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The human vertebral column and its regions
Vertebral column of a goat
Columna vertebralis
The vertebral column, also known as the backbone or spine, is part of the axial skeleton. The vertebral column is the defining characteristic of a vertebrate in which the notochord (a flexible rod of uniform composition) found in all chordates has been replaced by a segmented series of bone: vertebrae separated by intervertebral discs.[1] The vertebral column houses the spinal canal, a cavity that encloses and protects the spinal cord.
There are about 50,000 species of animals that have a vertebral column.[2] The human vertebral column is one of the most-studied examples.
In a human's vertebral column there are normally thirty-three vertebrae;[3] the upper twenty-four are articulating and separated from each other by intervertebral discs, and the lower nine are fused in adults, five in the sacrum and four in the coccyx or tailbone. The articulating vertebrae are named according to their region of the spine. There are seven cervical vertebrae, twelve thoracic vertebrae and five lumbar vertebrae. The number of vertebrae in a region can vary but overall the number remains the same. The number of those in the cervical region however is only rarely changed.[4]
There are ligaments extending the length of the column at the front and the back, and in between the vertebrae joining the spinous processes, the transverse processes and the vertebral laminae.
Numbering order of the vertebrae of the human spinal column
The vertebrae in the human vertebral column are divided into different regions, which correspond to the curves of the spinal column. The articulating vertebrae are named according to their region of the spine. Vertebrae in these regions are essentially alike, with minor variation. These regions are called the cervical spine, thoracic spine, lumbar spine, sacrum and coccyx. There are seven cervical vertebrae, twelve thoracic vertebrae and five lumbar vertebrae. The number of vertebrae in a region can vary but overall the number remains the same. The number of those in the cervical region however is only rarely changed.[4] The vertebrae of the cervical, thoracic and lumbar spines are independent bones, and generally quite similar. The vertebrae of the sacrum and coccyx are usually fused and unable to move independently. Two special vertebrae are the atlas and axis, on which the head rests.
Anatomy of a vertebra
A typical vertebra consists of two parts: the vertebral body and the vertebral arch. The vertebral arch is posterior, meaning it faces the back of a person. Together, these enclose the vertebral foramen, which contains the spinal cord. Because the spinal cord ends in the lumbar spine, and the sacrum and coccyx are fused, they do not contain a central foramen. The vertebral arch is formed by a pair of pedicles and a pair of laminae, and supports seven processes, four articular, two transverse, and one spinous, the latter also being known as the neural spine. Two transverse processes and one spinous process are posterior to (behind) the vertebral body. The spinous process comes out the back, one transverse process comes out the left, and one on the right. The spinous processes of the cervical and lumbar regions can be felt through the skin.
Above and below each vertebra are joints called facet joints. These restrict the range of movement possible, and are joined by a thin portion of the neural arch called the pars interarticularis. In between each pair of vertebrae are two small holes called intervertebral foramina. The spinal nerves leave the spinal cord through these holes.
Individual vertebrae are named according to their region and position. From top to bottom, the vertebrae are:
Cervical spine: 7 vertebrae (C1-C7)
Thoracic spine: 12 vertebrae (T1-T12)
Lumbar spine: 5 vertebrae (L1-L5)
Sacrum: 5 (fused) vertebrae (S1-S5)
Coccyx: 4 (3-5) (fused) vertebrae (Tailbone)
The combined region of the thoracic and lumbar vertebrae is known as the thoracolumbar division, or region. [5]
The upper cervical spine has a curve, convex forward, that begins at the axis (second cervical vertebra) at the apex of the odontoid process or dens, and ends at the middle of the second thoracic vertebra; it is the least marked of all the curves. This inward curve is known as a lordotic curve.
A thoracic spine X-ray of a 57-year-old male.
The thoracic curve, concave forward, begins at the middle of the second and ends at the middle of the twelfth thoracic vertebra. Its most prominent point behind corresponds to the spinous process of the seventh thoracic vertebra. This curve is known as a kyphotic curve.
Lateral lumbar X-ray of a 34-year-old male.
The lumbar curve is more marked in the female than in the male; it begins at the middle of the last thoracic vertebra, and ends at the sacrovertebral angle. It is convex anteriorly, the convexity of the lower three vertebrae being much greater than that of the upper two. This curve is described as a lordotic curve.
The sacral curve begins at the sacrovertebral articulation, and ends at the point of the coccyx; its concavity is directed downward and forward as a kyphotic curve.
The thoracic and sacral kyphotic curves are termed primary curves, because they are present in the fetus. The cervical and lumbar curves are compensatory or secondary, and are developed after birth. The cervical curve forms when the infant is able to hold up its head (at three or four months) and to sit upright (at nine months). The lumbar curve forms later from twelve to eighteen months, when the child begins to walk.
Anterior surface
When viewed from in front, the width of the bodies of the vertebrae is seen to increase from the second cervical to the first thoracic; there is then a slight diminution in the next three vertebrae; below this there is again a gradual and progressive increase in width as low as the sacrovertebral angle. From this point there is a rapid diminution, to the apex of the coccyx.[6]
Posterior surface
From behind, the vertebral column presents in the median line the spinous processes. In the cervical region (with the exception of the second and seventh vertebrae) these are short, horizontal and bifid. In the upper part of the thoracic region they are directed obliquely downward; in the middle they are almost vertical, and in the lower part they are nearly horizontal. In the lumbar region they are nearly horizontal. The spinous processes are separated by considerable intervals in the lumbar region, by narrower intervals in the neck, and are closely approximated in the middle of the thoracic region. Occasionally one of these processes deviates a little from the median line -- which can sometimes be indicative of a fracture or a displacement of the spine. On either side of the spinous processes is the vertebral groove formed by the laminae in the cervical and lumbar regions, where it is shallow, and by the laminae and transverse processes in the thoracic region, where it is deep and broad; these grooves lodge the deep muscles of the back. Lateral to the spinous processes are the articular processes, and still more laterally the transverse processes. In the thoracic region, the transverse processes stand backward, on a plane considerably behind that of the same processes in the cervical and lumbar regions. In the cervical region, the transverse processes are placed in front of the articular processes, lateral to the pedicles and between the intervertebral foramina. In the thoracic region they are posterior to the pedicles, intervertebral foramina, and articular processes. In the lumbar region they are in front of the articular processes, but behind the intervertebral foramina.[6]
Lateral surfaces
The sides of the vertebral column are separated from the posterior surface by the articular processes in the cervical and thoracic regions, and by the transverse processes in the lumbar region. In the thoracic region, the sides of the bodies of the vertebrae are marked in the back by the facets for articulation with the heads of the ribs. More posteriorly are the intervertebral foramina, formed by the juxtaposition of the vertebral notches, oval in shape, smallest in the cervical and upper part of the thoracic regions, and gradually increasing in size to the last lumbar. They transmit the special spinal nerves and are situated between the transverse processes in the cervical region, and in front of them in the thoracic and lumbar regions.[6]
There are different ligaments involved in the holding together of the vertebrae in the column, and in the column's movement. The anterior and posterior longitudinal ligaments extend the length of the vertebral column along the front and back of the vertebral bodies.[7] The interspinous ligaments connect the adjoining spinous processes of the vertebrae.[8][better source needed] The supraspinous ligament extends the length of the spine running along the back of the spinous processes, from the sacrum to the seventh cervical vertebra.[9] From there it is continuous with the nuchal ligament.
The striking segmented pattern of the spine is established during embryogenesis when somites are rhythmically added to the posterior of the embryo. Somite formation begins around the third week when the embryo begins gastrulation and continues until around 52 somites are formed. The somites are spheres, formed from the paraxial mesoderm that lies at the sides of the neural tube and they contain the precursors of spinal bone, the vertebrae ribs and some of the skull, as well as muscle, ligaments and skin. Somitogenesis and the subsequent distribution of somites is controlled by a clock and wavefront model acting in cells of the paraxial mesoderm. Soon after their formation, sclerotomes, which give rise to some of the bone of the skull, the vertebrae and ribs, migrate, leaving the remainder of the somite now termed a dermamyotome behind. This then splits to give the myotomes which will form the muscles and dermatomes which will form the skin of the back. Sclerotomes become subdivided into an anterior and a posterior compartment. This subdivision plays a key role in the definitive patterning of vertebrae that form when the posterior part of one somite fuses to the anterior part of the consecutive somite during a process termed resegmentation. Disruption of the somitogenesis process in humans results in diseases such as congenital scoliosis. So far, the human homologues of three genes associated to the mouse segmentation clock, (MESP2, DLL3 and LFNG), have been shown to be mutated in cases of congenital scoliosis, suggesting that the mechanisms involved in vertebral segmentation are conserved across vertebrates. In humans the first four somites are incorporated in the base of the occipital bone of the skull and the next 33 somites will form the vertebrae, ribs, muscles, ligaments and skin.[10] The remaining posterior somites degenerate. During the fourth week of embryogenesis, the sclerotomes shift their position to surround the spinal cord and the notochord. This column of tissue has a segmented appearance, with alternating areas of dense and less dense areas.
As the sclerotome develops, it condenses further eventually developing into the vertebral body. Development of the appropriate shapes of the vertebral bodies is regulated by HOX genes.
The less dense tissue that separates the sclerotome segments develop into the intervertebral discs.
The notochord disappears in the sclerotome (vertebral body) segments, but persists in the region of the intervertebral discs as the nucleus pulposus. The nucleus pulposus and the fibers of the anulus fibrosus make up the intervertebral disc.
The primary curves (thoracic and sacral curvatures) form during fetal development. The secondary curves develop after birth. The cervical curvature forms as a result of lifting the head and the lumbar curvature forms as a result of walking.
The spinal cord nested in the vertebral column.
The vertebral column surrounds the spinal cord which travels within the spinal canal, formed from a central hole within each vertebra. The spinal cord is part of the central nervous system that supplies nerves and receives information from the peripheral nervous system within the body. The spinal cord consists of grey and white matter and a central cavity, the central canal. Adjacent to each vertebra emerge spinal nerves. The spinal nerves provide sympathetic nervous supply to the body, with nerves emerging forming the sympathetic trunk and the splanchnic nerves.
The spinal canal follows the different curves of the column; it is large and triangular in those parts of the column which enjoy the greatest freedom of movement, such as the cervical and lumbar regions; and is small and rounded in the thoracic region, where motion is more limited.[]
The spinal cord terminates in the conus medullaris and cauda equina.
Clinical significance
Spina bifida is a congenital disorder in which there is a defective closure of the vertebral arch. Sometimes the spinal meninges and also the spinal cord can protrude through this, and this is called Spina bifida cystica. Where the condition does not involve this protrusion it is known as Spina bifida occulta. Sometimes all of the vertebral arches may remain incomplete.[11] Another, though rare, congenital disease is Klippel-Feil syndrome which is the fusion of any two of the cervical vertebrae.
Spondylolisthesis is the forward displacement of a vertebra and retrolisthesis is a posterior displacement of one vertebral body with respect to the adjacent vertebra to a degree less than a dislocation.
Spinal disc herniation, more commonly called a "slipped disc", is the result of a tear in the outer ring (anulus fibrosus) of the intervertebral disc, which lets some of the soft gel-like material, the nucleus pulposus, bulge out in a hernia.
Spinal stenosis is a narrowing of the spinal canal which can occur in any region of the spine though less commonly in the thoracic region. The stenosis can constrict the spinal canal giving rise to a neurological deficit.
