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A History of Relations between Jews and African Americans in Omaha
This article shares a history of interactions, circumstances, and other situations which distinctly marked the people, places, and events in Omaha in which African Americans and Jews shared history.
From the outset, Jews and African Americans were not treated as equal citizens in Omaha. Because of their racial identities, both groups were discriminated against and were not allowed to participate in economic, political, educational, and cultural life throughout the city. White supremacy, racism, intolerance and discrimination affected Black people and Jews in Omaha. Despite that, both Black people and Jewish people played an important role in Omaha's development.
A lot has been made of the relationship between Omaha's Jewish community and Omaha's African American community. Perhaps the most succinct answer to "What is the relationship?" would be, "It's complicated." Whether it was Mayor Ed Zorinsky in the 1970s, the Central States Anti-Defamation League in the 1980s, or local journalist Leo Adam Biga in the 2000s, many people have said, implied, or otherwise tied together Black people and Jews in North Omaha.
Please share your additions, corrections or more information in the comments section.
Omaha's history formally starts in 1854. Jewish people arrived within the next five years, and African Americans arrived the same year the new city was founded. Within ten years, both communities were growing earnestly but without acceptance from the white, Anglo-Saxon, Protestant (WASP) majority of the city. The early history of Jews in Omaha was centered north of Dodge Street, which is my primary interest with this website. Similarly, the majority of the history of African Americans in Omaha happened north of Dodge, too.
In my research, I've found that for several decades both Jews and Black people faced discrimination in Omaha because of their identities. However, modern realities show that those identities did not change in identical ways. Instead, they went separate ways that are important to understand, not only for Omaha's history, but for American history. The histories of African Americans and Jews are essential to everyone's history, whether we identify as those groups or otherwise.
Within both these communities there are individuals and events that make poignant storytelling, deep learning, and deep connections within and among people of all identities. It all began with shared ghettoization, discrimination in many ways, and many other impacts of white supremacy.
Sharing Ghetto-ization
This is the intersection of 24th and Lake in the late 1930s. In this pic, there were many Jewish-owned businesses that served African Americans when other businesses in Omaha would not. Pic courtesy of the Durham Museum.
During the era from the 1860s through the early 1960s, much of the Near North Side neighborhood was co-inhabited by Jews and African Americans. Living next to each other, there was a particular kind of relationship between the two races. This meant that while Jews owned businesses throughout North Omaha, African Americans, who weren't allowed to shop elsewhere, relied on those businesses for their goods and services. This has been called "symbiosis" by some authors; however, it was not a mutual exchange for the benefit of both communities.
Between approximately 1870 and approximately 1970, both African Americans and Jewish people had mutual interests in the Near North Side. However, they were affected differently. When Black people first arrived in Omaha, it was immediately before the Civil War and the Emancipation Proclamation. When Nebraska became a state in 1867, Black people in Omaha had been freed from slavery for three years. However, they were kept from the benefits of full citizenship by racism and white supremacy. Voting; securing home, business or personal loans; running for political office; participating in civic life in general; and other benefits of citizenship were kept far away from Black people in Omaha. As Jews arrived, they were kept from prosperity for a single generation. Within two decades there were successful Jewish business people in Omaha, and as wealth was accumulated more Jewish people had access to political office, major social influence, and other cultural, social, and economic benefits of being white.
Omaha's Near North Side neighborhood had changing boundaries its whole existence. See the text below this image for details.
Public spaces in the Near North Side neighborhood shared between African Americans and Jews included:
North 24th Street
24th and Lake Historic District
Cuming Street
Circus grounds
Lake School
Kellom School
Cass School
Tech High School
Often discriminated against and frequently the targets of racism, both African Americans and Jews were looked down upon and treated poorly by white people. Both groups made their own religious spaces too, which were sometimes the targets of racist actions, including arson and vandalism.
However, from the time they arrived through 1920, Jews accumulated opportunity and influence, and worked collectively to assure their peers' successes, too. African Americans in Omaha attempted to do the same but weren't able to benefit from white supremacy. Instead, laws and unspoken regulations controlled the contributions African Americans could make in early Omaha. This mean that generally speaking, Black people weren't allowed to accumulate wealth, generate opportunities for their peers, or otherwise influence mainstream culture in the city.
Throughout this entire time, both Jews and Black people were afflicted by racist terrorists who threatened, beat, killed, and terrorized both populations in Omaha. However, the road diverged at a few key moments, including the 1891 lynching of George Smith when an African American man was pulled from the second Douglas County Courthouse jail and lynched by mob of 10,000 people; the 1919 lynching of Will Brown, when another African American man was pulled from the third Douglas County Courthouse jail and lynched by a mob of 20,000 people; and the subsequent wholesale abandonment of the Near North Side through white flight and benign neglect over the next 50 years.
This article, "Jews Rich in Humor," is from the Omaha World-Herald on May 27, 1899. It positioned Jewish, Black, and Irish performers in competition against each other.
Starting in the early 1920s, many of the businesses started, owned, and operated by Jews were eventually the only white-owned businesses left in the Near North Side neighborhood after white flight. There were accusations of discrimination against Black people by these businesses, including inferior products and services, inflated pricing, and other biases. However, some African Americans expressed gratitude at any businesses being left in the neighborhood. Between 1920 and 1945, many of the businesses along North 24th Street became Jewish owned and operated, while Black-owned businesses were often located in Jewish-owned buildings along the strip. The same held true for many of the houses in the Near North Side.
There were several organizations founded in Omaha as a result of the similar discrimination against Jews and Black people. Two of the Jewish economic organizing groups in the Near North Side included the Jewish Peddlers' Protective & Benevolent Association and the Omaha Peddlers' Union. Similarly for African Americans, the Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters had 90 members in Omaha, and there was an organization called the Colored Commercial Club in Omaha. The Negro Y.M.C.A. was established in Omaha in 1919 to provide a space for Black athletics and more; similarly, organizing to establish Omaha's Jewish Community Center began in 1921.
This ghettoization was forced by white supremacy in Omaha. Rather than wearing white robes with matching hoods, white supremacists in Omaha operate within the economic, governmental, political, and educational systems throughout the city. This affected Jews and Black people similarly for many years, until it didn't anymore. One of the first Jews to become permanent residents of Omaha was Aaron Cahn. Cahn began the assimilation process in Omaha by serving in the first Nebraska State Legislature in 1867. From that point onward, Omaha Jews continued gaining enough influence and power to exert their "white-ness" in order to assimilate into Omaha's mainstream culture, and at that point their similarity to African Americans in the city ended; their ghettoization ended.
Despite similar attempts to accumulate political power, exert economic force, and overcome systemic racism, Black people in Omaha have not been able to escape white supremacy. Today, despite 160+ years of work to end their own ghettoization, the vast majority of African Americans in Omaha still live in North Omaha.
First Recorded Interactions
One of the first stories to emerge between Black people and Jews in Omaha comes from 1867. According to the Omaha Herald, on July 16, Edward Rosewater, the Jewish publisher of a major newspaper called the Omaha Bee, was attacked by a Black businessman named Dick Curry (18??-1883). Curry ran a saloon at 1705 North 24th Street, where Black people were segregated into the Near North Side. Rosewater wrote in the Bee that Curry's business was "A squalid place of resort; a wretched dwelling place; a haunt; as a den of business…" Soon after, Curry found Rosewater walking on a street in downtown Omaha and beat him badly, with a historian saying that Rosewater "hovered above death for several days." Curry was sentenced to four years in prison; Rosewater lived to write more later. More than one historian attributed this argument along racial lines.
This is a 1921 statement by Rev. John Albert Williams of the Omaha Monitor against antisemitism in the city. This Black-led, Black-focused Omaha newspaper wasn't alone in fighting antisemitism either. Pic courtesy of the US Library of Congress.
While the Jewish community grew in influence and power, African Americans were thwarted at every turn of the junction economic, political, social, legal, and educational opportunities. Jews began buying buildings along North 24th Street and opening more and more businesses; were voted into political office and served civic roles; ensured laws, rules, and regulations didn't work against them; built a bench of legal authority from the Legislature through the courts into the police force and with lawyers; and seized every chance to build the knowledge base of the community through formal and informal opportunities.
Throughout the entire history of the community, Jews and Black people were innately woven together in many aspects of the economics in the community. A Black Episcopalian minister who published a newspaper, the Rev. John Albert Williams of the Omaha Monitor regularly wrote against antisemitism in the city. Time would show that this Black-led, Black-focused Omaha newspaper wasn't alone in calling out antisemitism either.
Bernstein's Department Store was the "Big-Little Department Store" at N. 24th and Decatur Street. It was one of the many Jewish-owned stores in the Near North Side neighborhood.
With Jews operating more than 200 stores of all kinds throughout the Near North Side between the 1880s and the 1960s, African Americans had places to shop and occasionally get jobs. For instance, there were many, many Jewish groceries throughout the area between Cuming Street and Ames Avenue from N. 16th to N. 36th, the extent of where Black people were allowed to shop. More than one African American elder's oral history mentioned, "Finklestein's Jew Store" and used other words as pejoratives to describe the relations between African Americans and Jewish people. Some of the other stores included:
Cuming Market, 2820 Cuming St.
Dave's Market, 1404 N. 24th St.
Evans Street Grocery, N. 16th and Evans St.
Fannie's Dairy Store, 1619 N. 24th St.
Federal Market, 1414 N. 24th St.
Garden Supermarket, Florence Blvd. and Emmet St.
Meyerson Grocery, N. 24th and Maple St.
Isadore Gilman Market, 2418 N. 18th St.
H-K Specialty Company, 1609-11 Cuming St.
Sam Hornstein Grocery, N. 28th and Binney St.
Louis Market, N. 24th and Seward St.
M. Nachman Grocery, 2011 N. 27th St. then 1401 N. 19th St. then 1445 N. 19th St. then 1441 N. 19th St.
Plotkin Bros. Grocery, 2511-13 N. 24th St.
Ratner Grocery, 1711 N. 24th St.
Rosenblatt Store, N. 16th and Locust St.
Shrago's Grocery, 1802 N. 20th St.
Sam Shiff's Store, 1401 N. 19th St.
Simon's Grocery, N. 33rd and Lake St.
Spar Grocers, 2023 Clark St.
Spaulding Grocery, 2869 Spaulding St.
Tuchman Grocery , N. 24th and Lake St. and N. 24th and Parker St. and N. 24th and Cuming Street and N. 16th and Yates St.
Uncle Sam's Market, 1404 N. 24th St.
Wiesman Grocery, Florence Blvd. and Laird St.
Witkin Store, 2202 N. 26th St.
There were several other businesses in North Omaha that Jews owned where Black people shopped, with many on North 24th Street. They included department stores, bakeries, shoe stores, liquor stores, and other stores, too.
It wasn't easy for either immigrant Jews or formerly enslaved Black people in Omaha. The young city discriminated towards both communities and kept them segregated from mainstream white society, business, education, healthcare, and more for several decades. The interaction between the two populations was substantial though, and showed how there could be positive interactions. However, white supremacy still dominated in early Omaha.
