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Home » Review articles » Nitrates And Associated Health Hazards
Nitrates And Associated Health Hazards
By Mr. Vikram Lohar , Dr. Rubal Arora , Mr. Vimal Arora
Corresponding Author Mr. Vikram Lohar
Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences. JNU, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sci. jodhpur National University. Jodhpur - India 342001
Submitting Author Mr. Vikram Lohar
Other Authors Dr. Rubal Arora
Faculty of Applied Sci. JNU, Jodhpur., - India
Mr. Vimal Arora
Faculty of Pharm. Sci. JNU, Jodhpur., - India
Subject Category : ENVIRONMENTAL MEDICINE
Keywords : Nitrates, Denitrification, Methemoglobinemia.
How to cite the article: Lohar V, Arora R, Arora V. Nitrates And Associated Health Hazards. WebmedCentral ENVIRONMENTAL MEDICINE 2010;1(10):WMC001067
doi: 10.9754/journal.wmc.2010.001067
WebmedCentral Peer Reviewed: No
Submitted on: 23 Oct 2010 06:43:39 AM GMT
Published on: 23 Oct 2010 08:09:46 AM GMT
Disease burden, in relation to environmental risk factors is generally determined by establishing the number of people affected with each outcome. This can be then converted into disability-adjusted life years, accounting for the severity and duration of each health outcome. In relation to various risk factors; the disability or the diseased state may be attributed to exposure to poor quality water, improper sanitation and atmospheric pollution. Nitrogen is the major constituent of the atmosphere which occurs in many forms e.g. elemental nitrogen, nitrates and ammonia etc. According to WHO, if concentration of nitrates in our body exceeds more than 45 mg/l then it may cause various diseases such as Methemoglobinemia, Intestinal Cancer, Thyroid problems and various problems associated with the Reproductive system etc. The major source of increase in the concentration of nitrates is use of anthropogenic sources, nitrogen cycle, oxidation of lower nitrogen oxides to nitrates by microbial processes in the soil, photochemical oxidation in the stratosphere, chemical oxidation of ammonia, human and animal waste, industrial wastes, fertilizer processing industries, septic tanks and use of nitrogen rich fertilizers for agricultural purposes that leads to increase in nitrogen content in ground water by leaching etc. To achieve the safe nitrate levels, there are various options such as to change water sources, treatment of water(drinking water) using various processes such as reverse osmosis, ion exchange or biological denitrification etc. or by chemical reduction, by reducing the use of nitrogen rich fertilizers or by making dumps and using waste water treatment plants.
Nitrogen is a major constituent of the earth's atmosphere and occurs in many different forms such as elemental nitrogen, nitrate and ammonia. Natural reactions of atmospheric forms of nitrogen with rainwater result in the formation of nitrate and ammonium ions1. High concentrations of nitrates in the body can cause methemoglobinemia, it is also cited as a risk factor in developing gastric an intestinal cancer, thyroid problems, reproductive problems, etc2.
While nitrate is a common nitrogenous compound formed during natural processes of the nitrogen cycle, anthropogenic sources (septic tanks, application of nitrogen-rich fertilizers and various other agricultural processes) have greatly increased the nitrate concentration, particularly in groundwater. The nitrate concentration of well water has shown rising trends in many countries within the last 30 years3. Methemoglobinemia is found prevalent in all age groups in areas of Rajasthan, with high nitrate concentrations in drinking water. Recurrent acute respiratory tract infections in some areas of Rajasthan have been attributed to high nitrate concentrations in drinking water4, 5.
Nitrate leaching from agricultural land must be considered as an important source for nitrate contamination of the groundwater. To reduce the nitrate load of groundwater it is very important to minimize the residual nitrate content in the root zone at harvest time; to preserve the nitrate during the main leaching period in the form of biologically fixed plant nitrogen within the Nitrogen cycle. Nitrate losses by microbial denitrification in the groundwater can play an important role. Quantitative understanding of the complex processes determining the final nitrate concentration of a groundwater is crucial. All agricultural and groundwater management measures should be applied to secure a sufficient water quality6.
A water source is said to be safe if it is free from any physical, chemical, bacteriological and biological contamination and conforms to the drinking water quality standards prescribed. The recommended standards acceptable and cause for rejection for drinking water in India by WHO and BIS are given as in the under given table:
Nitrates and their impacts
Nitrogen Cycle:
Nitrogen is the most abundant element in the atmosphere; composing nearly 80% of the air. Gaseous nitrogen can be found in many forms, the major ones consisting of N2, N2O, NO, NO2 and NH3. The two most important compounds that result from the reaction of these gases and rainwater are Nitrate (NO3-) and Ammonium ions (NH4+). Processes that lead to nitrate formation in the atmosphere are: reactions caused by lightning, photochemical oxidation in the stratosphere, chemical oxidation of ammonia, oxidation of lower nitrogen oxides to nitrates by microbial processes in the soil and the fossil fuel combustion. Various sources of Ammonia in the atmosphere are: fertilizer manufacturing, anaerobic decomposition of organic matter, bacterial decomposition of excreta and burning of coal. Ammonium can undergo the process of nitrification; an oxidation reaction that converts it to nitrate. These ions can become part of the soil composition or enter into the groundwater through various simple and complex processes7.
Nitrate that leaves the atmosphere can be converted back into elemental nitrogen, through the process of denitrification. This often takes place in the soil through the activity of bacteria that reduces the nitrates to its inert form8.
Major Sources of Nitrate Pollution:
There are number of sources of nitrate contamination of groundwater such as, human and animal waste, industrial wastes from food processing, fertilizer processing industries and septic tanks; the major source of nitrate pollution in the densely populated areas is the septic systems of that area.
Another major reason for the nitrate pollution may be taken as the disturbances in the natural systems due to the changes made by the mankind for its facilities; one example of this is the effect of forested areas on the leaching of nitrate to the groundwater. Natural, dense forests conserve nitrogen but cutting of such forests by the human causes lesser conservation of nitrogen, which in turn leads to nitrate pollution of the groundwater9, 10.
Another major source of nitrogen pollution of groundwater is the application of nitrogen-rich fertilizers to the agricultural land areas. The nitrogen provided to such areas in the form of fertilizers can be consumed in number of ways such as; it may be: taken up by plants; stored in soil; lost to atmosphere and it may be lost to groundwater11.
There are number of reasons or factors that could lead to more of the nitrogen leaching to the groundwater. Some of them are summarized here under:
Nitrogen source
Irrigation practices
Soil texture
Obviously the more nitrogen rich fertilizers are used by the farmer, greater will be the chances of nitrate pollution of groundwater. Even if farmers cut down on nitrogen fertilizer, there will still be some nitrate leaching. Although sustainable practices may not eliminate nitrates, it might lower them to a safer level12, 13.
Problems Associated With High Nitrate Levels:
Nitrate incorporation in humans takes place via drinking water and food. The water used for drinking and cooking in the rural areas is high in nitrate content14. Although there have been studies performed attempting to link nitrate consumption to various illnesses, a few are stated here under:
Methemoglobinemia: Cases of Blue-Baby Syndrome usually occur in rural areas which rely on wells as their primary source of drinking water. Often these wells become contaminated when they are located close to cultivated fields, feedlots and septic tanks. Methemoglobinemia is the condition in the blood which causes Infant Cyanosis or Blue-Baby Syndrome. In the GIT of an infant certain bacteria converts the nitrate ion to nitrite ion, which then reacts with two molecules of hemoglobin to form methemoglobin; In acid mediums, such as the stomach, the reaction occurs quite rapidly. This altered form of blood protein (hemoglobin) prevents the blood cells from transporting oxygen, which leads to the oxygen deprivation in the infant; due to which infant often take on a blue or purple tinge in the lips and extremities, hence named as, Blue Baby Syndrome. Other signs of Methemoglobinemia are gastrointestinal disturbances, vomiting, diarrhea and relative absence of distress when severely cyanotic but irritable when mildly cyanotic.
Methemoglobinemia most often affects infants of less than six months in age; the primary reason is that infants possess much less oxidize-able hemoglobin than adults, so a greater percentage of their hemoglobin is converted to methemoglobin which greatly decreases the blood's ability to carry oxygen15-17.
Stomach and Gastrointestinal Cancer:
Scientists claim that nitrate represents a potential risk because of nitrosation reactions which, with appropriate substrates present in the body Nitrates form N-nitroso compounds which are strongly carcinogenic in animals. There is still no concrete evidence to support this theory of carcinogenicity of nitrates. This inconsistency suggests that nitrate alone cannot be the only cause of elevated regional gastric cancer mortality rates, but these could result from a number of other factors, such as high pesticide levels, presence of coli form bacteria and/or other groundwater contaminants18.
