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Current Issue: 2016 - Volume 42 - Number 3 (May/June)
Fernando Fonseca dos Reis1
Maycon de Moura Reboredo1
Leda Marília Fonseca Lucinda1
Aydra Mendes Almeida Bianchi1
Maria Aparecida Esteves Rabelo1
Lídia Maria Carneiro da Fonseca1
Júlio César Abreu de Oliveira1
Bruno Valle Pinheiro1
Reis1 FF, 2 , Reboredo1 MM, 2 , Lucinda1 LMF, 2 , et al. Pre-treatment with dexamethasone attenuates experimental ventilator-induced lung injury. J Bras Pneumol. 2016;42(3):166-173
Pre-treatment with dexamethasone attenuates experimental ventilator-induced lung injury
Pré-tratamento com dexametasona atenua a lesão pulmonar induzida por ventilação mecânica em modelo experimental
Fernando Fonseca dos Reis1; 2; Maycon de Moura Reboredo1; 2; Leda Marília Fonseca Lucinda1; 2; Aydra Mendes Almeida Bianchi1; 2; Maria Aparecida Esteves Rabelo1; Lídia Maria Carneiro da Fonseca1; 2; Júlio César Abreu de Oliveira1; Bruno Valle Pinheiro1; 2
1.	Laboratório de Pesquisa em Pneumologia, Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora (MG) Brasil.
2.	Centro de Biologia da Reprodução, Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora (MG) Brasil.
Submitted: 17 January 2016.
Accepted: 9 May 2016.
Study carried out at the Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora (MG) Brasil.
Fernando Fonseca dos Reis. Laboratório de Pesquisa Pulmonar, Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora, Avenida Eugênio do Nascimento, s/n, Dom Bosco, CEP 36038-330, Juiz de Fora, MG, Brasil
Tel.: 55 32 99977-6584. E-mail: fernandocajuri@yahoo.com.br
Financial support: This study was supported by research grants from the Rede Mineira de Ensaios Toxicológicos e Farmacológicos de Produtos Terapêuticos (Rede Mineira TOXIFAR, Minas Gerais [State] Network of Toxicological and Pharmacological Trials of Therapeutic Products), the Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de Minas Gerais (FAPEMIG, Foundation for the Support of Research in the State of Minas Gerais), and the Centro de Biologia da Reprodução da Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora (Reproductive Biology Center of the Federal University of Juiz de Fora).
Objective: To evaluate the effects that administering dexamethasone before the induction of ventilator-induced lung injury (VILI) has on the temporal evolution of that injury. Methods: Wistar rats were allocated to one of three groups: pre-VILI administration of dexamethasone (dexamethasone group); pre-VILI administration of saline (control group); or ventilation only (sham group). The VILI was induced by ventilation at a high tidal volume. Animals in the dexamethasone and control groups were euthanized at 0, 4, 24, and 168 h after VILI induction. We analyzed arterial blood gases, lung edema, cell counts (total and differential) in the BAL fluid, and lung histology. Results: At 0, 4, and 24 h after VILI induction, acute lung injury (ALI) scores were higher in the control group than in the sham group (p < 0.05). Administration of dexamethasone prior to VILI induction decreased the severity of the lung injury. At 4 h and 24 h after induction, the ALI score in the dexamethasone group was not significantly different from that observed for the sham group and was lower than that observed for the control group (p < 0.05). Neutrophil counts in BAL fluid were increased in the control and dexamethasone groups, peaking at 4 h after VILI induction (p < 0.05). However, the neutrophil counts were lower in the dexamethasone group than in the control group at 4 h and 24 h after induction (p < 0.05). Pre-treatment with dexamethasone also prevented the post-induction oxygenation impairment seen in the control group. Conclusions: Administration of dexamethasone prior to VILI induction attenuates the effects of the injury in Wistar rats. The molecular mechanisms of such injury and the possible clinical role of corticosteroids in VILI have yet to be elucidated.
Objetivo: Avaliar os efeitos da administração de dexametasona antes da indução de lesão pulmonar induzida por ventilação mecânica (LPIVM) na evolução temporal dessa lesão. Métodos: Ratos Wistar foram alocados em um dos três grupos: administração de dexametasona pré-LPIVM (grupo dexametasona); administração de salina pré-LPIVM (grupo controle); e somente ventilação (grupo sham). A LPIVM foi realizada por ventilação com volume corrente alto. Os animais dos grupos dexametasona e controle foram sacrificados em 0, 4, 24 e 168 h após LPIVM. Analisamos gasometria arterial, edema pulmonar, contagens de células (totais e diferenciais) no lavado broncoalveolar e histologia de tecido pulmonar. Resultados: Em 0, 4 e 24 h após LPIVM, os escores de lesão pulmonar aguda (LPA) foram maiores no grupo controle que no grupo sham (p < 0,05). A administração de dexametasona antes da LPIVM reduziu a gravidade da lesão pulmonar. Em 4 e 24 h após a indução, o escore de LPA no grupo dexametasona não foi significativamente diferente daquele observado no grupo sham e foi menor que o observado no grupo controle (p < 0,05). As contagens de neutrófilos no lavado broncoalveolar estavam aumentadas nos grupos controle e dexametasona, com pico em 4 h após LPIVM (p < 0,05). Entretanto, as contagens de neutrófilos foram menores no grupo dexametasona que no grupo controle em 4 e 24 h após LPIVM (p < 0,05). O pré-tratamento com dexametasona também impediu o comprometimento da oxigenação após a indução visto no grupo controle. Conclusões: A administração de dexametasona antes de LPIVM atenua os efeitos da lesão em ratos Wistar. Os mecanismos moleculares dessa lesão e o possível papel clínico dos corticosteroides na LPIVM ainda precisam ser elucidados.
Keywords: Ventilator-induced lung injury; Dexamethasone; Respiratory distress syndrome, adult.
Palavras-chave: Lesão pulmonar induzida por ventilação mecânica; Dexametasona; Síndrome do desconforto respiratório do adulto.
Although necessary in various types of respiratory failure, mechanical ventilation (MV) can be harmful, especially if its parameters are adjust-ed incorrectly, because that can result in so-called ventilator-induced lung injury (VILI).(1) VILI can also worsen established lung injury, such as the acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), and delay its healing.(2) The clinical relevance of VILI has been determined by studies conduct-ed in patients with ARDS, in which adjusting protective parameters during MV, mainly limiting the tidal volume and plateau pressure, has been found to decrease mortality.(3,4) In addition, studies involving patients at risk of developing ARDS have shown that those same measures de-crease the occurrence of the syndrome and are currently recommended in such patients.(5,6)
VILI occurs when the transpulmonary pressure (i.e., the difference between the pressure level in the alveolus and that in the pleural space) is above safe levels and generates high tidal volumes. The pulmonary structures exposed to this high pressure react by generating forces with the same intensity, creating a situation known as lung stress. A high tidal volume induces deformation of the alveolus, which is described as a change in a linear dimension over its initial value, creating a situation known as lung strain.(7,8) VILI can occur even with stress and strain levels lower than those necessary for disruption of alveolar structures, although sufficient to release proinflammatory cytokines and recruit neutrophils, leading to inflammatory lung injury.(9) This biological reaction to mechanical injury is designated biotrauma, and studies have been carried out to establish the mechanisms involved and to test strategies (ventilatory and pharmacological) that could avert or attenuate VILI.(10,11)
Glucocorticoids exert anti-inflammatory effects by binding to their receptors in the cytoplasm, forming glucocorticoid-receptor complexes that migrate to the cellular nucleus, where they inhibit the transcription rates of many inflammatory elements, including nuclear factor-kappa B.(12) This decreases the production of proinflammatory cytokines, such as TNF-α, IL-1α, IL-1β, IL-2, IL-3, IL-5, IL-6, IL-8, IL-12, IFN-γ, and GM-CSF. (13) By modulating those cytokines, glucocorticoids can suppress granulocyte recruitment and activation, as well as preserving alveolar-capillary barrier integrity and controlling vascular permeability. Glucocorticoids can also inhibit fibroblast proliferation and collagen deposition, both of which are important features in the later phases of ARDS.(14,15)
Despite the potentially beneficial effects of glucocorticoids against the mechanisms involved in ARDS and VILI, their clinical usefulness in these conditions is still under debate.(16-20) For instance, in the specific context of the effects of glucocorticoids on mortality, some meta-analyses have shown that they reduce mortality,(17,19) whereas other have failed to show a convincing effect of glucocorticoid treatment in ARDS.(20) Hy-potheses to explain these dissonant results include lack of an optimal corticosteroid dose, as well as the timing and duration of the therapy.(21)
Studies employing experimental models of VILI have obtained promising results with glucocorticoids. However, such studies have evaluated the effect of dexamethasone only in the acute phase of VILI.(22-25) Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the effects that administering dexamethasone before the induction of VILI has on the temporal evolution of the injury. We hypothesized that pre-treatment with dexame-thasone would not only attenuate VILI in the acute phase but also accelerate the healing process thereafter.
Animal preparation
This study was approved by the Animal Research Ethics Committee of the Federal University of Juiz de Fora, in the state of Minas Gerais, Bra-zil. The animals were cared for in accordance with the guidelines established by the Brazilian National Council for the Monitoring of Animal Experimentation. Sixty-three adult male Wistar rats (mean weight, 286 ± 15 g) were obtained from the animal facility of the Reproductive Biolo-gy Center of the Federal University of Juiz de Fora. Over the week prior to the experiment, groups of three animals each were housed in clear plastic cages, with stainless steel wire lids and pinewood shavings as bedding, in a temperature-controlled environment on closed, ventilated shelves, on a 12/12-h light/dark cycle. The animals were fed standard rat chow (mean, 25 g/day) and had ad libitum access to drinking water.
Experimental protocol
Animals were allocated to one of three groups (Figure 1): dexamethasone, comprising rats that received an intraperitoneal injection of dexa-methasone (6 mg/kg) at 30 min before the induction of VILI(24,25); control, comprising rats that received an intraperitoneal injection of the same volume of saline, also at 30 min before the induction of VILI; and sham, comprising rats that received neither dexamethasone nor saline, were submitted to normal (non-injurious) ventilation for 10 min, and underwent the same experimental procedures performed in the first two groups.
The rats were anesthetized with intraperitoneal injections of xylazine (8 mg/kg) and ketamine (80 mg/kg). After confirmation of the depth of anesthesia by paw clamp, the animals were intubated with a 16-gauge intravenous catheter and ventilated in the volume-controlled mode with a small animal ventilator (Inspira ASV; Harvard Apparatus, Holliston, MA, USA). To induce VILI (in the dexamethasone and control group rats), the ventilator parameters were set as follows: tidal volume of 35 mL/kg; respiratory rate of 18 breaths/min; inspiratory to expiratory ratio of 1:2; FiO2 of 1; and positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) of 0 cmH2O. After 1 h of this injurious MV, the animals were extubated and kept under observation to recover from the anesthesia.
After VILI induction, animals in the dexamethasone and control groups were euthanized (n = 23 in each group): immediately after VILI induc-tion (0 h, n = 6 in each group); at 4 h after VILI induction (n = 6 in each group); at 24 h after VILI induction (n = 6 in each group); and at 168 h (7 days) after VILI induction (n = 5 in each group). At each of those time points, the animals were again anesthetized with intraperitoneal injec-tions of xylazine (8 mg/kg) and ketamine (80 mg/kg), after which a surgical tracheostomy was performed and a 14-gauge cannula was inserted. An arterial catheter was inserted into the left carotid to obtain blood samples for arterial blood gas analysis (ABL90 FLEX; Radiometer, Copenha-gen, Denmark). The rats were then paralyzed with an intra-arterial injection of rocuronium (1 mg/kg) and mechanically ventilated at the follow-ing settings: tidal volume of 6 mL/kg; respiratory rate of 80 breaths/min; inspiratory to expiratory ratio of 1:2; FiO2 of 1; and PEEP of 2 cmH2O. After 10 min of ventilation, an arterial blood gas analysis was performed. Subsequently, a laparotomy was performed; the animals were eu-thanized by exsanguination and sectioning of the diaphragm. The trachea was clamped at end-expiration, with a PEEP of 2 cmH2O, and the lungs were extracted for further analysis. The animals in the sham group (n = 6) were euthanized 10 min after non-injurious MV.
Blood samples for arterial blood gas analysis were obtained after 10 min of protective ventilation, immediately before euthanasia. The lungs were removed en bloc, after which the right lower lobes were separated, fixed in 10% buffered formaldehyde, and processed for paraffin em-bedding. Slices (4 µm in thickness) were cut and stained with hematoxylin-eosin. Morphological examinations were performed by an investiga-tor who was blinded to the groups, using a conventional light microscope (Carl Zeiss, Hallbergmoos, Germany).
The acute lung injury score, which was the primary outcome measure, was determined by using a weighted scoring system, as described elsewhere.(26) In brief, 20 random fields at a magnification of ×400 were scored independently. Values of 0, 1, or 2 were used in order to repre-sent the severity based on the following findings: neutrophils in the alveolar space, neutrophils in the interstitial space, hyaline membranes, proteinaceous debris filling the airspaces, and alveolar septal thickening. To generate an acute lung injury score, the sum of the five variables was weighted according to the relevance ascribed to each one. The resulting score was a continuous value between 0 (normal) and 1 (the most severe injury). In addition, the extent of each acute lung injury score component was calculated on the basis of the sum of the severity values (0, 1, or 2) for the 20 fields analyzed.
To obtain a BAL fluid sample, the left lung was washed three times via a tracheal tube with 4 mL of PBS containing 10 nM of EDTA. Each sam-ple was centrifuged for 10 min at 1,500 rpm to separate it into its cellular and non-cellular components. The samples were diluted in Türk solu-tion (2% acetic acid), and total leukocyte counts were determined in a Neubauer chamber under light microscopy. The cell pellet was resus-pended in PBS and stained with May-Grünwald-Giemsa for differential cell counts, which were performed with a minimum of 300 cells.