"We always care for our own people."
—A Jewish leader quoted in the Omaha Morning Bee, March 26, 1913
However, the biases between African Americans and Jewish people began early. For instance, when the massive March 23, 1913 tornado struck North Omaha, more than 100 people around the intersection of 24th and Lake Streets were killed. Instead of providing mutual relief and neighborly support, it appears that each population supported their own despite their physical proximity to each other. Photos show Black people gathered together for recovery operations and funeral processions, while newspaper reports detail how the Jewish community banded together to "support their own." Stoked by racist writing in the Omaha World-Herald, there were competitions between Black people and Jews in the fields of entertainment and retail enterprises. However, the abilities of African Americans to compete were and continue to be hampered without a level playing field and equity between Jews and Black businesspeople.
The Roaring 20s and Beyond
This is an 8th grade classroom at Lake School in North Omaha in 1914. Photo from the author's collection.
One book observed that between 1900 and the 1940s, African Americans and Jews in Omaha had three places in the city where they interacted regularly:
Near North Side Neighborhood: The informally segregated home to both populations, the Near North Side had homes, businesses, faith places, schools, and other shared spaces where Jews and Black people interacted regularly;
Central High School: Opened as Omaha High School four decades earlier, Central High was the only public high school that allowed both Black and Jewish students to attend and graduate until the 1920s; and
South Omaha Meatpacking Plants: While neither Jews nor Black people were allowed to work in the stockyards themselves, the meatpacking industry had Jewish owners involved and employed many Jewish and Black workers.
Both Black people and Jews became the targets of the Ku Klux Klan in Omaha in the 1920s. Through their hate literature and deep infiltration throughout Omaha society, the KKK sought to make African Americans and Jews appear less-than Protestant white people, and promoted disdain, hurt, and ultimately violence towards both groups. While the KKK was an obvious engine for prejudice during this era, it was already widely known that discrimination again Jews and Black people was wide-spread "among liberals, progressives, and radicals as well as conservatives and reactionaries" in Omaha during this time.
Additionally, the white supremacy that undergirds Omaha and American society at large became largely favorable towards the appearance of equality for Jews. This resulted in even more power and influence, ultimately facilitating white flight for Jews leading to the abandonment of the Near North Side in Omaha.
From the 1930s through the 1950s, the Jewish Press regularly addressed popular white supremacist messaging about apathy, ignorance, and inability among African Americans. The Omaha Star published articles supporting Jewish anti-racism and addressed injustices against Jews overseas leading up to World War II. Similarly, the Omaha Guide published articles highlight antisemitism, too.
After World War II, when white flight struck the area north of Lake and south of Sprague Street, Jewish investors reputably bought many of the houses in the area and rented them to Black people for the first time. While this was attributed as integration by some, others regarded it as price gouging and the beginning of absentee landlord-ing in the area, as most of the Jewish landlords lived outside North Omaha, and in a growing number of instances, out of Omaha.
By the early 1960s, many of the businesses, synagogues, longtime family homes, and other fixtures of the Jewish community in North Omaha were wholly left behind by Jewish residents, who moved to west Omaha neighborhoods where Jewish residents were ironically segregated from other white people.
This is a 1965 Civil Rights march outside of the Douglas County Courthouse in Omaha. Courtesy of the Durham Museum.
At the same time though, the Omaha Star heralded Jewish involvement in the Civil Rights Movement nationally and shared several articles grappling specifically with relations between African Americans and Jews. After the 1950s, the Jewish Press newspaper echoed the Omaha Star by championing efforts among Jews to promote Civil Rights. This showed there were Jews who were aware of the injustices Black people continued facing and acknowledged them through words. One 1933 article protested the dismissal of an Alabama rabbi for anti-racist messaging to his congregation. It proclaimed, "Instead of discouraging our spiritual leaders from fighting for the downtrodden and oppressed, we should lend every public encouragement… We commend this leader of Israel who had the courage of his convictions and fought ardently and fearlessly for social vision in our handling of the negro cases in his territory."
In a show of support for the Civil Rights Movement, in the 1950s many Jewish organizations issued proclamations and resolutions standing in support of African Americans. In a 1966 article from the Omaha Star, Rabbi Arthur J. Lelyveld was quoted about recent reports of a "Jewish backlash" because of Black antisemitism. The paper said he, "affirmed that, 'I do not serve the cause of Negro emancipation because I expect the Negro to love me in return. The command to remember the stranger and the oppressed is unconditional."
During that same era, by my best estimates there were fewer than a dozen Black-owned grocery stores in North Omaha, and by way of storytelling and news reports, few Jewish people shopped at those businesses. This disproportionate amount of business ownership for such an essential community business highlights the effects of white supremacy in North Omaha, even when Jews weren't accepted into mainstream Omaha society.
Explosive Times
This is a collection of images showing the aftermath of riots in North Omaha between 1966 and 1969. Pics are courtesy of the Durham Museum and the author's collection.
Relationships between Omaha's Black community and Omaha's Jewish community reached their absolute worst between 1966 and 1969. In that time frame, there were four distinct riot events in North Omaha, and during those events African Americans were accused of attacking, burning, looting, and otherwise destroying dozens of Jewish businesses and Jewish-owned buildings in the community.
However, before, during and after these events there were accusations by African American leaders and others within the community that Jews were profiteering, exploiting, and otherwise taking advantage of the Black community. In addition to complaints about the limited flow of money in African American homes due to business practices, some African Americans also claimed that Jewish homeowners were making "ghetto" living conditions worse for Black people through absentee landlord-ism and otherwise limiting opportunities for Black families to own homes in North Omaha. Simultaneously, there were accusations that Omaha's first Jewish mayor, Johnny Rosenblatt (1907-1979), practiced racism in office. Serving from 1954 to 1961, Mayor Rosenblatt was noted as often making decisions that adversely affected African Americans, including launching thinly veiled "urban renewal programs," but then also promoting the City of Omaha's apparent tactic of benign neglect towards the Black community. In addition to those wide-reaching programs that demolished homes, wrecked streets, fluctuated public safety, and promoted police brutality, Rosenblatt's policies and practices also seeped throughout other areas of City government, including parks and recreation, public works, public transportation, and job creation among others, explicitly maintaining historic racial segregation, poverty, and neglect. The effects of all of this peaked in the early 1960s. During that era Omaha's Jim Crow became more obvious than ever before; coupled with the city's burgeoning Civil Rights Movement, by 1966 North Omaha became a tinderbox of racial tension between white and Black people; and obviously between Jews and Black people.
It's time that we stop doing things 'for' the Negro and start doing things 'with' him."
Norman Hahn, director of the Omaha Human Relations Board
The tensions within the traditional Jewish neighborhood and the now-predominantly Black community exploded in the summer of 1966. The first so-called "race riot" in Omaha happened on July 4, 1966. It was sweltering hot that day, and in the evening a group of African Americans had gathered at the intersection of 24th and Lake. Surrounding that busy intersection were a number of businesses owned by Jews and others, including grocery stores, liquor stores, jazz clubs, and more. Several historians have noted that the absence of recreational activities for young people in the surrounding neighborhood and the ongoing blighting of the area by city leaders led to the first brick being thrown through a business's window. Whatever the cause, it led to three days of riots throughout the Near North Side that decimated a number of empty storefronts and active businesses, many with Jewish owners. The Nebraska National Guard was called in to stop the rioting. In its aftermath more than two dozen businesses between Cuming Street and Lake Street reportedly closed immediately. Many more closed in the months after.
Making common the experiences of Jews and Black people nationwide, in 1966 an article run in the Omaha Star suggested that "both Negroes and Jews are both the puppets and victims of ideas which the Christian West announced and did not mean." Seeking to explain the rioting nationwide, the author promoted an idea of the American Christian hegemony over society and how its decimating every community that doesn't identify that way, particularly Jewish and Black people. Calling for unity among these two groups, he suggests "…if Negroes can 'join' society through anti-Semitism, Jews can 'join' it as Whites."
In October 1966, Norman Hahn said "It's time that we stop doing things 'for' the Negro and start doing things 'with' him." Hahn, director of the Omaha Human Relations Board, was speaking to a reporter with the Jewish Press. Hahn called for Jews to volunteer with the Urban League and other organizations, and also said, "We must make our voices heard, our concern must be visible. We must be active in our opposition to all forms of segregation, discrimination and exploitation of our Negro neighbors."
Also in October of that year, the regional director of the Anti-Defamation League gave a talk called "The Omaha Jew and the Omaha Negro." However, the contents of this presentation weren't published. In the months afterward, the Jewish Press included several articles about the riot, including one that summarizing rumors that African American "agitators" came from Kansas City, Des Moines, Sioux City, and beyond. The regional ADL director quipped, "Agitators must be getting a mileage allowance this year!" In that same edition, the ADL director also noted that "Mayor Sorenson reportedly said that 'If a Negro has the money, he can buy a home any place in Omaha.' This is good news. For a while I really thought we were going to have some difficulty achieving citywide open housing. Wait until the Real Estate Board hears about this!"
Mayor Sorenson reportedly said that 'If a Negro has the money, he can buy a home any place in Omaha.' This is good news. For a while I really thought we were going to have some difficulty achieving citywide open housing. Wait until the Real Estate Board hears about this!
Arthur Teitelbaum, Regional ADL Director, November 4, 1966
Between 1966 and the end of 1969, there were four major riot events in the Near North Side along with dozens of smaller skirmishes before and afterwards. Longstanding historic Jewish-owned businesses in North Omaha closed during those years, including Ritz Theater; Ideal Furniture and Ideal Hardware, 2524 North 24th Street; Forbes Bakery, 2711 North 24th Street; Bernstein Groceries and Meats, 4901 North 16th Street; Marks Kosher Market, 1804 North 20th Street; and several other businesses. Each of these Jewish-owned businesses and many others were demolished by the riots.
Not all Jewish-owned businesses blamed the riots for closing during this time period. Instead, it was just a convenient time. In 1983, Near North Side grocer Sid Feldman made such a claim. Feldman said the riots were probably on his mind to some extent when he decided to sell his grocery store in 1968.
"But that wasn't the main reason," he said. "When you're in the grocery business, the store owns you. You don't have time for anything else. You don't really live. I just decided it was time to get out."
Sid Feldman as quoted by the Omaha World-Herald, October 15, 1983
The city continued wrestling with racism though, and Jews were among those struggling to make sense of it all.
