the Bicentennial Year of the American Revolution.
Northern Ireland has a unique relationship with the United States as being the cradle of the Scotch Irish, the pioneers and frontiersmen of early American life.
The part played by these settlers. descendants of low land Scots who had settled in the north of Ireland two hundred years earlier (hence the name Scotch Irish. has tended to be overshadowed by the tremendous 19th century emigration from other parts of Ireland to the United States. Yet the earlier Scotch Irish movement, small though it was by comparison and different in character, made an impact that was without parallel in early American history. From the Scotch Irish (or Ulster Scots as they are called in the British Isles) have been drawn more than a quarter of all the Presidents of the United States including the only three first generation Americans to achieve this office as well as State Governors, generals, writers, administrators, churchmen and teachers. Several signatories of the Declaration of Independence and the Constitution of the United States were Scotch Irishmen from Ulster.
In the early seventeenth century Ulster was settled by people from Britain In what is usually referred to as "the Plantation of Ulster." These people came mainly from the Scottish Lowlands By the end of the century there were over 100,000 Scots and 25,000 English in the Province. From these people emerged a new strain of Ulstermen the "Ulster Scots" or the "Scotch Irish"
During the years 1717 to 1770 over 250,00 Ulstermen left home with their families to settle in America. There was a constant flow of people crossing the Atlantic from Ulster a flow which at frequent intervals became a torrent. These people did not emigrate solely of their own free will but rather for social and economic reasons.
In the year 1718 five ships sailed from Ulster to America and one group of emigrants founded and settled the township of New Londonderry in New Hampshire.
Their educational standards were very high for people of their station in the early 18th century. They were mostly small farmers and labourers who had been living in a comparatively remote province of the United Kingdom.
Ulstermen moved to the New World in such numbers that they became the most important element in the colonial population of America after the English. By the time the United States became independent one American in five was of Scotch Irish, i.e., Ulster stock.
Ideally suited for the new life by reason of their experience as pioneers in Ulster, their qualities of character and their Ulster Scottish background, they made a unique contribution to the land of their adoption. They became the frontiersmen of colonial America, clearing the forests to make their farms and, as one would expect, they had the defects as well as the qualities of pioneers. President Theodore Roosevelt described them us "a grim, stern people, strong and powerful for good and evil, swayed by gusts of stormy passion, the love of freedom rooted in their very hearts' core..." They suffered terrible injuries at the hands of the red men, and on their foes they waged terrible warfare in return. They were also upright, resolute, fearless, and loyal to their friends, devoted to their country. In spite of their many failings, they were of all men the best fitted to conquer the wilderness and hold it against all comers."
They took with them into the wilderness their love of religion and learning, building churches and schools as they established each new settlement or fort. The primitive centres of further learning such as the Log College of Neshaminy in Pennsylvania which they early established achieved a notable reputation as "mothers" of new colleges, their graduates taking the lead in founding new institutions and providing the first presidents who gave them their character. Indeed it was in the field of education that the Scotch Irish made one of their most important contributions to American life.
Estimates of the number of Presidents of the United States of Scotch Irish origins vary, depending on the degree of relationship on which the claim is based. For the purposes of their search for ancestral homesteads the Ulster Scot Historical Foundation accepted only those of direct Scotch Irish descent. Even limited in this way the number amounts to eleven; a notable proportion when related to the very small group from which they sprang. They are Andrew Jackson, James Knox Polk, James Buchanan, Andrew Johnson, Ulysses Simpson Grant, Chester Alan Arthur, Grover Cleveland, Benjamin Harrison, William McKinley, Theodore Roosevelt, and Woodrow Wilson.
This list becomes all the more impressive when it is realized that three of the ten, Presidents Jackson, Buchanan and Arthur, were first generation Americans, i.e., Presidents whose fathers were born in Ulster. The United States Constitution lays it down that the President must be American born. In the long history of the United States these are the only three first generation Americans to achieve this high office. Andrew Jackson has left it on record that he only just made it since he was born soon after the ship in which his parents sailed from Ulster reached harbour in America. Three other Presidents, John Adams, James Monroe, and John Quincy Adams are reputed to have family links with Ulster. A further two presidents Harry S. Truman and Dwight D. Eisenhower claimed to have "Scotch Irish" blood in their veins.
Both references are to the Mecklenburg Resolution of Independence adopted by a convention of Scotch Irish which met in North Carolina and which was one of the steps leading up to the Declaration of Independence adopted by the Continental Congress in Philadelphia on July 4, 1976. The latter is now regarded as marking the birth of the American nation, commemorated every year as Independence Day. Its immortal words come ringing down the centuries. "We hold these truths to be self evident, that all men are created equal; that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable rights; that among these are life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness:" While Ulstermen and their descendants were establishing a unique record on the frontier they were also rivalling that record with their contribution to the Revolutionary cause.
In a speech at Springfield, Ohio, on May 11, 1893, William McKinley, Governor of Ohio, later to become the 25th President, and whose ancestors came from Dervock, near Ballymoney, Co. Antrim, said about those Ulster emigrants: "They were the first to proclaim for freedom in these United States; even before Lexington the Scotch Irish blood had been shed for American freedom." McKinley was pointing out that the first encounter of the War of Independence was not at Concord and Lexington, but on the Alamance River in North Carolina when on May 14th, 1771, there was a clash between the Ulster Irish of that region and a British force under Governor Tryon.
Among the signatories of the Declaration of Independence were five Scotch Irish delegates and one Scot with Ulster associations. They were Thomas McKean, Edward Rutledge, James Smith, George Taylor, Matthew Thornton, and Philip Livingstone, a Scot but whose great grandfather had been from County Down.
The Secretary of the Congress which adopted the Declaration was an Ulsterman, Charles Thomson from Maghera, County Londonderry. It was first printed by another Ulsterman, John Dunlap a native of Strabane, County Tyrone, who is also remembered as the founder of the first daily newspaper in America, the Pennsylvania Packet.
One of the four members of Washington's first Cabinet, Henry Knox, came from Ulster. When Washington organized the first Supreme Court lie appointed John Rutledge, son of an Ulsterman, as one of the four Associate Justices under Chief Justice Lay whom Rutledge later succeeded.
As would be expected of frontiersmen, the fighting qualities of the Scotch Irish came to the fore during the struggle for independence and in the subsequent conflicts in America. During the War of Independence General George Washington held in high regard his troops of Ulster origin. Throughout the War a large proportion of his troops were men of Ulster origins In tribute to them Washington said: "If defeated everywhere else. I will make my last stand for liberty among the Scotch Irish of my native Virginia." The great Civil War General, Robert E. Lee considered the Scotch Irish to have made fine soldiers because they had the courage and determination of the Scots with the dash and intrepidity of the Irish.
General Stonewall Jackson is perhaps the best known of the fighting Scotch Irish and his great grandfather, John Jackson, went to America about 1748. A site at the Birches, County Armagh, is traditionally regarded as his home. Another Scotch Irish military leader was General Sam Houston, first President of the Republic of Texas, and Governor of Tennessee. He was the son of a Major Samuel Houston, veteran of the Revolutionary War, whose ancestors left Ulster for America in 1735.
Frontier fighter and Hero of the Alamo, Davy Crockett, came from Scotch Irish stock too. His father, John Crockett, emigrated to America from Londonderry with his parents in the 18th century.
In the publishing world. in addition to John Dunlap, who was previously mentioned, who printed the first daily newspaper in the United States, was Horace Greeley, founder of the New York Tribune. Colonel Robert R. McCormick, proprietor of the Chicago Tribune and Harold Wallace Ross, founder of the New Yorker.
Edgar Alan Poe was of Scotch Irish descent as also was the song writer, Stephen Foster, whose great grandfather sailed to America from Londonderry about 1728.
The founder of the American Presbyterian Church, the Rev. Francis Makemie, was an Ulsterman. The Rev. John Rodgers, whose father came from Londonderry, was the first Moderator of the first General Assembly. The second was the Rev. Robert Smith, also from Londonderry.
Andrew Mellon, financier was a descendant of people from Newtownstewart, County Tyrone. Robert Fulton, pioneer of the steam boat, Samuel Morse, inventor of Morse Code, and Cyrus McCormack, inventor of the reaping machine, all had ancestors from Ulster.
In the field of education, descendants of Ulster people and Ulster people themselves were responsible, either wholly or in part, for the foundation of many great educational Institutions of the United States. They founded Log College which gave birth to the University of Princeton, also to Jefferson College, Hampden Sidney College, the University of North Carolina, University of Pennsylvania, and to Washington and Lee University of Virginia. The founder of Lafayette College was of Ulster stock; the first President of Bowdoin and the first President of what later became the University of Nashville were also of Ulster descent.
Recently interest in research of the early settlers and founders of the United States has spread to institutions. particularly universities, where there is a growing realisation that the greatest contribution of the Scotch Irish to America was not in the national leaders they produced, nor even in the possibly decisive part they played in the Revolutionary War, but in the formative influence they had on the American character and way of life.
1. Andrew Jackson. 7th President. 1829 1837. Co. Antrim.
2. James Knox Polk. 11th President. 1845 1849. Co. Londonderry.
3. James Buchanan. 15th President. 1857 1861. Co. Tyrone.
4. Andrew Johnson. 17th President. 1865 1869. Co. Antrim.
5. Ulysses S. Grant. 18th President. 1869 1877. Co. Tyrone.
6. Chester A. Arthur. 21st President. 1881 1885. Co. Antrim.
7. Stephen Grover Cleveland. 22nd & 24th President. 1885 1889,1893 1897.
8. Benjamin Harrison. 23rd 1889 1893. Co. Antrim.
9. William McKinley. 25th 1897 1901. Co. Antrim.
10. Theodore Roosevelt. 26th 1901 1904. Co. Antrim.
11. Thomas Woodrow Wilson. 28th 1913 1921. Co. Tyrone.
Presidents John Adams. John Quincy Adams and James Monroe are reputed to lave family links with Ulster but these are rather tenuous. Presidents Harry S. Truman and Dwight D. Eisenhower claimed to have 'Scotch Irish' blood in their veins.
"From the near 1718, and all through the century a continuous stream of emigration poured from the North of Ireland, a stream that, at .frequent internals, became a flood... What did they dot What was the nature of their contribution to the United States?"
"... it is doubtful if we have wholly realised the importance of the part played by that stern and virile people... the men who had followed Cromwell, and who had shared in the defence of Derry, and before any other declared for American Independence."
In conclusion it must be pointed out that some writers relate truly, as they think, and without any malice of intent, the contribution of "Irishmen" to the making of the United States. There are also those echo nurse an "anti Ulster" bias and set down half truths and argue that an Ulsterman is an Irishman. These writers do so to deliberately deceive and fail to remember that the people they claim as their own would be the first to protest were they able to do so.
The "Irish" who have made such a great contribution to the United States of America are those people of Scottish extraction who emigrated from Ulster and not those who emigrated from Southern Ireland. In fact there was no substantial body of Southern Irish in America until the 19th century.
President Theodore Roosevelt in his History of New York states the truth clearly: "It is a curious fact that in the Revolutionary War, the Germans and Catholic Irish should have furnished the bulk of the auxiliaries (mercenaries) to the regular English soldiers; but the most ardent Americans of all were the Presbyterian Irish settlers and their descendants."
Owen Wister in A Square Deal is even more outspoken in support of the truth and in discrediting the lies and half-truths that, even today, are still being voiced by people who are supposed to be respected politicians: "Americans are being told in these days that they owe a debt of support to Irish Independence, because the Irish fought with us in our own struggle for independence. Yes, the Irish did, and we do owe a debt of support. But it was the Orange Irish who fought in our Revolution, and not the Green Irish."