Pain at the coccyx (tailbone) is known as coccydynia.[12]
Spinal cord injury is damage to the spinal cord that causes changes in its function, either temporary or permanent.
Diagram showing normal curvature of the vertebrae from childhood to teenage
Excessive or abnormal spinal curvature is classed as a spinal disease or dorsopathy and includes the following abnormal curvatures:
Kyphosis is an exaggerated kyphotic (concave) curvature of the thoracic region in the sagittal plane, also called hyperkyphosis. This produces the so-called "humpback" or "dowager's hump", a condition commonly resulting from osteoporosis.
Lordosis as an exaggerated lordotic (convex) curvature of the lumbar region in the sagittal plane, is known as lumbar hyperlordosis and also as "swayback". Temporary lordosis is common during pregnancy.
Scoliosis, lateral curvature, is the most common abnormal curvature, occurring in 0.5% of the population. It is more common among females and may result from unequal growth of the two sides of one or more vertebrae, so that they do not fuse properly. It can also be caused by pulmonary atelectasis (partial or complete deflation of one or more lobes of the lungs) as observed in asthma or pneumothorax.
Kyphoscoliosis, a combination of kyphosis and scoliosis.
Surface projections of organs of the torso. The transpyloric line is seen at L1
Individual vertebrae of the human vertebral column can be felt and used as surface anatomy, with reference points are taken from the middle of the vertebral body. This provides anatomical landmarks that can be used to guide procedures such as a lumbar puncture and also as vertical reference points to describe the locations of other parts of human anatomy, such as the positions of organs.
Variations in vertebrae
The general structure of vertebrae in other animals is largely the same as in humans. Individual vertebrae are composed of a centrum (body), arches protruding from the top and bottom of the centrum, and various processes projecting from the centrum and/or arches. An arch extending from the top of the centrum is called a neural arch, while the haemal arch or chevron is found underneath the centrum in the caudal (tail) vertebrae of fish, most reptiles, some birds, some dinosaurs and some mammals with long tails. The vertebral processes can either give the structure rigidity, help them articulate with ribs, or serve as muscle attachment points. Common types are transverse process, diapophyses, parapophyses, and zygapophyses (both the cranial zygapophyses and the caudal zygapophyses). The centrum of the vertebra can be classified based on the fusion of its elements. In temnospondyls, bones such as the spinous process, the pleurocentrum and the intercentrum are separate ossifications. Fused elements, however, classify a vertebra as having holospondyly.
A vertebra can also be described in terms of the shape of the ends of the centrum. Centra with flat ends are acoelous, like those in mammals. These flat ends of the centra are especially good at supporting and distributing compressive forces. Amphicoelous vertebra have centra with both ends concave. This shape is common in fish, where most motion is limited. Amphicoelous centra often are integrated with a full notochord. Procoelous vertebrae are anteriorly concave and posteriorly convex. They are found in frogs and modern reptiles. Opisthocoelous vertebrae are the opposite, possessing anterior convexity and posterior concavity. They are found in salamanders, and in some non-avian dinosaurs. Heterocoelous vertebrae have saddle-shaped articular surfaces. This type of configuration is seen in turtles that retract their necks, and birds, because it permits extensive lateral and vertical flexion motion without stretching the nerve cord too extensively or wringing it about its long axis.
In horses, the Arabian (breed) can have one less vertebrae and pair of ribs. This anomaly disappears in foals that are the product of an Arabian and another breed of horse.[13]
Regional vertebrae
Vertebrae are defined by the regions of the vertebral column that they occur in, as in humans. Cervical vertebrae are those in the neck area. With the exception of the two sloth genera (Choloepus and Bradypus) and the manatee genus, (Trichechus),[14] all mammals have seven cervical vertebrae.[15] In other vertebrates, the number of cervical vertebrae can range from a single vertebra in amphibians, to as many as 25 in swans or 76 in the extinct plesiosaur Elasmosaurus. The dorsal vertebrae range from the bottom of the neck to the top of the pelvis. Dorsal vertebrae attached to the ribs are called thoracic vertebrae, while those without ribs are called lumbar vertebrae. The sacral vertebrae are those in the pelvic region, and range from one in amphibians, to two in most birds and modern reptiles, or up to three to five in mammals. When multiple sacral vertebrae are fused into a single structure, it is called the sacrum. The synsacrum is a similar fused structure found in birds that is composed of the sacral, lumbar, and some of the thoracic and caudal vertebra, as well as the pelvic girdle. Caudal vertebrae compose the tail, and the final few can be fused into the pygostyle in birds, or into the coccygeal or tail bone in chimpanzees (and humans).
Fish and amphibians
A vertebra (diameter 5 mm) of a small ray-finned fish
The vertebrae of lobe-finned fishes consist of three discrete bony elements. The vertebral arch surrounds the spinal cord, and is of broadly similar form to that found in most other vertebrates. Just beneath the arch lies a small plate-like pleurocentrum, which protects the upper surface of the notochord, and below that, a larger arch-shaped intercentrum to protect the lower border. Both of these structures are embedded within a single cylindrical mass of cartilage. A similar arrangement was found in the primitive Labyrinthodonts, but in the evolutionary line that led to reptiles (and hence, also to mammals and birds), the intercentrum became partially or wholly replaced by an enlarged pleurocentrum, which in turn became the bony vertebral body.[16] In most ray-finned fishes, including all teleosts, these two structures are fused with, and embedded within, a solid piece of bone superficially resembling the vertebral body of mammals. In living amphibians, there is simply a cylindrical piece of bone below the vertebral arch, with no trace of the separate elements present in the early tetrapods.[16]
In cartilaginous fish, such as sharks, the vertebrae consist of two cartilaginous tubes. The upper tube is formed from the vertebral arches, but also includes additional cartilaginous structures filling in the gaps between the vertebrae, and so enclosing the spinal cord in an essentially continuous sheath. The lower tube surrounds the notochord, and has a complex structure, often including multiple layers of calcification.[16]
Lampreys have vertebral arches, but nothing resembling the vertebral bodies found in all higher vertebrates. Even the arches are discontinuous, consisting of separate pieces of arch-shaped cartilage around the spinal cord in most parts of the body, changing to long strips of cartilage above and below in the tail region. Hagfishes lack a true vertebral column, and are therefore not properly considered vertebrates, but a few tiny neural arches are present in the tail.[16]
Other vertebrates
Vertebral anatomy of a human spine
The general structure of human vertebrae is fairly typical of that found in mammals, reptiles, and birds. The shape of the vertebral body does, however, vary somewhat between different groups. In mammals, such as humans, it typically has flat upper and lower surfaces, while in reptiles the anterior surface commonly has a concave socket into which the expanded convex face of the next vertebral body fits. Even these patterns are only generalisations, however, and there may be variation in form of the vertebrae along the length of the spine even within a single species. Some unusual variations include the saddle-shaped sockets between the cervical vertebrae of birds and the presence of a narrow hollow canal running down the centre of the vertebral bodies of geckos and tuataras, containing a remnant of the notochord.[16]
Reptiles often retain the primitive intercentra, which are present as small crescent-shaped bony elements lying between the bodies of adjacent vertebrae; similar structures are often found in the caudal vertebrae of mammals. In the tail, these are attached to chevron-shaped bones called haemal arches, which attach below the base of the spine, and help to support the musculature. These latter bones are probably homologous with the ventral ribs of fish. The number of vertebrae in the spines of reptiles is highly variable, and may be several hundred in some species of snake.[16]
In birds, there is a variable number of cervical vertebrae, which often form the only truly flexible part of the spine. The thoracic vertebrae are partially fused, providing a solid brace for the wings during flight. The sacral vertebrae are fused with the lumbar vertebrae, and some thoracic and caudal vertebrae, to form a single structure, the synsacrum, which is thus of greater relative length than the sacrum of mammals. In living birds, the remaining caudal vertebrae are fused into a further bone, the pygostyle, for attachment of the tail feathers.[16]
Aside from the tail, the number of vertebrae in mammals is generally fairly constant. There are almost always seven cervical vertebrae (sloths and manatees are among the few exceptions), followed by around twenty or so further vertebrae, divided between the thoracic and lumbar forms, depending on the number of ribs. There are generally three to five vertebrae with the sacrum, and anything up to fifty caudal vertebrae.[16]
The vertebral column in dinosaurs consists of the cervical (neck), dorsal (back), sacral (hips), and caudal (tail) vertebrae. Saurischian dinosaur vertebrae sometimes possess features known as pleurocoels, which are hollow depressions on the lateral portions of the vertebrae, perforated to create an entrance into the air chambers within the vertebrae, which served to decrease the weight of these bones without sacrificing strength. These pleurocoels were filled with air sacs, which would have further decreased weight. In sauropod dinosaurs, the largest known land vertebrates, pleurocoels and air sacs may have reduced the animal's weight by over a ton in some instances, a handy evolutionary adaption in animals that grew to over 30 metres in length. In many hadrosaur and theropod dinosaurs, the caudal vertebrae were reinforced by ossified tendons. The presence of three or more sacral vertebrae, in association with the hip bones, is one of the defining characteristics of dinosaurs. The occipital condyle is a structure on the posterior part of a dinosaur's skull which articulates with the first cervical vertebra.[17]
Anatomy portal
Neuromechanics of idiopathic scoliosis
Neutral spine
^ Liem, Karel F.; Warren Franklin Walker (2001). Functional anatomy of the vertebrates: an evolutionary perspective. Harcourt College Publishers. p. 277. ISBN 978-0-03-022369-3.
^ David Krogh (2010), Biology: A Guide to the Natural World, Benjamin-Cummings Publishing Company, p. 333, ISBN 978-0-321-61655-5
^ Drake, Richard L.; Vogl, Wayne; Tibbitts, Adam W.M. Mitchell; illustrations by Richard; Richardson, Paul (2005). Gray's anatomy for students. Philadelphia: Elsevier/Churchill Livingstone. p. 17. ISBN 978-0-8089-2306-0.
^ a b Gray, Henry (1977). Gray's Anatomy. New York: Crown Publishers, Inc. p. 34.
^ Saladin, Kenneth (2012). Anatomy & Physiology. McGraw-Hill. p. 565. ISBN 9780073378251.
^ a b c Gray's Anatomy (1918)
^ Nigel Palastanga; Roger W. Soames (2012). Churchill Livingstone (ed.). Anatomy and Human Movement: Structure and Function.
^ "interspinal ligament". Merriam-Webster. Retrieved 2016.
^ Drake, Richard L.; Vogl, Wayne; Tibbitts, Adam W.M. Mitchell; illustrations by Richard; Richardson, Paul (2005). Gray's anatomy for students (Pbk. ed.). Philadelphia: Elsevier/Churchill Livingstone. p. 45. ISBN 978-0-443-06612-2.
^ Somites, Spinal Ganglia, and Centra Archived July 15, 2016, at the Wayback Machine
^ Dorland's (2012). Dorland's Illustrated Medical Dictionary (32nd ed.). Elsevier Saunders. p. 1748. ISBN 978-1-4160-6257-8.
^ Patel, R; Appannagari, A; Whang, P.G. (May 2008). "Coccydynia". Current Reviews in Musculoskeletal Medicine. 1 (3-4): 223-226. doi:10.1007/s12178-008-9028-1. PMC 2682410. PMID 19468909.
^ Edwards, The Arabian, pp. 27-28
^ "Sticking Their Necks out for Evolution: Why Sloths and Manatees Have Unusually Long (or Short) Necks". May 6th 2011. Science Daily. Retrieved 2013.
^ Frietson Galis (1999). "Why do almost all mammals have seven cervical vertebrae? Developmental constraints, Hox genes and Cancer" (PDF). Journal of Experimental Zoology. 285 (1): 19-26. doi:10.1002/(SICI)1097-010X(19990415)285:1<19::AID-JEZ3>3.0.CO;2-Z. PMID 10327647. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2004-11-10. Retrieved .
^ a b c d e f g h Romer, Alfred Sherwood; Parsons, Thomas S. (1977). The Vertebrate Body. Philadelphia, PA: Holt-Saunders International. pp. 161-170. ISBN 0-03-910284-X.
^ Martin, A.J. (2006). Introduction to the Study of Dinosaurs. Second Edition. Oxford, Blackwell Publishing. pg. 299-300. ISBN 1-4051-3413-5.
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Q: Round to nearest whole number PHP I figure this is easy enough but I am missing something here.  Im using Stripe Connect and trying to calculate an application fee (in cents).  The problem is my application fee sometimes has a decimal so it is throwing an error.  I have tried using round() which gives me  and ceil() but Im still getting a decimal and trailing zero in my answer so it returns an error.
$payment =  bcmul($request->amount, 100); //112.00 - Convert to cents for stripe becomes 11200
$applicationFee = $payment * 0.021; //235.2 but should be just 235
print_r($applicationFee); //Should be whole number, round and ceil still provide me with decimal number IE 235.0 instead of 235