In 1969, Omaha Central High School held a panel for students to ask five African American and Jewish women from Omaha about social issues. There were two Black women and three white women, including a Jewish woman. A student asked about relationships between African Americans and Jews, and the Jewish panelist replied, "Jews have been very clannish and that's not to our credit." This self-awareness was echoed at that event and again over the next 50 years.
Over the years, Omaha Star coverage focused on Black-Jewish politics several times, including 1984 when they featured the topic. Covering Jesse Jackson's historic campaign for president, the paper suggested that Black politicians supported many Jewish issues to challenge the media's portrayal of a widening gap between Black and Jewish politics. Citing several specific policy issues, the paper also laid out some cultural exchanges happening on the national level to make their case.
One African American political actor in Omaha, Eddie Staton, said in 1987 that the high point of Black and Jewish relations in Omaha came in the 1970s "when the Anti-Defamation League actively assisted in implementing the busing program."
Black Jews in Omaha
For at least 115 years, Black Jews have been treated as sensational, exceptional, and otherwise phenomenal in Omaha. Although it took more than a century to officially acknowledge, there have been Black people in the city who identified as Jews for a long time. According to one 1980s story in the Omaha Star, most African American Jews at that point were Orthodox.
In 1903, the Omaha World-Herald reported the shocking "discovery" of a "tribe of Black Jews" by an Englishman exploring Australia. This sensationalist reporting exploited the conclusions of this white man in order to make Omahans interested in world affairs. However, it was later shown that the report was false, and nothing was said again in the paper for a few years.
Highlighting the writing of Omaha's preeminent Black historian George Wells Parker (1882-1931), in 1908 the newspaper printed his account of Black Jews around the world. Parker was using the point to emphasize that "it is to the mixed descent of the Jew that his accomplishments are due. They are after all a truly wonderful people… I shall say at least that were it not for the dark strain which courses through their veins, they could never have given to the world the long list of geniuses whose names emblazon the scrolls of history."
It made the news when Temple Israel hosted an international scholar in 1915 who came to Omaha to talk about Ethiopian Jews called Falash Mura. The paper continued treating the existence of Black Jews as a strange and sensational phenomenon to engage its readers, reporting stories of the "strange" Ethiopian Jews facing Mussolini's Italian invasion during World War II, and the existence of India's Chocin Jews in 1951. The newspaper featured a story of a Black Jews who left the United States to move to Liberia in 1966. After being deported from there in 1969, Israel welcomed them and they moved there. The subject of Ethiopian Jews kept being addressed in Omaha, and in 1981 an expert on the people, Dr. Graenum Berger, spoke at the Jewish Community Center about them. The Great Plains Black History Museum featured art by Ethiopian Jews in 1986.
In 1971, the media in Omaha featured a story about Rabbi Hailu Mosha Paris of New York City. Rabbi Paris, a Black Jew, spoke at Beth Israel about Black/Jew relations in the United States. He said "Black antisemitism is not that much of a Black vs. Jew conflict as it is a Black vs. white struggle." Reporting that there were "about 40,000 Black Jews in the United States," the rabbi said conflicts between Jews and Blacks extended from the disproportionate number of retail businesses Jews owned in Black neighborhoods across the nation. He also acknowledged that "Jews have been among the very best white supporters of the Civil Rights movement," but that "economic friction" had caused some decline in support.
Highlighting a 50+ year old synagogue for African American Jews in Harlem, in 1977 the Omaha Star featured a story on Rabbi David Dore, the leader there. The second-ever Black student to graduate from Yeshiva University in NYC, Rabbi Dore served more than 300 members at his synagogue. However, falling prey to the sensationalization of Judaism among African Americans, the Omaha Star made no point of identifying Black Jews in Omaha or even commenting on how Judaism was doing in Omaha at that point.
Rev. Dr. James Thomas was the leader of the Calvin Memorial Presbyterian Church on North 24th Street in the 1970s. In 1979, the Omaha World-Herald interviewed him about the interrelated role of the Black church and Black history in Omaha. During that interview, Thomas suggested acknowledged there were Black Jews in Omaha, saying their history is part of the history of the Black church in the city. This was the first published acknowledgment of Black Jews in Omaha.
In the 1980s, the Omaha Star shared several stories about African American Jewish people. For instance, they told about a Black Jew in California who was rallying the Jewish community to fight sickle cell anemia, which almost plagues Black people more than any other race. Another story featured the story of a 13-year-old African American girl's Bat Mitzvah at a Reform synagogue in North Carolina. That year, the newsletter of the Central Conference of American Rabbis said the event was "perhaps the first Black Jewish Bat Mitzvah in the South, perhaps the nation."
Senator Chambers and the Jewish Community
CAPTION: "On periodic visit to Omaha's Technical High School (he has insisted that Negro History courses must be offered there), Chambers talks with teacher Sally Kaeding and principal Carl Palmquist. Chambers graduated from Tech, then went to Creighton U. and law school which, he says, 'dropped me after 2 1/2 years' because of rights activity."
Throughout his career, the longest-ever Nebraska State Senator Ernie Chambers, an African American, was regularly implicated as having antisemitic viewpoints. In 1984, he was quoted by the Omaha World-Herald as saying there are differences between Jews and blacks that "cannot be made to go away through attempts to stifle exposure and discussion of them." He went on to say, "If you think there are not significant, widespread examples of Jewish discrimination and racism against black people in this country, I will provide you with information regarding companies, corporations, clubs, industries… with heavy Jewish influence if not outright control which display the worst type of racism against black people." That year, the Anti-Defamation League condemned Senator Chambers in a letter which said, "The anti-Jewish bigotry of Ernie Chambers has no place in a democratic, pluralistic society which is tolerant of all its minorities, be they black, Jewish or Hispanic." From that point on, Senator Chambers was frequently accused of "demagoguery and bigoted speech" among other offenses against Jews.
In 1986, the Plains States region of the ADL released a 13-page report called "Ernest Chambers: Profile in Extremism." According to the Omaha World-Herald in 1987, the City of Omaha Human Relations Director Eddie Staton said the report hurt relations between Jews and Black people. "It's the general feeling in the black community that the report was unnecessary and the report wasn't only an attack on Sen. Chambers but the black community itself." Staton called a meeting to reduce tension between the communities. Along with Black and Jewish leaders, there were members of the Black-Jewish Dialogue of the National Conference of Christians and Jews present. According to the World-Herald, "Staton said the main reason he wants to bring the Black leaders together is to draw attention to existing local groups that have been working for better Black and Jewish relations." Senator Chambers was quoted as saying, "People think that since the Jewish community didn't disavow the report that it reflects the Jewish community's opinion. I know there are a lot of black people angry and disgusted at the report." The Jewish Press reported that Jewish groups met over the issue too, with a meeting in March 1987 on the subject of "The Black/Jewish Reaction to the ADL Report on Senator Ernie Chambers."
Friction between Senator Chambers and the Jewish community continued through the rest of his career. His own statements clearly showed large-scale antisemitic perspectives, but were regularly defended as just and otherwise necessary assessments. His role as a representative of Omaha's African American community was rarely questioned again after the 1987 issues, either.
"Jews need us in this community, because if there were no black people, white people would be on these Jews just like the Nazis were. We're the buffer, and Jews know it."
State Sen. Ernie Chambers (1995)
In a 2004 article from the Nebraska Life magazine, Senator Chambers was labelled as an "anti-Catholic, anti-Semitic, racist state senator who hates America" by a religious rights leader. Ernie went on to say he was "branded Anti-Semitic by the jaundiced gentleman because I highlight, ceaselessly castigate and resist white degredations against non-white people… thereby projecting onto me the demon which inhabits and possesses his own morally barren soul."
Chambers went on to have other comments he made labeled as antisemitic throughout his career, too, all the way to 2020 when he was forced from office by term limits.
Modern Disparities
This is from a 1992 article in the Jewish Press about a gardening project between Bethel AME Church and Temple Israel in Omaha designed to bridge the gap between Black people and Jewish people. Image courtesy of the Jewish Press.
In 2010, the Census reported that Omaha was 77.47% white, and 12.32% African American. In 2021, the Jewish Federation of Omaha website said there are 8,880 Jews in Omaha.
When Civil Rights leader and former Senator Julian Bond (1940-2015) spoke in Omaha in 1984, he said "Blacks and Jews were allies in the early battle for Civil Rights, but the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and the Voting Rights Act of 1965 were the last great alliance between the Jews and the Blacks." His observation didn't fall on deaf ears, but little came of the comment. Speaking forthrightly, Senator Bond said it was important to remember "There are blacks who don't like Jews and Jews who don't like blacks, and we shouldn't try to change them." He also called for regular face-to-face conversations instead of back-and-forth exchanges in the media.
In 1985, Jews in Omaha joined a national campaign to improve Black-Jewish relationships. There were annual dialogues, meetings, and learning events for several years specific to these efforts.
Part of the work of the Tri-Faith Initiative today is to confront racism and build inclusiveness. Started in the mid-2000s, the Tri-Faith Initiative is a project of Muslims, Jews and Christians with new worship spaces and an interfaith center all located adjacent to each other in the same complex. Very unique in Omaha, this type of space is rare worldwide. While not addressing race specifically on their website, the unspoken implication seems to be that the diversity, equity and inclusion sought after among faith groups is also applicable among people of different races.
In the last few years, these works have taken new forms and had new efforts by Jews in Omaha. For instance, the Ruby Platt Allyship Initiative (RPAI) was a response to a pointedly white supremacist interaction between a person of color within the Jewish community of Omaha. Seeking to address the heinousness of the event, the RPAI has secured community and institutional partners, provided anti-bias workshops for Jewish leaders, conducted a community-wide anti-bias training, and created a curriculum for Jewish students to learn about bias and allyship. In December 2021 the Anti-Defamation League of the Plains States will bring me to Omaha as part of the Ruby Platt Allyship Initiative for a several day program to explore white supremacy through history and the present as well.
Relations between Black people and Jews in Omaha are complicated today, and have been complicated since the city was founded more than 165 years ago. Maybe by exploring that past openly and examining it today we can move forward into new spaces in the future. There are few physical spaces in Omaha today for African Americans and Jews to specifically explore the past through action, talk, work, thought, and healing together, separately, or as one.
Please share your questions, concerns, considerations, and otherwise in the comments section.
A History of Jews in North Omaha
A History of Racism in Omaha
A History of Antisemitism in Omaha
A Tour of the Civil Rights Movement in Omaha
"Unraveling White Supremacy with Adam Fletcher Sasse," official website of the Anti-Defamation League of the Plains States
Anti-Defamation League – Plains States/CRC official website
Ruby Platt Allyship Initiative official webpage
Bonus Images!
This is a headline from the June 21, 1963 Omaha Star proclaiming, "Jews Join Fight for Negro Rights."
Sources (in no order)
Omaha World-Herald Digital Archives
Omaha Star Digital Archives
Jewish Press archives
Howard Chudacoff (1972) Mobile Americans: Residential and social mobility in Omaha, 1880-1920. New York: Oxford University Press.
Carol Gendler (1968) "The Jews of Omaha: The first sixty years The Jews of Omaha: The first sixty years." University of Nebraska at Omaha.
