text:
Top medical expertise with excellence in surgery: That's what ETHIANUM stands for, in Heidelberg, the German Capital of Medicine.
https://ethianum-klinik-heidelberg.de/clinic-english.html
Pfad/ 16: International / 16.1: english
ETHIANUM. The time for this clinic has arrived
Cutting edge medicine, state-of-the-art facilities, exclusive treatment
A medical competence centre of unique quality can be found in the idyllic city of Heidelberg: the ETHIANUM, clinic for plastic, reconstructive and aesthetic surgery, orthopedics, hand surgery and preventive medicine.
For people who would like to maintain, regain and improve their body and its functions – at the highest international level.
Here you will experience how cutting edge medical services are perfectly complemented by first class treatment and the atmosphere of a top class hotel.
The ETHIANUM, which opened in October 2010, is one of the most state-of-the-art clinics in Europe. With a visionary claim towards holistic service quality, a truly humane clinic philosophy and scientific research that is as ambitious as it is sound.
These are the medical disciplines that are united under the roof of the ETHIANUM and dedicatedly provided by internationally recognised specialists:
Orthopedics, Sports traumatology
Prevention and regeneration
Innovative diagnostics and research
We provide a central point of contact for all arrangements to set up appointments, treatments, and stays at the ETHIANUM.
Please contact +49 6221 8723 403 or by email to international@ethianum.de.
The founder of the clinic and Medical Director, Professor Dr. Germann
The ETHIANUM was founded by Professor Dr. Guenter Germann. Until recently, he was the President of the internationally renowned and largest German Society of Plastic, Reconstructive and Aesthetic Surgeons. As Head of Department, Professor Dr Germann managed the Berufsgenossenschaftliche Unfallklinik in Ludwigshafen (Ludwigshafen BG Casualty Clinic), Germany, for 18 years, giving it an international reputation.
He is considered an excellent microsurgeon within the international arena and has been practising plastic surgery for more than 30 years, with over 25 years of experience in hand surgery.
As early as 2001, Professor Germann was awarded the McCormack prize of the University of Rochester (New York) for his scientific work. He is a distinguished member of numerous scientific committees worldwide and has held the Professorship of Plastic Surgery and Hand Surgery at Heidelberg University since 1999. Above and beyond that, Professor German maintains a research laboratory that is primarily dedicated to the development of diagnostic and surgical procedures – also in the area of stem cell research.
With the foundation of the ETHIANUM, Professor Dr. Germann, specialist for plastic-reconstructive surgery, hand surgery and aesthetic surgery, has realised his dream of a perfect clinic.
Professor Germann has attracted a team of renowned specialists to his clinic.
We would like to introduce you to a few of them:
Professor Dr. Matthias Reichenberger is Board-Certified Plastic, Reconstructive and Aesthetic Surgeon. He was awarded a doctorate from renowned universities in Germany and Switzerland.
The Surgeon was also most recently employed as Senior Registrar at BG-Unfallklinik Ludwigshafen until he became partner of Professor Germann in Heidelberg. His specialist areas are reconstructive and aesthetic breast surgery, facial surgery as well as skin firming surgery after weight reduction.
In research, Professor Reichenberger is actively seeking new wound healing and nerve regeneration methods and looking into the prevention of capsular fibrosis after breast implant surgery.
Would you like to drop a note to Prof. Dr. Reichenberger?
Empathy for the client is the guiding principle of Associate Professor Dr. Holger Engel, specialist in plastic and aesthetic surgery, who has been working as partner of Prof. Germann and Prof. Reichenberger at the ETHIANUM since the start of 2019.
Dr. Engel's specialist qualification is in the combination of reconstructive and aesthetic surgery. A typical example, he says, can include lymphodema following the surgical removal of lymph nodes due to a tumour, for example in cases of breast cancer. He acquired his internationally recognised expertise in reconstructive microsurgery partly through his work at the world's biggest microsurgery centre in Taipei, Taiwan. Associate Professor Dr. Engel also puts his body and soul into research activities, including areas such as the treatment of lymphodema within the framework of breast reconstruction using the patient's own tissue. Priv.-Doz. Dr. Engel ist mit Leib und Seele auch in der Forschung aktiv, u.a. zu Themen wie der Behandlung von Lymphödemen im Rahmen der Brustrekonstruktion mit körpereigenem Gewebe.
Contact Associate Professor Dr. Engel directly
Associate professor Dr. Eva Koellensperger, MD is an expert in the women's intimate surgery (e.g., labia reduction or reconstruction of the hymen) and in advanced treatment of scars (e.g., from accidents, burns or tumor operations, as well as self-injury from incisions on the forearm).
For scar correction/revision, Dr. Koellensperger, a specialist in plastic and aesthetic surgery, employs techniques such as dermabrasion, needling, or serial partial excision, as well as special skin grafting techniques (spray-on skin, derma stamp treatment, ...) and other methods such as flap grafts, tissue expansion, etc. Patients find her a very discreet contact.
Would you like to write to the surgeon?
Dimitrios Takas is a specialist in plastic and aesthetic surgery, he has returned to his mentors Prof. Dr. Germann and Prof. Dr. Reichenberger after many years of experience at specialist centres.
Under the guiding principle of 'Natural beauty through experience and perfection', he is the specialist for lifting operations (Abdominoplasty, Body lift and Body contouring) and treatment for Lipedema – Liposuction and for cellulite (Cellfina).
Micro-surgery and Hand surgery are other key surgical specialities.
Please submit your enquiry to Dimitrios Takas here
One of the most experienced specialists for spine surgery worldwide – Professor Dr. Juergen Harms, specialist in orthopedics and accident surgery – operates at ETHIANUM.
Thanks to his research and new developments, he is considered a trailblazer with regard to progress in the treatment of spinal disease. Alongside other innovations, the 'Harms titanium mesh cage' and 'polyaxial screw', which were developed by him, are now regarded state-of-the-art in spine surgery.
Previously, Professor Harms was Head Physician for Orthopedics and Spine Surgery at the Klinikum Karlsbad-Langensteinbach, Karlsbad for more than 30 years. He is an honorary member of the Scoliosis Research Society (SRS), the most renowned spinal association.
Send an email to the spine surgeon
As spinal surgeon, Associate Professor Berk Orakcioglu, MD is also the contact for back patients. He is a specialist in neurosurgery, with additional qualification as intensivist (in intensive care medicine).
An experienced surgeon, he most recently served as Section Head of Spine Surgery in the neurosurgical clinic of the University Hospital Heidelberg.
Dr. Orakcioglu emphasizes individual approach, from CT-guided pain therapy and minimally invasive surgical procedures, using the latest technology, to complex spinal procedures employing spinal navigation and permanent nerve monitoring.
Write to the neurosurgery specialist now
PD Dr Dr med. Felix Gramley is the head of the Preventive Healthcare Department. The internist, cardiologist and emergency medicine specialist carries out health check-ups, provides advice in response to questions about the cardiovascular system and supports both professional and amateur athletes by providing diagnostic sports medicine services.
Contact PD Dr Dr med. Felix Gramley
Prof. Dr. med. Felix Zeifang is an expert in shoulder and elbow surgery, open and minimally invasive procedures.
For many years, he headed the corresponding section at the University Hospital in Heidelberg and is the head of the training centre of the Association of German Shoulder and Elbow Surgery.
