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The surprisingly grim and dark history of Valentine's Day revealed
Valentine's Day is a day designed to celebrate all things romance, but the history behind the holiday is anything but. Here is everything you need to know
Josh O'Brien
Valentine's Day has a haunting history behind it (Image: Getty Images/Westend61)
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Yes, put some glamour in my life
Ask anyone what colour they associate Valentine's Day with and chances are they'll say red - the colour sparks connotations with everything from roses to love hearts, but the reason behind why the colour red and Valentine's Day are so intertwined could have a far more sinister undertone.
Though the day is often spent exchanging gifts such as chocolates, roses and cuddly toys, the holiday has a rather dark past.
Here is everything you need to know about the dark history of Valentine's Day.
Why is it called Valentine's Day?
The holiday actually acknowledges the date of the execution of St Valentine by the Roman emperor Claudius II during the third century AD.
St Valentine was killed in cold blood as a result of the fact he was alleged to have been officiating at the weddings of soldiers, despite the fact that marriage had been outlawed for them.
We tend to associate Valentine's Day with things like flowers rather than its grizzly history (Image: Getty Images/iStockphoto)
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This was because emperor Claudius II deemed things like love and romance as tell-tale signs of weaker soldiers.
Why is February 14 Valentine's Day?
This date has a complicated relationship with the colour red due to things like blood long before the execution of St Valentine.
Over the course of a three day period between February 13-15, Romans celebrated the feast of Lupercalia by sacrificing a goat and a dog before whipping naked women with the hides with the aim of making the women more fertile.
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Plenty of years later, in the fifth century AD, Pope Gelasius I made Lupercalia illegal and declared the date February 14 as the feast of St Valentine, which would later go on to become what is now known as Valentine's Day.
February 14 throughout the years
Over the course of time, February 14 has actually bared witness to some pretty gruesome atrocities that are a far cry from the kind of things we usually associate the holiday with.
Oscar Pistorius' was convicted of murder following the death of Reeva Steenkamp on February 14 2013. (Image: Getty Images Europe)
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February 14 1929 saw the infamous Valentine's Day massacre on the north side of Chicago as notorious gangster Al Capone killed seven rivals.
The date was in the headlines for all the wrong reasons as recently as 2013 when superstar Paralympian Oscar Pistorius shot and killed then-girlfriend and model Reeva Steenkamp.
In 2018, Valentine's Day was scarred by a school shooting in the United States which saw 17 people murdered by 19-year-old Nikolas Cruz.
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When was the last time you assessed your current delivery service? Whatever type of business you run, if you rely heavily upon sending physical goods via the post, it's vital you deal with a reliable and speedy courier. The delivery service of your company can actually make a huge difference to your reputation. It can also make the difference between a return and a lost customer!
This is particularly true in the current climate, where the ability to control delivery costs while driving efficiency and a high quality service to customers can have a huge impact on your bottom line. Remember, margins are being squeezed against the backdrop of a volatile economy, especially with the Brexit fall-out being treated as an opportunity to correct fundamental flaws with social, economic and political systems across the globe.
Whilst you may not realise it, the courier company you choose is often the last association the customer has with your company. Therefore, how and when their parcel is delivered will determine their lasting impression of your brand, and determine whether or not customer's spend money with you in the future.
If they're greeted by an unfriendly, unprofessional driver, they're going to be reluctant to order from you again! So, you need to ensure you're employing a delivery service with a reputation for being friendly, professional and helpful, otherwise you are placing sustainable profit margins at risk!
Even the most reliable courier service can make a mistake. Will your parcels be insured if something does go wrong? Reading up on the courier's insurance policy is highly recommended. Be sure to read the small print too as you may discover a lot of damage or missing parcels may not be covered, especially during transit. The failure to ensure that you have haulage or similar insurance coverage can cost your business huge amounts of money, both in terms of covering losses and future orders.
Returns and tracking – are they covered?
Another thing that customers expect these days is the ability to track and return parcels if required. This again, will need to be done quickly so a delivery service that's renowned for its speed is essential. Some couriers only offer either a returns service without tracking abilities, or a tracking service with expensive returns options. There are some however, who specialise in affordable, speedy returns and last mile tracking services such as TNT.
Make no mistake, this can help to underpin customer loyalty and drive the type of long-term gains that make your business sustainable.
A popular option for small businesses is lifestyle couriers. These tend to offer the cheapest prices and they hire self-employed drivers to make deliveries. The trouble is, many of these companies pay their driver's pretty poorly, resulting in poor customer service. This can quickly damage your reputation and lose you a lot of customers! So you should always beware of opting for the cheapest possible delivery service. Instead, focus on value for money and choose an option that is cost-effective and capable of providing an improved proposition to customers.
As you can see, there's plenty you need to be aware of when choosing the right courier service for your company. Many businesses underestimate the importance of their delivery experience and find out the hard way that it can have a significant impact on profits.


Currency converter 1 GBP to (in,into,equal,=) ARS. How much is 1 British Pound Sterling To to (in,into,equal,=) Argentine Peso ? what is 1 British Pound Sterling converted into Argentine Peso ?
The best day to change British Pound Sterling (GBP) in Argentine Peso (ARS) was the 03/27/2019 (24 day ago). At that time the currency had reached its highest value.
The worst day to change British Pound Sterling (GBP) in Argentine Peso (ARS) was the 01/23/2009 (10 year ago). The exchange rate had fallen to its lowest value.


Scott Martin had a magical year fishing the FLW Tour in 2015. Funny thing. His magical year didn't start in January of this year. Nope. Started at the beginning of the 2014 FLW Tour season.
Martin decided then to focus on becoming a consistent angler. He wanted to put himself in position to have a shot at winning the Angler of the Year (AOY) title each season. That spelled trouble for the rest of the field. Prior to that moment, the former Forrest Wood Cup champ always thought about winning at all costs and not worry about the AOY title.
"Over the last 15 years of my career, I've basically been an angler who went out to win at every event. That's what I cared about," said Martin. "I grew up in a household where victories were always talked about, like all of my father's wins and AOY titles.
"I always fished to win. Never thought about the AOY title. If I bombed it was because I went for a win and it didn't work out. Then I thought, I'd like to try for the AOY and becoming a more consistent angler.
"That started at the beginning of the 2014 season and has carried over throughout 2015, and hopefully beyond."
He has been honing his craft so he could attack each body of water with an efficient, appropriate effort.
"Living in Florida doesn't offer me the opportunity to perfect a lot of different fishing techniques," said Martin. "So, I've had to attempt to master all sorts of techniques on the fly at different bodies of water.
"I'm not the best there is at any one technique, but I'm darn good at a lot of them. Focusing on becoming more versatile and consistent have really paid off. I learned how to master my Garmin Panoptix. This isn't a plug, but I feel learning how to use them really gave me a big advantage this year. This consistency approach is paying off. Since 2014, I haven't missed a check."
Hard work and focus are what keeps Martin going strong.
"I stick with the mindset of focusing on a goal or an objective and working hard," said Martin. "You can accomplish an awful lot if you just work hard toward a goal. For me, this year, it was the AOY title. Who knows? I may have several more in me before I'm done.
"My Dad has 9 AOY titles. A year ago when I was sitting in Canada with Bill Taylor from the FLW filming a TV show I told him I was gonna win it this year. Now I only have 8 more AOY titles to win to tie Dad. That is a lot smaller number than 9. I don't feel I've reached my potential. This is a game and I am constantly learning how to play it better.
"I still have tons left to learn. If I work hard and pray hard, then God's will can't be beat."


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Clannad - Two Sisters
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Clannad are a Grammy Award-winning Irish musical group, from Gweedore (Gaoth Dobhair), County Donegal. Their music has been variously described as bordering on folk and folk rock, Irish, and New Age. They are known for performing in various languages, including English, Latin, Gàidhlig, Mohican and most of all in their native tongue, Irish.
Clannad are Moya Brennan (born Máire Ní Bhraonáin), Ciarán Brennan (born Ciarán Ó Braonáin), Pól Brennan (born Pól Ó Braonáin), Noel Duggan (born Noel Ó Dúgáin) and Pádraig Duggan (born Pádraig Ó Dúgáin).
Clannad first made their mark in the folk and traditional scene in the 1970s in Ireland and Europe, they subsequently went on to bridge the gap between traditional celtic music and pop music in the 1980s and 1990s with albums such as Macalla and Anam. During their successful career they toured the world extensively and gained fans in every major territory. Lead singer Moya Brennan and her sister Enya have also enjoyed huge success as solo artists. The band won a Grammy Award in 1998 for Best New Age Album, and their record sales exceed the 15 million mark. They are also regarded as the band which, for the first time, put Irish traditional music and the Irish language on the world stage and paved the way for many other Irish artists.
After ten years disbanded, the five original members of Clannad reunited on stage at the Celtic Connections Festival in February 2007 in Glasgow. They expressed their wishes to release a new studio album, but no official announcements have been made as yet. Moya, Ciarán, Noel and Pádraig embarked on their first UK tour in over 10 years in the Spring of 2008, starting in Gateshead.
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


This website, blog, and email series is an educational and informational resource for people curious about meditation expanded states of consciousness. It is not a substitute for working with a licensed medical professional or therapist. I cannot guarantee the outcome of following the recommendations provided and my statements about the potential outcome are expressions of opinion only. I make no guarantees about the information and recommendations provided herein. By continuing to use, read, or participate in this website, blog, or email series you acknowledge that I cannot guarantee any particular results, as such outcomes are based on subjective factors that are not within my control. Therefore, following any information or recommendations provided on this website/blog/email series are at your own risk.