Thyroid Problems:
Histo-morphological changes in thyroid are observed due to 250 and 500 mg/l of Nitrates. Number of experimental studies or data suggests that Nitrates impairs thyroid function involving the hypothalamo–hypophysio–thyroid axis19, 20.
Reproductive Problems:
Few studies have been published regarding water nitrate and the outcomes of spontaneous abortions, stillbirths, premature birth, or intrauterine growth retardation. Results of these studies have been inconsistent, possibly indicating no true effect of water nitrate on reproductive outcomes at the levels evaluated in these studies. Alternatively, the inconsistencies may be due to the differing periods over which exposure was assessed, differing levels of water nitrate across studies, or differences in exposure to other cofactors21.
Treatment of Nitrate:
In case of high nitrate problem in subsurface waters, there are two options for achieving safe nitrate levels; first one is Non-Treatment Techniques that consist of blending drinking waters or changing water sources and the second alternate is the use of Treatment Processes, such as: Ion Exchange, Reverse Osmosis, Biological Denitrification and Chemical Reduction, to remove portions of the pollutant. However, the most important thing to be noted is that, neither of these methods is completely effective in removing all the nitrogen from the water. Treatment can remove some of the nitrate, but with varying efficiencies, much of which can depend on other substances found in the water22, 23.
Conclusion(s)
With regard to the nitrate problem in ground water the best way to avoid health risks is to reduce the fertilization of fields using nitrogen rich fertilizers. By using much lower amounts of fertilizers these crops may still be as productive as those produced under heavily fertilized soils, due to the healthier environment for the microbes. Furthermore, many of the above stated prevention methods can be used to reduce nitrate leaching from the soil into the groundwater. There should be proper checks on the water wastes from various industries contributing in the excessive nitrate composition in the waste water and such industries should be notified to install water treatment units for the removal of nitrates from the waste water before its disposal to the dumps.
1.O. Strebel, W. H. M. Duynisveld and J. Bottcher; Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment; Volume 26; Issues 3-4; October 1989; 189-214.
2.Olesen J. E., Askegaard M. and Berntsen J.; 12th Nitrogen Workshop; University of Exeter; UK; 2004; 389–396.
3.Guarda G., Padovan S. and Delogu G.; Eur. J. Agron; 2004, 21, 181–192.
4.Gupta S. K., Gupta R. C., Seth A. K., Bassin J. R., Gupta D. K. and Sharma S.; Am. J.Gastroenterol.; 1999, 94, 1808–1812.
5.Gupta S. K., Gupta R. C., Seth A. K., Bassin J. R., Gupta D. K. and Sharma S.; Environ. Health Prospect; 2000; 108; 363–366.
6.Kirchmann H. and Bergstrom L.; Commun. Soil Sci. Plant Anal.; 2001; 32; 997–1028.
7.Stopes C., Lord E. I., Phillips L. and Woodward L.; Soil Use Manage.; 2002; 18 (suppl.); 256–263.
8.Chinnaiya Namasivayam and Wolfgang H.; Holland J. Chem. Technol. Biotechnol.; 2005; 80; 164–168.
9.Cassaman K. G., Dobberman D. T. and Walters H. Y.; Annu. Rev. Environ. Res.; 2003; 28; 315–358.
10.Weinhold B. J., Power J. F. and Doran J. W.;Soil Sci.; 2000;165; 13–30.
11.Mackerness C. W, Keevil C. W.; Origin and significance of nitrite in water; In: Nitrates and nitrites in food and water; Editor: Hill M. J.; Chichester, England: Ellis Horwood; 1991.
12.Shuval H. I. and Gruener N.; Am. J. Public Health 1992; 62(8):1045–52.
13.Chen J. J., Huang Y. F. and Caldwell R. D.; 2nd International Nitrogen Conference; Potomac, Maryland, USA; 2002; 96–102.
14.Johnson C. J. and Kross B. C.; Am. J. Ind. Med.; 1990; 18(4): 449–56.
15.Avery A. A.; Environ Health Perspect; 1999; 107; 1–8.
16.Comly H. H.; Journal of the American Medical Association, 1987; Vol. 257; 2788-2792.
17.Johnson C. J., Bonrud P. A., Dosch T. L., Kilness A. W., Senger K. A., Busch
D. C., and Meyer M. R.; Journal of the American Medical Association; 1987;Vol. 257; 2796-2797.
18.Bogovski P. and Bogovski S.; Int. J. Cancer; 1981; 27; 471–474.
19.S. Eskiocak, C. Dundar, T. Basoglu and S. Altaner; Journal of Clinical and Experimental Medicine; Volume 5; No. 2; July, 2005; 66-71.
20.Bloomfield R. A., Welsch C. W., Garner G. B. and Muhrer M. E.; Science; 1961; 134;1690.
21.Brender J., Olive J., Felkner M., Suarez L., Hendricks K. and Marckwardt W.; Epidemiology [Abstract]; 2004;15; 184.
22.Baker, J. L.; 2nd International Conference; Maryland, USA; 2002; 10–16.
23.Khind C. S., Yadvinder Singh, Bijay Singh and Gupta R. K.; International Conference on Soil: Water and Environmental Quality; New Delhi; Indian Society of Soil Science, New Delhi; 2005.
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The second round of Project Food Blog asks bloggers to step out of their comfort zone and cook a classic dish from another culture. Having never traveled there or attempted to cook any of their cuisine, I felt a desire to take my talents to Asia where Jeremy Wells, author of the blog Faire Les Courses, helped me narrow that down to Korean Barbecue. I've never eaten Korean BBQ before despite writing about the food and drinks of both North Korea and South Korea in my World Cup series, so I knew this would most certainly be a challenge. Still, I figured that with my love and talents for American barbeque, I'd be up to this task!
I started by doing a little research on Korean BBQ by browsing other food blogs and doing some Internet searches. I quickly decided that I'd try to make some galbi, or beef short ribs. In Korean, galbi literally translates into "rib". Most Korean ribs are marinated in a mixture of soy sauce, garlic, sugar, and sometimes fruit like Korean pear. To make my galbi, I first had to do a little grocery shopping around Baton Rouge, Louisiana to find the right ingredients.
Stop number one took me to a store that is aptly named Oriental Food. One great thing about exploring the underbelly of Baton Rouge is that this city really offers an outstanding collection of specialty stores from various ethnic and national cuisines. Oriental Food is actually owned by a Korean family so their selection of sauces and authentic spices was pretty impressive. After a few recommendations from the owner, I left Oriental Food with some Korean soy sauce, sesame oil, a couple Asian pears, and some kimchi. More on that later.
After buying the essential Asian ingredients the time had come to procure some beef. I took off to Hi-Nabor, a local grocery store with an above average selection of freshly butchered meats. I wound up buying some beef spare ribs and a few pounds of boneless beef short ribs. Since I've never cooked Korean-style ribs before I thought it might be good to try a couple different cuts to play around with on the grill.
When I got home I created my marinade. After reading several different galbi recipes I took a stab at making my own sauce in which to soak the meat. I first collected all the ingredients that I needed. I used the soy sauce, sesame oil, and Korean pear that I got at Oriental Food. Added to those items were some garlic, brown sugar, onion, and black pepper. I finely chopped up most of the onion, the whole pear, and about 2/3 of the garlic bulb and added that mixture to a blend of the other ingredients. After combining everything together, I poured the marinade over the beef.
I let the beef marinate overnight and then lit up the grill for an afternoon barbeque on Sunday. The preferred Korean method is to grill galbi over charcoal, so that's exactly what I did. Using the wonderful Third Row Monstrosity barbeque pit, I prepared the grill and placed the meat over the hot coals. Knowing that beef doesn't take long to cook, and being a fan of medium-rare temperatures, I knew it wouldn't take too long to cook the galbi over the sizzling coals.
The spare ribs turned out to be ridiculously flavorful. The combination of soy and pear came through the most and was followed by the tastes of the sesame oil and garlic. I'm definitely going to play around with this idea a little more and try to get some bolder flavors by perhaps making a barbeque sauce that would complement the marinade. Even still, I deemed this first attempt at Korean ribs to be a great success.
I also took the liberty of picking up some kimchi while at Oriental Food. Kimchi is a Korean staple that is basically fermented cabbage with a red pepper sauce. There are a bunch of different variations on kimchi throughout South Korea, and this one tasted pretty darn good. It is typically served as a side dish with almost any meal, so naturally I used it to help dress my galbi. I sliced up the boneless short ribs in order to make lettuce wraps. With some thinly sliced beef cooked to an ideal temperature and the addition of a little kimchi in the lettuce wrap, this Korean BBQ ended up satisfying quite a few hungry appetites! I really enjoyed playing around with some new flavors and exotic ingredients. Hopefully this Project Food Blog journey will continue so I can try a few more new recipes!