The expert in total shoulder endoprosthesis (TEP) specialises in orthopedics and trauma surgery, rheumatology and paediatric orthopedics.
Would you like to contact the shoulder specialist now?
Dr. Lehmann is a specialist for orthopedics and sports medicine. He has an outstanding international reputation as a specialist for shoulder and hip conditions, especially for arthroscopic and minimally invasive therapies.
In 2004, he was one of the first orthopedists in Germany to introduce minimally invasive treatment for hip joint disorders by arthroscopy.
Dr. Lehmann also treats performance athletes and combines his patients' treatments with efficient physiotherapeutic exercise concepts.
Would you like to write to Dr. Lehmann?
Dr. Wolfgang Franz, MD is a specialist in surgery, trauma surgery and sports medicine. He is internationally recognized as a knee specialist. Each year, Dr. Franz carries out more than 1,400 knee interventions.
He treats arthritis, cruciate ligament and meniscal tears using minimally invasive procedures. His areas of expertise include cartilage transplantation (ArtroCell 3D) and the AMIC method. He has authored highly regarded books on knee osteoarthritis and diseases of the knee.
Should the extensive conservative measures become exhausted, several proven surgical procedures are available, ranging from arthroscopy to microfracture method. If the knee joint cannot be saved any more, Dr. Franz can take care of a complete knee joint replacement.
Do you wish to make an appointment with the knee specialist?
Prof. Dr. Jörg Holstein, MD, is a specialist in orthopaedics and trauma surgery with additional titles in specialised orthopaedic surgery, specialised trauma surgery, hand surgery, chirotherapy / manual therapy and specialist X-ray diagnostics.
As an expert in endoprosthetics for the knee joint and hip joint, he is a physician whose particular specialisation is an innovative method for the implantation or artificial hip joints (especially after arthrosis):
In Germany Prof. Holstein is considered to be pioneer of the minimally invasive AMIS technique which is gentle on the muscles. In this technique there are no injuries to the nerves and the muscles and tendons are not cut through but moved to the side instead. This gentle procedure means much shorter rehab times for patients and enables the leg to take strain again straight away.
Contact Prof. Holstein directly
Dr. Ralph-Ingo Kern, MD has been for many years a successful gymnast himself.
Therefore, as a specialist in orthopedics and trauma surgery, with additional qualifications in chiropractic, sports medicine, skeletal x-ray diagnostics, and acupuncture, Dr. Kern, a DVO-qualified osteologist, devotes himself to conservative orthopedics. This includes, e.g., various infiltrations, from painkillers to hyaluronic acid, as well as chiropractic and acupuncture treatment.
Dr. Kern also looks after the German soccer team, TSG 1899 Hoffenheim, as the team's doctor.
Contact the orthopedist now
Dr. Helge Schmitz is a specialist in orthopedics; he is Dr. Lehman's partner. The orthopedist is known as an outstanding diagnostician in the field of sports injuries, in particular as regards shoulder and knee injuries.
He gained professional expertise during the years at university hospitals that provided him with valuable overview of the field. Dr. Schmitz also carries out outpatient surgeries, is a practitioner of manual medicine and chirotherapy (Deutsche Gesellschaft für Manuelle Medizin [German Society of Manual Medicine]) and an X-ray diagnostician.
Would you like to consult Dr. Schmitz?
Associate Professor Dr. Amadeus Hornemann, MD, is a specialist in gynecology and obstetrics, focusing on gynecologic oncology, special obstetrics and perinatal care.
Dr. Hornemann is highly regarded by his patients, in particular for his quiet and considerate manner. In the professional world, he is the only gynecologist in the region, who has been granted the MIC III certificate, the highest honor awarded by the German Gynecological Endoscopy Consortium.
His surgical expertise includes laparoscopy for myomectomy, hysterectomy, surgery for prolapse, uterine reflections, and interventions involving the uterus and external genitalia (e.g., recovery or expansion of the hymen).
Arrange for appointment with the gynecology specialist Dr. Hornemann?
Dr. Sylvia Proske is the contact person for women. She received excellent training at the Department of Dermatology of the University of Toronto, Canada and the Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA, amongst others.
Dr. Proske is a specialist in dermatology, venous diseases and qualified for the additional designations allergology, phlebology, proctology and andrology.
As a specialist for laser treatment, e.g. of tumours, she cooperates very closely with the surgical specialists of the ETHIANUM.
Dr. Proske is happy to hear from you
A further distinguished expert at ETHIANUM Heidelberg
This is where the physiotherapist of top athletes practices, the sports physiotherapist Stefan Korn. He is an approved golf physiotherapist and golf fitness instructor.
In the ETHIANUM physiotherapy department he ensures, through targeted training plans, that clients recover more quickly after their injury or surgery. The services provided by his team of experienced therapists include application of classical remedial gymnastics (e.g. manual therapy) as well as physical therapies (e.g., classic massage, manual lymphatic drainage, electrotherapy).
Contact the physiotherapy office?
ETHIANUM offers a very unusual variety of the best services that make a clinic what it is
As a patient, you will be able to enjoy first-class medical treatment. The hospital is fitted with state-of-the-art equipment: the magnetic resonance imaging machine alone, manufactured by the leading technology supplier Siemens, is the most cutting edge machine currently on the market.
At the same time, the ETHIANUM is a model with regard to sustainability. One of the most progressive energy and efficiency systems was created in close cooperation with Siemens. This renders ETHIANUM one of the most sophisticated clinics in Europe, in terms of environmental protection.
The clinic's surgical centre was specifically designed in accordance with Professor Dr. Germann's requirements and is unique.
As our patient, we will do everything to make you feel comfortable
A translator will be arranged to accompany you, on request
The service of the clinic is oriented towards first class hotels
Rooms and spacious suites leave nothing to be desired. Via state-of-the-art multimedia terminals you can control all functions – from TV stations to video-on-demand and through to your Smartphone – from the comfort of your bed
The clinic's catering is excellent. You can eat á la carte every day and we are happy to meet individual requirements
Your escort can stay in your room/suite or in a room immediately adjacent to you
Ladies can be cared for exclusively by female doctors and nurses – on request
A shuttle service will take you or your escort to the romantic historic quarter of Heidelberg or to the metropolises of Frankfurt am Main and Wiesbaden
The clinic is located near the river Neckar with its beautiful riverscape and near Heidelberg Castle
View further informations that we have prepared for you
We would consider ourselves lucky to welcome you at our clinic soon: Submit the Contact form
Information Flyer
(PDF 859 KB)
Prevention brochure
Directions ETHIANUM
Patient Questionnaire Spine Surgery
ETHIANUM Clinic Heidelberg en
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Exclusive treatment and surgery (excerpt):
Better ageing
Body lift, body contouring
Breast lift, augmentation, reduction, reconstruction
Mammary gland modulation for men
Wrist surgery
Skin cancer check-ups
Chin correction
Correction of malformations
Correction of the results of accidents
Performance diagnostics
Manager health checks
Correction of scars
Upper arm lift, thigh lift
Prostate cancer check-ups
Venous diseases
Knee, shoulder, hip joint replacement