An employee at a Pita Pit in Missoula, Montana, spit in a pita pocket she was making for a customer as others watched and recorded on cellphone video.
ShaeLynn MadPlume uploaded the video to Facebook on March 24. It already has 392,000 views, 6,100 shares, and 2,600 likes. She indicates in the post that she was there with Tyanna Bostwick and Danisha Smith.
"Just a few customers trying to give them business!!! PITA PIT (downtown Missoula doesn't close until 3am)…we come in at approximately 2:00 am trying to order food and this racist woman spit in our food because apparently "she was having a bad day and didn't wanna be at work!"…….mind you, she argues with us a few seconds before we were actually able to capture this on video!! (PITA PIT, downtown MISSOULA, MT) FEEL FREE TO SHARE!!!!!!!!!!!," wrote MadPlume in the post.
The owners posted a lengthy response to the video on the Pita Pit Missoula Facebook page, hoping to salvage the shop's reputation. They said they tried to reach MadPlume via Facebook messenger but couldn't.
Both MadPlume and Bostwick shared the full response on their Facebook pages.
Some people commenting on the video wonder what happened before the girls started recording and if there really was any racism involved, as the MadPlume wrote in the post. The three girls appear to be Native Americans, judging by the conversation of locals commenting on the post and the content of other posts the girls have made to their pages.


Gastro Sentral hosts its first ever quiz night and invites you to take up the challenge. Various prizes are up for grabs, including bragging rights as the smartest person (in the room at least). You can choose to either participate as an individual or in a group of up to four people.


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Wolfe Island Remembrance Day Ceremony November 11, 2016
November 11, 2016 christine jamieson
One hundred years ago today, Fredrick Leonard Davis enlisted in the Canadian Expeditionary Force. He was 5'6" tall and weighed 138 pounds with dark brown hair and blue eyes. He listed his occupation as farmer. He was born here on Wolfe Island in 1895 but at the time of his enlistment was farming in Joyceville where his father owned land. He enlisted in 1916 just as the Battle of the Somme was ending. We cannot know the reasons why he chose to enlist, but by 1916, and certainly after the long bloodbath of the Somme, Frederick no doubt knew the risks he was undertaking in enlisting.
While training in Canada he married. On April 9, 1917, the day of the great battle of Vimy Ridge he wed Mary and she moved to the farm in Joyceville. Shortly thereafter he departed for England in May 1917 arriving on the 14th of May on the SS Megantic. It is not clear if he knew before he left but certainly he would soon know that his wife was pregnant when he sailed. The baby, also named Frederick would be born after his father had died in battle.
Frederick was taken on strength of the Princess Patricia's Canadian Light Infantry in March of 1918 after further training in England. He joined the battalion after the hell of Passchendaele and was fully integrated before the start of the Hundred Days campaign that would see the end of the war. At Amiens, Arras, and the Hindenburg Line Frederick was in the thick of the action. This series of battles from August to November 1918 saw the heaviest casualties of the war for the Canadian Corps. It was in almost continuous action through this period, leading the assault on the most difficult German defences.
The Canal du Nord was Frederick's last battle in October 1918. The 3rd Division, of which the PPCLI was part, had the challenging task of cracking the German defences around Cambrai – the last major transportation and logistics hub held by the enemy in France. They were determined to hold it and had created elaborate and extensive defences around the city. Frederick's battalion was advancing just north of the city on the 10th of October, one month before the war would end, when he was struck down.
Frederick's widow, Mary, received a payment of $100 and eventually a war widow's pension. She moved to Kingston at some point after the war and lived for a time at 208 King Street, near the corner of Earl Street. Frederick is buried in Mill Switch British Cemetery near Cambrai, and is commemorated on the Town war memorial in Gananoque as well as on page 394 of the Book of Remembrance in the Peace Tower on Parliament Hill.
Hundreds of Wolfe Islanders answered their country's call during the First and Second World and Korean Wars, as well as in the conflicts of the Cold War and Afghanistan. We take this time every year to remember them and the sacrifice they made to maintain our freedom. We will remember them.
Delivered at Wolfe Island Remembrance Day Ceremony 2016, Wolfe Island by David Patterson
www.veterens.gc.ca/cvwmuploads/published/566948_20.jpg
Tags Remembrance Day, Frederick Leonard Davis, World War One, Cambrai, Wolfe Island War Dead


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Graduate Assembly votes to denounce state assembly resolution
By Andrea Guzman | Staff
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UC student leaders send letter condemning passage of controversial UCSA resolution
UCSA aims to increase transparency following outcry over contentious resolution
UCSA resolution condemning anti-semitism excluded Jewish organizations' input
Following a similar action taken by the UC Student Association, the UC Berkeley Graduate Assembly voted Thursday to pass a resolution denouncing HR 35, a state Assembly measure aimed at curbing anti-Semitism at the state's higher education institutions.
The Graduate Assembly resolution argues that HR 35 encourages university administrators to censor legitimate criticisms of the state of Israel and infringes upon students' freedom of speech and academic freedom.
"HR 35 sets a dangerous precedent by threatening to infringe on free speech rights by conflating criticism of political ideology and practice with racism or hate speech," the resolution reads.
The resolution was drafted to point out the difference between the two issues, said Bianca Suarez, author of the resolution and the Graduate Assembly's Campus Affairs Committee Vice President.
The Graduate Assembly's resolution follows a similar one that was passed by the UC Student Association in September — a move that received a heated response from some members of Jewish and pro-Israel communities who felt they did not have enough input in the legislative process.
Unlike the association, however, the Graduate Assembly publicized the upcoming vote by posting the proposed resolution online about a month ago and consulted with various committees within the assembly in the interim, according to Bahar Navab, the assembly's president.
Still, only nondelegates in favor of the resolution were present at Thursday's meeting, despite it being open to all campus students, according to Suarez. Only one assembly delegate voted against the resolution.
Tom Pessah, a UC Berkeley graduate student and member of the campus group Students for Justice in Palestine, spoke at Thursday's meeting in support of the resolution. He argued that HR 35 hindered his academic research and viewed the passing of the Graduate Assembly's resolution as a step in the right direction for the university.
"Lobbyists working to stifle free inquiry and activism regarding Israel's racist policies — past and present — cannot intimidate and silence democratic student governments," Pessah said.
But to Abraham Levine, president of Tikvah: Students for Israel and a campus sophomore, the resolution came as a shock.
"I understand the GA's desire to confirm the right of students to free speech, but I'm shocked that the GA would oppose a resolution calling on the university to protect Jewish students from discrimination in its entirety," Levine said in an email.
The resolution stipulates that the Graduate Assembly will send a copy of its text to Gov. Jerry Brown, UC Berkeley Chancellor Robert Birgeneau and UC President Mark Yudof. In addition, Suarez said she plans to meet with the chair of the Academic Senate to discuss issues with HR 35.
"We are accountable and transparent to take positions from a holistic perspective, and I feel like we did that in this bill," Suarez said.
Contact Andrea Guzman at [email protected].
Abraham Levine, Bahar Navab, Bianca Suarez, Gov. Jerry Brown, House Resolution 35, HR 35, Students for Justice in Palestine, Tikvah: Students for Israel, Tom Pessah, UC Berkeley Chancellor Robert Birgeneau, UC Berkeley Graduate Assembly, UC President Mark Yudof, UC Student Association


