chenxing 5P (China) by resig.
Game 14 (June 8). Yu Zhiying 6P (China) (W) beat Choi by 4.5 points.
Japanese team comes 6th in Chinese B League: In China, much of the action in go is to be found in the A, B, and C Leagues, in which teams are sponsored by cities or regions or by corporations. This year, too, a four-player Japanese team, officially called the China-Japan Friendship Team, took part in the 16-team B League and performed creditably by taking 6th place, an improvement on its 11th place last year (the top three teams are promoted into the A League). The league was held from June 11 to 20 in Wuxi City in Jiangsu Province, with each team playing eight matches (presumably it was a Swiss System tournament). The Japanese team won two matches 3-1, lost one 1-3, and drew the other five. Individual results were: Shibano Toramaru 5-3, Ida Atsushi 3-5, Yo Seiki 4-4, and Kyo Kagen 5-3.
Nannami Nao wins Senko Cup: Occasionally there's a title match for women players that doesn't feature Fujisawa Rina and Xie Yimin. That was the case for the 3rd Senko Cup, in which the finalists were Mannami Nao 3P (left) and Nyu Eiko 2p. The game was played at the Guesthouse Akekure in Higashi Omi City, Shiga Prefecture, on July 15. Taking white, Mannami forced a resignation after 180 moves. This is the 32-year-old Manami's first title — the Senko Cup is a good one to start with, as it has the top prize money for a women's title of 8,000,000 yen (about $74,000). I hope it's not sexist to say that her results have been good since her marriage to Ida Atsushi 8P earlier this year. Nyu missed out again in her second title match, but one consolation is that the second prize of 4,000,000 yen is almost as much as first prize in some other women's titles. (Just for the record, Mananmi beat Fujisawa in the second round of the main tournament, which starts out with 16 players, and Xie was beaten by Yashiro Kumiko in the first round.
Tomorrow: Iyama defends Honinbo title; Fujisawa defends 5th Hollyhock Cup
The Empty Board: Philosophical Reflections on Go #8
by William Cobb
Go is like life, but it's not like every part of life. Take war, for example, or a political election. You may have certain sorts of respect for your opponent in such cases, but you don't really wish them well. Not only do you want to defeat them, you want to put them in a place where they won't be a threat in the future. Go is not like this. Instead of wanting to permanently defeat them, you want your opponent to become stronger since that will make for more interesting games. Of course, you hope to become stronger at the same time. Both players are primarily interested in becoming better players. Winning games is part of the path to that end, but so is losing games. Just winning is not the goal we have in playing this game. It is very frustrating to find yourself having to play an opponent who cannot possibly win (being say, ten ranks weaker than yourself in an even game—like in one of my Dragon Go games at the moment). I don't want to just win; I want to become a better player. Playing even games against much weaker players does not help me learn to play better. And it doesn't help the much weaker player either, who just gets demolished and has little idea why. I'm happy to help much weaker players by playing handicap games. Those are a teaching process and something we all can benefit from. We should all try to do our share of playing on both sides of handicap games. My main point here is that while I don't want my opponent to win this game, I do want to have a good challenge and to learn something, and that is more important than winning. Of course, I enjoy winning, but go is an odd game in this regard. I have no interest in leaving my opponent completely devastated. I want my opponent to become stronger so I can do so as well. Please, show me my weaknesses so I can correct them. That's why the loser so often says, "Thank you for the game."
photo by Phil Straus; night vision photo art by Chris Garlock
Categories: Main Page,The Empty Board
AlphaGo vs. AlphaGo; Game 20: A new move and an old joseki
AlphaGo vs. AlphaGo Game 20 starts off with an "AlphaGo move," one of the moves the AI originated that has since become popular among human players. That's followed by a joseki that's been around for hundreds of years, giving Michael Redmond 9P "a chance to compare it with play by the great masters from the Golden Age of go" in his latest AlphaGo video commentary, hosted by the AGA E-Journal's Chris Garlock. Things are fairly peaceful until the middle game, "when things get a bit confusing," Redmond says, "and it gets exciting at the end." Plus, this game is a very rare example of the result being different depending on which rule-set you use.
Categories: Main Page,Redmond Reviews
The Power Report (4): Korea wins Tiantai Mountain Cup; Kyo wins Gratitude Cup; Kyo to challenge for Gosei; Xie to challenge for Hollyhock Cup
Wednesday June 13, 2018
Korea wins Tiantai Mountain Cup: The 7th Tiantai Mountain Shenran Yangfan Cup World Women's Team Tournament was held in Taizhou City in Zhejiang Province in China from May 10 to 12. The venue and the dates are the same as last year, as is "Tiantai Mountain" in the name, but the sponsor seems to have changed. To be honest, I have no idea what "Shenran Yangfan" means, and the Net didn't help. Three-women teams from China, Korea, and Chinese Taipei compete in a three-round Swiss. For the second year in a row and the fourth time overall, Korea won the tournament, but the difference from last year is that it lost a match, so the margin of victory was just one win. Japan started badly, losing to Chinese Taipei and Korea, but then it managed to beat China. Two players, Yu Zhiying of China and Kim Chaeyeong of Korea, won all their games. Results and points table are given below.
Round 1 (May 10). Chinese Taipei beat Japan 2-1; China beat Korea 2-1.
Round 2 (May 11) Korea beat Japan 3-0; China beat Chinese Taipei 3-0.
Round 3 (May 12) Japan beat China 2-1; Korea beat Chinese Taipei 3-0.
1st) Korea: 2-1 (individual tally 7-2)
2nd) China: 2-1 (6-3)
3rd) Japan: 1-2 (3-6)
4th) Chinese Taipei: 1-2 (2-7)
Kyo wins Gratitude Cup: The 9th Gratitude Cup was held in Ise City on May 14 and 15. This is an unofficial tournament open to players 30 or under. It consists of fast games played by the NHK format. In the final, Kyo Kagen 7P (B, at right) beat Yo Seiki 7P by 2.5 points to win this tournament for the first time. First prize is 3,000,000 yen. In the play-off for 3rd place, Ichiriki Ryo 8P (B) beat Xie Yimin, Women's Honinbo, by 13.5 points.
Kyo to challenge for Gosei: The play-off to decide the challenger for the 43rd Gosei title was held at the Nihon Ki-in in Tokyo on May 17. Kyo Kagen 7-dan (W, left) beat Motoki Katsuya 8-dan (left, in photo at right) by resignation and so will make his first challenge for a top-seven title. At 20 years five month, he is the youngest-ever Gosei challenger. Motoki lost the Gosei play-off for the second year in a row. Kyo won't find challenging Iyama Yuta easy, but he could well be in the best form of his career: his record so far this year is an impressive 17 wins 1 loss. The single loss was to Xie Ke 5P in the Chunlan Cup in China, so in Japan he is undefeated (he also scored 7-0 in the Gratitude Cup, reported on above, but it is an unofficial tournament, so these wins are not included in his tally). Kyo commented that he would like to relieve Iyama of some of the burden of his septuple crown. The best-of-five begins on June 23.
Xie to challenge for Hollyhock Cup: The semifinals and final of the 5thAizu Central Hospital Women's Hollyhock Cup were held at the Konjakutei inn in Aizu Wakamatsu City in Fukushima Prefecture on May 19 and 20. In the semifinals on May 19, Xie Yimin, Women's Honinbo, (B) beat Hoshiai Shiho 2P by resig. and Yoshida Mika 8P (W) beat Tamura Chiaki 3P, also by resig. In the final, played the next day, Xie (B) beat Yoshida by resig. Xie will meet the titleholder, Fujisawa Rina, in the best-of-three title match and will try to regain the title she lost to Fujisawa last year. So far, the two have met in six title matches, and Fujisawa has won four of them. The first two games of the title match will be played at the Konjakutei on June 15 and 17. The third game, if needed, will be played at the Nihon Ki-in on June 22.
Promotions: To 4-dan: Fujisawa Rina (50 wins; as of April 22); To 8-dan: Matsumoto Takehisa (150 wins; as of May 11).
Retirements: Takamizawa Tadao retired as of May 31. Born in Nagano Prefecture on July 20, 1938, Takamizawa became a professional in 1955 and reached 6-dan in 1976. After retiring, he was promoted to 7-dan.
Kitani Yoshimi 2-dan retired as of May 31. Born on July 23, 1952, she became a disciple of Ozaki Harumi 8-dan. She qualified as a professional in 1975 and was promoted to 2-dan in 2013. After retiring, she was promoted to 3-dan.
Obituary: Yasuda Yasutoshi 9-dan died on May 2. Cause of death was not given. Born on March 1, 1964, in Fukuoka Prefecture, he became a disciple of Oeda Yusuke 9P. became 1-dan in 1980 and reached 9-dan in 1998. He was well known as a teacher and developed new teaching methods, including using go as a therapeutic tool with the senile and the handicapped.
Categories: Japan,John Power Report
AlphaGo Zero vs. AlphaGo Lee: Game 2
Michael Redmond 9p, hosted by the AGA E-Journal's Chris Garlock, reviews the second game of the new AlphaGo Zero vs. AlphaGo Lee series. "In this game, AG Zero has black," Redmond notes. "This is the 20-block version of Zero, and it's pretty unique, especially in the way it plays with black: it really likes to play the 3-3 points. Zero likes to take territory up front and then reduce its opponent's moyo, but it does so in a different way. In fact, the opening techniques used by Zero have become quite popular among some young professionals, showing AG's effect on the game, which I'll be talking about."
Click here for Redmond's video commentary, and see below for the sgf commentary. To support this content, please consider joining or renewing your membership in the American Go Association; click here for details.
Video produced by Michael Wanek and Andrew Jackson. The sgf files were created by Redmond, with editing and transcription by Garlock and Myron Souris.
Categories: Main Page,Master/AlphaGo Commentaries,Redmond Reviews
AlphaGo vs. AlphaGo; Game 19: Big difference between mostly dead and all dead
"As usual in these AlphaGo-AlphaGo games, you'll be wondering which group is going to die," says Michael Redmond 9p in his June 1 AlphaGo video commentary, hosted by the AGA E-Journal's Chris Garlock. "But, also as usual, they all come back to life, and the game is pretty close." "There's a big difference between mostly dead and all dead," said Meijke Balay, picking up on "The Princess Bride" reference in the video. "Mostly dead is slightly alive." "Feels like my favorite so far," adds Zak Smith, "even though I might feel this way after every video."