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NOTE: This video was produced and released before the allegations of sexual assault were revealed about this artist. In no way do I support or condone these actions.
I directed, shot, and edited this short documentary-style promo for local Atlanta artist sQuishiepuss, and I am leaving it on my portfolio because I think it still a strong representation of my vision and approach being executed in a promotional video.


Berkhamsted Sports is (one of) the town's oldest independent retailers, having been an institution on the High Street since 1976. The shop remains as popular today as it did when it first opened more than 40 years ago, something that owners Nick Dufficy and Dave Walden attribute to the friendly, knowledgeable and personal service they provide to their customers. Along with stocking the best selection of sports apparel and accessories in the area, at competitive prices.
Today, Berkhamsted Sports specialises in running, tennis and fitness, and carries a fantastic range of brands and products, all hand-picked by Nick and Dave to cater for every level of ability, whether you're a complete beginner or a seasoned veteran in your chosen sport.
As well as offering an unrivaled array of sports gear, you can also head to Berkhamsted Sports for a whole host of other services and advice. Runners can book a free in-store gait analysis. They can also receive personalised recommendations for their optimum footwear tailored to their individual running pattern.
The shop also works closely with several local physiotherapists and podiatrists and can make introductions for customers seeking professional advice on sports injuries and rehabilitation.
Nick and Dave are also experienced LTA qualified tennis coaches. They offer a wealth of tennis services and products for any fledgling Federers and would-be Williamses, including on-site racket re-stringing to your own specifications, and recommendations to a network of local coaches. If you're in the market for a new racket, they can give you impartial, friendly advice on the best model to go for to help raise your game to a whole new level. With over 100 varieties of racket in-store, Berkhamsted Sports really does have all your tennis needs covered from baseline to net!
Thanks so much for taking time to visit our site today. We really hope you find what you're looking for here. Nick, Dave and their team also look forward to welcoming you to Berkhamsted Sports in person too!
Today, hundreds of customers have purchased products from us, why?
We love our customers to visit us in store, why? Because their is nothing like personal service!
We may be small but we offer some of the best in class sports products you can find at prices that will surprise you. From the latest tennis raquets through to clothing, trainers and so much more.


