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Are You Suited for a Start-Up?
Jeffrey Bussgang
From the November–December 2017 Issue
November–December 2017 Issue
Relative to established organizations, start-ups can be hard to figure out. What are the jobs to be done? The best entry points? How can you tell whether a company has potential for success and is the right fit for you?
The author advises that you first assess whether you're suited for a young, entrepreneurial organization. Start-up joiners need to do three things well: manage uncertainty, push the limits, and think like an owner.
He then outlines four steps for choosing the right company: Pick a domain (find a field you're passionate about); pick a city (preferably in an entrepreneurial hub); pick a stage ("jungle," "dirt road," or "highway"); and pick a winner (do due diligence on the founding team, the market, and the business model).
Once you've made those choices, you'll need to sell yourself, and Bussgang suggests how: Identify key players at the companies you're interested in and find ways to connect with them. When you meet, articulate how you can contribute, engage your interviewers about their work, and offer expertise, advice, or contacts with no expectation of reciprocity. Suddenly you'll be perceived as someone who is already adding value.
When I finished business school, I had two job offers. The first was from the Boston Consulting Group, where I'd worked before my MBA program—the obvious choice for a young professional in search of a stable, lucrative career. The second was from a Series A–stage venture-backed start-up with only 30 employees that wanted to transform the internet into a secure business environment—a much riskier bet. I accepted the second offer and never looked back.
Denis Carrier
In the years since, I've worked for three start-ups and, as a venture capitalist, invested in more than a hundred. I've learned a lot not just about how to found a company—raising money, finding initial customers, hiring a team—but also about what it takes to join a start-up and help build it into a large, successful organization. Joiners are employees number two to 2,000 who work alongside founders to develop their ideas into real businesses.
Making this leap is rarely easy. Relative to established organizations, start-ups can be hard to figure out. What are the jobs to be done? The best entry points? How can you tell whether a company has potential for success and is the right fit for you?
Start-ups have no clear hierarchies or paths to advancement. But from their embryonic stages through more-mature ones, they need good managers to create and effectively run departments such as marketing, product development, and sales. And one can accrue numerous personal and professional rewards working for these young organizations. In nearly every interview I've conducted with start-up joiners, they have emphasized how much they value the autonomy, creativity, and growth they experience in their jobs—all elements critical to fulfillment.
Start-ups represent giant experiments. Every initiative is new.
So it's important for those in business—from newly minted MBAs and junior executives to seasoned leaders—to better understand how these companies operate, to envision how they themselves might contribute, and, if the situation feels right, to make the leap.
Assessing Your Fit
To work at a start-up, you'll need to do three things you might not have learned in school or in jobs at larger companies: manage uncertainty, push the limits, and think like an owner.
Manage uncertainty.
Start-ups represent giant experiments. Every initiative is new. One hypothesis after another is being tested. Titles, functional boundaries, roles, and responsibilities are often fluid. The team works as one, inventing, creating, moving toward shifting goals—all while working without a playbook. Given this organizational dynamism, which continues even through the later stages, anyone working for a start-up has to be comfortable with large doses of ambiguity and uncertainty.
Push the limits.
My father was an entrepreneur, and I remember that whenever he was confronted with an obstacle—having to stand in a long line at a popular museum, for example—he would look for a way around it, not by cutting in line but by testing assumptions. "Can't we design a more efficient system?" he would ask. "How can we get around this obstacle and speed things up?" This tendency to actively question rather than passively settle is key to success at a start-up. If you want to work for one, you should be the sort of person who's always looking to solve a problem, make the solution more efficient, make it repeatable, and keep iterating from there.
Think like an owner.
Working at a start-up, you're expected to become emotionally invested. The sense of mission and adventure is greater than at a traditional organization, and your efforts are clearly and directly linked to the value and success of the enterprise. You must therefore be someone who can care deeply about not just your own work but all aspects of your company. My dad's measure of employee commitment involved a hypothetical staple on the rug near the front desk of his company: He wanted people who, no matter their position, would stop, pick up the staple, and throw it out. At a big company you might walk past thinking, Someone else—the cleaners—will get it. But not at a start-up. In an entrepreneurial organization everyone must think like an owner, always asking, "What can I personally do to make this place even more awesome?"
Picking the Right Company
If you feel that you're right for a start-up, you next have to choose the right company for you. My advice is to approach this important decision methodically, in four steps.
Pick a domain.
First, find a field you're passionate about. This means asking yourself a series of questions: "Do I prefer a business that focuses on consumers or on businesses? What kind of customers would I like to serve? Which brands do I admire the most? What are my favorite websites, apps, or subjects to read about?" These questions can force you to think very tangibly. For example, if TripAdvisor is your favorite app, you clearly love to travel and should perhaps look for a start-up in that sector. When you're reading a newspaper, a website, or a magazine, which stories do you read immediately and thoroughly? If you tend to skip past headlines about, say, the media business, you shouldn't join a new online video service. If you dive into stories about autonomous vehicles or virtual and augmented reality because you find the subjects intellectually stimulating, narrow your focus to those domains. I suggest limiting yourself to three areas; otherwise your search will become too broad.
Pick a city.
Not everyone can relocate anywhere for work. But for those who do have that flexibility, I recommend thinking very carefully about where you'd like to live. If you're not currently based in an entrepreneurial hub such as Silicon Valley, New York, Boston, Los Angeles, Tel Aviv, or Berlin, you should consider moving to one—not only for the job you are about to take, but to position yourself for the next several jobs, since start-up life can be fluid and unpredictable. These hubs are tight communities, often clusters of local universities, established technology companies, venture capitalists, and successful entrepreneurs. Each has its own pros and cons, quirks, and vibe. For example, L.A. blends media, entertainment, and technology while offering the benefits of the beach and an active lifestyle. Boston is the world's best intersection of health care and information technology and represents a more professional environment. Tel Aviv is the cybersecurity capital of the world and crackles with raw energy. Figure out in which place you'd like to settle and build relationships. Once people choose a start-up community, they tend to stay. Your coworkers in one company could become your cofounders in another.
Pick a stage.
When describing the various stages of a start-up, I often use a road-building metaphor. In the jungle stage you have no idea where the paths are. You're surrounded by a tangled mess; you grab a machete and hack away. Many use the term "preproduct/market fit" to characterize this nascent period. In the dirt road stage the path is bumpy and winding, but it's there, and the goal is to move down it as quickly as possible. You've developed a well-defined product and are pursuing a clear market. You're starting to figure out your business model and addressing the early challenges of growth. In the highway stage you're speeding down a straight open road. You're improving operations incrementally while executing, scaling up, and iterating. If you are a risk-taker and a figure-it-out person, the jungle phase is for you. You should focus your search on seed-stage or Series A–funded companies. If you're someone who enjoys building systems, look for businesses in later funding rounds. If you're an improver and operator who wants slightly more stability and a higher salary, a highway-stage company—perhaps just before or just after an IPO—is the right choice.
Pick a winner.
This step—choosing a company that you think will be a huge success and therefore provide you with tremendous growth opportunities—is the hardest to get right. Even the most brilliant and experienced investors in the world are wrong more than half the time, and whereas they have the benefit of holding a portfolio of companies, you get to pick only one to work for. How can an outsider identify the likely winners in a given domain, market, and stage? One way is to ask a handful of insiders. Find the top three VCs, angels, start-up lawyers, and headhunters in your target geography and ask them to name the three hottest start-ups in your chosen domain and stage. Pressure-test the companies on their combined lists by looking for more evidence of success and momentum. Do your own due diligence, using the simple criteria that we venture capitalists employ:
Team. Is the founding team compelling? Can its members articulate a vision that inspires you and others around them? Are they of high integrity? Would you want to work with them again in their next company?
Market. Is the market in which the company is operating huge—that is, greater than $1 billion in revenue potential? Is it experiencing some kind of disruption that might lead to opportunity for a new entrant? How crowded is the market, and does this start-up have a sustainable advantage over the competition?
Business model. Are the unit economics—the ratio of net revenue to costs for each customer or product unit—attractive? Can the company articulate and compare the lifetime value and acquisition cost of each customer? Does its business model include network effects—that is, will value grow as the network of users does? If the company already has customers, do they appear loyal and provide growth potential, or are they churning out?
Discuss these issues with the advisers from whom you solicited recommendations and with others who have experience across multiple start-ups and whose judgment you trust. If you're in touch with the founders or current leaders of the companies you're considering, ask them these questions directly. And develop your own point of view according to what you see in the marketplace.
In general, the start-up community is incredibly generous with its time.
These four steps—picking a domain, a city, a stage, and potential winners—will generally produce a short, targeted list on which to focus.
Selling Yourself
The next challenge is to position yourself so that the start-ups on your list want to hire you. You'll need to do two things well:
Arrange a warm introduction.
Many start-ups are full of people with large social networks. It is your job to identify key players at the companies you're interested in and find ways to connect with them. Websites such as Crunchbase and Mattermark list valuable information about start-ups, including their key executives. LinkedIn searches can help you find other employees. Then look for mutual connections, or friends of friends, who might put you in touch with these people. Through those various networks and databases you should be able to identify an "in." Ask the contacts you've found not just for an introduction but for some endorsement based on what you've told them about your enthusiasm, experience, or other assets. That sort of inquiry trumps a cold voicemail every time.
VC and angel investors are also a great channel. They are often happy to pass along the résumé of a qualified manager who could be an asset to one of their portfolio companies. In general, the start-up community is incredibly generous with its time, and it has such a strong "pay it forward" culture that with tenacity you can get to almost anyone. In fact, I recommend that you aim high. List 10 people with whom you'd most like to have 30 minutes of face-to-face networking. Then go after them—without stalking or being a noodge. Even if it turns out the job fit isn't right, meetings like this will help you establish relationships and will lead to more valuable connections.
Articulate how you can contribute.
Start-ups run lean, so they're willing to take on only those people who can drive their success and have a point of view on their business. Before meeting with management, do your homework. Read everything you can online. Talk to a couple of friends or colleagues who are customers. Try the product or service yourself and analyze the business model; then develop ideas for improvements and present them in your meeting or interview. If you're a designer, you might recommend tweaks to make the product more attractive. If you're a marketer, you might suggest a new campaign or message. If you're in finance, you might distill a few of the company's key performance indicators into a mock chart to be used as part of a monthly review.
In addition to pitching yourself, remember to engage your interviewers in content-rich conversation about their work. Almost all start-up CEOs and executives blog or are on social media, so begin by commenting on their tweets or LinkedIn posts. If you've attended conferences, company open houses, meetups, or other industry events where they've presented, ask about the issues they covered. Show that one of your contributions will be to constantly listen and learn.
Finally—and this is something few people do well—come bearing gifts. Yes, you're the one looking for a job. But you can flip the relationship by immediately offering help—expertise, advice, contacts—with no expectation of reciprocity. Ask, "How can I help? What are you challenged with?" Perhaps the company needs a designer and you know a great one. Make the connection, and suddenly you'll be perceived as someone who is already adding value.
Making the Leap
After Erin Warren earned her MBA at Babson College, she followed the traditional path by taking an entry-level marketing job at a big company. But within five years she was restless. When the company offered her a promotion that would require relocating, she balked and decided to make a change.
Although Warren didn't know anything about start-ups and, as the mother of young children, was anxious about taking on too much risk, she was not reluctant to work hard or navigate twists and turns. (She had been a member of two U.S. Olympic luge teams, after all.) She was passionate about a few new online services that had a double-bottom-line orientation, including the college savings loyalty program Upromise, which she'd used herself. When she learned that the company was looking to hire a director of member acquisition at its Boston headquarters, she was excited: The sector, role, and city all matched her target.
Warren networked through friends and recruiters, persuaded a contact who was friendly with the chief marketing officer to advocate for her, and secured an interview. Then, rather than come to the meeting empty-handed, she brought specific suggestions for making the marketing message more playful and improving the user experience. Her enthusiasm and engagement matched those of the earliest employees. By the end of the interview she had the job. A few years after the company was acquired by Sallie Mae, she moved on to become the CMO at another start-up.
Not every entry to and ascension in the start-up world is as smooth as Warren's. But if you make the leap in a strategic way—assessing your fit, picking the right company, and effectively selling yourself—you'll be rewarded with a type of personal and professional fulfillment that's increasingly hard to find in big, traditional organizations.
A version of this article appeared in the November–December 2017 issue (pp.150–153) of Harvard Business Review.
Jeffrey Bussgang is a senior lecturer in the Entrepreneurial Management Unit at Harvard Business School and a general partner at Flybridge Capital Partners. He is the author of Entering StartUpLand: An Essential Guide to Finding the Right Job (Harvard Business Review Press, 2017).
This article is about ENTREPRENEURSHIP


