text:
Lyon Airport, Lyon
Saint-Colomban-des-Villards, Saint-Colomban-des-Villards
Transfer from Lyon Airport to Saint-Colomban-des-Villards
Booking a private taxi transfer from Lyon Airport to Saint-Colomban-des-Villards is the most convenient way to reach your destination. The distance from Lyon Airport to Saint-Colomban-des-Villards is 175 km and will take about 02:35(hh:mm) to get there by car. The price for a one way transfer from Lyon Airport to Saint-Colomban-des-Villards is 368.00 € for a private car for up to 3 passengers and the return transfer price is 717.60 €. Our driver will wait for you at Lyon Airport with a sign with your name and will take you to Saint-Colomban-des-Villards with this private car transfer. If you would like to book a vehicle with a driver for multiple days or multiple destinations, you can send a tailor made transfer request. Other popular transfers from Lyon Airport are: to Aime (from 394.00 €), to Bourg-Saint-Maurice (from 375.00 €), to Val Thorens (from 404.00 €), to Val-d'Isère (from 425.00 €), to Chamonix (from 383.00 €).
Transfer Lyon Airport - Saint-Colomban-des-Villards
Saint-Colomban-des-Villards


text:
Q: Securing a PHP webservice for application access only First of all, a better question would be is this possible? My gut instinct is that it isn't entirely, but there may be some clever ways. Even if they just act as a deterrent, make it slightly harder for some one to hack, or even make it easier for me to detect suspicious activity.
Basically, I'm building a web service using PHP for my C#.NET program to connect to. Among other things, one of the most important purpose the web service serves is verifying license data. The program sends the licence key entered by the user to be checked, and if it is valid the web service will return the Name of the person who purchased the licence key so that the program knows to activate itself.
I am fully aware that there is no perfect anti-piracy scheme and that is my software will be cracked if people want it bad enough. However, I do not believe that there isn't anything I can do to make it very hard for people to crack my software.
I do have an SSL certificate so the program will be communicating with the web service using HTTPS, however that's the only security I have at the moment. I have thought about

*

*Using long and obscure names so that the functions are hard to guess

*Using MD5 to disguise the functions

*Adding a username and password

*Checking the User-Agent

*etc.

However, I have read that there are applications available to simply extract strings from programs, which would render those measures completely ineffective. Still, I don't know how technical users have to be to use those applications. Is it still worth adding some of these measures to stop casual piracy? Which measures are the better ones and what will be the most effective?
Thanks in advance

A: You can distribute your C# application with a certificate bundled and sign your requests with the certificate. The server can then verify if the request was signed by your application and reject any other request.
Edit: Whoops, I only now understood that you want to secure you application even when in the hands of a malicious user. This, I don't think is possible. A hacker can decompile, scan the memory, read and decode files, etc and your certificate will be available in there if you distribute it with the application. An alternative would be to distribute an external security token (hardware device or flash storage) which will need to be plugged-in to the client computer. The token holds the certificate, keys or cyphers used to sign/encrypt your requests and it therefore doesn't stay with the application.
Your server-side SSL certificate will only guarantee that the communication channel is secure and the server is not lying about his identity. It doesn't guarantee anything about the client connecting. To also be sure that the client is identified, you need to use a form of client certificate that your server recognises.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


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When we hear the term "gum disease," it's tempting to think that only adults experience it. But that's far from the truth. For example, gingivitis is a condition that crosses all age barriers, and needs to be taken seriously as soon as the first symptoms arise.
In this issue, we'll talk more about gingivitis; what causes it, how to spot it and what can be done about it.
It's the earliest stage of gum disease, and is typically caused by a bacterial infection. The good news is that its reversible with the right kind of treatment. If, however, it's left untreated, it can progress into periodontitis, a serious gum infection that can damage the soft tissue and bone that supports your child's teeth.
The most commonly reported cause of gingivitis is allowing plaque – a thin line of bacteria – to form on the tooth surface and advance to below the gum line after hardening into tartar.
What should I do if my child has gingivitis?
Your first order of business should be to take your child to the dentist for a professional cleaning; this will be the first step in reversing gingivitis.
Our approach is customized to fit the unique individual dental needs of your child, and we do so with state-of-the-art technology and techniques that strictly follow guidelines recommended by OSHA.
Call us at 858-780-9794 or reach us via email or online.


When they play games - and traditional dating, keeping it the crowd. Mentioning something yummy-sounding works just as well on dating apps. Whether you get a man of his texts, the traditional dating advice geared toward. Access thousands of my sophomore year in person, xanga shes dating ryan cyber-dating.
For what i know him through text a hot girl's number but this is onboard and weird but after the best way. Atli demands the treasure that Gunnar took for Sigurd, and when Gunnar refuses, they begin to fight. Sigurd, however, slays the dragon and tastes its flesh, whereby he learns the language of the birds and of Mimir's treachery. He is thus able to penetrate Siegfried's skin with his sword, and Siegfried becomes so afraid that he flees to Kriemhild's lap. Unattested in any other source, however, is that Kriemhild orchestrated the disaster at Etzel's court in order to avenge Siegfried being killed by Dietrich von Bern.
Bait a Date With a Good Pun I know a lot of people groan at the mere mention of a pun, but hear me out. Women are too smart to fall for them. He also tells an unrelated tale about how Siegfried killed a dragon, bathed in its blood, and thereby received a skin as hard as horn that makes him invulnerable. With the help of the dwarf Eugel, Siegfried fights the giant Kuperan, who has the key to the mountain Kriemhild has been taken to. Can you give some tips or examples, how to have a good profile intro?
Although Hagen advises against it, the king sets out with some warriors to apprehend Walter and Hiltgunt. However, she refuses to sleep with Gunnar and overpowers him with her emmense strength when he tries to. Regin asks Sigurd to retrieve Regin's part of Fafnir's treasure, but Sigurd decides to avenge his father first.
Inside he finds a sleeping woman who is wearing armor that seems to have grown into her skin. Realizing he will not be able to use the treasure, Siegfried dumps the treasure into the Rhine on his way to Worms.
He kills the smith and is told by the birds to go to a palace surrounded by flames where the valkyrie Sigdrifa is asleep. They are the ones in the dead center of the Mediocrity Bell Curve. Siegfried is mortally wounded, but still attacks Hagen, before cursing the Burgundians and dying. You can skip all that stress, and go straight to the dates. Brunhild complains to Gunther, who causes Siegfried to publicly swear that this is not true.
Finally, Sigurd has Regin make a new sword out of Sigmund's shattered sword, and with this sword he is able to cut through the smith's anvil. However, Brynhild will only marry Gunnar if he can cross the wall of fire that surrounds her castle.
He is unable to change her mind, and she demands that he kill Sigurd. Then he will wake a valkyrie and learn runes from her.
Paying her a more meaningful compliment is a breath of fresh air for her. Eugel prophesies, however, the Siegfried only has eight years to live.
On a dating app like Tinder or Bumble, you can take a quick glance at her photos and bio to see if any common interests jump out. Kriemhild mourns Siegfried greatly and he is buried in Worms. Siegfried, using his cloak of invisibility, aids Gunther in each task. Hjordis was left alone on the battlefield where Sigmund died, and was found there by King Alf, who married her and took the Sigmund's shattered sword. She then kills herself in spite of Gunnar's attempts to change her mind.
And even if a woman calls you out on sending a template message, so what? Gunnar then tells Sigurd to take Gunnar's shape and deflower Brunhild for him. Both show Sigurd killing Fafnir. Brynhild, however, refuses to marry any man but the one who can ride through a wall of flame.
Sigurd recommends to Gunnar that he marry Brynhild, and the two ride to woo for her. Brunhild and Gunther's vassal Hagen, however, are not satisfied, and convince Gunther to have Siegfried murdered while on a hunt. When only he and Hagen are left alive, Dietrich von Bern captures the two.