VOTE FOR ME IN ROUND 2 OF PROJECT FOOD BLOG!
I had no idea BR had an asian market. Learn something new everyday!
Your dish looks great! Good luck!
Mmmmm ribs. Smacking lips over here!
Looks tasty! I like the Asian market photos...I debated going the Asian route, but ended up on a bus bound for the Middle East instead. Best of luck to you in the competition!
It's good to see that you're exploring an entirely new cuisine rather than something you've tried once or twice before. It helps you greaux (sorry, I couldn't help it) as a chef. You've got our vote, hope to see you in the next round!


Hi, I've been enrolled in Ken's streaming course for 11 months or so (although I am still on volume 3 LOL). I have been singing at church for a number of years as a back up singer and can harmonize fairly well, but wanted to step up my game which is why I enrolled. But lately, I'm feeling a bit discouraged. I started singing as a child and sang in school choirs and ensemble groups thru high school, but after that I did not sing (except in the shower) for about 12-13 years when I started singing at church. I have recorded my voice a handful of times since joining KTVA and I've noticed a few pitch problems here and there. I'm 48 years old now and I have noticed that it seems I have to work twice as hard in order to sing well - to be expected I guess, since your voice looses elasticity as you age. But I have seen some negative comments on line in regard to adults and perfect pitch. So tell me, is it truly possible for someone of my age to achieve perfect pitch, and if so, what exercises are recommended to focus specifically on this? I'm having to fight the urge to throw in the towel, despite my love for singing and music in general. Could really use some words of encouragement. Thank you.
Very few, and I mean very few people achieve "perfect pitch".
"Perfect pitch" is being able to identify a note being played, or sang only by hearing it.
In my lifetime (54 years) I've never met anybody that could do it.
Being from Detroit, it's rumored that back in the old Motown days, one of the secretaries at the studio had perfect pitch, and would tell the guys when they were off key.
I'm really not sure if it is even something you can learn.
Thanks Tony, I've heard that too. I've only met one person in my life with perfect pitch, but he was very young and quite frankly savant-like, incredibly gifted in music way beyond most people's abilities. But naturally I really want to strive to being as close to "on pitch" as I can possibly be. Hopefully someone might have some tips or suggestions for me.
There are videos within the program, and the forum that deals with pitch issues.
According to Wikipedia after over 100 years of research there still has not been a documented case of an adult having acquired perfect pitch. So I'm going to say the chances are very slim.
Watching a video on perfect pitch, thinks it's more about relative pitch, like anything we can improve on pitch but to reach perfect pitch as adult doubt that would happen and from what I heard people with perfect pitch begin to loose that from about 50 years onwards.
in order to sing on pitch, you don't need perfect pitch. i'd consider perfect pitch a freak talent that is not necessary (if it was necessary to play music, there probably would be a lot less music if any because let's face it not a lot of people have it). you can always work on your pitch with the exercises from the better pitch segment. working on support will also level out a lot of pitch issues.
I agree with the above statements. You don't need perfect pitch to sing. I know someone who has perfect pitch, and sometimes she falls off key just like everyone else. With certain instruments, including vocals, I can tell if there's an off note better than she can. So I think what you're looking for is relative pitch.
As for developing it... Yeah it's possible, in my opinion. I don't know about the "no documented cases" thing on Wikipedia, information there is often wrong and sometimes politically biased. At any rate, adults can develop it by "feeling" the note ring in their body. Long time skilled musicians already have it to a degree. However, I don't know about developing the perfect pitch that has you seeing colors and stuff.


text:
论证分析写作 AA-DROU OG
The following appeared in a memorandum sent by a vice-president of the Nadir Company to the company's human resources department: "Nadir does not need to adopt the costly 'family-friendly' programs that have been proposed, such as part-time wo...
论证分析写作 AA-KHJT OG
The following appeared in a letter to prospective students from the admissions office at Plateau College: "Every person who earned an advanced degree in science or engineering from Olympus University last year received numerous offers of excel...
论证分析写作 AA-ILGL OG
The following was excerpted from an article in a farming trade publication: "Farmers who switched from synthetic to organic farming last year have seen their crop yields decline. Many of these farmers feel that it would be too expensive to res...
论证分析写作 AA-RWYJ OG
The following appeared as part of an article in a computer magazine: "A year ago Apex Manufacturing bought its managers computers for their homes and paid for telephone connections so that they could access Apex computers and data files from h...
论证分析写作 AA-XCEQ OG
The following appeared in the editorial section of a local paper: "Applications for advertising spots on KMTV, our local cable television channel, decreased last year. Meanwhile a neighboring town's local channel, KOOP, changed its focus to fa...
论证分析写作 AA-JQCY OG
The following appeared as part of an article in the business section of a local newspaper: "Hippocrene Plumbing Supply recently opened a wholesale outlet in the location once occupied by the Cumquat Café. Hippocrene has apparently been quite s...
论证分析写作 AA-DVGE OG
The following appeared in a proposal from the development office at Platonic University: "Because Platonic University has had difficulty in meeting its expenses over the past three years, we need to find new ways to increase revenues. We shoul...
论证分析写作 AA-HYYM OG
The following appeared as part of an article in a local newspaper: "Over the past three years the tartfish industry has changed markedly: fishing technology has improved significantly, and the demand for tartfish has grown in both domestic and...
论证分析写作 AA-WREI OG
The following appeared in a presentation by the chief production manager of a machine parts manufacturing company at a management meeting: "Our factory in Cookville is our most advanced and efficient. It is capable of producing ten drill bits ...
论证分析写作 AA-ZQGS OG
The following is taken from an editorial in a local newspaper: "Over the past decade, the price per pound of citrus fruit has increased substantially. Eleven years ago, Megamart charged 15 cents a pound for lemons, but today it commonly charge...


text:
Currituck County, North Carolina
Currituck County (/ˈkʊrɪtʌk/)[2] is the northeastern-most county in the U.S. state of North Carolina. As of the 2010 census, the population was 23,547.[3] Its county seat is Currituck.[4] The county was formed in 1668 as a precinct of Albemarle County and later gained county status in 1739.[5] The name is "traditionally said to be an Indian word for wild geese; Coratank."
Currituck County Courthouse
Location within the U.S. state of North Carolina
North Carolina's location within the U.S.
Algonquin term meaning "The Land of the Wild Goose"[1]
Largest community
262 sq mi (679 km2)
265 sq mi (686 km2), 50%
90/sq mi (30/km2)
Eastern: UTC−5/−4
www.co.currituck.nc.us
Currituck County is included in the Virginia Beach-Norfolk-Newport News, VA-NC Metropolitan Area. It is in the northeastern section of the state and is bounded by the Atlantic Ocean, Currituck Sound, Camden County, Dare County and the Commonwealth of Virginia. Currituck Court House, mentioned as early as 1755, was the name of the county seat. Today the words "Court House" have been dropped and only Currituck is used as the town name.
Pine trees are common in Currituck County, like these in Mackay Island National Wildlife Refuge.
The Old Currituck Jail
According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the county has a total area of 527 square miles (1,360 km2), of which 262 square miles (680 km2) is land and 265 square miles (690 km2) (50%) is water.[6]
Currituck County includes the northern communities of North Carolina's Outer Banks, separated from mainland Currituck County by the Currituck Sound.
National protected areasEdit
Currituck National Wildlife Refuge
Mackay Island National Wildlife Refuge (part)
US 158
Est. 2016 25,809 [7] 9.6%
2013 Estimate[3]
As of the census[9] of 2010, there were 23,547 people, 6,902 households, and 5,204 families residing in the county. The population density was 70 people per square mile (27/km²). There were 10,687 housing units at an average density of 41 per square mile (16/km²). The racial makeup of the county was 90.3% White, 5.8% Black or African American, 0.5% Native American, 0.6% Asian, 0.0% Pacific Islander, 0.9% from other races, and 1.8% from two or more races. 3.0% of the population were Hispanics or Latinos of any race.
There were 6,902 households out of which 33.60% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 61.60% were married couples living together, 9.20% had a female householder with no husband present, and 24.60% were non-families. 19.40% of all households were made up of individuals and 7.60% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.61 and the average family size was 2.98.
The age distribution was 25.30% under the age of 18, 6.70% from 18 to 24, 30.50% from 25 to 44, 25.40% from 45 to 64, and 12.00% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 38 years. For every 100 females there were 98.60 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 97.50 males.
