Perspectives on EITs are multifaceted, and range from those who say "never again" to their future use to those who argue they are a necessary tool in an interrogator's toolbox. In order to portray the range of relevant perspectives, this report discusses views expressed on issues related to EITs by public officials, academics and commentators in a variety of sources to include the SSCI Study, Minority Views of SSCI Members,6 Additional Views,7 official CIA Comments,8 unofficial comments by former CIA officials,9 the Congressional Record,10 and a number of press reports.
The use of hyperlinks to a number of references only available on sites maintained by nongovernmental entities does not constitute CRS endorsement of any organization, or any organization's policy positions.
3 IG Special Review, pp. 12-13, "The Capture of Abu Zabaydah and the development of EITs," paragraphs 30-31.
4 IG Special Review, p. 30, paragraph 63.
5 Defining EITs briefly but accurately is complicated by the fact that some techniques were labelled a SIT at one point in time and later "redefined" as an EIT. This report focuses on EITs. A complete discussion of what constituted SITs and how they were used is not within the scope this report. The definition of SITs and examples in Appendix A provide context for the discussion of EITs.
The background section should be read, therefore, with the understanding that the SSCI Study's findings contradict much of what has become the public record, as portrayed primarily through declassified executive branch documents. This report does not attempt to judge the accuracy or legitimacy of any perspective's representation of events. This report does not purport to, nor should it be interpreted as, determining the merit of any one perspective.
1. Did the CIA's use of EITs constitute torture?
2. Did the CIA's use of EITs run counter to American values and morals?
9 George Tenet, Porter Goss, Michael Hayden, John McLaughlin, Albert Calland and Stephen Kappas, "Ex-CIA Directors: Interrogations Saved Lives," Opinion, Wall Street Journal, December 10, 2014. The first three authors are former CIA Directors; the second three authors are former CIA Deputy Directors.
Congressional Record, daily edition, vol. 160, no. 149 (December 9, 2014), pp. S6405-S643.
11 SSCI Study, Finding 2, p. 2 of 19. See also Dianne Feinstein et al., "SSCI Study of the CIA's R&I Program," remarks in the Senate, Congressional Record, daily edition, vol. 160, no. 149 (December 9, 2014), p. 1608.
12 CIA Comments, Brennan cover letter, paragraph 7, p. 4. See also response to Conclusion 12, p. 32 of Conclusions Section.
3. Were the EITs effective in producing valuable intelligence, not otherwise obtainable through standard interrogation techniques?
15 According to CIA Comments, program planning began in 2001. The capture of Abu Zubaydah in March 2002 "provided the impetus to draw upon these discussions and formally structure the program." Conclusion Section, p. 1. The spelling of al Qaeda varies in referenced documents. The spelling "al Qaeda" is used in this report, unless it is spelled differently in a direct quote, such as this one.
17 Dating the program's beginning depends on what document or action is cited. For example, the CIA refers to weeks immediately following the MON's issuance on September 17, 2001, as when it began preparation for the capture, detention and interrogation of HVDs. The IG Special Review appears to begin the program with the DOJ's August 2002 legal opinion in which it determined that 10 specific EITs would not violate the torture prohibition. See IG Special Review, p. 4, paragraph 6. See also Jay Bybee, Assistant Attorney General, "Interrogation of al Qaeda Operative," memorandum to John Rizzo, Acting General Counsel, CIA, August 1, 2002.
the Commander, U.S. Southern Command, April 16, 2003.
19 Jay Bybee, Assistant Attorney General, "Interrogation of al Qaeda Operative," memorandum to John Rizzo, Acting General Counsel, CIA, August 1, 2002, p. 1. SSCI Study findings suggest that DOJ legal opinions were based on inaccurate representations by the CIA. See for example, finding 5, p. 4 of 19.
member in U.S. custody at that time. This accelerated CIA's development of an interrogation program."(p 12) "The Agency then assembled a team that interrogated Abu Zubaydah using non-aggressive, non-physical elicitation techniques.… The Agency believed that Abu Zubaydah was withholding imminent threat information."(p. 13) The CIA's Counterterrorism Center (CTC), with the assistance of the Office of Technical Service (OTS), proposed techniques based on the recommendations of two psychologists with experience in the USAF's Survival, Evasion, Resistance and Escape (SERE) training program (pp. 13-15). See also p. 3, paragraph 5, for background and context.
23 The IG Special Review, issued in May 2004, documented the results of an investigation by the Office of the Inspector General into allegations of wrongdoing by CIA personnel in connection with counterterrorism detention and interrogation activities. A redacted version of the classified report is publicly available. Among other things, the document defines key terms, describes the early years of the program as determined by IG investigators, and provides copies of several authoritative executive branch documents. For additional information on IG Special Review, see SSCI Study, pp. 121-124 of 499.
24 IG Special Review, pp. 69-78 under "Specific Unauthorized or Undocumented Techniques." They included mock executions, blowing smoke into a detainee's face, and "hard takedowns," i.e., rough handling techniques "done for shock and psychological impact and signaled the transition to another phase of the interrogation," (pp. 77-78).
25 The SSCI Study disputes the degree to which CIA improved program management. See SSCI Study, Findings 11 and 12, pp 9-11 of 19.
26 John Brennan, cover letter to CIA Comments, pp. 2-3. See also CIA Comments, p. 5; and CIA Comments, Conclusion Section, Conclusion #15, p. 41.
27 George Tenet, "Guidelines on Confinement Conditions for CIA Detainees," January 28, 2003, in IG Special Review, Appendix D; and George Tenet, "Guidelines on Interrogations Conducted Pursuant to the (redacted)," January 28, 2003, in IG Special Review, Appendix E. The DCI required signatures to verify interrogators had read the guidance.
28 IG Special Review, pp. 29-30.
29 For definitions of SIT, see IG Special Review, p. 30 and IG Special Review Appendix E, p. 1.The SSCI Study found that when applied repeatedly, SITs became coercive, but were not considered as coercive as the CIA's EITs. See pp. 116-117 of 499 and Appendix A for more information and an example.
30 CIA Office of Medical Services, "OMS Guidelines on Medical and Psychological Support to Detainee Rendition, Interrogation, and Detention," December 2004, p. 8.
31 CIA Office of Medical Services, "OMS Guidelines on Medical and Psychological Support to Detainee Rendition, Interrogation, and Detention," December 2004. The SSCI Study documents many dissenting concerns expressed by medical officers. See for example, concerns raised on p. 87 of 499.
32 See for example, Seymour Hersh, "Torture at Abu Ghraib," The New Yorker, May 10, 2004.
34 See, for example, "Justice Department Gets Tougher on Use of Torture," Los Angeles Times, January 1, 2005.
35 SSCI Study, p. 134 of 499.
36 See for example, Dana Priest, "CIA Avoids Scrutiny of Detainee Treatment," Washington Post, March 3, 2005. 37 FM 2-22.3 (FM 34-52), Human Intelligence Collector Operations, Headquarters, Department of the Army (http://armypubs.army.mil/doctrine/DR_pubs/dr_a/pdf/fm2_22x3.pdf). Though the DTA generally requires the interrogation of persons in DOD custody to be consistent with AFM requirements, an exception is made for individuals being held pursuant to U.S. criminal or immigration laws. The DTA does not require non-DOD agencies, such as non- military intelligence and law enforcement agencies, to employ AFM guidelines with respect to interrogations they conduct. See CRS Report RL33655, Interrogation of Detainees: Requirements of the Detainee Treatment Act, by Michael John Garcia.
38 See CRS Report RL33655, Interrogation of Detainees: Requirements of the Detainee Treatment Act, by Michael John Garcia.
39 See CRS Report R41156, Judicial Activity Concerning Enemy Combatant Detainees: Major Court Rulings, by Jennifer K. Elsea and Michael John Garcia.
The CIA's D&I Program was not publicly disclosed by President Bush until September 6, 2006,41 and DOJ opinions reaffirmed the legal use of specified EITs as late as July 2007, as long as they "were employed under strict conditions, including careful supervision and monitoring."42 The CIA continued to use EITs on HVDs until November 8, 2007.43 The congressional intelligence committees included a provision in the Intelligence Authorization Acts (IAAs) for FY2008 and FY2009 to limit interrogations to only those techniques authorized by the AFM on any individual in the custody or effective control of any element of the IC. Neither bill, however, became law.44 The IAA for FY2008 passed but was vetoed; the House failed to override the veto. The House Intelligence Committee's version of the IAA for FY2009 (H.R. 5959) passed, but the Senate took no action on either H.R. 5959 or S. 2996, the Senate Intelligence Committee's version of the IAA for FY2009.
New CIA Methods," Washington Post, July 21, 2007; and U.S. Congress, Senate Select Committee on Intelligence, U.S. Interrogation Policy and Executive Order 13440, S.Hrg. 110-849, 110th Cong., 1st sess., September 25, 2007 (Washington, DC: GPO, 2007).
41 There was some public discussion earlier than the President's announcement. See "President Bush Reveals the Existence of Secret Prisons," ABC News, September 6, 2006. See also revelations by investigative journalist Dana Priest, "CIA Holds Terror Suspects in Secret Prisons," Washington Post, November 2, 2005.
42 Steven Bradbury, Principal Deputy Assistant Attorney General, "Application of the WCA, Detainee Treatment Act, and the Common Article 3 of the Geneva Conventions to Certain Techniques that may be used by the CIA in the interrogation of HV al Qaeda Detainees," memorandum to John Rizzo, Acting General Council, CIA, July 20, 2007. Six specific EITs were included in the 2007 memo: dietary manipulation, sleep deprivation, facial holds, attention grasps, abdominal slaps and insult slaps.
44 U.S. Congress, Senate Select Committee on Intelligence, Report of the Senate Select Committee on Intelligence Covering the Period January 4, 2007-January 2, 2009, S.Rept. 111-6, 111th Cong., 1st sess. (Washington, DC: GPO, March 9, 2009), p. 10.
45 E.O. 13491, "Ensuring Lawful Interrogations," January 22, 2009, §1.
46 E.O. 13491, "Ensuring Lawful Interrogations," January 22, 2009, §3.
Investigation, or other Federal law enforcement agencies, from continuing to use authorized, non-coercive techniques of interrogation that are designed to elicit voluntary statements and do not involve the use of force, threats, or promises.
[T]he interrogations of CIA detainees were absolutely brutal, far worse than the CIA represented them to policymakers and others.
Beginning with the first detainee, Abu Zubaydah, and continuing with others, the CIA applied its so-called enhanced interrogation techniques in combination and in near nonstop fashion for days and even weeks at a time on one detainee. In contrast to the CIA representations, the detainees were subjected to the most aggressive techniques immediately—stripped naked, diapered, physically struck, and put in various painful stress positions for long periods of time. They were deprived of sleep for days—in one case up to 180 hours; that is 71⁄2 days, over a week, with no sleep—usually in standing or in stress positions, at times with their hands tied together over their heads, chained to the ceiling.
Her statement addressed the question that dominated much of the public discussion following the publication of the SSCI Study: Did the CIA's use of EITs constitute torture?
47 E.O. 13491, §3(b). For more on the FBI's "rapport-based" approach, see testimony of DOJ IG Glenn Fine, in U.S. Congress, Senate Committee on the Judiciary, Coercive Interrogation Techniques: Do They Work, Are They Reliable, and What Did the FBI Know About Them?, S.Hrg. 110-941, 110th Cong., 2nd sess., June 10, 2008 (Washington, DC: GPO, 2008), p. 8. See also SSCI Study for its perspective on FBI rapport-building techniques, and for examples such as the one in fn 1315, p. 230 of 499.
49 Sen. Dianne Feinstein, "SSCI Study of the CIA's R&I Program," remarks in the Senate, Congressional Record, daily edition, vol. 160, no. 149 (December 9, 2014), p. S6409.
1987, S. Treaty Doc. No. 100-20, 1465 U.N.T.S. 113.
56 Ibid., p. 9, first "understanding." The definition of "torture" found in the Federal Anti-Torture Statute, 18 USC §§2340-2340A, which criminalizes acts of torture occurring outside the U.S. also reflects "Senate understandings" accompanying the CAT.
57 Several CRS Reports discuss legal issues and opinions associated with D&I. See CRS Report RL32567, Lawfulness of Interrogation Techniques under the Geneva Conventions, by Jennifer K. Elsea, and CRS Report RL32438, U.N. Convention Against Torture (CAT): Overview and Application to Interrogation Techniques, by Michael John Garcia.
58 Jay S. Bybee, "Standards of Conduct for Interrogation under 18 USC §§2340-2340A," memorandum to Alberto Gonzales, Counsel to the President, August 1, 2002, "Conclusion," p. 46. This was superseded by another OLC memo in 2004, which found that the earlier memo erred in treating severe physical suffering as identical to severe physical pain, and concluded that "severe physical suffering" may constitute torture under U.S. law even if such suffering does not involve "severe physical pain." DOJ/OLC, "Re: Legal Standards Applicable Under 18 U.S.C. §§ 2340-2340A," December 30, 2004.
59 Jay S. Bybee, "Interrogation of al Qaeda Operative," memorandum in IG Special Review, Appendix C, p. 18, "We believe that … there is no specific intent to inflict severe mental pain or suffering." The GC and possibly the WCA were thought not to apply at all because of the status of the conflict and the status of detainees as "unlawful enemy combatants," while CAT applied but wasn't violated because there was no torture (http://nsarchive.gwu.edu/torturingdemocracy/documents/20040507.pdf).
Several CRS Reports discuss the legal issues associated with detention and interrogation throughout the post-September 11, 2001, decade. See for example, CRS Report RL32567, Lawfulness of Interrogation Techniques under the Geneva Conventions, by Jennifer K. Elsea, and CRS Report RL32438, U.N. Convention Against Torture (CAT): Overview and Application to Interrogation Techniques, by Michael John Garcia.