Nathan Bernstein (1908) "The Story of the Omaha Jews," Reform Advocate.
The Jews of Omaha: The first sixty years by Carol Gendler for the University of Nebraska at Omaha on March 1, 1968.
The Jewish Foundation. "The History of Jewish Omaha"
Pollak, O. B. (2011) "The Jewish Peddlers of Omaha," Nebraska History 63 (1982): 474-501.
"OMAHA: Douglas and Sarpy Counties". International Jewish Cemetery Project, International Association of Jewish Genealogical Societies.
Alder, C. and Szold, H. (1919) American Jewish Year Book 5680, Volume 21. American Jewish Society.
Postal, B. and Koppman, L. (1954) A Jewish Tourist's Guide to the U.S. Jewish Publication Society of America.
Nebraska Jewish Historical Society (October 1995) Newsletter.
Beth Hamadrosh Cemetery – Graveyards of Omaha website.
Grossman, A. (April 1984) "North 24th – 'Street of Dreams'", Newsletter 11, 1. Nebraska Jewish Historical Society.
Pollak, O. B. (2001) Jewish Life in Omaha and Lincoln: A Photographic History. Arcadia Publishing.
"Congregation of Israel First permanent Jewish House of Worship in Nebraska" by Jewish American Society for Historic Preservation
Ella Fleischman Auerbach (1927) "A Record of Jewish Settlement in Nebraska," Nebraska State Historical Society.
Ira M. Sheskin (2017) The 2017 Jewish Federation of Omaha Population Study:A Portrait of the Omaha Jewish Community. Jewish Federation of Omaha.
"When Omaha's North 24th Street brought together Jews and Blacks in a melting pot marketplace" by Leo Adam Biga in 2010.
Posted on November 29, 2021 November 29, 2021 by Adam F.C. FletcherPosted in 19th century, 20th century, 21st century, 24th and Lake, Activism, African Americans, Black people, Black politicians, Black spaces and places, business, Civil Rights Movement, culture, economics, Europeans, Historic districts, historic preservation, history, History of Nebraska, Immigrants, industry, Jewish, Lake Street, Legislators, Near North Side, North 16th Street, North 24th Street, Politics, poverty, Race riot, racism, religion, Segregation, wealthy, White flight, White people
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text:
Abteilungen Automation of Logic Software Waldmeister Primer
Talks & Events
SPASS Workbench
RG1 Intranet
How to use Waldmeister
The following mainly refers to the Waldmeister distribution which you can download. You can also just try out Waldmeister with a web form we provide.
The language of Waldmeister consists of equations that are considered as implicitly universally quantified over their variables, whereas existential quantifications have to be expressed via skolemization.
Details you could find in an introduction to logics for computer scientists.
Waldmeister is an automatic prover. To show its use, we start with a relatively simple example.
Lets say we want to prove that for every x in a group, x+(-x) = (-x)+x. We already know that in a group, there exists an element e such that for all members x of the field, x+e=x. Likewise we know that for every element x there exists an -x, so that x+(-x)=e
For a short explication on how Waldmeister works see the implementation section or the references with further reading.
The defining properties of a group are :
f means addition, i fixes/finds the inverse of an element in a field
There exists an e such that for all x, x+e = x
f(x,e) = x
For all x exists an (-x), such that x+(-x) = e
f(x,i(x)) = e
For all x and z in a field is (x+y)+z = x+(y+z)
f(f(x,y),z) = f(x,f(y,z))
Say you want to prove that
for every x in a group is x+(-x) = (-x)+x
f(sk,i(sk)) = f(i(sk),sk)
Now that we have translated the problem and the properties of a group in an appropriate language which Waldmeister will understand, we still need to "feed" Waldmeister with the equations we got. In addition, Waldmeister needs a few more informations about what we want him to do and how. To give these, we put together an input file with the following elements.
(The input file is necessary for the distribution, which you can download. For a first try, just use the www form.)
Example of a correct input file
(This example you also find included in the distribution. Remark: explications have been slightly simplified for better understanding. For a more in-depth look see some of the articles on the references page.)
A correct Input file for Waldmeister could look like this. You can call Waldmeister giving it the name of the inputfile as an input parameter.
NAME group % what else
In section NAME, a name for the subsequent specification is given. Note that the character "%" declares the rest of the line to be a comment.
MODE PROOF
% COMPLETION
The section MODE contains one of the keywords PROOF and COMPLETION to determine what to do with the specification. PROOF denotes the ordinary proof mode, whereas in completion mode Waldmeister tries to derive a finite convergent set of rules from the specification and - if successful - decides if the conjectives hold.
SORTS ANY
% ANY1 ANY2
In section SORTS, the identifiers of the sorts the operators shall work on and the variables may belong to are declared. In the following, none but these sort identifiers may be used.
The signature Waldmeister accepts is many-sorted. There are no sort hierarchies, and all sorts are considered disjoint.
i: ANY
f: ANY ANY
sk:
-> ANY
Section SIGNATURE contains the declaration of identifiers for operators, i.e. functions and constants.
Also, the argument sorts and the single target sort are stated.
In this example, i:ANY->ANY means: the function symbol i takes an operand of sort ANY and yields an element of the same sort.
i > f > e > sk
% alternatively:
% KBO
% i=0, f=1, e=1, sk=1
% i > f > e > sk
In section ORDERING, a reduction ordering to orient rules with is specified: either a lexicographic path ordering ("LPO"), based on an operator precedence, or an extended Knuth-Bendix ordering ("KBO" with a weight for each operator and an additional operator precedence for the comparison of equally weighted terms.
For mode PROOF, the precedence has to be total.
x,y,z : ANY
In section VARIABLES, identifiers for variables are declared along with their sorts.
f(x,i(x))=e
f(f(x,y),z)=f(x,f(y,z))
Section EQUATIONS contains the axioms defining the equational theory.
Section CONCLUSION holds a set of hypotheses to be proved, which may be empty only in completion mode. In proof mode, Waldmeister terminates as soon as all hypotheses are
Note: Vice versa to section EQUATIONS, variables are implicitly existentially quantified, and universal quantification must be expressed via skolemization. Existential quantification is allowed in proof mode only, and for not more than one hypothesis.
To try out the above example just install Waldmeister and find this example in the distribution. Just move to the Waldmeister directory and type bin/waldmeister example.pr
Output from a successful proof
A system header appears, and Waldmeister prints out a protocol of the proof process on the level of selected facts (rules).
There are five different types of behaviour. The pleasing ones are the following:
Waldmeister proves all hypotheses and terminates (proof mode only).
Waldmeister derives a finite ground convergent set of rewrite rules, which is used to normalize the hypotheses. Validity is now equivalent to joinability. Especially, this is the only possibility to show that an equation s=t does not hold in all models of E!
Otherwise, one afterwards does not know anything more than before:
The prover fails due to insufficient memory.
The prover does not produce anything useful within reasonable time.
With flag "--auto" set and fairness lost, Waldmeister runs out of critical pairs.
More precisely, in all three cases no conclusions concerning validity of yet unproved conjectives may be drawn! Similarly, a finite ground convergent set of rewrite rules that is oriented with the specified ordering and is equivalent to the initial equations might exist nevertheless!
If the prover fails, re-adjustment of the control parameters may be helpful. Changing the top-level heuristic is a matter of command line modifications. Apart from that, we have to stress the importance of the adequate choice of reduction ordering: A proof that is impossible to find
within hours may be found within milliseconds when changing from KBO to LPO or vice versa, or changing the operator precedence in case of LPO!
The question of how to make this choice skillfully is difficult to answer. Roughly speaking, the Knuth-Bendix ordering leads to shorter simplification chains, and should be preferred in general. In the presence of a distributivity law, however, it is often useful to apply that law for splitting product terms, which requires the use of a lexicographic path ordering with a precendence where the multiplication symbol is greater than the addition symbol.
Generalizing this proceeding, you should always make a selection which orients the initial equations in a way that seems natural to you. Finally, Skolem constants should always be minimal in the precedence.
You might want to read a more in depth description of Waldmeister's abilities.
Output from the Input file above
After a few preliminaries, as the repetition of the input (see above), Waldmeisters output by our example proof looks as follows:
****************************** COMPLETION - PROOF ******************
new rule: 1 f(f(x1,x2),x3)-> f(x1,f(x2,x3))
new rule: 2 f(x1,e) -> x1
new rule: 3 f(x1,i(x1)) -> e
new rule: 4 f(x1,f(e,x2)) -> f(x1,x2)
new rule: 5 f(x1,i(e)) -> x1
new rule: 6 f(x1,f(i(x1),x2)) -> f(e,x2)
new rule: 7 f(e,i(i(x1))) -> x1
new rule: 8 f(x1,i(i(x2))) -> f(x1,x2)
remove rule: 7
new rule: 9 f(e,x1) -> x1
simplify rhs of rule: 6
joined goal: 1 f(e,sk) ?= sk to sk
Waldmeister shows, which rules where created
Here only the rules that where used are mentioned.
+--------------------------+
| this proves the goal |
Proved Goals:
No. 1: f(e,sk) ?= sk joined, current: sk = sk
1 goal was specified, which was proved.
Waldmeister states, that the goal number on, f(e,sk)=sk, is proved. The question marks states that this is what has to be proved.
Rules 9
Equations 0
Critical pairs 34
Process size 1876000
Search time [s] 0.2
Waldmeister also tells you some statistical facts: how many rules, how many equations, how many critical pairs had to be created until the proof whas found.
Finally there is a third program, created by Stephan Schulz, used to produce a human readable proof.
In outline, the task Waldmeister deals with is the following: A theory is formulated as a set E of implicitly universally quantified equations over a many-sorted signature. It shall be demonstrated that a given equation s=t is valid in this equational theory, i.e. that it holds in all models of E. Equivalently, s is deducible from t by applications of the axioms of E, substituting equals for equals.
In 1970, Knuth and Bendix presented a completion algorithm, which later was extended to unfailing completion, as described e.g. by Bachmair et al. Parameterized with a reduction ordering, the unfailing variant transforms E into a ground convergent set of rewrite rules.
Accordingly, when searching for a proof, Waldmeister saturates the given axiomatization until the conjectures can be shown by narrowing or rewriting. The saturation is performed in a cycle working on a set of active (selected) facts and a set of passive (waiting) facts (rules). Inside the completion loop, the following steps are performed:
1. Select an equation from the set of passive facts.
2. Simplify this equation to a normal form.
3. Modify the set of rules according to the equation.
4. Generate all new critical pairs.
5. Add the equation to the set of rules.
The selection is controlled by a top-level heuristic maintaining a priority queue on the critical pairs. This top-level heuristic is one of the two most important control parameters. The other one is the reduction ordering to orient rules with. There is some evidence that the latter is of even stronger influence.
The executable named "proof" should be located in the same directory as the Waldmeister executable. If Waldmeister fails in calling it, this directory should be added to the path variable of the shell.
Stephan Schulz has written a tool named "lemma" with many possibilities to control the processing of the proof. This tool is included in the Waldmeister distribution as well. It takes the step-wise internal proof object as input. Call "lemma -h" for an online documentation (German language only).
Together with the Waldmeister distribution comes a set of problems yopu could use to test Waldmeister's abilities. Namely the unit equality problems of the TPTP (Thousands of Problems for Theorem Provers) Problem Library, version 2.4.1, in Waldmeister format is included in the Waldmeister distribution. Of course, the complete library also has tools for automatic conversion to Waldmeister format, but this increases your ease of use, especially if you have not installed a Prolog interpreter. - For an overview, you also get the current TPTP ReadMe file.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
// ==========================================================================
// Project:   SproutCore - JavaScript Application Framework
// Copyright: ©2006-2010 Apple Inc. and contributors.
// License:   Licensed under MIT license (see license.js)
// ==========================================================================
/*globals module ok equals same test MyApp */