Since their introduction over thirty years ago, dental implants have become the most popular choice for dental restoration. Their large variety of shapes and sizes — a far cry from the limited choices of the 1980s — has only served to increase their popularity.
In recent years there's also been an expansion in their applicability. Most people recognize them as replacements for individual teeth — but they can do much more. They're now playing a pivotal role in other dental restorations or situations.
Here are 3 of those "cutting edge" ways implants could change your dental health and smile for the better.
Fixed bridgework. In a traditional bridge, prosthetic (false) teeth use the natural teeth on either side of the empty space for support. In this updated version, implants become the support base for the bridge. For example, a bridge as small as three crowns can be supported by two implants attached to the outside crowns of the bridge. Four to eight implants can support a bridge as large as an entire arch of teeth.
Over-dentures. In cases of significant bone loss, a full or partial denture may be a better option than a fixed bridge. Traditional dentures, though, can contribute to even more bone loss, which can cause the dentures to eventually lose their fit. Implants not only can help stop further bone loss but can also stimulate increased bone density. Two or more standard or mini-sized-sized implants can support a full or partial denture.
Orthodontics anchorage. People with missing teeth aren't the only ones who can benefit from implants. While most bite repairs only require the back teeth to provide anchorage for braces, certain complex bites may need a different point of anchorage. Orthodontists can create a more feasible anchorage point with an implant or a temporary anchorage device (TAD) imbedded in the jaw. This can help isolate teeth that need to be moved from those on the arch that don't.
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Covariation in the socioeconomic determinants of self rated health and happiness: a multivariate multilevel analysis of individuals and communities in the USA
S V Subramanian,
Daniel Kim,
Ichiro Kawachi
Department of Society, Human Development and Health, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, USA
Correspondence to:
Dr S V Subramanian
Department of Society, Human Development and Health, Harvard School of Public Health, 677 Huntington Avenue, 7th Floor, Boston, MA 02115, USA; svsubramhsph.harvard.edu
Objective: To investigate individual level determinants of self rated health and happiness, as well as the extent of community level covariation in health and happiness.
Design: Multivariate multilevel regression analysis of self rated poor health and unhappiness at level 1, nested within 24 118 people at level 2, nested within 36 communities at level 3. Data were obtained from the 2000 social capital benchmark survey.
Setting: USA communities.
Participants: 24 118 adults.
Main outcome measures: Self reported fair/poor health; and a single item measure of subjective wellbeing.
Results: Controlling for demographic markers, a strong income and education gradient was seen for self rated poor health and unhappiness, with the gradient being stronger for poor health. Community level correlations between self rated poor health and happiness were stronger (0.65) than the individual level correlations (0.16) between the two outcomes.
Conclusion: Poor health and unhappiness are highly positively correlated within individuals, and communities that are healthier tend to be happier and vice versa.
subjective wellbeing
self rated health
multivariate
socioeconomic gradient
http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/jech.2004.025742
Good health and happiness represent critical aspects of individual welfare, and their pursuit as a worthy end of one's living has been a subject of countless treatises and, more recently, self help books too. While the quest for happiness and health has re-emerged as a common goal that all individuals and societies are expected to achieve, empirical research on the determinants of health and happiness has remained, for the most part, separate.
As it turns out, health and happiness share important similarities with respect to their determinants. For instance, income poverty has been consistently linked to both unhappiness,1 and poor self rated health.2,3 Social connections (including marriage and friendship) have been robustly linked with both happiness and good health.4,5 Some intriguing differences have also been noted. For instance, health inexorably declines with age, whereas happiness does not. Higher incomes are associated with better health (the so called "gradient in health" that extends well beyond a comfortable standard of living), whereas money, as the popular saying goes, does not necessarily buy happiness.6,7 Moreover, the relation between health and happiness does not necessarily show a tight correspondence. For instance, healthy people are not uniformly happy (presumably because there are other inputs to happiness besides good health). Conversely, people with severe health limitations (for example, paraplegia) have been reported to adjust to their state, so that they can report levels of happiness that are indistinguishable from fully functioning people.8
Despite both health and happiness being end points by themselves, existing research, typically, views them in an unidirectional manner,9 with questions such as: does happiness lead to better health or do states of good health predict states of happiness? In this paper, we bring together two strands of literature on health and happiness within an alternative conceptual framework. Specifically, we consider health and happiness as distinct, yet related, states nested within individuals. To the extent that health and happiness covary across communities, this would provide clues about the potential role of social forces (such as culture, social policies, institutional arrangements) in the codetermination of these two outcomes.
Figure 1 presents the analytical approach adopted for this study. Health and happiness, at level 1, are seen as multiple outcomes nested within individuals, at level 2, who in turn are nested within their local communities, at level 3. Adopting such a multivariate multilevel analytical framework offers two distinct advantages. Firstly, it is only through a multivariate framework that comparable assessments of common individual predictors (demographic and socioeconomic) that affect individual health and happiness can be made. While there have been studies that have investigated in great detail the socioeconomic and demographic patterning in self rated health2 and happiness10 independently, we are not aware of any study that has compared and contrasted how the same individual socioeconomic and demographic markers predict health and happiness, simultaneously. Secondly, the multilevel framework permits an assessment of whether local communities (people's residential settings) make a difference to individual health and happiness. The combination of a multivariate and multilevel formulation, thus, helps develop the examination of "people-place" relationships in relation to the two dimensions of wellbeing. If higher, contextual, levels are recognised, as shown in figure 1, where individuals are grouped according to the local communities in which they live, then it becomes possible to assess, allowing for each local community's composition in terms of the demographic and socioeconomic characteristics of individuals within it, whether the proportion of healthy and happy people varies across these communities. There may be substantively interesting differences between the two dimensions, such that local communities that are "healthy" may or may not be "happy". For instance, according to the world values survey, the Japanese are among the unhappiest people among industrialised countries,11 yet it is also well known that the Japanese have the highest life expectancy in the world.5
Multivariate multilevel structure of responses (PH, poor health; UH, unhappy) at level 1 nested within individuals at level 2 nested within communities at level 3
There is, therefore, considerable merit to the notion of exploring the covariation of health and happiness, at the individual and community levels. Using a multivariate multilevel analytical approach, the aim of this study was (1) to describe the covariation in health and happiness within individuals, focusing on both their shared determinants, as well as differences in the strength of specific predictors (such as age, sex, race, marital status, and socioeconomic status); and (2) to describe the covariation in health and happiness across communities, focusing on the question of whether healthy communities are also happy communities, after accounting for the individual level relations between demographic and socioeconomic markers and health/happiness.
Sources of data
The analysis was based on the 2000 social capital benchmark survey, developed by the Saguaro Seminar at Harvard University. The purpose of this survey was to characterise levels of civic engagement, voluntarism, and social connectedness (or "social capital") across diverse communities of the USA, and to establish benchmarks for future monitoring.12 Each community sample ranged between 500 and 1500 interviews. In terms of selecting the communities, all community foundations attending the annual meeting of USA community foundations in 1999 were invited to apply. From the communities that applied, 34 local community foundations were selected that broadly represented the diversity of communities across the country (smaller and bigger towns, regions of the country, etc) (T Sander, personal communication, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 2002). Each sponsoring community organisation then decided what specific area(s) to be surveyed, how many interviews to conduct, and if specific areas or ethnic groups were to be over-sampled. The survey was conducted by telephone by TNS Intersearch using random digit dialling (RDD) within 40 US communities in the year 2000 and in early 2001. Some community foundations operated in more than one community. The participation rates within community samples (that is, the proportion of those eligible who responded to the survey) ranged from a low of 30.2% (Denver, CO) to a high of 57.2% (Newaygo County, MI).12 All survey data were provided by The Roper Center for Public Opinion Research. In most cases, the survey area was a single county or a cluster of contiguous counties. Community samples ranged from municipalities to entire states (Montana, Indiana, New Hampshire, Delaware), suggesting a pronounced variation in the ways communities were identified and defined.
This study considered self reported responses to single items inquiring about health and happiness.
Self reported health status of individuals was determined by people's response to a five scale question, "…how would you describe your overall state of health these days? Would say it is excellent, very good, good, fair, or poor?" Thus, self reported health was defined as the individual's personal evaluation of their overall health, integrating all aspects of health, without specific reference to any one component of physical, social, mental, or functional health. Public health research has typically used this measure as a proxy for other more "objective", but often difficult to measure, health outcomes.13 The construct validity of self reported health comes from its demonstrated power to consistently predict mortality or survival in longitudinal studies.14 Meanwhile, the test-retest reliability of self rated health has also been shown to be high, across population subgroups by age and sex.15 We collapsed the categories to form a dichotomous outcome of self rated health: 0 for excellent, very good or good and 1 for fair or poor.
Happiness was assessed by people's response to the question "In general, are you very happy, happy, not very happy and not happy at all?" As a construct, happiness refers to people's overall evaluation of their own lives and/or it could capture momentary feelings of pleasure. Because of the multiplicity of meanings that are associated with happiness, it has been referred to as "subjective wellbeing", even though subjective wellbeing is a more inclusive construct that combines aspects related to "life satisfaction", "pleasant affect", and "cognitive evaluations".9 The happiness measure, used in this study, most probably, relates to "overall happiness" (that is, a general judgment of how life is for that individual) rather than specific components of it such as "hedonic level of affect" (that is, the degree to which various affects that people experience are pleasant in character) or "contentment" (that is, the degree to which a person perceives their aspirations to be met).16,17 Results of the external validation of self report measures of happiness with ratings by friends, family members, and spouses have been consistent,18,19 and the test-retest reliability of subjective wellbeing measures has been shown to be high.20 We dichotomised the four categories of the happiness measure to 0 if very happy or happy; 1 if not very happy or not happy at all.
Thus, we simultaneously modelled the individual probabilities of reporting being unhealthy and unhappy. We assumed that these two measures capture distinct, though related, constructs, in that self rated health and happiness were considered to be valid measures of objective health and subjective wellbeing, respectively. In the final sample, about 12% responded being in poor health while about 5.3% reported not being happy.
We considered key individual demographic (age, sex, race, marital status) and socioeconomic (educational attainment, household income) markers as predictors in our analyses. As shown in table 1, except for age, other individual predictors were specified as categorical variables, with a reference category and a set of contrasted dummies. Age was centred about its mean, 45 years. We also considered the effect of local communities on self rated poor health and being unhappy. We did so, not by specifying them as fixed dummy predictors, but by considering them as a level within our analytical framework.21,22 However, four local communities (Montana, Indiana, New Hampshire, and Delaware) in the survey corresponded to entire states. Because our interest was in modelling local community differences in health and happiness, communities that spanned entire states were considered to lack statistically exchangeable properties with the rest of the sample (most of which were defined at the county or metropolitan level). Consequently, we based our third level on 36 local communities (fig 1), and modelled the four "state size" communities as a single fixed indicator variable (referred to as "state community").
Descriptive information on the individual sample considered for the analytical multilevel models from the 2000 social capital benchmark survey showing the multivariate outcomes, frequency of different individual level demographic and socioeconomic markers, and the three level structure of the sample
Multilevel statistical models23 offer an appropriate framework to model the structure illustrated in figure 1—that is, the anticipation that the individual perceptions of health and happiness are nested within individuals who in turn are nested within their local communities. While the concept and application of multilevel statistical models are comparatively well known,21,22,24,25 this study focuses on a comparatively novel extension related to treating multiple outcomes within multilevel models.26 We calibrated a multivariate three level binomial logistic regression that had a structure of 48 236 responses (two for each individual) at level 1 nested within 24 118 individuals at level 2 nested within 36 USA communities at level 3. The important advantage from treating two outcomes together in a multivariate multilevel statistical framework is the estimation of the "covariance" between health and happiness at the community level. When two variables are allowed to be random at the community level not only can we estimate distinct variance terms to summarise the degree to which outcome varies across communities, but we can also estimate a joint covariance to assess the degree and the manner in which they covary across local communities. The fixed and random parameter estimates (along with their standard errors) for the multivariate three level binomial logit link model were calibrated using predictive/penalised quasi-likelihood (PQL) procedures with second order Taylor series expansion,27 as implemented within the MLwiN program.28
Table 2 presents the fixed part results (expressed as odds ratios and their 95% confidence intervals) for individual self rated poor health and unhappiness, modelled simultaneously, as a function of fixed individual demographic and socioeconomic markers and the random effect associated with local communities.
Odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) from the fixed part of a multivariable three level binomial logit model for outcomes, self rated poor health and being unhappy, conditional upon community level random effects
The reference group in table 2 is a 45 year old white married man with some college education and income over $100 000. The probability of reporting poor health and being unhappy for this "most advantaged" socioeconomic group, across all communities except the "state communities", was 3.4% and 1.5%, respectively.
Age was linearly and positively associated with self rated poor health such that older people were more likely to report poor health as compared with the young. However, there was no statistically significant relation between age and being unhappy.
No sex differences were seen for self rated poor health suggesting that men and women were equally likely to report poor health. On the other hand, women were about 32% less likely to be unhappy as compared with men.
Married people reported being happier and healthier than people who are single, widowed, or separated/divorced. Both unmarried and separated/divorced groups reported higher odds ratios for being unhappy (compared with married groups) than for being unhealthy.
Statistically significant race differentials were seen for self rated poor health as well as for being unhappy with the magnitude being substantially different on the two outcomes. While black people were 25% more likely to report poor health than white people, black people were 51% more likely to report being unhappy. Stronger differences in the magnitude of the effect were also seen for the other category of non-white and non-black race/ethnic group, with this group being 39% and 70% more likely to report poor health and being unhappy, respectively. Thus, the race differentials seemed to be much stronger for happiness than for health.
Individual education and income are strong positive predictors of both self rated health and happiness—that is, money and education do buy both health and happiness.
Healthy individuals are likely to be happy individuals, and healthy communities are likely to be happy communities, with the latter covariation being stronger than the former.
There is a need for evaluative assessments of wellbeing to consider the different components that are distinct, yet related, simultaneously, both from an etiological as well as a descriptive standpoint.
We saw a gradient in the relation between educational attainment and self rated health and happiness, with the educational gradient being somewhat stronger for poor health as compared with being unhappy. People with low levels of education were 3.57 times more likely to report poor health while they were only 2.68 times more likely to be unhappy, as compared with people with very high levels of education. People with middle levels of education as well as high levels of education were both more likely to report being in poor health (the former about 1.90 times more likely and the latter 1.63 times more likely). They also were found to have a greater risk of being unhappy with 1.60 and 1.19 times greater odds for the middle and high levels of education, respectively, than for the reference group.
A strong income differential exists for both health and happiness, with the income differential being more or less similar for both the outcomes. Comparing the worst off income category (households making less than $20 000) to the best group (households earning more than $100 000 per year), we found that the worst off were some four times more likely to report poor health and about 3.85 times more likely to report being unhappy. Other income categories also showed significant differentials (compared with the reference group) for both poor health and being unhappy.
Table 3 provides the magnitude of between community variation in the outcomes, poor health and being unhappy, under three different model specifications. The aim was to ascertain to what extent individual socioeconomic and demographic markers account for the between community variation in poor health and being unhappy; and to what extent the community variations in the two outcomes correlated.
Variation and covariation in self rated health and happiness at the individual and community level
Two distinct patterns emerged in the results presented in table 3. Firstly, between community variation was significant even after controlling for individual demographic exposures, and became attenuated only with the inclusion of individual education and income. This would suggest that any clustering of the poor health and being unhappy (by communities) is strongly related to the clustering of individuals (within communities) with respect to their education and income. Consequently, adjusting the model for clustering in individual education and income accounts for the clustering in poor health and being unhappy. Secondly, the patterning of between community variation in poor health seemed to be positively correlated with the patterning of between community variation in being unhappy (correlation coefficient about 0.70). Thus, as shown in figure 2, conditional on individual predictors, communities that are unhealthy are also likely to be unhappy and vice versa. Individual level covariation, however, was relatively less pronounced (correlation coefficient about 0.20), across the three models.
Scatter plot of the community specific residuals (in logits) for self rated poor health (x axis) and unhappiness (y axis).
This paper presented cross sectional evidence on the correlated nature of two components of wellbeing, health and happiness, at the individual as well as the local community level. The key findings of this study are as follows. Firstly, age and sex differentially predict self reported poor health and being unhappy. While age is a strong positive predictor of self rated poor health (that is, older people are more unhealthy), it is a statistically weak negative predictor of happiness (that is, older people are less unhappy). Sex differences were not statistically significant for self rated poor health, but men reported being less happy as compared with women. Secondly, race was a strong predictor of both poor health and being unhappy, but the black/white differential was greater for unhappiness. Thirdly, marital status based differences were stronger for being unhappy than they were for poor health. Fourthly, educational and income gradient ran in the same direction for both the outcomes. We found that the education gradient was stronger for self rated poor health than for being unhappy, with less education leading to greater odds of being unhealthy and unhappy. The income differentials in health and happiness were somewhat less pronounced. In contrast with previous reports that found only a weak relation between income and happiness,29 money does seem to buy happiness.
A novel aspect of our paper was to empirically estimate the covariation in health and happiness at the individual and community levels. While individuals who are unhealthy are likely to be unhappy too, the covariation between self rated poor health and unhappiness was positive and some three times stronger at the community level, even after taking account of individual demographic and socioeconomic factors, than at the individual level.
It may be noted that while individual level demographic and socioeconomic markers accounted for the between community variation in health and happiness, the patterning in the covariation in health and happiness was not explained. This would suggest that while there are common influences on health and happiness, there is also a need to explore a differential and unique set of predictors to account for the individual and local community level covariation in health and happiness.
Besides the well known inferential limits that arise from analysing cross sectional observational data, it is important to add a few caveats regarding the outcome measures applied in this study. Defining and measuring health and happiness is clearly a complex task. For the purpose of the analysis, health and happiness were considered as capturing distinct, though related, constructs (that is, self rated health was viewed as a summary measure for objective health, while happiness was viewed as a critical component of subjective wellbeing). However, given that both are self reported measures there is a potential that the two responses reflect different facets of a common underlying construct such as general physical and mental wellbeing.30,31 Thus, the assessment of self rated health and happiness may have been jointly contaminated by psychological traits such as negative affectivity, or optimism.32 However, some of our empirical findings, particularly the differential predictive power of some of the variables, seem to offset this threat. For instance, self rated health declined with advancing age, whereas happiness did not. Furthermore, the comparatively small individual covariation in health and happiness suggests that it is probably not uncommon for healthy individuals to be unhappy and vice versa. Indeed, it is worth acknowledging that for an evaluative assessment of wellbeing—either for normative purposes or for policy reasons—subjective information, particularly happiness (but also self rated health in poorer communities and societies), may obscure the true extent of inequalities in wellbeing.33,34
Drawing upon multilevel perspectives, this study presented an approach to examining health and happiness as multiple outcomes that simultaneously co-occur and coexist within individuals, with both, additionally, being influenced by the contextual setting of the individuals. Further research, using longitudinal study designs, as well as better specification of community level variables, will be required to explain the potential covariation of health and happiness at the individual as well as at the community levels.
The authors thank Professor Robert Putnam and Thomas Sander of the Saguaro Seminar at the John F Kennedy School of Government, Harvard University, for their assistance in accessing and encouragement in analysing these data; the other members of the Saguaro Seminar, who helped to design the social capital community benchmark survey; and the participating sponsors and respondents in the 40 communities nationwide represented in these survey results. The paper also benefited from the helpful comments of the five anonymous reviewers.
Easterlin R. Will raising the incomes of all increase the happiness of all?. In: Goodwin NR, Ackerman F, Kiron D, eds. The consumer society. Washington, DC: Island Press, 1997.
Subramanian SV, Kawachi I, Kennedy BP. Does the state you live in make a difference? Multilevel analysis of self-rated health in the US. Soc Sci Med2001;53:9–19.
Subramanian SV, Kim DJ, Kawachi I. Social trust and self-rated poor health in US communities: a multilevel analysis. J Urban Health2002;79:S21–34.
Lane RE. Friendship or commodities? The road not taken: friendship, consumerism, and happiness, Critical Review1994;8:521–54.
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Kawachi I, Kennedy BP. The health of nations. New York: The New Press, 2003.
Diener E, Horwitz J, Emmons RA. Happiness of the very wealthy. Social Indicators1985;16:263–74.
Lane RE. Does money buy happiness? a new look at income and utility. The Public Interest1993;fall:56–65.
Diener E, Diener MB. Happiness: subjective wellbeing. In: Friedman HS, ed. Encyclopedia of mental health. San Diego, CA: Academic Press, 1998.
Diener E, Scollon CN. Happiness and health. In: Anderson NB, ed. Encyclopedia of health and behavior. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage, 2004:459–63.
Diener E, Suh EM, Lucas RE, et al. Subjective well-being: three decades of progress. Psychol Bull 1999;125:276–302.
Inglehart R. Culture shift in advanced industrial society. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1990.
Research RCfPO. Social capital benchmark survey: methodology and documentation. Cambridge, MA: Roper Center for Public Opinion Research, 2001.
Baron-Epel O. Self-reported health. In: Anderson NB, ed. Encyclopedia of health and behavior. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage, 2004:714–19.
Idler EL, Benyamini Y. Self-rated health and mortality: a review of twenty-seven community studies. J Health Soc Behav1997;38:21–37.
Lundberg O, Manderbacka K. Assessing reliability of a measure of self-rated health. Scand J Soc Med1996;24:218–24.
Veenhoven R. Happiness in nations: subjective appreciation of life in 56 nations 1946–1992. Rotterdam: Erasmus University, 1995.
Veenhoven R. World database of happiness. Rotterdam: Ruut Veenhoven, Erasmus University, 2004.
Costa PT, McCrae RR. Personality in adulthood: a six-year longitudinal study of self-reports and spouse ratings on the NEO personality inventory. J Pers Soc Psychol1988;54:853–63.
Sandvik E, Diener E, Seidlitz L. Subjective well-Being: the convergence and stability of self-Report and non-self-report measures. J Pers1993;61:317–42.
Headey B, Wearing A. Personality, life events, and subjective well-being: toward a dynamic equilibrium model. J Pers Soc Psychol1989;57:731–9.
Subramanian SV, Jones K, Duncan C. Multilevel methods for public health research. In: Kawachi I, Berkman LF, eds. Neighborhoods and health. New York: Oxford University Press, 2003:65–111.
Subramanian SV. Multilevel methods, theory and analysis. In: Anderson N, ed. Encyclopedia on health and behavior. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage, 2004:602–8.
Goldstein H. Multilevel statistical models. 3rd ed. London: Arnold, 2003.
Subramanian SV. The relevance of multilevel statistical models for identifying causal neighborhood effects. Soc Sci Med2004;58:1961–7.
O'Campo P. Advancing theory and methods for multilevel models of residential neighborhoods and health. Am J Epidemiol2003;157:9–13.
Duncan C. Applying mixed multivariate multilevel models in geographical research. In: Westert GP, Verhoeff RN, eds. Place and people: multilevel modelling in geographical research. Utrecht: The Royal Dutch Geographical Society and Faculty of Geographical Sciences, Utrecht University, 1997:100–15.
Goldstein H, Rasbash J. Improved approximations for multilevel models with binary responses. Journal of the Royal Statistical Society A1996;159:505–13.
Rasbash J, Browne W, Goldstein H, et al.A user's guide to MLwiN, version 2.1. London: Multilevel Models Project, Institute of Education, University of London, 2000.
Diener E, Sandvik E, Seidlitz L, et al. The relationship between income and subjective well-being: relative or absolute. Social Indicators Research 1993;28:195–223.
Perneger TV, Hudelson PM, Bovier PA. Health and happiness in young Swiss adults. Quality Life Research2004;13:171–8.
Saracci R. The World Health Organisation needs to reconsider its definition of health. BMJ1997;314:1409–10.
Strack F, Argyle M, Schwartz N. Subjective well-being: an interdisciplinary perspective. New York: Pergamon Press, 1991.
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Copyright 2005 Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health
Happiness, inequalities, and health
Carlos Alvarez-Dardet John R Ashton
Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health 2005; 59 613-613 Published Online First: 14 Jul 2005.
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Online: ISSN 1470-2738Print: ISSN 0143-005X