A second question that emerged in public discussion following the publication of the SSCI Study was: Did the CIA's use of EITs run counter to American values and morals?
60 Alberto Gonzales, "Decision re application of the Geneva Convention on Prisoners of War to the Conflict with al Qaeda and the Taliban," memorandum from to President George W. Bush, January 25, 2002. Common Article is where the obligation for humane treatment is found.
62 See the "Background" section of this report for a summary of events that occurred between 2004 and 2009 that focused attention on the legality and morality of EITs.
63 DOJ/OLC, "Re: Legal Standards Applicable Under 18 U.S.C. §§ 2340-2340A," December 30, 2004, at http://www.justice.gov/sites/default/files/olc/opinions/2004/12/31/op-olc-v028-p0297_0.pdf. An in-depth discussion of the evolution of legal opinions is not within the scope of this report.
A third issue in the national discussion of EITs and the SSCI Study focused on effectiveness: Were the EITs effective in producing valuable intelligence not otherwise obtainable through standard (non-coercive) interrogation techniques?
65 President Barack Obama, quoted by Massimo Calabresi, "Senate Torture Report Describes CIA Interrogation Program," Time Magazine, December 9, 2014.
66 Sen. Susan Collins, remarks in Additional Views, p. 3 of 5.
67 The SSCI Study disputes the CIA's claim that EITs "saved lives." See for example, SSCI Study, Finding 2, p. 2 of 19.
68 Michael B. Mukasey, Opinion, Wall Street Journal, December 16, 2014.
69 Richard Cheney, interview by Chuck Todd, "Meet the Press," NBC News, December 14, 2014.
70 The question of whether torture is justified in hypothetical "ticking time bomb" situations is widely debated across the political spectrum.
71 Leo Thorsness, interview with Jon Scott, "Was the CIA really conducting torture?" Fox News, December 11, 2014. 72 Sen. John McCain, "SSCI Study of the CIA's R&I Program," remarks in the Senate, Congressional Record, daily edition, vol. 160, no. 149 (December 9, 2014), p. S6411.
73 Sen. Dianne Feinstein, "SSCI Study of the CIA's R&I Program," remarks in the Senate, Congressional Record, p. S6410.
5. Gain the cooperation of resisting detainees.
74 While the review is dated, it offers a number of useful evaluative criteria reflected in many of the perspectives associated with the effectiveness debate. The SSCI Study points out that its recommendations should have prompted the CIA to measure effectiveness in some meaningful way.
75 IG Special Review, "Effectiveness" section, pp. 85-88.
Comments, p.7, but in the declassified version of the IG Special Review, its formal recommendations are redacted.
79 CIA Comments, p. 7.
80 John Brennan, "Response to SSCI Study on the Former Detention and Interrogation Program," December 11, 2014. Brennan reference to EIT effectiveness as "unknowable" also found in CIA Comments, p. 20.
81 SSCI Study, Finding 1, p. 2 of 19.
84 SSCI Study, Finding 2, p. 2 of 19.
88 SSCI Minority Views, p. VIII.
89 SSCI Minority Views, pp. II-V. Some "analytical deficiencies" included "inadequate context," "inadequate objectivity," and "poor standards of analytical tradecraft" (such as "uncited and absolute assertions").
1. Improve management's ability to manage risk by submitting more covert action programs to the special review process.
2. Better plan covert actions by explicitly addressing at the outset the implications of leaks, an exit strategy, lines of authority, and resources.
3. Revamp the way in which CIA assesses the effectiveness of covert actions.
4. Ensure that all necessary information is factored into the selection process for officers being considered for the most sensitive assignments.
5. Create a mechanism for periodically revalidating OLC guidance on which the Agency continues to rely.
6. Broaden the scope of accountability reviews.
7. Improve recordkeeping for interactions with the media.
91 Sen. Saxby Chambliss, "SSCI Study of the CIA's R&I Program," remarks in the Senate, Congressional Record, Vol. 160, no. 149, December 9, 2015, p. S6417.
92 Richard Cheney, interview by Bret Baier, "Cheney defends CIA interrogation techniques, calls Senate report 'deeply flawed,'" Fox News, December 11, 2014.
93 Richard Cheney, interview by Bret Baier, "Cheney defends CIA interrogation techniques, calls Senate report 'deeply flawed,'" Fox News, December 11, 2014.
95 E.O. 13491, Ensuring Lawful Interrogations, January 22, 2009, "Section 5. Special Interagency Task Force on Interrogation and Transfer Policies," at https://www.whitehouse.gov/the-press-office/ensuring-lawful-interrogations.
[T]he HIG should coordinate the deployment of mobile teams of experienced interrogators, analysts, subject matter experts and linguists to conduct interrogations of high-value terrorists if the United States obtains the ability to interrogate them. The primary goal of this elite interrogation group would be gathering intelligence to prevent terrorist attacks and otherwise to protect national security. Advance planning and interagency coordination prior to interrogations would also allow the United States, where appropriate, to preserve the option of gathering information to be used in potential criminal investigations and prosecutions.
96 United States Department of Justice, "Special Task Force on Interrogations and Transfer Policies Issues Its Recommendations to the President," press release, August 24, 2009, at http://www.justice.gov/opa/pr/special-task-force-interrogations-and-transfer-policies-issues-its-recommendations-president.
97 The charter date is based on DOD Directive 3115.13, "DoD Support to the High-Value Detainee Interrogation Group (HIG)," December 9, 2010 current as of November 15, 2013, Enclosure 1: "Reference A: "National Security Council, "Charter for Operations of Interagency High-Value Detainee Interrogation Group," April 19, 2010," at http://dtic.mil/whs/directives/corres/pdf/311513p.pdf. For effectiveness of HIG, see for example, Carrie Johnson, "Has Elite Interrogation Group Lived Up To Expectations?" NPR, October 16, 2013, at http://www.npr.org/2013/10/16/235186505/has-elite-interrogation-group-lived-up-to-expectations. The existence of classified details on the HIG's effectiveness is unknown. Reports by journalists such as Charlie Savage and Benjamin Weiser speculate on but cannot confirm the use of an HIG in cases like that of a leader of Al Qaeda—Nazih Abdul-Hamed al-Ruqai, better known as Abu Anas al-Libi—seized in Tripoli, Libya. See their report, "How the U.S. Is Interrogating a Qaeda Suspect," New York Times, October 7, 2013, at http://www.nytimes.com/2013/10/08/world/africa/q-and-a-on-interrogation-of-libyan-suspect.html?_r=0#.
98 CRS Report R43793, Intelligence Authorization Legislation for FY2014 and FY2015: Provisions, Status, Intelligence Community Framework, by Anne Daugherty Miles, pp. 12-13.
- Restricts interrogation techniques to those authorized in the Army Field Manual.
The amendment was approved in the Senate on June 16, 2015, by a vote of 78-21.101 The amendment was included in the bill's final version signed by the President on November 25, 2016 (P.L. 114-92).
SEC. 1045. LIMITATION ON INTERROGATION TECHNIQUES.
(1) Army field manual 2-22.3 defined.—In this subsection, the term "Army Field Manual 2-22.3" means the Army Field Manual 2-22.3 entitled "Human Intelligence Collector Operations" in effect on the date of the enactment of this Act or any similar successor Army Field Manual.
(A) In general.—An individual described in subparagraph (B) shall not be subjected to any interrogation technique or approach, or any treatment related to interrogation, that is not authorized by and listed in the Army Field Manual 2- 22.3.
(ii) detained within a facility owned, operated, or controlled by a department or agency of the United States, in any armed conflict.
(3) Implementation.—Interrogation techniques, approaches, and treatments described in Army Field Manual 2-22.3 shall be implemented strictly in accord with the principles, processes, conditions, and limitations prescribed by Army Field Manual 2-22.3.
99 Senator Feinstein for Senator McCain, "amendment 1889 to amendment No. 1463," to H.R. 1735 (National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2016), "SEC. 1040. Reaffirmation of the Prohibition on Torture," Congressional Record, daily edition, vol. 161, no. 91 (June 9, 2015), pp. S3911-S3912.
100 Senator Feinstein, McCain-Feinstein Anti-Torture Amendment Passes Senate," press release, June 16, 2015, at http://www.feinstein.senate.gov/public/index.cfm/press-releases?ID=BC66A6CF-75BA-4923-A359-5EBFA655008F.
101 Recorded vote no. 209.
(4) Agencies other than the department of defense.—If a process required by Army Field Manual 2-22.3, such as a requirement of approval by a specified Department of Defense official, is inapposite to a department or an agency other than the Department of Defense, the head of such department or agency shall ensure that a process that is substantially equivalent to the process prescribed by Army Field Manual 2-22.3 for the Department of Defense is utilized by all officers, employees, or other agents of such department or agency.
(5) Interrogation by federal law enforcement.—The limitations in this subsection shall not apply to officers, employees, or agents of the Federal Bureau of Investigation, the Department of Homeland Security, or other Federal law enforcement entities.
(i) In general.—Not sooner than three years after the date of the enactment of this Act, and once every three years thereafter, the Secretary of Defense, in consultation with the Attorney General, the Director of the Federal Bureau of Investigation, and the Director of National Intelligence, shall complete a thorough review of Army Field Manual 2-22.3, and revise Army Field Manual 2-22.3, as necessary to ensure that Army Field Manual 2-22.3 complies with the legal obligations of the United States and the practices for interrogation described therein do not involve the use or threat of force.
(ii) Availability to the public.—Army Field Manual 2-22.3 shall remain available to the public and any revisions to the Army Field Manual 2-22.3 adopted by the Secretary of Defense shall be made available to the public 30 days prior to the date the revisions take effect.
(i) Requirement for report.—Not later than 120 days after the date of the enactment of this Act, the interagency body established pursuant to Executive Order 13491 (commonly known as the High-Value Detainee Interrogation Group) shall submit to the Secretary of Defense, the Director of National Intelligence, the Attorney General, and other appropriate officials a report on best practices for interrogation that do not involve the use of force.
(ii) Recommendations.—The report required by clause (i) may include recommendations for revisions to Army Field Manual 2-22.3 based on the body of research commissioned by the High-Value Detainee Interrogation Group.
(iii) Availability to the public.—Not later than 30 days after the report required by clause (i) is submitted such report shall be made available to the public.
(1) Requirement.—The head of any department or agency of the United States Government shall provide the International Committee of the Red Cross with notification of, and prompt access to, any individual detained in any armed conflict in the custody or under the effective control of an officer, employee, contractor, subcontractor, or other agent of the United States Government or detained within a facility owned, operated, or effectively controlled by a department, agency, contractor, or subcontractor of the United States Government, consistent with Department of Defense regulations and policies.
102 H.R. 1735 was vetoed by the President on October 22, 2015. The President's veto message states his disagreement with a number of provisions but his support of the interrogation provision. See White House, "Veto Message—H.R. 1735," press release, October 22, 2015, at https://www.whitehouse.gov/the-press-office/2015/10/22/veto-message-hr-1735. A revised bill was submitted as S. 1356 and became P.L. 114-92.
103 George Tenet, "Guidelines on Interrogations Conducted Pursuant to the (redacted)," January 28, 2003, in IG Special Review, Appendix E, p. 1.
104 Ibid. The Army Field Manual, for example, prescribes lawful forms of questioning by military interrogation personnel and specifically authorizes 19 interrogation techniques. CRS Report RL33655, Interrogation of Detainees: Requirements of the Detainee Treatment Act, by Michael John Garcia.
106 IG Special Review, p. 30. Seventy-two hours was reduced to 48 hours in December 2003, according to the CIA General Counsel.
107 IG Special Review, p. 30. All of the SITs except the "moderate psychological pressure" are also listed in the DCI Interrogation Guidelines, p. 1.
109 SSCI Study, p. 102 of 499, fn. 590.
110 SSCI Study, p. 63 of 499.
111 SSCI Study example, p. 117 of 499.
112 SSCI Study example, p. 116 of 499.
The attention grasp consists of grasping the detainee with both hands, with one hand on each side of the collar opening, in a controlled and quick motion. In the same motion as the grasp, the detainee is drawn toward the interrogator.
During the walling technique, the detainee is pulled forward and then quickly and firmly pushed into a flexible false wall so that his shoulder blades hit the wall. His head and neck are supported with a rolled towel to prevent whiplash.
The facial hold is used to hold the detainee's head immobile. The interrogator places an open palm on either side of the detainee's face and the interrogator's fingertips are kept well away from the detainee's eyes.
With the facial or insult slap, the fingers are slightly spread apart. The interrogator's hand makes contact with the area between the tip of the detainee's chin and the bottom of the corresponding earlobe.
In cramped confinement, the detainee is placed in a confined space, typically a small or large box, which is usually dark. Confinement in the smaller space lasts no more than two hours and in the larger space it can last up to 18 hours.
Insects placed in a confinement box involve placing a harmless insect in the box with the detainee.
113 George Tenet, "Guidelines on Interrogations Conducted Pursuant to the (redacted)," January 28, 2003, in IG Special Review, Appendix E, p. 1.
out in front of him and his fingers rest on the wall to support all his body weight. The detainee is not allowed to reposition his hands or feet.
The application of stress positions may include having the detainee sit on the floor with his legs extended straight out in front of him with his arms raised above his head or kneeling on the floor while leaning back at a 45 degree angle.
Sleep deprivation will not exceed 11 days at a time.
115 IG Special Review, p. 15 Text Box.