The median income for a household in the county was $40,822, and the median income for a family was $46,382. Males had a median income of $32,619 versus $22,641 for females. The per capita income for the county was $19,908. 10.70% of the population and 8.90% of families were below the poverty line. Out of the total people living in poverty, 16.10% are under the age of 18 and 8.90% are 65 or older.
Census-designated placesEdit
Other unincorporated communitiesEdit
Carova Beach
Currituck (county seat)
Grandy
Jarvisburg
Point Harbor
Poplar Beach
Poplar Branch
Powells Point
Waterlily
Map of Currituck County with municipal and township labels
Politics, law and governmentEdit
Politically Currituck is a typical "Solid South" county. It voted more than eighty percent for every Democratic candidate between 1920 and 1948. Currituck never voted Republican until, after voting for American Independent George Wallace in 1968, turning decisively to Richard Nixon in 1972. Since then, Currituck has become a powerfully Republican county. The last Democrat to carry Currituck has been Jimmy Carter in 1980, and at the 2016 election Hillary Clinton received less than a quarter of the county's vote.
The county is run by elected county commissioners, and Currituck County is a member of the Albemarle Commission regional council of governments. The Board of Commissioners banned further solar farms in February 2017.[10]
2016 72.3% 9,163 23.0% 2,913 4.7% 593
2004 67.0% 6,013 32.4% 2,909 0.6% 54
1996 45.5% 2,569 40.3% 2,277 14.2% 799
1992 41.3% 2,188 36.5% 1,935 22.2% 1,174
1988 61.0% 2,443 38.8% 1,555 0.2% 8
1976 32.1% 954 67.3% 1,999 0.6% 17
1972 66.7% 1,578 30.3% 718 3.0% 71
1968 14.1% 363 28.7% 738 57.2% 1,471
1964 33.7% 741 66.3% 1,455
1948 9.5% 130 83.6% 1,144 6.9% 94
1940 6.2% 102 93.8% 1,532
1932 3.8% 69 96.0% 1,759 0.2% 4
1920 7.9% 86 92.1% 1,000
1912 0.9% 6 97.8% 622 1.3% 8
Currituck County Schools are governed by a five-member, elected Board of Education. The following schools are located in the county:
Currituck County High School
Currituck County Middle School
J.P. Knapp Early College High School
Jarvisburg Elementary School
Knotts Island Elementary School
Moyock Elementary School
Moyock Middle School
Shawboro Elementary School
W.T. Griggs Elementary School
Jarvisburg Christian Academy
Notable peopleEdit
Dennis Anderson, driver of the Grave Digger monster truck.
Emerson Etheridge, congressman and Southern Unionist
Joseph P. Knapp, publisher, philanthropist and namesake of the J.P. Knapp Early College High School.
Jared Lloyd, professional wildlife photographer, environmental writer, and author
Baggio Gonzalez, public figure, model, actor, environmentalist, public speaker.
National Register of Historic Places listings in Currituck County, North Carolina
^ History of Currituck County
^ Talk Like A Tarheel Archived 2013-06-22 at the Wayback Machine, from the North Carolina Collection's website at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. Retrieved 2013-02-05.
^ a b "State & County QuickFacts". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved October 18, 2013.
^ "North Carolina: Individual County Chronologies". North Carolina Atlas of Historical County Boundaries. The Newberry Library. 2009. Retrieved January 22, 2015.
^ "2010 Census Gazetteer Files". United States Census Bureau. August 22, 2012. Archived from the original on January 12, 2015. Retrieved January 13, 2015.
^ "U.S. Decennial Census". Census.gov. Archived from the original on April 26, 2015. Retrieved October 18, 2013.
^ "Currituck County bans solar farm development". Virginian-Pilot. 21 February 2017. Retrieved 24 February 2017.
Currituck County Government website
Currituck County Department of Travel and Tourism
The Independent, local newspaper
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Currituck_County,_North_Carolina&oldid=906003866"


Simon Tibbitts is an employment law specialist. He provides advice and representation to a diverse array of clients, from individual employees through to national companies such as Wincanton and HSBC and government organisations such as the MOD and NHS. He regularly appears in employment tribunals and courts nationwide as well as having appeared several times in the Employment Appeal Tribunal.
Simon was promoted to the Attorney General's Regional Panel B of Counsel in April 2018 and has been sitting as a Panel Member on Independent Police Misconduct Hearings since November 2015. Pursuant to a clear desire to utilise his experience and expertise in innovative ways, Simon undertakes mediations, accepts direct access instructions and has conducted internal whistleblowing investigations as well as disciplinary hearings.
Simon regularly provides training and always seeks to use interactive methods, such as panel session debates, breakfast forums or group workshops.


Colortrac SmartLF GxT+ 42 | CanCADD Imaging Solutions Inc.
The sixth generation SmartLF GxT+ 42 ENERGY STAR® qualified scanners combine a unique Colortrac designed bi-directional LED light system that has low energy requirements, a longer life and reduced environmental impact with the superior color imaging attributes of CCD technology. Can scan documents up to 0.8″ thick!


text:
Setting targets for HIV/AIDS-What lessons can be learned from other disease control programmes?
Bhatia, T., Enoch, J. ORCID: 0000-0002-4614-6676, Khan, M. , Mathewson, S., Heymann, D., Hayes, R. & Dar, O.
(2019). Setting targets for HIV/AIDS-What lessons can be learned from other disease control programmes?. PLoS Medicine, 16(2), e1002735. doi: 10.1371/journal.pmed.1002735
Our analysis of experience from programmes targeting malaria, leprosy and TB shows the importance of drawing broadly on research and implementation expertise, and civil society more broadly, when setting targets for HIV control. The engagement of stakeholders from the highest burden settings, including affected populations, is crucial, to ensure that disease control efforts uphold human rights and tackle HIV-related stigma and discrimination.
An appropriate balance is needed between ambitious, galvanising global targets that drive funding and political/public engagement, and targets that reflect the complexities and local epidemiological variations in disease profile. Ethical issues and unintended consequences need to be considered when setting targets—particularly around local effects and opportunity costs of having foregone other areas of disease control and public health. Intermediate and adaptable targets are needed that allow for course corrections to programmes.
Overly burdensome reporting requirements for individual local programmes and countries should be avoided, as well as potential for overlapping and sometimes conflicting targets both within and across vertical disease programmes. Process targets should be distinguished from outcome targets, which should be measurable and based on high-quality data.
Retention of expert healthcare worker skills and specialist services is vital, while moving towards integrated health systems if effective disease control programmes are to be maintained. Target development should seek areas of programme delivery where an opportunity to codevelop targets and integrate services exists. Global efforts to move to universal health coverage (UHC), for example, could be factored in when developing targets.
Sustaining investment and continuing political interest in the end phase of any elimination or eradication strategy, once incidence and prevalence are low, are critical to achieve success. Equity- and access-based service delivery targets become increasingly important as the elimination strategy nears its end and should be factored into planning.
Achieving disease elimination and/or eradication is only possible with sufficient investment in research to develop new prevention tools such as vaccines, point-of-care diagnostics, and treatments to counteract the effects of increasing drug resistance and the challenging latency period of diseases; public health infrastructure upgrades that address wider determinants of health; and health and surveillance systems that allow for equitable delivery and access to services.
© 2019 Bhatia et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Q Science > QR Microbiology > QR180 Immunology
R Medicine
School of Health & Psychological Sciences > Psychology
Available under License Creative Commons: Attribution International Public License 4.0.
Bhatia, T.
Enoch, J. ORCID: 0000-0002-4614-6676
Khan, M.
Mathewson, S.
Heymann, D.
Hayes, R.
Dar, O.
4 February 2019 Published Online
20 December 2019 Accepted


Danish – which is called dansk – is a North Germanic language and has official status in Denmark. It is spoken by around six million people and has a lot in common with languages like Swedish or Norwegian.
1) Every country has also a culinary aspect.
Scandinavian countries have their own cuisine which is special and which doesn't have a lot in common with the English one. So if you want to enjoy the right meals in a Danish restaurant, it could be helpful to be able to read (and to understand) the menu. With Danish skills you won't have an unpleasant surprise and you can enjoy the cuisine of a small and wonderful country.
2) As an English native it is easier to learn Danish.
Danish and English are very similar and it is much easier for you to learn Danish when your mother tongue is English. In addition, Danish is very similar to Swedish and Norwegian and when you are able to speak one of these languages, it will be easier for you to understand also the other ones. So kill two (or three) birds with one stone!
3) You can read books and watch films or series in the original version.