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Heinrich Herz ist der Name folgender Personen:

* Heinrich Herz (Mediziner) (1795–1867), deutscher Mediziner und Genealoge

 Heinrich Herz, Geburtsname von Henri Herz (1802–1888), österreichischer Komponist, Pianist und Klavierbauer

Siehe auch:
 Heinrich Hertz (Begriffsklärung)

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


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digitalmars.D - [OT] Is the D(n) PL discovery or invention?
BCS (5/11) Aug 05 2010 Assume we do and those that don't can ask Google.
Justin Johansson (5/17) Aug 05 2010 You are right; best cut to the chase.
"is mathematics discovery or invention?"
"IS mathematics a discovery or invention"
and their relation to discovery or invention.
to ask the same question of PLs themselves?
What is the definition of discovery versus invention?
Is there a gray-scale (or a continuum) between discovery and invention?
I have seen nothing useful or interesting come out of this discussion, so this topic has lost most of the interest for me.
where I wish to lead this discussion (if I may please).
"countably infinite" and the contra-term "uncountably infinite"?
You are right; best cut to the chase. Looks like there are a few other replies already, so I've involve myself there.
Assume we do and those that don't can ask Google.
Sorry, that was a bad way of putting a rhetorical question.
Discovery, of course, because it's fully deductive. There's only one possible consequence on axioms - and it just gets discovered. There's a little invention, though, when you formulate axioms.
PL is a pure invention. There's nothing real that corresponds to PL and that could be discovered as a PL. The designer is only restricted by intention to make a working instrument. Everything else is at his free will. There's only one mathematics and there're many different arts.
For example, physics is about 50/50.
There're some things to discover about PL - bug-prone features. But there's a trade-off between performance and fixes for those features, so they affect PL only slightly.
My view on it: - Math *concepts* are debatably either invention or discovery. - Math *notation* is ostensibly a creation. Although, whether or not all "creation" is really nothing more than "discovery" in disguise is a question philosphers could probably spend centuries discussing and getting nowhere on. - Specific programming languages, such as D, are in the same category as math *notation*. Just like math notation, they are *arbitrary* representations of abstract ideas. - The abstract ideas that programming languages represent (ex: functions, expressions, metaprogramming, etc.) are debatably either invention or discovery in the same way as math *concepts*. In fact, most, if not all of them, are generally considered to *be* mathematical concepts. - Whether math *concepts* and programming *concepts* are invention or discovery: I suspect that question is really just thinking about it the wrong way. Our categorizational-loving minds have created (or discovered) the categories of "invention" and "discovery". Math (concepts) may merely be evidence that those categories, like many human-created (or discovered) categories (for example, biology's binomial nomenclature) are imperfect classifications that do not always bisect their domains into clear "in" and "out" sections.
My view on it: - Math *concepts* are debatably either invention or discovery. - Math *notation* is ostensibly a creation. Although, whether or not all "creation" is really nothing more than "discovery" in disguise is a question philosphers could probably spend centuries discussing and getting nowhere on. - Specific programming languages, such as D, are in the same category as math *notation*. Just like math notation, they are *arbitrary* representations of abstract ideas.
- Math *concepts* are debatably either invention or discovery.
them, are generally considered to *be* mathematical concepts.