The lung wet-to-dry weight ratio was determined in the right upper lobe, as previously described.(27) In brief, the right upper lobe was isolated and weighed (wet weight) using a precise balance (Ohaus Adventurer; Toledo do Brasil, São Bernardo do Campo, Brazil). It was then dried in a microwave at low power (200 W) for 5 min. The drying process was repeated until the difference between two consecutive measurements was less than 0.002 g. The last weight determined was considered the dry weight.
The distribution of the data was tested for normality using the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test. Values are expressed as mean ± standard deviation or median (interquartile range), as appropriate. Data for each group were analyzed by one-way ANOVA followed by the Dunnett's test or by the Kruskal-Wallis test followed by the Mann-Whitney test, as appropriate. Adjustments for repeated measures were performed with Bonferroni correction. Comparisons between the dexamethasone and control groups at each time point were made by unpaired t-test or the Mann-Whitney test, as appropriate. The log-rank test was used for comparison of survival between the dexamethasone and control groups. Values of p < 0.05 were considered significant. All statistical analyses were performed with the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences, version 17.0 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA).
Survival was not initially an objective of this study, and the animals were therefore not followed for a pre-determined period of time specifical-ly for the study of that outcome. However, some deaths were observed in the dexamethasone and control groups during the period between the post-induction anesthesia recovery and the time of euthanasia. Death occurred in 3 (12%) of the 26 animals in the dexamethasone group and in 8 (26%) of the 31 animals in the control group (p = 0.19). Of those 11 deaths, 10 occurred within the first 6 h after VILI induction, and 1 occurred more than 6 h but less than 24 h after VILI induction (Figure 2).
Lung histology and BAL
At 0, 4, and 24 h after VILI induction, the rats in the control group showed greater lung injury, as determined by the acute lung injury score, than did those in the sham group. By 168 h after VILI induction, the mean control group score had decreased and was no different from that observed for the sham group. There were no significant differences between the dexamethasone group and the sham group, in terms of the acute lung injury score, at any of the time points evaluated. There was significantly less lung injury in the dexamethasone group than in the control group at 4 h and 24 h after VILI induction (Figure 3).
In the analysis of each component of the acute lung injury score, the animals in the control group showed higher numbers of interstitial neutro-phils than did those in the sham group, at 0, 4, and 24 h after VILI induction, those numbers being highest at 4 h after VILI induction. No such neutrophil infiltration was seen in the dexamethasone group animals, which showed lower numbers of interstitial neutrophils, compared with the control group, at 4 and 24 h after VILI induction. Also at 4 h and 24 h after VILI induction, there was alveolar neutrophil infiltration in the control group, although not in the sham group. Such infiltration was inhibited by dexamethasone, the animals in the dexamethasone group showing lower numbers of alveolar neutrophils at 4 h and 24 h after VILI induction than did the animals in the control group. In addition, proteinaceous debris was more often observed in the control group rats than in the sham group rats at 0 h and 24 h after VILI induction (Table 1).
In the control group, the BAL neutrophil counts increased after VILI induction, peaking at 4 h after but returning to levels that were not statisti-cally different from those observed for the sham group at 24 h and 168 h after. The BAL neutrophil counts also increased after VILI induction in the dexamethasone group, although to a lesser degree, and were lower in the dexamethasone group than in the control group at 4 h and 24 h after VILI induction. Compared with the control group rats, the dexamethasone group rats showed lower numbers of leukocytes in the BAL at 4 h after VILI induction (Figure 4).
Arterial blood gases
Immediately after VILI induction (at 0 h), the PaO2 in the control group was lower than that observed for the sham group, although it showed progressive improvement at each subsequent time point. No such impairment in oxygenation was observed in the dexamethasone group (Table 2).
Lung wet-to-dry weight ratio
No differences in the lung wet-to-dry weight ratio were found between the dexamethasone and control groups.
The main finding of this study was that dexamethasone was able to reduce the inflammatory response caused by VILI and consequently re-duce the acute lung injury, as well as attenuating the effects that such injury has on oxygenation. We also demonstrated that VILI occurred early after injurious MV and progressively improved after the removal of the insult, an improvement that was maintained throughout the observation period.
In this model of VILI induction, MV with high tidal volumes resulted in immediate lung injury, characterized by elevated acute lung injury scores after 1 h of such injurious ventilation. The score remained elevated at 4 h and 24 h after the ventilation and eventually normalized by 168 h after. These findings are in accordance with those of previous studies showing that MV with high tidal volumes can induce VILI within the first 60-90 min. In those studies, the histological alterations peaked within the first 48 h after the insult and normalized within 7 to 14 days.(23,28)
We studied not only the temporal evolution of VILI but also the impact that the administration of an anti-inflammatory drug has on such injury. The decision to administer dexamethasone 30 min before injurious MV was based on previous experimental studies in which its anti-inflammatory effects on VILI were demonstrated.(24,25) In the present study, the animals that received dexamethasone presented acute lung injury scores comparable to those of the animals in the sham group at all of the time points analyzed. In addition, the acute lung injury scores were lower in the dexamethasone group than in the control group at 4 h and 24 h after the injurious MV. That milder lung injury was associated with better oxygenation at the end of the MV. Although neither the inflammatory pathways involved in VILI nor the impact of corticosteroid ad-ministration were evaluated, the milder lung injury and the lower pulmonary dysfunction observed among the animals treated with dexame-thasone are in accordance with what is already known about the pathophysiology of VILI. It has been shown that MV with high tidal volumes promotes neutrophil chemotaxis and activation in the lungs, by at least two different mechanisms: activation of the transcription factor nuclear factor-kappa B, which mediates the release of certain pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-8(23); and upregulation of CD11b/CD18 induced by the deformation of neutrophils as they pass through pulmonary capillaries compressed by alveoli overinflated by the high tidal volumes.(29) Corticosteroids are able to inhibit both pathways, thereby reducing the influx of neutrophils into the lungs as well as their activation, thus inhibiting or minimizing the injury they induce.(25,30) These corticosteroid effects could explain our findings, which showed that the treated animals presented lower numbers of neutrophils in the BAL fluid, as well as less interstitial/alveolar infiltration by neutrophils and, consequently, milder lung injury.
Most experimental studies of the effects of corticosteroids on VILI have been conducted in the acute phase of the injury and have shown that these anti-inflammatory agents are able to decrease the VILI-induced release of local/systemic cytokines, neutrophil infiltration of the lungs, histological alterations, and functional impairment.(23,25,28,29) In the present study, we showed that, in addition to those acute benefits, dexame-thasone maintained the inflammation and lung injury at lower levels throughout the period of recovery after VILI induction.
In another experimental model of VILI, Hegeman et al.(22) showed that dexamethasone inhibits neutrophil influx and inflammatory mediator expression, as well as preventing vascular endothelial growth factor expression in the lungs. The authors found such expression to be associat-ed with vascular leakage and with regulation of vascular permeability. However, they did not observe a protective effect of dexamethasone against alveolar-capillary barrier dysfunction, finding that glucocorticoid treatment had no effect on protein levels in the BAL fluid or on the lung wet-to-dry weight ratio. (22) The same result in relation to the lung wet-to-dry weight ratio was observed in our study. It has been shown that dexamethasone can increase extravascular lung water in animals exposed to hyperoxia, countering its positive effects on pulmonary injury so that the overall effect is neutral or even deleterious.(31)
We observed a lower mortality rate among the animals treated with dexamethasone than among those in the control group, although the dif-ference was not statistically significant. This might have occurred because the number of animals studied was insufficient, given that survival was not an outcome for which we had planned. The study design prevented us from determining the cause of death in the 11 animals that died. Nevertheless, because those deaths occurred within the first hours after VILI induction, a period during which the levels of lung inflammation and injury were highest, we can hypothesize that they were related to the lung injury. We can also infer that dexamethasone had a positive effect on survival. Another possible hypothesis, based on the results of other studies, is that VILI could have generated a systemic inflammatory response, with hemodynamic instability, that might have been improved by the administration of dexamethasone.(32) This hemodynamic effect was demon-strated by Nin et al.,(25) who showed, in another experimental model of VILI, that the administration of dexamethasone attenuated the lung injury and avoided the hemodynamic instability seen among the animals that did not receive pre-treatment.
We chose to ventilate rats at a tidal volume of 35 mL/kg, on the basis of previous studies that have used the same settings to study VILI and the effects of therapeutic strategies.(25,33,34) Although that tidal volume might seem quite distant from what is employed in clinical practice, it should be borne in mind that, in ARDS, the alveolar area available to ventilation is highly limited (the so-called "baby lung" concept), and the tidal volume (which is set according to the ideal body weight) delivered to those available areas can be extremely high.(35)
Our study has some limitations that should be considered. The analyses carried out at the different time points were performed only with the surviving animals, which constitutes a bias. The results obtained at each time point within the dexamethasone and control groups were com-pared with those obtained for the sham group, in which the animals were ventilated for only 10 min with a protective strategy. A more precise comparison would have included intubation and extubation of the sham group animals, euthanasia being performed at the same time points as in the other groups.
The design of this study, with induction of VILI followed by extubation and observation for a period of time, does not necessarily correlate with clinical practice. However, it furthers understanding of the course of VILI and of how the use of corticosteroids can alter that course. Although we have demonstrated the temporal evolution of VILI and its inflammatory nature, mainly by showing the capacity of dexamethasone to attenuate the injury, we did not evaluate the pathways involved. In conclusion, we have described the course of VILI induced by high tidal volumes and demonstrated that pre-treatment with dexamethasone is able to attenuate this injury in Wistar rats. The molecular mechanisms and the possible clinical role of corticosteroid therapy in VILI remain to be elucidated.
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25.	Nin N, Peñuelas O, de Paula M, Lorente JA, Fernández-Segoviano P, Esteban A. Ventilation-induced lung injury in rats is associated with organ injury and systemic inflammation that is attenuated by dexamethasone. Crit Care Med. 2006;34(4):1093-8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.CCM.0000205663.92384.E7
26.	Matute-Bello G, Downey G, Moore BB, Groshong SD, Matthay MA, Slutsky AS, et al. An official American Thoracic Society workshop report: features and measurements of experimental acute lung injury in animals. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol. 2011;44(5):725-38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1165/rcmb.2009-0210ST
27.	Peterson BT, Brooks JA, Zack AG. Use of microwave oven for determination of postmortem water volume of lungs. J Appl Physiol Respir Environ Exerc Physiol. 1982;52(6):1661-3.
28.	Curley GF, Contreras M, Higgins B, O'Kane C, McAuley DF, O'Toole D, et al. Evolution of the inflammatory and fibroproliferative responses during resolution and repair after ventilator-induced lung injury in the rat. Anesthesiology. 2011;115(5):1022-32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/ALN.0b013e31823422c9
29.	Ohta N, Shimaoka M, Imanaka H, Nishimura M, Taenaka N, Kiyono H, et al. Glucocorticoid suppresses neutrophil activation in ventilator-induced lung injury. Crit Care Med. 2001;29(5):1012-6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00003246-200105000-00027
30.	Held HD, Boettcher S, Hamann L, Uhlig S. Ventilation-induced chemokine and cytokine release is associated with activation of nuclear factor-kappaB and is blocked by steroids. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2001;163(3 Pt 1):711-6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1164/ajrccm.163.3.2003001
31.	Ramsay PL, Smith CV, Geske RS, Montgomery CA, Welty SE. Dexamethasone enhancement of hyperoxic lung inflammation in rats independent of adhesion molecule expression. Biochem Pharmacol. 1998;56(2):259-68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0006-2952(98)00138-5
32.	Imai Y, Parodo J, Kajikawa O, de Perrot M, Fischer S, Edwards V, et al. Injurious mechanical ventilation and end-organ epithelial cell apoptosis and organ dysfunction in an experimental model of acute respiratory distress syndrome. JAMA. 2003;289(16):2104-12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.289.16.2104
33.	Dreyfuss D, Basset G, Soler P, Saumon G. Intermittent positive-pressure hyperventilation with high inflation pressures produces pulmonary microvascular injury in rats. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1985;132(4):880-4.
34.	Eyal FG, Hamm CR, Parker JC. Reduction in alveolar macrophages attenuates acute ventilator induced lung injury in rats. Intensive Care Med. 2007;33(7):1212-8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00134-007-0651-x
35.	Gattinoni L, Pesenti A. The concept of "baby lung". Intensive Care Med. 2005;31(6):776-84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00134-005-2627-z