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The Tech Subscribe to our newsletter Newsletter S&P 500 Erases 2009 Losses As Stocks Jump
S&P 500 Erases 2009 Losses As Stocks Jump
By Jack Healy May. 5, 2009
For many investors, breaking even never felt so good.
Following a four-month melodrama of brutal losses and heady gains, a steep plunge in financial markets early in the year was all but erased Monday. The S&P 500 index, which millions of investors use as a benchmark for their portfolios, recovered all of the losses that brought markets to a 12-year low on March 9.
Of course, stock markets are still down 40 percent from their all-time highs, and the run higher could still peter out if rising unemployment leads to new unexpected losses in the banking system.
But each new day of gains in stocks stokes hope that the economy's worst days are waning, analysts said.
"You like to make money instead of lose money," said Thomas H. Forester, a mutual fund manager. "It feels better, huh?"
Stocks surged as investors grew more optimistic that the some of the economy's most troubled sectors may be mending. There was optimism that the government's stress tests of major banks would calm fears about the health of the financial system. Signs of improvement in the housing market and the construction industry also lifted sentiment that these economic cornerstones may be firming. And fears of a swine-flu pandemic, which last week stoked concerns about an impact to the recession, appeared to ease.
"The fact that we're not going down and not correcting is important," said Richard Sparks, vice president of research at Schaeffer's Investment Research. "It shows the persistence of the rally."
Financial stocks jumped 10 percent, leading the day's gains, as investors clung to a belief that the financial system was in better shape than they had once feared. Regional banks gained ground, and shares of Bank of America, Wells Fargo and U.S. Bancorp rose by double digits. The government's health check of the nation's 19 largest banks, scheduled to be unveiled Thursday, are expected to show that the financial system is broadly sound, even if a handful of banks must raise billions in new capital as fresh insurance against the recession.
Energy companies and materials producers climbed higher as the prices of oil and copper rose, pushed up by hints of an economic thaw.
The S&P 500 jumped 29.72 points, or 3.4 percent, to close at 907.24 points on Monday. The surge gave the index a 2009 gain of 0.44 percent after a grinding start to the year.
In contrast, the Nasdaq composite index is up 11.8 percent since the beginning of January, buoyed by gains in technology companies. On Monday, the Nasdaq rose 44.36 points, or 2.6 percent, to 1,763.56.
The Dow Jones industrial average gained 214.33 points, or 2.6 percent, to 8,426.74. The Dow remains down nearly 4 percent for the year to date.
Some companies have soared in the rollercoaster start to the year. The cell phone provider Sprint Nextel is up 173 percent since Jan. 1. Shares of Ford, the only big American automaker that did not seek a government bailout, are up 158 percent. Whole Foods and Goodyear Tire have more than doubled, although from low levels.