How can I make sure applicationFee is always a whole number with no decimal and rounded to nearest whole number?

A: You are correct as is described in the docs for ceil:

The return value of ceil() is still of type float

The method explanation also tells you that a float is returned:

float ceil ( float $value )

The return type for round() is also shown as a float in the docs for round as below:

float round ( float $val [, int $precision = 0 [, int $mode = PHP_ROUND_HALF_UP ]] )

You could use intval() instead as below:
intval($applicationFee);

Or try casting to an int as below:
(int) $applicationFee

If you want to keep your ceil or rounding you can call these first and then cast it as below:
intval(ceil($applicationFee));
(int) ceil($applicationFee);

A: This should work! (using round() function)
Documentation: Round()
$payment = bcmul($request->amount, 100);
$applicationFee = $payment * 0.021;
print_r(round($applicationFee));

A: round() should do the trick
$applicationFee = round($payment * 0.021);
You could add more parameters to round and so allow some decimals sill present in the result.
You say you tried it, but I wonder how.
Note
21 is is some countries the VAT percentage (taxes). Be careful how you round those numbers, as the tax office can be strickt
question: according to the docs round() returns a float, as it can also round to 1 or more decimals. But if the 2nd parameter is omitted you should get a whole number. How does a float equal to 235.0 influence the rest of the script?

A: Php automatically assigns a data type when you don't specifically tell it.  For this to work you have to assign a data type that allows you to do the calculations you are trying to do.
Insure you dimension them with enough space for your calculations.
Then as a last step round it off to the precision that you desire and print it out.
It is highly unlikely that if you let PHP select the data type that you will get what you want.  You have to carefully select for PHP what data type your variables are instantiated as.

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text:
CA Ct. App.
PEOPLE v. COX
Court of Appeal, Second District, Division 4, California.
The PEOPLE, Plaintiff and Respondent, v. George Lee COX, Defendant and Appellant.
Cr. 22177.
Decided: July 09, 1973
John H. Sandoz, Los Angeles, under appointment by the Court of Appeal, for defendant and appellant. Evelle J. Younger, Atty. Gen., Edward A. Hinz, Jr., Chief Asst. Atty. Gen., William E. James, Asst. Atty. Gen., Edward T. Fogel, Jr., and Beverly K. Falk, Deputy Attys. Gen., for plaintiff and respondent.
In case A 011498 a jury found defendant guilty of two counts of robbery (Pen.Code, s 211) and found that he was armed with a shotgun at the time of the commission of the offense. On May 16, 1972, he was sentenced to state prison for the term prescribed by law for first degree robbery on each count. At the same time, in case A 009958, in which defendant had been convicted and placed on probation for violation of Vehicle Code section 23105, probation was revoked, and he as sentenced to prison for that offense. Also in case A 010275, where defendant had previously been granted probation after conviction for burglary, second degree, in violation of Penal Code section 459, probation was revoked and defendant was sentenced to state prison. All terms were ordered to run concurrently. Defendant is appealing from the judgment in each case.
Since defendant was properly convicted of robbery in case A 011498, the trial court was justified in revoking the probation granted in the two earlier cases, and the judgments imposed in those two cases were altogether proper.
The principal contention raised by defendant with respect to the robbery conviction is that certain incriminating statements which he made following his arrest were inadmissible upon the ground that the arrest was unlawful.
This issue was raised in the trial court, prior to trial, by a motion to suppress the statements under Penal Code section 1538.5.
Defendant was arrested mainly because of a statement by another suspect. Defendant was taken to the police station, where detectives advised him of his rights and interrogated him. At that time defendant 'denied any connection to the robbery. . . .'
The detectives then turned defendant back to the arresting officer for booking. En route to the booking desk defendant made two spontaneous statements which the officer related as follows:
'A (by Officer Bailey) He stated to the effect he couldn't see why the police believed a robbery had occurred, why they thought a robbery had occurred.
'Q (by Mr. Oghigian, deputy district attorney) Did he say anything else?
'A After he made that statement, I believe I asked for a clarification; and he stated to the effect that it had to do with the sale of some TV sets and something went down, but it wasn't a robbery.'
Assuming that the arrest of Cox was without probable cause, his statement is not thereby made inadmissible. Here the defendant's statements were spontaneous and not the product of interrogation or the result of any exploitation of the illegal detention. The motion to suppress was properly denied. (See Rogers v. Superior Court (1955) 46 Cal.2d 3, 10, 291 P.2d 929; People v. Williams (1970) 8 Cal.App.3d 44, (1966) 240 Cal.App.2d 653, 49 Cal.Rptr. 49, 86 Cal.Rptr. 821; People v. Chambers (1969) 276 Cal.App.2d 89, 101, 80 Cal.Rptr. 672; People v. Martin (1966) 240 Cal.App.2d 653, 49 Cal.Rptr. 888.)
Although the evidence adequately supports defendant's conviction of two counts of first degree robbery we are compelled to reduce the conviction to second degree by reason of the recent holding in People v. Beamon (1973) 8 Cal.3d 625, 105 Cal.Rptr. 681, 504 P.2d 905.
Under Penal Code section 211a all robbery perpetrated by a person armed with a deadly weapon is first degree. The information charged and the evidence showed that defendant was armed with a shotgun during the commission of the robberies. He pointed it at the victims as he demanded their money.
Penal Code section 1157 directs that, when a defendant is convicted of a crime which is distinguished into degrees, the trier of the fact must find the degree of the crime, and in the absence of such a determination the crime is deemed to be of the lesser degree. Unfortunately, the forms of verdict returned by the jury found defendant guilty of robbery without stating it was 'first degree.'
As required by Penal Code section 1158a the jury returned separate verdicts finding, as to each count, that 'the charge . . . of being armed at the time of the commission of the offense' was true.
The identical situation was before the Supreme Court in the Beamon case. The Court there stated:
'We cannot assume, contrary to the clear legislative direction, that because a factual finding was made which would have warranted a determination of first degree robbery, the jury unmistakably intended (see People v. Flohr (1924) 30 Cal.App.2d 576, 581, 86 P.2d 862) to make that determination when it refrained from expressly fixing the degree. The degree of the crime must, in accordance with the statute, be deemed to be of the second degree.' (8 Cal.3d at 629, fn. 2, 105 Cal.Rptr. at 683, 504 P.2d at 907.)
It is also necessary to consider the applicability of the jury's special finding that the defendant was armed.
Penal Code section 3024, subdivision (b), provides that the minimum term of imprisonment for a person previously convicted of a felony and armed with a deadly weapon at the time of the commission of the offense is four years.
Penal Code section 12022 provides that a person who commits a felony while armed with a deadly weapon 'shall in addition to the punishment prescribe for the crime of which he has been convicted, be punished by imprisonment in a state prison for not less than five nor more than 10 years. Such additional period of imprisonment shall commence upon the expiration or other termination of the sentence imposed for the crime of which he is convicted and shall not run concurrently with such sentence.'
The Supreme Court has held that the Legislature did not intend sections 3024 and 12022 to apply to offenses such as first degree robbery in which the use of a deadly weapon is an essential element of the basic offense, and that in such a case the judgment must state that those sections are inapplicable. (People v. Floyd (1969) 71 Cal.2d 879, 80 Cal.Rptr. 22, 457 P.2d 862.) However, that rationale would not prevent the application of section 3024 and section 12022 to an armed robber who was only convicted of the second degree.
Under Penal Code section 213 first degree robbery is punished by imprisonment 'for not less than 5 years,' and second degree robbery is punished by imprisonment 'for not less than 1 year.' If the defendant should be sentenced for second degree robbery and if sections 3024 and 12022 are applicable, his minimum term for robbery would be four years under section 3024, subdivision (b), plus a consecutive term of not less than five years for being armed under section 12022.
In the Beamon opinion, after holding that the offense there must be reduced to second degree, the court said (8 Cal.3d at p. 629, fn. 2, 105 Cal.Rptr. at p. 683, 504 P.2d at p. 907):
'The finding that defendant was armed with a deadly weapon, 'to wit, a handgun' would thus appear to be applicable for all purposes (see ss 1203, 3024, 12022; People v. Floyd (1969) 71 Cal.2d 879, 80 Cal.Rptr. 22, 457 P.2d 862), but the trial court ordered that its applicability be limited to section 1203 relating to future violations, if any, by defendant. The court similarly limited the applicability of the finding of having been armed in the case of the kidnaping. There are, accordingly, no issues of minimum or maximum terms other than as provided for the basic crimes. (See ss 209, 213.)'
In the case at bench, unlike Beamon, the trial court did not declare sections 3024 and 12022 inapplicable.
Since the issue was not before the court in Beamon, we do not construe the comment in the footnote as a decision that sections 3024 and 12022 both apply to this situation. Rather, the statement that the finding of armed 'would appear to be applicable for all purposes' simply points out what the code appears to say. We therefore look to the policy behind those sections, and the Supreme Court's interpretation in other cases.
There appears to be no reason why section 3024 should not apply in the present situation. That section simply increases the minimum term to the four years for an armed recidivist. Defendant is not being punished in any other way for those particular aggravating circumstances. The resulting term of four years to life is less than the term of five years to life which the trial court imposed, and which would have been upheld but for the error in the form of the verdict.
Section 12022 presents a different kind of problem. If applicable it would impose a consecutive five to ten year term. This punishment when added to the term prescribed for second degree robbery, would be more onerous than that prescribed by law for the more serious offense of armed robbery. Since (as the Supreme Court has held in Floyd) the Legislature did not intend a person guilty of armed robbery to suffer this increased punishment, it could not have intended such additional punishment to apply to a person such as defendant, who was actually guilty of armed robbery but convicted of a less serious offense as a result of a defective verdict. We must conclude that, given the legislative intent which the Supreme Court found in Floyd and Beamon, section 12022 is not applicable in this case, and the judgment of the superior court should so state.
The judgment in case A 011498 is hereby modified by
(1) fixing the degree of the robberies at second degree, and
(2) adding to the statement that defendant was armed with a shotgun the following language: 'within the meaning of Penal Code sections 1203 and 3204, but sections 12022 and 12022.5 are inapplicable.'
As so modified the judgment in case A 011498 is affirmed. The judgments in cases A 009958 and A 010275 are each affirmed.
FILES, Presiding Justice.
JEFFERSON and KINGSLEY, JJ., concur.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Q: webpack dev server and https: This site can't be reached I am struggling to configure https in webpack-dev-server and provide self-sign certificate.
There was similar question but it didn't help much as I am using unoffical port and it works fine when I disable https.
The certificate is generated via powershell command New-SelfSignedCertificate and then imported with Import-PfxCertificate
Perhaps certificate is badly formed as when I view site information on Chrome is states the connection to the site is not secure.
Any thoughts?
Thanks for help
package.json
"devDependencies": {
    "webpack": "^5.64.4",
    "webpack-cli": "^4.9.1",
    "webpack-dev-server": "^4.6.0",
}