Harker, B 2011, '"Communism is English": Edgell Rickword, Jack Lindsay and the cultural politics of the popular front' , Literature and History, 20 (2) , pp. 23-40.
Focussing primarily on Edgell Rickword and Jack Lindsay, this article recovers and analyses the contexts and arguments through which these and other intellectuals identified with and articulated Communism in the mid and late 1930s. It argues that such neglected figures were absolutely central to the cultural politics of 'popular front' Communism, changing the profile of the Communist Party which in turn changed them. The article also unpicks significant tensions between these figures—fulsome and fluent advocates of bringing a radical emphasis to national culture in the name of a better future—and the Communist Party's overarching subservience to the Soviet Union. The conclusion sketches in the contested legacies of Rickword and Lindsay's interventions—which staked a claim on the nation's future through the radical cultural and political traditions of its past—beyond the popular front period.


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Irish Quaternary Association
IQUA Symposium
Spring Meeting and AGM
The Irish Quaternary Cycle
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Giants of the Irish Quaternary booklet
Outreach and Research
Third Level and Adult Education Courses
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The Irish Quaternary Association has undertaken a project of documenting and sharing the history of Quaternary Science in Ireland and in particular the lives and work of the main actors and actresses involved. It all started at the spring meeting of 2018 in the Hunt Museum in Limerick, entitled "Standing on the shoulders of Giants", where a number of lectures introduced people like Robert Lloyd Praeger, Sydney Mary Thomson and Frank Mitchell. These contributions and many more, totalling 22 articles, were packaged in this booklet which was officially launched in April 2019 at the National Botanics Garden. Discover the first 6 pages including the table of contents and introduction by clicking on the image above.
It is now available to purchase online below easily and securely with your credit card using PayPal. Just click on the "Add to Cart" button below and follow the on-screen instructions. Please note that all prices are quoted without postage and packaging. A small additional amount (i.e. €2.90 for a single guide) is therefore added automatically when paying via PayPal.
Note: Print copies may also be paid for by cheque. If you prefer this option, please contact our Treasurer, Kieran Craven (cravenk@tcd.ie), with details of your order, and we will provide you with the postal address for the cheque and the total price including postage and packaging.
Giants of the Irish Quaternary, edited by Catherine Dalton and Gayle McGlynn, 2019
Print Copy Price: 5€
PDF Copy Coming soon
Email: iqua.info@gmail.com
The Irish Quaternary Association (IQUA) is a voluntary organisation of academics, amateurs, governmental and industrial partners with interest in Irish landscape change during the most recent period of Earth history (the Quaternary). Its members have diverse interests including agriculture, archaeology, climatology, ecology, engineering, geography, geomorphology, geology and hydrology.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Oil fell nearly 8% yesterday. According to Oil, there is NO growth anywhere at this point. The entire post-election price move is GONE.
Copper is about to join it… as the economically sensitive commodity is forming a clear Head and Shoulders pattern.
And then there is the yield on the 10-Year US Treasury, which has just broken down from a rising wedge formation. Folks, the only reason Treasury yields would fall at this time is because growth is GONE. By the way, this chart predicts yields are falling to 2.3%.
So… if the Fed DOES wax dovish today, remember it's because the ENTIRE financial system is screaming that growth is gone and something truly HORRIFIC is coming down the pike.


Home > Electronics > Why Choose Vaping Over Smoking?
Why Choose Vaping Over Smoking?
There still seems to be a bit of confusion when it comes to vapor and smoke. It seems like it is a simple concept, but many consumers have not jumped on board yet. It is important for those consumers to know that smoking and vaping are not at all the same. While some people say there is no real difference, the true experts will tell you that there is a boatload of difference! There is no tar or chemicals in a Micro Vaped Pen, so you can keep your health without losing your love for nicotine.
People who love their nicotine love nothing more than a traditional cigarette. The fact of the matter is, vaping is becoming such a big deal that smokers are now vapers. They are truly unique because they are typically designed like a fountain pen and are a bit different than a regular e-cig. More than half of the sales come from vaporizers alone. They typically have a mouthpiece, a battery, and a reservoir tank for the e-juice. Once the juice is heated, it is released which provides vapers with the flavor they love so much.
Even though they are much bigger than a traditional e-cig and are not as discreet, in the long run they are a much better option for your health. It will also cost you a bit more to purchase the e-juice that you prefer, but your lungs will thank you for it later.
The important thing to remember is that cigarettes and vaporizers are not the same! E-cigs are not the same as vaporizers. It can all be very confusing, especially if this is all new to you. Take the time to learn about the different types of vape pens and e-cigs before you make the decision as to which one is the right one for you.


Chris has been looking at speakers for our media room that will be in our basement once its done. We decided to go to Best Buy to look at their selection, and for Chris to listen to a few different options. When we were at one Best Buy listening to their set up, golf was playing on one of the TVs. Ryan was enthralled by it and did not want to leave. I told him that one day we could go play mini golf. He LOVED that idea.
We got to the mini golf place about 10 minutes after Lillian fell asleep in the car, but she said she was doing OK and was ready to play. We found out that the easiest course was closed, so we needed to play the medium course. It wasn't too busy and Ryan was still SO excited. Lillian was excited too, but she wasn't feeling the best. We started off on a few harder holes, and soon Lillian lost her desire to play. Ryan had a blast the whole time! Lillian had fun dancing around the course! Ryan never got that elusive hole in one like he wanted, but he had a great attitude the whole time!
I took more videos of mini golfing that will be part of our March family video.


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You are here: Home / Newsroom / Police Crime / NYPD Special Victims Cop Accused of Groping Rape Victim Faces Another Legal...
NYPD Special Victims Cop Accused of Groping Rape Victim Faces Another Legal Battle
September 20, 2016 /0 Comments/in Police Crime /by Joe Levin
A disgraced ex-Special Victims cop accused of groping a rape victim told a West African-born suspect "you have no rights in your country" and interviewed him without an attorney, a new lawsuit alleges.
Moussa Diarra, 50, was arrested in September 2014 for allegedly raping his then-wife and mutilating her genitals with a razor blade but was acquitted in March.
One of the cops handling the investigation was Lukasz Skorzewski, 32, according to the lawsuit filed in Manhattan Federal Court.
His alleged actions are described in the papers but he is not being sued individually by Diarra.
The so-called "Cuddle Cop" and his then-boss, now-retired Lt. Adam Lamboy, 45, traveled to Seattle in July 2013 to interview a woman about an alleged rape in a Union Square apartment that January.
They took her on a pub crawl one day after the initial interview and convinced her to crash at their Bellevue, Wash., Embassy Suites room.
She slept in Skorzewski's room, and at first she was alone in the bed while he snoozed on the sofa.
But Skorzewski sneaked into her bed the following morning — and groped her for 30 minutes, she claims in an ongoing suit.
Skorzewski has since filed a $2-million defamation claim against the woman, saying her comments sullied his "good name and reputation."
Diarra, who spent four months in jail from his arrest until he could post bail, alleges Skorzewski and another cop, named as Katia Jasmin in the suit, didn't read him his rights.
They interviewed him without his consent — and without a lawyer, according to Diarra, who struggles with English.
Skorzewski also allegedly said, "You have no rights in your country, what law are you talking about?" to Diarra, a U.S. citizen originally from Ivory Coast.
Cops also ignored medical records showing no assault or cuts had taken place, his lawyer contends.
"From the start, the police officers rushed to judgment," Diarra's lawyer, Ken Sibanda, told the.
"As a result, an innocent man spent four months in Rikers Island, awaiting bail, for a crime that never happened, a crime he never committed."
Skorzewski's lawyer declined to comment.
The NYPD referred comment to the city Law Department, which said it's reviewing the allegations.
Tags: Lukasz Skorzewski, Moussa Diarra, NYPD, Police Crime
http://www.totpi.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/09/0202124-18.jpg 1694 1200 Joe Levin http://www.totpi.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/02/lolo-300x136.png Joe Levin2016-09-20 11:30:132016-09-20 11:30:13NYPD Special Victims Cop Accused of Groping Rape Victim Faces Another Legal Battle
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"Our project addresses three components, which include advocating for the passage of a comprehensive tobacco control bill, strengthening the coordination and monitoring mechanism for effective tobacco control in The Gambia, and building RAID's institutional capacities," said Mr Samboujang Conteh, Executive Director of RAID The-Gambia.
The Gambia has several tobacco control laws that are not fully FCTC compliant. However, the country has recently proven to be a tobacco control leader in the region thanks to reforms to reduce the demand for tobacco products.
For example, since 2013 the government has embarked on aligning its tobacco tax policies to meet the recommendations of FCTC article 6 by, for instance, introducing a 15-percent ad valorem tobacco tax rate in 2014.
According to Mr Conteh, apart from enhancing the tobacco control capacities of RAID's staff and some legal officers, in the course of the project RAID will partner with the Multi Sectoral Working Group to advocate for the passage of a comprehensive FCTC-compliant law. The working group brings together state and non-state actors working in tobacco control.
Though industry interference isn't a major focus of the project, RAID hopes to address recent efforts by Philip Morris International – the major tobacco company in the country – to interfere with the ongoing tobacco control legislative process.
The project falls under a three-year grant by the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation to the African Capacity Building Foundation to support strategic sub-grant making and capacity building of civil society organizations in order to advance tobacco control in Africa.