The Power Report (3): Kim wins TV Asia; Iyama takes lead in Honinbo title match
Kim wins TV Asia: The 30th TV Asia Cup was held at the Mayfield Hotel & Resort in Seoul from May 1 to 4. The tournament was won by Kim Ji-seok 9P of Korea; he beat last year's winner, Na Hyeon 9P, also of Korea, in the final. Kim has long been one of the top players in Korea, but this is only his second international victory, following on his win in the 19thSamsung Cup in 2014. First prize is 2,500,00 yen (about $23,000).
Results follow (I don't have full details for some of the games).
Round 1. (May 1) Kim Ji-seok 9P (Korea) beat Fan Yunruo 6P (China); Park Junghwan 9P (Korea) (B) beat Shida Tatsuya 7P (Japan) by resig.; (May 2) Fan Tingyu 9P (China) (W) beat Iyama Yuta 9P (Japan) by resig.
Round 2. (May 2) Kim beat Park; (May 3) Na Hyeon 8P (Korea) beat Fan.
Final (May 4) Kim (W) beat Na by 2.5 points.
Iyama takes lead in Honinbo title match: The 73rd Honinbo title match got off to a start in mid-May. Iyama Yuta, also known as Honinbo Monyu, has held the title for six years in a row. A successful defence will bring him level with Sakata Eio for the third best winning streak in this title (Cho Chikun won ten in a row and Takagawa Shukaku nine). Hoping to stand in Iyama's way is the challenger, Yamashita Keigo, who held the title for two terms before losing it to Iyama. Yamashita has not won a top-seven title since 2012, which will give him added motivation. This year is the 150th anniversary of the Meiji Restoration, which led to the opening up of Japan to the world and the beginning of its rise to major-power status. This year some of the playing venues are being selected with that in mind. The first game was played at the Meirin Gakusha in Hagi City, Yamaguchi Prefecture, on May 15 and 16. Hagi was the main city of the Choshu clan, one of the four "outside" clans (that is, not allied with Tokugawa Ieyasu when he founded the Tokugawa regime) that played a major role in bringing about the restoration. The Meirin Gakusha is an elementary school that was built on the site of a school for the children of clan leaders called Meirinkan. It is associated with some of the intellectual leaders of the restoration movement. The elementary school was closed four years ago, and the building became a tourist site, with historical displays and a museum.
Yamashita drew black in the nigiri. The game featured complicated fighting from early on. Although Iyama played skillfully in rescuing some groups that had come under severe pressure, Yamashita used his attack to take a very small lead. He wavered a little in the endgame, but managed to hang on and score a half-point win. This loss put an end to Iyama's winning streak in title matches of 17 games (he just failed to match his personal record of 18).
The second game (above) was played in the Nijo Castle in Kyoto (Kyoto is one of the few Japanese cities laid out as a grid; Nijo, which runs from east to west, means Second Avenue). The castle was built in 1603 for the first Tokugawa shogun, Ieyasu, and was used by shoguns visiting Kyoto. Moreover, the famous castle games were played at the Nijo Castle until 1626. The Honinbo title-match game was set up as a recreation of the castle games. It was played on May 23 and 24 in the main audience room. The mayor of Kyoto took the place of the shogun, sitting in an elevated part of the room where the shogun would sit. The players, dressed Japanese style, played in the lower part of the room. (Later in the game, they changed to suits and moved to an ordinary playing room.)
The game started out with Iyama (left), playing black, taking territory and Yamashita building a moyo. Initially, play was more peaceful than in the first game, but fierce fighting started as Iyama moved into White's moyo. Iyama took the lead, putting so much pressure on Yamashita that he had to play riskily. Eventually, White lost a group and resigned after 171 moves.
The third game (middle right) was played in the former Japanese restaurant Kaneyu (left) in Noshiro City, Akita Prefecture on June 2, 3. The name of the venue may seem a little strange. It's an historical building which formerly housed a Japanese restauran t; when that went out of business, it was donated to Noshiro City, which uses it as a tourist attraction. (It has no connection with the Meiji Restoration, having been built in 1890 and rebuilt in its present form in 1937.) This game was played on a Saturday and a Sunday, which in one way might seem natural but is actually very unusual. Taking white, Iyama forced a resignation after 244 moves, so he now leads the match 2-1. The fourth game, which is scheduled for June 12 and 13, will be crucial for Yamashita. If Iyama wins, the match could be over very quickly, so Yamashita's good start would go to waste.
Part 3 of 4; tomorrow: Korea wins Tiantai Mountain Cup; Kyo wins Gratitude Cup; Kyo to challenge for Gosei; Xie to challenge for Hollyhock Cup
The Power Report (2): Kisei S League starts; Xu of China wins Globis Cup; Yo keeps Honinbo seat; Shibano wins Japan-China Ryusei
Kisei S League starts: The S League of the 43rd Kisei tournament got off to a start on April 19, with all six members in action. This is a small league, so it's important not to stumble at the beginning.
Results to date:
(April 19) Yamashita Keigo 9P (W) beat Cho U 9P by resig.; Kyo Kagen (Xu Jiayuan) 7P (B) beat Takao Shinji 9P by resig.; Kono Rin 9P (B) beat Ichiriki Ryo 8P by resig.
(May 10) Kyo (B) beat Cho U by resig.; Yamashita (B) beat Kono by resig.
(May 24) Takao (W) beat Ichiriki by resig.
The last game above completed the second round. Yamashita and Kyo have made good starts with two wins each, but the previous challenger, Ichiriki, has got off to a disastrous start with two losses.
Xu of China wins Globis Cup: The 5th Globis Cup was held on the Tokyo campus of the Globis Management Graduate School from April 20 to 22. In the final (left), the 18-year-old Xu Jiayang 6P (right) of China beat the 19-year-old Shin Minjun 7P of Korea. Playing white, Xu won by 1.5 points. He earned a prize of 3,000,000 yen (about $27,700). The best results for the host country were the quarterfinal places earned by Fujisawa Rina 3P and Yo Chito 4P. Fujisawa picked up a win over Xie Ke 5P of China; taking black, she won by resignation. The 18-year-old Xie is a formidable player, having recently challenged (though unsuccessfully) for the Chinese Tianyuan title and having reached the best eight in the Chunlan Cup, so Fujisawa had reason to be pleased with her win. Actually this was her 50thwin as a 3-dan, so it earned her promotion to 4-dan. In the quarterfinals, she was eliminated by Shin Jinseo 8-dan, winner of the previous Globis Cup.
Yo keeps Honinbo seat: The second play-off to decide who would be the fourth player to retain his seat in the Honinbo League for the upcoming 74thterm was held on April 23. Taking white, Yo Seiki 7P beat Ida Atsushi by 1.5 points. This was Yo's fourth Honinbo league but the first time he kept his place. Ida had started off with four straight wins and looked a good bet to become the challenger, but, including his two play-off games, he then lost five in a row. This is not often mentioned, but membership of a league will earn you enough in game fees, win or lose, to secure your livelihood for the year, so league seats are very valuable.
Shibano wins Japan-China Ryusei: The 4th Japan-China Ryusei play-off was held in Beijing on April 29. Shibano Toramaru 7P (Japan) (W) beat Ke Jie 9P (China), at present the world's number two, by resig. This is Japan's first win in this play-off. Although the 18-year old Shibano is a rising star in Japan, probably not many fans expected him to win this game. It's undoubtedly the biggest win of his career so far. Shibano's results in April had not been very good. He commented: "I was not expecting much from this game. That may, on the contrary, have been good, as I was relaxed." First prize was 3,000,000 yen (about $27,500).
Part 2 of 4; tomorrow: Kim wins TV Asia; Iyama takes lead in Honinbo title match
The Power Report (1): Kobayashi Koichi receives decoration; Go Seigen Cup; Cho U retains sole lead in Meijin League
Kobayashi Koichi receives decoration: In the spring honors list, announced on April 28, Kobayashi Koichi became the 27th go player to receive a decoration from the Japanese government, being awarded the Medal of Honor with Purple Ribbon. Aged 65, Kobayashi holds three honorary titles, the Kisei, Meijin, and Gosei. He was a late starter, not winning his first big-three title, the Meijin, until he was 33, but he went on to win 60 titles, including the Kisei eight years in a row, the Meijin seven years in a row, eight times in all, and the Gosei six years in a row, nine times in all. His only major failure was not winning the Honinbo title, despite challenging three years in a row.
Go Seigen Cup: The first Wu Qingyuan (Go Seigen) Cup World Women's Championship is a new tournament for woman players founded by Fuzhou City in Fujian Province in honor of its most famous son, at least in the go world. The rounds up to the final were held from April 26 to May 1. Twenty-eight players took part; of these eight were from Europe and American and they played a preliminary round, with the top four entering the main tournament. This was an irregular knock-out with five rounds, but with eight players seeded into the second round. The finalists are two Korean players, Kim Chaeyoung 3P and Choi Jeong 9P. The final will be held in July. Four Japanese players took part. Two reached the quarterfinals, but were eliminated there. However, Ueno Asami 2P will probably remember fondly her win against Rui Naiwei 9P.
Cho U retains sole lead in Meijin League: Some important games have been played in the 43rdMeijin League since my last report. The results are given below.
(April 16) Yo Seiki (Yu Chengqi) 7P (W) beat Murakawa Daisuke 8P by resig. Yo raised his score to 2-3 and Murakawa dropped to 1-4.
(April 26) Takao Shinji 9P (W) beat Shibano Toramaru 7P by resig. This was Shibano's first loss; he lost his chance of drawing level with the league leader, Cho U, who was in lone first place with 4-0. Two players followed him with just one loss: Shibano and Hane Naoki 9P, both on 3-1.
(May 3) Cho (B) beat Shibano by resig.; Kono Rin 9P (B) beat Yo by resig.
(May 10) Murakawa (B) beat Takao by 2.5 points.
(May 24) Hane (W) beat Ko Iso 8P by resig. This game concluded the 6th(May) round. Cho U keeps the lead, on 5-0, with Hane in second place on 4-1. They are followed by two players on 3-2, Kono and Shibano. At present, it seems likely one of these four will be the challenger; the only other player theoretically still in the running is Yamashita on 2-3.
Part 1 of 4; tomorrow: Kisei S League starts; Xu of China wins Globis Cup; Yo keeps Honinbo seat; Shibano wins Japan-China Ryusei
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