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EWTN panel discusses nearly 'anarchic' state of the Church
Women deacons, laxity in receiving Holy Communion, the handling of the Order of Malta, and a pro-gay Vatican appointment are issues of concern.
Fri Apr 28, 2017 - 11:42 am EST
Robert Royal of The Catholic Thing and EWTN's Raymond Arroyo
By Claire Chretien
Follow Claire
April 28, 2017 (LifeSiteNews) – An April 20 EWTN panel discussed a host of hot-button issues within the Church, including the appointment of a pro-gay Jesuit priest as a Vatican consultant, how the possibility of women deacons is "certainly something to be concerned about," and Cardinal Robert Sarah's "prophetic warning about the nature of the Church's present crisis of faith."
EWTN's Raymond Arroyo, Robert Royal of The Catholic Thing, and canon lawyer Father Gerald Murray (the "papal posse") also discussed the pope's interference in the Order of Malta, how reception of Holy Communion in the hand has caused "lack of faith in the Real Presence of Christ," and another Jesuit priest's suggestion that Jesus' words on divorce were not meant to be taken literally.
Arroyo began by asking Royal and Murray for their take on remarks Cardinal Christoph Schönborn made about the female deaconate.
Schönborn said, "I can understand the malaise which women feel when they see only men concelebrate [Mass]. I can understand that we must look like a men's squad up at the altar."
Arroyo noted, "Then during the Pope's Easter vigil homily, His Holiness had this to say about God setting the rules: 'When the high priest and the religious leaders, in collusion with the Romans, believed that they could calculate everything, that the final word had been spoken and that it was up to them to apply it, God suddenly breaks in, upsets all the rules, and offers new possibilities. God once more comes to meet us, to create and to consolidate a new age, the age of mercy.'"
"This came after a reflection on the faithfulness of women in the Church," said Arroyo. "What are you hearing in Pope Francis' words and in Cardinal Schönborn's suggestions? Is this perhaps paving the way for changes in the Church on the question of women deacons, married priests?"
"It's certainly something to be concerned about because Cardinal Schönborn is a very close associate of Pope Francis," said Murray. He said the cardinal's words were an "ideological take on Revelation."
"Jesus did not choose any women to be priests and the apostles did not choose any women to be deacons," explained Murray. "Now we had deaconesses in the history of the Church and they still exist in Orthodoxy – deaconesses are not women deacons. They were not ordained to carry the deaconate functions which in the Catholic Church are part of the Sacrament of Holy Orders."
This is because "when a deacon acts, he acts as someone who's ordained to Holy Orders," he said. "It would be a very, very serious matter if women were proposed for ordination as deacons, and I hope and pray that it doesn't come to that because it would be very, very serious."
Pope Francis "tends to suggest that rules in and of themselves are somehow oppressive as if, say, the rule of law [and] the rule of canon law ... are not facilitators but they are actually oppressive of people per se," said Royal. "Maybe he's attempting to be prophetic – you could put it in a positive sense – and I think that is one side of his papacy. But there's another side of it which almost suggests something anarchic – that all rules are somehow an imposition on human liberty."
Given this and "other fears we've had of what's been developing in the Vatican, it wouldn't be improper to worry that this might be the beginning of something much larger," said Royal.
Communion debates
Royal praised the "very, very strong language" Sarah used in a recent address on liturgy and the crisis of faith within the Catholic Church.
"I hear from a lot of different people of various orientations in the Church that they find that the liturgy is flat," said Royal, which is part of the problem.
Royal said there's a connection between the push to give Communion to the divorced and remarried without an annulment and the widespread practice of receiving it in the hand.
Bishop Robert Morlino of the Diocese of Madison's recent call for the faithful to receive Holy Communion kneeling and on the tongue, as was done in Catholic Churches until the last half-century or so, is "great," said Murray.
Communion in the hand "has not promoted a deeper faith in the Real Presence," said Murray. "It's promoted casualness, forgetfulness."
The Catholic Church teaches that the Eucharist is the literal body, blood, soul, and divinity of Jesus Christ. Even one tiny crumb or particle of it is still completely Jesus, meaning the sacrament faces much greater risk if it's received in the hand rather than on the tongue.
Morlino has realized "the need to confront a real serious problem, which is lack of faith in the Real Presence of Christ because of the casual way in which the Holy Eucharist has been distributed and received," said Murray.
Jesuits' 'stunning renunciation' and 'profound misunderstanding'
Father Thomas Reese, SJ's recent suggestion in a National Catholic Reporter piece that Jesus' words on divorce and remarriage being "adultery" weren't literal is "very regrettable," said Murray.
"Fr. Reese also says in the article that Jesus gave this as a feminist teaching, and that who knows if he would still say the same thing because women's rights have progressed now," said Murray. "There's a lot of silliness going on in the world; this is an example of it."
The reason Catholics know that this teaching is in fact literal, Murray said, is because "we don't believe in private interpretation of Scripture ... the Church is the one who tells us, and the Church has told us clearly: this is a fundamental bedrock teaching and it goes back to the Lord's own creation."
Another Jesuit priest, Father James Martin, was recently appointed as a communications consultant to the Vatican in what Royal called an "unusual" move given Martin's well-known progressive views, especially on the issue of homosexuality.
"Fr. Martin recently said that he's in favor of transgender bathrooms and that he thinks that that's a right," said Murray. "For me, that indicates a profound lack in his appreciation of Christian anthropology, of modesty, of the respect that we have for the rights of people of privacy in matters relating to their body. I think it indicates a profound misunderstanding of what the Church teaches about male and female."
Furthermore, "[regarding] same-sex marriage and the like, Fr. Martin has never, as far as I can tell, been in support of Courage, and institutions in the Church trying to promote chastity and heroic fidelity to Christ's Gospel," continued Murray. "He always seems to be saying that homosexuality is something that is objectively from God and we have to respect it, and my answer is no, homosexuality is not God's intent for any human being. It's a disorder. It's intrinsically disordered according to the Catechism."
This teaching gives people "liberating truth," said Murray. But Martin "doesn't go that route ... I'm disappointed that the Vatican would not put all these factors into consideration before naming him because for me, it's disqualifying. If a priest says that men should be able to use women's rooms if they want to, that's not the kind of advice I think should be given by a priest."
Order of Malta controversy
Arroyo said the Pope's interference with the Order of Malta doesn't seem to show "due regard for the freedom of the members."
The Order of Malta "is a sovereign entity," he noted.
Murray said the Vatican asking its former leader, who the Pope personally asked to resign, to stay away from Rome during his successor's election is "puzzling." (The Vatican recently reversed this request. The election will be held April 29.)
The Order of Malta's former leader was asked to resign after overseeing the sacking of a high-ranking official for distributing contraception in the developing world through the order's charity. Pope Francis reinstated the condom promoter after taking over the order.
amoris laetitia, cardinal robert sarah, catholic, catholic church, communion, ewtn, gerald murray, james martin, liturgy, papal posse, raymond arroyo, robert royal, women deacons
EWTN panel discusses nearly 'anarchic' state of the Church EWTN panel discusses nearly 'anarchic' state of the Church News By Claire Chretien