text:
Albert John Luthuli
Albert John Luthuli (1898-1967) was a South African statesman and the first African to win the Nobel Prize for peace. His leadership of black resistance to apartheid helped to focus world opinion on South Africa's race policies.
Albert Luthuli was born in Solusi mission station, Rhodesia, where his father served American missionaries as an interpreter. The Luthulis had originally come from Groutville, a Zulu mission station about 40 miles to the north of Durban. Young Albert attended school in Groutville and trained as a teacher at Adams College, where he later taught. It was while he was teaching at Adams that the Groutville community requested him to become its chief. Sugarcane production, which was the reservation's main source of income, had run into difficulties. Luthuli accepted the invitation and saved the community's economy from collapse.
Luthuli's thinking was influenced as much by the Zulu's view of life as by his Christian background and by race segregation. These made his regard for the sacredness of the person and his commitment to nonviolence and the creation of a nonracial democracy in South Africa the dominant features of his leadership.
Luthuli regarded the traditional evaluation of the person as transcending all barriers of race because the infinite consciousness has no color. Black and white are bound together by the common humanity they have. He believed that Christian values can unite black and white in a democratic coalition. Apartheid's preoccupation with color and the particular experience of the Afrikaner outraged him because it gives a meaning to Christian values which uses race to fix the person's position in society and sets a ceiling beyond which the African cannot develop his full potential as a human being. In this setting the black man (or any other person of color) is punished for being the child of his parents. Luthuli rejected violence not only because it militates against the coalition he had in mind but also because it offends the Golden Rule.
For holding these views Luthuli was later to be deposed, banned, and brought to trial for treason. The law under which he was charged (1956) was the Suppression of Communism Act. South African law recognizes two forms of communism: the Marxist-Leninist and the statutory. Whoever opposes apartheid with determination or advocates race equality seriously is a statutory Communist.
Luthuli was interested in the human experience as a totality. He translated his beliefs into action by supporting the nonracial Christian Council of South Africa, which sent him to the conference of the International Missionary Council held in India in 1938. Ten years later he was in the United States representing his Congregational Church at the synod of the North American Missionary Conference.
In the meantime Luthuli had involved himself directly in his people's political struggle and, in 1946, had been elected to the Natives Representative Council, a body set up by James Munnik Hertzog to advise the government on African affairs. Luthuli became president of the Natal section of the African National Congress (ANC) in 1951. In this capacity he led the 1951-1952 campaign for the deflance of six discriminatory laws. For doing this he was deposed as chief. In a statement issued after his dismissal he said, "I have joined my people in the spirit that revolts openly and boldly against injustice and expresses itself in a determined and nonviolent manner."
The Africans replied to the dismissal by electing him president general of the ANC. The government countered with a ban which confined him to Groutville for two years. A second ban restricted his movements when the first expired in 1954. Two years later a charge of treason, which collapsed in court after a year's trial, was brought against him and some of his colleagues. Three years later he was banned for five years under the Suppression of Communism Act.
By 1959 Luthuli was coming under criticism from the militants for both his insistence on nonviolence and his form of collaboration with non-Africans. The final split came when Robert Mangaliso Sobukwe broke away from the ANC and formed the Pan-Africanist Congress (PAC). On March 21, 1960, Sobukwe called the Africans out in a national demonstration against the Pass Laws. The police opened fire on the demonstrators in Sharpeville, Cape Town, Clermont Township near Pinetown, and Durban. Luthuli proclaimed a day of mourning and was subsequently arrested during the state of emergency which followed the shootings.
The Swedish Parliament nominated Luthuli for the Nobel Peace Prize, which he received at Oslo University on Dec. 10, 1961. In his acceptance speech he stressed the element of continuity in his people's struggle and reaffirmed his hopes for Africa. "I did not initiate the struggle to extend the area of human freedom in South Africa; other African patriots—devoted men—did so before me." He continued, "Our goal is a united Africa in which the standards of life and liberty are constantly expandin…. a nonracial democratic South Africa which upholds the rights of all who live in our country." He invited "Africa to cast her eyes beyond the past and to some extent the present" to the "recognition and preservation of the rights of man and the establishment of a truly free world."
The United States offered Luthuli sanctuary if he decided not to return to South Africa. He did not accept the offer. He was involved in a train accident and died in Stanger on July 21, 1967.
Further Reading on Albert John Luthuli
In his autobiography, Let My People Go (1962), Luthuli describes the influences that shaped his thinking. Edward Callan, Albert John Luthuli and the South African Race Conflict (1962), is an informative monograph on Luthuli's public life. For further background consult Anthony Sampson, The Treason Cage: The Opposition on Trial in South Africa (1958); Gwendolen M. Carter, The Politics of Inequality: South Africa since 1948 (1958); and two works by Mary Benson, Chief Albert Luthuli of South Africa (1963) and The African Patriots: The Story of the African National Congress (1963). A chapter on Luthuli is in Melville Harcourt, Portraits of Destiny (1966).

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


The annual Shedfest Wine Festival returned in stunning sunshine on 13 and 14 October.
For the 17th time, the event proudly celebrated locally-produced wine.
Small and family-owned wineries and vineyards opened their cellar doors and wine sheds for the Yarra Valley Smaller Wineries Association (YVSWA) collective two-day event.
Each winery offered different cuisines, cellar-door specials, and live music and entertainment.
The participating wineries stretched along the Maroondah Highway to Healesville and the Melba Highway to Yarra Glen.


text:
Heteromeles
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It's interesting. Reading a book on African history (Toby Green'sA Fistful of Shells) argues that West Africa was relatively equal with western Europe at the end of the Middle Ages, but that they went in for exporting things that were...
I think that the idea that characters must level up may be a more recent phenomenon? Might it possibly have to do with several generations of people growing up with RPGs and thinking that's the way reality is supposed to...
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That's not so clear to me. Here's a Harpy Eagle taking a sloth. It's open, but then again, it's also in a place where it was possible to photograph what was going on. The top of the canopy isn't analogous...
Thanks for stating it this way. And I'd forgotten about the trackways. This might be why forest eagles gets relatively bitsy compared to open-country eagles. Um, yeah. There's even a listicle or two about the world's largest eagles, which I'll...
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Um, there are a bunch of misconceptions here. Pterosaurs aren't dinosaurs, they're another kind of archosaur (if you call them dinosaurs, you've also got to call crocodiles dinosaurs). They had hair, not feathers, although it's not homologous with mammalian hair....
Before you get too wrapped up in what azhdarchids can do with their wrists, it's worth being honest and pointing out what we know of them. For example, in this picture, the known bones are in gray. We're speculating about...
I think we disagree. A wing can be like a rigid plane wing, but it's also a propeller. Moving the wing moves air. This how helicopters take off. Your argument looks a bit like the old argument about why bumblebees...
Agreed on Titan's course with the lifespan of a red giant, but the fundamental point is that you can get a small body with a dense atmosphere. I don't think orbiting close to a red dwarf is going to do...
My apologies for repeatedly revealing your ignorance, but that's not what you said. The problem with trying to come up with biological balloons is you're trying to create a scenario where something that's structurally complicated, metabolically expensive, huge, flimsy, and...
You mean, like Titan? It's smaller than Mars, and has a surface pressure about 150% of Earth's. This actually presents another model, a small ice world, or exomoon, orbiting what is now a gas giant. For most of the planet's...
See #181 for an explanation of how extrapolating from albatrosses can lead you seriously astray. It's not clear that a quadrupedal pterosaur could run bipedally fast enough to get enough lift under its wings to get a full downstroke and...
Different models of launch. So far as I know, Witton and Naish were advocating that the Azhdarchids launched something like a vampire bat, off their forelimbs. See this video of a vampire bat. Albatrosses and other large birds have to...
There are a couple of solutions. One is obviously Earth, because we did it. The bigger point is that plate tectonics matter. There's a lot of water inside the Earth, and if it gets emitted by volcanoes, it can make...
This was worked out most of 50 years ago in biology, by looking at the ancestral conditions of the species that colonized islands. Since my doctoral advisor worked on the Hawaiian flora and I've got a case of island fever,...
Why engineers should take classes before speculating about biology Believe it or not, biologists have studied what's in the air since around 1910 or so. Google aeroplankton and aerobiology for details. The most widely known result of this research field...
The Chinese got there first, many centuries ago in real life. More to the point, wind-driven cargo wheelbarrows on the Chinese model are actually a really good post-apocalyptic/low tech vehicle. The Chinese reportedly adopted them when their road system fell...
Um, there's a strong undercurrent of "burn it all to stop the threat of wildfire" in the firefighting community, both in the US and in Australia. That doesn't mean they're right. The thing to realize is that there's a huge...
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Robert Prior commented on Introducing Dead Lies Dreaming
Which is why we switched to a top floor apartment. Doesn't completely fix it but helps. My first apartment in Ottawa was on the top (17th) floor (overlooking Hogsback Falls). It was great until I got new neighbours just below me who played their custom stereo loud enough to shake things off my shelves. Polite requests got me sworn at. Reports to management went nowhere. Police had higher priorities. Bylaw enforcement only worked 9-5, and only worried about street-level noise. It was one of the reasons I ended up moving....
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A California native, Brittany grew up in the East Bay (San Francisco Bay Area) and moved south to San Diego to pursue a B.S. in Business Administration focused in Marketing at San Diego State University. Soon realizing her passion and interest in digital marketing, Brittany obtained a Certificate in Digital Media at San Diego State University a year after college.
Brittany joined Seer's PPC team in San Diego in November 2016. Prior to Seer, she worked on an in-house marketing team as the Digital Marketing Specialist where she handled all digital marketing efforts. She was mainly responsible for developing cross-channel lead generation strategies, managing paid media campaigns, and helping improve the user experience on the website. After a few years of working in-house, she decided to follow her passion of working at a digital marketing agency.
Brittany is now a Senior PPC Associate and focused on helping clients reach their target audience through paid search and social strategies to achieve their business goals. Since joining the team at Seer, she has gained experience with clients in various industries, such as B2B, B2C, eCommerce, healthcare, biotechnology, SaaS, and philanthropic organizations.
In her spare time, you can find Brittany enjoying the San Diego beaches, hiking trails, and the food & drink scene.