text:
Isolation of a set of genes expressed in the choroid plexus of the mouse using suppression subtractive hybridization
N. Matsumoto, H. Kitayama, M. Kitada, K. Kimura, M. Noda, C. Ide
MED - Medical Sciences
The choroid plexus produces cerebrospinal fluid, providing a specialized environment for the CNS. We previously demonstrated that choroid plexus ependymal cells can enhance nerve regeneration in vivo and promote neurite outgrowth in vitro. To understand the molecular mechanisms of choroid plexus functions, we isolated genes predominantly expressed in the mouse choroid plexus using suppression subtractive hybridization. Out of the 49 complementary DNA (cDNA) fragments isolated in two types of screening, 43 matched known sequences in the database and six were novel. In one type of screening where choroid plexus cDNAs were subtracted with cerebral cortex cDNAs, transthyretin and phosphodiesterase Iα were predominant. This is consistent with previous reports and supports the authenticity of our approach. In the other type of screening, cDNAs derived from the choroid plexus of neonatal (postnatal day 5) mice were subtracted with cDNAs from the choroid plexus of adult mice. RNA blot and/or in situ hybridization confirmed abundant expression, in the mouse choroid plexus, of the mRNA encoding gelsolin, phospholipid transfer protein, ATP-binding cassette transporter A8 (ABCA8), androgen-inducible aldehyde reductase, and Na+/sulfate cotransporter SUT-1. Also, one novel gene (FS88) was found to be expressed in the choroid plexus from neonatal mice. Our data suggest that the choroid plexus cells produce molecules involved in processes such as prevention of fibrillization of amyloid β-protein (transthyretin and gelsolin), lipid metabolism (phospholipid transfer protein and ABCA8), and detoxification (androgen-inducible aldehyde reductase).
Amyloid beta clearance
Suppression subtractive hybridization
Fingerprint Dive into the research topics of 'Isolation of a set of genes expressed in the choroid plexus of the mouse using suppression subtractive hybridization'. Together they form a unique fingerprint.
Subtractive Hybridization Techniques Medicine & Life Sciences
Choroid Plexus Medicine & Life Sciences
androgen-inducible aldehyde reductase Medicine & Life Sciences
Genes Medicine & Life Sciences
Complementary DNA Medicine & Life Sciences
Phospholipid Transfer Proteins Medicine & Life Sciences
Gelsolin Medicine & Life Sciences
Prealbumin Medicine & Life Sciences
Matsumoto, N., Kitayama, H., Kitada, M., Kimura, K., Noda, M., & Ide, C. (2003). Isolation of a set of genes expressed in the choroid plexus of the mouse using suppression subtractive hybridization. Neuroscience, 117(2), 405-415. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0306-4522(02)00827-8
Isolation of a set of genes expressed in the choroid plexus of the mouse using suppression subtractive hybridization. / Matsumoto, N.; Kitayama, H.; Kitada, M.; Kimura, K.; Noda, M.; Ide, C.
In: Neuroscience, Vol. 117, No. 2, 21.03.2003, p. 405-415.
Matsumoto, N, Kitayama, H, Kitada, M, Kimura, K, Noda, M & Ide, C 2003, 'Isolation of a set of genes expressed in the choroid plexus of the mouse using suppression subtractive hybridization', Neuroscience, vol. 117, no. 2, pp. 405-415. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0306-4522(02)00827-8
Matsumoto N, Kitayama H, Kitada M, Kimura K, Noda M, Ide C. Isolation of a set of genes expressed in the choroid plexus of the mouse using suppression subtractive hybridization. Neuroscience. 2003 Mar 21;117(2):405-415. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0306-4522(02)00827-8
Matsumoto, N. ; Kitayama, H. ; Kitada, M. ; Kimura, K. ; Noda, M. ; Ide, C. / Isolation of a set of genes expressed in the choroid plexus of the mouse using suppression subtractive hybridization. In: Neuroscience. 2003 ; Vol. 117, No. 2. pp. 405-415.
@article{ed5c8475d1034c55acbfab145fcd40a2,
title = "Isolation of a set of genes expressed in the choroid plexus of the mouse using suppression subtractive hybridization",
abstract = "The choroid plexus produces cerebrospinal fluid, providing a specialized environment for the CNS. We previously demonstrated that choroid plexus ependymal cells can enhance nerve regeneration in vivo and promote neurite outgrowth in vitro. To understand the molecular mechanisms of choroid plexus functions, we isolated genes predominantly expressed in the mouse choroid plexus using suppression subtractive hybridization. Out of the 49 complementary DNA (cDNA) fragments isolated in two types of screening, 43 matched known sequences in the database and six were novel. In one type of screening where choroid plexus cDNAs were subtracted with cerebral cortex cDNAs, transthyretin and phosphodiesterase Iα were predominant. This is consistent with previous reports and supports the authenticity of our approach. In the other type of screening, cDNAs derived from the choroid plexus of neonatal (postnatal day 5) mice were subtracted with cDNAs from the choroid plexus of adult mice. RNA blot and/or in situ hybridization confirmed abundant expression, in the mouse choroid plexus, of the mRNA encoding gelsolin, phospholipid transfer protein, ATP-binding cassette transporter A8 (ABCA8), androgen-inducible aldehyde reductase, and Na+/sulfate cotransporter SUT-1. Also, one novel gene (FS88) was found to be expressed in the choroid plexus from neonatal mice. Our data suggest that the choroid plexus cells produce molecules involved in processes such as prevention of fibrillization of amyloid β-protein (transthyretin and gelsolin), lipid metabolism (phospholipid transfer protein and ABCA8), and detoxification (androgen-inducible aldehyde reductase).",