Planning and preparation can help provide smooth sailing through the scholarship application system. To create a stress-free application process, follow these guidelines for planning and creating a thoughtful, meaningful and professional scholarship application.
Do your research. Search and apply for scholarships that match your specific interests and career goals. Utilize websites and search engines to find scholarships geared toward your interests. Talk to your guidance counselor about scholarships available through the school. Search locally – look for scholarships offered through area banks, schools, churches, clubs and businesses.
Don't underestimate the power of the essay. Take the time to write well-thought-out essays. Often, scholarships that require students to submit an essay have fewer applicants, increasing your chances of being selected. It is worth the extra effort. Let your personality shine through. Present your ideas in a focused, thoughtful and meaningful manner. Write in a natural style and support your ideas with specific examples.
Pay attention to deadlines and details. Use a calendar, make a schedule for yourself and stick to it. Stay organized and know the deadline for each scholarship for which you are applying. Applications submitted past the deadline are not considered.
Gather application materials early. Give yourself plenty of time to complete each step. Preview the application first to make sure you have everything you need to complete the application. Incomplete applications will not be considered.
Keep an updated, ongoing resume of activities and achievements. This is a good way to outline your thoughts and keep records of accomplishments.
Choose wisely when selecting recommendation sources. Choose people who can be available upon request to articulate your strengths as well as your ability to overcome your weaknesses.
Choose wisely when selecting an email address. Students may want to consider setting up a separate email account for scholarship applications. Email addresses for regional, state and national scholarships are often shared with multiple entities.
Avoid scams. Be wary of any site that charges a registration fee or search fee for its database of scholarships.
Avoid online writing services. Students who use paid services to write or edit their scholarship essays are less likely to be chosen because schools will notice a marked difference between their application and essay.
PROOFREAD, PROOFREAD, PROOFREAD! Ask a friend or teacher to proofread your essay and application. Have them check spelling, grammar, flow and overall application.


Sikkim Public Service Commission has released latest vacancy advertisement as SPSC Recruitment for filling up Digital Project Analyst/Software Developer Posts. Job seekers who are willing to enhance their career with this organization and searching for Jobs in Sikkim they should not miss this chance.
Candidates can apply for SPSC Job Vacancy through online mode by submitting their application form till the closing date that is 12-04-2019. SPSC Application Form submitted after 12-04-2019 will not be accepted by the software and SPSC will not be responsible for the same.
Organization is inviting well educated and talented aspirants to fill various vacant positions till the closing date for SPSC Recruitment 2019. Rejection list of candidates who do not qualify for the post as per the advertised criteria will be uploaded in the SPSC website on 17-04-2019.
Contenders applying either for SPSC Digital Project Analyst Recruitment or SPSC Software Developer Recruitment should possess Master's Degree in Computer Application or Information Technology from a recognized university or institute.
Must have experience of at least 02(two) years in a reputed organization or Institute.
Knowledge in Digital Project Management and Multimedia Technologies.
Knowledge in SQL and database handling.
Should have knowledge of any of the State Languages.
Must be conversant with the customs and usages of Sikkim.
Relaxations in age will be granted to reserved category candidates as per the rules and regulations of organization to apply for Sikkim PSC Jobs.
An amount of Rs.150 will be submitted in regard to application fee for Sikkim PSC Vacancy. The amount will be deposited through credit/debit card, Net Banking by Visa/Mastercard. The amount once deposited shall not be refunded or adjusted against any other purpose.
Candidates who will be selected for the Sikkim Public Service Commission Vacancies will get their salary plus Grade Pay according to the norms of organization.
To get the SPSC Sikkim Job candidates have to go through the written examination. Aspirants who will be qualified in the examination will further be called for the viva-voce/interview taken under the supervision of the organization.
Then press on "Recruitments" tab from left side of home page.
From new window press on "ADVERTISEMENT FOR THE POST OF DIGITAL PROJECT ANALYST AND SOFTWARE DEVELOPER UNDER I.P.R DEPARTMENT" link and you can also press on "Notification" tab.
Read SPSC Advertisement carefully and ensure your eligibility criteria.
Press on "Apply Online" link given on home page to apply for SPSC Notification.
Fill SPSC Online Application Form with entire details.
Upload essential documents with SPSC Application Form.
Press on "Submit" tab and your filled form will be submitted automatically.
Take a print out of SPSC Online Form for further use.
Aspirants must attain remaining information concerning SPSC Recruitment 2019 by following its Official Website. Keep tuned with us for more updates regarding latest career openings.
I too would like to apply for the post of LCD.So in this regard wanted to know that instead of posting the documents can I drop or submit my documents directly during office hours which might be more reliable and satisfactory I guess.
It is requested to send the application along with all the documents, you can also directly go and send it to that postal address as per your convience.
thanks for liking our post. Keep visiting our site for more similar updates.


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South Africa pays tribute to his "White Zulu" Johnny Clegg
Johannesburg (AFP)
From its president to a private citizen, South Africa paid tribute on Wednesday to its "White Zulu", singer Johnny Clegg, who died at age 66, praising his role in the fight against apartheid and the reconciliation between races.
"A beloved, inspirational and heroic voice has been silenced and deprives us of an exceptional compatriot and an icon of social cohesion and anti-racism," said the head of state, Cyril Ramaphosa. "Johnny Clegg will always live in our hearts and homes."
Johnny Clegg died Tuesday at his Johannesburg home of pancreatic cancer.
Born in Britain, Johnny Clegg drew his inspiration from Zulu culture to create a blend of African rhythms and Western pop, openly defying the apartheid regime.
His album "Scatterlings of Africa" in 1982 had propelled him to the top charts in Britain and France.
One of his greatest planetary hits, "Asimbonanga" ("We have not seen", in Zulu), is dedicated to Nelson Mandela, the hero of the anti-apartheid struggle.
The Foundation, which perpetuates the legacy of the country's first black president, paid tribute on Wednesday to "the icon of music and the freedom fighter". "We will continue to sing Asimbonanga and we will continue to work for the country of her dreams," she wrote on her Twitter account.
"It was just a gift from God," added Sipho Mchunu, with whom Johnny Clegg founded his first band called "Juluka" at the age of 17. "He was more than a brother (...), I have a broken heart," the musician added on news radio 702.
- "An example for the country" -
Many South Africans have joined these tributes in a country still rife with racial tension a quarter of a century after the fall of the white racist regime.
"If you think that Johnny Clegg was just a white guy who spoke Zulu, you did not understand anything about what he did for culture and all the doors he opened to artists," he tweeted. one of his admirers, Thabane Ndamase-Thabethe.
"It is first and foremost tragic to lose such an artist and such an example for our country," reacted to AFP Cape Town musician Stefan Ehrenreich, "his style of music that mixed races and cultures was absolutely unique ".
"His music crossed the cultures (...), he was arrested several times," also told AFP a businessman from the same city of Cape Town, Andre Ford, "but this has not not prevent from continuing and breaking down the barriers of apartheid. "
The homage to "White Zulu" has expanded to the entire African continent and Europe.
The Senegalese star Youssou N'Dour, who, like him, opened the international pop to the African sounds, thus recalled that he had "forever marked the world by his very bold anti-apartheid fight". "We will be eternally grateful for his song Asimbonanga," he added.
Moussa Soumbounou, the chief executive of Universal Music Africa, hailed "one of the symbols of post-apartheid reconciliation in South Africa". "Beyond the immense talent that was his, he crystallized and accompanied the release of this delicate period of African history".
"What sadness ... part of our struggles and our youth commitments go with him," tweeted for his part the former French Socialist Prime Minister Manuel Valls.
A public tribute to the artist must be organized in South Africa at a date to be specified, said his manager Roddy Quin. His funeral will be celebrated in the strictest intimacy.
Source: france24
South Africa honors Johnny Clegg - RFI 6 months
South African musician Johnny Clegg, nicknamed "White Zulu", is dead 6 months
South Africa: Johnny Clegg, the "White Zulu" is dead - RFI 6 months
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Transparency guaranteed: Facebook defends controversial political advertising
Tribute to Johnny at Olympia: "His songs are his memory," says Laeticia Hallyday
Explosion in Kista
Under US pressure, South Korea expands its anti-piracy mission to include the Strait of Hormuz
An international protection force to Libya .. Al-Sarraj wishes and the possibility of meeting
Trump's impeachment trial set to substantive hearing from early morning
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#Pages of Victory: young designers of RANEPA create "Endless writing" in Instagram story

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Q: Reusing the MainActivity in Android I have a MainActivity in my Android Application where I am showing a list of items in a RecyclerView.
Each Item can have multiple sub items, and sub items can have its own child items too (like a tree).
I want to show the same activity for main and sub items, but with an Back Arrow on ActionBar.
Is it possible to reuse MainActivity?

A: Yes, it is possible to reuse MainActivity. Each time you call startActivity without special launchMode or flags, a new instance of MainActivity will be created and it is considered an absolutely new one.

A: yes, you can do this using fragments. Instead of showing lists in MainActivity take a fragment container in MainActivity and create fragments where you can show your lists and subitems according to your requirement.
By checking fragment instance in MainActivity, you can show and hide backarrow of actionbar.
Check this

A: I have encountered a similar problem while working on a File Manager application. So What I did is created a FolderNavigator stack that helped me in keeping the track of users current position using which I showed breadcrumbs at the top. And I hooked my fragment with this navigator so as soon as the peek of stack changes my folder gets notified and it will load the data of the peek of the stack. When I press back I will just pop the stack and as my fragment is already hooked with the peek of stack it will show the respective data.

A: You can use fragments to fulfill your requirements.
From this SO answer:

Fragments are more of a UI benefit in my opinion. It's convenient for the user sometimes to see two different views of two different classes on the same screen.