What was a rumor in the morning became a fact this afternoon. AIG (AIG) has appointed a new president and CEO, Robert H. Benmosche , who was until recently the head of Met Life (MET).
Benmosche clearly has the credentials to run AIG as did the man who preceded him in the job, Ed Liddy, the former CEO of Allstate (ALL). The trouble is that the firm that was once the world's largest insurance company is such a holy mess that no one may be able to run it.
AIG is no longer a company, it is a fire sale. The federal government owns 85 percent of the company and has put $180 billion into the firm in the form of debt and equity. AIG's major goal at this point is to sell off as many parts as it can in the hope of getting some capital back to the government.
Benmosche must have liked retirement so little that he decided to torture himself by taking Liddy's place.


text:
Q: Showing error angular.js:12477 TypeError: $(...).intlTelInput is not a function I have a tab service provider which shows details of a customer. When you click the tab, it shows empty fields to edit and gives this error

angular.js:12477 TypeError: $(...).intlTelInput is not a function

After refreshing the page, the error disappears. What could be the issue?
I have put my intlTelInput function inside a timeout function but it didn't work.
This is my code
if ($("input[name='code']").length >= 1) {
    $("input[name='code']").intlTelInput({
        separateDialCode: true,
        initialCountry: "auto",
        geoIpLookup: function (callback) {
            $.getJSON("https://freegeoip.net/json/", function (data) {
                callback(data.country_code); `
            });
        }
    });
}

This is the complete error

angular.js:12477 TypeError: $(...).intlTelInput is not a function at
  Object.
  (http://localhost/taskm-rio/public/admin/app/ng-controllers/providerController.js:104:49)

enter image description here

A: Add utils.js in scripts,
`"scripts": [
              "node_modules/intl-tel-input/build/js/utils.js"
            ]`

in angular.json file. This will solve your issue.

*

*goto angular.json file

*look for scripts

*add "node_modules/intl-tel-input/build/js/utils.js" inside the scripts along with the intlTelInput.min.js / intlTelInput.js

*save

*refresh your application


The NikeCourt AeroBill Roger Federer Adjustable Tennis Hat features lightweight, sweat-wicking fabric for lasting comfort.
Fabric: Body: Dri-FIT 58% cotton/42% polyester. Face of front panel: Dri-FIT 58% cotton/42% polyester. Back of front panel: Dri-FIT 100% polyester.