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Thibault Cauvin
Friday, March 13 - 07.00pm
Pyatt Hall, Vancouver School of Music
ERRATUM: Our Newsletter annouced the concert in February. Thibault Cauvin concert is of course on MARCH 13.We are sorry for the inconvenience!
Thibault Cauvin is one of the most-talented guitarists in the world of today .
He is traveling the globe throughout the year at the invitation of the most prestigious festivals and concert halls. Between New York and Hong Kong, San Paolo and Istanbul, London and Melbourne or Singapore and Tel-Aviv, he shares his music with us. He has already given more than 1000 concerts worldwide, warmly greeted by the critics. He has also participated in many TV and radio programs and collaborated with famous musicians, composers and symphony orchestras. Considered as an innovative and creative performer, Thibault is regularly the guest of honor at festivals, universities and conservatories throughout the world to give master-classes, lectures or to judge competitions.
From a family of musicians, Thibault began learning the guitar with his father at the age of 6. After graduating from the Bordeaux and Paris conservatories, Thibault embarked on the international competitions circuit. At the age of 20, he was the first and only guitarist worldwide to win 13 international first prizes. With a background in contemporary music from family influences, along with his classical training at the conservatories, Thibault has developed a unique style making him what he is today: an ambassador of the new "classical" guitar. He combines the quality and beauty of the instrument with an extraordinary passion. Thibault presents a rich and modern repertory, always full of creativity.
After recording four albums unanimously recognized by the critics, the film director Nicolas Pierre Morin produces, during Thibault's China tour, a beautiful documentary film "Across China-Thibault Cauvin", recounting his bustling everyday life between excerpts from concerts, interviews, backstage, master-classes and other unexpected events. This "road movie", regularly broadcasted in movie theater, was released in DVD last year. His newest CD "Cities", long awaited, recorded a few weeks ago, will be released on october, during Thibault's performance at the Carnegie Hall in New York. In this first opus dedicated to world music, he provides a view on the cities that made a deep impression on him. A musical journey meandering between memories and dreams…
This concert by Vancouver Guitar Society is co-presented by Alliance Française
More infos here


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The USW is seeking aid for Wheeling-Pittsburgh.
Inventories grew faster than sales during February.
Judge Greene ruled against Southwestern Bell.
GE received a $4.36-million Air Force contract.
Imperial Savings could lose $4.1 million.