keywords = "Amyloid beta clearance, Cerebrospinal fluid, In situ hybridization, Lipid metabolism, Suppression subtractive hybridization",
author = "N. Matsumoto and H. Kitayama and M. Kitada and K. Kimura and M. Noda and C. Ide",
note = "Funding Information: We are grateful to Dr. Kazuki Kuroda for his technical advice on in situ hybridization experiments. We thank all the members of our laboratories for helpful discussions, Emi Nishimoto for her technical assistance, and David Alexander for his careful reading of the manuscript. This work was supported by the grants from the Ministry of Education, Science, Sports and Culture.",
journal = "Neuroscience",
T1 - Isolation of a set of genes expressed in the choroid plexus of the mouse using suppression subtractive hybridization
AU - Matsumoto, N.
AU - Kitayama, H.
AU - Kitada, M.
AU - Kimura, K.
AU - Noda, M.
AU - Ide, C.
N1 - Funding Information: We are grateful to Dr. Kazuki Kuroda for his technical advice on in situ hybridization experiments. We thank all the members of our laboratories for helpful discussions, Emi Nishimoto for her technical assistance, and David Alexander for his careful reading of the manuscript. This work was supported by the grants from the Ministry of Education, Science, Sports and Culture.
N2 - The choroid plexus produces cerebrospinal fluid, providing a specialized environment for the CNS. We previously demonstrated that choroid plexus ependymal cells can enhance nerve regeneration in vivo and promote neurite outgrowth in vitro. To understand the molecular mechanisms of choroid plexus functions, we isolated genes predominantly expressed in the mouse choroid plexus using suppression subtractive hybridization. Out of the 49 complementary DNA (cDNA) fragments isolated in two types of screening, 43 matched known sequences in the database and six were novel. In one type of screening where choroid plexus cDNAs were subtracted with cerebral cortex cDNAs, transthyretin and phosphodiesterase Iα were predominant. This is consistent with previous reports and supports the authenticity of our approach. In the other type of screening, cDNAs derived from the choroid plexus of neonatal (postnatal day 5) mice were subtracted with cDNAs from the choroid plexus of adult mice. RNA blot and/or in situ hybridization confirmed abundant expression, in the mouse choroid plexus, of the mRNA encoding gelsolin, phospholipid transfer protein, ATP-binding cassette transporter A8 (ABCA8), androgen-inducible aldehyde reductase, and Na+/sulfate cotransporter SUT-1. Also, one novel gene (FS88) was found to be expressed in the choroid plexus from neonatal mice. Our data suggest that the choroid plexus cells produce molecules involved in processes such as prevention of fibrillization of amyloid β-protein (transthyretin and gelsolin), lipid metabolism (phospholipid transfer protein and ABCA8), and detoxification (androgen-inducible aldehyde reductase).
AB - The choroid plexus produces cerebrospinal fluid, providing a specialized environment for the CNS. We previously demonstrated that choroid plexus ependymal cells can enhance nerve regeneration in vivo and promote neurite outgrowth in vitro. To understand the molecular mechanisms of choroid plexus functions, we isolated genes predominantly expressed in the mouse choroid plexus using suppression subtractive hybridization. Out of the 49 complementary DNA (cDNA) fragments isolated in two types of screening, 43 matched known sequences in the database and six were novel. In one type of screening where choroid plexus cDNAs were subtracted with cerebral cortex cDNAs, transthyretin and phosphodiesterase Iα were predominant. This is consistent with previous reports and supports the authenticity of our approach. In the other type of screening, cDNAs derived from the choroid plexus of neonatal (postnatal day 5) mice were subtracted with cDNAs from the choroid plexus of adult mice. RNA blot and/or in situ hybridization confirmed abundant expression, in the mouse choroid plexus, of the mRNA encoding gelsolin, phospholipid transfer protein, ATP-binding cassette transporter A8 (ABCA8), androgen-inducible aldehyde reductase, and Na+/sulfate cotransporter SUT-1. Also, one novel gene (FS88) was found to be expressed in the choroid plexus from neonatal mice. Our data suggest that the choroid plexus cells produce molecules involved in processes such as prevention of fibrillization of amyloid β-protein (transthyretin and gelsolin), lipid metabolism (phospholipid transfer protein and ABCA8), and detoxification (androgen-inducible aldehyde reductase).
KW - Amyloid beta clearance
KW - Cerebrospinal fluid
KW - In situ hybridization
KW - Lipid metabolism
KW - Suppression subtractive hybridization
JO - Neuroscience
JF - Neuroscience