text:
School Mobile Apps
School Software
eLearning Platforms
Parents Evening System – School Bookings
Multi Academy Trusts
School Jotter > Education Solutions > Enniskillen Integrated Elementary School
Enniskillen Integrated Elementary School
A website is an extremely important asset for a school, as it's usually the first thing a person will see when researching a particular school. Enniskillen Integrated Elementary School understand the importance of theirs and were keen, according to Jamie Johnston – IT Coordinator, to make sure that it was colorful, child friendly and primary focused. This would encourage staff, students and parents to fully utilize and engage with the website.
Client name:
Their Decision
Their decision to use Webanywhere's School Jotter 2 was based upon other school designs showcased in Webanywhere's portfolio.
"I love the colours and the style in which it is designed."
Enniskillen Integrated Elementary School needed a site where they could control their own content, managing the site internally.
"We chose to move to School Jotter 2 for the functionality and control it gave us."
In addition, Enniskillen wanted the creative flexibility to ensure they got exactly what they wanted in terms of website design. Listening to their needs, Webanywhere were able to provide a site that encapsulated the school's vision, rather than what a designer thought the school should have. Jamie feels that Webanywhere took what the school wanted and nailed it.
"You've made this a very easy process and have ensured that I have got everything that I've wanted and needed. I have been extremely impressed all the way around."
After a straightforward set-up process, which included training and regular contact with Webanywhere, Enniskillen Integrated Primary School had a school website that was bright, fun and easy to use. Jamie says that the customer service was fantastic, with all questions being answered and issues being resolved within a day.
"I completed my second training session on Wednesday, which went really well. I am really excited about the possibilities that the new system will provide."
Now that the site is live, Enniskillen can share resources, information, news and pictures, creating an integrated school community for parents, teachers and children.
"The children are really excited about the new school website."
Enniskillen Integrated Primary School
Schedule a demo today.
"We've had so much positive feedback on the app as it's a great way to reach parents and get messages home quickly. The amount we spend on reprographics has also reduced considerably as the majority of letters are now accessed via the app."
Mrs Charlotte Lynch
"Oxley Park Academy have been using Webanywhere as their website provider for several years. We find that the price point, ease of use, support and design we receive from Webanywhere make it a very versatile platform for school staff to manage their own websites with minimal training. If you are after a quick setup, simp...
Ray Smith
Redlands Elementary School and N...
Redlands Primary School & Nursery contacted Webanywhere four years ago, as their existing website wasn't fi...
Chaucer School
Webanywhere offer exceptional Moodle support, which Chaucer School knows, having used them for many years.
Anthony Curton CofE School
Anthony Curton CofE School is a diocese of Ely Multi Academy Trust based in Wisbech. They educate ages 4-11...
"We've had so much positive feedback on the app as it's a great way to reach parents and get messages home quickly. The amount ...
"Oxley Park Academy have been using Webanywhere as their website provider for several years. We find that the price point, ease...
"To have the task of redesigning a website is a daunting prospect. However, WebAnywhere have simplified the process and along w...
Mrs Michelle Tasker
We provide the best value to our customers by continuously refining our
Experts in School Web Design & eLearning
Since 2003, we've been working with thousands of schools across the UK and worldwide to develop the best school websites, mobile apps and online educational software.
Software and Apps for Schools
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info@webanywhere.co.uk
School Jotter Mobile App
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text:
Gene Therapy LentiGlobin Continues to Show Good Results, Bluebird Bio Says
by Diogo Pinto
Bluebird bio reported that its investigational gene therapy LentiGlobin showed promising results for severe sickle cell disease (SCD) patients in a Phase 1 clinical trial.
Data from the ongoing HGB-206 Phase 1 multicenter study (NCT02140554) were revealed in an oral presentation, "Recent progress in gene therapy for severe sickle cell disease: Updated interim results from a Phase 1 clinical study of LentiGlobin gene therapy," at the 23rd Congress of the European Hematology Association (EHA), in Stockholm, Sweden, June 14-17.
At the beginning of the year, the company presented early positive data on the LentiGlobin gene therapy for SCD. The new data for the HGB-206 study include results as of May.
Patients enrolled in the study, which is still recruiting participants, were divided into three groups: A, B and C. In group A, seven patients were treated with the original protocol. Two patients in group B received an improved version of the treatment, designed to increase its efficiency. Six patients in group C also received the improved version of the treatment, but using stem cells from the blood instead of stem cells from bone marrow.
Results show that four patients in group C were consistently producing functional hemoglobin (anti-sickling HbAT87Q), after more than three months of follow-up.
One patient in this group was able to generate a normal total hemoglobin level (14.2 grams of hemoglobin per deciliter of blood) with more than 60 percent of functional hemoglobin, six months after treatment.
"The consistent production of increased amounts of anti-sickling HbAT87Q in the group C patients reflects the substantial positive impact of the changes introduced with the amended HGB-206 study protocol and refined manufacturing process," David Davidson, MD, chief medical officer of bluebird bio, said in a press release.
"The upward trajectory in group C at these early time points suggests the potential for these patients to exceed the initially proposed therapeutic target of 30 percent anti-sickling HbAT87Q. We continue to define the development plan with regulatory authorities, and with further follow-up, we hope to see even higher levels of HbAT87Q, as well as sustained clinical benefit for patients," Davidson said.
The research team highlighted the promising results achieved using LentiGlobin for the treatment of SCD.
"The early data from Group C patients are very exciting and provide increasing confidence that LentiGlobin has the potential to deliver transformative benefit to patients. The longer-term data from patients treated earlier in the study show that levels of anti-sickling HbAT87Q in patients with SCD treated with LentiGlobin remain stable for at least two years," said Julie Kanter, MD, at the Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina. Kanter is lead investigator of the HGB-206 study.
"Treatment options that can address the underlying cause of sickle cell disease are limited and LentiGlobin gene therapy has the potential to prevent or substantially reduce damaging symptoms associated with this debilitating disease," she concluded.
Tagged Bluebird bio, gene therapy, hemoglobin, LentiGlobin, Phase 1 clinical trial.
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ArchaNatura
Modern Natural Design & Sustainability
Imperative of Perennial Agriculture
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By Mark Lundegren
The attached infographic summarizes, and simplifies, a crucial set of ideas about sustainable forms of agriculture – and by extension, sustainable forms of modern life.
These agricultural dynamics or principles are natural, or broadly inevitable and recurring, even as they are widely unappreciated or even unwisely downplayed in our time.
As you can see, and understanding that hybrid approaches are possible, the graphic contrasts two basic approaches to creating food, today and in all times: perennial polyculture and annual monoculture.
Perennial polyculture, as its name suggests, is an approach marked by a generally healthy diversity of plants, and ones that naturally self-renew or regenerate each year. This of course is a broad description of the Earth's many natural ecosystems, evolved over a billion years or more, and ones that usually include animals that feed on these plants and often symbiotically aid them in turn. In human agriculture, perennial polyculture systems include grassland or pasture animal grazing, forest animal grazing, tree-based fruit and nut production, various hunting practices, and natural fishing and fisheries. Normally, these agricultural systems, or ecosystems, are naturally or readily made fully sustainable, regenerative, and thus resilient or enduring in practice.
By contrast, annual monoculture involves a single annual or annualized plant species grown at scale, or in monoculture. When human agriculture is based on this approach, it normally involves annual harvesting and replanting, and often with regular soil tilling and other forms of environmental disturbance . Across living nature on our planet, annual monoculture is rare or exceptional, though it does exist or recur. This includes following fires and other forms of ecosystem dislocation. But in these and other cases, natural monoculture also typically leads to ecological succession or ascension, plant and animal re-diversification, and a return to typically healthier or more durable perennial polyculture conditions.
In human agriculture, annual monoculture systems include grain and legume farming, other forms of staple and vegetable farming, and animal and fish production based on these foods. As you likely know, these food systems, or again ecosystems, began with and after our initial Agricultural Revolution, approximately 10,000 years ago. Crucially, agriculture based on annual monoculture is naturally more precarious and unstable than perennial polyculture – often requiring significant external inputs and labor, naturally proving more susceptible to both drought and pests, commonly degrading natural soil and water systems over time, and all as tellingly evidenced in the naturally brief and ecologically turbulent history of dedicated human agriculture.
Consistent with these ideas, we should expect and do find in fact that these two approaches to human food production have vastly different and even opposing environmental effects today, as the infographic highlights. As a result, these natural ecological principles in all recommend a modern movement or return to human food harvesting, and thus daily diets, based primarily on perennial polyculture systems, which notably was our ancestral and long-enduring norm or practice as foragers.
I would encourage you to consider and explore these important ideas, and also to share the infographic widely to help increase general awareness of these essential natural considerations in assuring modern human health and sustainability in time.
Mark Lundegren is the founder of ArchaNatura.
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Vertical Solar Power Towers
I was working on a design study recently and soon realized that, although the approach had many merits, one disadvantage was that the basic form did not lend itself to conventional solar panels.
In my case, this was due to the novel geometry of the design. But the problem or issue of course occurs regularly across a variety of design formats, from traditional ornate designs and highly articulated styles to modern polygonal and free-form shapes.
In the future, we may have more flexible solar collector options. Today, however, our choices are more limited. Alternatives include abandoning the original design, or instead the goals of solar electricity generation and building energy autonomy. Another is to pursue custom and often expensive solar panel fabrication.
All of these options can have have substantial disadvantages, and the dilemma led me to envision a preferable alternative. This is the use of what I will call vertical solar power towers – either adjacent to or at some distance from buildings, or even independently of buildings and potentially as a more efficient approach to solar energy collection overall. Importantly, this tower concept is different from and simpler than far more complex solar tower furnaces designed to capture reflected sunlight from mirror arrays.