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Justia Patents Edge FeatureUS Patent for Coated razor blade Patent (Patent # 4,012,551)
Coated razor blade
Sep 19, 1975 - Warner-Lambert Company
The specific embodiments provide a razor blade comprising at least one cutting edge, and an adherent fluorocarbon polymer coating on the cutting edge. The coating has microscopic raised portions. There is also provided a method of treating a razor blade comprising depositing on the cutting edge of the blade a composition comprising a first fluorocarbon polymer and a second fluorocarbon polymer having a molecular weight greater than the first polymer. The deposited composition is heated at a temperature sufficient to cause the first polymer to melt and flow and insufficient to cause the second polymer to melt and flow. Alternatively, the molecular weights of the two polymers are chosen to be sufficiently different such that when the two polymers melt during a heating step the viscosity of the high molecular weight second polymer is sufficiently high to avoid or at least minimize flow.
Latest Warner-Lambert Company Patents:
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Forms of [R-(R*,R*)]-2-(4-fluorophenyl)-beta, gamma-dihydroxy-5-(1-methylethyl)-3-phenyl-4-[(phenylamino)carbonyl]-1H-pyrrole-1-heptanoic acid calcium salt (2:1)
Forms of [R-(R*,R*)]-2-(4-fluorophenyl)-?, ?-dihydroxy-5-(1-methylethyl)-3-Phenyl-4-[(phenylamino)carbonyl]-1H-pyrrole-1-heptanoic acid calcium salt (2:1)
The present invention relates to safety razor blades and coatings for the cutting edges of such blades. More particularly, the present invention relates to cutting edge adherent fluorocarbon polymer coatings having improved shaving characteristics.
2. Description of the Prior Art
In addition to the usual problems involved in maintaining a sharp edge on razor blades during extended storage periods and through repeated use, razor blades used for shaving hair involve the problems of blade pull on the hairs, the effect of the blade action on the skin, as well as the overall ease with which such shaving can be accomplished. Blade comfort can be characterized as a function of lubricity and pull.
In order to lessen some of the undesirable effects which occur during the use of razor blades, various lubricants have been utilized. For example, blades have been coated with oil in order to use them in many applications. In addition, shaving preparations, such as shaving soaps and the like, have been employed to provide improved performance. Furthermore, blade edges have been made sharper for greater cutting ease and blades have been developed of metals which will hold a sharper edge for longer periods of time. Blades have also been made of metals which will resist attach by air and various liquids which cause the degradation of the blade.
Some coatings have been developed to provide blades with a degree of protection against air and liquids which attack them. For example, wax coatings have been applied to steel blades to prevent the blades from rusting due to the action of water. In addition, certain materials have been applied to blades in order to facilitate shaving with them. Such materials have included silicone coatings and halogenated hydrocarbon coatings.
Further, U.S. Pat. No. 3,071,856 discloses the use of polymers of tetrafluoroethylene as a coating for a razor blade cutting edge to reduce blade pull during shaving. U.S. Pat. No. 3,224,094 discloses an adherent blade cutting edge coating of a polyethylene resin having particles of polytetrafluoroethylene suspended therein for reducing blade pull.
In accordance with an aspect of the present invention, there is provided a razor blade comprising at least one cutting edge and an adherent fluorocarbon polymer coating on the cutting edge with the coating having microscopic raised portions.
In accordance with another aspect of the present invention, there is provided a method of treating a razor blade to provide a fluorocarbon polymer coating with microscopic raised portions on the cutting edge of the blade. The method comprises depositing on the cutting edge a composition comprising a first fluorocarbon polymer and a second fluorocarbon polymer having a molecular weight greater than that of the first polymer. The deposited composition is heated at a temperature sufficient to cause the first polymer to melt and flow and insufficient to cause the second polymer to melt and flow. Thus, the first polymer flows to become firmly adherent to the cutting edge substrate, and the second polymer having a higher molecular weight remains substantially in place by not flowing to form microscopic raised portions along the coating surface.
It is believed that the microscopic raised portions on the fluorocarbon polymer coating decreases blade pull by increasing the lubricity of the coating. Enhanced lubricity may be caused, at least in part, by intra-polymer particle shear that occurs in the raised portions when a shearing force is applied during shaving.
DESCRIPTION OF SPECIFIC EMBODIMENTS
The present invention can be practiced by providing a composite fluorocarbon polymer coating on a razor blade cutting edge by distributing a relatively high molecular weight fluorocarbon polymer in and/or on a relatively low molecular weight fluorocarbon polymer.
Suitable relatively high molecular weight polymers are fluorocarbon material including polymers of tetrafluoroethylene containing a chain of carbon atoms including a plurality of (--CF.sub.2 --CF.sub.2 --) groups. The polymers may vary widely in molecular weight in the form in which they are used for applying to the cutting edge, ranging from a molecular weight in the order of 50,000 to a molecular weight of the order of 10,000,000.
Suitable relatively low molecular weight polymers are fluorocarbon telomers containing a chain of carbon atoms including a preponderance of (--CF.sub.2 --CF.sub.2 --) groups, such as polymers of tetrafluoroethylene. These telomers have terminal groups at the ends of the carbon chains which may vary in nature, depending upon the method of making. Among the common terminal groups of such telomers are (--H), (--COOH), (--Cl), (--CCl.sub.3), (--CFClCF.sub.2 Cl), (--CH.sub.2 OH) and (--CH.sub.3). While the precise molecular weights and distribution of molecular weights of the telomers are not known with certainty, it is believed that they have molecular weights ranging from about 2,000 to about 50,000. Preferred chlorine containing telomers are those containing from about 0.15 percent to about 0.45 percent by weight of chlorine. U.S. Pat. Nos. 2,418,832 and 2,440,801 also describe suitable relatively low molecular weight fluorocarbon polymers.
The two fluorocarbon polymers should be chosen to have sufficiently different molecular weights such that the low molecular weight polymer melts and flows before the high molecular weight polymer can flow during a sintering step. Specifically, the molecular weights should be sufficiently different such that the sintering temperature can be chosen to cause the low molecular weight polymer to flow and provide a base coating distributed as a continuous film with the high molecular weight polymer distributed in a wide varying degree in and/or on the base film coating. As the high and low molecular weight polymers are sintered either independently or simultaneously, a commingling of the two polymers occurs to permanently anchor the high molecular weight polymer in the molten and flowing low molecular weight polymer.
When thus sintered, the high molecular weight polymer particles cause microscopic raised portions along the film surface because the sintering temperature is not sufficiently high to cause the high molecular weight polymer particles to melt and flow.
A low molecular weight telomer of tetrafluoroethylene sold by DuPont as Vydaz 1000 and having a molecular weight of approximately 25,000 was used with a high molecular weight polymer of tetrafluoroethylene also sold by DuPont as Teflon Product Type 30 to practice the present invention. The polymer of tetrafluoroethylene particles protruding a microscopic distance above the film surface appear to increase the lubricity of razor blade coating edges. This enhanced lubricity is believed to be at least partly a consequence of intra-polymer particle shear which occurs within the raised polymer particles when a shearing force is applied during a shaving stroke.
The raised polymer particles, or aggregates thereof, deposited by this method have been observed to be in the 10 to 30 micron size range. The appearance of the particles after sintering is crater-like with rims about 1 to 3 microns wide and 1 to 3 microns above the surface of the low molecular weight telomer. The particle microstructure appears to be an interlaced network of filamentry crystals, characteristic of polytetrafluoroethylene (PFTE). Within such particle rims, the bulk shear characteristic of the raised polymer prevails during an initial shaving period.
When the blades are coated with only a high molecular weight polymer such as DuPont's Teflon Product Type 30, or with a heavy coating of the high molecular weight polymer dispersed over a low molecular weight coating such as DuPont's Vydax 1000, the sintered high molecular weight coating has a cohesive film strength greater than the adhesive strength of the film to the substrate. As a result of this phenomenon the bulk coating, that material above 300 to 400 Angstroms, above the surface of the blade will shear the polymer above the blade surface and move back from the apex of the blade leaving only an initial monolayer adhered to the surface of the blade. It is desirable for improved lubricity to maintain the coating density and distribution of the sintered crater-like particles independent of each other so that a continuous chain or surface is avoided or at least minimized.
It should also be noted that the melting point of DuPont's Teflon Product Type 30 and DuPont's Vydax 1000 are approximately equal. However, the molecular weight of DuPont's Teflon Product Type 30 is so significantly higher than that of DuPont's Vydax 1000 that when the two polymers melt during the heating step the viscosity of the higher molecular weight of DuPont's Teflon Product Type 30 is sufficiently high to avoid or at least minimize flow of the Teflon Product Type 30.
It is contemplated that the high and low molecular weight polymers may be placed on a blade edge in discrete steps or may be mixed and placed on the blade edge in one step. However, it is preferred that a uniform adherent base coat of the low molecular weight polymer be provided along the apex of the cutting edge and rearwardly of the apex of the cutting edge for at least 0.001 inch.
When the two polymers are placed on the cutting edge in two discrete steps, the solids of the low molecular weight polymer can be applied to the cutting edge by dipping the edge in a dispersion of particles of fluorocarbon telomer in a voltatile liquid medium or by spraying, brushing, ultraviolet photopolymerization, RF sputtering, and electrophoresis of such a dispersion onto the edge and then evaporating the liquid medium. Among the volatile liquid media which may be used are water and such freons as dichlorodifluoromethane, dichlorotetrafluoroethane, trichlorotrifluoroethane, tertiarybutyalcohol, tetrachlorodifluoroethane or mixtures thereof. By using any of the above techniques, or any of the other known methods such as U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,071,856, 3,501,334, 3,518,110, 3,589,606 or 3,652,342, uniform continuous coating of the first polymer particles should be applied to the blade edge, including the apex and cutting facet of the razor blade.
Having applied the necessary base coating, the blade is then subsequently coated with solid high molecular weight polymer particles. This coating can likewise be accomplished via the methods as established above using the volatile liquid mediae also stated above. The desired process should be established to obtain a discrete distribution of high molecular weight particles.
As discussed above, the two polymers should be sintered or baked at an elevated temperature, for example, 300.degree. F. to 800.degree. F., for a sufficient period of time to permit the first or low molecular weight polymer to melt and flow and thereby become firmly affixed to the substrate while the second or high molecular weight polymer becomes molten and adherent to the substrate. Observation of the high molecular weight polymer after sintering indicates that the high molecular weight polymer tends to sag with little or no flow. However, the present invention contemplates the use of a high molecular weight polymer selected such that the polymer does not necessarily melt during sintering.
Sintering or baking time may vary from less than two minutes to three or more hours depending upon the particular fluorocarbon materials used, the nature of the substrate and the ability of the fluorocarbon particles to obtain the desired coating and coverage. The sintering process should be in a controlled atmosphere either inert, reducing, or vacuum. If the entire surface of the substrate is not prone to oxidation, sintering can be performed in an air atmosphere.
The following specific examples are illustrative of the nature of the present invention:
A dispersion of fluorocarbon telomer Vydax 1000 having a molecular weight of approximately 20,000 is diluted by mixing with trichlorotrifluoroethane to obtain a solids level of 7.5% by weight. Nine parts of this mixture is then subsequently diluted with 24 parts tertiarybutyalcohol and 5 parts tetrachlorodifluoroethane. The mixture is then placed in an air spray recirculating system pressure vessel using line pressure of 0.2 to 8 psi and a fluid heater to prevent freezing. The blades are sprayed using a gaseous atomizing pressure of 20-40 psi while the blades are transversed in front of the spraying guns at a rate of 3-25 feet per minute.
Having successfully applied the base telomer, the blades are preheated via a holding oven, induction heater, or infrared heater until the temperatures of the blades are stabilized between 140.degree. and 200.degree. F. As the blades attain this temperature, they are then processed through a second spray system containing a nonrecirculating but pressurized vessel containing a tank pressure of 1-10 psi and an atomizing pressure from 3-40 psi which is spraying a diluted mixture of polytetrafluoroethylene particles, containing one part DuPont's PTFE Product Type 30 with 50-70% solids by weight and 9 parts of deionized water while the blades transverse at a rate of about 3-25 feet per minute.
Having applied both coatings to the desired degree, the blade is placed in an atmosphere controlled furnace. The atmosphere used is inert nitrogen gas and the blade is raised in temperature to 665.degree. F. as rapidly as possible above the sintering temperature of both materials, namely, 600.degree. F. to 750.degree. F., and held for a period of 8-15 minutes at that temperature followed by a subsequent rapid cooling cycle.
A dispersion of fluorocarbon telomer Vydax 1000 having a molecular weight of approximately 25,000 is diluted by mixing with trichlorotrifluoroethane to obtain a solids level of 7.5% by weight. Nine parts of this mixture is then subsequently diluted with 24 parts tertiarybutyalcohol and 5 parts tetrachlorodifluoroethane. The mixture is then placed in an air spray recirculating system pressure vessel using line pressure of 2 to 8 psi and a fluid heater to prevent freezing. The blades are sprayed using a gaseous atomizing pressure of 20-40 psi while the blades are transversed in front of the spraying guns at a rate of 3-25 feet per minute.
The blade is placed in an atmosphere controlled furnace. The atmosphere used is inert nitrogen gas and the blade is raised in temperature to 665.degree. F. as rapidly as possible above the sintering temperature of both materials, namely, 600.degree. F. to 750.degree. F., and held for a period of 8-15 minutes at that temperature followed by a subsequent rapid cooling cycle.
Having successfully applied the base telomer, the blades are preheated via a holding oven, induction heater, or infrared heater until the temperatures of the blades are stabilized between 140.degree. and 200.degree. F. As the blades attain this temperature, they are then processed through a second spray system containing a nonrecirculating but pressurized vessel containing a tank pressure of 1-10 psi and an atomizing pressure from 3-40 psi which is spraying a diluted mixture of polytetrafluoroethylene particles, containing one part DuPont's PTFE Product Type 30 with 50-70% solids by weight and 9 parts of deionized water while the blades are transversing at a rate of about 3- 25 feet per minute.
Having applied both coatings to the desired degree, the blade is again placed in an atmosphere controlled furnace. The atmosphere used is inert nitrogen gas and the blade is raised in temperature to 665.degree. F. as rapidly as possible above the sintering temperature of both materials, namely, 600.degree. F. to 750.degree. F., and held for a period of 8-15 minutes at that temperature followed by a subsequent rapid cooling cycle.
A dispersion of the fluorocarbon telomer Vydax 1000 having a molecular weight of approximately 25,000 is mixed with tertiarybutyalcohol, tetrachlorodifluoroethane and trichlorotrifluoroethane to create a 0.01% to 0.1% by weight of the solid telomer. The dispersion is then placed in a vessel in which the blade edges can be immersed and a direct current power source attached to form a cell, having the blades as the cathode and the containing vessel or a separate submersion electrode as the anode. A voltage of 1 to 20 KV being applied to the system for a period of 3 to 20 minutes results in a thin uniform application of particles to the razor blade facets. The blades are then heated to volatilize the entrapped diluent.
The blades are then preheated via a holding oven, induction heater, or infrared heater until the temperatures of the blades are stabilized between 140.degree. and 200.degree. F. As the blades attain this temperature, they are then processed through a second spray system containing a non-recirculating but pressurized vessel containing a tank pressure of 1-10 psi and an atomizing pressure from 3-40 psi which is spraying a diluted mixture of polytetrafluoroethylene particles, containing one part DuPont's PTFE Product Type 30 with 50-70% solids by weight and 9 parts of deionized water while the blades are transversing at a rate of 3-25 feet per minute.
A combined dispersion of the PTFE polymer and telomer is obtained by using the organsol Teflon products and diluting the PTFE polymer and telomer in exact proportions with tertiarybutylalcohol and trichlorotrifluoroethane. A dispersion is formed consisting of 1% to 4% by weight Vydax particles, and 4% to 9% by weight Teflon particles. The dispersion as mixed is then placed in a pressurized vessel at 1-10 psi of a non-recirculating spray system which utilizes a fluid heater. The spray system using an atomizing pressure of 3-40 psi generates a fan spray pattern. The blade or blades are transversed in front of the spray gun at a speed of 5-20 feet per minute and the guns are adjusted to obtain the desired complete coverage with the Teflon/Vydax polymer particle coating the edge and cutting facets of the blade.
A dispersion of DuPont's fluorocarbon telomer Vydax 1000 having a molecular weight of approximately 20,000 is mixed with DuPont's Vydax AR having a molecular weight of 3,700 in equal proportions. Once mixed, the combination is diluted with trichlorotrifluoroethane to obtain a solids level of 0.3% by weight. The material is then homogenized in a Manton Gaulin homogenizer so that a viscosity of 10 centipoise has been achieved using a Brookfield Viscometer Model RVT with a No. 1 spindel using a speed of 20 RPM and temperature of 75.degree. F. After the mixture has reached the proper viscosity it is placed into a spray booth utilizing a Nordson Pump Model 64, airless spray system and a Nordson Gun Model 153-150, and a nozzle No. 00-03-02. The incoming pump pressure is increased to 72 psig to obtain a nozzle pressure of 1600 psig. With these conditions the blades are transversed in front of the spraying nozzles at a rate of 3-25 feet per minute. The speed at which the blades are moved is adjusted to obtain the desirable uniformity and distribution of coating.
The blades are then processed through the subsequent operations of telomer sintering, Teflon spray and Teflon sintering as described in Example 1.
DuPont's Teflon Product Type 30 is believed to have a molecular weight of about 1,000,000, and a melting point of about 327.degree. C. DuPont's Vydax 1000 is believed to have a molecular weight of about 20,000, and a melting point of about 320.degree. C. Further, DuPont's Vydax AR is believed to have a molecular weight of about 3,500, and a melting point of about 290.degree. C.
Although specific embodiments of the invention have been described herein, it is not intended to limit the invention solely thereto, but to include all the variations and modifications which suggest themselves to persons skilled in the art. For example, a suitable high molecular weight polymer can be copolymers of tetrafluoroethylene such as those with a minor proportion, e.g., up to 5% by weight, of hexafluoropropylene.
1. A razor blade comprising at least one cutting edge, a first adherent continuous polytetrafluoroethylene coating on the cutting edge having a relatively low molecular weight between approximately 2,000 and 50,000, and a second adherent continuous polytetrafluoroethylene coating on said first coating comprising discrete particles of said second polytetrafluoroethylene coating having a relatively high molecular weight between approximately 50,000 and 10,000,000 sintered over said first coating to form microscopic raised portions of said second coating on said first coating along said cutting edge.
2. The blade of claim 1, wherein said raised portions are provided on less than about 60 percent of the surface area of said first polymer coating.
3. The blade of claim 1 wherein said raised portions extend upwardly not greater than about 7 microns from said cutting edge.
4. The blade of claim 1 wherein said raised portions extend upwardly from about 1 to 3 microns from said cutting edge.
5. The blade of claim 1 wherein said raised portions are circular formations, each one of said formations having an outer diameter of about 10 to about 30 microns.
6. The blade of claim 1 wherein said raised portions are annular formations.
7. The blade of claim 6 wherein each one of said annular formations has an outer diameter of about 10 to about 30 microns.
8. The blade of claim 7 wherein the difference between the inner diameter and the outer diameter of each one of said annular formations is about 1 to about 3 microns.
9. The blade of claim 8 wherein each one of said annular formations extends upwardly from about 1 to about 3 microns.
10. The blade of claim 5 wherein about 300 to about 1,000 of said formations are provided per 0.001 square inch of said cutting edge.
11. The blade of claim 5 wherein less than 2,000 of said formations are provided per 0.001 square inch of said cutting edge.
12. The blade of claim 1 wherein said second polytetrafluoroethylene has molecular weight of about 1,000,000.
13. The blade of claim 1 wherein said first polytetrafluoroethylene includes a terminal group selected from the terminal groups consisting of (--H), (--COOH), (--Cl), (--CCl.sub.3), (--CFClCF.sub.2 Cl), (--CH.sub.2 OH) and (--CH.sub.3).
14. The blade of claim 1 wherein said first polytetrafluoroethylene includes chlorine containing terminal groups, said chlorine being present in an amount of about 0.15 percent to about 0.45 percent by weight of said first polytetrafluoroethylene.
2754223 July 1956 Caroselli
2976257 March 1961 Dawe et al.
3019206 January 1962 Robb
3224094 December 1965 Esemplare
3283117 November 1966 Holmes et al.
3498826 March 1970 Caroselli et al.
3560595 February 1971 Phillips et al.
3697309 October 1972 Werner
655,193 January 1963 CA
1,050,244 December 1966 UK
Assignee: Warner-Lambert Company (Morris Plains, NJ)
Inventors: Herman Bogaty (Short Hills, NJ), Anthony John Peleckis (Trumbull, CT)
Primary Examiner: Harry J. Gwinnell
Attorneys: Albert H. Graddis, Jeremiah J. Duggan
Current U.S. Class: Edge Feature (428/192); 30/34653; Applying Superposed Diverse Coatings Or Coating A Coated Base (427/258); Edge Or Border Coating (427/284); Addition Polymer Is Perhalogenated (428/422); Ester, Halide Or Nitrile Of Addition Polymer (428/463)
International Classification: B32B 302; B32B 1508;