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


People working with groups in the outdoors who want to develop foraging and wild cooking as part of their delivery package. Also accessible to anyone with an interest in enjoying wild food. This is a follow on from the foraging workshop and builds on this workshop. Knowledge of edible plants is assumed to the level taught on the foraging workshop.
Further information: You'll need to bring a packed lunch as the food we cook to taste won't be ready till later in the afternoon. Price doesn't include food ingredients which you will need to bring yourself.
Workshop leader: Bruce Ferguson is qualified through the Institute for Outdoor Learning to teach bushcrafts to groups, has been foraging for wild food since the early 1980s and has been involved in bushcrafts and woodland skills for over 30 years.


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Write marketing proposals and create power point presentations.
Communicate and plan effectively and be a great team player with KITV Sales Team, Creative Services, IT, and Newsroom.


April 6, 2019 at 8:00 p.m.
The concert begins with Russian composer Sergei Prokofiev's Classical Symphony. Premiered in 1918, this piece pays homage to the great Classical symphonists, especially Mozart. The spotlight will then shine on RSO Principal Cellist Eugene Osadchy, who will play the Suite for Cello and String Orchestra by American composer Clare Fischer. The program will conclude with Beethoven's Symphony No. 4 in B Flat Major.


text:
Humans of Graded
The Talon
The Question of Impeachment: It Actually Is That Simple
Alejandro Garcias|December 5, 2019
Photo credit: Getty / Reuters / AAP
On Tuesday, September 24, Nancy Pelosi (D-CA), Speaker of the U.S. House of Representatives and third in line to the presidency, announced that the House was launching an official impeachment inquiry into President Donald Trump, accusing him of violating his oath of office. Predictably, the announcement unleashed a Twitter storm in which Trump has gone from calling the proceedings a witch hunt and presidential harassment – in all caps, of course – to suggesting that Representative Adam Schiff, Chair of the House Intelligence Committee, who first made public the whistleblower complaint at the center of the President's latest troubles, should be tried for treason. He has also claimed that the Democrats have been desperately trying to impeach him from day one, which is simply not true. Trump's assertions notwithstanding, Democrats have not been trying to impeach him since he took office, nor are they eager to do so now. On the contrary, Speaker Pelosi has endured much criticism for refusing to impeach the President on multiple occasions when prominent legislators and legal analysts strongly believed there was enough evidence to warrant an inquiry into Trump's conduct. However, Trump seems to have been practically daring House Democrats to impeach him.
On August 12, a U.S. intelligence community official filed a whistleblower complaint alleging that President Trump was "using the power of his office to solicit interference from a foreign country in the 2020 U.S. election." The partial transcript of the complaint was released to the public on September 26. It details efforts by Trump and his personal lawyer Rudy Giuliani to pressure the Ukrainian President to investigate Democratic presidential candidate Joe Biden and his son Hunter in what appears to be a quid pro quo – a favor granted in exchange for something – to release over $300 million in military aid to Ukraine, which the White House was allegedly withholding as leverage. After these revelations surfaced, the President went on national television and virtually confessed, even adding that not only Ukraine should investigate the Bidens, but that China should do so as well. In doing so, Trump left Speaker Pelosi no choice but to start a formal impeachment inquiry.
In the past, Pelosi has cited an array of reasons, all of them valid, to explain her reluctance to impeach the President as well as her preference for focusing on defeating him by a large margin in the 2020 presidential election. Her strongest justification was, perhaps, that impeachment is simply not good for the country. This, as Brazilians well know, is true, at least in the short run. Regardless of the final outcome, the long and arduous process of attempting to remove a president from office invariably takes a toll on any country, destabilizing it politically and economically, exacerbating its domestic polarization, and creating potentially devastating uncertainty. In the months leading to the ousting of President Dilma Rousseff – December of 2015 to August of 2016 – the Brazilian market (currency, stocks, government bonds, etc.) suffered, as the world waited to see how the impeachment proceedings unfolded. Moreover, the country was temporarily paralyzed in many ways, since the executive branch was not able to effectively govern and all other matters before Congress were naturally set aside until after Vice President Michel Temer was sworn in as president.
There are also strategic considerations Pelosi has addressed both publicly and privately in leaked discussions with fellow democratic leaders. When a matter as serious as charging a sitting president with misconduct is at stake, decision-makers inevitably ponder the potential backlash of taking such an action. In the case of Trump, they are dealing with a president known for spinning anything in his favor, for turning the tables on his critics and opponents, and for playing the victim of the press. They are also dealing with someone who famously proclaimed while running for president in 2016, "I could stand in the middle of Fifth Avenue and shoot somebody and wouldn't lose any voters, okay?" Thus, Pelosi's caution is understandable.
That said, all those considerations, while compelling, should not have much bearing on the decision to impeach the President. The only question that Congress should contemplate right now is whether Trump's latest actions constitute an impeachable offense. The Constitution stipulates that Congress can vote to remove presidents when deemed that they have committed "treason, bribery, or other high crimes and misdemeanors." Further, the term high crimes apply to abuse of power by high-level officials and do not necessarily refer to crimes that regular citizens would be charged within a court of law. Therefore, if their inquiry yields sufficient evidence to support the allegation that the President has acted in violation of his oath of office, the members of the House of Representatives must pass articles of impeachment. Failing to do so would render without basis the system of checks and balances that having three separate branches of government is meant to guarantee in order to protect the people from an authoritarian leader. There is no way around it. As Speaker Pelosi said in her televised announcement, Mr. Trump "must be held accountable — no one is above the law."
Sources: The New York Times, CNN, The Huffington Post, The Atlantic, The Washington Post, Politico, Rolling Stone
Alejandro Garcias, News Writer
America's Voting System
Futebol e política não se discutem?
Mr Bolsonaro's Budget for 2021: A Signal of Change?
Lack of Privacy or Lack of Democracy?
Life During a Pandemic: Comedy or Tragedy?
Coronavirus and the soccer industry
Graded's Sorting Hat – Find Out Your Hogwarts House
A Peek at OSGEMEOS: Segredos
Tomorrow Brazilians go to the polls: do you know who the candidates are?
Lollapalooza's Hidden Gems
Extended Essay Column – Thereza Protasio
¿Cuándo nos toca?
A Survival Guide for Online Classes
Did Jimi Hendrix Father Modern-Day Rock and Guitar Play?
The student magazine at Graded School


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Racing games are very entertaining and are suitable to all ages. There are so many racing game apps available today and all appear unique and amazing.
That presents a great challenge on which game to install but getting a feel of what the app feels like before installing is a great insight.
However, there are certain apps that are far much unique and amazing.
If you are looking for the best way to relax and get entertained and challenged at the same time, try this new Neon 2 Cars Racing.
This is a simple and quality game produced by the same developers who produced the stunning and addictive Penguin Run, Cartoon app, the Universal Game.
The game involves playing and controlling two cars at the same time and speed is essential when playing. You have to ensure that you don't hit the boxes but you collect all the prizes along the way.
This game is full of fun and very addictive. It is available in Google Play for free and it's a great way of passing your free time.


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Emile Auguste Maurice (Maurits) Vanhaegendoren (Leuven, 23 augustus 1903 – Neerijse, 3 maart 1994) was een Belgisch politicus voor de Volksunie. Hij was voorheen verbondscommissaris voor de katholieke scouts (VVKS) en oprichter van de Stichting Lodewijk de Raet. Hij werd senator voor de Volksunie in 1968.

Familie
Hij was de zoon van een activistische vader, de onderwijzer Emile Vanhaegendoren.

Vanhaegendoren werd, net als zijn vader, in 1918 verwijderd van het Koninklijk Atheneum in Leuven en hij voleindigde de humaniora aan het Sint-Pieterscollege in dezelfde stad. Daarna studeerde hij klassieke filologie en geschiedenis aan de Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, waar hij promoveerde tot doctor in de moderne geschiedenis. Na leraar te zijn geweest in Oostende, werd hij werkzaam op het Rijksarchief waar hij, als assistent, conservator, rijksarchivaris een hele loopbaan doorliep van 1928 tot aan zijn pensioen in 1968.

Hij trouwde op 14 januari 1939 met Marie-Louise Irma Yvonne Groffi (Sint-Truiden, 1911 - Leuven, 1953). Zij overleed bij de geboorte van hun zevende kind. Hij hertrouwde in 1955 met Simone Cloots, secretaresse van de Stichting Lodewijk de Raet en gidsenleidster. Ze kregen twee kinderen.

Levensloop

Verbondscommissaris
Net als zijn vrouw bij de Meisjesgidsen, werd hij actief in de scoutsbeweging voor jongens. Vanaf 1921 was hij al patrouilleleider. In 1929 werd de nationale scoutsorganisatie gefederaliseerd en ontstond het Vlaams Verbond voor Katholieke Scouts. Vanhaegendoren werd commissaris voor de verkenners.

Hij werd er in 1933 de eerste verbondscommissaris van en bleef dit tot in 1948. Hij leverde veel inspanningen voor de opleiding van de leiders en kocht in 1934 een eigen cursusgrond, De Kluis in Sint-Joris-Weert nabij Leuven.

Hij loodste het VVKS doorheen de bezettingsjaren, zonder toe te geven aan de sirenenzang van de collaboratie. Tijdens de oorlog streefde hij drie doelstellingen na: het bewijzen van diensten in tijden van nood, het streven naar bezinning in besloten tijd en het voorbereiden van een naoorlogse vernieuwing.

Na de oorlog werd hij nochtans voorwerp van ernstige en jarenlange kritiek. De voornaamste punten van kritiek waren dat hij in 1941 naar Berlijn was gereisd op uitnodiging van de Reichsjugendführer om er kennis te maken met de Hitlerjugend, dat hij een te autoritaire leiding aanhield, dat hij een anti-Belgische houding aannam en politiek in scouting binnenbracht.

Een ereraad werd aangesteld die zich inspande om de critici en de verdedigers van de verbondscommissaris te verzoenen. Dit lukte nauwelijks en de tegenstand tegen Vanhaegendoren zette zich door. Na enkele jaren was zijn handhaving als verbondscommissaris niet langer vol te houden en begin 1948 nam hij ontslag, om te worden opgevolgd door Maurits Coppieters. Hij bleef nog een paar verantwoordelijkheden verderzetten, maar in februari 1950 werden de laatste banden met het VVKS doorgeknipt.

Lodewijk de Raet
In een volgende levensfase richtte Vanhaegendoren zich naar het onderwijs. Van 1948 tot 1973 was hij docent geschiedenis aan de avondhogeschool van het Hoger Instituut voor Bestuurs- en Handelswetenschappen in Brussel.