One of the most famous authors is Jussi Adler Olsen who writes crime novels. But there are only a few people who read his books in Danish. But if you have learnt the language, you could also enjoy his stories in the original version. In this way you get a feeling about Danish ways of thinking and get also in touch with specific expressions.
4) You can enjoy the best soft ice cream all over the world.
All Danish learners want to visit Denmark, too. And during your trip you will have a lot of opportunities to taste the best soft ice cream. Try it with nuts, chocolate or just pure. It is always delicious and we are sure, you will love it!
5) Learning a new language means a lot of fun.
It doesn't matter which language do you learn, but it is sure that you always have a lot of fun. With a new language you will get in touch with people who are native speakers or who (like you) learn also this language. Moreover, one of the best ways to get in touch with different nations, traditions and cultures is to learn a new language. So what are you waiting for?
Find the perfect language school for you! Compare our schools for Danish!


We were charged by blind and shutter manufacturer Thomas Sanderson to create a new display stand. They needed an exhibition stand as handmade and bespoke as their products. Therefore, they came to the experts at the Octink Events team. The brief was simple; to create a display stand solution for their 2017 series of UK exhibitions.
The stand however needed to be thought out slightly differently. The nine locations Thomas Sanderson were exhibiting in had different spaces and varying restrictions. This meant that the stand needed to be flexible to these spaces. Therefore, we opted for a modular design. To clarify, the stand is built from different sections that can be added and removed from venue to venue. There are many advantages to this type of stand. Firstly, set up and pull-down times are greatly reduced as the stand easily packs down into its modular sections. In addition, it can travel easier and fit various shows throughout the schedule.
Our client was thrilled with the end result. A professional and unique looking exhibition stand, perfect for all nine UK shows. In addition, they were happy with Octink's end to end service. We brought concept designs to life in every sense through our flexible and creative expertise.
Do you have an exhibition or event coming up? If you're in need of a stand, of props, or signage or graphics - we can help. Don't hesitate to contact us here to talk about your next project.


text:
Cuspidarioidea vormen een superfamilie van tweekleppigen uit de superorde Anomalodesmata.

Families
 Cuspidariidae Dall, 1886
 Halonymphidae Scarlato & Starobogatov, 1983
 Protocuspidariidae Scarlato & Starobogatov, 1983
 Spheniopsidae J. Gardner, 1928

Anomalodesmata

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
Q: Kubuntu randomly freezes (only) on startup I have double boot on my Lenovo B71-80 with Kubuntu 17.04 and Linux Mint 18.2. Both systems randomly (and pretty similarly) freeze on startup, while showing (kubuntu or LM) splash screen. When I switch off splash screen in grub, I see that on different occasions the system freezes at different stages: one time trying to mount swap partition, another time doing something else. After I switch off the notebook with the power button (it doesn't answer to REISUB) and press the button again, the system usually starts and works flawlessly. There are no freezes after the system has already started successfully.
dmesg -T gives the following messages in bold about the unsuccessful startup:
[Вт сен 12 17:24:20 2017] ACPI: RSDP 0x0000000077FFD014 000024 (v02 LENOVO)
[Вт сен 12 17:24:20 2017] ACPI: XSDT 0x0000000077FCB188 0000FC (v01 LENOVO CB-01    00000001      01000013)
[Вт сен 12 17:24:20 2017] ACPI: FACP 0x0000000077FEB000 00010C (v05 LENOVO CB-01    00000001 ACPI 00040000)
[Вт сен 12 17:24:20 2017] ACPI: DSDT 0x0000000077FD0000 016C8F (v02 LENOVO CB-01    00000001 ACPI 00040000)
[Вт сен 12 17:24:20 2017] ACPI: FACS 0x0000000077F6B000 000040
[Вт сен 12 17:24:20 2017] ACPI: TCPA 0x0000000077FFC000 000032 (v02 LENOVO CB-01    00000001 ACPI 00040000)
[Вт сен 12 17:24:20 2017] ACPI: UEFI 0x0000000077FFB000 000236 (v01 LENOVO CB-01    00000001 ACPI 00040000)
[Вт сен 12 17:24:20 2017] ACPI: UEFI 0x0000000077FFA000 000042 (v01 LENOVO CB-01    00000001 ACPI 00040000)
[Вт сен 12 17:24:20 2017] ACPI: SSDT 0x0000000077FF9000 0004B7 (v02 LENOVO CB-01    00000001 ACPI 00040000)
[Вт сен 12 17:24:20 2017] ACPI: SSDT 0x0000000077FF8000 00004B (v02 LENOVO CB-01    00000001 ACPI 00040000)
[Вт сен 12 17:24:20 2017] ACPI: TPM2 0x0000000077FF7000 000034 (v03 LENOVO CB-01    00000001 ACPI 00040000)
[Вт сен 12 17:24:20 2017] ACPI: MSDM 0x0000000077FF6000 000055 (v03 LENOVO CB-01    00000001 ACPI 00040000)
[Вт сен 12 17:24:20 2017] ACPI: SSDT 0x0000000077FF2000 0030A9 (v02 LENOVO CB-01    00000001 ACPI 00040000)
[Вт сен 12 17:24:20 2017] ACPI: DBGP 0x0000000077FF1000 000034 (v01 LENOVO CB-01    00000001 ACPI 00040000)
[Вт сен 12 17:24:20 2017] ACPI: DBG2 0x0000000077FF0000 000054 (v00 LENOVO CB-01    00000001 ACPI 00040000)
[Вт сен 12 17:24:20 2017] ACPI: ASF! 0x0000000077FEF000 0000A5 (v32 LENOVO CB-01    00000001 ACPI 00040000)
[Вт сен 12 17:24:20 2017] ACPI: ASPT 0x0000000077FEE000 000034 (v07 LENOVO CB-01    00000001 ACPI 00040000)
[Вт сен 12 17:24:20 2017] ACPI: BOOT 0x0000000077FED000 000028 (v01 LENOVO CB-01    00000001 ACPI 00040000)
[Вт сен 12 17:24:20 2017] ACPI: DBGP 0x0000000077FEC000 000034 (v01 LENOVO CB-01    00000001 ACPI 00040000)
[Вт сен 12 17:24:20 2017] ACPI: HPET 0x0000000077FEA000 000038 (v01 LENOVO CB-01    00000001 ACPI 00040000)
[Вт сен 12 17:24:20 2017] ACPI: LPIT 0x0000000077FE9000 000094 (v01 LENOVO CB-01    00000001 ACPI 00040000)
[Вт сен 12 17:24:20 2017] ACPI: APIC 0x0000000077FE8000 0000BC (v03 LENOVO CB-01    00000001 ACPI 00040000)
[Вт сен 12 17:24:20 2017] ACPI: MCFG 0x0000000077FE7000 00003C (v01 LENOVO CB-01    00000001 ACPI 00040000)
[Вт сен 12 17:24:20 2017] ACPI: SSDT 0x0000000077FCF000 0002D4 (v01 LENOVO CB-01    00000001 ACPI 00040000)
[Вт сен 12 17:24:20 2017] ACPI: SSDT 0x0000000077FCC000 002BAE (v02 LENOVO CB-01    00000001 ACPI 00040000)
[Вт сен 12 17:24:20 2017] ACPI: SSDT 0x0000000077FCA000 000B39 (v02 LENOVO CB-01    00000001 ACPI 00040000)
[Вт сен 12 17:24:20 2017] ACPI: SSDT 0x0000000077FC9000 000E58 (v02 LENOVO CB-01    00000001 ACPI 00040000)
[Вт сен 12 17:24:20 2017] ACPI: SSDT 0x0000000077FC7000 001B2B (v01 LENOVO CB-01    00000001 ACPI 00040000)
[Вт сен 12 17:24:20 2017] ACPI: DMAR 0x0000000077FC6000 0000A8 (v01 LENOVO CB-01    00000001 ACPI 00040000)
[Вт сен 12 17:24:20 2017] ACPI: FPDT 0x0000000077FC5000 000044 (v01 LENOVO CB-01    00000001 ACPI 00040000)
[Вт сен 12 17:24:20 2017] ACPI: BGRT 0x0000000077FC4000 000038 (v01 LENOVO CB-01    00000001 ACPI 00040000)
[Вт сен 12 17:24:20 2017] ACPI: 9 ACPI AML tables successfully acquired and loaded
[Вт сен 12 17:24:20 2017] PCCT header not found.
[Вт сен 12 17:24:20 2017] pmd_set_huge: Cannot satisfy [mem 0xe0000000-0xe0200000] with a huge-page mapping due to MTRR override.