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Highlight: Script development supported by Cinéfondation Residency. Starring Pegah Ferydoni (Women Without Men by Shirin Neshat, 2009).
Susan Gordanshekan, the daughter of two Iranian immigrants, graduated at the Television and Film Academy in Munich. Her short film Ice Flowers premiered at the Berlinale 2011. A Dysfunctional Cat is her feature debut and was developed under a "Cinéfondation Résidence" scholarship from the Festival de Cannes.
It is the story of a traditional Iranian arranged marriage but placed in a Western context to highlight the similarities rather than the differences of the challenges people face. It is about getting rid of ideals in order to find happiness. Just like the ideal image of love, the protagonist Mina must also let go of her ideal image of the West. Letting go of this ideal opens up the opportunity to engage with another person with all their weaknesses and peculiarities.
These thoughts are the foundation of the film for me. Nevertheless, I did not want to make a film that worked out a thesis but rather a "reverse love story", contrary to the established cinematic narrative.
PEGAH FERYDONI has achieved professional recognition both domestically and abroad, with high profile roles in TV series like Tatort, Kommissarin Lukas and Turkish for Beginners as well as films such as Shirin Neshat's Women Without Men.
HADI KHANJANPOUR decided to become an actor at the age of 27, when he started his studies in acting in Ludwigsburg. After graduating, he has become an award-winning theatre director. A Dysfunctional Cat is his feature acting debut.
HENRIKE VON KUICK's career includes credits in theatre productions, TV series, film and voice-acting. She has worked alongside Julia Jentzsch, Aylin Tezel and Tómas Lemarquis.
Production Company: Glory Film in coproduction with ARTE.