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AU Men, Women Start Indoor Season Sixth In Nation
LINK – ASHLAND UNIVERSITY TRACK AND FIELD PAGE
The U.S. Track & Field and Cross Country Coaches Association (USTFCCCA) computers like the chances of a high 2017 nationals finish for Ashland University's men's and women's indoor track and field teams.
In the USTFCCCA's preseason national team computer rankings released on Tuesday (Nov. 29) night, both of AU's indoor track and field teams were ranked No. 6 in NCAA Division II.
For the Eagle men, it is their best national indoor ranking since their fourth-place team finish at 2015 nationals. For the AU women, the preseason ranking is their highest since their third-place 2015 nationals placement.
In the decade of the 2010s, both of the Ashland indoor teams have been ranked in all 62 polls.
National team computer rankings took into account marks achieved during the 2016 indoor season to set the stage for the start of the 2017 season. The higher an athlete's mark ranks on the national leaderboard, the more points are garnered for that athlete's team. The teams with the most points are ranked the highest. During the regular season, only marks achieved during the 2016-17 season will be counted for the rankings.
The AU men and women will begin 2016-17 on Saturday (Dec. 3) at noon at the Tiffin Alumni Open.
MEN'S PRESEASON RANKINGS
2016 Final
Adams State
Lincoln (Mo.)
Grand Valley State
Saint Augustine's
Colorado Mines
Minnesota State
Western State
Texas A&M-Commerce
West Texas A&M
Texas A&M-Kingsville
WOMEN'S PRESEASON RANKINGS
Johnson C. Smith
Minnesota Duluth
U-Mary
New Mexico Highlands
Southern Connecticut
Winona State
Angelo State
Queens (N.C.)