webpack.config.js
 devServer: {
        hot: true,
        server: {
            type: "https",
            options: {
                pfx: "./localhost.pfx",
                passphrase: "abc123",
                requestCert: true,
            },
        },
        port: 9000,
        historyApiFallback: true,
    }

The tool which is used for generating certifciate.

$dnsName = "localhost"
$expiry = [DateTime]::Now.AddYears(1);
$webDir = "$PSScriptRoot\ClientApp";
$fileName = "localhost.pfx";
$passwordText = "abc123";
$name = "Test App";

Write-Host "Creating cert directly into CurrentUser\My store"

$certificate = New-SelfSignedCertificate `
    -CertStoreLocation Cert:\CurrentUser\My `
    -Subject $name `
    -FriendlyName $name `
    -DnsName $dnsName `
    -NotAfter $expiry

$certFile = Join-Path $webdir $fileName

Write-Host "Exporting certificate to $certFile"

$password = ConvertTo-SecureString `
    -String $passwordText `
    -Force -AsPlainText

Export-PfxCertificate `
    -Cert $certificate `
    -FilePath $certFile `
    -Password $password | Out-Null

Write-Host "Importing $certFile to CurrentUser\Root store for immediate system wide trust"

Import-PfxCertificate `
    -FilePath $certFile `
    -CertStoreLocation Cert:\LocalMachine\Root `
    -Password $password | Out-Null

A: The requestCert option was causing problems. It worked like a charm when I removed it.


Many see a responsibility of voters to learn what they need to learn, and don't see it as the role of the candidate to energize the voter. Really?
The residents of Port Chester — at least 746 of them — decided the fate of the village on Oct. 10, when they voted in favor of cumulative voting. The total number of votes tallied was only 1175.
My group, Sustainable Port Chester Alliance, was in favor of district voting, but we did not campaign against cumulative voting because had the referendum failed, the village would have been thrown into chaos. There are many other issues that require the complete and immediate attention of the Board of Trustees such as the imminent rezoning of the village and its implications for residents and businesses alike.
It is no wonder that so few people failed to come out to vote for the referendum. Voter fatigue is one reason. A second is a rather lackluster effort to give residents time to get informed, educated and excited about voting options.
For too long, voters in Port Chester have been under-mobilized, particularly, Hispanic/Latinx residents. Indeed, the Alliance contends that the very nature of cumulative voting makes the traditional need to "pound the pavement" and "knock on doors" obsolete. One apartment building full of people who promise to give a candidate all six of their votes is likely all that is required to meet the minimum threshold to victory. No need to canvas on Poningo, Weber, Rectory or Oak. Couple that with familiarity (the village doesn't have term limits), and an incumbent candidate has a strong likelihood of retaining his seat.
Voter apathy is not unique to Port Chester. Communities around the country are grappling with the issue. Indeed, New York State ranked 47th out of 50 states in voter turnout at the 2014 mid-term elections. But at the same time, a relatively small community such as Port Chester, which many claim is too small to be divided into districts, can't seem to arouse our meager number of registered voters (approximately 12,790) to get active.
CUMULATIVE VOTING: Did it work in Port Chester?
Many see it as the responsibility of the voter to learn what they need to learn, and don't see it as the role of the candidate to energize the voter. Really? Actually, it is a little bit of both. Voters, particularly ones who are newly minted citizens, should be prepared to accept all the rights, privileges and responsibilities of being a citizen of this country. It is also the responsibility of young people to make their voices heard and play a role in how they want to see their future shaped. Why would a millennial want their future determined by an elder? But it is also the role of those for whom responsibility has been given to bring the rest of us along for the ride.
Thus, cumulative voting will be the method for electing trustees in Port Chester until demographic change requires a revisit, which was the reason for the change to begin with. Or, a plurality of trustees could decide to reopen the village charter to make additional changes, such as instituting term limits or moving the trustee elections to November to coincide with national elections. The Alliance will work with this system, continue to canvas and inform folks why they should pay attention and do what we can to motivate more people to vote.
A new era has indeed come to Port Chester.
The writer is the volunteer executive director of Sustainable Port Chester Alliance, a grassroots group that supports responsible development, affordable housing and civic engagement.


Which interface are you using (Cloud Console, gcloud, client libraries)?
File an issue in Google's Issue Tracker. Use the component 'Cloud Key Management Service' for questions about Cloud KMS. Note that this is a public component, and other users will be able to see what you have filed. This content will be reviewed by Google engineers, who monitor the component.
Ask a question about Cloud KMS on Stack Overflow. Use the tag google-cloud-kms for questions about Cloud KMS. This tag not only receives responses from the Stack Overflow community, but also from Google engineers, who monitor the tag and offer unofficial support.
If you would like to send us feedback about Cloud KMS, contact the engineering team at cloudkms-feedback@google.com.


text:
from typing import Union, Optional

CompressType = Optional[Union[str,bool]]
ParallelType = Union[int,bool]
CacheType = Union[bool,str]
SecretsType = Optional[Union[str,dict]]