180 Collection. Stainless steel case and bracelet. Black dial with silver tone luminous hands and hour markers. Date display. Eco Drive movement - powered by light. Charges in Sunlight or Indoors. 180 day power reserve with full charge. Low Charge Indicator. Time Reset Advisory. Water resistant to 100m. Push Button Deployment Buckle. Case measures 25mm diameter by 9mm thick.


text:
\section{Introduction}

Magnetic fields are observed in a wide range of astronomical scales: from the entire galaxy and giant molecular clouds
\citep{1996ARA&A..34..155B, 2001SSRv...99..243B}, to smaller molecular clouds with low-mass star formation and protostellar disks \citep[see, e.g.,
][]{2008Ap&SS.313...87G, 2001ApJ...561..871H, 2004Ap&SS.292..239W}, to circumstellar disks where they drive outflows, jets, and the accretion onto the central
star \citep[see, e.g.,][]{2007prpl.conf..277P, 2009ApJ...691L..49S, 1998ApJ...492..323G}. Magnetic fields have been discussed as playing an important role in
star formation \citep[see, e.g.,][]{2009MmSAI..80...54G}. In general, they can influence the contraction timescale, the gas-dust coupling, and the shape of
cloud fragments, and they host jets and outflows \citep[see, e.g.,][]{2007ARA&A..45..565M}.\\
In the dusty envelopes around young stellar objects, polarization of background starlight due to dichroic extinction and thermal emission by non-spherical dust
grains is the most important signature of magnetic fields \citep[see, e.g.,][]{2000prpl.conf..247W, 2008Ap&SS.313...87G,  1999AAS...194.4714C}. The dust grains
become partially aligned to the magnetic field, with their long axes perpendicular to the magnetic field lines \citep[see, e.g.,][]{2007JQSRT.106..225L}.
The thermal emission of the dust grains thus becomes polarized, with a polarization direction perpendicular to the magnetic field, projected onto the plane
of sky. Additionally, the light of background stars that shines through the star-forming region becomes polarized by dichroic absorption by the dust grains.
Here, the resulting polarization maps directly trace the magnetic field lines, projected onto the plane of sky \citep[see,
e.g.,][]{2000prpl.conf..247W}. Such polarization observations allow an assessment of the relative importance of uniform and tangled magnetic fields: A high
level of polarization, uniform in direction, indicates a well-ordered field that is not significantly tangled on scales smaller than the beam size, i.e., a
magnetic field that plays an important role in the evolution of the local density structure during the star formation.
\\
A very good environment for studying the role of magnetic fields is given in low-mass star-forming regions, so-called Bok globules. These objects are less
affected by large-scale turbulences and other nearby star-forming events. Bok globules are small in diameter ($0.1-2$~pc), simply structured, and are relatively
isolated molecular clouds with masses of $2-100$~M$_\sun$ \citep{1991ApJS...75..877C, 1977PASP...89..597B, 1985prpl.conf..104L}.\\
Given the sensitivity of millimeter/submillimeter (sub-mm) telescopes that allow for polarimetric observations, the thermal emission of the dust grains,
observable in the sub-mm, traces the densest, central part of a Bok globule. The less dense, outer parts are traced with polarized observations of
background starlight that is dichroicly absorbed and observable in the near-infrared (near-IR)~/ optical. Thus, multiwavelength observations that
combine sub-mm, near-IR, and optical polarization observations reveal the magnetic field geometry from the smallest to the largest scales of the Bok globule.
So far, there have only been about two dozen sub-mm polarization observations of Bok globules, while only about half a dozen of these show ordered magnetic
field structures \citep{2009ApJS..182..143M, 2010ApJS..186..406D}. The majority of the sub-mm polarization observations show tangled field patterns, an
indicator for negligible magnetic fields. Contrary to that, the near-IR and optical observations of \citet{2011AJ....142...33A}, \citet{2013ApJ...769L..15S},
and \citet{2000A&AS..141..175S} revealed ordered field structures in the less dense, outer parts, indicating dominant magnetic fields in these parts of low-mass
star-forming regions. Motivated by this, we performed a polarization study of Bok globules with two morphologically different globule types: B335 and
CB68 are simply structured, small globules, whereas CB54 is a more complexly structured, larger Bok globule. In this work, we present polarization observations
in the optical and near-IR of the three Bok globules B335, CB68, and CB54, combined with archival sub-mm and optical
observations, for the first time.\\
We start with a description of the sources and the selection criteria in Section~\ref{sec:description}. In Section~\ref{sec:obs} we describe the observations,
and in Section~\ref{sec:datared} the data reduction. In Section~\ref{sec:polmap} we analyze the polarization maps, and in Sects.~\ref{sec:Bfield}
and~\ref{sec:CO} we discuss the magnetic field and the correlation between the magnetic field structure and the CO~outflows. In Section~\ref{sec:summary} we
discuss the observability of the gap regions between the sub-mm and near-IR observations that we find and summarize our results.

\section{Description of the sources}\label{sec:description}
Our aim is to observe the polarization structure and, by this, the magnetic field structure on a wide range of scales with as few external influences as
possible, e.g., nearby star-forming activity or reflection nebulae. This restricts us to isolated and compact Bok globules with available archival sub-mm
polarization maps that show regular magnetic field structures. Additionally, the globules ought to have a high number of potential background stars in the
particular wavelength range and to be observable from sites with access to optical or near-IR polarimeters. We applied these selection criteria to
the
legacy catalogs of the $350~\mu$m~polarimeter, Hertz, at the Caltech Submillimeter Observatory \citep[CSO,][]{2010ApJS..186..406D} and the
$850~\mu$m~polarimeter for SCUBA, SCUPOL, at the James Clerk Maxwell Telescope \citep[JCMT,][]{2009ApJS..182..143M} and find that these criteria are satisfied
only by the three Bok globules B335, CB68, and CB54.\\
{\bf B335} is a Bok globule at a distance of only $\sim100$~pc \citep{2009A&A...498..455O}, and it accommodates one of the best-studied low-mass protostellar
cores \citep[see, e.g.,][]{2003ApJ...596..383H, 2005ApJ...626..919E}. Its protostar drives a collimated bipolar outflow with a dynamical age of $\sim3\times
10^4$~yr \citep[see, e.g.,][]{1993ApJ...414L..29C}. The dense core in B335 is generally recognized as the best protostellar collapse candidate, and the emission
from different molecular lines has been  successfully modeled in terms of an inside-out collapse \citep{1977ApJ...214..488S} with an infall age of $\sim10^5$~yr
and a current protostar mass of $\sim0.4$~M$_{\sun}$~ \citep[see, e.g.,][]{1995ApJ...448..742C}. A total envelope mass of $\sim4$~M$_{\sun}$\ within a radius of
$1.5\times10^4$~AU was derived from sub-mm observations by \citet{2003ApJ...592..233W}.\\
{\bf CB68} is a globule in a distance of only $\sim160$pc \citep{1997A&A...326..329L}. It is remarkable for the very high percentage of polarization near
850~$\mu$m \citep{2000ApJ...542..352V}. The small core of CB68 with a mass of $\sim0.9$~M$_\sun$ and a diameter of $0.03$~pc is just below the critical size
scale of $0.05$~pc, identified as the diameter where there is a break in star formation processes and below which there is a coherent core
\citep{2000ApJ...542..352V}.
Roughly perpendicular to its bipolar CO~outflow, there is an elongated structure seen in both dense gas and dense dust, indicating a pseudodisk
\citep{2003ApJ...588..910V}. Sub-mm polarization data obtained with SCUBA/JCMT implies an hourglass-type magnetic field structure \citep{2007AJ....134..628V}.\\
{\bf CB54} is a large Bok globule, associated with the molecular cloud BWW~4 in a distance of $\sim1.1$~kpc \citep{1993A&A...275...67B}. The globule contains a
massive dense core of $M_{\rm{H}}\sim100$~M$_\sun$ that drives a bipolar molecular outflow \citep{1997A&A...326..329L, 1994ApJS...92..145Y}. At near-IR
wavelengths, a small, deeply embedded young stellar cluster becomes visible \citep{2004Ap&SS.292..239W}. CB54 shows a randomly oriented polarization
pattern in the sub-mm \citep[][see Fig.~\ref{fig:CB54_polmap}~b]{2001ApJ...561..871H}. However, in the optical the polarization pattern appears more homogenous
\citep[][see Fig.~\ref{fig:CB54_polmap}~c]{2000A&AS..141..175S}.