For more about fragments, read this document.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


Philips has a great line of shavers for men but they also have something for men who like to maintain the latest beard styles too. The Philips Norelco Beard Trimmer Series 7200 BT7215/49 is a kit that will enable men to trim their beard, mustache, sideburns, and other facial hair styles easily. This dry trimmer is cordless and rechargeable.
This beard trimmer is designed in a black and grey plastic case. It's narrow and tapers down to the bottom. There is a trimmer and three grey plastic trimming combs to help you select the right hair length. About a third of the way down is a blue dial which helps you to select the length, which is displayed as a number below that. The on/off button is about two thirds down the front.
There is a clear plastic reservoir with funnel that collects the hairs at the top. It's handy to have, as you won't have to clean up hairs from your sink or counter, or the floor after doing a trim. Simply open up the tiny door and empty the whiskers into the garbage.
The blades of the Norelco Beard Trimmer are designed with an innovative lift and trim technology. The trimmer lifts up the hairs first, guides them to the blades and then snips them off. This results in a more efficient trim.
The blades built within this trimmer have self-sharpening steel blades. This means that the trimmer will always cut as well as it did when you first removed it from the box. This also prevents skin irritation, as dull blades are bad for the skin. The blades are also double sharpened which will help them to trim more hairs in each pass of the beard trimmer, and this will result in a faster trim.
The steel of the blades will also help to minimize irritation as they don't contain any nickel, which is a metal known to cause skin irritation.
With the use of the attachable hair combs there will be twenty different built-in length settings which are enough to give a man their own personal trim, so they don't look just like any other guy who has also purchased the same trimmer.
To select your trim setting you simply turn the blue zoom wheel until you have reached the length you want. Lengths are displayed from 0.5 mm to 10 mm. The other two combs do 3 mm and 5 mm.
The Philips Norelco Beard Trimmer Series 7200 is perfect for men who have previously tried to trim with just scissors and a comb, only to result in uneven results. The hair combs make it easier to get a great over-all even trim, and also provide a skin-friendly solution which is much safer than trimming hair with sharp scissors.
This trimmer is powered by a lithium ion battery. This is the best battery to have for high-performance facial trimming. It takes one hour to fully charge up your beard trimmer. One full charge will give you eighty minutes of cordless trimming time. If you forget to charge it up, or prefer, you can also operate it with the cord attached.
There is a power battery indicator on the front of the trimmer, just below the on/off button.
While you can't use the Philips Norelco Beard Trimmer Series 7200 wet, only dry, you can remove the trimmer head and the plastic combs so they can be rinsed under the tap. This will help to get out any stray hairs that the vacuum system didn't collect. Simply wait for the trimmer head to dry, and then reattach it by clicking it on. The combs can be dried with a towel. You can also empty the hair reservoir under the tap too, to get out all the hairs. There is also a cleaning brush included in the kit, so you can be assured that it'll be perfectly clean before using next.
Philips Norelco has four popular beard trimmers in their line: 3500, 5100, 7200, and 9100. You may wish to do a quick comparison before buying. The 7200 is the only one of the three that has a vacuum hair system. The 5100 and the 9100 trim down to a lower level of 0.2mm. Only the 3500 and the 7200 have twenty different length settings. All four have a zoom wheel to choose the optimum length. The 5100 and the 9100 are fully waterproof, for men who like to trim in the shower. The 3500 offers a longer chargeable shaving time of two hours. The 5100 will trim to longer lengths of 13mm. All four trimmers have a lithium ion battery.
Each of these 4 trimmers is great, it's just a man's personal choice of what length settings he needs, and whether the waterproof function is important to him. But the 7200 is the only one to have the vacuum hair feature which is handy to have.
The cost of this hair trimmer is under $55, making it an affordable second purchase to your grooming kit.
In the box you'll get one Philips Norelco Beard Trimmer Series 7200, three beard combs, and a cleaning brush. The Philips Norelco Beard Trimmer Series 7200 BT7215/49 comes with a five year warranty, which is actually exceptional for a product of this type. The package measures 2.4" x 5.9" x 10.4 inches and weighs 13.6 ounces.
For its additional features, the Philips Norelco Beard Trimmer Series 7200 BT7215/49 is a great deal. It's also backed up by an excellent warranty. Skip past those cheaply branded hair trimmers and buy a quality one made by Philips.


The four-day 2012 1st China (Hainan) International Eaglewood Tourism Expo closed in Wenbi Peak Pangu Culture Tourism Area on April 9, during which nearly 30,000 travelers were received and the total sum of site-transaction and intention of transaction was ¥350,000,000.
Eaglewood Culture Summit Forum and Eaglewood Expert Appreciation Meeting were held in the four-day expo. There were more than 70 exhibitors and eaglewood and relevant products with total value of over billions of RMB. The exhibits include eaglewood products & artworks, tools for tasting and producing eaglewood, eaglewood garden art, eaglewood derivatives, eaglewood literary works and other literary & artistic works.


Waldron's jr. high softball team lost a hard fought game to Eastern Hancock 11-6. This was by far our best offensive game but on defense there was moments of lost focus. Josie Lemmons had a good game at the plate going four for four. She also had four strikeouts in her pitching performance. McKayla Scudder was 2 for 4 at the plate and Sadie Chappelow and Lexi Rader also had a hit.


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Current 2020 BMW i8 Coupe Special offers
The standard features of the BMW i8 Base include 1.5L I-3 369hp hybrid gas intercooled turbo engine, 6-speed automatic transmission with overdrive, 4-wheel anti-lock brakes (ABS), integrated navigation system, side seat mounted airbags, curtain 1st and 2nd row overhead airbags, driver and passenger knee airbag, airbag occupancy sensor, automatic air conditioning, 20" forged aluminum wheels, cruise control, ABS and driveline traction control.
Financing Offer : 0.9% APR for 60 months on select BMW models
Truth in Lending Act Disclosure: Down payment will vary with APR and credit. For example, 0.9% APR with $2,500 down payment provides for 60 monthly payments of $17.05 per $1000 financed for qualified buyers. 0.9% APR for a term of 24 months corresponds to a monthly cost of $42.06 per $1000 financed. 0.9% APR for a term of 36 months corresponds to a monthly cost of $28.16 per $1000 financed. 0.9% APR for a term of 39 months corresponds to a monthly cost of $26.03 per $1000 financed. 0.9% APR for a term of 42 months corresponds to a monthly cost of $24.2 per $1000 financed. 0.9% APR for a term of 48 months corresponds to a monthly cost of $21.22 per $1000 financed. 1.9% APR for a term of 72 months corresponds to a monthly cost of $14.71 per $1000 financed. The rates described are for estimation purposes only; you may not be able to finance at this rate.
Financing Offer : 4.39% APR for 60 months on select BMW models
Truth in Lending Act Disclosure: Down payment will vary with APR and credit. For example, 4.39% APR with $2,500 down payment provides for 60 monthly payments of $18.59 per $1000 financed for qualified buyers. 4.39% APR for a term of 24 months corresponds to a monthly cost of $43.6 per $1000 financed. 4.39% APR for a term of 36 months corresponds to a monthly cost of $29.7 per $1000 financed. 4.39% APR for a term of 39 months corresponds to a monthly cost of $27.56 per $1000 financed. 4.39% APR for a term of 42 months corresponds to a monthly cost of $25.73 per $1000 financed. 4.39% APR for a term of 48 months corresponds to a monthly cost of $22.75 per $1000 financed. 4.79% APR for a term of 72 months corresponds to a monthly cost of $16.01 per $1000 financed. 5.69% APR for a term of 84 months corresponds to a monthly cost of $14.46 per $1000 financed. The rates described are for estimation purposes only; you may not be able to finance at this rate.
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AT political Cabinet on Tuesday, ministers were shown polling that neatly highlights the Tory dilemma.
When voters are asked what is the most important issue facing the country, they reply Brexit and the NHS.
But when they are asked what the most pressing issue is for them, they say the cost of living. And what's the most popular Tory policy since the election? The stamp duty cut for first-time buyers.
The political implications of all this is clear: Voters, who are most worried about the cost of living, won't thank politicians who hike their taxes.
Several of the Cabinet ministers present on Tuesday have told me they believe this worry over the cost of living means any tax rise, even one explicitly designed to allow more spending on the health service, won't wash with the public.
It is also hard to see how any tax increase could get through the Commons.
When the Tory whips canvassed their MPs about a tax rise to pay for extra NHS spending, they weren't met with a positive response.
"You can't get a tax increase through this parliament," is how one Cabinet Minister sums up the situation.
So if tax rises are off the table, should the Tories just continue with austerity, holding down spending?
Well, this is an unattractive option too. All the easy cuts have already been made and in nearly every area the pressure is for more money.
If the health service doesn't get the expected three per cent a year increase for the next few years, the winter crisis will become an all-year phenomenon — and there would be no better backdrop for Labour in an election than an NHS in crisis.
It is not just the health service where the public are keen on more money. Tory MPs think that public concern over schools funding cost them more seats at the last election than the NHS.
While if Britain is to continue to play a role on the world stage, it will have to spend more on defence.
Dealing with the current surge in violent crime may well also require, as Home Secretary Sajid Javid acknowledged this week, more resources for the police.
But those around Chancellor Philip Hammond have little time for this argument. They think that deficit spending is, inherently, unsustainable. They also worry about going into Brexit with the deficit rising.
No10's position is less clear. Mrs May has always been relatively hawkish fiscally. But her powerful chief of staff Gavin Barwell is, as one insider puts it, "definitely on the wet side of May" and more keen on spending increases.
There is no easy solution to this Tory dilemma. But what is being overlooked is how growth could help them out.
them to spend more and still balance the books.
THE Government's strategy for defeating all the Lords amendments to the EU withdrawal bill now depends on pressuring Labour MPs representing big Leave- voting seats to abstain.
That's why the Tories have started a new Respect The Result campaign this week, which is designed to turn up the heat on these Labour MPs.
It is far from certain that this campaign will work, but it shows how few options the Government has as it tries to win these crunch votes.
THE Brexit negotiations are not in a good place. In Brussels this week there have been no discussions at all on the so-called "backstop" to deal with the Irish border question.
If this issue isn't resolved ahead of the EU Council next month, then the talks will be plunged into their gravest crisis yet.
At the same time, the British side is fuming over how the EU's negotiators are treating them over the Galileo satellite programme.
They feel Britain has made clear that its commitment to European security is unconditional, only to find the door slammed in its face.
There is also another problem, as one senior Government insider admits.
If the Government is accusing the EU of behaving in bad faith over Galileo, it is much more difficult to turn around to Parliament and say we must pay the £39billion divorce bill and trust the EU to act in good faith when it comes to the trade negotiations.
All of this is increasing the chances of an accidental no deal.
Theresa May would come back to Parliament with a deal in the Autumn.
Labour and the other opposition parties would vote against it – because the deal won't be great and that's what opposition do – but enough Tories would think it isn't worth £39billion and do the same.
The result: Mrs May's agreement is voted down and the UK is set to leave without a deal but without the Government having made adequate preparations.
Something is needed to break this negotiating log jam. Inside Government they hope their Brexit white paper, set to be published in mid-June, could start to do that.
It will set out in far more detail than before what kind of relationship with the EU the UK wants. It will be accompanied by a major diplomatic push to get European governments to engage with the idea.
If the Brexit negotiations are to deliver a decent outcome, this push must succeed.
Who will hold the Tory fort for Davidson?
SENIOR Westminster backers of Ruth Davidson, the Scottish Tory leader, fear she will miss out on the next Tory leadership contest – and are now contemplating supporting a stopgap candidate to keep the seat warm for her.
Davidson is adamant she will fight the Scottish parliament elections in 2021, precluding any move to Westminster before then. But several Davidson admirers now think that Theresa May's premier-ship won't last until then.
So their minds are turning to who might be their stopgap candidate, someone prepared to hold the fort until Davidson can come to London. The most talked-about name for this role is Michael Gove.
But other Tories are dismissive of this idea. They think it isn't practical as no one would agree to be PM for only two years. Equally, the deal couldn't be explicit as that would destroy Davidson's campaign to be First Minister of Scotland.
Davidson, though, remains the only Tory with game-changing numbers. So the chatter about how to get her into No10 before the next election will continue.
WHY did Donald Trump pull the plug on his summit with Kim Jong-un? Because the North Koreans were engaging less and less.
Trump's thinking is that if Jong-un wants to come back to the table, he'll now have to do it on the US's terms.
Trump's aim is to exploit the difference between bid and offer.
But it remains to be seen if what works in real estate works in diplomacy.