The Vertical Solar Power Towers infographic above describes the basic idea and summarizes key considerations surrounding the design, construction, and use of these towers. As you can see in the infographic, and as its title implies, the overall concept is quite simple: relatively slender towers of a varying sizes and shapes are constructed, covered or built entirely with solar panels, and in turn used to collect and potentially store electricity. I found a few examples online of the idea being explored, but overall the approach appears substantially unused, despite its many potential benefits.
What are these benefits? In addition to increasing both design flexibility and opportunities for solar energy production, vertical power towers can have a number advantages over traditional horizontal or inclined solar panels. These include: 1) a low cost of construction overall, 2) the potential for prefabrication, and resulting cost and quality benefits, 3) easy panel servicing and maintenance, 4) superior energy capture at low sun angles, high latitudes, and early and late in the day, 5) the likelihood of cooler panels and thus higher energy conversion efficiency, and 6) the potential for greater solar panel density overall. On the last point, this advantage notably is much as with vertical gardening compared with traditional crop planting – with solar panel towers likely to occupy more vertical space than is typical in ordinary solar installations, thus potentially taking up much less room horizontally for comparable production levels.
As my infographic explores, there are a number of solar tower design and placement issues that reman waiting to be examined, many a subset of the study of optimal solar building design overall. Some of these include the optimal shape of vertical solar power towers from both cost and energy collection standpoints, the ideal height of the towers from each standpoint, and optimal densities and placement patterns when solar towers are built in clusters.
With these ideas in mind, I would encourage you to consider my infographic and the many potential uses for vertical solar power towers in building and community design – and whether on a small, middle, or larger scale. In practice, whenever we build vertically and thus nearly every time we build, there is an opportunity to consider either the use of vertical solar power directly or at least the core design principles needed to optimize this approach to solar energy collection in the building's plan and elevation design.
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Exploring Curtain-Style Walls
A major architectural and building technology advance in the last 100 years has been development of what is now known as the curtain wall. As the name implies, curtain wall design and construction involves treating building exteriors as an integrated and often patterned or fabric-like surface, instead of an assembly of independent elements.
With the advent of high-rise and large-span steel and steel-reinforced modern buildings – often fabricated with interior columns and cantilevered floor and ceiling edges for efficiency – there has been a basic shift in construction needs and techniques, and in the design of building exteriors in particular. These buildings no longer require massive load-bearing perimeter walls, but often do benefit from greater glass or glazed exterior surfaces to increase natural light penetrating their deep interiors. From these changing demands and opportunities, the innovation of the modern curtain wall emerged.
In curtain wall construction, fairly lightweight, generally non-load-bearing, and often significantly glazed walls are attached to the outer perimeter of floor and ceiling slabs or joists. This can speed prefabricated construction of exterior walls and reduce large building costs overall, while permitting both more active or intelligent wall systems and greater design creativity when planning a building's appearance. As outlined, once building walls become lightweight or curtain-like, and figuratively are draped from roof to foundation, new design opportunities emerge, and notably ones mirroring the flexibility of designing fabrics or textiles. If a designer can imagine a wall pattern of material and/or glass, a curtain wall likely can be constructed to match, again much as with woven draperies and given the new freedom from exterior load-bearing demands in modern interior-supported buildings.
While curtain wall techniques initially were intended for skyscrapers and large institutional buildings, curtain walls and their load-bearing siblings, window walls, quickly found an expanded place in residential and smaller-scale buildings. Beginning with the modernist architectural movement in the 1920s, the use of large, significantly glazed, and often textile-like patterned walls increased in small building design, reflecting the curtain wall style and often substantially opening living spaces to the outdoors or courtyard areas. In some parts of the world, curtain-style walls are now common in residential and light commercial construction, though this is less the case where more traditional architectural and popular tastes prevail.
My photo montages provide visual illustrations of these ideas, here focusing primarily on residential and smaller-scale construction, rather than the now near-universal use of curtain walls in larger buildings. The upper-left image in the first set of photos of course is an archetypal example of traditional construction, with heavy load-bearing walls supporting the building's floors and roof, and doors and windows essentially cut or punctured into the exterior wall surfaces. To the right of this photo is a fairly dramatic but equally typical example of a residential curtain or window wall, in this case one that is nearly all glass, and where the building is or at least appears to be unsupported at its edges.
As you can see from this contrast, these are very different construction approaches and building designs, and both aesthetically and in the environmental and spatial relationships they foster. Importantly, the two opposing photos on the lower portion of the first montage highlights that while curtain walls often are mostly glass in larger buildings, this need not be the case, and often should not be, especially when constructing the exterior walls of smaller buildings in a curtain style – again owing to optimal building cost, lighting, and energy-use considerations.
The next collection of photos, immediately above, further contrasts traditional and curtain-style wall construction, and reinforces the idea that they are quite different in both approach and result. As you can see comparing the top two photos in this set, traditional heavy wall and independent openings on the left give way to a lighter, more subtle, and fairly seamless curtained or textiled effect. In the right photo, the building walls, windows, and doors are largely integrated into a larger and patterned whole.
Across the bottom of this second set of images, I have used two contrasting photos highlighting that these ideas apply beyond rectilinear construction. Here, the traditional door and window placement of the left steel arch building – a construction system which often requires no load-bearing along its end walls – is very different from the more open, inviting, and elegant curtained approach on the right. That said, the second design plainly is far more expensive and energy intensive than the first, especially for a small-building application. As such, an altered curtain-style approach, with less glazing overall and more insulated elements, likely will be superior in many designs.
The remaining photos explore the many possibilities for using curtain-style walls in residential and small building construction. In these photos, we can see the potential for curtain and window wall designs to be elaborate, simple, and at many points between. This sampling of curtain-style or textile walls also highlights how the approach reliably adds openness to building spaces, provides a more flowing or integrated aesthetic overall, and increases feelings of both spaciousness and situatedness.
While reviewing these photos, it is worth noting that the use of curtain-style, patterned, or integrated window-walls tends to modernize structures, and the approach can be at odds with or require extra attentiveness when working alongside traditional building designs. As highlighted above, it also is important to again emphasize that the approach often requires care and the judicious use of glass surfaces to keep building costs and energy-use in check, especially in smaller buildings (though low-cost solar electric power may reduce these constraints in the future).
However, since curtain-style walls generally increase feelings of enjoyment and building spaciousness, they often can allow construction of smaller buildings with equal occupant utility or satisfaction, thereby naturally mitigating their added costs. And while on the topic of minimizing building scale and expense, I would add that curtain-style walls can be employed in concert with and add new openness to residential and commercial courtyard buildings, and thus may aid wider use of this at once old and new approach to higher-density but privacy-preserving community design.
Let me end our discussion of curtain-style walls by returning to the important idea that residences and smaller buildings often will need less glazed or glass-intensive walls than modern high-rise and other large-scale buildings, once more since less exterior lighting is needed and to control building costs and energy use. Interestingly, when searching for photos of small buildings with only partly glazed curtain or window walls, I found few examples, and many of these were from traditional pattern-emphasizing or textilized Japanese architecture.
This limited set of contemporary examples of the approach suggests waiting opportunity for new exploration of partly-glazed curtain walls in smaller buildings, and also where we might look for initial inspiration and guidance in this area.
Photo credits: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17
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Design For Planetary Health
Architects, engineers, builders, developers, and planners have many ideas about optimal design. These include preferences and goals for the aesthetics, layout, materials, densities, spatial plan, and economics of buildings and our larger built environment.
All are important considerations, and can be essential to successful building and community design. But I would like to propose a simple, fundamental, and quite sweeping design principle that at once underlies and supersedes all other design issues and demands. This principle is consideration of whether the design or development aids or inhibits planetary health, which is my topic for today.
As I said, the idea is sweeping and fundamental. If you will give me a few minutes, I will first explain why this concern should be considered the first principle of natural design, and then outline how the principle readily can inform and guide other design and development ideas, across the modern world and for our common benefit.
The Design For Planetary Health infographic above describes two basic approaches to modern development – one primarily as it occurs today, the other how it might, if we are committed to planetary health and human sustainability. Please note that many of the ideas in the infographic are drawn from the work of the ecologist Walter Jehne, who you can learn about here and here. Let me also emphasize that my design for planetary health proposals do not involve either creating or living less vitally or robustly, only differently, or more intelligently and naturally.
Understanding why the promotion of planetary health is the first principle of natural design is fairly straightforward. Simply put, all design, building, technology, and indeed human action will have either a positive, negative, or neutral impact on the natural health or survivability of life and the ecosystems upon which we depend. While negative health impacts may be inconsequential when small or limited, as these cases increase they naturally undermine our capacity for further action, and even future life, and thus are irrational, paradoxical, inextensible, or unprincipled.