var store, storeKey1,storeKey2,storeKey3,storeKey4,storeKey5, storeKey6, json;
var json1, json2, json3, json4, json5, json6;

module("SC.Store#destroyRecord", {
  setup: function() {

    store = SC.Store.create();

    json1 = {
      guid: "destroyGUID1",
      string: "string",
      number: 23,
      bool:   YES
    };
    json2 = {
      guid: "destroyGUID2",
      string: "string",
      number: 23,
      bool:   YES
    };
    json3 = {
      guid: "destroyGUID3",
      string: "string",
      number: 23,
      bool:   YES
    };
    json4 = {
      guid: "destroyGUID4",
      string: "string",
      number: 23,
      bool:   YES
    };
    json5 = {
      guid: "destroyGUID5",
      string: "string",
      number: 23,
      bool:   YES
    };
    json6 = {
      guid: "destroyGUID6",
      string: "string",
      number: 23,
      bool:   YES
    };

    storeKey1 = SC.Store.generateStoreKey();
    store.writeDataHash(storeKey1, json1, SC.Record.BUSY_DESTROYING);
    storeKey2 = SC.Store.generateStoreKey();
    store.writeDataHash(storeKey2, json2, SC.Record.DESTROYED);
    storeKey3 = SC.Store.generateStoreKey();
    store.writeDataHash(storeKey3, json3, SC.Record.EMPTY);
    storeKey4 = SC.Store.generateStoreKey();
    store.writeDataHash(storeKey4, json4, SC.Record.BUSY);
    storeKey5 = SC.Store.generateStoreKey();
    store.writeDataHash(storeKey5, json5, SC.Record.READY_NEW);
    storeKey6 = SC.Store.generateStoreKey();
    store.writeDataHash(storeKey6, json6, SC.Record.READY_CLEAN);
  }
});

test("Check for different states after/before executing destroyRecord", function() {
  var throwError=false, msg, status;

  store.destroyRecord(undefined, undefined, storeKey1);
  status = store.readStatus( storeKey1);
  equals(status, SC.Record.BUSY_DESTROYING, "the status shouldn't have changed. It should be BUSY_DESTROYING ");

  store.destroyRecord(undefined, undefined, storeKey2);
  status = store.readStatus( storeKey2);
  equals(status, SC.Record.DESTROYED, "the status shouldn't have changed. It should be DESTROYED ");

  try{
    store.destroyRecord(undefined, undefined, storeKey3);
    msg='';
  }catch(error1){
    msg=error1.message;
  }
  equals(msg, SC.Record.NOT_FOUND_ERROR.message, "destroyRecord should throw the following error");

  try{
    store.destroyRecord(undefined, undefined, storeKey4);
    msg='';
  }catch(error2){
    msg=error2.message;
  }
  equals(msg, SC.Record.BUSY_ERROR.message, "destroyRecord should throw the following error");

  store.destroyRecord(undefined, undefined, storeKey5);
  status = store.readStatus( storeKey5);
  equals(status, SC.Record.DESTROYED_CLEAN, "the status should have changed to DESTROYED_CLEAN ");

  store.destroyRecord(undefined, undefined, storeKey6);
  status = store.readStatus( storeKey6);
  equals(status, SC.Record.DESTROYED_DIRTY, "the status should have changed to DESTROYED_DIRTY ");

  equals(store.changelog.length, 1, "The changelog has the following number of entries:");

});

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


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text:
Aston Martin on the Asia-Pacific Highway
It's not every day that a car company, a schoolteacher and a tour operator join forces to raise money, set a world record and increase road safety awareness. When Richard Meredith, Phil Colley and Aston Martin decided to collaborate on just such project, their efforts attracted the attention of car lovers and newspaper reporters from around the world.
It's not every day that a car company, a schoolteacher and a tour operator join forces to raise money, set a world record and increase road safety awareness. When Richard Meredith, Phil Colley and Aston Martin decided to collaborate on just such project, their efforts attracted the attention of car lovers and newspaper reporters from around the world.
The journey started as a dream two years ago when 58-year-old Meredith decided he would love to drive the entire length of the Asia-Pacific Highway. Unlike most people who never see such unusual dreams fulfilled, Meredith started looking for a way to accomplish his new goal. At last he was able to approach Dr Ulrich Bez, the Chief Executive Officer for Aston Martin. Dr Bez saw the advantage of allowing one of his automobiles to be tested to the limit under normal driving circumstances. Dr Bez is still confident that all three will succeed in their efforts. With his support, Meredith was able to make his dream a reality and on 25 June 2007, Richard Meredith and his friend Phil Colley set off from Tokyo on an incredible journey which will take them through sixteen different countries and a variety of terrains and weather conditions.
As of yet, no one has attempted to drive the entire distance of the Asia-Pacific Highway, so if the pair are able to accomplish their goal, they will be setting a new record. But, though they have the support of the Aston Martin car company and will be enjoying the luxuries of a V8 Vantage, their trip is unlikely to be a smooth one. Not only will the terrain be somewhat inhospitable on certain stretches, but the heat will be quite intense at times and then there is the problem of difficult bureaucracy from county to country. Fortunately, the project has even gained the support of the regional commission of the United Nations, so the pair will likely enjoy a good deal of support in even the most difficult situations. In fact, a team of assistants has been set up in the UK to organize assistance should it be necessary. In addition to problems such as these, the V8 Vantage car's roadworthiness and durability will be tested to the absolute limit.
While the journey started as the dream of one man, it has grown to become a symbol of care and road safety awareness. Many global companies have joined the crusade and the money raised by the trip will be used to help children in developing countries understand the importance of road safety awareness. The two are scheduled to drive into Trafalgar Square on 13 August 2007 and the world will be monitoring their progress until they complete their journey.
aston martin automobiles safety v8
Are you keeping track of the IndyCar season this year?