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Marianne Bellotti
Programming Paradigms as Language Destiny
Why do some programming languages feel neat and orderly and others seem loaded with inconsistencies?
Technology vector created by artmonkey
When I first started trying to write my own programming language I was surprised by how difficult it seemed to be to find best practices on language design. In an industry filled with opinions, where people will fight to the death over tabs -vs- spaces, there isn't much guidance for would-be program language designers.
Eventually I came to my own conclusions: the pathway to success with program language design is to think of programming paradigms as logical groupings of abstractions and be as intentional about what is included and what isn't.
What Is a Programming Paradigm?
A programming paradigm can be thought of as a philosophy of structuring and executing code. Unlike styles and conventions, paradigms cannot be leveraged unless they are built into the design of the language. You probably already know many programming paradigms:
Object-orientated programming
Procedural programming
Then there are some more obscure ones you might not know about:
Logical programming
Agent-orientated programming
The conversation that got me thinking about how paradigms influence language performance and stability.
Most mainstream programming languages mix paradigms. Single paradigm languages are not really all that useful, but the languages that we find clean and beautiful tend to implement support for paradigms in a more structured way. The languages that people tend to think are "ugly" present the abstractions as alternative ways of doing the same thing, without any reference to the paradigm it was created to support. When we mix abstractions that have fundamentally different assumptions, we end up with really ugly work arounds and unknown consequences.
Paradigm Groupings
Dig into paradigm support of the most common programming languages today, and you'll start to notice some obvious groupings. Some paradigms are more likely to coincide than others. For example, functional languages tend to also have support for the logical paradigm and/or metaprogramming. This makes sense because in all three the fundamental abstractions are the same. They prefer immutable data with pure functions.
Peter Van Roy's article Programming Paradigms for Dummies: What Every Programmer Should Know describes a taxonomy for paradigms based on these kinds of abstractions. Specifically he places paradigms based on their alignment across three different axis:
Deterministic vs Nondeterministic
Sequential vs Concurrent
Named State vs Unnamed State
The deterministic vs nondeterministic axis is basically the degree with which functions are allowed to have side effects and data is allowed to be changed. There aren't many languages that maintain completely pure functions (I/O interactions make that difficult) or completely immutable data. Immutable variables can sometimes be reassigned, properties can be added or changed on immutable objects, some languages will allow a variable to be changed but shadow the old value so that functions defined before the change remain unaffected. How a language handles these issues determine where it is on the axis and what paradigms fit best with it. Functional languages lean towards the deterministic side, whereas imperative languages tend to be more forgiving of nondeterminism.
Sequential vs concurrent is to what extent the parts of the program execute one after the other, or at the same time. Like determinism, there are a range of different implementations in program language design.
Named and unnamed state, however, is about the interfaces that the language exposes to be manipulated in the first place. When something is assigned an identifier (named) it can be programmed, which invites a host of other decisions that have consequences. Toy calculator languages, for example, are immutable by default because you cannot save state in a named variable and therefore cannot change the state of previous parts of any program. Languages where you cannot name functions will struggle to support first order functions. Of course, most languages we program in support both named variables and named functions, but can you name a thread? Or a channel? If you can name it, you can program it. If you can program it, you need to manage conflicts caused by change of state.
Designing a Language with Paradigms
The languages that seem to do best with lots of paradigms are languages that either have strong opinions in other ways (eg: a well designed type system) or are really only used for specific tasks (like Julia and Wolfram Mathematica). To support very different paradigms some languages have specific data structures that are immutable alongside mutable alternatives. Some provide trap doors that allow restrictions necessary for one paradigm to be ignored or turned off.
It's easier to implement paradigms that are positioned similarly on Van Ray's three axises. When implementing a paradigm with different assumptions, language designers would do well to think about how their API communicates to users the connections between structures so that program behavior is predictable. Languages like Javascript and Scala have good examples of the type of problems that occur when programmers mix paradigms because something like immutable and mutable data structures are not logically separated. John De Goes wrote an excellent post about how paradigm consistency effects the programmer's ability to reason about and ultimately debug their code.
if you're using a functional data structure like Stream, and you map over the Stream, it doesn't actually do anything. If you place a println in the map function, you're not going to see anything.
A huge part of code safety is what the programmer assumes the behavior of a particular piece of code should be. When multiple paradigms are supported, rarely is it communicated to the user what parts go with which paradigm. It's no coincidence that the programming languages that do multiple paradigms best tend to also add new paradigms via module. That separates out all the abstractions into one self contained set of documentation.
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text:
The Responsible Gambling Code 2015
"This is the second and updated version of the original Code of Conduct for Responsible Gambling, which was brought into force across the UK in March 2014. Publication of the newly updated and strengthened Code of Conduct, to which all members must comply by 1 November this year, illustrates the continued commitment to the promotion of Responsible Gambling across the retail betting industry. Any member who wilfully fails to comply with the Code could face expulsion from the ABB.
The past year has been a year of innovation for the industry in the area of responsible gambling. The initial code signalled the intent to take action this area and introduced some important early steps. However, as the industry trials and rolls out initiatives such as multi-operator self-exclusion and new ways of using customer data to identify potential harm, it is important that the Code is updated to reflect these developments."
To view the Responsible Gambling code, click here
SOURCE: Association of British Bookmakers (ABB)