text:
For some workers, alcohol and startups are a dangerous mix
Marissa Lang June 5, 2016 Updated: June 5, 2016 7 a.m.
For seven years, alcohol was the salve she used to soothe her anxieties, calm her feelings of inadequacy and simply fit in.
After a while it became a crutch. By age 27, she decided, it was too much.
Sarah Jane Coffey decided to get sober the same year she began to pursue a new career with startups.
These upstart tech companies wouldn't judge her for having the wrong degree or an imperfect background, she thought. She was hardworking, smart and willing to learn. Joining a startup would help her get her life back on track.
"I know that's some f— up logic, but it's also the truth," she said. "I was drawn to the idea that if I got to a startup, I could feel complete and whole again."
Instead, working at startups tested her newfound sobriety and subjected her to an industry culture where drinking is often key.
The line between using alcohol to foster a fun and collaborative work environment, and allowing it to turn an office into a fraternity house is one that many tech companies are still learning to walk. Sometimes, like a person who has overimbibed, they stumble.
Beer fridges, kegs and company-wide happy hours are common fixtures in Bay Area tech firms, complementing the free food, decked out offices and other perks companies use to attract top talent. It's become expected, industry insiders said.
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Yelp and Zillow have in-house kegs that dispense (and track) suds for employees. Twitter offers workers beer and wine. NerdWallet has an actual bar in its all-hands area, an open space with tables and chairs where lunch is served and community events are hosted.
Tech company officials say there's a big difference between sipping a beer while you have a meeting with colleagues and doling out dozens of shots in the office in the middle of the day — as was the practice at Zenefits before the departure of former CEO and co-founder Parker Conrad. Zenefits now bans alcohol at work events, said spokeswoman Jessica Hoffman.
"Just because you have a bar in your office doesn't mean you can't act like adults," said NerdWallet spokeswoman Nicole Colwell. "And not having a bar in your office doesn't mean you can't be poorly behaved."
Coffey didn't talk much about her decision to quit drinking, but at her first job at a startup in Boulder, Colo., most of her colleagues knew. They noticed that she never got beers out of the fridge and never joined them for after-work drinks.
After the company closed a round of funding, the firm's founders bought Champagne for the office.
They gathered the staff for a toast. It was 9:30 a.m.
When Coffey asked if she could have water instead, one of the founders bristled.
"Seriously?" he said. "This is huge deal for us."
He pushed a cold glass of golden bubbling liquid into her hand. To this day, Coffey said, she doesn't know where she found the strength to resist.
It tested her two biggest weaknesses: drinking and a debilitating desire to be liked.
"I chalk it up to a moment of miraculousness," she said. "I was absolutely petrified."
Angered, the founder spilled her drink down the drain.
Last month, Coffey wrote about her experiences on blogging platform Medium. She'd never been so forthcoming about her experiences or her illness, even to some of her friends.
She thought that if she shared her story, she might spare someone like her from feeling alone and unwelcome. And perhaps she could open the eyes of a startup founder who had never considered how alcohol is used in company culture.
"I drank because I didn't know what to do with the way I felt in my own skin. I think in some ways, the same can be said for startups," Coffey said. "Maybe there's burnout, or the team isn't getting along well enough, or there's a lot of conflict and poor management styles and people aren't meshing well, so there's this idea that if you just pour alcohol on it, all these problems will go away. Everyone will get along. It will get better. But it doesn't."
Technology firms are far from the first to bring booze to the workplace.
Heavy daytime drinking among ad men and white-collar executives was commonplace in 1960s America. Time Inc., the magazine publisher, famously had a liquor cart rolled through the halls on deadline evenings. Office boozing dried up after the business meal and entertainment tax deduction dropped to 80 percent in 1987, and then to 50 percent in 1994.
Today, instead of a liquor cart, there's a beer fridge.
Influencing attitudes
Charles O'Reilly, a professor at Stanford's Graduate School of Business, said young founders often draw on their own experiences when deciding how to promote in-office fun and collaboration. And for many, their point of reference is still college.
"If you're 24 or 25, what does fun look like? It looks like a party, and a party probably has alcohol," O'Reilly said. "A lot of the workers at high-tech companies (in Silicon Valley) didn't grow up here. They're away from family and friends, so what else do they do besides work? Making the work environment a place where they feel they're among friends and colleagues can be a reasonable thing to do, to create an environment where they feel welcome and want to hang around."
He noted that executives' attitudes tend to shape and inform a company's culture, so if a leader has an unhealthy relationship with alcohol — or pressures employees to drink — it will probably trickle down and come to define the company itself.
Jerry Hum, CEO and co-founder of men's shopping site Touch of Modern, said that at his company's bimonthly happy hours and occasional celebrations, he always makes sure there's sparkling cider, soda and juices for people who don't want to imbibe.
"Sometimes, that's me," he said. "And I'm the one driving people home."
Behaving like adults
NerdWallet, which hosted 117 events around its bar last year, has several "nonalcoholic" kegs in its Market Street headquarters filled with cold-brew coffee. The company regularly hosts employee breakfasts and family-friendly events, and makes sure to have plenty of food for nondrinkers at its happy hours. Several employees, Colwell said, are nondrinkers, and that's viewed as OK.
"Having a bar in your office is neat and unique, just like being able to bring a dog to your office is neat and unique, or being able to take five months of maternity leave," Colwell said. "It's a way to stay competitive and attract top talent. But it comes with an expectation that everyone will behave like adults."
Marissa Lang is a San Francisco Chronicle staff writer. Email: mlang@sfchronicle.com Twitter: @Marissa_Jae
Marissa Lang
Follow Marissa on:
https://www.facebook.com/SFChronicle/marissa_jae
Marissa Lang covers the intersection of technology and culture for the San Francisco Chronicle, focusing on how the tech industry and technology itself influence and reshape the Bay Area, its people and communities. She covers Twitter, Facebook and the influence of social media, diversity in tech, and the rise of fake news. Marissa joined the Chronicle in 2015. Previously, she covered City Hall for the Sacramento Bee, criminal justice and same-sex marriage for the Salt Lake Tribune and breaking news for the Tampa Bay Times. Born and raised in New York City, Marissa feels the most comfortable in bustling metropolises and is interested in issues of diversity and social justice. Se habla español.
White-supremacist rally near White House dwarfed by thousands of anti-hate protesters
Rwanda's ambition for tech revolution at odds with government control
Rwanda is pushing gender diversity in tech. Should Silicon Valley take notes?