Bermuda does not have a country-specific satellite phone system.
There is no trunk prefix (1) or area code (441) dialed when calling within Bermuda.
Bermudan phone numbers are ten digits (eleven including a leading '1' that acts as a country code for the entire NANP calling region).
The first three digits are '441' – an area (geographic) code to designate Bermuda within the North American Numbering Plan.
The first three digits of the local phone number are an exchange within the Bermudan code of '441'.
The Bermuda Maritime Museum lists its phone number in Sandys MA as 1-441-234-1418.
Dial the seven-digit phone number when calling anywhere within Bermuda. Do not include the area code '441' in domestic calls.
Dial the combined country code/trunk prefix of '1', then Bermuda's area code within the NANP of '441', then the local seven-digit phone number.
To call from a country from outside the NANP, dial the exit code of the country you're calling from, then the NANP country code/trunk prefix of '1', then Bermuda's area code of '441', then the local phone number.
'011' is used as an exit code when dialing an international phone call from Bermuda to a location outside the NANP calling region (the United States, Canada, most regions of the Caribbean, and U.S. Territories in the Pacific).
International Telecommunications Union – Bermuda's (country code +1 441) Communication of 15.I.2010 National National Numbering Plan – Details of Bermuda's telephone numbering plan as submitted to the ITU. Retrieved 28 November 2016.
Wikipedia – Telephone numbers in Bermuda (country code +1 441) – Wikipedia entry for telephone number data for Bermuda's calling plan within the North American Numbing Plan. Includes specific number ranges for each city as well as detail on calling procedures.
BT – The Phonebook – Bermuda – Entry for Bermuda in the British Telecom international directory.


text:
Christopher Lee Passes Away At 93
Today brings the sad news that Sir Christopher Lee, a cinematic icon and the man behind many a legendary screen villain (among other things), has passed away some two weeks after he celebrated his 93rd birthday.
Lee was hospitalized recently for respiratory problems and heart failure, before he passed away at Westminster Hospital in London on Sunday, June 7th, 2015. Gitte Kroencke, who has been married to Lee since 1961, decided to (understandably) postpone releasing the news to the general public, so that she might contact the other members of Lee's family directly first.
Lee was born Christopher Frank Carandini Lee on May 27th, 1922 in Belgravia, London, to Liteutenant Colonel Geoffrey Trollope Lee (a member of the 60th King's Royal Rifle Corps) and his wife Contessa Estelle Marie. Lee started doing stage acting even when he was a child; he later served during WWII as a member of the Royal Air Force and Special Forces - spending a year in an infamous Finland winter campaign. Lee never spoke fully about his activities during the second World War, but it's said that he may have served as a spy for the Allies.
Standing at 6 foot 5 inches tall and with a deep, elegant, voice befitting his stature, Lee cast a long shadow on the big screen when he started acting during the late 1940s, beginning with his film debut in the Gothic romance Corridor of Mirrors. He was incredibly prolific over the course of a screen acting career that spanned nearly seventy years, though it was his many, many villain turns that cemented Lee's place in movie history. On the subject of playing antagonists, Lee once said:
" 'Good' people … being persistently noble can become rather uninteresting. There is a dark side in all of us. And for us 'bad' people, the bad side dominates. I think there is a great sadness in villains, and I have tried to put that across. We cannot stop ourselves doing what we are doing."
Lee really began to establish his legacy as a villain actor when he appeared in Hammer horror films during the late 1950s and '60s, starting with his performance as 'The Creature' in The Curse of Frankenstein in 1957. He went on to play Count Dracula in Horror of Dracula (1958) and the namesake of The Mummy (1959), before going on to reprise as Dracula onscreen several more times (until Lee at last decided to 'retire' as the iconic vampire), including in the films Dracula: Prince of Darkness (1965), Dracula Has Risen from the Grave (1968), Taste the Blood of Dracula (1969), Count Dracula and Scars of Dracula (both released in 1970).
During the 1950s and '60s, Lee continued to appear in other movies that fall in either the supernatural horror and/or macabre mystery genre. That includes literary adaptations The Hound of the Baskervilles (1959) and The Two Faces of Dr. Jekyll (1960); non-Dracula vampire films like Uncle Was a Vampire (1959) and Crypt of the Vampire (1964); and Rasputin: The Mad Monk (1966), where Lee headlined as Grigori Rasputin. (Interesting bit of trivia: Lee was a child when he met real-life Rasputin's assassins, Prince Yusupov and Grand Duke Dmitri Pavlovich.)
The actor's fondness for playing unscrupulous and otherwise foreboding characters didn't wane over the years either, as he also went on to portray the famous baddie Fu Manchu several times onscreen, starting with The Face of Fu Manchu in 1965. Lee also costarred in the 1973 horror classic The Wicker Man; played the devious Rochefort in The Three Musketeers (1973) and The Four Musketeers: Milady's Revenge (1974); and he portrayed the James Bond antagonist Scaramanga in The Man with the Golden Gun in 1974. (Another bit of trivia about Lee's fascinating life: he became step-cousin to James Bond creator Ian Fleming as a kid, after Lee's birth parents divorced and his mother married Fleming's uncle, Harcourt George St-Croix Rose.)
He ceased to pull back on his workload during the last quarter of the 20th century too, frequently appearing in multiple films (or TV movies) every year, adding Hollywood titles such as Steven Spielberg's WWII comedy 1941, 1980s cult classic fantasy The Last Unicorn, and horror-comedy sequel Gremlins 2: The New Batch to his belt. During the '90s, Lee appeared in such noteworthy TV programs as The Young Indiana Jones Chronicles (where he played - what else - a villain), as well as historical literature adventure series Ivanhoe and The New Adventures of Robin Hood. He also made a cameo in Tim Burton's Hammer horror film homage Sleepy Hollow in 1999, before Lee's career famously gained a second wind in the 2000s.
A whole new generation 'discovered' Lee in the 21st century, thanks to his performance as Saruman the White in Peter Jackson's Middle-earth film trilogies, The Lord of the Rings and The Hobbit. Lee also famously portrayed Force-using antagonist Count Dooku in the second and third installments of George Lucas' Star Wars prequel movie trilogy. He also collaborated several more times with Burton, making appearances in Charlie and the Chocolate Factory (2005) and Dark Shadows (2012) while also lending his voice to Corpse Bride (2005) and providing the vocals for The Jabberwocky in Alice in Wonderland (2010).
On the subject of acting, Lee offer the following insight to The Guardian in 2013:
"Making films has never just been a job to me, it is my life. I have some interests outside of acting – I sing and I've written books, for instance – but acting is what keeps me going, it's what I do, it gives life purpose."
That passion and dedication to his craft shone throughout Lee's acting career, earning him countless fans who appreciated his work and were always excited when he made an appearance onscreen. Lee was just as fascinating and dignified a person in real-life as so many of the intimidating villain types he portrayed on the big screen, ensuring that film buffs (and people in general) won't be forgetting him anytime soon. Nor, for that matter, will his impact on cinema fade for years to come.
And now, as a final salute to the awesomeness of Sir Christopher Lee, we present his symphonic metal version of "The Blood of the Saxon Men" from his album Charlemagne: By the Sword and the Cross (recorded in 2010):
R.I.P. Sir Christopher Frank Carandini Lee: May 27th, 1922 - June 7th, 2015.
Tags: lord of the rings, the hobbit, the lord of the rings, obituaries
FBI Investigating Con Artist That Posed as Marvel Studio Executive


text:
\section{The requirements of the linear collider physics programme}

The next generation of high energy $e^{+}e^{-}$ experiments,
following the LEP and SLC programs, will be at a linear collider, operating
at centre-of-mass energies ranging from the $Z^0$ pole up to about 1~TeV.
Expected to be commissioned by the end of the first decade of the new
millennium, the linear collider will complement the physics reach of the
Tevatron and LHC hadron colliders in the study of the mechanism of
electro-weak symmetry breaking and in the search for new physics beyond the
Standard Model. Both precision measurements and particle searches set
stringent requirements on the efficiency and purity of the flavour
identification of hadronic jets since final states including short-lived $b$
and $c$-quarks and $\tau$ leptons are expected to be the main signatures. High
accuracy in the reconstruction of the charged particle trajectories close to
their production point is required in order to reconstruct the topologies of
the secondary vertices in the decay chain of short-lived heavy
flavour particles.