\section{Observations}\label{sec:obs}
The observations were performed in the near-IR with ISAAC/VLT and SOFI/NTT and in the optical with IFOSC/IGO (see Table~\ref{table:observations}).

\begin{table}
\caption{Summary of the observations.}
\label{table:observations}
\centering
\begin{tabular}{l l c l}
\hline\hline
Object & Instrument & Filter & Date\\
\hline
B335 & ISAAC/VLT & Js & 2012 Mar-May\\
CB68 & ISAAC/VLT & Js & 2012 Mar-May\\
     & IFOSC/IGO & R  & 2012 Mar 21-22\\
CB54 & SOFI/NTT  & Js & 2013 Jan 24-26\\
\hline
\end{tabular}
\end{table}
\begin{table*}[!ht]
\caption{Polarization standard stars.}
\label{table:standards_summary}
\centering
\begin{tabular}{l l c c c c c c c }
\hline\hline
Instrument & Object & $\alpha_{2000}$ & $\delta_{2000}$ & Type & P & $\gamma$ & Filter & Ref.\\
& & (hh:mm:ss.ss) & (dd:mm:ss.ss) & & (\%) &  $\left(^\circ\right)$ & & \\
\hline
ISAAC/VLT & EGGR118      & 16:17:55.26 & -15:35:51.93 & unpolarized & $<1.79$         &             & J & 1 \\
	 	  & GJ1178       & 13:47:24.36 & +10:21:37.90 & unpolarized & $<1.08$         &             & J & 1 \\
SOFI/NTT  & CMa R1 No.24 & 07:04:47.36 & -10:56:17.44 & polarized   & $2.1\pm0.05$    & $86\pm1$    & J & 2 \\
	      & HD64299      & 07:52:25.51 & -23:17:46.78 & unpolarized & $0.151\pm0.032$ &             & B & 3 \\
	      & WD0310-688   & 03:10:31.02 & -68:36:03.39 & unpolarized & $0.051\pm0.09$  &             & V & 4 \\
IFOSC/IGO & HD251204     & 06:05:05.67 & +23:23:38.54 & polarized   & $4.04\pm0.066$  & 147         & V & 3 \\
	      & GD319        & 12:50:05.00 & +55:06:00.00 & unpolarized & $0.045\pm0.047$ &             & B & 3 \\
	      & HD65583      & 08:00:32.12 & +29:12:44.40 & unpolarized & $0.013\pm0.02$  & $144.7\pm30$ & B & 5 \\
\hline
\end{tabular}

\tablebib{(1)~\citet{2008MNRAS.387..713R}; (2) \citet{1992ApJ...386..562W}; (3) \citet{1990AJ.....99.1243T}; (4) \citet{2007ASPC..364..503F}; (5)
\citet{1981AJ.....86.1518C}.}
\end{table*}

\subsection{Near-IR observations}
The near-IR observations were carried out in March-May 2012  and January 2013 at ESOs Very Large Telescope (VLT) and the New Technology Telescope (NTT). We
observed with the instruments Infrared Spectrometer And Array Camera (ISAAC) and Son OF ISAAC (SOFI), which are mounted at the Nasmyth~A foci of the
$8~$m VLT (UT3), respectively of the $3.58$~m NTT, both equipped with a $1024\times 1024$ Hawaii Rockwell array optimized for wavelengths of $1-2.5~\mu$m.\\
In both ISAAC/VLT and SOFI/NTT a single Wollaston prism is used for polarization observations. In this observing mode, the polarized flux is measured
simultaneously at two different angles that differ by $90\degr$. To derive the linear polarization degree and orientation of an object, two observations
must be performed at each pointing of the telescope with different orientations of the Wollaston prism, typically $0\degr$ and $45\degr$. For ISAAC/VLT and
SOFI/NTT, this is realized by a rotation of the complete instrument. To avoid overlapping between different polarization images an aperture mask of
three alternating opaque and transmitting strips of about $20''\times150''$ for ISAAC/VLT and $40''\times300''$ for SOFI/NTT is used.\\
We carried out Js-band polarization observations of five fields of B335 and CB68 with ISAAC/VLT and of four fields of CB54 with SOFI/NTT.

\subsection{Optical observations}
The optical observations in R~band were carried out in March 2012 at the $2~$m~IUCAA Girawali Observatory (IGO, India). The IUCAA Faint Object Spectrograph
\& Camera (IFOSC), attached at IGOs Cassegrain focus, is equipped with an EEV~$2$K~$\times~2$K CCD camera optimized for a wavelength range
of \mbox{$350-850$~nm} \citep[for details, see][]{2002BASI...30..785}.\\
IFOSC/IGOs polarimetry mode makes use of a single Wollaston prism combined with a half-wave plate. The linear polarization degree and orientation is derived
through two observations with two different half-wave plate orientations. The field of view for the polarimetry mode is about $4'\times4'$. IFOSC/IGO does not
use an aperture mask like ISAAC/VLT or SOFI/NTT. The unambiguous assignment of the observed point sources to the corresponding direction of
polarization is done as part of the data reduction procedure.\\
We performed polarization observations of four fields of CB68 with IFOSC/IGO.

\section{Data reduction}\label{sec:datared}

The data reduction was performed with pipelines specialized for each instrument \citep[for details of
polarimetric data reduction and calibration see, e.g.,][]{HowToPol}. These pipelines are used for bias correction, flat-fielding, and instrumental
polarization removal. The Stokes parameters $I, Q,$ and $U$ are computed through aperture photometry. During the observations with ISAAC/VLT, we observed at
orientations of the Wollaston prism of $0\degr, 45\degr$. During the SOFI/NTT and IFOSC/IGO observations, we observed respectively with the Wollaston prism and
the half-plate at four different orientations of $0\degr, 22.5\degr,45\degr, 67.5\degr$. Unpolarized and polarized standard stars have been observed to
determine the instrumental polarization. Table~\ref{table:standards_summary} summarizes
the general information for these stars.\\
\begin{table}[!htpb]
\caption{Observational results for the polarized standard star of CB54.}
\label{table:standards_observations}
\centering
\begin{tabular}{l l c c c c}
\hline\hline
Object & Obs. date & $P$  & $\sigma_{\rm{P}}$ & $\gamma$              & $\sigma_{\rm{\gamma}}$ \\
       &           & (\%) & (\%)                   & $\left(^\circ\right)$ & $\left(^\circ\right)$\\
\hline
CMa R1  & 2013 Jan 24 & $2.34$ & $0.94$ & $85.52$  & $56.0$\\
No.24   & 2013 Jan 25 & $1.73$ & $1.11$ & $96.78$  & $56.0$\\
        & 2013 Jan 26 & $2.42$ & $1.11$ & $78.24$  & $56.0$\\

\hline
\end{tabular}
\end{table}
For ISAAC/VLT, we find a dependency between the instrumental polarization and the airmass of the object. This
effect varies the observed Stokes parameters, Q and U, significantly on scales of $10~\%$ and  is taken into account in the data analysis (see
Appendix~\ref{app:airmass} for details). For the SOFI/NTT data set, we applied a correction technique based on the correction of the ISAAC/VLT data. As a
successful test, the observational results of the polarized standard star of the SOFI/NTT observations after bias correction correspond well to the
literature values (see Tables~\ref{table:standards_summary},
\ref{table:standards_observations}).

\section{Polarization maps}\label{sec:polmap}

In this section, we present the polarization maps in the sub-mm, in the near-IR, and in the optical of the three Bok globules B335, CB68, and CB54. For
comparing the sub-mm maps with the near-IR and optical maps, it has to be taken into account that the polarization arises from two different physical
processes: while thermal emission is observed in the sub-mm, dichroic absorption is observed in the near-IR and the optical. Thus, the polarization of a
dust grain observed in the sub-mm is oriented perpendicular to the polarization of the very same dust grain observed in the near-IR or optical.\\
The sub-mm maps of our three objects are each available in two versions, the originally published maps by
\cite{2003ApJ...592..233W}, \cite{2003ApJ...588..910V}, and \cite{2001ApJ...561..871H}, as well as rereduced maps by \cite{2009ApJS..182..143M}.
\cite{2009ApJS..182..143M} reduced all polarization observations again that have been executed with SCUBA/JCMT and cover a huge variety of objects, from
planets up to galaxies, in a single procedure. In doing so, \cite{2009ApJS..182..143M} applied very strict criteria for the decision of including or omitting
science data of an object and remark that data that was omitted by these generalized regulations may still be usable, and even part of publications, but would
require too much individual assessment to meet the requirements of their systematic rereduction. For this reason, we decided to use the originally reduced and
published sub-mm polarization maps in our
discussion (see, Fig.~\ref{fig:B335_polmap},~\ref{fig:CB68_polmap},~\ref{fig:CB54_polmap}).
\\
In the following, we discuss the polarization maps seperately for each observed wavelength, as well as in comparison to the maps of
the additional wavelength ranges.

\subsection{Bok globules with simple morphology: B335 and CB68}\label{subsec:B335CB68}
The polarization maps of the Bok globules B335 and CB68 are shown in Figures~\ref{fig:B335_polmap} and \ref{fig:CB68_polmap}. Both globules disclose a
significant polarization signal $\left(P\gtrsim1~\%,\ P/\sigma_{\rm{P}}>3\right)$ in their outer, less dense parts in the near-IR as well as in the optical
for CB68 (see Fig.~\ref{fig:deg_hists}). The near-IR polarization vectors appear ordered very well in the case of CB68
($\overline{\gamma}=84.21\degr~\pm~3.39\degr$, see Fig.~\ref{fig:ang_hists}) and largely well-ordered in the case of B335
($\overline{\gamma}=103.94\degr~\pm~5.01\degr$, see Figs.~\ref{fig:B335_polmap},~\ref{fig:ang_hists}). According to ESO regulations, there are no observations
of polarized standard stars for the near-IR data observed with ISAAC/VLT. Thus, no independent quantitative measure of the reliability of the observed
polarization angles exists.\\
In both globules, a clear spatial gap remains between the polarization vectors in the sub-mm and in the near-IR. The gap width
in B335 amounts to about $70'' (\approx 7\times10^3~\text{AU})$ and to about $100'' (\approx 1.6\times10^4~\text{AU})$ in CB68. \citet{2013A&A...551A..98L}
observed the hydrogen column densities, $N_{\text{H}}$, of CB68 and B335. In the region traced by SCUBA/JCMT, they determine
$N_{\text{H}}\gtrsim10^{22}$cm$^{-2}$ and in the region traced by ISAAC/VLT and SOFI/NTT they find $N_{\text{H}}\lesssim10^{21}$cm$^{-2}$. This gives us a
benchmark for the feasibility to observe the morphology of the globules with the applied observing techniques and instrumentation and explains the
gap.\\
In the case of B335, the orientation of the near-IR polarization vectors in the eastern and southern part of the globule fits to the orientation of the sub-mm
polarization vectors very well. In the north-western part the polarization orientation shows local varieties in the sub-mm but not in the near-IR, even though
the near-IR polarization pattern appears slightly unordered (see, Fig.~\ref{fig:B335_polmap}).\\
In the case of CB68, there are near-IR polarization vectors with $P/\sigma_{\rm{P}} > 3 $ only in the western and in the south-eastern part.
\citet{2003ApJ...588..910V} observed a spiral polarization pattern in the sub-mm. One polarization 'spiral-arm' points toward
the southeastern globule part and thus, fits well to the near-IR polarization vectors. For the polarization vectors in the western part, this is not the case.
However, one has to keep in mind that there can also be an influence by that arm of the globule that stretches in the northwestern direction.
The optical polarization vectors of CB68 in the most outer parts of the globule are rather unordered. However, the polarization vectors in the northern part
(see Fig.~\ref{fig:CB68_polmap}~b.2) follow the smaller gas-dust branch that is perpendicular to the north-western arm of CB68. Additionally, in the southern
part (see Fig.~\ref{fig:CB68_polmap}~b.3, upper half of the left field) the optical polarization vectors follow the small extension of the globule, too.
There is a slight deviation of the orientation of the polarization vectors observed in the optical from those observed in the near-IR. The most straight
forward explanation is that the different vectors trace the magnetic field in different regions of the globule.