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Juliusz Bijak (* 14. September 1860 in Biadoliny; † 21. April 1943 in Wadowice) war Generalmajor der kaiserlich-königlichen Armee und Generalmajor der polnischen Armee.

Lebenslauf
Sein militärischer Werdegang begann am 10. August 1878. An diesem Tag trat er seinen einjährigen Freiwilligendienst im Galizischen Infanterieregiment Nr. 56 an. Ein Jahr später begann er ein zweijähriges Studium an der Technischen Hochschule in Wien (heute Technische Universität Wien), um sich schließlich für die Fortsetzung der militärischen Karriere in seinem ursprünglichen Regiment zu entscheiden. Am 1. März 1914 übernahm er das Kommando über das Galizische Infanterieregiment Nr. 57. Bereits sechs Monate später, am 14. September 1914, gerät er verletzt in russische Kriegsgefangenschaft. Aufgrund seiner angeschlagenen Gesundheit wird er im Januar 1918 freigelassen und den dänischen Behörden übergeben. Im April kehrt er nach Österreich zurück, wird Generalmajor und nach vier Monaten Urlaub dem Kommando der 33. Infanterie-Truppendivision in Italien zugeteilt. Am 6. November 1918, unmittelbar nach der Auflösung der Österreich-Ungarischen Monarchie, meldet er sich in Krakau für den Dienst in der Polnischen Armee. Von November 1918 bis August 1920 ist er kommandierender Offizier für die Verteidigung von Przemyśl und des Landkreises Bielsko sowie Vorsitzender des Grenzausschusses in Posen zur Neudefinition der polnischen Grenzen. Weiterhin war er Teil der Kommandantur des militärischen Generalbezirks Pommern und von August bis November 1920 kommandierender Offizier der Festung und des Abschnitts Chełmno.

Am 1. Mai 1920 wurde er rückwirkend mit 1. April 1920 zum General-Unterleutnant ernannt. Dieser Schritt beruhte wohl auf der allgemeinen Änderung der Militärgrade vom 27. März 1919, wonach der ursprüngliche Generalmajor zum General-Unterleutnant wurde. Am 1. April 1921 trat Juliusz Bijak seinen Ruhestand an. Er zog von Krakau nach Wadowice und veröffentlichte 1929 seine "Erinnerungen an den Militärdienst". Am 26. Oktober 1923 bestätigte der Präsident der Republik Polen, Stanisław Wojciechowski, die Ernennung Bijaks zum Generalmajor der Polnischen Armee. Nach seinem Tod am 21. April 1943 wurde er auf dem Pfarrfriedhof von Wadowice bestattet.

Bibliographie
 Waldemar Bałda, Generał aus Biadoliny, "TEMI", 9. Juni 2010.
 Tadeusz Kryska-Karski i Stanisław Żurakowski: Generäle des unabhängigen Polens, Editions Treffen, Warschau 1991, Ausgabe II, ergänzt und korrigiert, S. 32.
 Piotr Stawecki, Biographisches Lexikon der Generäle der polnischen Armee 1918–1939, Herausgeber Bellona, Warschau 1994, ISBN 83-11-08262-6.
 Jan Rydel, Im Dienste des Kaisers und Königs: Generäle und Admirale polnischer Angehörigkeit in der kaiserlich und königlichen Armee in den Jahren 1868–1918, Akademische Buchhandlung, Krakau 2001, ISBN 83-7188-235-1.

Militärperson (Polen)
Generalmajor (Österreich-Ungarn)
Person im Ersten Weltkrieg (Österreich-Ungarn)
Pole
Geboren 1860
Gestorben 1943
Mann

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


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text:
IAF chief to begin France visit from Monday
By admin@mediawrap.com | Bharat Defence Kavach | Publish Date: 7/16/2017 3:49:25 PM
New Delhi: Air Chief Marshal Birender Singh Dhanoa, the Indian Air Force chief, will begin a four-day official visit to France on Monday in an attempt to further strengthen the existing defence corporation between the two countries. During his visit, Air Chief Marshal Dhanoa is scheduled to hold bilateral discussions with senior military officials of the French armed forces.
"The challenges faced by the armed forces of both the countries in the current geo-political scenario are expected to be discussed during these meetings. The main focus of the visit will be on improving bilateral relations, promote defence ties, and outline further areas of defence cooperation between the two countries," a Defence Ministry statement said. Dhanoa will visit headquarters of the French Air Force and a few operational air bases, it said.
He would also interact with representatives of the French military aviation industry and visit Indian Rafale PMT infrastructure, the statement said, adding the Chief of Air Staff is also planned to fly a sortie in a Rafale fighter, which India has contracted to buy. According to the statement, Dhanoa's visit would provide impetus to increasing defence cooperation between the two air forces and pave the way for greater interaction and cooperation in the future.
ACM,Dhanoa,military,France,interaction,cooperation


text:
webpic: [網頁抓圖小幫手] Download all images from web site.
======================
[![GitHub license](https://img.shields.io/badge/license-MIT-blue.svg)](https://raw.githubusercontent.com/kkdai/webpic/master/LICENSE) [![Build Status](https://travis-ci.org/kkdai/webpic.svg)](https://travis-ci.org/kkdai/iloveptt)

中文說明: (Chinese Description)
--------------

[網頁抓圖小幫手] 是一個可以幫你抓取所有網頁上所有圖片的. 這個小幫手主要有以下功能:

- 下載網頁圖片: 自動下載所有網頁上的圖片到個人圖片資料夾.
- 背景剪貼簿監控: 可以自動查看系統剪貼簿,發現有相關網址則會自動下載.
- 自動更新解析引擎: 不需要重新更新程式,只要下一個指令就可以更新解析引擎.

歡迎各位幫助提供更多的解析方式在我們的[Parser.json設定](https://raw.githubusercontent.com/kkdai/webpic/master/parser.json).

Description
--------------

[WebPic]: A website image downloader to parse whole content on website and download and store all images.

It shpport following features.

- Download all images from specific web URL
    - WebPic can download all images automatically and store in your PIC directory.
- Daemon mode to monitor clipboard and download automatically.
    - WebPic support daemon mode as option in `-d`, it will monitor your clipboard.
- Update parser file without rebuild binary.
    - WebPic support you to update your parser setting directly without rebuild this application. Please use command `webpic update` to update your parser directly without rebuild process.