Hij begon ook, met enkele vrienden, cursussen te organiseren in de stijl van volkshogescholen en dit werd de basis van zijn activiteiten tot het organiseren van pluralistische activiteiten, die tot doel hadden het verbeteren van de contacten tussen katholieken en vrijzinnigen.

Dit leidde in 1952 tot de stichting door hem en door Max Lamberty van de Volkshogeschool Stichting Lodewijk de Raet, waarvan hij voorzitter werd.

In 1952 was hij eveneens medeoprichter van het tijdschrift Volksopvoeding, dat door het ministerie van de Vlaamse Gemeenschap uitgegeven werd. Bovendien was hij van 1959 tot 1968 lid en beheerder van de Kultuurraad voor Vlaanderen, voorzitter van de 'Commissie voor Cultureel Vormingswerk'
, tot 1968 lid van de 'Hoge Raad voor Volksopleiding' en medeoprichter en vanaf 1963 afgevaardigd beheerder van het 'Centrum voor Andragogisch Onderzoek'
. Als voorzitter van het 'Koördinatiekomitee Taalregeling Hoger Onderwijs' zette hij zich achter de schermen ook in voor de vernederlandsing en de splitsing van de Universiteit van Leuven.

Senator
In 1968 werd hij politiek actief voor de Volksunie. Bij de wetgevende verkiezingen van dat jaar weigerde hij de aangeboden eerste plaats op de Senaatslijst voor Brussel, maar aanvaardde gecoöpteerd senator voor de Volksunie te worden. Van 1971 tot einde 1976 was hij vervolgens provinciaal senator voor Brabant. In de Senaat hield hij zich vooral bezig met hoger onderwijs en het wetenschapsbeleid. Ook trachtte hij een dialoog met de Waalse Beweging op gang te brengen.

In de periode december 1971-februari 1976 zetelde hij als gevolg van het toen bestaande dubbelmandaat ook in de Cultuurraad voor de Nederlandse Cultuurgemeenschap, die op 7 december 1971 werd geïnstalleerd en de verre voorloper is van het Vlaams Parlement. Van december 1971 tot maart 1974 en van april 1974 tot het einde van zijn mandaat in februari 1976 maakte hij als tweede respectievelijk derde ondervoorzitter deel uit van het Bureau (dagelijks bestuur) van de Cultuurraad.

Na het mislukken van het Egmontpact en de zware verkiezingsnederlaag van de Volksunie in 1978 zat Vanhaegendoren de partijcommissie voor die de eenheid in de Volksunie probeerde te herstellen.

Hij bleef tot op hoge leeftijd publiceren, voornamelijk over de Vlaamse problematiek.

Externe link
 Biografische fiche Maurits Vanhaegendoren op website Vlaams Parlement
 Register der burgerlijke stand van de stad Leuven, geboorteakte 589, 1903

Publicaties
 Het verkennersleven. Pedagogische studie over het spel van verkennen, 3 delen, 1938-1941.
 Het verkennersleven. Handboek voor leiding, 1947.
 De Nederlandse cultuur in België, Brussel, 1957.
 De Sociale Betekenis van het Taalgebruik in België, in: Nederlands Taalkongres: Wereldtentoonstelling in Brussel, Brussel, 1958.
 Noord-Zuidverbinding, Lannoo, Tielt, 1959. (met H.D. de Vries Reilingh)
 Ontmoeting en Gesprek, Antwerpen, 1960.
 De Vlaamse Beweging nu en morgen, Deel 1, Na honderddertig jaar, Deel 2, Oogmerken voor morgen, Hasselt, Heideland, 1962.
 De Vlaamse Beweging: verweer en aanval, Hasselt, Heideland, 1964.
 Vlaanderen eisende partij!!!, Hasselt, Heideland, 1966.
 De Ziekte aan de Dijle, Lier, Van In, 1966.
 Het Sociaal-cultureel vormingswerk in Vlaanderen: het overheidsbeleid, Kultuurraad voor Vlaanderen, Antwerpen, 1965.
 Het Sociaal-cultureel vormingswerk in Vlaanderen:De behoefte aan kaders en kaderopleiding, Kultuurraad voor Vlaanderen, Antwerpen, 1967.
 Zwartboek van de Vlaamse achterstand in het wetenschappelijk onderzoek, 1971.
 Nationalisme en Federalisme: Politieke Bedenkingen, De Nederlandsche Boekhandel, Antwerpen, 1971.
 Zwartboek van de 'Liberté du père de famille''', 1971.
 Het geld van de Vlamingen, Davidsfonds, Leuven, 1978.
 Het zwart en geel van de driekleur, Davidsfonds, Leuven, 1979.
 Schatplichtig Vlaanderen, Davidsfonds, Leuven, 1980.
 Van taalstrijd tot staatsvorming, Davidsfonds, Leuven, 1983.
 Het aktivisme op de kentering der tijden, Uitgeverij der Nederlanden, Antwerpen, 1984.
NB. Als auteur verkoos hij de Nederlandse schrijfwijze van zijn naam: Maurits van Haegendoren.

Literatuur
 J. PERQUY, Pedagogiek van scouting: Aanpassing aan het katholiek en Vlaams milieu (1910-1940), licentiaatsverhandeling (onuitgegeven), Leuven, 1970.
 Y. PEETERS (ed.), Over Volksopvoeding en Staatsvorming – Feestbundel Maurits Van Haegendoren 80 jaar, Uitgeverij De Nederlanden, Antwerpen, 1983.
 Christiane VAN DER CRUYSSEN, De Zaak 'Van Haegendoren' (1944-1950), in: Tijdschrift voor hedendaagse geschiedenis, 1996.
 Manu RUYS, Maurits Van Haegendoren'', in: Nieuwe encyclopedie van de Vlaamse Beweging, Tielt, 1998.
 Willem Migom, Maurits Van Haegendoren, van para- tot partijpolitiek, masterscriptie, Universiteit Gent, 2011.

Volksunie-politicus
Lid van de Vlaamse Cultuurraad
Belgisch senator
Belgisch historicus
Belgisch archivaris

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


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Counseling Program Overview
Your CSArts-SGV School Counselor is happy to work with you anytime you have questions or concerns about your academics, college/career goals, or your personal/social/emotional development.
School Counseling Walk-In Times & Appointment Times
Before School (7:40 AM - 8:25 AM)
Break (10:00 AM - 10:10 AM)
Lunchtime (11:50 AM - 12:25 PM)
Office Hours (2:10 PM - 2:35 PM)
Appointments scheduled throughout the day (7:40AM - 3:30PM)
Please contact your CSArts-SGV School Counselor anytime to make an appointment or ask a question!
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By following the American School Counseling Association (ASCA) National Model, the CSArts-SGV Comprehensive School Counseling Program fosters a healthy school culture and environment that nurtures and inspires all students to achieve their highest individual potential both academically and artistically.
The CSArts-SGV School Counselors collaborate with other educational leaders, parents/guardians, and community members to advocate for equitable access to a rigorous education, in order to prepare all students to graduate College & Career Ready. CSArts-SGV School Counselors collect and analyze data to create a high standard of achievement that promotes creative problem-solving, responsible lifelong learning, and multicultural appreciation.
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TUPELO — Peoploungers' disgraced former chief Jimmy Green has been sentenced to 51 months in prison on charges of bank fraud, mail fraud and money laundering.
The Northeast Mississippi Daily Journal reports that Green, who pleaded guilty in April, also was ordered by U.S. District Judge Michael Mills to pay $6.15 million in restitution.
Prosecutors say Green defrauded eight banks in Mississippi and Alabama.
The charges were not related to business dealings involving the Nettleton-based Peoploungers, but the upholster furniture manufacturing company filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy protection in 2007.
Green was accused of misrepresenting his financial information to several banks to secure loans for his personal use.


We know it doesn't feel like Springtime outside, but it is coming soon and so are the Cherry Blossoms in Washington DC! You must be quick to see them though because while they are stunningly beautiful they are also very delicate and the blossoms don't last long. If you don't make it to Washington this year to see them then you can always buy a Patricia Palermino original depiction of Jefferson's monument and the tidal basin with the cherry trees in full bloom! You will feel the first breath of Spring when you look at this painting and you won't have to fight through crowds of tourists to see the trees at their blooming best!


text:
\section{Introduction}
\label{Section: Introduction}

Neutrino cross sections on $^{12}$C are extensively studied since many liquid scintillators and liquid track detectors proposed or currently used for neutrino experiments are based on various carbon compounds. The natural abundance of $^{13}$C is 1.07\%, hence a sizable detector would already contain a substantial amount of this isotope. As the neutrino physics moves to the precision stage, it is becoming more important to have a more precise knowledge of neutrino cross sections on $^{13}$C.  Motivated by a proposal to use a $^{13}$C-enriched target as a solar neutrino detector \cite{Arafune:1988hx}, this reaction was first investigated in the early 1990's \cite{Fukugita:1989wv} both in the shell model using Cohen-Kurath wave functions \cite{Cohen:1965qa} and using the effective operator method \cite{Arima:1988xa}. Ground-to-ground state transition and inclusive cross sections were also worked out in Refs. \cite{Pourkaviani:1991pb}
and \cite{Mintz:2000xv}, respectively.

Currently, three reactor experiments using scintillators, Daya Bay \cite{Guo:2007ug}, Double Chooz \cite{Ardellier:2006mn}, and RENO \cite{Ahn:2010vy}, have the primary goal of measuring the third neutrino mixing angle, $\theta_{13}$. There may be opportunities to do other physics with these detectors. For example to test the original neutrino-antineutrino oscillations of Pontecorvo
\cite{Pontecorvo:1957cp}, i.e to look for the appearance of electron neutrinos in the reactor
{\it antineutrino} flux, naturally occurring $^{13}$C in the scintillators may be an attractive target.
Note that the threshold for both electron neutrino and electron antineutrino charged-current scattering on $^{12}$C is slightly more than  $\sim 13$ MeV, beyond the reach of reactor neutrinos. Similarly, electron antineutrino charged-current scattering threshold for $^{13}$C is also slightly more than  $\sim 13$ MeV, again beyond the reach of reactor neutrinos.
Hence $^{13}$C is an attractive target to detect very low-energy neutrinos. In this case, the only background is $^8$B solar neutrinos as geoneutrinos are all electron antineutrinos.
Utility of scintillators to reconstruct supernova neutrino spectra has recently been discussed \cite{Dasgupta:2011wg}.
If there is a supernova explosion during the operation of any scintillator-based experiment, $^{13}$C may again be useful to sort out fluxes of various flavors. There also are new proposals such as Low Energy Neutrino Observatory (LENA) \cite{Wurm:2011zn}  to build scintillator-based multipurpose neutrino observatories.
To help these applications, we present an updated calculation of the neutrino cross sections on $^{13}$C.

We present our method of calculations in the next section. Section III includes our results for partial cross sections given in different forms with an eye towards aiding designs of future experiments. We conclude the paper in Section IV with a few brief remarks.