If a Higgs boson exists with mass below 150~GeV/c$^2$, as indicated by the
fit to the present electro-weak data~\cite{Gross}, it will be essential to
carry out precision measurements of its couplings to different fermion species
as a proof of the mass generation mechanism and to identify its Standard Model
or Supersymmetric nature~\cite{higgs1}. This can be achieved by accurate
determinations of its decay rate to $b\bar{b}$, $c\bar{c}$,
$\tau^{+}\tau^{-}$, $W^{+}W^{-}$ and gluon pairs to detect possible deviations
from the Standard Model predictions \cite{higgs2}. Since the rates for the
Higgs decay modes into lighter fermions $h^0 \rightarrow c \bar c$,
$\tau^+ \tau^-$ or into gluon pairs are expected to be only about 10\% or less
of that for the dominant $h^0 \rightarrow b \bar b$ process, the extraction
and measurement of the signals of these decay modes requires suppression of
the $b \bar b$ contribution by a factor of twenty or better while preserving a
good efficiency.

The measurement of the top Yukawa coupling~\cite{TopYuk} as well as the
top-quark mass measurement will require efficient $b$-tagging to reduce
combinatorial background in the reconstruction of the six and eight jet final
states.
If Supersymmetry is realized in nature, the study of its rich Higgs sector will
 also require an efficient identification of $b$-jets and $\tau$ leptons to
isolate the signals for the decays of the heavier $A^0$, $H^0$ and $H^{\pm}$
bosons from the severe combinatorial backgrounds in the complex
multi-jet hadronic final states.
Due to the expected large $b$-jet multiplicity, highly
efficient tagging is required to preserve a sizeable statistics of the
signal events. Finally, both $b$ and $c$-tagging will be important in the study
of the quark scalar partners, while $\tau$ identification may be
instrumental in isolating signals from Gauge Mediated Supersymmetry
Breaking~\cite{GMSB}.

A set of curves representative of the performance of a jet flavour tagging
algorithm at the linear collider are given in Figure~\ref{fig:ctag} under
two different assumptions for the track impact parameter resolution.
The requirement of efficient $c$ identification with a rejection
factor against $b$-jets of more than ten, highlights the need of track
impact parameter resolution $\sigma_{I.P.}$ better than $10~\mu m \oplus
\frac{30~\mu m~{\mathrm GeV/c}}{{\mathrm p}~\sin^{3/2}\theta}$ in both
projections. It is important to minimise the multiple scattering contribution
to the impact parameter resolution. In fact, $b$/$c$
discrimination is obtained mostly by probing the difference in charged decay
multiplicities and invariant masses of the $B$ and $D$ hadrons. This requires
to identify the majority of charged decay products that have typical momenta of
a few GeV/c in multi-jet events.
A precise determination of the track perigee parameters close to
their production point also assists in the track reconstruction and improves
the momentum resolution. The addition of the Vertex Tracker space points with
7~$\mu$m resolution to those from a TPC main tracker improves the estimated
momentum resolution $\sigma_p/p^2$ from 1.5~$\times$~10$^{-4}$ (GeV/c)$^{-1}$
to 0.6~$\times$~10$^{-4}$ (GeV/c)$^{-1}$ for charged particles of large
momentum.
The design of the linear collider Vertex Tracker and the choice of the sensor
technology are driven by these requirements, to be achieved within the
constraints set by the accelerator induced backgrounds at the interaction
region and by the characteristics of the physics events.
\begin{figure}
\begin{center}
\epsfig{file=ebec.eps,height=8.0cm,width=9.5cm}
\caption{The $b$-quark background efficiency as a function of the $c$-quark
signal efficiency for a $c$-tag algorithm based on topological vertexing and
impact parameters,
developed on the basis of the experience from the SLC and LEP experiments,
\cite{higgs3}. The two curves show the expected performance for two different
assumptions on the track impact parameter resolution.}
\label{fig:ctag}
\end{center}
\end{figure}
In the next section these constraints are discussed with specific reference
to the TESLA linear collider project, while section~3 presents the
conceptual design proposed for the Vertex Tracker.
The silicon pixel sensor technology, developed to overcome the
hybrid pixel sensor limitations in terms of single point space resolution,
is discussed in details in section~4.

\section{The experimental conditions at the TESLA interaction region}

Several concepts have been developed for the acceleration, preservation
of low emittance and final focusing of electron and positron beams at
energies in excess of 200~GeV/beam~\cite{lcreview}. The TESLA
project~\cite{CDR} has proposed to use superconducting accelerating
structures, operating at L-band frequency that delivers very long beam pulses
($\sim$ 900 $\mu$s) accelerating up to 4500 bunches per pulse. This scheme
allows a large bunch spacing (190-340~ns) making it possible to resolve single
bunch crossings (BX) and also to perform fast bunch-to-bunch feedback needed
to stabilize the beam trajectory within a single pulse, thus preserving the
nominal luminosity of 3-5~$\times 10^{34}$~cm$^{-2}$~s$^{-1}$.
The large luminosity of each individual bunch-crossing (
2.2~$\times~10^{-3}$~nb$^{-1}$~BX$^{-1}$) and the large number of bunches in a
single pulse imply a high rate of background events that need to be
minimised by identifying the bunch corresponding to the physics event of
interest.

A primary source of background at the linear collider interaction region
is the incoherent pair production in the electromagnetic interactions of
the colliding beams. These particles are confined by the solenoidal magnetic
field, spiralling in an envelope defined by the field strength, $B$, and
their intrinsic transverse momentum acquired at production and the
subsequent deflection in the electric field of the opposite beam. The pairs
represent an irreducible source of spurious particle hits, which interferes
with the reconstruction of the particles from the physics processes of
interest.
The maximum radius and longitudinal position of crossing of the envelope of
deflected pairs defines both the inward bound for the first sensor layer and
its maximum length. At 1.2~cm radial distance from the TESLA colliding
beams, with a magnetic field $B$ = 3~T, the hit pair density is expected to be
$\simeq$ 0.2 hit mm$^{-2}$ BX$^{-1}$ with $\pm~5$~cm available in the
longitudinal coordinate to fit the first sensitive layer of the detector.
An additional background source that needs to be taken into account in the
choice of the sensor technology is the flux of neutrons photo-produced at
the dump of electrons from pairs and radiative Bhabha scattering and of
beamstrahlung photons. The computation of this neutron flux at the interaction
region relies on the modelling of their production and transport in the
accelerator tunnel and in the detector and is subject to significant
uncertainties. Estimated fluxes are of the order of a few
10$^9$ $n$~(1~MeV)~cm$^{-2}$~year$^{-1}$~\cite{Tesch,Ye}, where the
anticipated neutron flux has been normalised in terms of equivalent
1~MeV neutrons assuming NIEL scaling.
Finally the large $e^+e^- \rightarrow \gamma \gamma$ cross-section requires
single bunch identification and high resolution on the longitudinal position
of production of forward charged particles in order to suppress to a few \%
the rate of two photon background overlap with physics events.

In addition to these background sources, the occupancy from the charged
particles
inside dense jets in multi-parton hadronic final states has to be considered.
A study of $t \bar t$ and $h^0 Z^0$ events at $\sqrt{s}$ = 500 GeV showed
that at 3.0~cm from the interaction point, about 20 \% (10 \%) of the
particles in the jet have at least one additional hit from another particle
of the same jet within a 150 $\mu m$ distance in the $R-\Phi$ ($R-z$) plane,
which corresponds to the typical two-track separation capability of a
microstrip detector. Therefore,  sensors with small sensitive cells have to
be used in order to avoid a large number of merged hits and ambiguities in the
pattern recognition.

In summary, the linear collider Vertex Tracker must be able to provide
a track impact parameter resolution better than $10~\mu m \oplus
\frac{30~\mu m~{\mathrm GeV/c}}{{\mathrm p}~\sin^{3/2}\theta}$ in both
the $R-\Phi$ and $R-z$ projections for jet flavour identification, identify
single bunch crossings separated by about 200~ns to reduce pair and
$\gamma \gamma$ backgrounds and have sensitive cells of 150 $\times$
150~$\mu$m$^2$ or less to keep the occupancy from pairs and hadronic jets
below 1\%. There are two types of such silicon sensors, already used at
collider experiments, that have the potential to satisfy these
specifications in terms of sensitive cell size: the Charged Coupled Devices
(CCD) and hybrid pixels sensors. The CCD sensors have successfully been used
for the SLD Vertex Detector at the SLC collider at SLAC~\cite{vxd3}
while hybrid pixel sensors, pioneered by the WA-97 experiment at
CERN~\cite{WA97}, have been adopted at LEP in the upgraded DELPHI Silicon
Tracker~\cite{SiTracker}. These have been further developed for the
ALICE~\cite{alice}, ATLAS~\cite{atlas} and CMS~\cite{cms} experiments to meet
the experimental conditions of the LHC collider.
CCD detectors have been already proposed for the linear collider Vertex
Tracker~\cite{ccdlc}. While CCD's have ideal characteristics
in terms of spatial resolution and detector thickness, they presently lack
the required read-out speed necessary to cope with the TESLA bunch timing and
are possibly sensitive to neutron damage at fluxes of the order of that
expected at the linear collider. An intense R\&D program is presently
underway to overcome these limitations~\cite{CCDnew}.
The use of hybrid pixel sensors for the linear collider Vertex Tracker was
also proposed a few years ago and a first conceptual design of the detector
was defined~\cite{ABC}. Compared to the CCD's, hybrid pixel sensors
have the advantage of allowing fast time stamping and sparse data scan
read-out, thereby reducing the occupancies due to backgrounds, and of being
tolerant to neutron fluxes well beyond those expected at the linear collider.
Both these characteristics have been demonstrated for their application in the
LHC experiments. On the other hand, there are areas of R\&D that are
specific to the linear collider, namely the improvement of the pixel sensor
spatial resolution and the reduction of its total thickness.