How to Install
--------------

    go get -u -x github.com/kkdai/webpic

Usage
---------------------

    webpic -u URL

All the photos will download to `USERS/Pictures/iloveptt` and it will separate folder by article name.

For Windows user, it will store in your personal pictures folder.

Options
---------------

- `-w` number of workers. (concurrency), default workers is "25"
- `-u` input URL to download directly.
- `-d` Daemon mode.
- `update` Update parser file to latest one from Github.

Examples
---------------

Download all photos from Scottie Pippen facebook pages with 10 workers.

```shell
        //Run app to download url=http://ck101.com/thread-3282616-1-1.html
        webpic -u http://ck101.com/thread-3282616-1-1.html

        //Download image with URL with 10 running thread.
        webpic -u http://ck101.com/thread-2876990-1-1.html -w 10

        //Enable daemon mode
        webpic -d
        >> Start watching clipboard.... (press ctrl+c to exit)

        //Update parser
        webpic update
        >> Trying load local parser file
        >> Download new parser from github and update.

```

Support Websites
---------------

Currently WebPic support following website, welcome to file your request in issue, or submit your PR.

- [卡提諾](http://ck101.com/)
- [提姆家族](http://www.timliao.com/bbs/)
- [GigaCircle](http://gigacircle.com)
- [痞客邦](http://pixnet.net)

Please check our latest update [parser file](https://raw.githubusercontent.com/kkdai/webpic/master/parser.json) for more detail.

Known Issues on Go 1.4.2
---------------

You might get such error if you use `go 1.4.2`.

        jpgimage.Decode
        error: unsupported JPEG feature: SOF has wrong length

It is known [issue](https://github.com/golang/go/issues/4500) in Go 1.4.2 for CMYK image decode. Please upgrade to `Go 1.5` to fixed this issue.

TODOs
---------------

Welcome to file your suggestion in issues.

Contribute
---------------

Please open up an issue on GitHub before you put a lot efforts on pull request.
The code submitting to PR must be filtered with `gofmt`

Related Project
---------------

An Instagram photo downloader also here. [https://github.com/kkdai/goInstagramDownloader](https://github.com/kkdai/goInstagramDownloader)

An Facebook Album downloader also here. [https://github.com/kkdai/goFBPages](https://github.com/kkdai/goFBPages)

A Ptt web site crawler here. [https://github.com/kkdai/iloveptt](https://github.com/kkdai/iloveptt)

Advertising
---------------

If you want to browse facebook page on your iPhone, why not check my App here :p [粉絲相簿](https://itunes.apple.com/tw/app/fen-si-xiang-bu/id839324997?l=zh&mt=8)

Project52
---------------

It is one of my [project 52](https://github.com/kkdai/project52).

License
---------------

This package is licensed under MIT license. See LICENSE for details.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


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text:
Kodansha Comics & VERTICAL Debut on izneo
Kodansha USA Publishing Announces New Partnership with European Digital Comics, BD & Manga Platform izneo
Over 2000 fan-favorite manga titles like Attack on Titan, The Ghost in the Shell, Pretty Guardian Sailor Moon Eternal Edition, & more available now to purchase & read digitally
March 27, 2020 — New York, NY — Today Kodansha USA Publishing, purveyors of some of the world's most recognized manga properties, and izneo, a global online comics platform offering Comic books, European Comics, Mangas and Webtoons, announced a new partnership to distribute Kodansha Comics & VERTICAL's digital manga catalog of over 2000 English language titles. Now new and long-time manga fans will be able to read such hit series as like Attack on Titan, The Ghost in the Shell, Pretty Guardian Sailor Moon Eternal Edition, FAIRY TAIL, Fire Force, The Quintessential Quintuplets, and more, all from their Android devices, Nintendo Switch and on the web at www.izneo.com/en/! This launching Kodansha library will be available on izneo's iOS app in the coming months.
As part of this launch, izneo will also participate in Kodansha USA Publishing's special promotion pricing more than 270 volume 1s at 99¢. This way, izneo readers can easily sample and start reading hundreds of Kodansha Comics & VERTICAL manga safely from the comfort of their own home at a great price.
"We couldn't be more excited to share our vast digital manga library with izneo's audience and help forge new life-long manga fans," said Alvin Lu, Kodansha USA Publishing President and CEO. "For years we've been working hard to build a strong digital business for Kodansha content in order to make it as easy as possible for anyone to start reading manga. And now very happy to have izneo help us with that mission."
"izneo is delighted and proud to welcome one of the most prestigious manga catalogues in the world. The amazing series published by Kodansha USA Publishing will allow us to reach new English-language digital comics readers on the many screens we are deploying our offer," said Luc Bourcier, izneo Chief Operating Officer.
Additionally, izneo readers will soon be able to get access to Kodansha Comics' same-day-as-Japan simulpubs with new chapters of ongoing series like EDENS ZERO, Attack on Titan, Domestic Girlfriend, To Your Eternity, and APOSIMZ.
Readable both online and offline, izneo's catalogue already offers more than 30,000 e-comic-books in a vast array of genres coming from many publishers. The platform features an ever growing number of European comics and US comics as well as manga, graphic novels and webtoons. The coming of Kodansha Comics will enrich this great catalogue by adding some of the best mangas to your library.
For more information about izneo, and to discover their full catalogue comprising more than 30,000 e-comic-books and start the reading experience, head over to https://www.izneo.com/en/
You can also discover our full manga catalogue here: https://www.izneo.com/en/manga
About Kodansha USA Publishing, LLC
Established in New York in 2008, Kodansha USA Publishing (KUP) is a subsidiary of Kodansha, Japan's largest publisher. Its manga imprint is Kodansha Comics, which began by releasing Katsuhiro Otomo's Akira and Shirow Masamune's The Ghost in the Shell. Today, thanks to hits like Attack on Titan, Pretty Guardian Sailor Moon, Noragami, and FAIRY TAIL, it is now the No. 2 manga publisher in the United States by revenue. VERTICAL, which publishes fan favorite manga titles like Chi's Sweet Home and BLAME!, as well as the popular MONOGATARI novel series, is also an imprint of KUP. Both Kodansha Comics and VERTICAL are distributed by Penguin Random House Publisher Services. http://www.kodanshacomics.com
About izneo
Izneo is the first global online comics platform. Available at all times on the following screens; Computer, Smartphone, tablet, Nintendo Switch and Nvidia Shield, Izneo offers to discover, read and acquire the largest catalog of comics, European comics, mangas, graphic novels and Webtoons. On top of an ever growing catalog, Izneo provides also recommendations from other readers and the very best digital reading experience out there!


Produced by Andy Lau and directed by Herman Yau, The White Storm 2 – Drug Lords held its press conference in Hong Kong on 23 July. That day, they were shooting the film's most important scene in a MTR station, Andy brought along the cast Louis Koo, Michael Miu, Chrissie Chau, Cherrie Ying, Michelle Wai, Kwok Keung Cheung and Chen Peishi as they shared with the media on the developments, funny moments and shooting.
During the site visit, the company specially arranged to be at the expensive 1:1 constructed MTR station set where the most action would be shot. After Michael gave a signal behind the MTR station gantry gate, a police car with Andy and Louis onboard drove in, before all the other cast made an appearance. Witnessed by the media, they were armed with a broom each as they swept away the drugs props on the floor.
Andy and Louis shared a story on the set with the media. Andy revealed that during the MTR station scene, there will be a rare sight of collision between MTR train and a car, Louis exclaimed that the scenes of this film will be more intense when compared to other Hong Kong crime thriller.
When asked if this film will have some comedy element, Andy expressed that White Storm 2 has a serious theme, everybody were serious in shooting the action scenes. Louis added that both of them were "filming seriously together". When introducing the characters, Louis revealed a funny incident before the shooting started, because his name included the word "tian" (sky), thus he thought he would be given Andy's character, later then he found out he was cheated to join this film.
It was said that White Storm followed the style of the first film but this time round with more budget as they built a 1:1 site. Other than the golden triangle of Andy, Louis and Michael, the other cast includes Karena Lam, Chrissie Chau, Cherrie Ying, Michelle Wai, Kwok Keung Cheung, Carlos Chan, MC Jin, Sam Lee, Kent Cheng and Chen Peishi.


text:
Arctic Council's Impact on Arctic Shipping
Ilker Basaran
As the most proactive international body in the region, the Arctic Council aims to help provide safe, secure, environmentally sound, and sustainable shipping in the Arctic Ocean. The Arctic Council, as a soft law institution does not have authority to adopt legally binding resolutions for shipping – this capacity primarily rests with the International Maritime Organization (hereinafter IMO) –, however, the Council has an extraordinary decision shaping function, which it uses through strong cooperation. The Arctic Council's cooperation with the IMO has already proved itself to be fruitful, however, there is a long list of issues that require attention. The Arctic Council's cooperative approach therefore warrants an investigation and further analysis in order to understand the future direction of the Arctic Council's impact on Arctic shipping.


Would You Want Me to Tell You?
Grace's team combs for clues in the vanishing of a bull statue. Among the suspects: a testy ex-wife, a peeved artist and an employee who was injured during the statue's installation. Meanwhile, Grace's eccentric aunt (Frances Fisher) arrives for a salute to Grace's father, a hero during the 1995 Oklahoma City bombing.