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
'Perpetua' Ornamental Reflowering Blueberry
Authors: Chad E. Finn1, Bernadine C. Strik2, Theodore A. Mackey3, Kim E. Hummer4, and Robert R. Martin5
1 U.S. Department of Agriculture—Agricultural Research Service, Horticultural Crops Research Unit, Corvallis, OR 97330
| 2 Department of Horticulture, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331
| 3 U.S. Department of Agriculture—Agricultural Research Service, Horticultural Crops Research Unit, Corvallis, OR 97330
| 4 U.S. Department of Agriculture—Agricultural Research Service, National Clonal Germplasm Repository, Corvallis, OR 97330
https://doi.org/10.21273/HORTSCI.50.12.1828
Keywords: remontant; off-season flowering; perpetual flowering; Vaccinium corymbosum; Vaccinium angustifolium
'Perpetua' (U.S. Plant Patent 24,209, PI 674714) is a new ornamental blueberry (Vaccinium hybrid) targeted for the home gardener and landscape ornamental trade from the U.S. Department of Agriculture—Agricultural Research Service (USDA-ARS) breeding program in Corvallis, OR, released in cooperation with Oregon State University's Agricultural Experiment Station (Finn, 2014). 'Perpetua' is the first strongly repeat fruiting (remontant, off-season, perpetual flowering) blueberry developed from northern adapted germplasm. In Oregon, the cultivar flowers in April with other blueberry cultivars, ripens a crop of small fruit in late June, and then begins flowering on new growth in July–August with a second crop in August–September. The plants are compact with lustrous dark green foliage. The name 'Perpetua' honors Cape Perpetua along Oregon's Pacific coast and the cultivar's appearance of perpetual flowering and fruiting.
'Perpetua', tested as ORUS 61-1, was selected in Corvallis, OR, in 2005 from a population grown from open-pollinated seed of PI 296412 (CVAC 45) growing in the USDA-ARS National Clonal Germplasm Repository (NCGR) collection in Corvallis, OR. The parent clone was collected from the wild in 1963 on Mount Pisgah, Monmouth, ME, as Vaccinium corymbosum L. (highbush blueberry) with the collector's remark about "the dark green foliage and compact" plant habit (USDA-ARS, 2015). The traits of small fruit size and autumn fruiting were notable and unusual for PI 296412, which exhibited these traits every year. The characteristics for fruit size, leaf shape, and leaf size are intermediate between those of V. corymbosum and Vaccinium angustifolium Aiton (lowbush blueberry). Because both species are sympatric on Mount Pisgah, this clone may be their natural hybrid.
The commercial highbush blueberry industry in the Pacific Northwest requested the development of a small-fruited cultivar with higher yields than 'Rubel' for the processed fruit market.
Open-pollinated fruit was collected in 2000 from PI 296412 to try to capture the combination of an upright, medium-sized plant with small fruit. This open pollination occurred in the USDA-ARS, NCGR's one hectare field collection in Corvallis, OR, with a wide diversity of species and genotypes. Because flowering occurred in late July, the most likely male sources of pollen were nearby material with a similar flowering time such as PI 296397, PI 296400, PI 296402, and PI 618067. While self-pollination is a possibility as well, it is uncommon in many V. angustifolium × V. corymbosum hybrids (Rabaey and Luby, 1988). When the population was grown out, a significant number of the seedlings had a propensity for producing a second autumn-ripening crop from flowers that opened in summer. This phenomenon has been reported previously, particularly in V. angustifolium germplasm associated with the University of Minnesota blueberry breeding program (Fear, 1983; Fear et al., 1985; Luby, 1991). As was the case with the early work with primocane fruiting raspberries, this trait was seen as a potential approach to avoiding winter injury in northern Great Plains states (Luby, 1991). 'Perpetua' was released due to its outstanding ornamental characteristics combined with repeat flowering.
Description and Performance
'Perpetua' has been evaluated most extensively at Oregon State University's North Willamette Research and Extension Center (Aurora, OR) and in USDA-ARS plots in Corvallis, OR, as well as in a test site in Lowell, OR. Plants were lightly pruned during the trial only to remove the least vigorous growth and spent fruiting wood. Plants were fertilized with 90 kg·ha−1 of nitrogen divided into equal portions and applied from bloom to mid-June of each year (Hart et al., 2006). The specifically cited color references are based on the Royal Horticultural Society Color Chart (2007).
Plants of 'Perpetua' are moderately vigorous, small shrubs (0.82 × 0.60 m after 3 years in the field) with attractive, extremely dark green (Green Group N137A), glossy leaves borne on fairly upright shoots. The plant has not shown any susceptibility to foliar diseases such as leaf rust [Pucciniastrum vaccinii (G. Wint.) Jørst].
Early in the spring, the floral buds break, flower, and set fruit. The small flowers (0.71 × 0.98 cm) are white (White Group 155A) and have a typical urn shape for blueberry. In controlled crosses, flowers set a comparable number of fruit regardless of whether self-pollinated or pollinated with a bulk pollen sample. The fruit ripen fairly early in mid-June in most years. The vegetative buds break soon after flowering and grow for a few weeks before the first black tip stage. The spring foliage is a lush green with a red blush (Fig. 1). Flower buds form on the new growth and instead of going dormant, break bud resulting in a second flowering period that begins in early July (Fig. 2). The chilling requirement, if any, for flower bud initiation is unknown. The second crop ripens from late August through the cooler and shorter days of September and October (Fig. 3). Production of ripe fruit only stops once freezing temperatures begin, as late as 2 Nov. in 2011 at the test sites (Fig. 4). While the glossy deep green foliage is held well into the fall, eventually the leaves turn to a deep, purplish red.
'Perpetua' blueberry with lush, red-blushed new growth in spring.
Citation: HortScience horts 50, 12; 10.21273/HORTSCI.50.12.1828
'Perpetua' blueberry beginning to flower in July for second crop.
'Perpetua' blueberry plant in early September with full second crop.
Second crop of 'Perpetua' blueberry on tips of current season's growth.
The fruit are small (1.2 g; 1.17 × 1.29 cm height × diameter) and similar to those of V. angustifolium (Fig. 4). They are attractive with a uniformly round shape, an attractive calyx, and a nice medium blue color (Violet-Blue Group 98C on the plant and Blue Group 102C postharvest) (Fig. 5).
Harvested 'Perpetua' blueberry fruit (mean weight and dimensions: 1.2 g; 1.17 × 1.29 cm height × diameter).
'Perpetua's fruit are fairly soft, have a mild flavor, and a wet picking scar making them poorly suited for the commercial fruit market but fine for a home garden market. The fruit are borne in tight clusters of about six berries, and the combination of blue and green fruit with the dark green foliage is particularly attractive in late summer (Fig. 3). The plants have a good balance between fruit production and vegetative growth. While the potential yield of a fully mature plant is unknown, the plants produced ≈1.83 kg/plant 3 years after planting.
'Perpetua' is introduced as an attractive ornamental blueberry with repeat flowering and fruiting. 'Perpetua' should also be useful for birding enthusiasts interested in having a food source to draw birds to their home in late summer. 'Perpetua' should be adapted to typical soil environments where blueberries and other Ericaceous plants can be grown. The ultimate cold hardiness and heat tolerance of 'Perpetua' is not known, though based on the Maine origin of the maternal parent it is expected to have good winterhardiness. 'Perpetua' should also be useful to breeding programs looking for sources of repeat flowering for low chill environments that are different from the southern highbush blueberry with low chilling trait derived from Vaccinium darrowii Camp (Hancock et al., 2008).
'Perpetua' nuclear stock has tested negative by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for Blueberry leaf mottle virus, Blueberry scorch virus, Blueberry shock virus, Blueberry shoestring virus, Peach rosette mosaic virus, Tomato ringspot virus, and Tobacco ringspot virus, and negative by reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction assays for Blueberry mosaic virus, Blueberry necrotic ring blotch virus, Blueberry red ringspot virus, Blueberry fruit drop associated virus, and Blueberry stunt phytoplasma.
'Perpetua' is protected by U.S. Plant Patent 24,209, and an exclusive license for commercial propagation was granted to Fall Creek Farm and Nursery, Inc. (Lowell, OR). This germplasm is available from the USDA-ARS, NCGR where it has been deposited as PI 674714 (CVAC 2189). It is available for research purposes including development of new cultivars. When this germplasm contributes to the development of a new cultivar, hybrid, or germplasm, it is requested that appropriate recognition be given to the source. The USDA-ARS and Oregon State University do not sell plants.
Fear, C.D. 1983 An investigation of off-season flowering in lowbush and half-high hybrid blueberries. Univ. of Minn., St. Paul, MN
Fear, C.D., Lauer, F.I., Luby, J.J., Stucker, R.L. & Stushnoff, C. 1985 Genetic components of variance for winter injury, fall growth cessation, and off-season flowering in blueberry progenies J. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci. 110 262 266
Fear,C.D.Lauer,F.I.Luby,J.J.Stucker,R.L.Stushnoff,C.1985Genetic components of variance for winter injury, fall growth cessation, and off-season flowering in blueberry progeniesJ. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci.110262266)| false
Finn, C.E. 2014 Blueberry plant named 'Perpetua'. 2014 U.S. Plant Patent No. 24,209. U.S. Patent Office, Washington, DC
Hancock, J.F., Lyrene, P., Finn, C.E., Vorsa, N. & Lobos, G.A. 2008 Blueberries and cranberries, p. 115–150. In: J. Hancock (ed.). Temperate fruit crop breeding: Germplasm to genomics. Springer, New York
Hart, J., Strik, B., White, L. & Yang, W. 2006 Nutrient management for blueberries in Oregon. Oregon State Univ. Ext. Ser. Publ., EM 8918. 5 May 2015. <http://ir.library.oregonstate.edu/xmlui/bitstream/handle/1957/20444/em8918.pdf?sequence=3>.
Luby, J.J. 1991 Breeding cold-hardy fruit crops in Minnesota HortScience 26 507 512
Luby,J.J.1991Breeding cold-hardy fruit crops in MinnesotaHortScience26507512)| false
Rabaey, A. & Luby, J. 1988 Fruit set in half-high blueberry genotypes following self and cross pollination Fruit Var. J. 42 126 129
Rabaey,A.Luby,J.1988Fruit set in half-high blueberry genotypes following self and cross pollinationFruit Var. J.42126129)| false
Royal Horticultural Society 2007 RHS colour chart. 5th ed. RHS, London, UK
USDA, ARS 2015 National Genetic Resources Program. Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN). National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, MD. 5 May 2015. <http://www.ars-grin.gov.4/cgi-bin/npgs/acc/search.pl>.
This research was funded by the Oregon Blueberry and Washington Blueberry Commissions, a grant through the Northwest Center for Small Fruits Research, and USDA-ARS CRIS project 2072-21220-002-00D. We gratefully acknowledge Gil Buller at Oregon State University—North Willamette Research and Extension Center (Aurora), Adam Wagner and Peter Boches (Fall Creek Farm and Nursery, Inc., Lowell, OR) for evaluating 'Perpetua', and Nola Mosier for efforts to free the nuclear material of known viruses. Mention of trade names or commercial products in this manuscript is solely for the purpose of providing specific information and does not imply recommendation or endorsement by the U.S. Department of Agriculture.
1 Corresponding author. E-mail: Chad.Finn@ARS.USDA.GOV.
https://journals.ashs.org/hortsci/view/journals/hortsci/50/12/article-p1828.xml
Volume 50 (2015): Issue 12 (Dec 2015)
remontant; off-season flowering; perpetual flowering; Vaccinium corymbosum; Vaccinium angustifolium
Article by Chad E. Finn
Article by Bernadine C. Strik
Article by Theodore A. Mackey
Article by Kim E. Hummer
Article by Robert R. Martin


text:
Q: Taylor polynomial of composition equal up to order 2 Consider two functions g and f, both from  $\mathbb{R}\to \mathbb{R}$ and both twice differentiable. I want to show that $T_g\circ T_f$ agree with $T_{g\circ f}$ up to second order at some point $x_0$. $T_{g\circ f}$ is straightforward and a pretty simple expression. But for $T_g\circ T_f$ one gets a term $g''(f(x_0))\cdot(awfulterm-x_0)^2$ and I cannot see how these two should be equal up to second order. Any tips?