text:
Brandon Anapol (left) and Scott Benson (right)
Private Equity's Role in Driving Retail's Growth
BY	Brandon Anapol and Scott Benson May 8, 2019
Retail isn't going anywhere anytime soon. This past March, retail sales surged at the fastest rate since 2017. Riding this wave of good fortune, private equity firms have continued to invest in retail brands and, as a result, have helped them thrive in the evolving retail landscape we are experiencing today.
One of the main reasons private companies are investing in retail is because they view it as another growth vehicle with a substantial return on investment. These firms have the resources and experience to enable new and digitally-native retailers to progress more quickly than they would on their own. Likewise, national retail chains interested in expanding their footprint or innovating their brand can benefit from partnerships with private equity firms.
When investing in a retail brand, a private equity firm provides leadership, management, and structure that many young, undercapitalized companies may not possess. This consists of implementing systems and processes to streamline operations and create a more efficient workflow or overhauling an existing retail strategy altogether. These firms can also seamlessly bring in a retail strategist and highly-experienced C-suite talent with the know-how to scale and develop the business with quick decision-making.
For direct-to-consumer and digitally-native brands, private equity firms can help provide the necessary liquidity and capital to expand their presence through brick-and-mortar locations. Whether it be a pop-up, a freestanding store, or a space in a shopping center, growing the physical footprint of these retailers is critical to creating more brand awareness. Private equity firms also offer proven, successful methodology that is necessary for these brands to tighten up their supply chain, expand their workforce, refine payroll operations, and ultimately help them grab market share.
In addition, private equity firms help retailers access costly but key data that is specific to the brand's retail sector or demographic. Brands who allow data to drive their physical retail strategy continue to be successful and better serve their customers. Executives at retail brands that hope to gain access to this information should consider an investment from a private equity firm.
Success with private equity investment
Critical to reaching success through private equity investment is finding a firm that not only understands your brand, but the business you are in. Experience in the sector is key. Norwest Equity Partners, an active investor in the health and fitness sectors, allowed The Edge Fitness Clubs to grow from a local Connecticut health club to an active fitness chain in nine states after only a few short years of investment. Norwest Equity Partners previously invested in powerhouse Life Time Athletic when the brand was in its infancy and now the luxury health club has successfully expanded its luxury offerings nationwide. The firm has also supported other wellness-oriented retailers such as Movati Athletic, a Canadian health club, and the Institute for Integrative Nutrition, an online nutrition school — making it the perfect firm to support The Edge Fitness Clubs' growth.
Another example is MPK Equity Partners' investment in Urban Air Adventure Park, an indoor amusement park. Urban Air was experiencing exponential growth through a franchise business model but wanted to allocate more capital and resources to expanding its internal team to take the company to the next level. Its goal was to not only take its franchise model across the country but better identify itself as an amusement park, as opposed to just a trampoline park which is how the company started. With MPK Equity Partners' investment, Urban Air hired Jay Thomas, a former executive at Six Flags Great Adventure, as chief commercial officer. Thomas has helped give Urban Air the credibility to position itself as a leading indoor amusement park with a wide variety of activities available, all while continuing its massive growth.
How to choose the best private equity partner
In today's competitive retail environment, figuring out what sets you apart is essential. What do you want to be known for in the market? Whether it's service, price, or convenience, or a combination of the three, focus on how you can do it better than anyone else in your space. Once you've mastered your differentiator and developed a strong foundation, consider a private equity firm that excels at working with brands of the same caliber. Understand how they've helped propel similar brands in the marketplace and what they can do for you. The Edge Fitness Clubs ultimately chose Norwest Equity Partners over other qualified firms due to their experience in the fitness sector.
There are also perks to working with private equity firms who represent a diversified portfolio of retailers. For example, a private equity firm that invests in entertainment, fitness, and consumer services can provide a broad and fresh perspective. It can bring new ideas and themes that maybe hadn't been considered before to the table, helping the retailer realize economies of scale. If your retail strategy has gone stagnant, you might want to consider working with a more diversified firm.
Despite what you may have heard, private equity investment can do a lot of good for retailers. Retail has been and will continue to be an important driver of the American economy. As market dynamics shift, private equity firms will provide stability to brick-and-mortar retailers and level set competition from e-commerce. Overall, retailers of all sizes can benefit from private equity investment. The key is finding the right private equity partner who understands your goals and is invested in helping your brand flourish.
Brandon Anapol is senior VP of brokerage services, and Scott Benson is VP of brokerage services at Metro Commercial, a retail brokerage firm providing regional, national, and international tenant representation to 140 individual and expanding retailers. Metro also specializes in project leasing and landlord representation, investment sales, property management, and development services.
d.parker says:
May-24-2019 08:45 am
I would be interested in the type of data that is mentioned below referenced by the article private equity firms help retailers access costly but key data that is specific to the brand's retail sector or demographic. Brands who allow data to drive their physical retail strategy continue to be successful and better serve their customers.
Report: Online sales will reach $645 billion in 2020; but growth slowing
Consumer spending accelerated in June as retail sales rose in nearly all sectors.
Rent-A-Center buys online competitor
Rent-A-Center has made a move to increase its share of the $20 billion-plus virtual rent-to-own market.
Back-to-school spending is set to rise per household but fall overall as the number of students in school and college declines.
Barneys reportedly exploring bankruptcy filing
High rent may be taking a toll on Barneys New York.
Bed Bath & Beyond swings to Q1 loss; 'reviewing' brand portfolio
Bed Bath & Beyond is likely to be closing some stores and divesting itself of some non-core brand assets as part of its turnaround efforts.


text:
Search City or Zip Code
Drought Relief: 10 Cities That Doubled Their Yearly Rainfall in One Week
By Nick Wiltgen
A slow-moving storm system drenched parts of the Plains states during the week of May 21-27, bringing relief from the extreme to exceptional drought that has gripped much of the region.
The setup was ideal for generous rainfall:
The tail end of a stalled front hung over the region for days.
An upper-air storm system moved east very slowly, helping to provide lift in the atmosphere.
Persistent south to southeasterly winds imported juicy Gulf of Mexico air to the High Plains, contributing to the heavy downpours.
As we had predicted before the event began, several cities saw at least as much rain during that one-week period than they had in the first 20 weeks of 2014, encompassing January 1 through May 20.
On the next pages, we lay out the impressive rainfall stats for 10 of those lucky cities.
NEXT: 20 weeks' worth of rain in 11 minutes
The first 143 days of 2014 were very dry, with a scant 0.42 inch of rainfall -- just 15 percent of the average for that period.
That changed dramatically on May 24, when 4.44 inches of rain fell. Most of that fell in a five-hour period before sunrise. There were five different non-overlapping periods (shown on the graphic above), ranging in length from 31 minutes to as little as 11 minutes, that each brought more rain than the entire year had brought before May 24.
The rain wiped out the city's rainfall deficit and became the heaviest single-day rainfall in Roswell since Aug. 9, 1916. It also led to some street flooding and flooded a local cemetery.
NEXT: From record dry to near-record wet
San Angelo, Texas
Through May 22, this had been the driest year to date in San Angelo, with just 0.85 inch of rainfall. Even a generous 0.80-inch rain on May 23 still left the city's rainfall total dead last in the historical record.
But the torrents kept coming, with over 2 inches of rain on both May 24 and 25, and nearly 2 inches again on May 26. By the time the large-scale storm system finally moved out, San Angelo had logged 8.7 times more rain in one week than in the previous 20 weeks put together.
Including minor rainfalls earlier in the month, San Angelo's May 2014 total of 7.75 inches (as of May 28) stands as the second-wettest May on record, behind 1987; in fact, no month on the calendar since May 1987 has been wetter than this one there.
NEXT: Rain to tamp down the dust
On May 21, Lubbock was suffering its third-driest year to date on record, with just 0.90 inch of rain -- and it was dealing with yet another round of blowing dust as showers fell apart before reaching the city.
Fortunately, that failure wasn't repeated in the following days; drenching downpours finally arrived, bringing the city just under 6 times as much rain in one week as it had in the first 20 weeks of 2014 combined.
On the down side, some flooding resulted:
NEXT: Poured in the Panhandle
The largest city in the Texas Panhandle had seen barely one-fifth of its average precipitation during the first 20 weeks of the year.
The week of May 21-27 was far more generous, with a pair of one-inch daily rainfalls boosting the week's total to 3.55 inches, just over triple the amount that had fallen all year through May 20.
NEXT: Land of rain-chantment
Clayton, New Mexico
This northeast New Mexico city, like many others on the High Plains, was suffering its driest year to date through May 20.
Then, three days of rain brought a total of 1.22 inches to the city. While this was about 2.6 times more than the entire year-to-date total previously, it still leaves Clayton with less than half its average annual rainfall as of May 28.
NEXT: Sooner or later, it must rain
Hobart, Oklahoma
The dry start to 2014 in Hobart led to some wild weather early in May, with temperatures see-sawing from a record low of 33 degrees on May 1 to a record high of 103 on May 6 -- the latter becoming the hottest temperature on record so early in the spring for Hobart. (Dry air and soil heat up and cool down faster than moist air and soil do.)
This southwest Oklahoma town finally got a good soaking May 23 with exactly 3 inches of rain, followed by additional periods of rain and thunderstorms in subsequent days.
In all, Hobart saw 74 percent more rain May 21-27 than it had in all of 2014 through May 20, but a 2-inch rainfall deficit remains as of May 28.
NEXT: Oil and water
Midland, Texas
This West Texas city, well known for its oil, wasn't doing so well with water through May 20. Only 1.32 inches had fallen, little more than one-third of average.
A torrential downpour on Sunday morning, May 25, more than doubled that total in just 79 minutes. For the first time in months, standing water was seen around the Midland-Odessa area.
NEXT: Moist air in the Air Capital
Wichita, situated farther east than the other cities on this list, normally gets more rainfall than cities on the High Plains to its west. Its more easterly location allows it to more frequently sit in the path of moist Gulf of Mexico air as it comes north.
As a result, the 2.56 inches it had seen through May 20 -- while generous compared to its western neighbors -- was Wichita's driest year to date on record.
Four consecutive days of rain May 22-25, and another shower on May 27, have boosted Wichita's May rainfall to near average – but it's still 5 inches behind the normal pace for the year to date.
NEXT: Not quite as bone-dry as it was
Albuquerque's climate is a very dry one -- in fact, the 2.56 inches that had made it the driest year to date on record in Wichita would have been a wetter-than-average figure for Albuquerque.
In any case, Albuquerque had only had 0.46 inch of rain through May 20 -- dry even by New Mexico standards -- so the 0.55 inch of rain May 21-27 was enough to double the city's annual total.
However, New Mexico's largest city still has less than half its average rainfall so far this year.
NEXT: Double the rainfall, and still the driest ever?!
This western Kansas city of 27,000 saw 0.68 inch of rain in the first 20 weeks of 2014, making it the driest such period on record there.
The 21st week of the year -- May 21-27 -- also brought 0.68 inch of rain to the city, exactly doubling the city's annual total to 1.36 inches.
Unfortunately, even that welcome rain still leaves Garden City with its driest year to date on record. The city averages 6.50 inches of rain during the first 21 weeks of the year.
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Allergy is a common problem that occurs in people of all ages that cause several disturbances. It is one of the major factors that induce asthma problems in a person. Most people face allergy problems due to allergens present in dust mites, insects, food items, pets and environmental changes. However, the symptoms may vary which affect the normal lives to a greater extent. Some are life threatening that reduce the quality of life. The allergies can appear on the nose, skin, eyes, and lungs. Repeated exposure to allergens will lead to allergy disorders and one should avoid them in order to live a better life. Allergens enter a human body through ingestion, inhaling, injecting and touching. Itching, swelling, irritation, rashes, running nose, breathing difficulties, nausea, and headaches are some symptoms of allergy disorders that lead to various problems. They are mainly formed by the release of a chemical called Histamine. Anaphylaxis is a serious allergy disorder that leads to deadly reactions in the body. It is an important one to know the preventive measures from health experts for curbing symptoms effectively to overcome risks. Moreover, it will help to focus more on overall health conditions to eliminate potential threats.
Allergy disorders involve different types and people know the causes for them in detail for managing them with ease. It is an important one to get more ideas about the allergens that are responsible for the symptoms.
Pollen is a type of particle released by several plants in the environment that can travel large distances causing allegoric reactions on the body. When pollen particles reach a place at a certain level, it will cause wheezing and other problems.
Mites are small species which are normally invisible to eyes and mostly found in mattresses, mats, cushions, carpets, and other things. Sneezing in the morning, rhinitis, and conjunctivas are some symptoms caused by mites.
There are some food products which can react to allergy problems in children, babies, and adults.
Milk, soy, egg, wheat, peanuts, fish, tree nuts, and shell fish are some food products that may trigger the symptoms effectively. Food-related allergy results in vomiting, nausea, intestinal disorders, dizziness, and dehydration.
Environmental changes may also lead to allergy problems and one should focus more on combating them properly. Extreme cold and bad weather conditions will result in various symptoms.
An additive is a substance added to foods for preservation and coloring purposes. Most additives are harmful which induce allergy problems in a person at the earliest.
Mould is a microscopic organism grown in places that are having high humidity levels. It usually develops during rainy and cloudy days which favor the formation of fungus.
Certain medicinal products can have allergic reactions on the body and one should avoid drugs that produce the symptoms.
Bees and wasps are some insects that can cause vulnerable effects on the body. The bites of insects may result in symptoms such as rashes, breathing problems, and so on.
Ayurveda practices allow a person to get relief from seasonal allergy problems efficiently which give ways for improving the living conditions. It classifies a disorder based on the allergens which provide solutions with special attention. In fact, it is possible to increase the immunity levels on the body with Ayurveda for minimizing the symptoms. Anyone who wants to recover from allergy with home remedies, breathing exercises, yoga, diet control, and herbs can choose Ayurvedic procedures. Besides that, they show ways for getting the best results after undergoing a treatment.
Chandigarh Ayurved Center has come up with Allergy Care Kit that perfectly helps in getting rid of this situation.
This sachet helps in relieving symptoms of allergy and help in freeing you from the itching and burning associated with the same. Once you start taking these, you are sure to get relief.
Giloy is an important herb in Ayurveda. This herb boosts immunity and prevents infections. It's a good therapy for anti-infection and the action is also very mild.
This churna is effective for allergies and skin disorders.
This again helps to fight allergies with great ease. Take 2 tablets twice daily and enjoy a comfortable experience away from allergies.
Allergy Care Sachets – 1 Sachet twice daily.
Giloy Ghan Vati – 2 Tablets twice daily.
Manjisthadi Churna – 1 teaspoonful twice daily.
Yakrit Vati – 2 Tablets twice daily.