\section{Method of Calculations}

A new shell-model Hamiltonian for $p$-shell nuclei, SFO\cite{Suzuki:2003},
is used to evaluate neutrino cross sections on $^{13}$C.
With this new Hamiltonian the magnetic properties of $p$-shell nuclei are considerably improved,
for example, in calculating magnetic moments and Gamow-Teller transitions compared to
conventional Hamiltonians such as Cohen-Kurath (CK) Hamiltonian \cite{Cohen:1965qa}.
Here, we study neutrino-nucleus reactions, which are induced mainly by
excitations of Gamow-Teller and spin-dipole states.

The SFO Hamiltonian, which was constructed for use in the $p$-$sd$ shell
configurations including up to 2-3 $\hbar\omega$ excitations, can
describe well the magnetic moments of $p$-shell nuclei systematically
and Gamow-Teller (GT) transitions in $^{12}$C and $^{14}$C with a small
quenching for spin $g$-factor and axial-vector coupling constant: i.e.,
$g_{A}^{eff}$/$g_A$ = $g_s^{eff}$/$g_s$ =0.95. In SFO, the spin-isospin
components of the interaction, that is, the monopole term of the
$0p_{1/2}$-$0p_{3/2}$ orbits in isospin $T$ =0 channel is enhanced
as compared to the conventional interactions.

Neutrino-nucleus reaction cross sections are evaluated using the
multipole expansion of the weak hadronic currents,
\begin{equation}
J_{\mu}^{C_{\mp}} = J_{\mu}^{V_{\mp}} + J_{\mu}^{A_{\mp}}
\end{equation}
for charge-exchange reactions ($\nu$, $\ell^{-}$) and ($\bar{\nu}, \ell^{+}$),
and
\begin{equation}
J_{\mu}^{N} = J_{\mu}^{A_3} + J_{\mu}^{V_3} -2 \mbox{sin}^{2}\theta_{W}
J_{\mu}^{\gamma}
\end{equation}
for neutral-current reactions, ($\nu$, $\nu$') and ($\bar{\nu}$,
$\bar{\nu}$'), where $J_{\mu}^{V}$ and $J_{\mu}^{A}$ are vector and
axial-vector currents, respectively, and $J_{\mu}^{\gamma}$ is the
electromagnetic current with $\theta_{W}$ being the Weinberg angle.

The reaction cross sections induced by $\nu$ or $\bar{\nu}$ are given
as follows \cite{Walecka:1975}:
\begin{eqnarray}
& &\left(\frac{d\sigma}{d\Omega}\right)_{\frac{\nu}{\bar{\nu}}} =
\frac{G^2\epsilon k}{4\pi^2}\frac{4\pi}{2J_i+1}
\{\sum_{J=0}^{\infty} \{(1+\vec{\nu}\cdot\vec{\beta})\nonumber\\
& &\mid\langle J_f \parallel M_J \parallel J_i\rangle\mid^2
+ [1-\hat{\nu}\cdot\vec{\beta}+2(\hat{\nu}\cdot\hat{q})(\hat{q}
\cdot\vec{\beta})]\nonumber\\
& &\mid\langle J_f\parallel L_J \parallel J_i\rangle
\mid^2
- \hat{q}\cdot(\hat{\nu}+\vec{\beta}) 2 Re \langle J_f \parallel
L_J \parallel J_i\rangle \nonumber\\
& &\langle J_f \parallel M_J \parallel J_i
\rangle^{\ast}\}
+ \sum_{J=1}^{\infty} \{[1-(\hat{\nu}\cdot\hat{q})(\hat{q}\cdot
\vec{\beta})]\nonumber\\
& &(\mid\langle J_f \parallel T_{J}^{el} \parallel J_i
\rangle\mid^2 + \mid\langle J_f \parallel T_{J}^{mag} \parallel
J_i\rangle\mid^2 \nonumber\\
& &\pm \hat{q}\cdot(\hat{\nu}-\vec{\beta}) 2 Re [\langle J_f \parallel
T_{J}^{mag} \parallel J_i \rangle \nonumber\\
& &\langle J_f \parallel T_{J}^{el}
\parallel J_i \rangle^{\ast}])\}
\label{eqq}
\end{eqnarray}
where $\vec{\nu}$ and $\vec{k}$ are the neutrino and lepton momenta,
respectively. In Eq. (\ref{eqq}),  $\epsilon$ is the lepton energy, $\vec{q}=\vec{k}
-\vec{\nu}$, $\vec{\beta}=\vec{k}/\epsilon$, $\hat{\nu}=\vec{\nu}
/\mid\vec{\nu}\mid$, and $\hat{q}=\vec{q}/\mid\vec{q}\mid$.
For the charged-current reactions
$G=G_{F}$cos$\theta_C$ with $G_{F}$ being the Fermi coupling constant, and
$\theta_C$ is the Cabibbo angle.
In this case, the label lepton refers to either the electron or the positron.
For neutral current reactions, $G=G_{F}$
and the lepton is scattered neutrino. To describe the final-state interactions, cross sections are multiplied by
the Fermi function in case of the charge-exchange reactions.
In Eq. (\ref{eqq}), $M_{J}, L_{J}, T_{J}^{el}$ and $T_{J}^{mag}$ are
Coulomb, longitudinal, transverse electric and magnetic multipole
operators for the vector and axial-vector currents.

\begin{figure}[t]
\begin{center}
\includegraphics[scale=2.3]{c12crosse.PDF}
\caption{Cross sections for the exclusive reaction, $^{1 2}$C ($\nu_e$, $e^{-}$)
$^{12}$N (1$^{+}_{g.s.}$), obtained by shell-model calculations with the use
of SFO and PSDMK2. Experimental data are taken from ref. \cite{LSND:1997}.
\label{fig:fig1}}
\end{center}
\end{figure}

The improvement achieved by the new Hamiltonian, SFO, is demonstrated in
Figure \ref{fig:fig1}, where calculated cross sections for the exclusive neutrino-induced
reaction $^{12}$C ($\nu$, $e^{-}$) $^{12}$N (1$^{+}_{g.s.}$) for the SFO and
CK type\footnote{In this particular case we use the so-called PSDMK2 Hamiltonian \cite{MK:1975,OXB:1986}.} Hamiltonians are shown.
Since the GT strength in $^{12}$C is well described by the SFO Hamiltonian \cite{Suzuki:2006qd}, the cross
sections obtained using the SFO Hamiltonian naturally reproduce the experimental
data \cite{LSND:1997} very well. To explore this feature of the SFO Hamiltonian,
the cross sections calculated using it were applied to the calculation of the abundances resulting from
neutrino-process nucleosynthesis in core-collapse supernovae in order to discuss the
effects of neutrino oscillation on the light element synthesis \cite{Yoshida:2008zb}.

\begin{table}[t]
\begin{tabular}{ c | c | c | c } \hline
$B(GT$: $^{13}$C $\rightarrow$ $^{13}$N) & SFO & CK\cite{Fukugita:1989wv}
& EXP. \\\hline
$^{13}$N  $\hspace*{0.2cm}$ $J^{\pi}$ $\quad$ $E_x$ (MeV) &  &  &  \\
  1/2$^{-}$ $\hspace*{0.2cm}$ 0.0  & 0.284 & 0.420 & 0.411$\pm$0.004\cite{Ajzenberg:1986}\\
                     &       &       & 0.398$\pm$0.008\cite{Tadeucci:1987} \\
  1/2$^{-}$ $\hspace*{0.2cm}$ 8.92  & 0.569 & 0.524 & \\
  3/2$^{-}$ $\hspace*{0.2cm}$ 3.50   & 2.103 & 2.14 & 1.64$\pm$0.10\cite{Tadeucci:1987} \\
  3/2$^{-}$ $\hspace*{0.2cm}$ 9.46   & 0.500 & 0.260 & \\\hline
$B(M1)$ ($\mu_N^2$)&  & & \\
 $^{13}$C (3/2$^{-}$: 3.68 MeV) $\rightarrow$ $^{13}$C (1/2$^{-}_{g.s.}$) &
0.878 & 1.17\cite{Arafune:1988hx} & 0.698$\pm$0.072 \\\hline
\end{tabular}
\caption{
$B(GT)$ and $B(M1)$ values in $^{13}$C obtained by shell-model
calculations with the SFO and CK \cite{Fukugita:1989wv} Hamiltonians as well as the experimental ones.
}
\label{tab:table1}
\end{table}

Calculated $B(GT)$ and $B(M1)$ values in $^{13}$C are given in Table I.
The values with the SFO Hamiltonian are obtained in the $p$-$sd$ shell including up to
2$\hbar\omega$ excitations with $g_{A}^{eff}$/$g_A$ =0.95, while those
for the CK Hamiltonian are obtained within the $p$-shell with a larger quenching factor,
$g_{A}^{eff}$/$g_A$ =0.69\cite{Fukugita:1989wv}, which is adjusted to reproduce
the experimental $B(GT)$ values of $^{13}$N($\beta^{+}$)$^{13}$C,
$^{15}$O($\beta^{+}$)$^{15}$N and $^{11}$C($\beta^{+}$)$^{11}$B.
The SFO Hamiltonian can explain the experimental GT strength
for the transition to $^{13}$N (3/2$^{-}$, 3.50 MeV) rather well.
This transition is of interest as it may be possible to measure the $\gamma$ decay from $^{13}$N.
The $B(M1)$ value for $^{13}$C (3/2$^{-}$, 3.68 MeV) $\rightarrow$ $^{13}$C
(1/2$^{-}_{g.s.}$) obtained by the SFO Hamiltonian is also found to be close to the
experimental value. Here, the isovector spin $g$ factor is
$g_s^{IV, eff}$/$g_s^{IV}$ =0.95 and $\delta g_{\ell}^{IV}$ is taken to
be -0.15.