A: To see that two functions agree up to second order at $x_0$, compute the values of the two functions and their first two derivatives at this point. We have
\begin{align*}
  T^{(k)}_{g\circ f}(x_0) &= (g\circ f)^{(k)}(x_0) & k \in \{0,1,2\} \\
  (T_g \circ T_f)(x_0) &= T_g (f(x_0)) \\
      &= g(f(x_0))\\
      &= (g \circ f)(x_0)\\
  (T_g \circ T_f)'(x_0) &= T_g'(T_f(x_0))T_f'(x_0)\\
       &= T_g'(f(x_0))f'(x_0)\\
       &= g'(f(x_0))f'(x_0)\\
       &= (g \circ f)'(x_0)\\
  (T_g \circ T_f)''(x_0) &= T_g''(T_f(x_0))T_f'(x_0)^2 + T_g'(T_f(x_0))T_f''(x_0))\\
&= T_g''(f(x_0))f'(x_0)^2 + T_g'(f(x_0))f''(x_0))\\
&= g''(f(x_0))f'(x_0)^2 + g'(f(x_0))f''(x_0))\\
&= (g\circ f)''(x_0)
\end{align*}


DOES THE PHRASE "FOR EVER AND EVER" REALLY MEAN FOREVERMORE?
Revelation 14:11 And the smoke of their torment ascendeth up for ever and ever: and they have no rest day nor night, who worship the beast and his image, and whosoever receiveth the mark of his name.
Revelation 19:3 And again they said, Alleluia. And her smoke rose up for ever and ever.
Revelation 20:10 And the devil that deceived them was cast into the lake of fire and brimstone, where the beast and the false prophet are, and shall be tormented day and night for ever and ever.
These three verses are talking about God's wrath upon the unsaved. Each of them has the phrase "for ever and ever". It is argued that there is a translation error in these verses. It is said that the phrase should be translated "to ever and ever".
If that were so, then it would mean that the duration would continue "to" eternity, but would not continue forevermore. If the word "to" is the correct translation, then the duration of these verses would only be until the end of the world.
In this study we are going to examine the Bible to see if the Bible tells us definitely whether the proper translation is "for ever and ever" or "to ever and ever", or if either one would be allowed by the Bible.
The purpose of this study is not to answer the question: Do the unsaved suffer under the wrath of God forevermore. Rather, the purpose of this study is to determine if the 3 verses above from the book of Revelation are speaking of "forevermore" or if they are speaking of only "to ever and ever".
That is, will the smoke of the torment of the unsaved ascend up forevermore or will it come to an end at the end of the world?
To answer this question, we have to determine which is the right translation for these verses, "to ever and ever" or "for ever and ever"?
How do we determine which is the correct translation?
We determine the correct translation by following the Biblical rule of 1 Corinthians 2:13 which is that we are to compare Scripture with Scripture.
God defines words and phrases by how He uses them in the Bible.
We are not free to say a word or phrase should be translated in a certain way that we think makes sense. Rather, God has set the rule in 1 Corinthians 2:13. We must see how God uses that same word or phrase in other verses. God defines words by how He uses them in the Bible.
In the original Greek Bible the spelling of the phrase "for ever and ever" found in Revelation 14:11 is unique to that verse. However, the Greek phrase translated "for ever and ever" in Revelation 19:3 and Revelation 20:10 is found a total of 20 times in the Bible. Therefore, we have Biblical help to understand what God means by this phrase in these two verses.
Following the rule of 1 Corinthians 2:13, we can learn what God means by the term "for ever and ever" in Revelation 19:3 and Revelation 20:10 by examining all of the verses with the same Greek words and with the same spelling.
God is teaching in 2 Peter 1:20 that the Bible is not subject to "private interpretation". We are not free to say "This phrase should be translated such and such a way" without Biblical direction. God defines words and phrases by how He uses them in the rest of the Bible. The Bible is it's own dictionary. God provides the definition of words and phrases by how He uses them in the Bible.
The argument is made that since the Greek word translated "for" in these verses is a preposition that is translated "to" in other verses, then it could be translated "to" in Revelation 14:11, 19:3 & 20:10.
This preposition translated "for" in the above verses is the Greek word "eis". This Greek word is used about 1,700 times in the Bible, in many different ways.
Matthew 2:11 And when they were come into <1519> the house, they saw the young child with Mary his mother, and fell down, and worshipped him: and when they had opened their treasures, they presented unto him gifts; gold, and frankincense, and myrrh.
Matthew 2:23 And he came and dwelt in <1519> a city called Nazareth: that it might be fulfilled which was spoken by the prophets, He shall be called a Nazarene.
Matthew 6:34 Take therefore no thought for <1519> the morrow: for the morrow shall take thought for the things of itself. Sufficient unto the day is the evil thereof.
Matthew 8:34 And, behold, the whole city came out to <1519> meet Jesus: and when they saw him, they besought him that he would depart out of their coasts.
Matthew 10:41 He that receiveth a prophet in <1519> the name of a prophet shall receive a prophet's reward; and he that receiveth a righteous man in <1519> the name of a righteous man shall receive a righteous man's reward.
Mark 1:39 And he preached in their synagogues throughout <1519> all Galilee, and cast out devils.
Mark 8:19 When I brake the five loaves among <1519> five thousand, how many baskets full of fragments took ye up? They say unto him, Twelve.
Luke 1:50 And his mercy is on them that fear him from <1519> generation to generation.
Luke 5:4 Now when he had left speaking, he said unto Simon, Launch out into <1519> the deep, and let down your nets for <1519> a draught.
Luke 6:8 But he knew their thoughts, and said to the man which had the withered hand, Rise up, and stand forth in <1519> the midst. And he arose and stood forth.
John 3:36 He that believeth on <1519> the Son hath everlasting life: and he that believeth not the Son shall not see life; but the wrath of God abideth on him.
John 6:9 There is a lad here, which hath five barley loaves, and two small fishes: but what are they among <1519> so many?
Acts 2:38 Then Peter said unto them, Repent, and be baptized every one of you in the name of Jesus Christ for <1519> the remission of sins, and ye shall receive the gift of the Holy Ghost.
Acts 4:6 And Annas the high priest, and Caiaphas, and John, and Alexander, and as many as were of the kindred of the high priest, were gathered together at <1519> Jerusalem.
Acts 4:11 This is the stone which was set at nought of you builders, which is become the head of <1519> the corner.
Romans 4:18 Who against hope believed in hope, that <1519> he might become the father of many nations, according to that which was spoken, So shall thy seed be.
Romans 5:8 But God commendeth his love toward <1519> us, in that, while we were yet sinners, Christ died for us.
1 Corinthians 10:11 Now all these things happened unto them for ensamples: and they are written for our admonition, upon <1519> whom the ends of the world are come.
2 Corinthians 10:16 To preach the gospel in <1519> the regions beyond you, and not to boast in another man's line of <1519> things made ready to our hand.
Ephesians 1:14 Which is the earnest of our inheritance until <1519> the redemption of the purchased possession, unto <1519> the praise of his glory.
1 Thessalonians 5:18 In every thing give thanks: for this is the will of God in Christ Jesus concerning <1519> you.
2 Thessalonians 2:10 And with all deceivableness of unrighteousness in them that perish; because they received not the love of the truth, that <1519> they might be saved.
2 Timothy 2:26 And that they may recover themselves out of the snare of the devil, who are taken captive by him at <1519> his will.
Hebrews 9:28 So Christ was once offered to <1519> bear the sins of many; and unto them that look for him shall he appear the second time without sin unto <1519> salvation.
1 Peter 1:11 Searching what <1519>, or what manner of time the Spirit of Christ which was in them did signify, when it testified beforehand the sufferings of <1519> Christ, and the glory that should follow.
We see from these verses that this preposition is used in many different ways. In fact, it is used more than 1,700 times in the Bible.
In these example verses, we see this Greek preposition translated into more than 15 different English words: into, in, unto, for, to, throughout, against, among, from, on, concerning, upon, that, toward, of, until, at.
Revelation 19:3 And again they said, Alleluia. And her smoke rose up against ever and ever.
Revelation 19:3 And again they said, Alleluia. And her smoke rose up among ever and ever.
Revelation 19:3 And again they said, Alleluia. And her smoke rose up from ever and ever.
Revelation 19:3 And again they said, Alleluia. And her smoke rose up throughout ever and ever.
Revelation 19:3 And again they said, Alleluia. And her smoke rose up concerning ever and ever.
Revelation 19:3 And again they said, Alleluia. And her smoke rose up that ever and ever.
Revelation 19:3 And again they said, Alleluia. And her smoke rose up at ever and ever.
Revelation 19:3 And again they said, Alleluia. And her smoke rose up upon ever and ever.
Revelation 19:3 And again they said, Alleluia. And her smoke rose up of ever and ever.
We see that if we look just at this Greek preposition there are many possible ways to translate this phrase.
Given that this Greek preposition is translated into more than 15 different English words, does God provide any definitive direction as to the correct, Biblical translation?
Or, is the phrase "ever and ever" made basically meaningless because of this preposition?
The Bible provides an answer to the above questions.
We will see that the Bible does give clear direction as to the correct translation of this 5 word Greek phrase that begins with this interesting Greek preposition "eis".
Before we examine that proof, we will make another note: The Greek word that is translated "ever" in phrases like "for ever" and "for ever and ever" is the Greek word "aion". Verses with this word are never translated "to ever …". They are always translated "for ever …" for affirmative statements. In the case of negative statements, these words are translated "never".
In addition, God has given a clear proof of how we are to translate the 5 Greek word phrase we are studying; whether it should be "for ever and ever" or "to ever and ever" or if the Bible will allow either translation.
God has provided a way that we can know for sure which is the correct translation.
As we saw, the Greek preposition translated "for" in Revelation 14:11, 19:3 & 20:10 is a fairly common word that is translated in many ways and is found in many verses.
However, the complete Greek phrase translated "for ever and ever" is a much more specific and unique phrase in the New Testament. Therefore, we must look at how God uses this specific Greek phrase in the Bible to understand what God is teaching us in Revelation 19:3 & 20:10.
We will now examine the specific Greek phrase translated "for ever and ever" in Revelation 19:3 & 20:10 to see how God uses this Greek phrase in the rest of the Bible in order to understand what God is teaching by this phrase.
To download the Greek font used on this page, right click the link below. Select 'Save Target as', then use the Control Panel in Windows to install the font.
If the font does not work then you can view a graphical version of the Greek text by left clicking the link below.
How do we find out what God means by this Greek phrase?
The answer is that we follow the rule of 1 Corinthians 2:13 and see how God uses this same Greek phrase in other parts of the Bible. God defines terms by how He uses them in the Bible.
It turns out that this exact Greek phrase is used a total of 20 times in the New Testament with the exact same spelling of 5 words and 22 letters. Therefore, God has given an abundance of verses to cross-check in order that we can understand what God means by this phrase.
All of the verses with this same phrase in Greek are listed below. The Greek version is listed first, then followed by the English version. The Greek phrase that we are studying is underlined.
Galatians 1:5 To whom [be] glory for ever and ever. Amen.
Philippians 4:20 ¶ Now unto God and our Father [be] glory for ever and ever. Amen.
1 Timothy 1:17 Now unto the King eternal, immortal, invisible, the only wise God, [be] honour and glory for ever and ever. Amen.
2 Timothy 4:18 And the Lord shall deliver me from every evil work, and will preserve [me] unto his heavenly kingdom: to whom [be] glory for ever and ever. Amen.
Hebrews 13:21 Make you perfect in every good work to do his will, working in you that which is wellpleasing in his sight, through Jesus Christ; to whom [be] glory for ever and ever. Amen.
1 Peter 4:11 If any man speak, [let him speak] as the oracles of God; if any man minister, [let him do it] as of the ability which God giveth: that God in all things may be glorified through Jesus Christ, to whom be praise and dominion for ever and ever. Amen.
1 Peter 5:11 To him [be] glory and dominion for ever and ever. Amen.
Revelation 1:6 And hath made us kings and priests unto God and his Father; to him [be] glory and dominion for ever and ever. Amen.
Revelation 1:18 I [am] he that liveth, and was dead; and, behold, I am alive for evermore, Amen; and have the keys of hell and of death.
Revelation 5:13 And every creature which is in heaven, and on the earth, and under the earth, and such as are in the sea, and all that are in them, heard I saying, Blessing, and honour, and glory, and power, [be] unto him that sitteth upon the throne, and unto the Lamb for ever and ever.
Revelation 5:14 And the four beasts said, Amen. And the four [and] twenty elders fell down and worshipped him that liveth for ever and ever.
Revelation 7:12 Saying, Amen: Blessing, and glory, and wisdom, and thanksgiving, and honour, and power, and might, [be] unto our God for ever and ever. Amen.
Revelation 11:15 And the seventh angel sounded; and there were great voices in heaven, saying, The kingdoms of this world are become [the kingdoms] of our Lord, and of his Christ; and he shall reign for ever and ever.
Revelation 15:7 And one of the four beasts gave unto the seven angels seven golden vials full of the wrath of God, who liveth for ever and ever.
Revelation 20:10 And the devil that deceived them was cast into the lake of fire and brimstone, where the beast and the false prophet [are], and shall be tormented day and night for ever and ever.
Revelation 22:5 And there shall be no night there; and they need no candle, neither light of the sun; for the Lord God giveth them light: and they shall reign for ever and ever.
By examining these 20 verses carefully we can see that each has the exact same Greek phrase consisting of the same 5 words and 22 letters. These are the only verses with this phrase.
God has given us a good number of verses with this exact same Greek phrase. Therefore, God has provided plenty of help to define what God means by this phrase.
We remember that God defines words and phrases by how He uses them in the Bible.
Also, we want to keep in mind that this is a very specific phrase that God has crafted and put in the Bible. It is a phrase of 5 words of 22 letters. This exact spelling is used 20 times in the New Testament.
Therefore, we are talking about a very specific phrase that God uses in these 20 verses.
1. "to ever and ever" - coming to an end at the end of the world ?
2. "for ever and ever" - going on forevermore ?
Or, is either one possible?
The first verse with this phrase is Galatians 1:5. Galatians 1:5 is talking about glory to God. It says that God will receive glory "for ever and ever" with this same phrase in the Greek language.
Will God receive glory forevermore? Or, will the glory to God come to an end on October 21, 2011?
The answer should be obvious that God will receive glory forevermore. It is not possible that glory to God could ever come to an end. It is not possible that Galatians 1:5 could be saying "To whom [be] glory to ever and ever. Amen." That would mean that it would be possible for glory to God to come to an end.
In Galatians 1:5 God is giving definition for this Greek phrase translated "for ever and ever". In Galatians 1:5 this phrase must mean forevermore. It is not possible that glory to God can end.
When we examine the verses: Philippians 4:20, 1 Timothy 1:17, 2 Timothy 4:18, Hebrews 13:21, 1 Peter 4:11 & 5:11, Revelation 1:6, 4:9, 5:13, and 7:12, we find that all of them speak of glory, praise and dominion to God "for ever and ever".
These verses use this same Greek phrase translated "for ever and ever" to speak of the duration of glory, praise and dominion to God.
Will God receive glory, praise and dominion forevermore? Or, is it possible that glory, praise and dominion to God could come to an end at the end of the world?
God will receive glory, praise and dominion forevermore. There is no doubt about that fact.
Is it possible that glory, praise and dominion to God could ever come to an end?
In these verses God is further defining that this Greek phrase translated "for ever and ever" must mean forevermore. It is not possible that God will not receive glory, praise and dominion forevermore.
We read in Revelation 1:18, 4:10, 5:14, 10:6, 15:7, that God will live "forevermore" or "for ever and ever" using this same 5 word Greek phrase.
Will God live forevermore? Or, will that come to an end on October 21, 2011?
The answer is that God will live forevermore. It is not possible that God will not live forevermore.
In Revelation 11:15, the Bible says that the Lord Jesus shall reign "for ever and ever" using the same Greek phrase.
Will the Lord Jesus reign forevermore or is it possible that His reign could come to an end?
The Lord Jesus shall reign forevermore. It is not possible that the reign of Christ could ever end.
The last verse is Revelation 22:5 that says that the believers will reign "for ever and ever". It is written with this same phrase in Greek, just as in the 19 other verses.
Will the true believers reign with Christ forevermore? Or is it possible that the reign of the true believers with Christ will come to an end on October 21, 2011?
Without any doubt, the believers will reign with Christ forevermore. It is not possible that the reign of the true believers with Christ will ever come to an end.
We have examined all of the verses with the exact same Greek expression translated "for ever and ever" in Revelation 19:3 and 20:10. These verses are all of the verses with the exact same 5 words with the same 22 letters as we found in Revelation 19:3 & 20:10.
Because God will receive praise, glory and honor forevermore and will live and reign forevermore, the Greek phrase translated "for ever and ever" in these 20 verses can only mean forevermore.
It is not possible that the Greek phrase translated "for ever and ever" can mean anything except forevermore. Otherwise, we would be saying that God might not receive praise forevermore or that God might not live forevermore or that God might not reign forevermore.
Therefore, God is teaching that this Greek phrase translated "for ever and ever" must truly mean forevermore.
If we say that it is possible that this Greek phrase translated "for ever and ever" could have an end, then we are saying that it is possible that praise and glory to God could come to an end. Or, we are saying that God Himself or His reign with the true believers could come to an end. However, None of that is possible.
If we examine just the Greek preposition "eis" we could conclude that a valid translation might be "to ever and ever". However, when examine the whole 5 word Greek phrase and the 20 verses in which it is found, we see that "for ever and ever" is the only valid translation.
By using this same 5 word Greek phrase in those 20 verses, God is teaching that however long God will receive praise, honor and glory, however long God will live and reign, that is how long the smoke of the unsaved will ascend. The Bible ties the duration of these events together.
Without any doubt, praise, honor and glory to God will go on forevermore. God will live forevermore. Christ will reign forevermore and the true believers will reign with Christ forevermore.
Therefore, following the Biblical rule of 1 Corinthians 2:13 to compare Scripture with Scripture we know that the smoke of the unsaved will ascend forevermore as indicated in Revelation 19:3, in the same way that God will reign forevermore.
Revelation 14:10-11 teaches that the smoke of the unsaved is a smoke of torment which comes from being tormented by fire with God Himself being the consuming fire.
By putting Revelation 14:11 and 19:3 together, we know that the smoke of the unsaved ascends forevermore and that this smoke is a smoke of torment. Therefore, this smoke of torment of the unsaved will ascend forevermore.
The purpose of this study was not to answer the question: Do the unsaved suffer under the wrath of God forevermore. We examine that question in other studies.
By following the Biblical rule of 1 Corinthians 2:13 and by examining all verses with the same 5 word Greek phrase translated "for ever and ever" in Revelation 19:3 & 20:10, we know that this phrase has to mean forevermore. The Bible assures us that the smoke of the unsaved will ascend forevermore.