\begin{figure*}
\centering
\includegraphics[width=\hsize]{B335_wCO.pdf}
\caption{B335 - {\it Left:} DSS-map with overlaid near-IR polarization vectors observed with ISAAC/VLT. The length of the vectors shows the degree of
polarization, and the direction gives the position angle. Only vectors with $P/\sigma_{\rm{P}}>3$ are plotted. The contour lines represent the
$^{12}\text{CO}(2-1)$
OTF channel maps obtained with the HHT on Mount Graham. The black (gray) contour lines give the blueshifted (redshifted) eastern (western) outflow lobe. The
contour levels are $\{1, 2, 3, 4 , 5, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16\} \times 0.5~\text{K} - T_A^*$ \citep[from][beam size of $32''$; reproduced by permission of the
AAS]{2008ApJ...687..389S}. {\it Right:} Intensity map overlaid with polarization vectors obtained with SCUBA/JCMT in the sub-mm \citep[][reproduced by
permission of the AAS]{2003ApJ...592..233W}.}
\label{fig:B335_polmap}
\end{figure*}
\begin{figure*}
\centering\hspace*{6em}
\includegraphics[width=0.9\hsize]{CB68_wCO.pdf}
\caption{CB68 - {\it a)} DSS-map with overlaid near-IR polarization vectors observed with ISAAC/VLT. The length of the vectors shows the degree of
polarization, and the direction gives the position angle. Only vectors with $P/\sigma_{\rm{P}} > 3 $ are plotted. The contour lines represent the
$^{12}\text{CO}(3-2)$
spectral channel maps obtained with the JCMT. The black contour lines give the blueshifted (south-eastern), the grey, dotted contour lines give the redshifted
(north-western) outflow lobe. Contour levels at $0.25, 0.50, 0.75, ...$~K \citep[from][HPBW of $14''$; reproduced by permission of the
AAS]{2000ApJ...542..352V}.
{\it b.1-3)} Same as {\it a)} but with polarization vectors obtained with IFOSC/IGO in the optical. {\it c)} Intensity map overlaid with polarization vectors
obtained with SCUBA/JCMT in the sub-mm \citep[][reproduced by permission of the AAS]{2003ApJ...588..910V}.}
\label{fig:CB68_polmap}
\end{figure*}
\begin{figure*}
\centering
\includegraphics[width=0.9\hsize]{CB54_wCO.pdf}
\caption{CB54 - {\it a)} DSS-map with overlaid near-IR polarization vectors observed with ISAAC/VLT. The length of the vectors shows the degree of
polarization, and the direction gives the position angle. Only vectors with $P/\sigma_{\rm{P}} > 3 $ are plotted. Blue vectors have a better error statistic
than
the red vectors, since they are based on more than one set of observations.
The contour lines represent the $^{12}\text{CO}(1-0)$ spectral channel maps obtained with the Five College Radio Astronomy Observatory. The solid contour lines
give the blueshifted (south-western), and the dotted contour lines give the redshifted (north-eastern) outflow lobe. Contour levels are spaced at
$0.3~\text{K~km~s}^{-1}$ intervals of $1.7~\text{K~km~s}^{-1}$ (blue), and $0.15~\text{K~km~s}^{-1}$ intervals of $0.45~\text{K~km~s}^{-1}$ (red),
respectively \citep[from][beam size of $48''$; reproduced by permission of the AAS]{1994ApJS...92..145Y}. {\it b)} Intensity map overlaid with polarization
vectors obtained with JCMT/SCUBA in the sub-mm \citep[][reproduced by permission of the AAS]{2001ApJ...561..871H} {\it c)} Intensity map overlaid with
polarization vectors obtained with IMPOL/GIRT in the optical \citep[][]{2000A&AS..141..175S}.}
\label{fig:CB54_polmap}
\end{figure*}
\begin{figure*}
\centering
\includegraphics[width=0.9\hsize]{deg_hist.pdf}
\caption{Histograms showing the distribution of the degree of polarization, P for $P/\sigma_{\rm{P}} > 3 $, counts given by N(P), of B335, CB68, and CB54,
observed in
the near-IR.}
\label{fig:deg_hists}
\end{figure*}
\begin{figure*}
\centering
\includegraphics[width=0.9\hsize]{ang_hist.pdf}
\caption{Histograms showing the distribution of the polarization angle, $\gamma$, counts given by N($\gamma$), of B335, CB68, and CB54, observed in the
near-IR. The dashed lines represent the mean polarization angles, $\overline{\gamma}$, with the corresponding $1\sigma$ levels (dotted lines).}
\label{fig:ang_hists}
\end{figure*}

\subsection{Bok globule with more complex morphology: CB54}
The polarization map of the Bok globule CB54 is shown in Figure~\ref{fig:CB54_polmap}. We observe a significant polarization signal $\left(P\gtrsim2~\%,\
P/\sigma_{\rm{P}}>3\right)$ in the near-IR across the entire globule (see Fig.~\ref{fig:deg_hists}). As in the case of the globules CB68 and B335, we also
find a clear spatial gap with a width of about $1'$~(corresponding to about $7\times10^4~\text{AU})$ between the polarization vectors
observed in the sub-mm and in the near-IR in CB54.\\
Figure~\ref{fig:CB54_polmap} displays polarization vectors that cover the globule on scales from $10^3 - 10^4$~AU up to $10^5$~AU. Given the
complex structure of this Bok globule, it is not necessarily expected to find uniformly ordered polarization vectors across such large scales. However, on
smaller
scales ($\sim 10^4$~AU), by a factor of $\gtrsim2$ larger than the region traced by the sub-mm map, our near-IR observations and the optical
obvervations by
\citet{2000A&AS..141..175S} reveal ordered polarization vectors.\\
The southern field of the optical data (Fig.~\ref{fig:CB54_polmap}~c, lower field) overlaps with a part of our near-IR data.
The optical polarization degree is about one order of magnitude stronger than that in the near-IR. This factor is significantly
higher than the difference of about a factor of two which we expect from dust properties obtained from Mie theory \citep{1908AnP...330..377M}.
However, in terms of the orientation, the optical and near-IR vectors fit well to each other ($\Delta\gamma\lesssim10\degr$).\\
The region around the sub-mm map is of particular interest. In the sub-mm, \citet{2003ApJ...592..233W} observed randomly oriented
polarization vectors. However, our near-IR observations reveal ordered polarization vectors on larger scales around the sub-mm map (see
Fig.~\ref{fig:CB54_polmap}~a).