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NotoriousOnline News / Updates
NORE states Biggie called him the night he was murdered
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The story behind this Arizona artist's striking mashup painting of MLK, Notorious B.I.G.
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Kool Moe Dee's "Rap Report Card" Resurfaces with Biggie and Lauryn Hill on the top
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James Mtume, Jazz Great Best Known for Notorious B.I.G.-Sampled Hit 'Juicy Fruit,' Dies at 76
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Biggie Smalls' iconic Brooklyn apartment sells for over asking price
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LIL CEASE SAYS DIDDY ADVISED THE NOTORIOUS B.I.G. TO NOT RESPOND TO SUGE KNIGHT'S INFAMOUS SOURCE AWARDS SPEECH
Notorious B.I.G. Music featured on 'Red Notice' Netflix's No. 1 Movie, Sets 'Opening Day' Record
NotoriousOnline 11-15-2021
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Published on 03-15-2013 01:04 AM Number of Views: 1486
Each year, when March 9 rolls around, hip-hop fans mourn the loss of Notorious B.I.G. But his fans aren't alone. N.O.R.E. (also known as P.A.P.I.) recently revealed the secret Biggie told him before his death and why the slain rapper's biopic moved him to tears. "I watched the movie [Notorious] a couple of times," N.O.R.E. told Radio.com. "The only part that made me cry was when he was making those phone calls. I was one of those phone calls."
In the scene, Biggie placed calls to several of his loved ones. While the call to N.O.R.E. was omitted on screen, he remembers it well. When Big called, he played "T.O.N.Y. (Top of New York)," which was an unreleased song of Capone-N-Noreaga's at the time.
"I wasn't honored that Big called me playing 'T.O.N.Y.,' I was like 'How the f*** you get that?' I'm thinking it's bootlegged. Big Took like five minutes before he answered." After delighting in N.O.R.E.'s anxiety about his unreleased song, Biggie explained that he was sitting next to the song's producer Nasheem Myrick. He then dropped the bomb on him.
"He was like, 'I'm getting on the remix," N.O.R.E. said. "'As soon as I get back to New York, I'm bodying that. Don't tell no one I don't want nobody to know.' I'm thinking I'm gonna have the biggest record out." While Biggie never made it back to New York to finish "T.O.N.Y. (Top of New York)," he left two classic studio albums behind (Ready to Die, Life After Death) that will ensure he lives forever in the hearts of his fans.
Source: Radio.com
B.I.G. News / Updates archives
bbforever - 03-17-2013
too bad it didnt happen
NotoriousOnline - 03-23-2013
Originally Posted by bbforever
I have this single somewhere. It was purchased when it came out. I'll see if it has something connected to BIG as post it up.
B.I.G. Tube
Rep. Jeffries Drops Notorious ...
Jeff Goldblum Calls Biggie "Sh...
The Notorious BIG Rock Hall 20...
Rakim remembers how dope the N...
Daddy-O classic Biggie stories...
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Vets Advocacy
L.A. promised more housing for homeless people — but some neighborhoods are way behind
Housing for homeless people? In Chatsworth?
Jason Brackett isn't holding his breath.
"It's not gonna happen on this side of town," Brackett said one afternoon this month, pausing from pulling shopping carts down a sidewalk. "They don't want us here."
Despite the pledge that Los Angeles City Council members made one year ago Wednesday to support new housing with supportive services in each of their districts, zero units have been approved in this northwestern stretch of the San Fernando Valley, formerly represented by Councilman Mitchell Englander. And only 13 unitshave been approved in a neighboring district, represented by Bob Blumenfield.
RECENT NEWS & MEDIA COVERAGE
LA awards $24.3M for homeless housing at West LA VA campus
LA's Only National Cemetery For Vets Is Finally Taking New Applications After More Than 40 Years
Veteran Homelessness Has Barely Budged In LA. Here's Why That's A Win
Homelessness jumps 12% in L.A. County and 16% in the city; officials 'stunned'
This Memorial Day, let's make sure L.A.'s veterans don't die homeless
Inside look at UCLA – VA Veteran Family Wellness Center in West LA
The VA Is Making It Rain Baby Showers
L.A. and Brentwood School consider adding services for veterans on VA's West L.A. campus
Twilight Brigade Comforts Dying Veterans. Now They're Fighting Eviction From VA's West LA Campus
Veterans take part in a field of dreams, playing alongside members of UCLA baseball team
Unproductive school-sponsored veteran facilities need to be held accountable
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Katharine Burgess
Katharine Burgess is senior director of the Urban Resilience Program at the Urban Land Institute. An urban planner with experience...
Brian Moench
Dr. Brian Moench is President of Utah Physicians for a Healthy Environment and a practicing anesthesiologist in Salt Lake City. He is a former adjunct faculty member at the University of Utah.
Shade Shutters
Following a lengthy career in corporate finance and consulting, Dr. Shutters completed a Ph.D.
Stephen Burrington
Stephen Burrington is the Executive Director of Groundwork USA.
Diana Toledo
Diana Toledo is the Leadership Development Director at the River Network.
Lila Cabbil
Lila Cabbil is a member of the People's Water Board and on the Board of Trustees at the Center for the Study of White American Culture.
Magali Sanchez-Hall
Magali Sanchez-Hall is a member of Communities for a Better Environment in California.
Rosa is the Movement Strategy Center's director of applied practice and leads the Community Climate Solutions program to advance transformative resilience strategies that accelerate the emerging transition to a regenerative and interconnected world.
Linda Bailey is executive director of the National Association of City Transportation Officials (NACTO), an association of 51 cities across North America. Under Bailey's leadership, NACTO has released a series of influential design guides, including...
Jason Beske
Jason Beske, AICP, is an urban planner and urban designer with public and private experience and a frequent speaker and instructor at planning conferences.


I've been posting images of fluff, for a while now, these are the ones from a natural light photo shoot.
I really like this set, for some reason those little curly petals on the fluff really caught my eye, I think they are soooo cute!
I've divided up the natural light photo shoot into four parts, which I have set up to auto-post over the week.
This entry was posted in 180mm macro lens, 50mm macro lens, 65mm macro 1-5x lens, gimp, macro photography, natural light photography, nature photography, photography. Bookmark the permalink.


text:
Q: How to resolve the Winusb linking error? I've written a WinUSB project for obtaining data from spectrometer, the code seems to work few weeks ago. In the later stage I tried to link this project with CUDA, after few trials I solved the CUDA linker error. Unfortunately I ended up "error LNK2019: unresolved external symbol" in my main program(Winusb project). At first I thought it was because of the .cu files and I decided to remove all the .CU(CUDA)files form the project and still I was keep on getting the same error(LNK2019).
The following is my code for Winusb project (which was working perfectly few weeks back, but now I'm completely lost and needed some help)
Main.cpp
#include "pch.h"
#include <cstdio>

LONG __cdecl _tmain(LONG  Argc, LPTSTR * Argv )
{
FILE *output_file1 = fopen("output_file2.txt", "w");
//FILE *output_file2 = fopen("output_file3.txt", "w");
DEVICE_DATA           deviceData;
HRESULT               hr;
USB_DEVICE_DESCRIPTOR deviceDesc;
BOOL                  bResult;
BOOL                  noDevice;
ULONG                 lengthReceived;
BOOL wrResult = TRUE;
BOOL wr1Result = TRUE;
BOOL RQResult = 0;
UNREFERENCED_PARAMETER(Argc);
UNREFERENCED_PARAMETER(Argv);

//////////////////////Open device ///////////////
hr = OpenDevice(&deviceData, &noDevice);
if (FAILED(hr)) {
    if (noDevice) {
        printf(_T("Device not connected or driver not installed\n"));
    } else {
       printf(_T("Failed looking for device, HRESULT 0x%x\n"), hr);
    }
    std::getchar();
    return 0;
}

/////////////////////Get descriptor//////////////////
bResult = WinUsb_GetDescriptor(deviceData.WinusbHandle,
                               USB_DEVICE_DESCRIPTOR_TYPE,
                               0,
                               0,
                               (PBYTE) &deviceDesc,
                               sizeof(deviceDesc),
                               &lengthReceived);
   if (FALSE == bResult || lengthReceived != sizeof(deviceDesc)) {

    printf(_T("Error among LastError %d or lengthReceived %d\n"),
           FALSE == bResult ? GetLastError() : 0,
           lengthReceived);
    CloseDevice(&deviceData);
    return 0;
}

bool sResult = FALSE;bool syResult;
bool sResult1 = FALSE;bool syResult1;
//Initialize
UCHAR Intialize[] = {0x01};
ULONG cbISize = strlen((char*)Intialize);
ULONG InSent = 0;
wrResult = WinUsb_WritePipe(deviceData.WinusbHandle, 0x01, Intialize, 1, &InSent, 0);
//Integration time - 700ms
UCHAR Inttime[] = {0x0200100000};
ULONG cbITSize = strlen((char*)Inttime);
ULONG InttimeSent = 0;
wrResult = WinUsb_WritePipe(deviceData.WinusbHandle, 0x01, Inttime, 5, &InttimeSent, 0);
//strobe signal
UCHAR strobe1[] = {0x030001};
ULONG strobeSize1 = strlen((char*)strobe1);
ULONG strobeSent1 = 0;
wr1Result = WinUsb_WritePipe(deviceData.WinusbHandle, 0x01, strobe1, 3, &strobeSent1, 0);
//Request spectra
UCHAR Rqspectra[] = {0x09};
ULONG RqSize = strlen((char*)Rqspectra);
ULONG RqSent = 0;
RQResult = WinUsb_WritePipe(deviceData.WinusbHandle, 0x01, Rqspectra,1, &RqSent, 0);
//Pixel Values
UCHAR szBuffer[15][512];
UCHAR sz1Buffer[1];
UCHAR tBuffer[1];
ULONG tReadx;
ULONG cbReadx[16];
USHORT newbuf[15][512];
short specbu[7860];
for (int i=0;i<16;i++)
{
    if (i<4)
    {
        sResult = WinUsb_ReadPipe(deviceData.WinusbHandle,  0x86, szBuffer[i], 512, &cbReadx[i], 0);
    }
    else if (i>=4 && i<15)
    {
        sResult = WinUsb_ReadPipe(deviceData.WinusbHandle,  0x82, szBuffer[i], 512, &cbReadx[i], 0);
    }
    else if (i = 15)
    {
        syResult = WinUsb_ReadPipe(deviceData.WinusbHandle,  0x82, sz1Buffer, 1, &cbReadx[i], 0);
    }