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13 Embarrassing Wrestlers That Seemed Cool When You Were Young
The 80s and 90s were a golden age for everything from television and movies to fashion, and professional wrestling was no exception. Stars like Hulk Hogan, Macho Man Randy Savage and the Ultimate Warrior all made an impression on us during our childhoods, but for every smash hit there were at least a dozen totally forgettable wrestlers.
It was an era when the only limit on creativity was how far you dared to push the envelope, and that was a double-edged sword for the WWF.
Relive your childhood and see how many of these wrestlers you can remember. Be warned: your nostalgia might not hold up after all these years!
1. The Goon
Hockey in the 1990s was a sport full of big-name stars: Wayne Greztky, Mario Lemieux….the Goon? Yes, this short-lived gimmick was billed as a hockey player so violent he was "kicked out of every league he ever participated in," including the WWF – he only lasted a few months.
2. The Mantaur
You would think there would be rules preventing non-humans and mythical creatures from wrestling, but nothing could stop the Mantaur. The Mantaur would bull-rush his opponents and even "moo" at them, which sounds more threatening than it really was.
3. Koko B. Ware
Koko B. Ware lasted years in the WWF despite having no recognizable personality besides the bird (named Frankie) sitting on his shoulder. While Koko was less annoying than other wrestlers on this list, he was basically pointless – yet somehow made it into the Hall of Fame.
4. Papa Shango
There's a long list of rules in professional wrestling – 3-counts for pins, 10-counts for ring-outs – but nothing forbidding witchcraft and voodoo, which is why this witch-doctor character was allowed to compete against mere mortals. He returned later on as the more popular "Godfather" character.
Click the next page for more awful gimmicks, including the Gobbledy Gooker!
5. The Gobbledy Gooker
A character with a lifespan as short as the Gobbledy Gooker – a giant wrestling turkey – doesn't deserve to be remembered, but the agonizing way his "big moment" was dragged out does. For months, this turkey's giant egg sat next to the ring, waiting until the Gooker "hatched" at Survivor Series 1990. Fans buried the dancing turkey in boos, and he was retired in shame for more than a decade.
6. Isaac Yankem, DDS
It makes sense that an audience of young children would be terrified by an evil dentist, but there wasn't enough in this half-baked character to justify his existence except the joke that he had bad teeth – even though he's a dentist, get it? Somehow, this one-note villain had huge feuds with stars like Bret Hart.
7. The Mountie
Mounties, Canada's version of the FBI agent, are respected around the world for their upstanding behavior, so fans obviously didn't take kindly to The Mountie playing an evil heel character. Just as strange, he feuded with the only other "police officer" character, Big Boss Man. He was booed out of the ring at any Canadian appearance.
Wrestling Forum
8. The Repo Man
Sure, a working class audience would boo a character who brags about repossessing people's cars with a big 'ol hook, but this character raised a lot of questions. Namely, how bad was job security in the WWF if the Repo Man had to wrestle and work a second job?
9. The Dumpster
Another working class gimmick that probably sounded better in the writer's room, the Dumpster was a trash-man who carried a big metal garbage can to the ring (usually while fans booed). Unlike the Repo Man he was meant to be a blue collar hero, but nobody wants to cheer for "the Dumpster."
Click the next page for even more awful gimmicks, including Santa Claus's evil twin!
10. Max Moon
In the 90s, when video games like the Megaman series and comic books like X-O Manowar were all the rage, it probably seemed natural to introduce a character from "outer space" with a custom-built suit that shot fireworks. While the suit was rumored to be very expensive, the character bombed. Audiences just couldn't bring themselves to cheer for a ridiculous looking rubber suit, and the gimmick was retired a few months later.
11. Xanta Claus
No, that's not a typo. Xanta was a special character introduced at Christmas time and hired by Ted DiBiase (the Million Dollar Man). Xanta was Santa's evil twin. He lived at the South Pole (of course), and stole presents from good children (of course). His time in the spotlight was brief, but an idea this bonkers deserves to be recognized.
12. The Shockmaster
The man. The myth. The legend. Wearing his bedazzled Storm Trooper outfit, Fred Ottman entered into wrestling history when he tripped during his new character's big introduction. While it's not fair to hold this accident against him, the character was forced to be re-written as a klutz, and didn't survive long afterwards.
Remember Zeus? Probably not, unless you saw Hulk Hogan's classic wrestling flick No Holds Barred. Actor "Tiny" Lister played bad-guy wrestler Zeus, and he made a single special appearance as the unibrowed heel to promote the movie. Mainly, Zeus deserves to be remembered as an awful case of cross-promotion.
Share this list if you loved watching wrestling!