\section{Magnetic fields}\label{sec:Bfield}
In our analysis we assume that the magnetic field is oriented perpendicular to the measured polarization vectors in the sub-mm and parallel oriented
to the measured polarization vectors in the near-IR and in the optical. This widely applied concept is based on the finding that, independently of the alignment
mechanism, charged interstellar dust grains would have a substantial magnetic moment leading to a rapid precession of the grain angular momentum around the
magnetic field direction, implying a net alignment of the grains with the magnetic field \citep[see, e.g.,][]{1997ApJ...480..633D, 2007JQSRT.106..225L}.
However, one has to keep in mind that polarization observations strongly suffer from projectional effects along the line-of-sight (LOS). Thus, for a
comprehensive understanding of the magnetic field structure additional 3D radiative transfer modeling is essential but beyond the scope of this study.\\
In general, a high degree of polarization is connected to a magnetic field that is strong enough to align enough dust grains along the LOS to prevent the
annihilation of the polarized signal that is expected from randomly oriented grains along the LOS. In our observations of all three Bok
globules, B335, CB68, and CB54, we find strongly ordered magnetic fields. Additionally, our observations show well-ordered polarization vectors on
scales of $\lesssim 10^4$~AU for all three Bok globules. Thus our observations imply magnetic fields that are strongly ordered over large parts of
the globules. And finally, in the case of B335 and CB68, our near-IR and optical observations trace polarization patterns that fit to the polarization patterns
observed in the sub-mm by \cite{2003ApJ...592..233W} and \citet{2003ApJ...588..910V}, which implies strong and ordered magnetic fields on scales
from $10^2-10^3~\text{AU}$ to $10^4~\text{AU}$.\\
Besides this analysis of the magnetic field, \cite{1953ApJ...118..113C} give an estimate for the magnetic field strength in the
plane-of-sky (POS; CF~method):
\begin{equation}
 \left|\boldsymbol{B_{\rm{pos}}} \right| = \sqrt{\frac{4\pi}{3}~\varrho_{\rm{gas}}}~~\frac{v_{\rm{turb}}}{\sigma_{\gamma}},
\end{equation}
where $\varrho_{\rm{gas}}$ is the gas density in units of g~cm$^{-3}$, $v_{\rm{turb}}$ the rms turbulence velocity in units of cm~s$^{-1}$, and
$\sigma_{\gamma}$ the standard deviation of the polarization position angles in radians.
Here, it is assumed that the magnetic field is frozen in the cloud material. For a detailed discussion of this equation, we refer to
\cite{2012ARA&A..50...29C}, and for an extension of the mean magnetic
field strength, we refer to \cite{2004ApJ...616L.111H}.\\
For B335, we use the hydrogen number densities and the turbulence velocity from \cite{1987ApJ...313..320F}, for details see Table~\ref{table:CF}. To
account for helium and heavier elements, we derive the total gas density $\rho_{\rm{gas}}$ from
\begin{equation}
 \rho_{\rm{gas}} = 1.36~n_{\rm{H_2}}~M_{\rm{H_2}},
\end{equation}
where $M_{\rm{H_2}}=2.0158$~amu is the mass of a $\rm H_{\rm{2}}$ molecule. The corresponding values are listed in Table~\ref{table:CF}.\\
We can estimate the mean magnetic field strength in the region north of the center, northwest of the center, and east of the center of B335 (see
Table~\ref{table:CF}). We find similar magnetic field strengths in the different regions, $B_{\rm{B335,~near-IR}}~\approx~(12-40)~\mu$G, which are
less, by a factor of $3-10$, than the estimated field strength in the sub-mm, $B_{\rm{B335,~smm}}~\approx~130~\mu$G \citep[][]{2003ApJ...592..233W}.
Considering the inaccuracies in the estimations of the densities, the temperatures, and the gas velocities, we do not find any significant difference in
the magnetic field strengths in the inner and outer parts of B335.\\
For CB68 and CB54, information about the gas densities, temperatures, and turbulence velocities in the parts of the globules that we traced in
the near-IR and in the optical is not available. {\rm However,} in the sub-mm, \cite{2003ApJ...588..910V} and \cite{2001ApJ...561..871H} estimate the magnetic
field strengths of CB68 and CB54 to $B_{\rm{CB68,~smm}}~\approx~150~\mu$G and $B_{\rm{CB54,~smm}}~\approx~60~\mu$G.

\begin{table*}
\caption{ Gas densities, gas velocities, polarization, and magnetic field strengths of the outer parts of B335 traced in the near-IR.}
\label{table:CF}
\centering
\begin{tabular}{l c c c c c c c c c }
\hline\hline
Region & $n_{\rm{H_2}}$ & $\rho_{\rm{gas}}$ & $T_{\rm{kin}}$ & $\Delta v$ & $v_{\rm{turb}}$ & $N_{\rm{vec}}$ & $\bar{\gamma}$ & $\sigma_{\gamma}$ &
$B$ \\
& (cm$^{-3}$)& (g~cm$^{-3}$) & (K) & (km~s$^{-1}$) & (km~s$^{-1}$) & & (deg) &  (deg) & ($\mu$G) \\
\hline
center-north & $1.3\times10^3$ $^{\textrm{(a)}}$ & $5.92\times10^{-21}$ & $10$ $^{\textrm{(a)}}$ & $0.82\pm0.01$ $^{\textrm{(a)}}$ & $0.74$ & $5$ &
$135.42^{\circ}$ & $31.59^{\circ}$ & $21.14$\\
center-east  & $1.3\times10^3$ $^{\textrm{(a)}}$ & $5.92\times10^{-21}$ & $10$ $^{\textrm{(a)}}$ &  $0.82\pm0.01$ $^{\textrm{(a)}}$ &  $0.74$ & $9$ &
$122.89^{\circ}$ & $16.72^{\circ}$ & $39.93$\\
northwest	 & $1.8\times10^3$ $^{\textrm{(a)}}$ & $8.19\times10^{-21}$ & $10$ $^{\textrm{(a)}}$ &  $0.73\pm0.02$ $^{\textrm{(a)}}$ &  $0.62$ & $6$ &
$111.84^{\circ}$ & $33.61^{\circ}$ & $19.58$\\
			 & $6.5\times10^2$ $^{\textrm{(a)}}$ & $2.96\times10^{-21}$ & $20$ $^{\textrm{(a)}}$ &  $0.73\pm0.02$ $^{\textrm{(a)}}$ &  $0.62$ & $6$ &
$111.84^{\circ}$ & $33.61^{\circ}$ & $11.69$\\\hline
\end{tabular}
\tablebib{(a)~\citet{1987ApJ...313..320F}.}
\end{table*}

\section{Correlation between magnetic field structure and the CO~outflow of the Bok globules}\label{sec:CO}
Magnetic fields are believed not only to influence the collapse of Bok globules but also the formation of circumstellar disks and outflows. Many
observations show a preferential alignment of the outflow axis along the cloud-scale magnetic field \citep[e.g.,][]{1984MNRAS.210..425C, 1986AJ.....92..633V,
2003AJ....125.1418J}, but misaligned orientations of the outflow axes and magnetic field direction have been reported as
well \citep[e.g.,][]{2013ApJ...768..159H,
2003ApJ...592..233W}. Based on MHD~simulations, \citet{2006ApJ...637L.105M} find that the degree of alignment between outflow and magnetic field depends on the
magnetic field strength: the stronger the magnetic field, the better the alignment. However, one has to keep in mind that these simulations consider only
the most inner regions of globules with outflows on scales of $150-200$~AU. Thus, it is uncertain whether the findings of \citet{2006ApJ...637L.105M} can be
extended to the scales of our observations.\\
In the following, we examine the relative positions of the outflow axes and the magnetic field directions for our observations of the three Bok globules, B335,
CB68, and CB54, which all contain protostellar cores and drive collimated CO~outflows \citep[][]{1993ApJ...414L..29C, 2000ApJ...542..352V, 1994ApJS...92..145Y}.
\\
In discussing the relative orientation between the CO outflow and the magnetic field structure, one has to consider that only
one component of the spatial orientation of the outflow $\left(v \sin i\right)$ is known from velocity measurements and that polarization vectors only trace
the magnetic field structure projected on the plane of sky.  In the sub-mm, \citet{2003ApJ...592..233W} and \citet{2003ApJ...588..910V} find the polarization
vectors aligned with the CO~outflows and discuss the relation to the magnetic field structure traced by the polarization maps. We extend this analysis to the
outer, less dense regions traced by our near-IR and optical observations. Consistent with the sub-mm studies, we assume that the magnetic field is oriented
parallel to the observed polarization vectors in the near-IR and the optical (for details see Section~\ref{sec:Bfield}).
\\
{\bf B335} (Fig.~\ref{fig:B335_polmap}) -- Our near-IR observations trace the outflow region in the eastern part of this globule. Here, the near-IR polarization
vectors are oriented by an angle $\overline{\gamma} = 115.06\degr \pm 6.32\degr$ with respect to the outflow axis
$\left(\text{P.A.}~\approx~0\degr\right)$. The sub-mm polarization vectors are aligned nearly parallel to the outflow axis
\citep[][]{2003ApJ...592..233W}. The
globule itself is clearly elongated in the north-south direction (see Fig.~\ref{fig:B335_polmap}). Therefore, the magnetic field orientation changes from the
inner $7\times10^3$~AU, where it is perpendicular to the outflow and parallel to the globule, to the outer $2\times10^4$~AU, where
it is inclined toward the outflow.\\
{\bf CB68} (Fig.~\ref{fig:CB68_polmap}) -- The observed extent of the CO~outflow is limited to the inner $1.6\times10^4$~AU, and thereby traced
only by the near-IR polarization vectors in the southeastern part of this globule. These polarization vectors are oriented roughly perpendicular
$\left(\overline{\gamma}=78.95\degr~\pm~6.45\degr\right)$ to the outflow axis $\left(\text{P.A.}=142\degr \text{ and } -38\degr\right)$
\citep[][]{2000ApJ...542..352V}. Relative to the pseudodisk $\left(\text{P.A.}\approx51\degr\pm1\degr\right)$, which is located in the center
of this globule ($<10^3$~AU), \citet{2003ApJ...588..910V} also find twisted sub-mm polarization vectors that they interpret as influenced by the
outflow. However, on scales of about $2\times10^3$~AU, the magnetic field orientation is nearly perpendicular to the outflow axis, and thereby almost parallel
to the pseudodisk.\\
{\bf CB54} (Fig.~\ref{fig:CB54_polmap}) -- Our near-IR observations trace the redshifted CO~outflow very well. We find polarization vectors that are almost
perfectly aligned with the outflow axis. This corresponds well to the findings of \citet{2003ApJ...592..233W} in the sub-mm, where a mean polarization
orientation perpendicular to the outflow direction was found. The blueshifted outflow lobe is barely traced by our near-IR polarization vectors that are almost
perpendicular to the outflow lobe. However, one has to consider that the distance between the polarization vectors and the CO~contour lines is large, and
the CO~outflow shows a dip toward the vectors. The magnetic field direction is clearly parallel to the redshifted CO outflow lobe on scales of about
$5\times10^4$~AU.\\
Following the discussion by \citet{2006ApJ...637L.105M}, our observations indicate that the magnetic field of B335 is stronger relative to the outflow in
the very outer parts of the globule than in the inner core and the other way around in the case of CB68, while the magnetic field of CB54 dominates the outflow
along its complete extent. These findings cannot be verified by our analysis of the magnetic field strength in B335 by using the CF~method (for
details, see
Sec.~\ref{sec:Bfield}). However, one has to keep in mind that these interpretation may be highly influenced by projectional effects.