\section{The TESLA Vertex Detector design}

The proposed layout of the TESLA Vertex Detector \cite{ABC} based on hybrid
pixel sensors is shown in fig.~\ref{fig:layout} and consists of
a three-layer cylindrical detector surrounding the beam-pipe complemented
by forward crowns and disks extending the polar acceptance to small angles.
This geometry follows solutions adopted for the DELPHI Silicon Tracker.
\begin{figure}[h!]
\begin{center}
\epsfig{file=evt_pap.eps,height=9.0cm}
\end{center}
\caption{The proposed layout of the Vertex Tracker with a simulated
$e^+e^- \rightarrow h^0 Z^0 \rightarrow b \bar b \mu^+ \mu^-$ event
overlayed. The three layered barrel
section is complemented by a crown and two disks of detectors to ensure
accurate tracking in the forward region.}
\label{fig:layout}
\end{figure}
The first detector layer, closest to the interaction
region, is located at a radius of 1.2~cm and has a length of 10~cm.
The two additional barrel layers are located at 3.5~cm and 10~cm respectively
and have a polar acceptance down to $|\cos \theta| = 0.82$. At lower angles,
additional space points are obtained by extending the barrel section by a
forward crown and two disks of detectors providing three hits down
to $|\cos \theta| = 0.995$. The transition from the barrel cylindrical to
the forward conical and planar geometries optimises the angle of incidence of
the particles onto the detector modules in terms of achievable single point
resolution and multiple scattering. This tracker can be assembled by two
independent half-shells, allowing its installation and removal with the
beam-pipe in place. Overlaps of neighbouring detector modules will provide an
useful mean of veryfing the relative detector alignment using particle
tracks from dedicated calibration runs taken at $Z^0$ centre-of-mass energy.
The geometry optimisation and the study of
the physics performances of the Tracker design has been performed with a
GEANT based simulation of the detector, accounting for benchmark
physics processes with enhanced forward production cross-section, such as
$e^+e^- \rightarrow H^0 \nu \bar \nu$, pair and $\gamma \gamma$ backgrounds,
local pattern recognition and detector inefficiencies. The impact parameter
resolution has been obtained by a Kalman filter track fit to the associated
hits in the Vertex Tracker and in the TPC.
\begin{figure}[h!]
\begin{center}
\epsfig{file=ip_rz.eps,width=9.0cm,height=9.0cm}
\end{center}
\caption{The expected impact parameter resolution $\sigma_{I.P.}$ in the
$R-\phi$ (upper plot) and $R-z$ (lower plot) projections as a function of the
particle momentum for the proposed Vertex Tracker assuming a single point
resolution of 7~$\mu$m corresponding to that obtained for microstrip sensors
with 25~$\mu$m strip pitch and 50~$\mu$m read-out pitch. The curve overlayed
to each plot shows the result of a fit to the function
$\sigma_1 \oplus \frac{\sigma_2}{{\mathrm p}~\sin^{3/2 (5/2)}\theta}$. The
departure of the points from the predictions of these parametrisations in the
region from 2.0~GeV/c to
10~GeV/c is due to the effect of multiple scattering between the Vertex
Tracker and the TPC.}
\label{fig:ip}
\end{figure}
In order to achieve a resolution for the impact parameter reconstruction
better than 7~$\mu$m for tracks at large momenta, a detector space point
accuracy of better than 10~$\mu$m must be obtained. The requirement on the
multiple scattering contribution to the track extrapolation resolution, lower
than 30~$\mu$m/$p_t$, and the need to minimise the amount of material in front
of the calorimeters and to ensure the optimal track matching with the main
tracking system, set a constraint on the material budget of the Vertex
Tracker to less than 3~\% of a radiation length ($X_0$).
These requirements can be fulfilled by adopting 200~$\mu$m thick detectors and
back-thinning of the read-out chip to 50~$\mu$m, corresponding to 0.3~\%~$X_0$
of a radiation length, and a light support structure. The present concept for
the mechanical structure envisages the use of diamond-coated carbon fiber
detector support layers acting also as heat pipes to extract the heat
dissipated by the read-out electronics uniformly distributed over the whole
active surface of the detector.
Assuming a power dissipation of 60~$\mu$W/channel, the total heat flux is
450~W, corresponding to 1500~W/m$^2$, for a read-out pitch of
200~$\mu$m. Preliminary results from a finite element analysis show that pipes
circulating liquid coolant must be placed every 5~cm along the longitudinal
coordinate except for the innermost layer where they can
be placed only at the detector ends to minimise the amount of material.
Signals will be routed along the beam pipe and the end-cap disks to the
repeater electronics installed between the Vertex Tracker and the forward
mask protecting the Vertex Tracker from direct and backscattered radiation
from the accelerator. The material budget for the proposed design is shown
in Figure~\ref{fig:budget}.
\begin{figure}[h!]
\begin{center}
\epsfig{file=mat_geo2.ps,bbllx=25,bblly=160,bburx=535,bbury=660,width=9.0cm,
height=8.0cm}
\end{center}
\caption{The material budget given in units of radiation length as a function
of $|\cos \theta |$. The contributions of a 0.5~mm Be beam-pipe and of the
three detector layers with cables and support structure have been included.}
\label{fig:budget}
\end{figure}

\section{Hybrid pixel sensors with interleaved pixels}

The desired impact parameter resolution defined in section~1
requires a single point precision in the Vertex Detector better than
${\rm 10~\mu m}$. This can be accomplished sampling the diffusion of the
charge carriers generated along the particle path and
assuming an analog read-out to
interpolate the signals of neighbouring cells. In such a case, the expected
resolution is ${\rm \sigma = a_{cf} \frac{pitch}{S/N}}$, where
${\rm a_{cf}} \approx 2$ is a centroid finding constant and S/N defines the
performance of the front-end electronics in terms of signal amplitude
normalised to the noise. Given that the charge diffusion is
$\sim {\rm 8~\mu m}$ in ${\rm 300~\mu m}$ thick silicon, its efficient
sampling and signal interpolation requires a pitch of not more than 25~$\mu$m.
This has been successfully proven to work in one-dimensional microstrip
sensors \cite{Anna}. In pixel devices the ultimate read-out pitch is
constrained by the front-end electronics, to be integrated in a cell matching
the sensor pattern. At present, the most advanced read-out electronics have a
minimum cell dimension of ${\rm 50 \times 300~\mu m^{2}}$ not suitable for an
efficient charge sampling. The trend of the VLSI development and recent studies
\cite{Snow} on intrinsic radiation hardness of deep sub-micron CMOS technology
certainly allows to envisage of a sizeable reduction in the cell dimensions
on a linear collider timescale but sensor designs without such basic
limitations are definitely worth being explored.

A possible way out is to exploit the capacitive coupling of neighbouring
pixels and to have a read-out pitch n times larger than the implant
pitch~\cite{Bonvicini}. The proposed sensor layout is shown in
Figure~\ref{fig:corner} for n=4. In this configuration, the charge carriers
created underneath an interleaved pixel will induce a signal on the read-out
nodes, capacitively coupled to the interleaved pixel.
In a simplified model, where the sensor is reduced to a capacitive network,
the ratio of the signal amplitudes on the read-out nodes at the left-
and right-hand side of the interleaved pixel in both dimensions will be
correlated to the particle position and the resolution is expected to be
better than ${\rm (implant~pitch)/\sqrt{12}}$ for an implant pitch of
25~$\mu$m or smaller. The ratio between the
inter-pixel capacitance and the pixel capacitance to backplane will play a
crucial role, as it defines the signal amplitude reduction at the output
nodes and therefore the sustainable number of interleaved pixels.
Calculations with such capacitive network models \cite{Pindo} show that
resolutions similar to those achieved by reading out all pixels are
obtainable if the signal amplitude loss to the backplane is small.
Recent tests on a microstrip sensor, with 200~$\mu$m read-out pitch,
have achieved a ${\rm 10~\mu m}$ resolution with three interleaved
strip layout~\cite{Krammer}. Similar results are expected in a pixel
sensor, taking into account both the lower noise because of the
intrinsically smaller load capacitance and the charge sharing
in two dimensions.
\begin{figure}
\begin{center}
\epsfig{file=corner.eps,height=9.0cm}
\caption{Layout of the upper corner of pixel detector test structure,
with 50~$\mu$m implant and 200~$\mu$m read-out pitch.}
\label{fig:corner}
\end{center}
\end{figure}
Reducing the read-out density, without compromising the achievable space
resolution, is also beneficial to limit the power dissipation and the
overall costs.
In order to verify the feasibility of this scheme, a prototype set of sensors
with interleaved pixels and different choices of implant and read-out pitch
have been designed, produced and tested. These test structures have been
designed in 1998 and delivered in January 1999. Ten high resistivity wafers
were processed~\footnote{at the Institute of Electron Technology, Warszawa,
Poland} together with an equal number of low resistivity wafers for process
control.
A detailed description of the processing can be found in ref.~\cite{AZ}.
A bias grid surrounding the pixel cells allows the polarisation of both the
interleaved and read-out pixels and each $p^{+}$ pixel implant is connected
to the metal bias line by polysilicon resistors. This is to ensure a similar
potential for all pixels and hence a uniform charge collection.
A metal layer is deposited on top of the pixels to be bump-bonded to a
VLSI cell. The backplane has a meshed metal
layer to allow the use of an infrared diode for charge collection studies.
Structures with the number of
interleaved pixels ranging between 0 and 3 were fitted on a 4'' wafer,
assuming a VLSI cell size of 200 $\times$ 200 or 300 $\times$
300~$\mu$m$^{2}$.
All of the structures on six undiced wafers were visually inspected and
characteristic I--V and C--V curves were measured up to 250~V. The
I--V and 1/C$^2$--V curves obtained for a good structure are shown in
fig.~\ref{fig:ivcv}. Two wafers have extremely good characteristics, with
a mean current of $\sim$ 50 nA/cm$^2$ and about 50\% of good structures.
The test structures have not shown any design fault even
if processing and layout optimisation has to be considered. A more
detailed summary of the measurements can be found in ref.~\cite{MCa}.
On a short term, measurements of the inter-pixel and backplane capacitances
are planned, completing the electrostatics characterisation of these sensors.
\begin{figure}[hb!]
\begin{center}
\epsfig{file=ivcv_01.eps,height=6.0cm,width=12.0cm}
\caption{I--V and 1/C$^{2}$--V curves for a good sensor structure}
\label{fig:ivcv}
\end{center}
\end{figure}
A charge collection study will follow, relying on a low noise analog
chip designed for microstrip sensor read-out and shining an infrared
light spot on
the meshed backplane. These measurements will be a proof of principle of
the proposed device and define the guidelines for further iterations,
aiming at a 25~$\mu$m pitch.

The device thickness is a particularly relevant issue for the application
of hybrid pixel sensors at the linear collider. The minimal
thickness is set by the combination of the sensor noise performance
and the limit of back-thinning technology for a bump-bonded assembly.
Industrial standards guarantee back-thinning down to 50~$\mu$m for the
electronics and procedures to obtain thin sensors are currently being tested
\cite{SOTT}. The small load capacitance of the pixel cells should
guarantee an extremely good S/N. Scaling what has been obtained for the
microstrip sensors, the desired resolutions should be obtained with a
200~$\mu$m thick sensor.

\section{Conclusion}

Hybrid pixel sensors are an attractive option for a linear collider Vertex
Tracker owing to their fast read-out and radiation hardness, well suited to
the high repetition rate of the TESLA design. The main present limitations of
this option are the achievable single point space resolution and sensor
thickness.
To overcome these limitations, pixel sensor design with interleaved cells
is proposed. Test structures with different configurations of interleaved
cells have been designed and produced and the results of their first
electrostatic characterisation are discussed. The conceptual design of a
Vertex Tracker based on these detectors has been developed and its performances
have been evaluated, using a detailed simulation accounting for the relevant
background processes, and the preliminary results have been presented.