[Вт сен 12 17:24:20 2017] ACPI: Executed 17 blocks of module-level executable AML code
[Вт сен 12 17:24:20 2017] ACPI: [Firmware Bug]: BIOS _OSI(Linux) query ignored
[Вт сен 12 17:24:20 2017] ACPI: Dynamic OEM Table Load:
[Вт сен 12 17:24:20 2017] ACPI: SSDT 0xFFFF93573C44A800 00061E (v02 PmRef  Cpu0Ist  00003000 INTL 20121220)
[Вт сен 12 17:24:20 2017] ACPI: \_PR_.CPU0: _OSC native thermal LVT Acked
[Вт сен 12 17:24:20 2017] ACPI: Dynamic OEM Table Load:
[Вт сен 12 17:24:20 2017] ACPI: SSDT 0xFFFF93573C462800 00037F (v02 PmRef  Cpu0Cst  00003001 INTL 20121220)
[Вт сен 12 17:24:20 2017] ACPI: Dynamic OEM Table Load:
[Вт сен 12 17:24:20 2017] ACPI: SSDT 0xFFFF93573C44E000 0005AA (v02 PmRef  ApIst    00003000 INTL 20121220)
[Вт сен 12 17:24:20 2017] ACPI: Dynamic OEM Table Load:
[Вт сен 12 17:24:20 2017] ACPI: SSDT 0xFFFF93573C528800 000119 (v02 PmRef  ApCst    00003000 INTL 20121220)
[Вт сен 12 17:24:20 2017] platform MSFT0101:00: failed to claim resource 1
[Вт сен 12 17:24:20 2017] acpi MSFT0101:00: platform device creation failed: -16
[Вт сен 12 17:24:20 2017] ACPI: Enabled 5 GPEs in block 00 to 7F
[Вт сен 12 17:24:21 2017] usb: port power management may be unreliable
[Вт сен 12 17:24:21 2017] ATPX version 1, functions 0x00000033
[Вт сен 12 17:24:21 2017] ATPX Hybrid Graphics
[Вт сен 12 17:24:21 2017] CRAT table not found
[Вт сен 12 17:24:30 2017] uvcvideo 1-4:1.0: Entity type for entity Extension 4 was not initialized!
[Вт сен 12 17:24:30 2017] uvcvideo 1-4:1.0: Entity type for entity Processing 2 was not initialized!
[Вт сен 12 17:24:30 2017] uvcvideo 1-4:1.0: Entity type for entity Camera 1 was not initialized!
[Вт сен 12 17:24:30 2017] ath10k_pci 0000:02:00.0: Direct firmware load for ath10k/pre-cal-pci-0000:02:00.0.bin failed with error -2
[Вт сен 12 17:24:30 2017] ath10k_pci 0000:02:00.0: Direct firmware load for ath10k/cal-pci-0000:02:00.0.bin failed with error -2
[Вт сен 12 17:24:31 2017] cgroup: new mount options do not match the existing superblock, will be ignored

What can possibly be the reason? Is there any way to localize and fix this problem?

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
Tá tú ar :
Parlaimint na hEorpa / Think Tank
Teanga nascleanúna
Láithreáin eile atá ar fáil
Feisirí
Maidir leis an bParlaimint
Suí iomlánach
Coistí
Toscaireachtaí
Fónamh duitse
Faireachlann Reachtaíochta
Clár na ndoiciméad
Blag EPRS
Foinsí eile
Liosta iomlán de láithreáin ghréasáin
Cuardaigh ar "Think Tank"
Príomh-nascleanúint
Taighde
Imeachtaí
Grafaic faisnéise
Foinsí
toradh/torthaí
Athshocraigh
Focal/focail
Saghas foilseacháin
Sracfhéachaint
Grinnanailís
Staidéar
Bileoga Eolais AE
Réimse beartas
An dlí idirnáisiúnta poiblí
Údar
Eochairfhocal
Dáta
idir (01-03-2001)
agus (13-12-2018)
Sórtáil de réir dáta
Doiciméid :
Artificial Intelligence and civil law; liability rules for drones
This study – commissioned by the European Parliament's Policy Department for Citizens' Rights and Constitutional Affairs at the request of the JURI Committee – analyses existing European and national legislation on the regulation of drones for civil use, discussing how they are defined and classified, whether certification and registration is required, how liability is apportioned between the subjects involved, and if compulsory insurance is provided for. Finally, on the basis of a risk-management ...
This study – commissioned by the European Parliament's Policy Department for Citizens' Rights and Constitutional Affairs at the request of the JURI Committee – analyses existing European and national legislation on the regulation of drones for civil use, discussing how they are defined and classified, whether certification and registration is required, how liability is apportioned between the subjects involved, and if compulsory insurance is provided for. Finally, on the basis of a risk-management approach, the study elaborates recommendations for future policy formulation.
Staidéar pdf
Údar seachtarach
Andrea Bertolini
Daonlathas AE, Dlí Institiúideach agus Parlaiminteach
Beartas Sóisialta
Giorgio Mussa
EU Member State
Faigh an URL
Rule of law and human rights in Cuba and Venezuela and EU engagement
The European Parliament (EP) has consistently followed the situation in Cuba and Venezuela. It has expressed its support for defenders of human rights and democracy with the award of the Sakharov prize to Cuban activists on three occasions (2002, 2005, 2010), and to Venezuela's Democratic Opposition in 2017. In line with this engagement, a workshop on human rights and rule of law in both countries was held on 6 September 2018, in Brussels, at the request of the EP's Subcommittee on Human Rights ( ...
The European Parliament (EP) has consistently followed the situation in Cuba and Venezuela. It has expressed its support for defenders of human rights and democracy with the award of the Sakharov prize to Cuban activists on three occasions (2002, 2005, 2010), and to Venezuela's Democratic Opposition in 2017. In line with this engagement, a workshop on human rights and rule of law in both countries was held on 6 September 2018, in Brussels, at the request of the EP's Subcommittee on Human Rights (DROI). Dr. Par Engstrom (University College London) presented the first draft of an independent study analysing the main human rights developments in Cuba and Venezuela since 2014 and the EU's response. The paper, which focused specifically on the Sakharov laureates, was discussed with Members and other experts, including from the UN Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights, the European External Action Service and the European Commission. During the lively discussion, there was broad agreement with the description of major trends in the human rights situation in the two countries. Critical comments and controversial issues related to the impact of the government's repression of the Venezuelan opposition, the need to consider not only civil and political but also economic and social rights, the effectiveness of sanctions against Venezuela and the potential role of the Sakharov Prize. Observations and comments made during the workshop fed into the final version of the study, which is also included in this report.
Par ENGSTROM; Giulia BONACQUISTI
Rialachas Domhanda
Gnóthaí Eachtracha
Cearta an Duine
Towards a binding international treaty on business and human rights
With its extended value chains, economic globalisation has brought numerous opportunities while also creating specific challenges, including in the area of human rights protection. The recent history of transnational corporations contains numerous examples of human rights abuses occurring as a result of their operations. Such corporations are known to have taken advantage of loose regulatory frameworks in developing countries, corruption, and a lack of accountability resulting from legal rules shielding ...
With its extended value chains, economic globalisation has brought numerous opportunities while also creating specific challenges, including in the area of human rights protection. The recent history of transnational corporations contains numerous examples of human rights abuses occurring as a result of their operations. Such corporations are known to have taken advantage of loose regulatory frameworks in developing countries, corruption, and a lack of accountability resulting from legal rules shielding corporate interests. This situation has created a pressing need to establish international norms regulating business operations in relation to human rights. So far, the preferred approach has been 'soft', consisting of the adoption of voluntary guidelines for businesses. Several sets of such norms exist at international level, the most notable being the United Nations Guiding Principles on Business and Human Rights. Nevertheless, while such voluntary commitments are clearly useful, they cannot entirely stop gross human rights violations (such as child labour, labour rights violations and land grabbing) committed by transnational corporations, their subsidiaries or suppliers. To address the shortcomings of the soft approach, an intergovernmental working group was established within the United Nations framework in June 2014, with the task of drafting a binding treaty on human rights and business. After being reluctant at the outset, the EU has become involved in the negotiations, but has insisted that the future treaty's scope should include all businesses, not only transnational ones. The 'Zero Draft' published in July does not reflect the EU's position on this point. It has been welcomed by experts for its more precise focus on prevention, on effective remedies and access to justice for victims, and on companies' liability for their subsidiaries and suppliers in third countries. The European Parliament is a staunch supporter of this initiative and has encouraged the EU to take a positive and constructive approach. This is a further updated edition of a Briefing published in April 2018, PE 620.229.