}
int pon=0;
for (int k=0;k<15;k++)
{
for (int l=0;l<512;l+=2)
{
    newbuf[k][l] = (szBuffer[k][(l+1)]<<8|szBuffer[k][l]);
    specbu[pon]= (szBuffer[k][(l+1)]<<8|szBuffer[k][l]);
    fprintf(output_file1,"%d\t\n",specbu[pon]);
    pon++;

}
}
std::getchar();
CloseDevice(&deviceData);
return 0;
}

My Pch.h
#include <Windows.h>
#include <tchar.h>
#include <strsafe.h>
#include <winusb.h>
#include <usb.h>
#include "device.h"

My device.h
    #include
//
// Device Interface GUID.
// Used by all WinUsb devices that this application talks to.
// Must match "DeviceInterfaceGUIDs" registry value specified in the INF file.
// 390a138c-f867-4538-8fd4-46063b842d2b
//
DEFINE_GUID(GUID_DEVINTERFACE_USBApplication2,
0x390a138c,0xf867,0x4538,0x8f,0xd4,0x46,0x06,0x3b,0x84,0x2d,0x2b);

typedef struct _DEVICE_DATA {

BOOL                    HandlesOpen;
WINUSB_INTERFACE_HANDLE WinusbHandle;
HANDLE                  DeviceHandle;
TCHAR                   DevicePath[MAX_PATH];

}
DEVICE_DATA, *PDEVICE_DATA;
HRESULT
OpenDevice(
_Out_     PDEVICE_DATA DeviceData,
_Out_opt_ PBOOL        FailureDeviceNotFound
);

VOID
CloseDevice(
_Inout_ PDEVICE_DATA DeviceData
);

My build log
1>------ Build started: Project: USB Application2, Configuration: Win7 Debug Win32 ------
1>  main.cpp
1>main.obj : error LNK2019: unresolved external symbol "long __stdcall OpenDevice(struct _DEVICE_DATA *,int *)" (?OpenDevice@@YGJPAU_DEVICE_DATA@@PAH@Z) referenced in function _main
1>main.obj : error LNK2019: unresolved external symbol "void __stdcall CloseDevice(struct _DEVICE_DATA *)" (?CloseDevice@@YGXPAU_DEVICE_DATA@@@Z) referenced in function _main
1>C:\Users\bel1\Documents\Visual Studio 2012\Projects\USB Application2\Win7Debug\USBApplication2.exe : fatal error LNK1120: 2 unresolved externals
========== Build: 0 succeeded, 1 failed, 0 up-to-date, 0 skipped ==========
========== Deploy: 0 succeeded, 0 failed, 0 skipped ==========

A: You will need to add source files (.CPP) into your project that are having implementation of following functions:

*

*OpenDevice

*CloseDevice
If you are using a third party library, you need to put the relevant .LIB file into Linker Input of project settings.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


February 28, 2018 in Editorials, Miss International, Miss Universe.
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In a common press release, AIM, l'ISDB and the Medicines in Europe Forum observe that, although some small improvements have been made on the assessment of high-risk medical devices, major flaws remain in the legislation.
On 22 October, the European Parliament voted in the plenary on the report of MEP Roth-Behrendt as adopted by the ENVI Committee on the regulation of Medical Devices. While the Report of MEP Roth-Behrendt had managed to introduce more transparency on clinical data and the ENVI Committee proposed stricter rules for assessment before certain high-risk medical devices can reach the market (novelty of the device, safety concerns), MEPs in the plenary largely watered down this compromise. AIM, ISDB and MiEF warn that the opportunity to prevent large-scale scandals such as the hip implants case should now be seized by the Council.
Public health defenders – mutual and health insurance funds, patients' and consumers' organisations, health professionals and independent drug bulletins – have been struggling for years for safer high-risk medical devices submitted to pre-market assessment of their efficacy, based on strong evidence. We therefore require high-risk medical devices to be systematically submitted to pre-market assessment of their efficacy and safety, which is not happening now (1)(2). The introduction of specialised notified bodies approved by the European Medicines Agency and the creation of an Assessment Committee for Medical Devices (ACMD) giving a binding opinion on high-risk devices are indispensable measures if patients' safety is to be improved. These measures formed the basis of the compromise as adopted by the ENVI Committee. However, in plenary, MEPs put economic interest ahead of patient safety, watering down this compromise. They decided to reduce the scope of the ACMD making its opinion optional (if the MDCG requests it) and submitting only some of the high-risk medical devices of Class III and IIb to a clinical assessment. In fact, the opinion of this Committee should be binding.
This is a disappointing result: patients remain exposed to possible flaws for the many high-risk devices escaping specific assessment of the ACMD (and the MDCG) (3).
On the issue of clinical data, small improvements have been made. MEPs approved a measure whereby the industry can no longer deny access to scientific data by claiming commercial confidentiality. Access to clinical investigations' results on medical devices should be easier. Anyhow, they rejected the evaluation of new medical devices versus comparator, which was a great proposal to improve the quality of medical devices.
A positive aspect is the introduction of compulsory liability insurance for manufacturers. The liability insurance covering insolvency and damages to patients will make sure that the patients who suffered harm caused by a faulty medical device will be covered if the damage is recognised.
In conclusion, some small improvements have been made on the assessment of high-risk medical devices but major flaws remain in the legislation. The gap has not been filled, to help prevent any future scandal. AIM, ISDB and MiEF therefore ask the Council to go further and strengthen pre-market assessment of all high-risk medical devices in order to protect patients.


text:
Trial delayed for man accused of fatal DUI…
Trial delayed for man accused of fatal DUI crash in Salford
By Carl Hessler Jr. | chessler@pottsmerc.com | The Pottstown Mercury
PUBLISHED: September 9, 2015 at 1:11 p.m. | UPDATED: September 24, 2021 at 2:06 a.m.
NORRISTOWN >> An Upper Gwynedd man's date with a jury on charges he allegedly was speeding and driving drunk at the time of a one-vehicle crash that killed a friend in Salford has been postponed until November.
Sean Christopher Sperl, 23, of the 900 block of Crest Road, was supposed to begin selecting a jury for his trial this week in Montgomery County Court in connection with the 12:12 a.m. April 23, 2013, crash that claimed the life of Ryan Alexander Petrille, 21, of Towamencin. However, in an order issued on Tuesday, Judge Gary S. Silow postponed Wednesday's pretrial hearing and the jury selection process that was to follow.
Silow did not elaborate on the reasons for the postponement. But during recent hearings and in court papers, defense lawyer Charles D. Mandracchia and prosecutors Rebecca Strubel and Richard Bradbury Jr. have clashed about discovery and evidentiary issues that still need to be resolved.
The postponement compounds the heartache already felt by Petrille's grieving family and friends.
"The emotional impact of losing Ryan has been devastating for our family. We have waited over two years to put this trial behind us and begin to heal. Due to another postponement we now have to wait even longer," Petrille's mother, Jill, of Lansdale, said on Wednesday. "We want justice for Ryan and will keep the faith that the justice system will prevail."
The judge has scheduled a hearing on all outstanding pretrial matters for Oct. 29 with jury selection to begin Oct. 30. Sperl's trial is now slated to get underway Nov. 2.
Sperl is charged with homicide by vehicle while driving under the influence of alcohol, homicide by vehicle, DUI, accidents involving death, speeding and numerous other traffic violations in connection with the fatal crash that occurred in the 400 block of Ridge Road in Salford.
Still to be decided by the judge is whether Sperl's alleged "bragging post on Twitter" concerning a speeding ticket, just days before he was charged with speeding and driving drunk in the crash that killed Petrille, should be viewed by a jury as prosecutorial evidence.
Prosecutors contend that on April 11, 2013, Sperl, then 21, made "a bragging post on Twitter" saying such things as "79 in a 45 … $112 dollar ticket and no points not to (sic) shabby," according to court papers.
Prosecutors hinted in court papers that at Sperl's trial they'll produce evidence, through an accident reconstructionist, that at the time of the fatal crash Sperl was traveling at a nearly identical speed – between 83 and 93 mph – in an identical speed zone.
But Mandracchia is fighting the admissibility of Sperl's alleged tweet, claiming prosecutors can't establish who made the statement or the identity of the Twitter account holder.
Sperl also wants the judge to prevent a jury from hearing alleged incriminating remarks he made to police several hours after the crash and wants the judge to throw out as evidence the results of blood tests that showed Sperl's blood-alcohol content several hours after the crash was 0.175 percent, more than twice the legal limit of 0.08 percent.
Prosecutors are fighting to keep Sperl's statements and toxicology reports regarding his alleged intoxication as trial evidence.
Sperl remains free pending trial after posting bail.
State police at Skippack alleged Sperl was traveling southbound on Ridge Road, near Sugar Hill Road, and entered a curve, posted at 35 mph, at between 83 and 93 mph and lost control of his 2000 Honda Civic and struck a utility pole. Police said "the violence of the impact sheared the Honda into several pieces, each with its own trajectory after striking the utility pole," and pieces of the vehicle were strewn on the lawns of nearby homes.
The crumpled front end of the vehicle, which tumbled across three driveways, came to rest against some rocks about 144 feet from the point of impact, police alleged.
The rear end of the car, its back seats attached, was torn off and catapulted more than 80 feet in another direction, striking several trees and ending up in a field surrounded by the vehicle's floor mats, a muffler, the spare tire, fragments of stereo equipment, Rolling Rock beer cans and an open bottle of whiskey, according to the arrest affidavit.
Petrille, who worked as a roofer in Harleysville and reportedly was a rear seat passenger, was ejected from the vehicle and was found nearly 70 feet from the point of impact and was pronounced dead at the scene due to traumatic facial and neck injuries, police said.
After searching the area, troopers "did not find any other involved persons that remained with the vehicle," according to the complaint.
Nearby residents told police that after being awakened by "tire screeching and a loud bang," they saw two males "panicking" outside their house, the complaint alleged. One of the men "started running down the road and his buddy started yelling at him, 'Sean, dude, you can't leave. There is blood everywhere. You were the driver, yo,'" one of the witnesses reported, according to the complaint.
Around 3:30 a.m. police received a call from a resident of Sugar Hill Road after Sperl knocked on a door there. When troopers arrived at the residence, Sperl approached them, identified himself and allegedly said, "I'm pretty sure I was in an accident tonight and someone is dead because of me," according to the arrest affidavit.
About four hours after the crash, police interviewed another 21-year-old man who had contacted them to report that he was the front seat passenger in Sperl's Honda at the time of the crash, court papers indicate. According to police, the man claimed he, Sperl and Petrille were part of a group who attended a Phillies baseball game earlier in the day. Sperl had left his car at the home of a friend in Lansdale who drove everyone to the game while Petrille had taken the train to the ballpark, court papers indicate.
Witnesses told police that on the ride back to Lansdale, Sperl, a passenger in the Lansdale friend's vehicle, was drinking whiskey and beer, according to the arrest affidavit. After returning to Lansdale, Petrille and the second 21-year-old man entered Sperl's Honda, police said. The passenger told police that Sperl was "being all Superman, acting invincible, going over the speed limit," shortly before the fatal crash, according to the arrest affidavit.