I wrote the following letter to Senator Lindsey Graham nearly 2 years ago. About the only thing that has changed since then is the fact that the Republican Party now controls the Senate. This week Senator Graham introduced the Pain-Capable Unborn Child Protection Act before the Senate for the second time. This time it has a chance to pass the Senate before it meets a quick death at the hands of President Obama's veto pen.
It's at times like this that men and women of honor and integrity must stand up and fight for what they know is a righteous cause. President Obama must be forced to publicly declare why he is against a bill designed to save unborn children from agonizing dismemberment abortions. It's time for men and women of honor and integrity to override the President's veto and to stand on the side of life.
Lindsey Graham is still a dinosaur who should have been run out of the Senate a long time ago, but he's doing a good thing and I applaud his efforts. Now he needs to finish the job.
Since I wrote this letter, 2 million children have died in America's abortion mills and about 40,000 were killed after 20 weeks, the point at which they can feel the pain of being killed. The Pain-Capable Unborn Child Protection Act is a small step towards ending abortion, but a step that must be taken.
In the interest of full disclosure, I feel that dinosaurs like you, John McCain, and Mitch McConnell should be run out of office and replaced with true conservatives. I must, however, applaud your efforts to bring the Pain-Capable Unborn Child Protection Act before the Senate for a vote. Senator Graham, if this bill is passed by the Senate and President Obama's promised veto is overridden, the lives of at least 15,000 unborn children will be saved every year in America. Sir, these children will be saved from a ghastly, indescribably agonizing death and will go on to claim their Right to life, just like you, me, and every other American was able to, whatever side of this issue we may be on.
Senator Graham, the President seems to have a tenuous grasp, at best, on the truth, so here's an incontrovertible truth. 100% of the people voting for or against this bill were allowed to be born. Don't our unborn children deserve at least the same consideration? Should the most pro-abortion President in history, along with his cronies at Planned Parenthood, be allowed to continue the slaughter of America's children? A third of America's unborn children die at the hands of America's abortion mills. Your pro-abortion colleagues in the Senate continue to say they want abortion to be safe, rare, and legal while 1.2 million babies are killed every year in our country. They all know that killing unborn children is neither safe, rare, nor should be legal, but it sounds good to their uninformed constituents and it gets them reelected so, what the hell, let the killing continue.
Senator, it's gut check time for America. We are sliding into tyranny and it's time for all men and women of honor and integrity to stand up for the things that really matter; God, life, freedom, and family. It's time to stop worrying about elections or the consequences of doing what we know is right. Senator, you have some heavy lifting to do in order to get the Pain-Capable Unborn Child Protection Act through the Democrat controlled Senate. Ask your colleagues who are against this bill to explain to the American people why they feel that unborn children, who can feel the agony of being ripped apart, should continue to be killed in our country.


text:
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Ava DuVernay Documentary Set To Open New York Film Festival
The filmmaker's documentary project "The 13th" is set to be the opening night film of the New York Film Festival.
Danielle Jennings
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Ava DuVernay continues to prove why she is one of the busiest women in Hollywood these days, as details of her next project emerge. The filmmaker's documentary project The 13th is set to be the opening night film of the New York Film Festival.
Source: Amanda Edwards / Getty
Ava DuVernay apparently loves to spoil her audience and fans because in addition to bringing us the highly anticipated OWN network TV series Queen Sugar this fall, she is also planning to debut her documentary that has been given the honor of opening one of the most prestigious film festivals in the country, New York Film Festival (NYFF.)
Shadow and Act has all the details surrounding the documentary and its fall film festival premiere. If DuVernay's latest project is anything like her prior works, audiences are in for a real treat.
New York Film Festival Director and Selection Committee Chair stated exactly why DuVernay's film was chosen as the opening piece, stating "While I was watching "The 13th," the distinction between documentary and fiction gave way and I felt like I was experiencing something so rare: direct contact between the artist and right now, this very moment. In fact, Ava is actually trying to redefine the terms on which we discuss where we're at, how we got here, and where we're going. "The 13th" is a great film. It's also an act of true patriotism."
Gracious and humble, DuVernay gave a statement regarding her feelings about receiving such a distinguished honor. She said, "It is a true honor for me and my collaborators to premiere "The 13th" as the opening night selection of the New York Film Festival. This film was made as an answer to my own questions about how and why we have become the most incarcerated nation in the world, how and why we regard some of our citizens as innately criminal, and how and why good people allow this injustice to happen generation after generation. I thank Kent Jones and the selection committee for inviting me to share what I've learned."
The 13th also has the distinction of being the very first nonfiction film to open the festival and will open theatrically in a limited run on October 7th, which will be immediately followed by its debut on the streaming service Netflix. The New York Film Festival runs from September 30th through October 16th.
A brief synopsis of the film is below:
The film chronicles the history of racial inequality in the United States, examining how the country has produced the highest rate of incarceration in the world, with the majority of those imprisoned being African American. The title of the film refers to the 13th Amendment to the Constitution.
Check out today's Top Stories here:
http://hellobeautiful.com/2016/07/19/taylor-swift-kim-kardashian-kanye-west-sue-suing-criminal-lawsuit/
Ava DuVernay Documentary Set To Open New York Film Festival was originally published on hellobeautiful.com
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Okay, I\'ve tryed to learn how to use the editor but have completely failed so far. All I want to do for now, however, is take a .gig file--DD French Horn, in this case--, load that up, whittle down to the seven .gigs or banks or whatever that I want, set it up for keyswitching, and save it as a new .gig. I\'ve downloaded the tutorial from nemesys which didn\'t help at all, the editor was looking for .wav files not .gig. files. I\'ve searched the forum and fiddled with things for about 6 months now. If anyone can explain this to me or drop a link I would be very grateful as I can\'t use my new toy until I set it up with keyswitching so it will work with my setup.
1) You have to set the dimensions to be controlled by \"keyboard\"
2) Double click on the instrument (properties)here you set the first and last trigger key.
Aren\'t all the DD libraries setup with keyswitching already?
All the DD libraries that I have (only solo strings and FH so far) are set up with keyswitch, in fact there a lot of different variations of this in the Solo Brass. I want to be able to set things up, however, for my own convenience. The DDSB French Horn, by the way, is phenomenal. I can\'t wait to buy the Woodwinds set--hopefully, very soon.
A fast way to create custom keyswitch instruments is to use existing separate instrument. Choose the instruments that you want to keyswitch (Max of 4 at a time) using the control key and mouse. Of course these instruments need to be available in a single bank in the editor wich most of the DD stuf is already. Once they are highlighted, right click and choose combine instruments. In the combine screen, you can use adjust the order of the instruments and choose a controller (Keyswitch or keyboard) Once you have an instrument combined, you need to save the .gig file. You can then, right click on the combined instrument and choose properties. That is where you will find the place to assign the key range of the keyswitch.
Those pointers should help you for now. One of these days, some real good multimedia tutorials will be finished by me and there might be some possible quick start\\overview stuff from Tascam. It\'s much easier to explain the editor in person (or on video) than on paper. It only takes a few min. to catch on to it when it is demonstrated.


Apple is aggressively appealing tax assessors, public officials who determine the value of property for tax reasons, according to The San Francisco Chronicle.
Apple CEO Tim Cook has always said the firm pays its taxes properly.
Concerns over Apple's elaborate efforts to reduce its tax bill are nothing new. The company - which hit a historic $1 trillion valuation this month - was punished in 2016 for a tax deal in Ireland, which the EU said amounted to illegal state aid.
But a newly discovered tactic has reignited the debate about the company's tax contributions. The San Francisco Chronicle reported over the weekend that Apple is "aggressive in opposing tax assessors," public officials who determine the value of property for tax reasons.
Apple may be the biggest taxpayer in Santa Clara County, where its Cupertino headquarters is based, but the Chronicle said it has 489 open tax appeals in the area, disputing $8.5 billion ($6.6 billion) in property value.
In a 2015 appeal, Apple claimed that a "cluster of properties" around Apple Park was worth $200, rather than the $1 billion figure alighted on by Santa Clara County's tax assessor. In another, Apple said a property, valued at $384 million by local officials, was also worth $200, the Chronicle said.
"These are major cases, and publicly, they kind of go under the radar screen," said Santa Clara County Assessor Larry Stone. He added that companies are prepared to spend millions of dollars on lawyers to appeal tax rulings, "but there's millions at stake."
Business Insider has contacted Apple for comment. The company declined to comment when approached by the Chronicle. Apple CEO Tim Cook has always said the firm pays its taxes properly. "In every country where we operate, Apple follows the law and we pay all the taxes we owe," Cook said in an open letter in 2016.