text:
Q: Creating and validating JWT token in asp net core MVC application (which does not have client server approach) I have seen many examples to generate and validate JWT token in WEP API.
WEP API will have client and server approach. Hence we will validate user and generate JWT token in server and send to client. Client will store the token in browser memory next time through httpclient token will attached in request header and send it again to server. Now server will validate those token before hitting controller and allow to access those resource.
But in MVC application we don't have client and server approach. it will send view pages as result to browser.
My question is in MVC controller I have validated the user and created JWT token,

*

*Now how to store the token in client

*How to attach the token in request header.

*Where should I do the token validation logic in MVC.

*Where should I do the refresh token logic in MVC.

Thanks in Advance

A: According to your question, here are several solutions.

*

*Store token in cookie, this is the recommended practice. Example:
     services.AddAuthentication(x =>
     {
         x.DefaultAuthenticateScheme = JwtBearerDefaults.AuthenticationScheme;
         x.DefaultChallengeScheme = JwtBearerDefaults.AuthenticationScheme;
     })
         .AddCookie(config=>
         {
             config.Cookie.Name = "auth";
         })
     .AddJwtBearer(o =>
     {
         o.TokenValidationParameters = new TokenValidationParameters
         {
             NameClaimType = JwtClaimTypes.Name,
             //...
         };
     });

Although the backend can serialize the token and send it to the view (using JavaScript to store the token in Localstorage), this is not safe. Cookie can  avoid csrf attacks. It is suitable for single page application.

*If you put it in LocalStorage or SessionStorage, you need to get the token first and put it in the header of the request (take ajax as an exmple). Otherwise, no other configuration is required.

      beforeSend: function(request) {
          request.setRequestHeader("Authorization", sessionStorage.getItem("Authorization"));
      }

*You need to add [Authorize] to some actions, it will trigger this authentication which you configed in service. Or you can add a action to parse the tocken to get the context.