text:
A Fourier transform infrared spectroscopic study of the molecular interaction of cholesterol with 1,2-dipalmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine
Resolve DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/0005-2736(80)90287-4
Search for: Umemura, Junzo1; Search for: Cameron, David G.1; Search for: Mantsch, Henry H.1
National Research Council of Canada
Text, Article
Cholesterol; Phosphatidylcholine; Fourier transform infrared spectra; Melting phenomenon; Ester bond
The temperature dependencies of the infrared spectra of pure and cholesterol-containing multibilayers of 1,2-dipalmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine were studied using Fourier transform infrared techniques. A comparison of the spectroscopic data showed the retention of a melting phenomenon at 60 mol% cholesterol content, and the retention of some all-trans conformations in the liquid-crystalline phase. It is also demonstrated that at temperatures less than 30°C, the cholesterol-containing 1,2-dipalmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine multibilayers still contain a small amount of pure 1,2-dipalmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine, packed in an orthorhombic subcell lattice. Spectral changes were found in the absorptions characteristic of the phospholipid head groups. The addition of cholesterol results in changes in the ester bands, and demonstrates the induction by cholesterol of non-equivalent ester conformations.
Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Biomembranes 602, no. 1: 32–44.
NRCC 18358
52357d35-424d-4ac9-a70a-c49455b7c9d0


text:
Montgomery Jones
Song List/
harmony-driven & rhythm-infused
Love Rising: Montgomery Jones & Laura Berman in Concert - Lake Theater & Cafe, Lake Oswego, OR
Come join Montgomery Jones and singer/songwriter Laura Berman at the Lake Theater & Cafe in Lake Oswego, OR, for an intimate evening of heart-lifting, inspiring, soul-stirring music that was made for these times. Love will be rising in a big way through these acclaimed artists in words and music both energetic and profound. From original songs like "Watch Love Rise" and "I Realize" to classics "People Get Ready" and "Imagine", Lauri, Laura, and Eric will take you on a high vibe musical journey accompanied by piano, acoustic guitar, cajon (box drum) and other percussive instruments. Collaboration among friends... voices coming together in harmony to raise the proverbial roof and put hearts in motion. Sure to be a fun and magical evening of song! Advanced tickets highly recommended: https://laketheatercafe-com.seatengine.com/shows/52421
The Lake Theater & Cafe is an intimate, state of the art venue, offering food and drink for purchase and table seating as you watch the show. Located in convenient downtown Lake Oswego on the lake. For more information, please visit their website.
Lauri Jones with Eric Montgomery at CSL Eugene
Country Life Fair at Pomeroy Farm
Lauri Jones and Eric Montgomery make up the unique Adult Contemporary Piano/Vocal/Percussion Duo Montgomery Jones. With material ranging from Leonard Cohen to the Beatles to Ed Sheeran (as well as their own originals), Montgomery Jones provides an eclectic mix of beautiful, rhythm-infused, soul-satisfying music.


text:
Education (Launch)
Position Title SENT Executive Director
Status Full-Time/Exempt
Compensation $60,000 – $65,000 (Based on Education and Experience)
Benefits Insurance – Medical
Location SENT Offices at Avondale East
Reports to SENT Board of Directors
Read the full job description here
We are looking for a proven leader who possesses a growth mindset, positive and passionate entrepreneurial spirit, and takes an innovative approach to business and organizational leadership. Our next Executive Director will lead our highly talented staff to reach their highest potential and will take SENT Topeka into its next stage of growth and contribution to our community. We are seeking someone who knows how to develop high-performance teams that set and achieve strategic objectives. Not only will our next leader have superb people-leadership skills, but s/he will also be a persuasive and passionate communicator and visionary who can bring others into the exciting work that SENT Topeka is engaging with in our community.
Our Executive Director will work closely with our Board of Directors to develop, implement, assess, and adapt our strategic goals and initiatives. S/he will regularly communicate with and engage our Board of Directors to maximize their contributions. Additionally, we expect our next Executive Director to champion our vision to the public through fostering collaborative partnerships and relationships with donors, volunteers, and like-minded organizations.
Our executive director also serves as a director of operations, overseeing the efficient and effective day-to-day operation of SENT Topeka and facilitating the administrative and program elements needed to achieve our programs, initiatives, and objectives. This is done by leading the program staff and providing the needed support, coaching, and resources for needed for program success.
As part of the Executive Director's people-leadership role, s/he will champion a SENT Topeka culture – fostering our core values and creating a positive, uplifting, safe, and productive work environment for the staff. Coaching, mentorship, and performance management are also a part of this role's responsibilities as well as talent acquisition (recruitment, interviewing, and on-boarding/training).
Our Executive Director will be responsible for leading the Financial Planning and Management of SENT Topeka. This means s/he will work with our staff and board to create an annual strategic budget, establish and mobilize a sustainable funding strategy, secure adequate funding for operations, and ensure that the organization follows sound bookkeeping and accounting practices. We expect that our next Executive Director will provide regular and timely updates to the Board of Directors regarding revenues and expenditures.
SHOULD YOU APPLY?
Are you energized by walking beside neighbors through loving relationships and strategic development?
Do you share our vision of Holistic Transformation of our Neighborhood?
Are an experienced and successful leader who has spent time with under-resourced communities through non-profit work?
SENT Topeka's Neighborhood commonly faces: homelessness, past trauma, substance abuse, food insecurities, barriers in education, and disrupted family structures.
Do you have a desire to invest in a community who is experiencing these challenges?
If you answered, "yes" to these questions, review the position responsibilities and requirements. If you have the passion, experience, and skill-set required to excel in this position, we would love for you to apply!
To apply for this position, fully complete the Employment Application
Submit Your Documents to careers@senttopeka.com
SUBJECT LINE: Executive Director Application
PLEASE INCLUDE
Employment Application (Includes References)
Once we receive your application, cover letter, and resume via email (careers@senttopeka.com), we will respond via email to ask any follow-up questions we may have and if you are a good fit for the position, we will request a phone or video conference interview as a second step. After the phone interview we will invite those we select to complete a Flippen Profile (360-degree assessment). Once applicants complete the Flippen profile, we'll invite those moving forward to an in person interview with a staff or board member followed by a panel interview with staff and board. During the interview process, we will reach out to the references you provided in the Employment Application. Please be sure to notify your references that we will be reaching out.
Submit Application, Resume, Cover Letter
Receive confirmation email – if applicable, it will include further steps.
Schedule Phone or Video Conference Interview
Complete the Flippen Profile
Schedule In Person Interview
Schedule In Person Panel Interview
Hiring Decision
Copyright © 2020 SENT Topeka | Powered by Astra