Ach is féidir tine na feirge a cheansú, agus tá a fhios ag Rita cén dóigh lena dhéanamh.
Rita is a small girl with very big ideas…. When Rita gets cross she imagines that she has a big fierce dragon who will sort everything out.


text:
Tech - Big Tech
1.7.21 10:20 PM Tech - Big Tech
Here are the companies vying to take a piece of Tesla's unbelievable success
Elon Musk's company is the most valuable automobile manufacturer in history, but smaller EV startups are looking for a chance to punch up.
Danny Konstantinovic
1.7.21 10:20 PM
Datasets in this Article —
Linkedin Profile Data
A year ago today, Tesla's market cap was $113 billion. Even then, that seemed to be too hefty valuation to many investors and analysts, with many predicting the number would fall back to earth, and others shorting the stock. Yet Tesla ended January 2020 with a 56% stock rally, claiming the title of most valuable car company in history, a crown it has far from relinquished.
Tesla promised new features and vehicles in 2020, and though not all those promises were delivered on, the stock price line only curved upwards — way upwards — from there on out. Every dollar invested in the company a year ago would be worth $761 today. Its market cap is now $773 billion. And that number will probably be higher tomorrow. All this has propelled CEO Elon Musk to become, today, the wealthiest person on earth.
The success of Tesla means that in 2021, the race to capture portions of the electric vehicle market is full steam, or battery, ahead. Multiple car manufacturers, such as Ford, Mercedes-Benz, Audi and more are now producing electric vehicles to compete with Tesla. Ford is producing the Mustang Mach-E, set for release later this year. Mercedes-Benz has the EQC 400, listed as a "future vehicle."
But the clock didn't only start ticking in 2021. You may remember the now-infamous story of Nikola Motors, a darling startup that promised to go toe-to-toe with Tesla by manufacturing a wide range of hydrogen-powered vehicles, from 16-wheelers to jetskis. The company scored a $2 billion investment from General Motors in September, just a few short months after going public, to help produce a Hydrogen-powered pickup truck called the Badger as part of GM's effort to invest in electric and hybrid vehicles. Before that dream could come to fruition, disaster struck the company when research firm Hindenburg published a letter claiming Nikola vastly overstated the capabilities of their technology. The letter essentially outed Nikola as a business built on an "intricate fraud", and GM pulled its investment before it could go through.
Though Nikola may have gone bust, it wasn't the only electric vehicle startup attempting to duke it out with Tesla. A number of companies have emerged to take a bite out of the market: five electric vehicle startups tracked by Thinknum all enjoyed significant workforce growth throughout 2020.
Linkedin Headcount data shows that Rivian, Lucid Motors, Fisker, and Bollinger Motors have all expanded their workforce by anywhere from 70% to 157% over the course of 2020. Rivian, a California-based startup founded in 2009, has seen the greatest growth overall, adding 1,730 employees since January 2020. It's current headcount sits at 2,820 — a 157% increase year-over-year. The company's first vehicle is set to launch in June.
Lucid Motors sits at the second highest headcount, having grown by sitting at 1,500 employees (a 144% increase). Fisker is next at 169 employees (an 89% increase) and Bollinger sits at just 41 employees (a 70% increase). Money certainly reached electric vehicle tables by the end of last year.
Even Nikola Motors kept chugging along after its late summer fiasco, ringing in at 403 employees — a 50.5% increase since July.
But adding Tesla (with its $773.5 billion market cap) into the mix shows just the level of manpower each of these startups is competing with. Though it may not have grown its workforce the most in 2020, increasing it by only 30%, Tesla still clocks in with a whopping 38.1k employees — over seven times the total workforce of the other startups, combined.
These companies may all wish to frame themselves as little guys punching up at Tesla, but with a market cap as big and resources as vast as Musk's company has, their real opponents are each other. And the prize for whoever wins this particular game of survivor is to go up against Tesla.
That's not to say no viable competition will ever emerge for Musk, but the capital costs of starting a company that designs cars, runs a manufacturing line, and produces cutting edge battery technology are absolutely massive. There are only a handful of companies and individuals in the world that could capitalize a startup on that scale. And while established car companies are moving towards electric vehicles as rapidly as possible, they will always be burdened by their legacy business costs. Waiting for all of them, like a final boss, will be Tesla.
All that means that besides building cars, the most important thing Tesla has built may actually just be Tesla — a company with perhaps the biggest economic moat in the history of business.
Follow Danny Konstantinovic on Twitter and LinkedIn
The tech world is split on Trump and social media censorship
Slack is down. But Microsoft Teams isn't.
Austin isn't the only city big tech is fleeing Silicon Valley for
You're about to hear a lot more about Rakuten in 2021
Jack Dorsey's interest in acquiring Tidal may mean he has big plans for Square
Hulu and Netflix are only getting more expensive
Tesla is the Supreme of Silicon Valley
Customers don't care when Netflix raises prices, data shows
This unicorn startup enacted a six-day work week and mandatory FaceTime hours
All employees must report to the office and have their FaceTime cameras on all day. Every violation results in a loss of pay.


The Border as Interface, or, Adventures in Reconceptualizing the Borderlands.
Screening the Revolution Across the mekong Delta: Guerrilla Cinema and Vietnam's Cultural Policy.
Encountering Rosa Parks in Palestine: A Report from the Palestine Freedom Bus, March 2015.
Encounters at the Margins: Bhowani Junction and the Politics of Location Shooting.
Queer Aswang Transmedia: Camp Temporality and Philippine Folklore.
Urban Renewal and GIS: Mapping the (Global) Motor City.
Uncharted Territories: Theorizing the Piratical Potentialities of the Deep Web.
Close Encounters of the Third Kind: Lip Lock and Social Media in the Kiss of Love Protests.
Museum Mediations: Life according to Star Wars.
Cry of the Animal: Sound and Sublime in Blackfish (2013).
The Matter of Life and Death: Filmic Mediation in The Act of Seeing with One's Own Eyes.
Prof. Alexandra Juhasz and Theodore Kerr.
AIDS Reruns: (Re)Encountering the Past in the Age of Ongoing.
(Re)presentation: An Affective Exploration of Encounters in Documentary Film Production.
Rethinking Cinematic Apparatus: Adaptation, Remediation, and the Moving Image in the Gallery Space.
The Dehumanized and the Nonhuman: Empathetic Play in Lucas Pope's Papers, Please.
Media in Mind: A Transactional Encounter.


text:
Home >> A News >> Ivy League Schools Ban Tackling in Football Practice--Should High Schools Do the Same?
Ivy League Schools Ban Tackling in Football Practice--Should High Schools Do the Same?
In a groundbreaking move, Ivy League coaches have decided to ban tackling in football practices in order to reduce the number of concussions its players sustain.
The coaches are hopeful that limiting full-contact in practices will help prevent potential long-term brain trauma by reducing the number of head injuries players are exposed to.
"The eight Ivy League coaches unanimously approved the measure last week. Their decision is expected to be adopted formally once it is affirmed by the league's athletic directors, policy committee and university presidents," The New York Times said.
"The new rule would be in addition to the Ivy League's existing limits on the amount of full contact in practice during the spring and preseason, which are among the most stringent in collegiate football."
Though high schools around the country have taken certain measures to attempt to reduce the head trauma student players sustain, last football season 13 high schoolers died in game-related incidents.
"For freshman Tyrell Cameron, it was a fractured neck after being hit during a punt return. Ben Hamm took a hit to the head. The same was true for Kenny Bui and Andre Smith," said PEOPLE Magazine on some of the deaths.
As opposed to college students and professionals, high school players have developing brains that are more susceptible to injury.
"The coaches of those younger players say 'you have to teach them,' but you don't have to teach them by bashing heads. They way practice is conducted and how frequently you hit needs to change," said Robert Cantu, M.D., medical director for the National Center for Catastrophic Sport Injury Research at the University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill, to PEOPLE Magazine.
Some districts have already jumped on board recently to place restrictions on full-contact football practices- but few have gone so far as to ban tackling in practice altogether.
In California, Gov. Jerry Brown signed legislation that bans high schools from "olding full-contact practices that exceed 90 minutes a day, limits the number of full-contact practices during the season to two per week and prohibits contact practices during the off-season," the Los Angeles Times said.
What do YOU think? Should the nation's high schools follow in the footsteps of the Ivy League coaches and work to ban tackling during football practices? Voice your opinion by taking our poll below.
Article by Nicole Gorman, Education World Contributor
Education Policy, Data & Trends
Educator Lifestyle and Job Issues
Innovation & Best Practices
Should high schools ban tackling in football practices?
Fri, 03/04/2016 - 9:28am � Nicole_Gorman
No, but other kinds of restrictions are needed
STEM News Roundup: Fenway Park To Host Two STEM Events This Year
Read about the latest news in Science, Technology, Engineering and Math.
STEM News Roundup: Program Provides Thousands of Students with Hands-On STEM Learning Experiences
STEM News Roundup: STEM Fields Require Broader Abilities In Students
STEM News Roundup: Support the 'Martians of Tomorrow'
Should Educators Express Their Political Opinions in Classrooms?
Teachers around the country are weighing the merits and potential fallout of engaging in politically-charged class...


Well I got this award passed on to me and I'm supposed to write something unusual about myself and pass this onto 8 other bloggers. I really must thank Drawing Diva for this award and I think it's funny that she referred to it as a burden! I think it's great but maybe that's because I know I'm an unusual person. Although I really don't see the connection between being a stylish blogger and sharing something unusual about yourself.
So here goes...I love science fiction. I saw Star Wars when I was 6 years old and I was hooked from that moment on. My tastes in other genres has broadened significantly as I've gotten older but I still love sci fi! It began with Star Wars, and grew with E.T. I soon discovered Close Encounters of the Third Kind and another oldie Silent Running. No matter how cheesy I have a soft spot for it. And not just movies, I love reading sci fi too. I read the Martian Chronicles, the Dune series and the entire Ender's Game series. I could go on but I'm sure I am boring you and cementing the big loser "L" to my forehead! I'm just a big nerd at heart I guess. I hope I haven't scared off any followers!
I will be passing this award on to the lucky bloggers below.
Thank you! Goodness I'm honoured to be in the company of such amazing blogs! I sound like I'm accepting an oscar don't I? Sadly I won't have to think too hard about weird things about myself. I have a rather long list!
I also wasn't sure what the connection between stylish blogger and being unusual. I also like science fiction and am glad you didn't find it a burden. Thanks for showing some fabulous blogs, a lovely way to end my day.
thank you so much for the award ... I feel quite happy about it!
How funny! I never would have pegged you for a sci-fi fan. :) I used to obsessively read ElfQuest comic books when I was younger. Is that unusual or just plain weird? ha! Thanks for the award.