Ionel ZAMFIR
transnational corporation
international agreement
Consequences of US trade policy on EU-US trade relations and the global trading system
The Trump Administration's trade policy is driven by the belief that previous Administrations have let other countries take advantage of the United States for foreign policy reasons, as demonstrated by America's more open trade regime and its trade deficits. It is determined to end this perceived imbalance by demanding reciprocity instead, and is willing to use tough tactics to achieve this through strict enforcement of its procurement and trade defense law; expansive tax provisions; bringing the ...
The Trump Administration's trade policy is driven by the belief that previous Administrations have let other countries take advantage of the United States for foreign policy reasons, as demonstrated by America's more open trade regime and its trade deficits. It is determined to end this perceived imbalance by demanding reciprocity instead, and is willing to use tough tactics to achieve this through strict enforcement of its procurement and trade defense law; expansive tax provisions; bringing the WTO dispute settlement to a halt; withdrawing from and forcing others to renegotiate existing bilateral and multilateral agreements; adopting a novel "national security" argument to justify breaking WTO tariff commitments for steel, aluminum and possibly autos; and enacting punitive tariffs on billions of dollars of imports from China, possibly threatening a trade war. The scenarios for U.S.-EU trade relations as well as the global trading system are anything but rosy. The EU can stand up to the Administration's "bullying," or it can take advantage of America's need for a "re-balancing" to build its own stature by taking simple steps to improve EU-U.S. trade, forging a way forward in the WTO, and providing necessary leadership to address the dangers China's economic system poses to the global trading order.
Peter CHASE, Peter SPARDING, Yuki MUKAI
Trádáil Idirnáisiúnta
An Margadh Inmheánach agus an tAontas Custam
Saincheisteanna Eacnamaíochta agus Airgeadaíochta
Tionscal
negotiation of an agreement (EU)
The future relationship between the UK and the EU in the field of international protection following the UK's withdrawal from the EU
This study, commissioned by the European Parliament's Policy Department for Citizens' Rights and Constitutional Affairs, at the request of the LIBE Committee, provides expertise on the legal, institutional and technical implications of the UK's withdrawal from the EU in the field of international protection. More specifically, this analysis presents the current situation with regard to UK–EU cooperation in the field, the legal standards that will be applicable to the UK following its withdrawal, ...
This study, commissioned by the European Parliament's Policy Department for Citizens' Rights and Constitutional Affairs, at the request of the LIBE Committee, provides expertise on the legal, institutional and technical implications of the UK's withdrawal from the EU in the field of international protection. More specifically, this analysis presents the current situation with regard to UK–EU cooperation in the field, the legal standards that will be applicable to the UK following its withdrawal, the areas of common interest in the field and the potential forms of future cooperation.
Iarscríbhinn I pdf
Mirja GUTHEIL; Quentin LIGER; James EAGER; Aurélie HEETMAN; Micol TEDESCHI
Réimse na Saoirse, na Slándála agus an Cheartais
Trasuíomh agus Cur i bhFeidhm an Dlí
Reachtaíocht a ghlacadh ag PE agus ag an gComhairle
Dlí AE: Córas Dlí agus Ionstraimí
third country
EU migration policy
case law (EU)
fund (EU)
EU Charter of Fundamental Rights
withdrawal from the EU
Universal jurisdiction and international crimes: Constraints and best practices
This report summarises the proceedings of a workshop organised by the European Parliament's Subcommittee on Human Rights (DROI), in association with the Committee on Legal Affairs (JURI) and the Committee on Civil Liberties, Justice and Home Affairs (LIBE). Academics and practitioners discussed international trends as regards the concept of universal jurisdiction and the EU's approach to promoting universal jurisdiction through its external relations, as well as practical experience in applying universal ...
This report summarises the proceedings of a workshop organised by the European Parliament's Subcommittee on Human Rights (DROI), in association with the Committee on Legal Affairs (JURI) and the Committee on Civil Liberties, Justice and Home Affairs (LIBE). Academics and practitioners discussed international trends as regards the concept of universal jurisdiction and the EU's approach to promoting universal jurisdiction through its external relations, as well as practical experience in applying universal jurisdiction in the fight against impunity in Europe. The experts agreed that universal jurisdiction can play a role as part of a wider accountability strategy, complementary to international courts and prosecutions on other jurisdictional bases. They recommended more specialised training for investigators, prosecutors, judges and law enforcement staff for universal jurisdiction cases and more cooperation at EU and international level. Speakers supported the initiative for a multilateral treaty on mutual legal assistance and extradition. Special attention in universal jurisdiction cases must be given to victims seeking justice, including for sexual and gender-based crimes.
Julia KREBS, Cedric RYNGAERT, Florian JEßBERGER
crime against humanity
the EU's international role
multilateral agreement
competence of the Member States
extraterritorial jurisdiction
EU competence
international court
war crime
With its extended value chains, economic globalisation has provided numerous opportunities, while also creating specific challenges, including in the area of human rights protection. The recent history of transnational corporations contains numerous examples of human rights abuses occurring as a result of their operations. Such corporations are known to have taken advantage of loose regulatory frameworks in developing countries, corruption, or lack of accountability resulting from legal rules shielding ...
With its extended value chains, economic globalisation has provided numerous opportunities, while also creating specific challenges, including in the area of human rights protection. The recent history of transnational corporations contains numerous examples of human rights abuses occurring as a result of their operations. Such corporations are known to have taken advantage of loose regulatory frameworks in developing countries, corruption, or lack of accountability resulting from legal rules shielding corporate interests. This situation has created a pressing need to establish international norms regulating business operations in relation to human rights. So far, the preferred approach has been 'soft', consisting of the adoption of voluntary guidelines for businesses. Several sets of such norms exist at international level, the most notable being the UN Guiding Principles on Business and Human Rights. Nevertheless, while such voluntary commitments are clearly useful, they cannot entirely stop gross human rights violations (such as child labour, labour rights violations and land grabbing) committed by transnational corporations, their subsidiaries or suppliers. To address the shortcomings of the soft approach, an intergovernmental working group was established within the UN framework in June 2014, with the task of drafting a binding treaty on human rights and business. After being reluctant at the outset, the EU has become involved in the negotiations, but has insisted that the future treaty's scope should include all businesses, not only transnational ones. The EU's position on this issue has been disregarded by the UN intergovernmental working group until now, which raises some questions about the fairness of the process. The European Parliament is a staunch supporter of this initiative and has encouraged the EU to take a positive and constructive approach. This is an updated edition of a briefing published in July 2017: PE 608.636.
Update of the study on The impact of Brexit in relation to the right to petition and on the competences, responsibilities and activities of the Committee on Petitions
This in-depth analysis, commissioned by the European Parliament's Policy Department for Citizens' Rights and Constitutional Affairs at the request of the PETI Committee, provides an update to the prior study considering the impact of Brexit on EU-27 and UK citizens. In particular, this analysis considers the citizens' part of the Draft Withdrawal Agreement (DWA) which was agreed between the UK and the EU on 19 March 2018 and endorsed by the European Council on 23 March 2018. It highlights those situations ...
This in-depth analysis, commissioned by the European Parliament's Policy Department for Citizens' Rights and Constitutional Affairs at the request of the PETI Committee, provides an update to the prior study considering the impact of Brexit on EU-27 and UK citizens. In particular, this analysis considers the citizens' part of the Draft Withdrawal Agreement (DWA) which was agreed between the UK and the EU on 19 March 2018 and endorsed by the European Council on 23 March 2018. It highlights those situations that might remain unprotected by the Draft Withdrawal Agreement. The update is limited to examining the right to reside of EU-27 and UK citizens post Brexit.
Grinnanailís pdf
Professor Eleanor SPAVENTA, Bocconi Law Department, Bocconi University, Milan, Italy Durham Law School, Durham University, United Kingdomrofessor Leonor Spaventa
Achainíocha ar Pharlaimint na hEorpa
unemployed person
cross-border dimension
withdrawal from the market
Prospects for e-democracy in Europe
Digital tools could create stronger connections between European citizens and the EU decision-making process and, by doing so, might contribute to reducing the EU democratic deficit. This report investigates what lessons can be drawn from local, national and European experiences of the use of digital tools for the functioning of EU decision-making procedures and institutions. For that purpose, a review of current literature on e-democracy and the European public sphere has been carried out; 22 local ...