\section{Results}

We present the charged-current neutrino reaction cross sections on $^{13}$C target leading to a particular state in $^{13}$N in three different formats. Figure \ref{fig:fig2} displays these cross sections graphically for reactions leading to the ground state (1/2$^-$, solid line), as well as to the 1/2$^+$ ($E_x$= 2.365 MeV, dotted line),
3/2$^-$ ($E_x$=3.502 MeV, dashed line), and the 5/2$^-$ ($E_x$=7.376 MeV, dot-dashed line) states in $^{13}$N.
(Energy levels the $^{13}$C and  $^{13}$N nuclei included in this work are shown in Figure \ref{fig:fig1a}).
Clearly the dominant contributions come from the transitions to the ground state and to the 3.502 MeV excited state in the daughter nucleus. We present those two cross sections in tabular form in Tables \ref{tablo1}
and \ref{tablo2}, respectively.

\begin{figure}[b]
\begin{center}
\includegraphics[scale=0.50]{ccxsecs.pdf}
\caption{Partial cross sections for the reaction, $^{13}$C ($\nu_e$, $e^{-}$)
$^{13}$N, leading to various excited states in the daughter nucleus. The solid line is for the ground state. The dotted, dashed and dot-dashed lines are for the 2.365 MeV, 3.502 MeV, and 7.376 MeV excited states in $^{13}$N, respectively.}
\label{fig:fig2}
\end{center}
\end{figure}

\begin{figure}[b]
\begin{center}
\includegraphics[scale=0.90]{diagram.pdf}
\caption{States of the $^{13}$C and
$^{13}$N nuclei included in this work.}
\label{fig:fig1a}
\end{center}
\end{figure}

\begin{table}[t]
  \centering
  \begin{tabular}{@{} cccccc @{}}
    \hline
    $E_{\nu}$(MeV) & $\sigma$ (cm$^2$) &$E_{\nu}$(MeV) & $\sigma$ (cm$^2$)& $E_{\nu}$(MeV) & $\sigma$ (cm$^2$)
\\
    \hline
2.3& $2.00 \times 10^{-45}$ & 7.0 & $6.62 \times 10^{-43}$ & 12.0 & $2.73 \times 10^{-42}$\\
2.5& $5.66 \times 10^{-45}$ & 7.5& $8.07 \times 10^{-43}$ & 12.5&$ 3.02 \times 10^{-42}$ \\
    3.0& $2.25 \times 10^{-44}$ & 8.0 & $ 9.65 \times 10^{-43}$ &13.0 &$3.31 \times 10^{-42}$  \\
    3.5 & $5.23 \times 10^{-44}$  & 8.5 & $1.14 \times 10^{-42}$ & 13.5& $3.62 \times 10^{-42}$ \\
    4.0 & $9.60 \times 10^{-44}$& 9.0& $1.33 \times 10^{-42}$ & 14.0 & $3.94 \times 10^{-42}$\\
    4.5 & $1.54 \times 10^{-43}$& 9.5 & $1.53 \times 10^{-42}$ & 14.5 &$4.27 \times 10^{-42}$\\
5.0& $2.27 \times 10^{-43}$ & 10.0& $1.74 \times 10^{-42}$ & 15.0 & $4.62 \times 10^{-42}$\\
5.5&$3.14 \times 10^{-43}$ & 10.5&$1.97 \times 10^{-42}$& 15.5 & $ 4.98 \times 10^{-42}$\\
6.0&$ 4.16 \times 10^{-43}$& 11.0 &$ 2.21\times 10^{-42}$& 16.0 & $ 5.35 \times 10^{-42}$\\
6.5& $5.32 \times 10^{-43}$& 11.5 &$2.47 \times 10^{-42}$ &16.5& $ 5.73 \times 10^{-42}$\\
    \hline
  \end{tabular}
  \caption{Cross sections for the charged current reaction $^{13}$C ($\nu_e, e^-$) $^{13}$N  leading to the 1/2$^-$ (ground) state (with excitation energy 0.0 MeV).
}
  \label{tablo1}
\end{table}

\begin{table}[htbp]
  \centering
  \begin{tabular}{@{} cccccc @{}}
    \hline
    $E_{\nu}$(MeV) & $\sigma$ (cm$^2$) &$E_{\nu}$(MeV) & $\sigma$ (cm$^2$)& $E_{\nu}$(MeV) & $\sigma$ (cm$^2$)
\\
    \hline
5.8& $1.22 \times 10^{-44}$ & 9.5 & $1.12 \times 10^{-42}$ & 13.5 & $4.22 \times 10^{-42}$\\
6.0& $3.01\times 10^{-44}$ & 10.0& $1.39 \times 10^{-42}$ & 14.0 &$ 4.76 \times 10^{-42}$ \\
  6.5& $9.35 \times 10^{-44}$ & 10.5 & $  1.70 \times 10^{-42}$ &14.5  &$5.32 \times 10^{-42}$  \\
    7.0 & $1.87 \times 10^{-43}$  & 11.0 & $2.05 \times 10^{-42}$ & 15.0 & $5.91 \times 10^{-42}$ \\
    7.5 & $3.11 \times 10^{-43}$& 11.5& $ 2.42 \times 10^{-42}$ & 15.5 & $ 6.54 \times 10^{-42}$\\
    8.0 & $4.66 \times 10^{-43}$& 12.0 & $2.82 \times 10^{-42}$ & 16.0 &$7.19 \times 10^{-42}$\\
8.5 & $6.51 \times 10^{-43}$ & 12.5& $  \times 3.2610^{-42}$ & 16.5 & $7.88 \times 10^{-42}$\\
9.0&$8.68 \times 10^{-43}$ & 13.0&$3.73 \times 10^{-42}$& 17.0 & $ 8.60 \times 10^{-42}$\\
    \hline
  \end{tabular}
  \caption{Cross sections for the charged current reaction $^{13}$C ($\nu_e, e^-$) $^{13}$N  leading to the 3/2$^-$ (ground) state (with excitation energy 3.502 MeV).
}
  \label{tablo2}
\end{table}

Sometimes it is convenient to have an analytical form for the cross sections to do quick estimates for counting rates. Although  the cross sections grow like $\sim E^2$ at higher energies, because of the energy-dependence of the nuclear matrix elements, the energy-dependence of the cross sections near the reaction threshold energies is more  intricate. We find that the power series expansion
\begin{equation}
\label{1}
\sigma = 10^{-44} {\rm cm}^2 [a_1 (E_{\nu}-Q) + a_2 (E_{\nu}-Q)^2 + a_3 (E_{\nu}-Q)^3 ],
\end{equation}
where $Q$ is the Q-value of the reaction in MeV, is sufficiently accurate within few percent. In Table \ref{table:2} we present the values of the coefficients in Eq. (\ref{1}) for the charged-current cross sections.

\begin{table}[t]
  \centering
  \begin{tabular}{@{} cccccc @{}}
    \hline
    $^{13}$N state & $E_x$ (MeV) & Q (MeV) & $a_1$ (MeV$^{-1}$) & $a_2$ (MeV$^{-2}$) &
    $a_3$ (MeV$^{-3}$) \\
    \hline
    ${1/2}^-$ &0 & 2.2 & 0.16 & 2.86 & 0.00  \\
    ${1/2}^+$ & 2.365  & 4.59 & $6.50 \times 10^{-2}$ & $1.20 \times 10^{-2}$  & $1.26 \times 10^{-3}$   \\
    ${3/2}^-$ & 3.502 & 5.72 & 6.20 & 6.13 & 0 \\
    ${5/2}^-$ & 7.376 & 9.60 &  $1.59 \times 10^{-3}$ & $- 7.68 \times 10^{-4}$ & $1.07 \times 10^{-3}$ \\
    \hline
  \end{tabular}
  \caption{Parameter values in Eq. (\ref{1})  for the cross sections of the charged-current reaction $^{13}$C ($\nu_e, e^-$) $^{13}$N  going to the indicated state in $^{13}$N.}
  \label{table:2}
\end{table}

One possible application of these cross sections could be to search for electron neutrino appearance in the reactor antineutrino flux. Ideally one would like to be as close to the reactors as possible much like experiments searching for the neutrino magnetic moment. However, in this case reactor neutrino flux uncertainties can be sizable.
In Figure \ref{fig:spread}  we show the spread of the count rate for the charged-current transition to the $^{13}$N ground-state due to variations in various reactor neutrino spectrum models as a function of the neutrino energy. (We use the models of the Refs. \cite{Davis:1979gg}, \cite{Vogel:1989iv}, and \cite{Huber:2011wv} to illustrate the spread). We assume an ideal experiment with perfect energy resolution. The actual count rate will depend on the number of electron neutrinos present, but clearly there is a factor of two variation in the rate due to the uncertainties of the flux. (This is also true for the energy-integrated count rate, which is between 5.20 and 13.02 in the same arbitrary units).
One possible way to reduce such uncertainties is to use much more abundant electron antineutrinos to estimate the reactor flux. This can be achieved using neutral-current scattering. Hence we also provide the neutral current cross sections below.

\begin{figure}[b]
\begin{center}
\includegraphics[scale=0.45]{Countrate.pdf}
\caption{An illustration of the spread of the electron neutrino count rate with different reactor neutrino flux models for the charged-current transition to the $^{13}$N ground-state. Models of the Refs. \cite{Davis:1979gg}, \cite{Vogel:1989iv}, and \cite{Huber:2011wv} are used.}
\label{fig:spread}
\end{center}
\end{figure}

Electron antineutrino neutral-current cross sections for exciting various states in the daughter $^{13}$C are shown in Figure \ref{fig:fig3}\footnote{Note that cross sections for $(\nu_e, \nu_e^{\prime})$ are not much different from those for
$(\bar{\nu}_e, \bar{\nu}_e^{\prime})$; they are larger only by about 2\%, 5\%, 8\% at
$E_{\nu}$ = 5, 10 and 15 MeV, respectively.}.
In this figure cross sections for the excitation of the 3.089 MeV 1/2$^+$ state (solid line), the 3.685 MeV 3/2$^{-}$ state (dashed line), the 3.857 MeV 5/2$^+$ state (dot-dashed line) and the 7.547 MeV 5/2$^-$ state (long-short dashed line) in $^{13}$C are shown. Clearly excitation of the  3.685 MeV 3/2$^{-}$ state dominates the neutral current scattering. We also fitted the neutral-current cross sections to the power series expansion in Eq. (\ref{1}).
Q-values in this expression are simply the excitation energies in the daughter nucleus ($^{13}C$). The resulting parameter values are given in Table \ref{table:3}.

\begin{figure}[t]
\begin{center}
\includegraphics[scale=0.50]{ncxsecs.pdf}
\caption{Partial cross sections for the reaction, $^{13}$C ($\bar{\nu}_e$, $\bar{\nu}_e^{\prime}$)
$^{13}$C, leading to various excited states in the daughter nucleus. The solid, dashed, dot-dashed (smallest cross section), and
long-short dashed lines are for the excitation of 3.089 MeV, 3.685 MeV, 3.854 MeV and 7.547 MeV excited states in the $^{13}$C, respectively.}
\label{fig:fig3}
\end{center}
\end{figure}

\begin{table}[b]
  \centering
  \begin{tabular}{@{} cccccc @{}}
    \hline
    State & $E_x$ (MeV) & $a_1$ (MeV$^{-1}$) & $a_2$ (MeV$^{-2}$) &
    $a_3$ (MeV$^{-3}$) \\
    \hline
    ${1/2}^+$ & 3.089& $6.80 \times 10^{-3}$& $8.80 \times 10^{-4}$ & $4.00 \times 10^{-4}$  \\
    ${3/2}^-$ & 3.685 & 0.122 & 1.26 & 0   \\
    ${5/2}^+$ & 3.854 & $9.83 \times 10^{-3}$ & -$3.38 \times 10^{-3}$ & $4.54 \times 10^{-4}$ \\
    ${5/2}^-$ & 7.547 &  0.596 & -0.56 & 0.1 \\
    \hline
  \end{tabular}
  \caption{Parameter values in Eq. (\ref{1}) for the cross sections of the neutral-current reaction $^{13}$C ($\bar{\nu}_e$,
  $\bar{\nu}_e^{\prime}$) $^{13}$C  going to the indicated state in the daughter nucleus.}
  \label{table:3}
\end{table}

\section{Conclusions}

In this article, we presented the charged-current neutrino cross sections on $^{13}$C leading to various
states in the daughter $^{13}N$ and the neutral-current neutrino cross sections on the same nucleus leading to various states in the daughter $^{13}$C. To aid quick estimates of the reaction rates we also provided simple polynomial fits to those cross sections, accurate within three to four percent. A knowledge of these cross sections would help scintillator-based searches for low-energy electron neutrinos in environments dominated by the electron antineutrinos, such as nuclear reactors. In addition, it was pointed out that neutrino-proton elastic scattering in scintillator detectors would help measure total neutrino fluxes \cite{Beacom:2002hs}, especially for the neutrinos coming from a core-collapse supernova
\cite{Dasgupta:2011wg}. Knowledge of the electron neutrino-$^{13}$C cross sections would also help to sort out the backgrounds for such a task. Although neutrino burst from neutralized supernova core-collapse
provides a remarkable flux of electron neutrinos, the significant fraction of these
neutrinos at the energies above ~14 MeV would induce both charged and
neutral current interactions with $^{12}$C, masking a signal from $^{13}$C we
discussed in this article.  It is also a challenge to experimentally separate the
first few dozens of microsecond of electron neutrino burst from the flux of thermalized
neutrinos of three flavors and their antiparticles.