text:
IF EXISTS (SELECT * FROM sys.objects WHERE type = 'P'  AND SCHEMA_NAME([schema_id]) = 'EPONS' AND QUOTENAME(name) = '[ListFacilityUsersByFacilityId]')
DROP PROCEDURE [EPONS].[ListFacilityUsersByFacilityId]
GO

CREATE PROCEDURE [EPONS].[ListFacilityUsersByFacilityId]
@facilityId UNIQUEIDENTIFIER
AS
SELECT DISTINCT
[user].[UserId] AS [Id],
[user].[FirstName] + ' ' + [user].[LastName] + ' (' + [credentials].[Username] + ')' AS [Name]
FROM [User].[Permissions] AS [facilityPermission]
INNER JOIN [User].[Details] AS [user]
ON
[facilityPermission].[FacilityId] = @facilityId
AND
[user].[UserId] = [facilityPermission].[UserId]
INNER JOIN [User].[Credentials] AS [credentials]
ON
[credentials].[UserId] = [user].[UserId]

EXEC [Audit].[CreateLogEntry] '[EPONS].[ListFacilityUsersByFacilityId]', 'Executed'


text:
Family encourages FID donations in memory of beloved volunteer
Tamara Browning Staff Writer @tambrowningSJR
Dec 8, 2018 at 2:49 PM Dec 8, 2018 at 2:49 PM
August "Augie" Butcher Jr. was so passionate about Friend-in-Deed, the holiday help program of The State Journal-Register, that his obituary suggested that people make memorial contributions to it.
Augie began volunteering for Friend-in-Deed in the early 1970s and is known by many as a stalwart for the charity.
"That was one of the big reasons why in the obituary we put Friend-in-Deed as a contributor because he really looked forward to doing that every year," said Brad Butcher, Augie's son.
Augie died at age 83 on Oct. 25 at his home.
People who want to donate to Friend-in-Deed can do so online at fid.sj-r.com, or they can mail contributions to: FID, P.O. Box 142, Springfield, IL 62705-0142.
Created in 1960 to help families before Christmas, Friend-in-Deed hopes to raise $215,000 this year to help 2,500 families who applied for assistance in Springfield and the surrounding area. Families will receive a food basket on Dec. 22 with ingredients for a holiday meal.
Since its establishment, Friend-in-Deed has raised more than $6.5 million and helped more than 84,000 families.
Augie Butcher looked forward every year to making deliveries for Friend-in-Deed, Brad Butcher said.
"That's all he's ever done. He helped deliver for that many years. He loved being out with the people and helping out," Brad said.
Augie's widow, Josie Butcher, said that he could strike up a conversation with anybody.
Friend-in-Deed board of directors member Keith Wilson said Augie was among the charity's determined, hard workers.
"He would not quit until the last box of food was delivered," said Wilson, who has been with Friend-in-Deed about 36 or 37 years and was a team captain for about 30 years. "He didn't care what time of day or night it was. He would go back and go back, go back to a home if the people weren't there to make sure they got their food for Christmas."
Brad said many people remember driving around with Augie in a van making Friend-in-Deed deliveries.
"That's one thing he was pretty proud of — he always talked about the people that went with him and the kids that enjoyed getting involved in community service," said Brad, who added that he and his two daughters, MaKenna Butcher and Addyson Butcher, participate in Friend-in-Deed.
"There's a lot of kids through Little Flower that when they were young, he would have a couple kids ride around with him and help carry the boxes and everything else. He really looked forward to meeting the new kids and getting out and getting involved and serving the community.
"A lot of those kids now are adults, and they're still doing it, and their kids now are doing it."
Wilson said Augie showed many kids "what the real world was about."
"We'd always give him a couple kids to ride with him, and he would make them go up and show them how people lived," Wilson said.
"He was just a wonderful, wonderful man. This would have been his 47th year of doing Friend-in-Deed. He'd start calling me about November (asking), 'What time we going? When we going, Keith?' and I'd go, 'Augie, we've got a month.'
"It made him feel so good to do it, to reach out and help people who are less fortunate that he got so antsy and so excited about it. He was almost like a little kid."
About three or four years ago, Augie was no longer able to drive for Friend-in-Deed. That's when Brad drove and Augie rode along with Brad and Brad's two daughters.
"Three or four years ago, was the last time he actually went and delivered," said Brad, who added that for the last two or three years, Augie wasn't able to participate in Friend-in-Deed.
Augie battled Alzheimer's disease, dementia and Parkinson's disease.
"He put up a heck of a fight, that's for sure. He ended up passing away peacefully here at home in his sleep," Brad said.
Contact Tamara Browning: tamara.browning@sj-r.com, 788-1534, twitter.com/tambrowningSJR.


Ever since its initial launch back in 2007, Android phones are plagued with performance irrespective of the device's hardware. Here's how you can improve gaming performance on your Android phone.
It's almost a decade since we have witnessed the first iteration of Android. Back in 2007, Google first developed the smartphone OS- Android to general public. Since then, Android have come a long way.
More recently, Google announced the Android 7.1 Nougat with its Pixel smartphones with some exclusive features such as the Google Assistant etc. In a recent survey conducted, it is revealed that 90 percent of the people over the world are using Android phones, which is quite an achievement.
On the other hand, Android's direct competitor iOS has been doing very well in terms of overall performance and stability. But, Android phones are seriously plagued with several hanging issues, stability issues, and battery life issues. In this article, we will guide you through a simple trick where you can boost your gaming performance on your Android smartphone. Read on.
For boosting your Android phone's gaming performance, you need to first enable the hidden developer settings in your Android smartphone. This can be done by heading over to Settings> About Phone> Build Number and tap the build number seven times.
Now, go to the enabled developer settings which can be found under the settings menu itself. Open developer settings and search for 'Force 4x MSAA' option which can be seen by scrolling downwards under the developer settings. After finding the option, enable it and reboot your smartphone.
Doing this Will Drain Lot of Battery!
Follow this method only if you're facing serious performance issues while playing games because enabling this mode will drain lot of battery in your smartphone, however, the performance of the phone will surely increase.


Home Saatva in the News Buying a mattress online makes so much sense!
Buying a mattress online makes so much sense!
Buying a luxury mattress online is definitely the way to go if you want a great product at a great price. When most people go into a mattress store with a budget of a 1,000.00 they are generally disappointed because the mattress that they really want in the store is 2,400.00. At Saatva…saatvamattress.com…you can get that dream mattress within your budget because they sell exclusively online and are not burdened with all the costs of traditional retail stores.


The days are shorter and autumn rain is started. Central cities have very nice and cool weather with a temperature about 16°-18°C with rainy days once or twice a week.
Southern and eastern cities with 28°-29°C have much less rain and most of the days are sunny but the weather is great and the humidity is at a pleasant level.
Northern cities are about 15°-16°C and the weather is rainy almost every day but the nature is just like a piece of art in November.
November in Iran is all about stunning autumn views in yellow and red, with milder rain and chills than European countries during this month. Lack of crowds is also a good reason to choose November for visiting Iran.
Windcheater coats, ponchos, trekking shoes suitable for walking on the heights and muddy fields. Camping tools are also essential for mount climbing and nature based activities in the north of Iran.
In central and eastern cities normal warm clothes and an umbrella are fine, while you may need just a light jacket for southern cities.
Don't forget your camera for capturing colorful landscapes.
In November, hiking in northern hilly jungles is highly recommended. "Jangal-e-Abr" (cloud forest) is a stunning natural destination, located near Gorgan, in Golestan province. After few hours hiking through the trees and getting pleased by narrow light beams shining on your face, you can reach top of the jungle higher than clouds, where you see a golden and red eternal forest that gets covered with a vast sea of clouds in the afternoon. Landscape of "Jangal-e-abr" from top can be named as the most beautiful autumn view in Iran.
Qalat is a historical and touristic village near Shiraz which has been built on the hill side of a mountain with many waterfalls but today there is only one remaining. Its interesting architecture and golden autumn view has caused Qalat to be a popular place for both Iranians and foreign tourists.
walking along the old streets with long rows of trees is a relaxing activity in November. "Vali-Asr" street in Tehran, "Eram" street in Shiraz and "Chahar-baaq" in Isfahan are good choices.
Pomegranate festival is held in November in towns of Gilan province. This symbolic feast shows the local people's happiness and gratitude for having plenty of pomegranate as their harvest. Pomegranate is known as the fruit of heaven in Iran.


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Response by Belfast City Council to Bob Harper on 15 November 2016 .
Response by Department of Health (Northern Ireland) to Bob Harper on 12 April 2016 .
Response by Department of Enterprise, Trade and Investment (Northern Ireland) to Bob Harper on 25 March 2016 .
Response by Department of the Environment (Northern Ireland) to Bob Harper on 23 March 2016 .
Response by Executive Office (Northern Ireland) to Bob Harper on 7 March 2016 .
Response by Department for Culture, Arts and Leisure (Northern Ireland) to Bob Harper on 2 March 2016 .
Follow up sent to Department of Agriculture, Environment and Rural Affairs (Northern Ireland) by Bob Harper on 1 March 2016 .
Response by Department for Employment and Learning (Northern Ireland) to Bob Harper on 22 February 2016 .
Response by Northern Ireland Ambulance Service Health and Social Care Trust to Bob Harper on 5 February 2016 .
Response by Department of Finance (Northern Ireland) to Bob Harper on 1 February 2016 .
Response by Public Prosecution Service Northern Ireland to Bob Harper on 15 January 2016 .
Response by Northern Ireland Assembly to Bob Harper on 7 December 2015 .
Response by Driver and Vehicle Agency (Northern Ireland) to Bob Harper on 11 November 2015 .