Digital tools could create stronger connections between European citizens and the EU decision-making process and, by doing so, might contribute to reducing the EU democratic deficit. This report investigates what lessons can be drawn from local, national and European experiences of the use of digital tools for the functioning of EU decision-making procedures and institutions. For that purpose, a review of current literature on e-democracy and the European public sphere has been carried out; 22 local, national and EU experiences with existing digital tools have been investigated and evaluated; and an analysis has been made of the suitability of the most promising digital tools for implementation and use at EU level. The most important factors for successful e-participation identified in the report are: a close and clear link between e-participation processes and a concrete formal decision-making process; the participatory process and the contribution of its outputs to the overall decision-making process have to be clear to participants from the start; feedback to the participants about what has been done with their contributions is an indispensable feature of the process; a participative process should not be limited to one event but should be imbedded in an institutional 'culture of participation'; e-participation must be accompanied by an effective mobilisation and engagement strategy, involving communication instruments tailored for different target groups.
Iarscríbhinn II pdf
Iarscríbhinn III pdf
Iarscríbhinn IV pdf
EPRS, DG
Breisluach Eorpach
Pleanáil Chun Cinn
An Dlí agus Beartas a Luacháil i gCleachtas
Daonlathas
Framework Programme for Research and Development
diffusion of innovations
electronic government
The Joint Africa-EU Strategy
Implementation of the Joint Africa-EU Strategy (JAES) has taken place in a rapidly evolving political scenario at the global level and specifically within Europe and Africa. The overarching objectives identified in 2007 still remain valid, but concrete priorities now need to be adapted to the new reality. At the strategic level, a refinement of the Africa-EU partnership has become urgent following the adoption of Agenda 2063 and the EU Global Strategy. At policy level, lessons learned from the implementation ...
Implementation of the Joint Africa-EU Strategy (JAES) has taken place in a rapidly evolving political scenario at the global level and specifically within Europe and Africa. The overarching objectives identified in 2007 still remain valid, but concrete priorities now need to be adapted to the new reality. At the strategic level, a refinement of the Africa-EU partnership has become urgent following the adoption of Agenda 2063 and the EU Global Strategy. At policy level, lessons learned from the implementation of the Roadmap 2014-17 and the way ahead indicated in the Joint Communication of May 2017 should be taken into account. Ten years after its adoption and with a view to the next AU-EU Summit, being held in Abidjan on 29-30 November 2017, it is crucial to re-assess the strategy's validity on the basis of achievements and shortfalls, also in its parliamentary dimension, with regard to the fulfilment of its objectives in an evolving context.
Nicoletta PIROZZI, Institutional Relations Manager & Head of Programme, Istituto Affari Internazional, Italy, Nicoló SARTORI, Senior Fellow & Head of Programme, Istituto Affari Internazionali, Italy, Bernardo VENTURI, Researcher, Istituto Affari Internazionali, Italy
Comhshaol
Cabhair Forbartha agus Dhaonnúil
Slándáil agus Cosaint
Oideachas
North-South relations
economic integration
EU relations
state-building
EU strategy
climate change policy
An chéad leathanach eile
Íoslódáil i bhformáid PDF
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Shooter who prepped for 'war with police' gets more than 30 years in prison
Hayden Gerson shot at and fought San Diego police and choked a police dog at his Clairemont home.
Paul Simon will begin 'Homeward Bound —The Farewell Tour' in May
Paul Simon performs during the 2016 Global Citizen Festival in New York. On Monday, Feb. 5, 2018, Simon took to social media to say his upcoming tour will be his last, citing the personal toll of touring and the death of his lead guitarist, Vincent N'guini.
(Photo by Julie Jacobson/AP)
By George Varga
Is it the end of the road, performance-wise, for Paul Simon?
Yes, and no.
The legendary singer-songwriter on Monday announced the cities and dates for his "Homeward Bound — The Farewell Tour." It will begin May 16 in Vancouver and conclude July 15 at London's Hyde Park, where he'll be joined by Bonnie Raitt and James Taylor.
All tour dates and cities appear below. However, Simon said he plans to perform periodic benefit concerts in the future — "in a (hopefully) acoustically pristine hall" — but that his days of touring are over, he vowed.
Writing on his Facebook and Twitter pages, Simon, 76, cited two main reasons for his decision to stop touring: The September death of his longtime lead guitarist, Vincent N'guini, and because "the travel and time away from my wife and family takes a toll that detracts from the joy of playing."
Simon's full statement appears below.
His tour itinerary does not currently include a San Diego concert, but he will perform at the 18,000-capacity Hollywood Bowl on May 22 and May 23. And it is not uncommon for farewell tours by beloved performers like Simon to be extended.
Tickets for his farewell tour go on sale Thursday at 9 a.m. in Europe and Friday at 10 a.m. in North America and the U.K. More information is available at: PaulSimon.com.
Ticket for Simon's Hollywood Bowl shows are priced at $39.50 to $250 each, plus service charges, and will be available to the general public — beginning Friday— at ticketmaster.com and by phone at (800) 745-3000.
There will be several online pre-sales for the Hollywood Bowl shows, beginning Tuesday at 10 a.m. via ticketmaster.com.
Simon hinted at retirement in 2016, saying: "showbiz doesn't hold any interest for me…I am going to see what happens if I let go." Here is the full statement he released on Monday
A message from Paul
I've often wondered what it would feel like to reach the point where I'd consider bringing my performing career to a natural end. Now I know: it feels a little unsettling, a touch exhilarating, and something of a relief.
I love making music, my voice is still strong, and my band is a tight, extraordinary group of gifted musicians. I think about music constantly. Sadly, we lost our lead guitarist and my friend of 30 years, Vincent N'guini, who died last December. His loss is not the only reason I've decided to stop touring, but it is a contributing factor. Mostly, though, I feel the travel and time away from my wife and family takes a toll that detracts from the joy of playing. I'd like to leave with a big Thank You to the many folks around the world who've come out to watch me play over the last 50 years.
After this coming tour, I anticipate doing the occasional performance in a (hopefully) acoustically pristine hall, and to donate those earnings to various philanthropic organizations, particularly those whose objective is to save the planet, ecologically.
Once again, I am very grateful for a fulfilling career and, of course, most of all to the audiences who heard something in my music that touched their hearts.
— Paul Simon
Paul Simon "Homeward Bound — The Farewell Tour"
(The dates and times after each city indicate when tickets go on sale)
May 16 Vancouver, BC Rogers Arena Fri, Feb. 9 @ 10am
May 18 Seattle, WA Key Arena Fri, Feb. 9 @ 10am
May 19 Portland, OR MODA Center Fri, Feb. 9 @ 10am
May 22 Los Angeles, CA Hollywood Bowl Fri, Feb. 9 @ 10am
May 25 Oakland, CA Oracle Arena Fri, Feb. 9 @ 10am
May 27 Las Vegas, NV MGM Grand Garden Arena Fri, Feb. 9 @ 10am
May 30 Denver, CO Fiddler's Green Fri, Feb. 9 @ 10am
June 1 Dallas, TX American Airlines Arena Fri, Feb. 9 @ 10am
June 2 Houston, TX Toyota Center Fri, Feb. 9 @ 10am
June 4 Austin, TX Frank Erwin Center Fri, Feb. 9 @ 10am
June 6 Chicago, IL United Center Sat, Feb 10 @ 10am
June 8 St. Paul, MN Xcel Energy Center Sat, Feb 10 @ 10am
June 10 Detroit, MI DTE Energy Center Fri, Feb. 9 @ 10am
June 12 Toronto, ON Air Canada Centre Fri, Feb. 9 @ 12pm
June 13 Montreal, QC Bell Centre Sat, Feb 10 @ 12pm
June 15 Boston, MA TD Garden Sat, Feb 10 @ 10am
June 16 Philadelphia, PA Wells Fargo Center Sat, Feb 10 @ 10am
June 19 Greensboro, NC Greensboro Coliseum Fri, Feb. 9 @ 10am
June 20 Nashville, TN Bridgestone Arena Sat, Feb 10 @ 10am
June 30 Stockholm, SWEDEN Ericsson Globe Thu, Feb 8 @ 9am
July 1 Oslo, NORWAY Spektrum Thu, Feb 8 @ 9am
July 3 Copenhagen, DENMARK Royal Arena Thu, Feb 8 @ 9am
July 5 Antwerp, BELGIUM Sportpaleis Thu, Feb 8 @ 10am
July 7 Amsterdam, HOLLAND Ziggo Dome Fri, Feb 9 @ 11am
July 10 Manchester, UK Manchester Arena Fri, Feb. 9 @ 10am
July 11 Glasgow, UK SSE Hydro Fri, Feb. 9 @ 10am
July 13 Dublin, IRELAND* RDS Arena Mon, Feb 12 @ 10am
July 15 London, UK* Hyde Park, BST Festival On Sale Now
* With Very Special Guests James Taylor and Bonnie Raitt
george.varga@sduniontribune.com
Twitter @georgevarga
George Varga
KAABOO Del Mar announces daily schedule and single-day tickets
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