text:
Біля́ївська сільська́ ра́да — адміністративно-територіальна одиниця та орган місцевого самоврядування в Нововоронцовському районі Херсонської області. Адміністративний центр — село Біляївка.

Загальні відомості
Біляївська сільська рада утворена в 1924 році.
 Територія ради: 301,3 км²
 Населення ради: 1 012 особи (станом на 2001 рік)

Населені пункти
Сільській раді були підпорядковані населені пункти:
 с. Біляївка
 с. Українка

Склад ради
Рада складалася з 15 депутатів та голови.
 Голова ради: Єгорова Світлана Володимирівна
 Секретар ради: Борисенко Катерина Іванівна

Керівний склад попередніх скликань

Примітка: таблиця складена за даними сайту Верховної Ради України

Депутати
За результатами місцевих виборів 2010 року депутатами ради стали:

За суб'єктами висування

За округами

Населення
Згідно з переписом УРСР 1989 року чисельність наявного населення сільської ради становила 1100 осіб, з яких 500 чоловіків та 600 жінок.

За переписом населення України 2001 року в сільській раді мешкало 996 осіб.

Мова
Розподіл населення за рідною мовою за даними перепису 2001 року:

Примітки

Адміністративний устрій Нововоронцовського району

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
Yale UniversityYale Combined Program in the Biological and Biomedical Sciences (BBS)
Yale & New Haven
Internal Resources
Although the answers to most of your questions may be found throughout the BBS website, below are answers to some of the most frequently asked questions. The Yale Graduate School also has an extensive list of frequently asked questions related to the online application. Please see the Yale Graduate School of Arts and Sciences Admissions FAQs website. If you have additional questions not answered below or on the Graduate School website, please send an email to us at bbs@yale.edu.
GPA, GRE, TOEFL
Interviews & Decisions
Degrees Offered
Is there a pre-application process?
The BBS Program does not have a pre-application process and therefore cannot tell you in advance how competitive you will be as an applicant.
To which BBS Track should I apply?
You should select the Track whose scientific focus best matches your background and interests. Each Track has its own admissions committee and will be able to give your application more thorough consideration if your scientific interests match the Track's. Please note that you may apply to only ONE Track.
What courses are required in order to be eligible for admission to the BBS Program?
The BBS Program does not have any specific course requirements. We look for applicants who have a strong background in the biological or physical sciences (plus additional training in computing/informatics for those who apply to the Computational Biology and Bioinformatics Track). See each Track's Admissions Requirements page for more information.
Can the $105 application fee be waived (or can I pay the fee after you admit me?)
Some applicants may be eligible for a waiver of the application fee. Eligibility requirements and the process for requesting a waiver are available on the Yale Graduate School's application website. Note that applications will not be reviewed unless the application fee is paid or a waiver is granted.
Should I send my application materials to the BBS Program or to the Yale Graduate School?
Please upload all application materials, including transcripts, directly into your online application. Letters of recommendation should be uploaded by the individuals who write these letters. Do not send any paper materials to either the BBS office or the Graduate School. Please follow the instructions for application submission found on the Graduate School's website: https://gsas.yale.edu/admissions/degree-program-application-process
Do I need to submit a writing sample?
Although the online application mentions that applicants should submit writing samples, these instructions are intended for applicants to programs in the humanities and social sciences. BBS applicants should not submit a writing sample. (If you have already submitted a writing sample, don't worry about it. It will be placed in your file but won't be read by admissions committees.)
How can I check the status of my application?
The online application enables you to log into your record and check the status of receipt of recommendation letters and test scores. For more information go to the Graduate Schools Web site: http://gsas.yale.edu/admissions/admissions-faqs
Do I need to find a Yale faculty member who will serve as my thesis advisor prior to submitting an application?
No. All entering students will be required to rotate through two to four labs during their first year of study before eventually selecting a thesis advisor.
Which exams are required to apply?
The BBS Program does not require the Graduate Record Examination (GRE) General Test or Subject Test, and submitted GRE scores will not be included in the review of an application. The TOEFL is required of all applicants whose native language is not English. See below for more details about the TOEFL requirement.
What are the average GPA and GRE scores of admitted students?
The BBS Program does not calculate or publish GPA data on our applicant pool. Our main guideline to applicants is that although a high GPA is attractive to admissions committees, it does not guarantee admission. On the other hand, GPAs below 3.0 are detrimental to your application. Neither the GRE General Test nor Subject Test is required, and submitted GRE scores are not reviewed.
What are the GRE and TOEFL score requirements?
We do not require or review GRE scores. TOEFL scores must be above 100. We do not have a minimum IELTS requirement.
Is the GRE General Test required?
The BBS Program does not require the GRE General Test, and submitted GRE scores will not be included in the review of an application.
Which GRE Subject test should I take?
A GRE Subject Test is not required, and submitted scores will not be included in the review of applications.
Is it possible to waive the TOEFL/IELTS requirement?
The TOEFL or IELTS is required of all applicants whose native language is not English. This requirement is waived only for applicants who will have received a baccalaureate degree, prior to matriculation at Yale, from a college or university where English is the primary language of instruction. The requirement is not waived for those who have received masters degrees or other degrees from institutions at which English is the primary language of instruction. Please visit this English language requirement chart for a useful way to help you determine whether you will need to submit TOEFL/IELTS scores.
What is the institution code and department code for submitting TOEFL scores?
Please use institution code 3987. You do not need a department code.
I took the TOEFL several years ago. Can I submit these scores, or do I have to retake the exam?
If you took the TOEFL within the past two years, ETS should still be able to release the scores to us. If your scores can no longer be released, you will need to take the test again.
When can I expect to receive a decision on my application?
Each Track has a slightly different timeline in reviewing applications and making admissions decisions. Applicants may receive a decision as early as January or as late as April.
When will applicants be interviewed?
Invitations to attend our recruiting weekends will be made by phone or email beginning in early January. Interview dates for 2022 have not yet been determined, and it is not yet known whether interviews will be conducted virtually or in-person.
What kind of financial aid is available?
For the duration of their studies, all BBS students receive a stipend ($38,050 in 2021-22), full tuition coverage, and health insurance. Students are encouraged to apply for external funding, and those who win competitive awards such as NIH National Research Service Awards (NRSA) or NSF fellowships receive a stipend bonus of $4,000 (for a total stipend of $42,050 in 2021-22).
Is financial support available for international students?
All students admitted to BBS, regardless of citizenship, receive full financial support from the university. The financial resources we have available to pay for students who are neither U.S. Citizens nor U.S. Permanent Residents, however, is very limited. As a result, we are able to admit only a small percentage of our international applicant pool, and students should take this into consideration before applying to the Program.
Does the BBS Program offer masters degrees?
The BBS Program is intended only for students pursuing a doctoral degree. Computational Biology and Bioinformatics does offer a Terminal Masters degree, but this degree program is separate from and unaffiliated with BBS.
Biological and Biomedical Sciences Program (BBS)
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