How can we make work life easier for employers and their workforces – now, and into the future?
The best entries that produce solutions to make work life easier as the nature of work changes – collaborating across greater distances, flexible workplaces and expectations, cultural boundaries, age groups and rapidly adapting technology paradigms. Ideas that deliver new approaches to employee experience so that employers and employees can succeed together into the future.
27 teams have entered into this challenge across all checkpoints that have passed.


text:
Dacia launch into the van market with Duster Commercial
Dacia is to enter the light commercial vehicle market in the UK later this year with a special commercial version of the Duster SUV, to be called, unsurprisingly, Duster Commercial. Available in both two- and four-wheel drive variants, the commercial models have been developed specifically for the UK and Ireland,Continue Reading
Booming Dacia can continue to grow, says CEO
Dacia has the potential to continue its remarkable rise under Renault ownership over the past 15 years, says CEO Nicolas Maure. "We have some more capacity in Morocco – maybe as much as 150,000 a year – and also in the rest of the world: India, Brazil and Russia," saysContinue Reading
Dacia Sandero and Duster 2013 Gallery
[button link="http://www.frontseatdriver.co.uk/2013/03/first-drive-dacia-sandero-and-dacia-duster-road-test/" color="orange"]Road Test[/button] [button window="yes" link="http://www.dacia.co.uk/find-a-dealer/index.jsp"]Find a Dealer[/button] [button window="yes" link="http://www.dacia.co.uk/vehicles/dacia-range/"]Request a Brochure[/button] [button window="yes" link="http://daciauk.co.uk/keep-me-informed/test-drive/"]Book a Test Drive[/button]
First Drive: Dacia Sandero and Dacia Duster
The once maligned Skoda brand has been turned in to a huge triumph thanks to investment from Volkswagen, and one would imagine thoughts of a similar level of success were going through Renault's mind when they took control of Dacia in 1999.
Top Ten of 2012
It's been a busy year at Front Seat Driver, with the site evolving as we learn exactly what it is that drives people to read these pages.
Get ready for the Dacia Revolution
I've driven some very expensive cars in my time. Last week I was behind the wheel of a £171,000 Bentley Continental GTC V8, but that pales in to insignificance compared to the alleged £6.5 million worth of hydrogen powered Honda FCX Clarity I drove last year. I've driven powerful sportsContinue Reading
Dacia Duster's 'shockingly affordable' prices announced
Dacia's arrival in the UK couldn't be more spectacular, with the manufacturer announcing prices for the forthcoming Duster SUV model will start from an astonishing £8,995.
Features, News Drivers Promised Real Benefits from BP's Ultimate Fuel


Select fresh, red-ripe, firm strawberries.
Wash a few at a time, gently in very cold water leaving caps on (Don't soak the strawberries they will become water logged).
Place in a colander to drain.
Allow the strawberries to dry completely; you can cap them or leave the caps on; Place them on a cookie sheet then put the cookie sheet in the freezer; Once strawberries are frozen, place the strawberries in a freezer bag or similiar container recommended for freezing; label product, and date; put them in the freezer.
Allow the strawberries to dry; Cap them; then chop, cut, or puree them; if you want them sugared put the amount of sugar that you prefer; allow time for the sugar to dissolve; then put them in a freezer container or bag recommended for freezing; Label product, and date; put them in the freezer!
Enjoy your fresh Amazin' Acres Strawberries!


After a dry spell of a couple of months, I finally got another review today on Amazon. Of course, the problem with reviews is that you can't guarantee they will be good.
The review was for my end time book, If Tomorrow Comes, and states simply, "The story would be interesting if it wasn't basically just propaganda." The book is a novel of the last three months of earth's history, following one family's experiences and uses a book written in the late 19th Century by Ellen White called The Great Controversy between Christ and Satan as its blueprint.
The response of the reviewer wouldn't be worth mentioning by itself. I am unapologetically a Seventh-day Adventist and the book takes my doctrinal viewpoint into consideration when it talks about what is going to happen. After all, that's to be expected, isn't it? Responses by readers have ranged all across the board from "Wow, this is a great book," to one fellow stating that he felt deceived by reading it. Really?
But that's not the reason I bring this up. I was invited to a Seventh-day Adventist Academy nearby just this past week to talk to their sophomore Bible class. They've been reading the same class. And the question that came up was why all of my books weren't as aggressive in talking about distinctive Adventist beliefs as this one is.
Case in point: The Champion. It's received nothing but four and five star reviews, yet it is presented as a neutral, non-denominational approach to Christianity. It's the story of a young pastor who grows disillusioned with his ministry and asks God to be used in a greater way. He gets caught up in a conspiracy involving a corporation that is the front for demonic activity. It's got great action while still providing a powerful Christian message, yet some might say it doesn't go far enough.
It all comes down to what you believe to begin with. The reality is, we don't want to hear anything that disagrees with what we already believe. For the reviewer this week, If Tomorrow Comes was propaganda, but for those students, it was affirmation. Was I trying to persuade? Possibly, but only because it's what I truly believe, not because I am out to deceive and betray, despite what some might think.
Graduate school exposed me to the thinking of lots of different writers, thinkers and scholars, many of whom I disagreed. I never thought of what they wrote as propaganda. The reality is, if all we ever read is what we already believe, how will we ever learn anything new? How will we ever challenge our thinking? How will we ever grow?
Or maybe that's not something we want to think about.
I've always thought that the definition of propaganda involved either deceit, or in some sense the author of the propaganda attempting to take advantage of the audience.
Everything that we write or make has a message. As it is being written by us, that message will be, in some sense, us – our beliefs and values. Those things often clash with other people's believes and values.
I think that the author should not be so concerned with whether or not someone takes their writing as propaganda, as long as they're being true to themselves. However, I do recognize that authors need to have some amount of self-reflection.
If you talk to students in my Persuasion class, they will tell you that the difference between persuasion and propaganda is that propaganda uses pure emotion and one-sided information while persuasion uses information from both sides and a mixture of logic and emotion. Hopefully my writing leans more toward the latter.


Enable this to allow users to sign in with their Microsoft work or school account and get federated single sign-on (SSO) to Printix. You just need a user account in Azure AD to configure Azure AD integration.
Select Accept for all users to grant permission to read users' profiles without prompting the individual in your organization. You must have the role as global admin in Azure AD to do this.
Enter your administrator account. You must have the role as global admin in Azure AD to grant permission to read users' profiles.
Select Accept to grant these permissions, so Printix can have access to the specified resources for all users in your organization. No one else will be prompted.
If this is successful you will see the message: Accepted for all users.
How to revoke the acceptance of Printix?
On the Enterprise applications blade, select Printix.
Azure authentication is not enabled.
RESOLUTION: You may have forgotten to select Save after you connected to Azure AD. If it still does not show, then try to refresh the browser (Ctrl + F5).
After you select Accept for all users and Sign in you get Permission denied.
RESOLUTION: You must sign in with a a role as global admin in Azure AD after you select Accept for all users.
The first time you Sign in with Microsoft, a new user is automatically created for you. This new user is not authorized to Sign in to Printix Administrator.
RESOLUTION: Sign in with email to Printix Administrator, and change the role of the newly created user to System manager. From now on you can sign in with your work or school account.
If you disable Azure authentication and want to withdraw the accept of Printix, then you must do this from within Azure AD. If you have withdrawn the accept of Printix and now want to accept Printix again, then select the Accept again link.
After attempting to Sign in with Microsoft you are told you can not access Printix.
RESOLUTION: Follow the steps below to allow users to consent to apps accessing company data on their behalf. You must have the role as global admin in Azure AD to make this change. Printix will read the users' basic profile (display name and email address).
On the User settings page under Enterprise applications, select Manage how end users launch and view their applications.
Change Users can consent to apps accessing company data on their behalf to Yes.
It may take up to 15 minutes before the change take effect.


Not all customers are alike. And spending time, money and manpower trying to reach all of them effectively is not only foolhardy but impossible. Each consumer demographic has its own unique needs and preferences. The following thriving businesses are getting niche marketing right. And, who better to learn from than the masters?
Your brand should be like a fingerprint – completely unique and associated with your business only.
Everything about your brand, from your business name to your logo to your web ..
Do you want to start your own successful small business? Or grow your existing business? Maybe you have no interest in owning and running a business, but want to be more productive at work?
"I could do that," you thi..
It's no surprise that business owners want their company's logo to be memorable. They want their brand to stand out, be recognizable, and for their logo to convey the personality and purpose of their company. As we wrot..


$10 Billion Global Supplier of Specialty Gases, 950 user telephone system replacement at worldwide headquarters. Expanded and relocated PBX room, hot cut over of new VOIP capable PBX, 2000 pair 1/2 tap live cable splice,100 switch tails to new VOIP Switches, 48 MM & 48 SM fiber optic backbone cable, 24 T-1 circuit extensions, ladder rack, and sleeves.
NIS installs and maintains the voice and data communications infrastructure for this CT manufacturer's seven corporate buildings. On-call services include all horizontal cabling, copper and fiber optic backbone, extensive underground and aerial cabling, and the installation and maintenance of CCTV cameras/monitors for machine operator safety applications.
For the past 17 years, NIS has provided On-Call service and project work for this CT manufacturer of architectural hardware for commercial, academic, and industrial applications. The 360,000 sf corporate office and manufacturing facility encompasses 5 separate factories. NIS has replaced and maintains their entire IT infrastructure system, including 1400 CAT5E and CAT6 data cables, wireless access points, Ethernet time clocks, 8 telecom rooms, and 12 stand multi mode fiber optic backbone. Installations involve occupied work areas with extensive existing modular furniture and high-bay plant areas. Complete As-Built CAD documentation with Fluke test results and 25 year manufacturer's system warranty.
Industrial, manufacturing, and warehouse facilities typically pose more challenges to installation teams than office environments. IT System components are often installed in difficult to reach areas of the plant requiring lift work and close coordination with floor supervisors and workers to ensure safe working conditions for everyone. NIS installers are thoroughly trained in conducting Job Hazard Analysis prior to starting work to effectively identify and manage potentially dangerous site conditions. Lock Out/Tag Out procedures are used when working around hazardous equipment and overhead cranes. All NIS field technicians are OSHA 10/30 trained and equipped to work safely in the most demanding environments requiring lift work, confined spaces, and job sites with hazardous materials and conditions.