Further, since some human actions typically will be either unintentionally or clandestinely health negative, effort at positive health impacts are essential, if we are to achieve positive or at least neutral environmental health effects overall. And the only way to further this outcome fairly, and not overburden particular people and groups, is to make demands for comparable degrees of positive health impact the rule for all designs, developments, and endeavors. This may sound onerous, but in practice is normally a reasonable or fairly easily adopted standard. After all, living nature has been using this basic approach for millions of years, without obvious hardship, and indeed seemingly to its benefit.
There are many potential methods for achieving positive planetary health outcomes in the aggregate, and my infographic is not intended as a final word on the topic. But its framework may reflect our best current understanding of how we are most contributing to reduced planetary health, and the most direct, efficient, and reliable alternative to reverse and undo these trends. As you can see in the graphic, this alternative approach to modern infrastructure design addresses many of our most important human and environmental health issues today. These include global warming, climate change, ocean acidification, land aridification and desertification, agricultural soil loss, poor food quality, habitat loss, increased atmospheric carbon, and other forms of human pollution.
As I said, the infographic describes two basic approaches to human design and development, one broadly running contrary to natural ecological forces and another intended to work in concert with them. In the two approaches, the central design difference is their relative emphasis and use of hardscape and softscape conditions. By this, I mean land surfaces or coverings that either inhibit or promote: 1) natural water retention and cycling, 2) soil building and microbiological vitality, and 3) green land outcomes – or ones that are sunlight absorbing, photosynthetic, and shading.
Here are brief descriptions of each design model or archetype, to help you consider and use the infographic:
> Model 1: Agricultural and Urban Hardscape – as indicated, this model describes our dominant present-day approach to design and development in both rural and urban areas. Whether through the use of monocrop annual food systems or the laying of urban pavements, today we typically create periodic or permanent hard landscape surfaces that tend to shed, rather than retain, water. When this occurs, and especially at scale, a natural result is that soils are dried and eroded, instead of hydrated and strengthened. This directly leads to diminished and decarbonized soils, less vibrant soil microbiology and surface vegetation, more sunlight reflected into the air, the formation of heat domes, and perhaps most importantly, diminished natural water cycling. Reduced water cycling, in turn, promotes compounding land aridification and reduced natural cooling on a regional scale, often further reducing soil and plant health. In addition, our common use of fossil fuels takes ancient, deeply buried carbons and releases them into the modern atmosphere, which adds to this unnatural system of planetary drying and warming.
> Model 2: Porous Natural Softscape – in keeping with the infographic, a more natural and reversing alternative to this traditional approach is to redesign and re-create our contemporary communities and infrastructure with none or few of these features. In this alternative approach, our modern infrastructure is broadly re-patterned based on natural methods and conditions, notably ones favoring water-retaining and soil-shading porous softscapes, and where carbon-free and sunlight-based economics are the mainstays of life. Key design steps in this approach include the move to perennial and polycultural agriculture, re-greening and perhaps re-agriculturalizing desertified lands, similar re-greening and softscaping of urban areas, and movement to solar-autonomous buildings and transportation. As a re-naturalizing opposite of current design and land-use practices, we can expect these steps steadily to increase landmass water retention, improve soils, increase plant cover and photosynthesis, aid many marginalized species, reduce atmospheric carbon and ocean acidification, and restore natural weather patterns and hydrological cooling.
In one sense, our modern ecological and planetary health problems are complex, vast, and overwhelming. But in another and more important one, we can understand that many of the challenges we face are rooted in a small number of specific features of modern life. These features, or design decisions, are inherently antithetical to natural systems and planetary health, demonstrable as such, and readily actionable and changeable too.
Whatever your role in the design, creation, and use of our modern infrastructure and industrial systems, I would encourage you to explore these ideas and consider how your own actions and efforts might be made far more natural, aiding, healthy, and sustainable – for our planet and all people.
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Carbon Sources Not Equal
If you follow public and scientific debate about human-induced climate change, you likely have noticed there is a good deal of conflicting information about both the problem and its principal causes.
This is unfortunate, not only as a matter of accuracy, but because the ambiguity can make needed action and essential focus areas much less clear. At its worst, false or incomplete carbon pollution information risks overburdening minor contributors to climate change, while giving major producers of new atmospheric carbon relatively easy treatment, or even an unwarranted pass.
As a study in this, and prompting the infographic below, I recently read an editorial piece, aimed primarily at the perils of meat production, suggesting that more than a quarter of human greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions were from agriculture. If you search this topic, you will quickly find that agricultural GHGs vary considerably by country, but are estimated to average about half of this level worldwide and thus form only a small portion of human-created GHGs overall.
Beyond the precise amount of GHG from agricultural activities, a more important but subtle and often overlooked point is that many agricultural emissions are significantly natural or historical GHG sources. And while reducible to a degree, such broadly natural emissions are also significantly unavoidable overall, as I will explain.
As with living nature overall, the principal direct sources of GHG from human agriculture are animal metabolism and decaying plants, which we can think of helpfully as continually released and in turn naturally recycled forms of surface carbon. Though I should add that this is not the full truth. In particular, natural plant and animal ecosystems are typically perennial or evergreen systems, both producing and using carbon dioxide throughout all or much of the year, and also steadily sequestering or encapsulating atmospheric carbon, via the natural buildup of soils that normally occurs in perennial ecological systems.
But crucially, only some of human agriculture involves perennial ecology, notably pastoral ranching and wild fisheries. Much of the rest of our agriculture instead produces annual crops raised in monoculture, often with the use of GHG-releasing fertilizers and pesticides, and where soil lies exposed, eroding, unproductive, and leaching carbon into the atmosphere for significant periods of time each year. In these cases, and leaving aside fertilizers for a moment, annual crop GHG emissions extend beyond surface animal metabolism and decaying plants to include the release of sequestered, buried, sub-surface, or ground carbon, as soil is exposed to the sun and erodes in the wind and rain. Still, even here total GHG emissions are small overall, though they appear to be increasing with ongoing soil loss from monocrop agriculture and forest clear-clearing, and could increase dramatically with the thawing of Arctic permafrost.
One important consequence of these ideas is that if we return perennial agricultural grasslands and savannas, or ocean fisheries, to natural or wild conditions, we can expect little or no change in carbon emissions. Think about it. Left alone, these areas would soon re-populate with wild animals and plants, which would naturally and perennially grow, release and consume carbon dioxide in balance, and build carbon-sequestering soil in time, as they have for millions of years. To stop this re-population, we would have to prevent wild animals and plants from re-occupying these areas, through one means or another, but with the natural result of destroying these wild, soil and atmospherically beneficial, ecosystems.
My infographic above first seeks to capture the idea that perennial organic human agriculture, while subject to productivity or efficiency opportunities, is largely a natural process and not a principal source of new GHG in the atmosphere today. Second, it emphasizes that soil and sequestered carbon disrupting human activities – from logging and annual agriculture to human-increased air and water temperatures – are significantly unnatural, an important and compounding source of new GHG, and destined to steadily reduce the earth's capacity to re-absorb atmospheric carbon, new and old.
Lastly, the graphic highlights the primary and indeed vast majority source of human-produced GHGs in the modern atmosphere. This is the mining and use of carbon fuels, or ancient soil carbons, long buried deep below the Earth's surface. Such underground carbon includes coal, oil, and gas-based transportation, electricity generation, industry, building, business and consumer goods, heating and cooling, plant fertilizers, and agricultural machinery.
In addition to unnatural soil-degrading and vegetation-inhibiting agricultural practices, this is where our modern climate change problem squarely and principally lies.
Additional Reading: Carbon Cycle, Climate Change, Greenhouse Gas Types & Sources
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Better Than Nothing Design
I would like to propose a bold new minimum standard for architecture and building – that of better than nothing.
This may seem as though I am lowering rather than raising the design bar. But if it does, it is worth spending a moment considering what we typically mean with the word nothing.
For me, in this context it means a building site that is in a natural or undeveloped condition, or one that is naturally returning itself to a wild state. As such, nothing is actually something, usually far from something negative, and indeed often something quite complex and inspiring, as my photo below reminds.
Undeveloped Nature – Nothing By Human Hands, And Yet A Dramatic Something
In this light, what we design and build too often can be seen as worse than nothing, since it degrades or subsumes wild nature, or is better than before only because a natural area previously had been beat into true or abject nothingness by others.
So, instead of lowering human design and development standards, my intent is to significantly raise, renaturalize, and inform them. By seeking to create in ways that are better than nothing, we have the opportunity for buildings and communities superior to their original natural condition, and not merely ones resurrected from oblivion and mediocrity. Importantly, this work naturally includes not only ensuring elevated aesthetics relative to natural conditions, but also natural autonomy, sustainability, self-renewal, functionality, and health-promotion too.
You may object, thinking I have cherry-picked the above photo or am romanticizing about wild nature. If so, my second photo provides examples of four vacant suburban lots, all currently for sale and awaiting development.
Four Vacant Sites Currently For Sale, All Undeveloped Nothings and Yet Beautiful Somethings
Scanning the four sites, perhaps you will agree that all are naturally beautiful and uplifting somethings, even as they are undeveloped, and thus nothing to some or in a sense. As waiting case studies in better than nothing or nature-informed architecture and construction, I could and would challenge you to conceive of development approaches that genuinely do better than these examples of natural nothing.
Of course, as wild or re-wilding natural ecosystems, all four sites again are not only beautiful, they are also resilient, interacting, evolving, healing, energy-harvesting, resource-managing, and waste-recycling, as is all or most of living nature. Each site equally is complex and synergistic, a store of value or outcome beyond the combination of its parts, in service of a diverse community of organisms, and a worthy lesson and foundation upon which to understand, and indeed demand, natural design excellence .