General Yo - Made in the USA.
It's been 10 years since the release of the legendary General Yo Hatrick and in honor of this special occasion they decided to release a limited run in some very cool colorways!
The Hatrick is an undersized organic yo-yo with some serious power and impressive performance that holds up even after 10 years. The special 10th anniversary editions use the exact same design as the original, because when something is this good you don't want to mess with it. It comes fitted with hat pads and a very grind friendly General Yo blast that Ernie does himself!


text:
Olivier - King Henry V
in Acrylic by Karl Hamilton-cox No Artist Reviews
An original portrait painting of Sir Laurence Olivier in his role in the 1944 film of Shakespeare's Henry V play. This is the first of a series of two paintings of the actor in this role, the other is also for sale here on ArtGallery. Created for an art event in Stratford-upon-Avon in 2018. Handpainted in my art-on-leather style, framed behind glass, ready for wall hanging or free standing. Frame size: 17.5cmW x 22.5cmH x 1.75cm deep. Inner window painted area is 9 x 13.5cm The artwork is painted on fine black nappa leather.
SIZE W 6.75" x H 8.75"
W 17.15 cm x H 22.23 cm
MEDIA Acrylic
SURFACE Leather
STYLE Portraiture
SUBJECT People
Channel Islands/Ireland £5.00
Near Europe £20.00
Rest of Europe Enquire Now
USA/Canada £20.00
Australia/New Zealand £22.00
https://artgallery.co.uk/olivier-king-henry-v 150093 Olivier - King Henry V https://artgallery.co.uk/media/catalog/product/0/b/0b5ee3b2-9892-44a0-ae69-896e65c8cfc7.jpg 180 180 GBP InStock /Artworks/Artforms/Painting /Artworks/Popular Styles/Portraiture /Artworks/Popular Subjects/People /Artworks/Most Popular Categories/£100 - £250 An original portrait painting of Sir Laurence Olivier in his role in the 1944 film of Shakespeare's Henry V play. This is the first of a series of two paintings of the actor in this role, the other is also for sale here on ArtGallery. Created for an art event in Stratford-upon-Avon in 2018. Handpainted in my art-on-leather style, framed behind glass, ready for wall hanging or free standing. Frame size: 17.5cmW x 22.5cmH x 1.75cm deep. Inner window painted area is 9 x 13.5cm The artwork is painted on fine black nappa leather. 0 0 https://artgallery.co.uk/media/catalog/product/6/8/687661fd-24a5-4491-a6e5-1d4a73f45eb3.jpg https://artgallery.co.uk/media/catalog/product/8/2/82b7f53b-5132-415b-b5af-feebfacc1e76.jpg https://artgallery.co.uk/media/catalog/product/2/c/2caf9d25-0082-4d41-a735-0d8db798fab7.jpg https://artgallery.co.uk/media/catalog/product/0/3/031dea97-8e5f-4785-94ef-7f514a8b55f3.jpg add-to-cart No 2019-10-25
My art education started as a part of my resettlement to civilian life after 22 years in the Army back in 2003 where I studied portraiture and life/portrait sculpture. I have a very wide and diverse portfolio of work in both 2 and 3 dimensions. To broaden my portfolio in 2006 I started automo...
More By Karl Hamilton-cox
Escaping the Storm
Karl Hamilton-cox
1930's Morgan At Brooklands
Heels On Wheels
Ferrari Enzo painting
Fireside Engagement Pinup
Portrait of Taly
Nelson in Bronze
Golden Eagle Portrait
Falcon Portrait


text:
Q: OpenCL, simple vector addition but wrong output for large input So, after spending hours reading and understanding I have finally made my first OpenCL program that actually does something, which is it adds two vectors and outputs to a file.
#include <iostream>
#include <vector>
#include <cstdlib>
#include <string>
#include <fstream>

#define __CL_ENABLE_EXCEPTIONS
#include <CL/cl.hpp>

int main(int argc, char *argv[])
{
    try
    {
// get platforms, devices and display their info.
        std::vector<cl::Platform> platforms;
        cl::Platform::get(&platforms);

        std::vector<cl::Platform>::iterator i=platforms.begin();

        std::cout<<"OpenCL \tPlatform : "<<i->getInfo<CL_PLATFORM_NAME>()<<std::endl;
        std::cout<<"\tVendor: "<<i->getInfo<CL_PLATFORM_VENDOR>()<<std::endl;
        std::cout<<"\tVersion : "<<i->getInfo<CL_PLATFORM_VERSION>()<<std::endl;
        std::cout<<"\tExtensions : "<<i->getInfo<CL_PLATFORM_EXTENSIONS>()<<std::endl;

// get devices
        std::vector<cl::Device> devices;
        i->getDevices(CL_DEVICE_TYPE_ALL,&devices);
        int o=99;
        std::cout<<"\n\n";
// iterate over available devices
        for(std::vector<cl::Device>::iterator j=devices.begin(); j!=devices.end(); j++)
        {
            std::cout<<"\tOpenCL\tDevice : " << j->getInfo<CL_DEVICE_NAME>()<<std::endl;
            std::cout<<"\t\t Type : " << j->getInfo<CL_DEVICE_TYPE>()<<std::endl;
            std::cout<<"\t\t Vendor : " << j->getInfo<CL_DEVICE_VENDOR>()<<std::endl;
            std::cout<<"\t\t Driver : " << j->getInfo<CL_DRIVER_VERSION>()<<std::endl;
            std::cout<<"\t\t Global Mem : " << j->getInfo<CL_DEVICE_GLOBAL_MEM_SIZE>()/(1024*1024)<<" MBytes"<<std::endl;
            std::cout<<"\t\t Local Mem : " << j->getInfo<CL_DEVICE_LOCAL_MEM_SIZE>()/1024<<" KBbytes"<<std::endl;
            std::cout<<"\t\t Compute Unit : " << j->getInfo<CL_DEVICE_MAX_COMPUTE_UNITS>()<<std::endl;
            std::cout<<"\t\t Clock Rate : " << j->getInfo<CL_DEVICE_MAX_CLOCK_FREQUENCY>()<<" MHz"<<std::endl;
        }
        std::cout<<"\n\n\n";

 //MAIN CODE BEGINS HERE

 //get Kernel
        std::ifstream ifs("vector_add_kernel.cl");
        std::string kernelSource((std::istreambuf_iterator<char>(ifs)), std::istreambuf_iterator<char>());
        std::cout<<kernelSource;

   //Create context, select device and command queue.
        cl::Context context(devices);
        cl::Device &device=devices.front();
        cl::CommandQueue cmdqueue(context,device);

  // Generate Source vector and push the kernel source in it.
        cl::Program::Sources sourceCode;
        sourceCode.push_back(std::make_pair(kernelSource.c_str(), kernelSource.size()));

  //Generate program using sourceCode
        cl::Program program=cl::Program(context, sourceCode);

  //Build program..
        try
        {
            program.build(devices);
        }
        catch(cl::Error &err)
        {
            std::cerr<<"Building failed, "<<err.what()<<"("<<err.err()<<")"
                     <<"\nRetrieving build log"
                     <<"\n Build Log Follows \n"
                     <<program.getBuildInfo<CL_PROGRAM_BUILD_LOG>(devices.front());
        }

  //Declare and initialize vectors
        std::vector<cl_float>B(993448,1.3);
        std::vector<cl_float>C(993448,1.3);
        std::vector<cl_float>A(993448,1.3);
        cl_int N=A.size();

  //Declare and intialize proper work group size and global size. Global size raised to the nearest multiple of workGroupSize.
        int workGroupSize=128;
        int GlobalSize;
        if(N%workGroupSize) GlobalSize=N - N%workGroupSize + workGroupSize;
        else GlobalSize=N;
  //Declare buffers.
        cl::Buffer vecA(context, CL_MEM_READ_WRITE, sizeof(cl_float)*N);
        cl::Buffer vecB(context, CL_MEM_READ_ONLY , (B.size())*sizeof(cl_float));
        cl::Buffer vecC(context, CL_MEM_READ_ONLY , (C.size())*sizeof(cl_float));
  //Write vectors into buffers
        cmdqueue.enqueueWriteBuffer(vecB, 0, 0, (B.size())*sizeof(cl_float), &B[0] );
        cmdqueue.enqueueWriteBuffer(vecB, 0, 0, (C.size())*sizeof(cl_float), &C[0] );

 //Executing kernel
        cl::Kernel kernel(program, "vector_add");
        cl::KernelFunctor kernel_func=kernel.bind(cmdqueue, cl::NDRange(GlobalSize), cl::NDRange(workGroupSize));

        kernel_func(vecA, vecB, vecC, N);

 //Reading back values into vector A
        cmdqueue.enqueueReadBuffer(vecA,true,0,N*sizeof(cl_float), &A[0]);
        cmdqueue.finish();

  //Saving into file.
        std::ofstream output("vectorAdd.txt");
        for(int i=0;i<N;i++) output<<A[i]<<"\n";

    }
    catch(cl::Error& err)
    {
        std::cerr << "OpenCL error: " << err.what() << "(" << err.err() <<
                  ")" << std::endl;

        return EXIT_FAILURE;
    }

    return EXIT_SUCCESS;
}

The problem is, for smaller values of N, I'm getting the correct result that is 2.6
But for larger values, like the one in the code above (993448) I get garbage output varying between 1 and 2.4.
Here is the Kernel code :
__kernel void vector_add(__global float *A, __global float *B, __global float *C, int N) {

// Get the index of the current element
int i = get_global_id(0);

//Do the operation
if(i<N)    A[i] = C[i] + B[i];
}

UPDATE : Ok it seems the code is working now. I have fixed a few minor mistakes in my code above
1) The part where GlobalSize is initialized has been fixed.
2)Stupid mistake in enqueueWriteBuffer (wrong parameters given)
It is now outputting the correct result for large values of N.

A: Try to change the data type from float to double etc.

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text:
"use strict";
var html_minifier_1 = require("html-minifier");
module.exports = function htmlminifier(htmlContent, options) {
    return html_minifier_1.minify(htmlContent, options);
};


text:
Грама Ніладхарі Віктор-Естате-1 (№ P/16) — Грама Ніладхарі підрозділу ОС Потувіл, округ Ампара, Східна провінція, Шрі-Ланка.

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Грама Ніладхарі підрозділу ОС Потувіл

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