{\bf Acknowledgements}

This activity has been funded in part by the Academy of Finland under the
{\sl R\&D Program for Detectors at Future Colliders} and by MURST under grant
3418/C.I.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaArXiv


Our Sorrento Sun Stripe Dress is versatile enough to be worn with slides to brunch, or to the beach over your swimsuit.
This dress is made from soft, lightweight fabric, can be worn strapless or with straps and has a handkerchief hem that will flutter gently with each step. Adjust the tie-up slender straps to your desired fit.
We are wearing ours with a flat sandal or sneaker & a block heel for a more elevated and stylish look.


text:
#pragma once

#include "coding/bwt_coder.hpp"
#include "coding/reader.hpp"
#include "coding/varint.hpp"
#include "coding/write_to_sink.hpp"

#include "base/assert.hpp"

#include <algorithm>
#include <cstdint>
#include <sstream>
#include <string>
#include <vector>

namespace coding
{
// Writes a set of strings in a format that allows to efficiently
// access blocks of strings. This means that access of individual
// strings may be inefficient, but access to a block of strings can be
// performed in O(length of all strings in the block + log(number of
// blocks)). The size of each block roughly equals to the |blockSize|,
// because the whole number of strings is packed into a single block.
//
// Format description:
// * first 8 bytes - little endian-encoded offset of the index section
// * data section - represents a catenated sequence of BWT-compressed blocks with
//   a sequence of individual string lengths in the block
// * index section - represents a delta-encoded sequence of
//   BWT-compressed blocks offsets intermixed with the number of
//   strings inside each block.
//
// All numbers except the first offset are varints.
template <typename Writer>
class BlockedTextStorageWriter
{
public:
  BlockedTextStorageWriter(Writer & writer, uint64_t blockSize)
    : m_writer(writer), m_blockSize(blockSize), m_startOffset(writer.Pos()), m_blocks(1)
  {
    CHECK(m_blockSize != 0, ());
    WriteToSink(m_writer, static_cast<uint64_t>(0));
    m_dataOffset = m_writer.Pos();
  }

  ~BlockedTextStorageWriter()
  {
    if (!m_lengths.empty())
      FlushPool(m_lengths, m_pool);

    if (m_blocks.back().IsEmpty())
      m_blocks.pop_back();

    {
      auto const currentOffset = m_writer.Pos();
      ASSERT_GREATER_OR_EQUAL(currentOffset, m_startOffset, ());
      m_writer.Seek(m_startOffset);
      WriteToSink(m_writer, static_cast<uint64_t>(currentOffset - m_startOffset));
      m_writer.Seek(currentOffset);
    }

    WriteVarUint(m_writer, m_blocks.size());

    uint64_t prevOffset = 0;
    for (auto const & block : m_blocks)
    {
      ASSERT_GREATER_OR_EQUAL(block.m_offset, prevOffset, ());
      WriteVarUint(m_writer, block.m_offset - prevOffset);

      ASSERT(!block.IsEmpty(), ());
      WriteVarUint(m_writer, block.m_subs);

      prevOffset = block.m_offset;
    }
  }

  void Append(std::string const & s)
  {
    ASSERT(!m_blocks.empty(), ());

    ASSERT_LESS(m_pool.size(), m_blockSize, ());

    ++m_blocks.back().m_subs;
    m_pool.append(s);
    m_lengths.push_back(s.size());

    if (m_pool.size() >= m_blockSize)
    {
      FlushPool(m_lengths, m_pool);
      m_pool.clear();
      m_lengths.clear();
      m_blocks.emplace_back(m_writer.Pos() - m_dataOffset /* offset */, 0 /* subs */);
    }
  }

private:
  struct Block
  {
    Block() = default;
    Block(uint64_t offset, uint64_t subs) : m_offset(offset), m_subs(subs) {}

    bool IsEmpty() const { return m_subs == 0; }

    uint64_t m_offset = 0;  // offset of the block inside the sequence of compressed blocks
    uint64_t m_subs = 0;    // number of strings inside the block
  };

  void FlushPool(std::vector<uint64_t> const & lengths, std::string const & pool)
  {
    for (auto const & length : lengths)
      WriteVarUint(m_writer, length);
    BWTCoder::EncodeAndWriteBlock(m_writer, pool.size(),
                                  reinterpret_cast<uint8_t const *>(pool.c_str()));
  }

  Writer & m_writer;
  uint64_t const m_blockSize;
  uint64_t m_startOffset = 0;
  uint64_t m_dataOffset = 0;

  std::vector<Block> m_blocks;

  std::string m_pool;          // concatenated strings
  std::vector<uint64_t> m_lengths;  // lengths of strings inside the |m_pool|
};

class BlockedTextStorageIndex
{
public:
  struct BlockInfo
  {
    // Returns the index of the first string belonging to the block.
    uint64_t From() const { return m_from; }

    // Returns the index of the first string from the next block.
    uint64_t To() const { return m_from + m_subs; }

    uint64_t m_offset = 0;  // offset of the block from the beginning of the section
    uint64_t m_from = 0;    // index of the first string in the block
    uint64_t m_subs = 0;    // number of strings in the block
  };

  size_t GetNumBlockInfos() const { return m_blocks.size(); }
  size_t GetNumStrings() const
  {
    return m_blocks.empty() ? 0 : static_cast<size_t>(m_blocks.back().To());
  }

  BlockInfo const & GetBlockInfo(size_t blockIx) const
  {
    ASSERT_LESS(blockIx, GetNumBlockInfos(), ());
    return m_blocks[blockIx];
  }

  // Returns the index of the block the |stringIx| belongs to.
  // Returns the number of blocks if there're no such block.
  size_t GetBlockIx(size_t stringIx) const
  {
    if (m_blocks.empty() || stringIx >= m_blocks.back().To())
      return GetNumBlockInfos();
    if (stringIx >= m_blocks.back().From())
      return GetNumBlockInfos() - 1;

    size_t lo = 0, hi = GetNumBlockInfos() - 1;
    while (lo + 1 != hi)
    {
      ASSERT_GREATER_OR_EQUAL(stringIx, m_blocks[lo].From(), ());
      ASSERT_LESS(stringIx, m_blocks[hi].From(), ());

      auto const mi = lo + (hi - lo) / 2;
      if (stringIx >= m_blocks[mi].From())
        lo = mi;
      else
        hi = mi;
    }

    ASSERT_GREATER_OR_EQUAL(stringIx, m_blocks[lo].From(), ());
    ASSERT_LESS(stringIx, m_blocks[hi].From(), ());
    return lo;
  }

  template <typename Reader>
  void Read(Reader & reader)
  {
    auto const indexOffset = ReadPrimitiveFromPos<uint64_t, Reader>(reader, 0);

    NonOwningReaderSource source(reader);
    source.Skip(indexOffset);

    auto const numBlocks = ReadVarUint<uint64_t, NonOwningReaderSource>(source);
    m_blocks.assign(static_cast<size_t>(numBlocks), {});

    uint64_t prevOffset = 8;  // 8 bytes for the offset of the data section
    for (uint64_t i = 0; i < numBlocks; ++i)
    {
      auto const delta = ReadVarUint<uint64_t, NonOwningReaderSource>(source);
      CHECK_GREATER_OR_EQUAL(prevOffset + delta, prevOffset, ());
      prevOffset += delta;

      auto & block = m_blocks[static_cast<size_t>(i)];
      block.m_offset = prevOffset;
      block.m_from = i == 0 ? 0 : m_blocks[static_cast<size_t>(i - 1)].To();
      block.m_subs = ReadVarUint<uint64_t, NonOwningReaderSource>(source);
      CHECK_GREATER_OR_EQUAL(block.m_from + block.m_subs, block.m_from, ());
    }
  }

private:
  std::vector<BlockInfo> m_blocks;
};

class BlockedTextStorageReader
{
public:
  template <typename Reader>
  void InitializeIfNeeded(Reader & reader)
  {
    if (m_initialized)
      return;
    m_index.Read(reader);
    m_initialized = true;
  }

  size_t GetNumStrings() const
  {
    CHECK(m_initialized, ());
    return m_index.GetNumStrings();
  }

  template <typename Reader>
  std::string ExtractString(Reader & reader, size_t stringIx)
  {
    InitializeIfNeeded(reader);

    auto const blockIx = m_index.GetBlockIx(stringIx);
    CHECK_LESS(blockIx, m_index.GetNumBlockInfos(), ());

    if (blockIx >= m_cache.size())
      m_cache.resize(blockIx + 1);
    ASSERT_LESS(blockIx, m_cache.size(), ());

    auto const & bi = m_index.GetBlockInfo(blockIx);

    auto & entry = m_cache[blockIx];
    if (!entry.m_valid)
    {
      NonOwningReaderSource source(reader);
      source.Skip(bi.m_offset);

      entry.m_value.clear();
      entry.m_subs.resize(static_cast<size_t>(bi.m_subs));

      uint64_t offset = 0;
      for (size_t i = 0; i < entry.m_subs.size(); ++i)
      {
        auto & sub = entry.m_subs[i];
        sub.m_offset = offset;
        sub.m_length = ReadVarUint<uint64_t>(source);
        CHECK_GREATER_OR_EQUAL(sub.m_offset + sub.m_length, sub.m_offset, ());
        offset += sub.m_length;
      }
      BWTCoder::ReadAndDecodeBlock(source, std::back_inserter(entry.m_value));
      entry.m_valid = true;
    }
    ASSERT(entry.m_valid, ());

    ASSERT_GREATER_OR_EQUAL(stringIx, bi.From(), ());
    ASSERT_LESS(stringIx, bi.To(), ());

    stringIx -= bi.From();
    ASSERT_LESS(stringIx, entry.m_subs.size(), ());

    auto const & si = entry.m_subs[stringIx];
    auto const & value = entry.m_value;
    ASSERT_LESS_OR_EQUAL(si.m_offset + si.m_length, value.size(), ());
    return value.substr(static_cast<size_t>(si.m_offset), static_cast<size_t>(si.m_length));
  }

  void ClearCache() { m_cache.clear(); }

private:
  struct StringInfo
  {
    StringInfo() = default;
    StringInfo(uint64_t offset, uint64_t length): m_offset(offset), m_length(length) {}

    uint64_t m_offset = 0;  // offset of the string inside the decompressed block
    uint64_t m_length = 0;  // length of the string
  };

  struct CacheEntry
  {
    std::string m_value;             // concatenation of the strings
    std::vector<StringInfo> m_subs;  // indices of individual strings
    bool m_valid = false;
  };