*When someone update own information, you can regenerate a tocken and then send it to view to update the LocalStorage or cookie. It will carry this token in the next request.
The view can send a request to authenticate.
public IActionResult Authenticate()
    {
        //...
        var token = tokenHandler.CreateToken(tokenDescriptor);
        var tokenString = tokenHandler.WriteToken(token);
        Response.Cookies.Append("authname", tokenString);
        return View("index");
    }

In startup (ConfigureServices), you can config the getting method with cookie.
services.AddAuthentication(x =>
        {
            x.DefaultAuthenticateScheme = JwtBearerDefaults.AuthenticationScheme;
            x.DefaultChallengeScheme = JwtBearerDefaults.AuthenticationScheme;
        })
            .AddCookie(config=>
            {
                config.Cookie.Name = "authname";
            })
  .AddJwtBearer(o =>
  {
   o.Events = new JwtBearerEvents()
   {
       //get cookie value
       OnMessageReceived = context =>
       {
           var a = "";
           context.Request.Cookies.TryGetValue("authname", out a);
           context.Token = a;
           return Task.CompletedTask;
       }
   };
   o.TokenValidationParameters = new TokenValidationParameters
   {
       NameClaimType = JwtClaimTypes.Name,
       RoleClaimType = JwtClaimTypes.Role,

       ValidIssuer = "http://localhost:5200",
       ValidAudience = "api",
       IssuerSigningKey = new SymmetricSecurityKey(Encoding.ASCII.GetBytes("this is a long key------------------------"))
       //...
    };
 });

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
Q: How to calculate social share count efficiently using C# I am working on classified ads web application using asp.net Mvc-3 C#.
Every ad can share on social media like facebook,twitter,google plus ,linkedin.
I am calculating how many times ad is share on these website and saving this record in database.
Using this function
 string jsonString = new System.Net.WebClient().DownloadString(URL-of-ad);
 var serialize= new System.Web.Script.Serialization.JavaScriptSerializer();
 var dictionary = serialize.Deserialize<Dictionary<string, string>>(jsonString);
 var twitter = dict["count"];
 var facebook= dict["share_count"];

// calculating for other website by this function

This is function is working fine but very time consuming for every ad .I have thousand of ads so i have to loop through thousand time and call this function for every ad.
I am calling this function twice in a day.
There is any other better and fast way to do this task?
Please give your suggestions.

A: You may think of improving your design
1 - Create a Windows Service and set it to run twice a day , most probably figure out when the  traffic on your site is very minimal.
2- Move the Sharing count logic into windows service which will do it in another process and free up your main application.
3- Downloading something which is dependent upon the network speed so make yopur downloading Asynchronous rather than synchronous.

A: A few suggestions:

*

*Run this in parallel, such as using Parrallel.ForEach, passing in the URL of the add, or an async version, such as DownloadStringAsync. Both will run multiple downloads at the same time.

*Run this when the page is loaded that shows the add. Load the add then do a web service call to the server to get the count and share_count. It may be a bit more work but it will be more up to date and, if each add is shown rarely, this may be more efficient.

I assume you are not running this during page creation but, if you are, move it to a separate service or process as Saurabh suggests.