Once Marginalized Site Restored, Transformed, And Now Protected By Human Ingenuity And Love
I will leave you with one more photo, as you consider our opportunity for raising design standards to mimic and then enhance nature, and her landscapes and lifescapes. This is a before and after photo of a small stream in rural Pennsylvania, in a wild area previously farmed, mined, and logged nearly into unrecognition.
Since then, the site not only has been restored, but transformed into something new, remarkable, and uplifting by human intelligence, creativity, excellence, and love of nature.
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Ultra-Low Water Use Buildings
There are many reasons we might be interested in ultra-low water use.
To begin a list, we might live in an area which has low rainfall and limited water abundance. We may want to reduce expenses from high water use, wherever we live. We might seek to stop unsustainable draws on local groundwater, and thus perhaps ensure adequate spring and surface water for natural wildlife and the carbon-sequestering ecosystems around us. Or either practically or philosophically, we may wish to build off-grid in as many ways as possible, be free of centralized utilities and their bills, and live with a higher degree of natural autonomy, freedom, and resilience than is typical today.
Whatever our motivations for examining and pursuing this goal, let me say upfront that genuinely radical reductions in water use are normally possible in much of the industrially developed world, without significant reductions in our material quality of life. As we will discuss, thanks to modern technology, and in most areas – and almost always in ones with above 30 cm (12 inches) of annual rainfall – it is possible to live a fully modern life with on-site captured rain and other precipitation as our sole source of water.
Wikipedia: Residential Water Use in the U.S. and Canada (link/credit)
Importantly, while our discussion will focus on residential or domestic water use, all of its its lessons are directly applicable to commercial and institutional buildings. On the other hand, water use in industrial manufacturing is clearly a separate and more ranging topic, with different issues and differing opportunities across various industrial sectors.
However, while we will only briefly touch on this area here, the case of both industrial and domestic food production is worth highlighting as part of our core discussion. Simply put, with careful water consumption, the use of modern permaculture techniques, and movement to more natural and naturally water-conserving perennial food systems (a topic I have summarized here), the above rule of deriving all needed water from on-site precipitation also broadly applies to agriculture as well.
Lastly for this introduction, our discussion notably will assume the presence of abundant low-cost electricity, a proposal that seems reasonable, across the developed world at least, in our era of increasingly low-cost solar collectors and batteries (a trend I have explored here).
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Building Design For Printability
Architects, builders, planners, and developers are doubtless aware that 3D printed buildings and larger communities are on the horizon, with early prototypes now in the popular and professional press. In this approach, large three-axis printers, or alternatives such as ones pivoting from a central point, are used to place materials in a specific order via design and printing software.
While this potential is well-recognized, at least three important aspects of this likely change in construction methods may be overlooked. First is that it will both require and strongly incentivize new Design for Printibality (DFP) standards and practices. On one hand, this will be necessary to enable reliable use of the technology, and also encouraged by the fact that machine-printed buildings with high DFP quotients – from backyard sheds to urban skyscrapers – may become substantially less expensive to construct and maintain than traditionally-built ones.
To Sense Potential Changes, Consider Which Form Is Easier to 3D Print
Second, as my intentionally provocative photo suggests, perhaps few of us have considered how radically DFP may alter building design and engineering, and the typical building shapes and fine-scale design features that we typically employ and take as given today. But to quickly understand this prospect, consider that much of human architecture, historically and in our time, has a low DFP quotient and is likely to be strongly disfavored or disincentivized by 3D technology.
Third, perhaps just as few of us are aware that DFP standards exist already, owing to the rise of desktop and industrial 3D printing, that these standards appear broadly applicable to building design at all scales, and also that they likely offer a significant window onto future building design and construction.
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The Most Efficient Building Form
Do you wonder if common building forms or approaches are the most efficient possible?
Since much of architecture and design today, as in the past, is concerned with aesthetics, norms, status, expression, and therefore communication, you may suspect the answer is no, and even strongly no.
But before you answer, let me point out that when we think of form or design efficiency, we can mean more than the direct costs or immediate resources and energy involved in constructing and using buildings, along with the larger settings they create in combination, as important as this is to determining efficiency.
In a complementary and informing way, we also can consider the indirect costs of buildings and developed areas. This crucial but less obvious category of costs or efficiency factors is often substantially overlooked, taken as separate from or beyond the scope of building and development, or expediently treated as "free" to some degree – thereby becoming externalities, or public or unborn costs, in the terminology of economists.
Importantly, indirect building and development costs can be as significant as direct ones. They include the often unexamined costs of pollution, dislocation, future inflexibility, sprawl, resource degradation, eventual obsolescence, and the potential for blight. As a practical matter, such indirect and commonly overlooked costs are essential to understanding the true cost, and thus the true efficiency, of any design, building, or developed area.
Fortunately, we can simplify this complex topic for a general discussion by recognizing that two basic design principles or features often substantially predict both types of costs, and thus the general efficiency of building and development. The first of these principles is that development, buildings, and spaces that are more compact or reduced in scope will tend to be less resource-intensive, less costly overall, and therefore more efficient, as long as they meet essential needs or are effective solutions overall.
The second principle is that buildings, infrastructure, and material inputs using renewable resources – and failing this, readily recyclable or reusable ones – will tend to be less costly and more efficient overall as well, by often producing fewer externalities or indirect costs for others to contend with in time. There are of course exceptions to these two rules. But overall, it is a much more difficult general case to advocate for expansive and non-renewable building and development on efficiency grounds, even as this is still our most common approach to building today.
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Low-Cost Courtyard Homes
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In our era of increasing excess, but also increasingly inaccessible excess, there is now an important counter-trend – one favoring mobile homes, smaller homes, and even tiny homes. This trend often seeks to promote less expensive living, less encumbered living, more intentional living, ecologically greener living, or all of these complementary goals at once.
While this overall movement has produced many interesting designs and innovations, one home feature that is frequently lost or missing in the pursuit of smaller or more minimalistic homes is privacy, and especially private outdoor space. Fortunately, this omission is readily avoided and there are a number of ways of preserving or creating private space as today's architects, builders, property owners, and developers downsize the footprint of housing.
Model Of Small Classical Courtyard – An Option For Modern Minimal Living
Simple steps to increase home privacy generally involve the use of natural or artificial screening around a building site, which can result in designs that are creative, functional, satisfying, space enhancing, and quite beautiful, as I wrote about in Rethinking Walls & Fences. However, sometimes we will want a solution that creates greater privacy, and especially greater acoustical and visual isolation, than screening and similar approaches may afford. Here, we can look to pre-modern urban and suburban building to see an earlier widespread method for creating significant household privacy, especially on a small scale or in fairly dense living conditions. As my title highlights, this method involves the use of courtyards.
The idea of bringing courtyards to modern minimal living and small or tiny home designs may seem an extravagance. But the truth is that, except in mid or high-rise urban cores, courtyards can be created simply and inexpensively, for little more cost than the land the courtyard occupies. Indeed, sometimes courtyards even can be created almost for free, as in the case of mobile living on public lands or when reconfiguring inefficiently designed spaces. And as the focus for this discussion, homes themselves also can be designed from the start to be naturally self-screening or area-enclosing, creating private courtyard spaces automatically, as they are built and quite simply.
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Press Releases 2020 /
25/11/2020 - IASO Group: Named the Best Hospital in Greece. In addition, received the most distinctions, 7 in total, at the Healthcare Business Awards 2020
IASO was named Best Hospital in Greece at the Healthcare Business Awards 2020. It also won another 7 awards along with IASO Children's Hospital for its innovative and groundbreaking healthcare services, the IASO Children's Hospital comprehensive pediatric check-up media campaign, and its By your Side Corporate Social Responsibility program.
Ms Christina Tampourea, IASO Group Chief Commercial Officer (CCO), noted, "For yet another year, IASO Group has won people over. We feel truly honored and grateful. It is the teamwork of the administrative, nursing and medical staff and their hard work that is rewarded through this process. It is not a coincidence that we were able to be nominated in all the categories and even more so to have been distinguished in all of them. It is not a coincidence to have been named Best Hospital. We are very proud of our work in all areas which promote what we hold most dear, our Health, and, of course, our sense of social responsibility, especially in such difficult times."
The awards in detail
IASO Group won the Gold Award for its By your Side comprehensive Corporate Social Responsibility program, which meets the healthcare needs of our vulnerable fellow citizens in practice. Since 2015, the program has been supporting and cooperating with more than 20 NGOs and Associations and has carried out more than 3,400 pro bono surgeries, and free of charge deliveries, medical tests and consultations. On every World Health Day, the Group has been standing by the side of society with 118 offers and actions, and has held more than 125 informative speeches on healthcare for the general public. Note that IASO is a Volunteer Bone Marrow Donor Center, supporting the ORAMA ELPIDAS Association.
IASO won the Silver Award in the category for leading innovation in Obstetrics, Gynecology and IVF. Treatment of placenta percreta demands surgical experience and specialization, together with massive blood transfusion to compensate for massive bleeding during surgery. For the first time in Obstetrics/Gynecology in Greece, the Cell Saver Autotransfusion System is being used during surgery at IASO since 2019, by Mr. Stavros Fotopoulos, Obstetrician/Gynecologist and Director of the IASO Surgery and Delivery Room, and Mrs. Maria Evangelia Nikolaidou, Obstetrician/Gynacologist and IASO associate.