  BlockedTextStorageIndex m_index;
  std::vector<CacheEntry> m_cache;
  bool m_initialized = false;
};

template <typename Reader>
class BlockedTextStorage
{
public:
  explicit BlockedTextStorage(Reader & reader) : m_reader(reader)
  {
    m_storage.InitializeIfNeeded(m_reader);
  }

  size_t GetNumStrings() const { return m_storage.GetNumStrings(); }
  std::string ExtractString(size_t stringIx) { return m_storage.ExtractString(m_reader, stringIx); }
  void ClearCache() { m_storage.ClearCache(); }

private:
  BlockedTextStorageReader m_storage;
  Reader & m_reader;
};
}  // namespace coding

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
<?php

namespace Athens\Core\FormAction;

interface FormActionConstantsInterface
{
    const TYPE_SUBMIT = 'submit';
    const TYPE_AJAX_SUBMIT = 'ajax-submit';
    const TYPE_JAVASCRIPT = 'javascript';
}


Wizard World in Raleigh NC this past weekend was my second Comic Con I had ever been to. I actually got to meet John Schneider (Pa Kent from Smallville) and William Shatner this past weekend. Both guys were really down to earth and pretty cool. We didn't have time to meet her but the actress that plays Laurie on The Walking Dead was also there. David Tennant was too- but my husband and I only saw him in passing.
We also sat through William Shatner, and John Schneider's panels. Both men were really funny and entertaining. The Panel for David Tennant was for VIP ticket holders only but they did live stream the panel out in the registration hall for everyone else to go watch. It was sorta hard to hear him though. They kept the overhead music running, add everyone talking in the main con room behind us, as well as David's British accent- it just made understanding and hearing him a bit hard.
I'm totally not bashing his accent here. Just, because we aren't used to it, trying to understand him in a crowded noisy room was really rather difficult. We only made it half way through his panel before we gave up.
Shatner's panel was standing room only by the way!
Right after Shatner's panel there was a band of bag pipe players that came out to do a tribute to Spock in the hall. I'll admit, I got a bit misty eyed at this surprise.
Cosplayers at the comic con!
These last two men earn bonus cosplay points in my book!
This guy built his own ghostbusters gear from scratch! He even enabled the ghost catcher box to emit vapor smoke! That was the coolest thing I had seen at a con... until the last guy!
Introducing... K-9! He rolled right up to me and had a zero turn radius and flashing lights just like the original K-9! And who was the man behind the controls?
The Fourth Doctor of course!!!
This Comic Con was a little impromptu for us. But it did give me the opportunity to check out a few panels and get a feel for how they work.
That's cool they did a tribute to Spock. Didn't know there was a con like that in the Carolinas. Will have to look for it next year.
I'd like to keep adding to it as I find new ones.
I LOVED the tribute to Spock!


text:
Idaho Fish and Game
Lawsuit: Idaho Fish and Game Check Stations Unconstitutional
A northern Idaho man says check stations set up by the Idaho Department of Fish and Game requiring motorists to stop are violations of the Idaho and U.S. constitutions.
Best Places to Fish on Fourth of July Weekend
If you plan to celebrate Independence Day with a rod, reel and creel, there are some things you should know. What, for instance, are some of the best places to fish on the upcoming holiday weekend?
Andrew Weeks
Wildlife Officials: No Chinook Fishing on South Fork of Salmon
Anglers who had plans to visit the South Fork of the Salmon River for Chinook fishing this summer will have to make other plans.
Wildlife Officials Say Grizzly Bear Spotted in Odd Location
Wildlife officials are urging hunters to use caution in a couple of hunting units due to grizzly bear activity in the area, a place where grizzly bears are not usually located.
Comment Period Extended for Idaho Deer Management Plan
(KLIX) – Idaho Fish and Game officials have extended the public comment period on statewide deer management plans.
The comment period has been extended to June 28.
The department scheduled open houses throughout the month, with Magic Valley region's being held on last Wednesday..…
Rainbow Trout Increase Reported at Section of Henry's Fork
Nearly 5,000 rainbow trout exist per square mile on a section of Henry's Fork River, according to the Idaho Department of Fish and Game.
Open House Planned for Hunters on Wednesday in Jerome
Area hunters are invited to an open house on Wednesday to review and comment on a draft management plan for mule and white-tailed deer.
Grizzly Bear Put Down for Killing Sheep
A young bear that was relocated once has now been euthanized after it killed sheep on two different ranches near the town of Copeland.
5 Places to Cast a Fishing Line This Holiday Weekend
If you're planning to cast a fishing line this weekend, the Idaho Department of Fish and Game has some suggestions on where to go.
Deadline Nears for Idaho's Fall Controlled Hunt Applications
Hunters have just a little more than two more weeks to apply for Idaho's fall controlled hunts.
Idaho Company Donates Trout for Stocking in Magic Valley Waters
Anglers now have more of a chance to catch sizeable trout at regional waters, thanks to a donation by an Idaho business.
Wildlife Managers Urge People to Leave Baby Animals Alone
Wildlife officials have a message for those who may encounter baby animals that appear to have been abandoned: leave them alone.
Crappie Fishing Good at C.J. Strike Reservoir
The Idaho Department of Fish and Game says crappie at C.J. Strike Reservoir are reaching a size just right for catching.
Annual Fish and Game Fur Auction Planned in Jerome
They may not be the kind of styles you'd find at a department store, but they are furs just the same – and you'll have the chance to bid on them at an upcoming auction.
Fish and Game Reduces Moose Tags Amid Declining Moose Populations
Fish and Game says there will be fewer tags to hunt moose this year as biologists seek to address the animals' declining populations in the Gem State.
It's Never Too Early to Plan Your Summer Fishing Trips
Mark your calendars, June will be here before you know it – and that means at least one day of free fishing in Idaho.
Spring Black Bear Season Opens in Idaho
Idaho's spring black bear season opens today, April 1, in a number of units across the state.
Fish and Game Commission Sets Hunting Seasons and Rules
If you're a hunter, take note that some changes have taken place in some areas for the 2019-20 season.
Fish and Game Urges People to Help Minimize Stresses on Wildlife
The Idaho Department of Fish and Game is urging people in the Wood River Valley to help avoid actions that may cause stress to wintering big game animals.
Idaho Fish and Game Modifies Big Game Hunting Proposals
The Idaho Department of Fish and Game says it has modified some of its big game hunting proposals.


text:
Home | News | General | Belarus teen stabs teacher, classmate to death
Larry Nwabuoku
A 15-year-old Belarusian on Monday stabbed his teacher and a classmate to death while seriously injuring two others, authorities said, in a rare school attack in the ex-Soviet nation.
Knife stab
The teenager arrived at school before the first lesson and stabbed his history teacher in the neck, fatally injuring her, local media reported.
He then entered a neighbouring classroom and killed a student, before escaping via the window and injuring two more.
READ ALSO: DAF sends succour to community women, less privileged, subsidies fees
Police arrested the attacker some two hours later, according to reports.
The regional office of the interior ministry confirmed a 53-year-old teacher and one student had been killed, while two other students were in intensive care.
The incident took place in Stolbtsy, a town 40 miles (70 kilometres) south-west of the capital Minsk.
The attacker deleted his social media presence the day before the killings, according to media.
School killings are rare in authoritarian Belarus and elsewhere in the former USSR.
In October last year a student at a secondary school in Kerch, Crimea, killed 20 people and injured more than 40 others in a planned gun attack.
Authorities then blamed "globalisation" and "social networks" for bringing the phenomenon of school shootings from the United States.


For e-commerce retailers, the holiday season can often be the most profitable time of the year. Savvy e-commerce sellers are offering more and more promotions to further increase profits and stay competitive, and this year's Stamps.com survey shows that free shipping promotions can do just that.
In this, our second e-commerce shipping survey, free shipping shows a surge with 68 percent of sellers planning to offer the promotion on more products during the coming 2011 holiday season — a 15 percent increase from the 2010 holiday season. Also, 54 percent of sellers plan to offer free shipping promotions on 50 percent or more of their holiday collection, up from 43 percent in last year's holiday season.
What's the benefit of offering free shipping? Of survey respondents, 52 percent said the promotion increases their average revenue per order by $8 or more.
The survey was conducted from October 31 to November 4, 2011 and was sent to current Stamps.com customers who operate an e-commerce store. Read on to learn more about the significant findings.
Stamps.com reports that 52 percent of e-commerce sellers who use free shipping as a promotion see their average revenue per order increase by $8 or more.
Of survey respondents, 68 percent of e-commerce sellers are planning to offer the promotion on more products during the 2011 holiday season, up from 53 percent in last year's holiday season.
In fact, 54 percent of respondents will be offering free shipping on more than 50 percent of their holiday catalog — an 11 percent increase from the 2010 holiday season.
Of survey respondents, approximately half find that customers expect free shipping during the holidays.
Of survey respondents, 20 percent of e-commerce sellers are able to process and ship orders the same day during the holiday season, displaying a 5 percent decrease from non-holiday periods.
Of survey respondents, 66 percent said the customer is 100 percent responsible for shipping costs on returns.
Of survey respondents, 82 percent project that at least some of their holiday revenue will come from international purchases, while 11 percent project international sales to account for more than a third of their holiday sales.
Why do e-commerce sellers choose not to offer free shipping?
Of survey respondents who are not offering free shipping, 44 percent said they lose money from the promotion, while 11 percent said the promotion does not increase sales.
Are customers required to reach a minimum order amount to receive free shipping?
Of survey respondents, 51 percent said they do not require customers to reach a minimum order amount, while the remainder was unevenly split between e-commerce sellers who do require it of customers and those who require it on only on select products.
Of survey respondents who require a minimum order amount to qualify for free shipping, 55 percent require an average order size of $50 or more.
Of survey respondents, less than half (43%) said their competitors' free shipping promotions affect when they decide to offer free shipping.
Of survey respondents, a seller's own website is the leading source of online sales during the holidays at 39%. Second was eBay at 31%, followed by Amazon at 17%.


You can enter your Sacramento Regional STEM Fair project into these competitions!
These are stand-alone because you do not have to place in a regional fair to compete.
CLSI's Amgen Bay Area BioGENEius Challenge recognizes high school students conducting outstanding life science research (http://califesciencesinstitute.org/stem-education/biogeneius/).
You can enter your Sac STEM Fair project into these competitions! These are second round because you have to be nominated in a county, regional, or district fair to compete.
The top 30 middle school scientists from around the nation will participate in a week-long competition for an opportunity to win awards, including the top educational award of $25,000. (https://student.societyforscience.org/broadcom-masters). The Finals are typically held in late October in Washington DC.