\section*{Acknowledgments}

We thank K. Heeger, K. Kotake, K. Sumiyoshi, and T. Takiwaki for useful discussions.
This work was supported in part by Grants-in-Aid for Scientific Research of the JSPS (200244035, 22540290) and for Scientific Research on Innovative Area of MEXT (20105004), in part
by the U.S. National Science Foundation Grant No. PHY-0855082, and
in part by the University of Wisconsin Research Committee with funds
granted by the Wisconsin Alumni Research Foundation.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaArXiv


Synopsis: When Ian wakes up in a North Korean prison, he must figure out how he got there and why the North Korean government is suspecting him of treason against the state.
When I first started reading Out of North Korea, I expected to be sucked into the story right away and have a hard time putting the book down. That didn't happen, but something even better did—while I wasn't so drawn by the story that I couldn't put it down, I was able to read it and savor the events and lessons as they came.
This book is pretty impressive. Without becoming preachy, or cliché, or even dragging, Ms. Terry manages to tell this entire story in first-person, present-tense. That is a feat in writing—good writing—that I have not managed to crack yet!
Ian McCallister has woken up in a prison in Korea, with his last memory being accepting a pill in China meant to help him with a headache. Now, he realizes he's at the mercy of the Korean government, and the officials want him to admit to crimes of plotting against the government. As an American journalist, he has no such plans and cannot understand how they could accuse him of such things—until he finds out they know more about his backstory than he was aware. Can he, an American stuck behind North Korean prison bars, endure and somehow get through his imprisonment? Is the American dream he always has worked for actually worth as much as he is now paying?
I appreciated Ms. Terry's perspective. She writes with a loving compassion and a depth of thought I haven't seen very often.
This book challenged and encouraged me at multiple levels. Seeing how God works—even in seemingly impossible situations—is always a faith-builder. Even in fictitious stories. It's encouraging to know that even in situations where faith seems utterly impossible, God is still supporting His children in that place. No, it isn't easy, but He's there to be with them and that's the really beautiful part.
While this book may have been a disappointment for me (for some reason, it never felt very suspenseful or gripping, as I was expecting), I do feel like there is a lot of value in it from a faith standpoint. That is a very strong element through the book, and I appreciated it. Overall, this was a great story, one I'd encourage anyone interested in different perspectives or wanting a novel on someone growing in their faith in North Korea. After all, how often do you come across a book like that?!
WARNING: Chapter 1 has the word "heck" appear twice. Chapter 2 mentions wrists chafed until they're bloody. Chapter 4 uses the word "hell" (although I believe it's the right connotation). Chapter 12 includes some drinking and a drunk man. Chapter 13 talks about evolutionary remnants, and a sentence or two about several guys who were killed ruthlessly. Chapter 15 has someone swearing in it, and the word "blasted" is used. Chapter 17 has the word "gee". Chapter 23 has the word "blasted". Chapter 61 uses the term "hurts like the dickens".


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Cars That Became Political Icons
by Stella Tryon on February 15, 2021
As a world, we are alive through some tumultuous times. However, while the world's leaders struggle on the future of diplomacy, we are forced to ask: What do they drive?
Official cars are a few of the most visible symbols of any authority. These automobiles are chosen to provide a feeling of power, strength, and professionalism in the home and abroad while still conveying a feeling of the nation's national identity. This adds up to some challenging proposals for automakers. Having a long list of do's and performs, a number of these automobiles are inspected and constructed for conditions that many civilian cars would not confront. Civilian cars may need help from www.sanjosetowservice.com if they got stuck in the road. Occasionally an automaker rises to the event and assembles a classic, elegant classic. Other people appear as odd, dated curiosities which are examined as everything that is wrong with their home nation.
Hit or miss, these exclusive automobiles function as several the states' most visible exports. From the elegant to the eccentric, here are the most memorable official automobiles that served on the world platform.
2009 Cadillac One
The Presidential Limousine has come a very long way from JFK's nearly-stock Lincoln. The Cadillac One might resemble a normal Cadillac, but it is more battle automobile than a luxury sedan. The diesel-powered limousine is developed on a heavy-duty truck stage, features armor strong enough to prevent a rocket-propelled grenade, doors as hefty as a Boeing 747's, a cellular communications center, a self-contained oxygen system, and sufficient firepower to securely get the president from a war zone. A brand-new Beast is supposed to get there by 2018. Expect it to become much more impressive.
ZiL 41047
The ZiL limousines provided a rare glimpse to Soviet-style opulence. The long-serving official automobiles of the USSR received minor upgrades throughout time, but the last version, the 41047, was more than an upgraded version of the 1950s version. The ZiL was assembled largely unchanged between 1985 and 2002, and its heritage is a contradictory one. Fidel Castro's limousine was relegated to cab service on Havana roads, while Vladimir Putin ordered three brand-new ZiL convertibles constructed for official festivals in 2010.
Hongqi L5
Believe it or not, the Hongqi L5 (or even "Red Flag") is a brand-new vehicle. Made to look like Hongqi's unique version from 1958 (Mao's automobile of choice), the L5 is the official automobile of Chinese Communist Party members and visiting heads of state. The 18-foot extended cruiser is powered by an impressive 400 horsepower 6.0 liter V12 of Hongqi's layout. The vehicle is available to the Chinese people, but the tag makes it a very expensive automobile in China.
1970s Lincoln Continentals
Kim Jong-Il's funeral in December 2011 provided a rare glimpse into the secretive world of North Korea, and Westerners were amazed to find it had been a world populated by malaise-era Lincolns. Many Continentals were featured prominently at the funeral procession, causing speculation regarding how and why the cars made it into North Korea. Kim was a documented enthusiast of American civilization and specialists consider the cars were smuggled to the nation from a Western Ford dealership in the 1970s.
2002-2009 Lancia Thesis
Lancia constructed the Thesis to reunite a degree of prestige to the faltering brand, also for a couple of decades, it functioned. The full-size sedan's daring styling and the luxury interior acquired over many ancient converts, including the Italian authorities, who purchased the Thesis in massive amounts and designated it as the official state automobile. For many years, the Thesis was among the unique looking official automobiles on earth. Regrettably, Lancia's fortune has run out. In 2014, fresh Italian Prime Minister Matteo Renzi began gutting the authorities hastened by selling 151 automobiles on eBay – most of these Lancias. Afterward, in 2014, parent company Fiat started to gently phase-out that the 109-year-old brand.
Being the chief of the Catholic Church must go into Pope Francis' head. Since ascending to the Papacy in 2013, Francis has earned the reputation for being a forthright and thrifty Pope. So much so, when he is not on official business, he compels himself at a 1984 Renault 4 which has been a present from a president. And if you are wondering why the Pope created an inventory for heads of state, recall, he is also the sovereign of Vatican City.
Toyota Century
The Toyota Century is one of the very few automobiles on the planet that represent order and crime in equal steps. The Century's layout was mostly unchanged since 1967, but a mechanical refresh and minor upgrade in 1997 included a gigantic V12 engine which Toyota builds exclusively for your vehicle. Its biggest buyer is that the Japanese authorities, where it conveys the Prime Minister, high heeled government officials, along with the royal family to official occasions.
Rolls-Royce Phantom IV
As soon as the Rolls-Royce Phantom IV premiered in 1950, it had been declared with an advertising campaign emphasizing the car's advanced features – and the way you may never purchase it. Just 18 Phantom IV's were assembled, and Rolls-Royce made it rather well-known they would just accept orders from heads of state.
Jaguar XJ Sentinel
The previous few American presidents have been pushed around in Cadillacs. But British prime ministers get something a bit more fascinating: A Jaguar. And unlike the president's car, where the simplest question will probably be replied with "that is classified," we know a fantastic amount about the British country automobiles. The XJ Sentinel is powered with a 503-horsepower supercharged V8. It weighs more than four heaps, though a lot of this comes in the heavy armor plating, innovative communications methods, and a self-indulgent oxygen distribution system.
carsiconspolitics


Auto manufacturers are relentlessly pursuing a future without drivers and Elon Musk and Tesla want to be at the forefront of the revolution.
Elon Musk has let of another Twitter storm, this time concerning the future of Tesla's autonomous cars and software updates, and he told his assembled Twitter fans that Tesla's coast to coast tests are still on track to take place at the end of this year, which means that you could see coast to coast autonomous driving by 2018, and that all Tesla cars built since October 2016 would be updated.
The speed limit on the vehicles was originally limited to 145 km per hour (90 mph) on highways and no more than 8 km per hour (5 mph) above the speed limit when off the highway, and as if that wasn't enough to send every Tesla driver over the edge on excitement he also announced that the next updates would feature a perpendicular parking capability and auto windshield wipers.
However, all of this is arguably still just the beginning for Tesla and Elon Musk after he penned a deal with Dubai who are going to be one of the first countries in the world to build out a futuristic end to end autonomous transportation network, that includes Hyperloop trains and flying taxi's, and who knows, again, if Musk has his way, we might see Tesla's zipping along underground tunnels in Los Angeles as, when and if his Boring Company plans get underway.


I understand that within a day or so Apple will launch an on-line ordering system to reserve an iPad mini for collected at the nearest Apple Store. This is welcome, and well overdue, news because I always hate having to wait in for deliveries. When my new iPhone 5S arrived last month UPS were unable to deliver (as usual). As a result I had to go to a great deal of trouble to get to the UPS depot in Kentish Town. This seems to happen every time I order from the on-line store and it is one of the reasons I do not use it unless absolutely necessary.
Apple's system for ordering new products definitely needs an overhaul. For instance, it is not fair that those who order early from the on-line store have to play second fiddle to those, including more than a few scammers from my observation, are prepared to stand in long lines at Apple Stores every morning.
My view is that delivery to store for collection should be the default option and that supplies to store customers should not commence until all pre-orders have been satisfied. The current catch-me-if-you-can system is both unfair and irritating for regular customers. Of course, I can understand that Apple likes the current system. The faithful order on line and have to wait weeks while Apple's PR machine can revel in the publicity that comes from having long queues outside their stores every morning. It is time Apple played fair with everyone.