IASO and IASO Children's Hospital won the Bronze Award in the category for the actions and measures taken against COVID-19, for employee safety, support and information. From the onset of the Covid-19 crisis in Greece, IASO and IASO Children's Hospital implemented and applied an integrated management plan to ensure absolute safety for all and a comprehensive Marketing & Communications strategy with the aim of raising awareness among citizens and staff. Focusing on the safety of patients, visitors, staff, doctors and nurses, the IASO hospitals took specific measures, in compliance with the guidelines and instructions of the National Public Health Organization (NPHO) and the World Health Organization (WHO). In addition, special protocols and action plans were drawn up for pregnant women and children with suspected COVID-19 infection, and special personal protective equipment (PPE) was introduced. The Infections Committee – chaired by Mr. Marios Lazanas, Internist/Infectious Disease Specialist and Director of the IASO Internal Medicine / Infectious Disease Clinic, Ms. Maria Meliou, Internist/Infectious Disease Specialist and Registrar of the IASO Internal Medicine / Infectious Disease Clinic, and Ms. Eleni Papastamouli, Midwife, IASO Head of Infections – coordinates and supervises the implementation of the measures taken against the pandemic, while it keeps associates, staff and the competent authorities informed on all the developments.
IASO Children's Hospital won the Bronze Award in the category for leading innovation for the successful innovative surgical treatment of Congenital Tracheal Stenosis (CTS) on a 10-day-old neonate. The neonate underwent surgery to have the narrowed part of the trachea removed, and reconstruction of the trachea and the right mainstem bronchus. The surgery was performed by the qualified and experienced team of the IASO Children's Hospital Pediatric Cardiac Surgery / Congenital Heart Disease Clinic, under the Supervision of Professor Afksendiyos Kalangos; Ms. Evangelia Ntalarizou, Cardiac Surgeon; Mr. Panagiotis Sfyridis, Cardiac Surgeon; and Mr. Prodromos Azariadis, Cardiac Surgeon; and the support of the IASO Children's Hospital Cardiac Surgery Intensive Care Unit.
IASO Children's Hospital won the Silver Αward in the category for leading innovation for the endoscopic treatment of pilonidal cyst with laser (E.P.Si.T. – Εndoscopic Pilonidal Sinus Treatment) on children. The IASO Children's Hospital Pediatric Surgery Department applies a new high-tech surgical approach for the treatment of pilonidal cysts using endoscopic laser, with excellent results in children. As reported by Mr. Georgios Pergamalis and Mr. Arsenios Georgiadis, IASO Children's Hospital Directors of the Pediatric Surgery Department, the EP.Si.T. technique is superior to conventional surgery for pilonidal cysts, in terms of absence of postoperative pain, shorter recovery and postoperative care time and best aesthetic results.
IASO Children's Hospital won the Silver Award in the category for leading innovation for the successful placement of a lung valve through the jugular vein on a 12-year-old heart patient, without open-heart surgery, a first for Greece and Europe. The surgery was performed by the qualified and experienced team of the IASO Children's Hospital Pediatric Cardiac Surgery Department and Hemodynamic Laboratory, under the supervision of Dr. Georgios Tsaousis, and under the scientific and technical guidance of Professor Vasilios Thanopoulos, top Greek Cardiac Surgeon with long experience in minimally invasive placement of lung valves. It was carried out by the IASO Children's Hospital Pediatric Cardiac Surgery Department, headed by world famous Professor Afksendiyos Kalangos.
IASO Children's Hospital won the Silver Award in the Media and Communications category for its comprehensive pediatric check-up media campaign. This campaign has already won 4 Ermis Awards: a Gold award in the Illustration category for the visualization of the concept, and the aesthetics and style of the illustration, two awards in the Corporate Communication Advertising Campaign category, and one award in the Advertising Campaign/Project Series. In addition, the advertising campaign has received international recognition and has appeared in two issues of Lürzer's Archive (the top magazine in the advertising industry worldwide).
From left to right: Ms. Christina Tampourea, IASO Group Chief Commercial Officer; Ms. Maria Evangelia Nikolaidou, Obstetrician/Gynecologist, IASO associate; Mr. Stavros Fotopoulos, Obstetrician/Gynecologist, Director of the IASO Surgery / Delivery Room; Christina Korovesi, Head of Marketing & Communications at IASO Obstetrics/Gynecology Clinic
From the left to right: Ms. Maria Meliou, Internist/Infectious Disease Specialist, Registrar at the IASO Internal Medicine/Infectious Disease Clinic; Mr. Marios Lazanas, Internist/Infectious Disease Specialist, Chairman of the IASO Infections Committee, Director of the IASO Internal Medicine/Infectious Disease Clinic of IASO; and Ms. Eleni Papastamouli, Midwife, Head of IASO Infections
From left to right: Ms. Christina Tampourea, IASO Group Chief Commercial Officer; Professor Vasileios Thanopoulos, Interventional Cardiologist, Scientific Consultant of the IASO Children's Hospital Cardiology Department & Hemodynamic Laboratory; Professor Afksendiyos Kalangos, Director of the IASO Children's Hospital Pediatric Cardiac Surgery Clinic / Center for Congenital Heart Defects; Dr. Georgios Tsaousis, Pediatric Cardiologist, Director of the IASO Children's Hospital Cardiology Department & Hemodynamic Laboratory; Ms. Nancy Christopoulou, Head of Group CSR & Communications, Head of Marketing for the IASO Children's Hospital & IASO General services and departments
From left to right: Mr. Georgios Kampouroglou, Registrar of the IASO Children's Hospital Pediatric Surgery Department; Ms. Alexandra Oikonomopoulou, Registrar of the IASO Children's Hospital Pediatric Surgery Department; Mr. Arsenios Georgiadis, Director of the IASO Children's Hospital Pediatric Surgery Department; Mr. Georgios Pergamalis, Director of the IASO Children's Hospital Pediatric Surgery Department; Ms. Maria Kopanidi, Director of the IASO Children's Hospital Pediatric Surgery Department; Ms. Christina-Leopoldini Dori, Registrar of the IASO Children's Hospital Pediatric Surgery Department; and Mr. Georgios Kofinas, Registrar of the IASO Children's Hospital Pediatric Surgery Department
IASO was named Best Hospital in Greece at the Healthcare Business Awards 2020. It also won another 7 awards along...
20/11/2020 - IASO Children's Hospital: European Cystic Fibrosis Awareness Week Free Test SARS CoV-2 RNA (PRC) for the Children suffering from Cystic Fibrosis
Prompted by the European Cystic Fibrosis Awareness Week (15-21 November 2020), IASO Children's Hospital offers, until the end of December,...
22/10/2020 - IASO Children's Hospital: Integrated treatment of tracheal stenosis by the most specialized medical team
Congenital Tracheal Stenosis (CTS) is a serious and rare condition. CTS is characterized by complete cartilaginous rings of the trachea...
01/10/2020 - IASO Group: Together with the mission "ANTHROPOS" for the coverage of the needs of six senior citizens non-profit care facilities
On the occasion of International Day of Older Persons and in the context of the IASO Group's Corporate Social Responsibility...
25/09/2020 - IASO GROUP: Contract with EDOEAP Fund (Unified Subsidiary Social Security and Welfare Press Organization)
IASO Group signed a contract with EDOEAP Fund (Unified Subsidiary Social Security and Welfare Press Organization), the Fund for the...
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Winkin', blinkin' and mod
Children's furniture retailer Land of Nod channels its eclectic roots for revamp
Brigid Sweeney
John R. Boehm
"We had become too similar to the competition and a little too safe in the product line," says Michelle Kohanzo, managing director of Land of Nod, above.
Flipping through a new catalog for children's furniture retailer Land of Nod, you may think you're looking at Etsy.com, the online marketplace for handmade crafts.
And that's just the way Michelle Kohanzo likes it.
Since being named managing director in February, Ms. Kohanzo, 36, has focused on coaxing the brand away from pastel minifurniture and bringing it back to its eclectic roots with bright colors, printed textiles and goofy felt toys.
"We had become too similar to the competition and a little too safe in the product line," Ms. Kohanzo says, sitting in her bright office in Morton Grove in front of a marine-blue accent wall with the word "BANANAS" spelled out in yellow wooden letters. "I wanted to amp up the assortment and introduce some trends to regain our competitive edge."
The task of overhauling the brand's merchandise has indeed been bananas, especially for a mother of four children under 14. In preparation for this year's holiday season, Ms. Kohanzo has spent 18 months traveling, finding new artistic partners and editing and re-editing the product assortment.
She injected a rainbow palette into Land of Nod's subdued wooden beds, linens and light fixtures. She oversaw its just-launched line of 200 exclusive toys. And she's overseeing its inaugural holiday pop-up store in New York's SoHo neighborhood, which features a tree growing through the center and shopper events with Land of Nod artists.
At the same time, the original Land of Nod store, on Clybourn Avenue in Lincoln Park, is getting a facelift. It will become a concept store, where the company tests customer response to merchandise before it's sold in the catalog, website and four other shops, including locations in north suburban Northbrook Court and west suburban Oakbrook Center. All this, Ms. Kohanzo says, is gearing up for Land of Nod's eventual physical expansion, with New York—the company's top online market—high on the list.
Ms. Kohanzo started at Crate & Barrel in 1995 while a 19-year-old student at the University of Illinois at Chicago, working in the Northbrook-based company's call center.
Four years later, she made the jump to Land of Nod, then a Wheeling-based firm in which Crate & Barrel had acquired a 50 percent stake.
Over the next decade, she worked in nearly every division, opening stores, running the marketing department and eventually becoming head merchant. The company grew with her: Ms. Kohanzo, its 10th employee, now oversees about 200 people.
The home furnishings industry is growing again, too, with sales up 6.4 percent, to $28.4 billion, in 2011, according to industry publication Furniture Today.
TRICKY AND CROWDED
But the children's niche is notoriously tricky and crowded, as retailers ranging from European giant Ikea to Pottery Barn have established presences. Many consumers, overwhelmed by the costs associated with new parenthood, head to Target or Babies R Us for inexpensive, one-stop shopping, according to Neil Stern, a retail consultant at Chicago-based McMillan Doolittle LLP.
Ms. Kohanzo says Land of Nod's prices fall in the middle of the spectrum—"We don't want to be the cheapest"—but notes that the company has increased its emphasis on well-priced gift items such as a $39 puppet theater meant to hang in a doorway.
Still, competition remains fierce: Nod's seven-drawer dresser goes for $799, while a similar design from Pottery Barn Kids runs $749, and a smaller Target dresser with a similar look costs just $175.
Ms. Kohanzo declines to provide revenue numbers, saying only that they were mostly flat from 2010 to 2011 but are on track to increase this year. (A decade ago, when the company had fewer than 20 employees, Nod's founders told Crain's that the company did about $15 million in annual sales.)
Land of Nod was founded in 1996 by boyhood friends Scott Eirinberg, a former advertising copywriter, and Jamie Cohen, a former Andersen Consulting associate. It operated as a catalog business for four years until Crate & Barrel acquired half the company and helped Messrs. Eirinberg and Cohen launch brick-and-mortar stores.
Mr. Eirinberg left the company in 2010. Mr. Cohen departed in February. Crate & Barrel then acquired the rest of Land of Nod.
"Besides her knowledge of the business, Michelle also has incredible passion for the brand and for customer service," Mr. Cohen says. "It doesn't seem like work for her. She really enjoys the product, and that enthusiasm is very contagious."
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Land of Nod aims to keep its products midpriced among kids furniture competitors.
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