\section{Summary}\label{sec:summary}
For the first time, we have obtained multiwavelength polarization maps that cover the extent of Bok globules over a range of $10^2-10^5$~AU, covering
optically thin and optically thick regions. We observed the three globules B335, CB68, and CB54 in the near-IR and in the optical, and combined our observations
with archival sub-mm and optical data. The major results follow.
\begin{enumerate}
 \item The polarization degrees in the near-IR and in the optical amount to several percent $\left(2~\%\lesssim P\lesssim10~\%\right)$.
 \item In the case of B335 and CB68, two simple structured Bok globules, the orientation of the sub-mm polarization vectors in the dense inner part
$(10^2-10^3~\text{AU})$ of the globules continue to the outer, less dense globule parts $(10^4-10^5~\text{AU})$.
 \item In the case of CB54, a globule with large-scale turbulences, the orientation of the polarization vectors in the near-IR is well-ordered on scales of
$\sim10^4~$AU.
 \item In the case of B335, we found comparable magnetic field strengths in the globule parts traced by our near-IR observations and in the parts traced by
sub-mm observations, by using the CF method.
 \item We do not find a general correlation between the magnetic field structure and the CO~outflow of the Bok globule. In CB54 we find a magnetic field
orientation parallel to the CO~outflow, while B335 shows a change in the orientation  of the magnetic field toward the outflow axis from the inner core to the
outer regions. In CB68, we find a magnetic field orientation nearly perpendicular to the CO~outflow.
 \item The instrumental polarization of ISAAC/VLT depends significantly on the airmass of the observed object. For our unpolarized standard star, EGGR118, we
determined the deviation of the polarization degree, $\Delta P\approx1.4~\%$.
\end{enumerate}
The well-ordered polarization vectors indicate dominant magnetic fields from scales of $10^2-10^3$~AU to scales of $10^4-10^5$~AU. In the particular case of
CB54, the randomly oriented polarization pattern in the sub-mm can be explained by, e.g., a change in the orientation from the region south of the sub-mm
map
to the region
north of the sub-mm map (see Fig.~\ref{fig:CB54_polmap}).\\
A gap remains with a width of about $1'-2'$ between the sub-mm observations done with SCUBA/JCMT and the near-IR observations performed with
ISAAC/VLT and SOFI/NTT of B335, CB68, and CB54. \citet{2013A&A...551A..98L} derive typical hydrogen column densities for the region traced by the SCUBA/JCMT
observations in Bok globules of $N_{\text{H}}\gtrsim10^{22}$~cm$^{-2}$, as well as $N_{\text{H}}\lesssim10^{21}$~cm$^{-2}$, for the regions observed with
ISAAC/VLT and SOFI/NTT. To close the gap and, finally, spatially connect the magnetic field observations from the smallest to the largest scale, obvervations
that trace the region of $10^{21}$~cm$^{-2}\lesssim N_{\text{H}}\lesssim10^{22}$~cm$^{-2}$ need to be done.
Based on the flux level determined at the edges of the sub-mm map of B335 and CB54 observed with SCUBA/JCMT \citep{2003ApJ...592..233W, 2001ApJ...561..871H}, we
estimate that these observations can be performed in less than one hour with ALMA since cycle$~2$.
\\
The key to understanding the influence of magnetic fields on the low-mass star formation process is knowledge about the three-dimensional structures of
the magnetic field and the object itself. Our observations, as well as all observations, suffer from projectional effects along the line of sight. Thus, it is
necessary to do three-dimensional modeling of Bok globules, which includes a proper description of dust, dust grain alignment, gaseous outflows, and
polarimetric radiative transfer, in addition to polarimetric observations. However, this type of analysis is beyond the scope of this study.

\begin{appendix}
\section{Airmass-dependent instrumental polarization}\label{app:airmass}
Our ISAAC/VLT observations were performed in service mode between March 27 and May 27, 2012. Each night, we made two observations of unpolarized
standard stars, GJ1178 and EGGR118. When its right ascension meant that GJ1178 was no longer observable, two observations of EGGR118 were made in the same
night. Thus, we have observations of EGGR118 for the complete observing interval of two months, always performed with the very same procedure.\\
Every instrument or telescope may influence the polarization state of the incoming light, through its instrumental polarization. Therefore, the instrumental
polarization needs to be considered during the data reduction process. The assumption here is that the instrumental polarization is mainly created by a
non-ideal transmission ratio of the Wollaston prism. The ideal transmission ratio would be a 50~:~50 ratio of the intensities of the upper, $i_{\rm{u}}$, and
lower, $i_{\rm{l}}$, beams that are created by the Wollaston prism. To correct the signal for deviations in the ideal transmission ratio, a wavelength-dependent
correction factor, $C_{\rm{\lambda}}$, is applied \citep{HowToPol}:
\begin{eqnarray}
 i_{\rm{u},2} &=& i_{\rm{u},1} * C_{\rm{\lambda}}\\
 i_{\rm{l},2} &=& i_{\rm{l},1}~\mathtt{.}
\end{eqnarray}
To determine the instrumental polarization, $C_{\rm{\lambda}}$ has to be adjusted in such a way that the measured polarization of the unpolarized standard star
is minimal.\\
We determine an instrumental polarization that shows a strong dependence on the airmass of the object. In Fig.~\ref{appfig:calibration} we plot the
correction factor, $C_{\rm{Js}}$, over the airmass of EGGR118, observed in the Js~band throughout two months. The correction factor varies about $10~\%$ between
the beginning of the observations (airmass~$\approx 1$) to the end of the observations (airmass $\approx 2.4$). Since the Stokes parameters, Q and U, are
linearly dependent on $C_{\rm{\lambda}}$, the instrumental polarization itself changes significantly with the airmass of the observed object. For EGGR118, we
find $\Delta P\approx1.4~\%$.\\
To correct this effect, we fit a second-degree polynomial to the values of $C_{\rm{Js}}$ that we determine for the different airmasses at which we observed
EGGR118 (see Fig.~\ref{appfig:calibration}). Then, we take the airmass intervals of the Bok globule observations of each field and use the polynomial fit to
determine their corresponding correction factors (see Fig.~\ref{appfig:fit}).\\
The airmass dependency of the instrumental polarization clearly shows the invalidity of the assumption that the non-ideal Wollaston prism is the only
source of the instrumental polarization that has to be considered. Since ISAAC/VLT does not contain any components that move after the basic setup of the
instrument is completed, this dependency indicates significant influence by either the telescope itself or the atmosphere. Additional sources of the
instrumental polarization can be the deformation of the mirrors when the telescopes points to different airmasses or rather zenith angles, causing artifical
polarization in the moment when the beam is reflected.

\begin{figure}
\centering
\includegraphics[width=0.9\hsize]{CorrFactor_over_Airmass_EGGR118.pdf}
\caption{The plot shows the determined correction factors, $C_{\rm{Js}}$, of EGGR118 over the corresponding airmasses and the fit to the data points, a
polynomial of
the 2nd degree. The coefficients of the polynomial are given by the a$_{\rm{i}}$, beginning with the leading coefficient.}
\label{appfig:calibration}
\end{figure}

\begin{figure}
\centering
\includegraphics[width=0.9\hsize]{CorrFactor_over_Airmass_globules.pdf}
\caption{We determine the corresponding correction factors, $C_{\rm{Js}}$, of the globules airmass intervals by using the polynomial fit (see
Fig.~\ref{appfig:calibration}). The errorbars in airmass direction give the airmass interval of the observation of each field. The errorbars in
$C_{\rm{Js}}$-direction give the error of the estimated correction factor of each data point, including photometric and fitting errors.}
\label{appfig:fit}
\end{figure}

\end{appendix}

\begin{acknowledgements}
Gesa Bertrang gratefully acknowledges financial support by the DFG under contract WO857/11-1 within the frame of the DFG Priority Program 1573: The Physics of
the Interstellar Medium.
\end{acknowledgements}

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Andreas Fett teaches in the area around Limburg/Germany, a city near Frankfurt. He teaches almost every style of couple dance including international Ballroom and Latin, American Smooth and Rhythm, all Swing dances as well as Salsa (LA, NY & Cuban) and Caribbean dances like Merengue, Bachata, Kizomba, Zouk or Rueda de Casino. Furthermore, Andreas is an expert for Hustle, Discofox and Formation Dancing. He is certified by many national and international organizations like DVIDA, IDTA, ISTD, BDT, DTV, CID, WSF, IHDA and more. Here are some of his qualifications: DVIDA Hustle (Associate Level) IHDA Hustle	(Bronze Level) IDTA Latin	(Fellowship Level) IDTA Ballroom	(Licentiate Level) IDTA Freestyle	(Associate Level) IDTA Salsa	(Diploma) ISTD Ballroom	(Licentiate Level) ISTD Latin	(Licentiate Level) ISTD Freestyle (Associate Level) ISTD Salsa	(Associate Level) WSF Salsa	(Master Instructor) For Andreas the only thing that is really important when teaching is not how many diplomas or certificate a teacher possess but how a teacher deals with his students. He believes that teaching the art of dance is the love of his life. Come and meet him in one of his classes! He speaks English and German!