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The Bengals Could Lose Star Receiver A.J. Green
If you're looking for an example of an elite football squad, the Cincinnati Bengals are not the right place to look. The franchise has not won a playoff game in over 30 years, last beating the now defunct Houston Oilers.
They have had redeeming moments and players throughout the decades, one of which is star receiver A.J. Green.
Green has been named to 7 Pro Bowls as well as 3 All-Pro 2nd-teams during his tenure with the Bengals. Despite the Bengals losing all 4 of their playoff appearances in the decade, A.J. Green has given Cincinnati fans many exciting Sunday nights to remember.
After drafting the star national champion from LSU, Joe Burrow, many predicted A.J Green to be a top receiver with the young talented QB to throw deep to him.
According to ESPN's, Jeremy Fowler, Green may be leaving the Bengals soon. Fowler said that there are "serious talk" about trading Green. The team was in apparent trade talks to deal the receiver out before Green has his monster game against the Colts.
The downside to trading Green would be stripping Joe Burrow of a wideout would aide his development. The upside would be that Green gets a fresh start and the Bengals would surely get quality picks in return for the future Hall of Famer.
After a long and successful tenure with the Bengals it may be the best time for both parties to part ways. Green will get a chance to compete on a contender and the Bengals will get to rebuild with younger talent to surround Burrow.
Wherever A.J Green ends up, it's no doubt that he left his mark on Cincinnati Bengals football for years to come.
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Offering services such as ro plant rental services and industrial equipment rental services. Also deals in pet bottle cleaning systems, inner bottle cleaning systems, outer bottle cleaning systems, agitator mixing tanks, water ozonizer, air ozonizer.
Manufacturing and exporting center fuse dryers, lift off dryers, powder coating booths, bottle closets, waster water pumping tanks, ultrasonic cleaning systems, sauna bath heater tanks and pressure cooker testers.
Manufacturer of pharmaceutical machinery, air jet cleaning machines, automatic rotary vial washing machine, automatic linear vial washing machine, tablet elevator, capsule elevator, hood type inspection table and gravity roller conveyors.


text:
Q: Multiple injection with Ninject: Named binding or WithConstructorArgument doesn't work I'm developing an ASP.NET MVC 5, with C#, .NET Framework 4.7 and Ninject 3.2.2.0.
I'm trying to use multiple binding but I don't know how to do it:
container.Bind<IUnitOfWork>().To<TRZFDbContext>().InRequestScope();
container.Bind<IUnitOfWork>().To<ERPDbContext>().InRequestScope().Named("ERP");

I'm trying named binding.
I use IUnitOfWork as parameter of GenericRepository constructor:
public class GenericRepository<TEntity> : IGenericRepository<TEntity> where TEntity : class
{
    protected DbSet<TEntity> _dbSet;

    private DbContext _context;

    public GenericRepository(IUnitOfWork unitOfWork)
    {
        _context = (DbContext)unitOfWork;
        _dbSet = _context.Set<TEntity>();
    }

    [ ... ]

}

And I have bindings that they are going to use ERPDbContext or TRZFDbContext:
container.Bind<IGenericRepository<ProductGTINs>>().To<GenericRepository<ProductGTINs>>();

// ERP
container.Bind<IGenericRepository<IC_ORD_VIEW>>().To<GenericRepository<IC_ORD_VIEW>>();

The first one use TRZFDbContext and the second one use ERPDbContext.
In the following controller:
public class ERPController : Controller
{
    private readonly IGenericRepository<IC_ORD_VIEW> ordViewRepository;

    public ERPController(IGenericRepository<IC_ORD_VIEW> ordViewRepository)
    {
        this.ordViewRepository = ordViewRepository;
    }

    [ ... ]
}

I get this error:
Error activating IUnitOfWork
More than one matching bindings are available.
Matching bindings:
  1) binding from IUnitOfWork to TRZFDbContext
  2) binding from IUnitOfWork to ERPDbContext
Activation path:
  3) Injection of dependency IUnitOfWork into parameter unitOfWork of constructor of type GenericRepository{IC_ORD_VIEW}
  2) Injection of dependency IGenericRepository{IC_ORD_VIEW} into parameter ordViewRepository of constructor of type ERPController
  1) Request for ERPController

But if I change the constructor:
public class ERPController : Controller
{
    private readonly IGenericRepository<IC_ORD_VIEW> ordViewRepository;

    public ERPController([Named("ERP")]IGenericRepository<IC_ORD_VIEW> ordViewRepository)
    {
        this.ordViewRepository = ordViewRepository;
    }

    [ ... ]
}

I get the error:
Error activating IGenericRepository{IC_ORD_VIEW}
No matching bindings are available, and the type is not self-bindable.
Activation path:
  2) Injection of dependency IGenericRepository{IC_ORD_VIEW} into parameter ordViewRepository of constructor of type ERPController
  1) Request for ERPController

Suggestions:
  1) Ensure that you have defined a binding for IGenericRepository{IC_ORD_VIEW}.
  2) If the binding was defined in a module, ensure that the module has been loaded into the kernel.
  3) Ensure you have not accidentally created more than one kernel.
  4) If you are using constructor arguments, ensure that the parameter name matches the constructors parameter name.
  5) If you are using automatic module loading, ensure the search path and filters are correct.

How can I set which bind must it use?

A: The second example fails because you are adding [Named("ERP")] to an IGenericRepository argument but the named binding is for an IUnitOfWork, so it doesn't find any matching binding.
Instead of using named bindings you could provide the constructor argument in your IGenericRepository bindings, for example:
container.Bind<IGenericRepository<IC_ORD_VIEW>>()
    .To<GenericRepository<IC_ORD_VIEW>>()
    .WithConstructorArgument("ordViewRepository", context => new ERPDbContext());


Sleep Health: Sleeping Postures from Flikli on Vimeo.
We all know good posture during the day is healthy for us...but what about when you're sleeping?
*Interested in licensing these videos for institutional or corporate use? Get in touch at hello@flikli.com or visit us at http://flikli.com!
Loose transcript of the video.
Posture is important for improved health & increased productivity.
Research shows that good posture during sleep improves mood and lowers health risks.
Sleeping on your back relieves your spine of pressure. More likely to snore.
Side sleepers lower chance of heartburn but also severe numbness & tingling to arms and legs.
Stomach sleepers least likely to snore can also cause long-term damage to low back and neck.
Reduce by placing pillows under shoulder or hips.
Posture is important 24 hrs a day.


If you find yourself trying to do too much with your logo, you can end up with something really sloppy. Many mom and pop operations suffer from over-designed logos that don't communicate much about their brands.
Here's an example. Do you have any idea what this company is trying to do? Not only is the bright pink egregious and difficult to look at digitally, but the logo has so many distracting elements to it. Unfortunately for this logo, it is a failure and falls victim to branding mistakes.
Some logos are so plain that they don't stick out at all and that's a problem. You may or may not be a The Office fan, but most people have at least heard of it. Can you remember the name of the company that everyone worked for in the American version? If you came up with Dunder-Mifflin, you're right.
Now, can you picture their logo?
This logo is the logo that did nothing: it communicates very little about what the core values or feeling you get from the brand.


text:
U.S. Machine Tool Orders Dip in January but Fare Well Globally
by Michael Barnes | Mar 27, 2014 | News
Machine tool orders fell in the United States in January 2014 to $360.31 million, according to the U.S. Manufacturing Technology Orders report issued by the Association for Manufacturing Technology (AMT). As reported in IndustryWeek, U.S. orders dropped 25.2% in...
Machine Tools Slang: This Buck-able Chuck is Like a Hot Dog Down a Hallway
by Michael Barnes | Feb 18, 2015 | News
From what I was told, two men with drawls marking them of Southern (United States) descent asked if the lathe had a "buckable chuck." The Sales Manager explained that he wasn't familiar with this machine tools expression. After some conversation with the customers,...
Metal Lathe: History of the Regal and RKL
by Michael Barnes | Aug 19, 2015 | Product Information
The Regal is LeBlond's Model T, a gamechanging product that served as the bedrock of the company's fortunes. To continue a Ford motor analogy, LeBlond's current metal lathe – the RKL – can be seen as the company's Mustang, a model that adds flair and style to the...
Machine Tools: U.S. Machine Tool Orders Rise in June 2014
by Michael Barnes | Aug 20, 2014 | News
United States manufacturing technology orders for June 2014 totaled $405.73 million, up 12.6% from May but down 2.1% from the same period in 2013, according to the Association for Manufacturing Technology (AMT) as reported by manufacturing.net recently. The...
LeBlond is Heavy Duty into Holiday Lathe Generosity
by Michael Barnes | Nov 3, 2015 | News, Product Information
It is logistically difficult to park a manual machine tool weighing over 4,500 pounds under your holiday tree; but nevertheless, LeBlond Ltd. is in a generous spirit at the end of the year with their holiday promotion. Customers can save up to 15% off or as much as...