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Silver lining: Big tech slump improves balance in S&P 500, 401(k)s
Stan Choe
| Associated Press
New York — The biggest companies have less of a stranglehold on the stock market — and likely on your 401(k).
The 10 most valuable U.S. stocks now account for less than a quarter of the S&P 500, 24.4%. That's down from 30.4% in late 2021, and it's the lowest proportion in the rankings at the end of each month since the pandemic began reordering the economy in February 2020.
A big reason for the drop in the stock market's top-heaviness is the dramatic fall for the Big Tech stocks that had come to dominate it. Tesla and Meta, Facebook's parent company, have both lost more than 60% of their value over the last year, for example, and have fallen out of the S&P 500's top 10.
In the meantime, some older-economy companies have replaced them, but at not quite as commanding proportions. Exxon Mobil, for example, has climbed back into the top 10 after surging 80% last year. A 3.3% gain helped Johnson & Johnson replace Nvidia, which lost a bit more than 50%.
All the moves mean the S&P 500 is less beholden to the moves of just a handful of stocks. And that matters because trillions of dollars in U.S. funds directly mimic the index, with trillions more benchmarking themselves against it.
A little more than a year ago, holding an S&P 500 index fund was becoming more and more like just holding a tech stock fund. In the latter half of 2021, stocks in the tech and communication services sectors, which includes Meta and other big internet companies, made up nearly 40% of the entire S&P 500. Now, they're down to 33%.
It means future sways by Meta and other suddenly beaten-down tech-oriented stocks won't carry as much weight for S&P 500 index funds as they used to. Tesla, for example, today makes up 0.9% of the S&P 500. That's less than half its weight in the autumn of 2021, when it was 2.3% of the index.
Big Tech's fall is mostly a result of the blitzkrieg of hikes to interest rates the Federal Reserve has pushed through since early last year to get inflation under control.
Tech stocks were some of the biggest beneficiaries earlier when the Fed was cutting rates to a record low of nearly zero in order to prop up the economy amid the pandemic. But the surges for their stock prices left them looking more expensive and more vulnerable than other stocks to rising rates.
We're offering a great rate on digital subscriptions. Click here.
S&P 500 Forecast: Continues The Power To The Upside
Dogs Of The Dow: A Contrarian High-Yield Approach To Investing


Oh dear, more JW Anderson. It was quite a bit to spend on a jumper, but it is a nice jumper (great logic there).
On non jumper related news, I don't think I've mentioned that I'm going to Nepal in November! For two weeks! It will be my first long haul trip in years and years. I may be looking for some guest bloggers so if you're interested, please get in touch.
I'm also on a shopping ban until the 25th of October- partly to save towards going away, partly to see if I can do it! (D thinks I can't)(I'll show him). So no new clothes :( There's nothing I particularly want or need at the moment (well maybe there's a couple of things, but I'm trying to show restraint here). I have however bought a new oilcloth tablecloth from Cath Kidston.. and been to see Psycho at the BFI, which wasn't as scary as I was expecting, though I did know the plot. Still, Hitchcock is amazing.
Wah! What a cute ghosty... perfect for the season. If you want a guest blogger, I'll doooo it. Might encourage me to stop wearing the same cardigan every day.. tee hee hee.
I'd be potentially interested in doing a guest post...I've never done one before but it seems like it could be fun!
What would it entail exactly?
yay for bowler hats! I just brought one too! yaay!
PICK ME AS A GUEST BLOGGER. Except I don't do fashion, is that ok? Maybe cakes? Nails? LIFE?
That jumper is so good! I love the bowler on you, too.
Jealous of your trip away, I've not been anywhere since Paris over four years ago :( sob! xo.
This jumper is awesome <3. Totally halloween ha:) ?! You look perfect + this hat <3.
This jumper is lovely! And Nepal will be amazing!
I love love love that jumper! The JW Anderson stuff is so nice, but there's no way I can afford it at the moment :( Nepal sounds amazing too!
Super super super cute jumper! I hope you have a wonderful time in nepal! Sounds AMAZING.
Ooh you look amazing, that jumper is so, so cute!
i love this little ghost! looks so funny!
I prefer the words 'shopping hiatus' as opposed to 'ban'; you will get through this! And not even a month, pshh you'll ace it ;) Love the graffiti background here, the key to cool photos is the setting! And the pretty gal, of course.
this sweater is super cute! especially for fall. you look fantastic!
here we cannot think of Haloween 30ºc for everrrrrrrrrrrrrrr.
I hope it cools down soon.
BOO! I love this jumper, I also love the bat one...Oh decisions. Cute styling!
Good luck with your spending ban... we all know how often I try and go on one of those (and, er, FAIL).
I love this sweater!:) You look stunning :)!
Oh you are in Highgate!! I used to live 2 minutes down the road from that wall! I also went a little crazy on the JW Anderson stuff, but the stuff was lovely and I envy you for getting this jumper!
Love it!!! and love the background graffiti!!!
Awww that jumper is adorable!! Right on time too because it's getting seriously nippy now!


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Home > Sustainability > Social and societal > Partner for cities and regions
Partner for cities and regions
VINCI is committed to contributing to economic development and social cohesion in cities and regions. It is doing so in three ways, principally: promoting local jobs, providing professional integration programmes for people at risk of exclusion, and supporting social and economic initiatives.
Professional integration
VINCI promotes equal opportunity and provides long-term job seekers with coherent paths towards integration through employment, including access to training and taking into account issues relating to their social background.
• Setting up and expanding VINCI Insertion Emploi (ViE, the Group's social integration structure), to help people on the fringes of the job market to return to stable employment, and to support them throughout their contract (2,375 people on integration contracts in 2019);
• ViE also works with Group companies on their initiatives to foster inclusion, helping them fulfil their integration clauses and optimise their impact;
• Rolling out the Give Me Five programme to stimulate integration through work among youths from priority neighbourhoods.
• Creating five social joint-ventures bringing together a Group subsidiary and a non-profit;
• Other initiatives to stimulate integration, skills development and local entrepreneurship.
integration hours managed annually in France by ViE (VINCI Insertion Emploi, the Group's social integration structure)
Socio-economic footprints
VINCI is made up of a network of local companies that have long-established roots in the regions where they operate. Thanks to theselocal roots, as well as the autonomy and opportunities for initiative made possible by the Group's decentralised management model, VINCI companies play an important part in the life of surrounding communities (Manifesto commitments 1 and 4). VINCI assesses its impacts and socio-economic footprints to quantify the wealth that it produces and distributes in its host geographies.
· Measuring the socio-economic footprint of business activities in France in 2019, and of a number of major projects.
of all jobs in France are supported by VINCI (535,700 jobs).
of France's GDP (€35 billion)
of purchases in France (in the case of French business activities)
Foundations and civic engagement
VINCI encourages civic engagement on the part of its employees and companies, mainly through its corporate foundations and endowmentfunds. Local projects that support social and professional integration for underprivileged people are a key focus.
• The Group's network of 13 foundations around the world supported some 500 projects sponsored by almost 950 employees;
• Civic initiatives undertaken by the Group's business lines, divisions and companies;
• Supporting people and organisations on the front line dealing with the Coronavirus crisis in hospitals, other healthcare facilities, social organisations and schools;
• Setting up a solidarity platform for employees to help out remotely during the Coronavirus crisis.
€10 million
euros in exceptional aid as part of the management of the covid-19 crisis
€6.4 million
aid from Group foundations to push back against exclusion and foster inclusion
Give Me Five
VINCI has been rolling out an extensive programme to help tackle social inequalities among youths from priority neighbourhoods in 10 French regions since the end of 2018. The programme is called Give Me Five and revolves around five initiatives:
• Vocational guidance, with the French Ministry of Education: welcoming 5,000 high-school students from priority education networks selected by academic authorities, for placements to discover the business world;
• Personalised support, with local non-profit networks (Uni Cités, Institut Télémaque, Crée ton Avenir, Viens Voir Mon Taf): academic support, meetings, workshops, etc.;
• Employability, with France's National Agency for Adult Professional Training (AFPA): a bespoke programme for long-term job seekers, which was selected by the Ministry of Employment and Integration under its 100% Inclusion initiative;
• Integration, with Mozaïc RH, a sourcing consultancy specialised in diversity and inclusion: gap-year and graduate internships for students, from those enrolled in high-school vocational courses to those pursuing master's programmes, to foster more inclusive HR practices;
• Apprenticeships: a system to link contract vacancies with training requests will be up and running in 2021.
Responsible purchasing
VINCI is committed to building a responsible purchasing policy, aiming to measure and take into account workforce-related, social and environmental factors when selecting its partners. The Group's extensive use of local suppliers and subcontractors is another example of its efforts to encourage sustainable socio-economic development in its host regions. The Group sees responsible purchasing as a performance and innovation driver, and as an opportunity to establish solid, long-term customer-supplier relationships.
• Strengthening governance of responsible purchasing;
• Introducing a supplier self-assessment questionnaire and CSR improvement plans;
• Supplying tools: a practical guide on responsible purchasing and e-learning and other training courses for buyers;
• Developing close partnerships and relationships with local suppliers and small and medium-sized enterprises;
• Working with companies fostering integration, and organisations in the social and solidarity economy and the sheltered sector.
83% of contracts involved the completion of a responsible purchasingquestionnaire during the tender process


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Cloudy. A few flurries or snow showers possible. Temps nearly steady in the low to mid 30s. Winds NW at 5 to 10 mph..
Occasional snow showers. Low 28F. Winds W at 5 to 10 mph. Chance of snow 50%. Snow accumulations less than one inch.
Online workshop explains how to lose the 'Quarantine 15'
Special to The LCN
Between the holidays and the pandemic, people may have packed on a few extra pounds. Looking for a solution? Cornell Cooperative Extension of Steuben County is resuming its Speaker Series in the new year.
The first presentation will feature Julie Walenta, a registered dietitian nutritionist and regional environmental nutritionist for CCE-Steuben, providing strategies on how to tackle your quarantine weight gain. The free workshop, "How To Lose the Quarantine 15," is scheduled from 6 to 730 p.m. Jan. 14 via the Zoom video conferencing platform.
Participants will learn:
will be held online via Zoom on January 14 from 6:00-7:30 p.m.
n How small changes to your environment support weight loss.
n Tips and tricks to help realign your eating habits toward a healthy weight.
n How to manage food cravings.
n The underlying causes for weight gain and what to do about them.
Walenta, a Bath resident, came to CCE-Steuben from Guthrie Health Works Wellness & Fitness Center where she was a clinical dietitian. She has a bachelor of science degree in dietetics from the University of Delaware and a master's degree in public health nutrition from the University of North Carolina - Chapel Hill.
"I'm creative and like to 'think outside the box' which may help with program delivery as we all learn to navigate the 'new norm' during the pandemic," Walenta said in a news release.
To register and receive a link for the Zoom presentation, visit http://bit.ly/thequarantine15.
For more information, contact Cornell Cooperative Extension of Steuben County at (607) 664-2300.
Lcn Lifestyles