text:
B.C Politics
Flooding over North Ruckle in Grand Forks, May 2018. (Kathleen Saylors/Grand Forks Gazette)
Grand Forks endorses buyouts, dikes for flooded neighbourhoods
As many as 100 Grand Forks homes could be bought out to protect against future flooding
Sep. 14, 2018 12:00 a.m.
As many as 100 homes could be receiving flood-related buyouts after a landmark City of Grand Forks council decision made public Tuesday night. The estimated dollar figure of the set of decisions put forward by council on Tuesday is in the range of $60-million.
Council adopted resolutions specific to flood impact neighbourhoods as follows:
North Ruckle will be subject to a complete buyout; elevate Second Street and 68th Avenue; dike along the path east of Rockwool and land returned to the natural floodplain.
South Ruckle will have bank protection measures from 63rd to 66th Avenues to prevent further loss of land; a setback dike aligned with 9th Street and 66th Avenue with an internal drainage system; buy out high-risk and low lying dwellings along the south and east edges of the neighbourhood equivalent to the one in 20 year floodplain and homes at imminent risk of loss to erosion.
Johnson Flats will have homes raised where water depth was less than 50 centimetres; limited bank protection measures on the west edge and some portions of the south edge; a buyout of homes with an extremely high risk of flooding (high risk determined as more than 5 per cent annual risk) at the north end of 12th Street and other residences lower than the one in 20 year floodplain.
Downtown: Build a dike; elevate Riverside Drive north of Highway 3 in lowest areas; provide repairs and improvements to the storm system; build flood walls to protect "high value" buildings with no other options; buy out select homes along the dike alignment north of Kettle River and the Forks; obtain first right of refusal for "single family residence on Riverside south of Highway 3."
These decisions apply only to homes within city limits and not to homes in the Regional District of Kootenay Boundary. The RDKB board is expected to make a decision in the coming weeks.
Aside from buyouts, the proposal includes the construction of three new dikes and armouring "kilometres" of riverbank.
The recommendations are based on a river study, known as a hydrological survey, prepared by Dobson Engineering. Council considered the options in a series of in camera meetings, as well as a workshop. The final decision was made in camera Tuesday afternoon, and made public during the regular meeting of council Tuesday night.
Mayor Frank Konrad said the council voting record is being held in camera; only the resolutions as adopted by council have been released.
Konrad said the decision to hold the voting record in camera is a result of "safety concerns."
"Council made a tough decision looking to the future" said Mayor Frank Konrad. "Residents needed us to look out for their best interest. We chose the safest options rather than the cheapest because we never want to repeat the flooding we had this year," Konrad said in a press release issued by the Boundary Flood Recovery team shortly after the council decision.
Any and all buyouts and flood protection measures are contingent on provincial approval and funding. Council made these decisions in order to put forward an "ask," to the province with a dollar figure attached, several councillors said.
That figure is estimated at around $60-million, but that is not set in stone: that figure is plus/minus 50 per cent, as it is still an estimate that will be confirmed with detailed engineering study for infrastructure.
The number put forward on Monday is a rough estimate that takes into account every contingency. With further detailed engineering studies, that number is expected to be narrowed down to within 15 per cent of total project costs.
Members of council have previously stated that council has advocated for buyouts to come at the pre-flood market value of the home.
The city would bear little of those costs; the majority of funds would come from provincial and federal partnerships. The proposal has now gone forward to the provincial government, where it will either be approved or amended.
The flood recovery team has said that right now the exact number of homes affected by a buyout has not be determined. At least 62 homes (every home in North Ruckle) will be included, and estimates are between 80 to 100 total homes, said Graham Watt Tuesday. That number is dependent on further study and site-specific consultation on homes.
The specifics of the buyout programwill be finalized in the next year.
The overall project implementation will take the next four years, according to the flood recovery team.
Follow this story online at grandforksgazette.ca.
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I am getting a notification from the Office Updater, some days none, most days several times, nagging me to turn on automatic updates. This is happening since the latest but one Microsoft Office upgrade, me thinks. I am currently using version 16.16.8. This is really annoying but I can't see a way to turn that off.
Have had that going for the last week or more. It is poor design on MS part as there is no way to tell it not to remind you or do updates manually.
If this is the same nagging I was experiencing, it's easy to fix. The nag is coming from the MS AU Daemon but via your system notifications.
Go to System Preferences --> Notifications and find "Microsoft AU Daemon" in the list (might have to scroll way down). Then set the notification to "None". Or, if you prefer, to something else but less naggy.
The MS Updater will still check for updates however frequently you tell it to and it will still notify you when there are updates. But the nagging will magically disappear – assuming the nagging you're receiving is the same as the nagging I was receiving, but haven't ever since I did this.
Thanks David for the tip. It worked! The nagging is gone.


the event of the year sunday brought a wide array of colors to the red carpet. we quickly realized some of the stars' colors have been some of our favorites this year as well! check out some of our favorites, new and old . .
Happy rainy Sunday .. .
On a day like today, rainy and cold, it's nice to chill at home with my girls and rest up. It's been a wild the two weeks. With BH&G in the house for 2 days - and 3 installs following the day after filling the week, I've been running quite a bit. I love the all the craziness of it all but when I sit for a few and look back I realize just how amazing it all was. I think I am just so grateful for the recognition. Everyone who knows me knows "this is my life" and I wouldn't be happy doing anything else. It was thrilling getting noticed by the likes of this national publication and to see the ins and outs and behind the scenes of a big photo shoot was eye-opening. Seeing them shoot in a dark room was the most amazing . . . it's a lot of work in those glossy magazine we all love ! I can't wait to see the outcome in their spring issue.
Mekenzie came over to watch the craziness and while these rooms were looking so put together, she took a few from me . . take a look at a few of the details.
Amazing day today, weather was gorgeous and my latest install went off without a hitch. I was so excited to see this room come together. It's high on my favorite list and Mekenzie captured it so perfectly. Liz Bouleware called me to help with her family room. It was time for an update. The goal "lighten things up and I want a "beach" vibe". We started with new french doors!
Liz's request - light and bright for this beach girl. My first find, this gorgeous fabric. With it's HUGE repeat, I knew it would make the big wall statement I was looking for . . .
. . . fabric decided, I started pulling in the new pieces. I great mixture of light wood, leathers, seagrass, burlaps and a shell or two. The Bouleware home is traditional, from the front door back and it's predominate colors are tan and a deep red. Liz did, however, give the dining room a fresh coat of slate blue paint. It was that blue I pulled in the back of the house, mixed with a lot of creams to give her the airy feeling she was looking for. Surf and Sand - man . . . but not too literal. On a day like today, with the sun pouring in the windows (and new french doors), I almost felt like it was June, not February !
Take a look at the design board.
Loving my vintage pair of "X" ottomans. A great find from Slate Interiors.
And I cannot get enough of this pattern! We also re purposed a rattan ottoman I snagged from the master bedroom.
Dig the lamps, low for the sofa console and texture galore . . .
A subtle bit of burlap rope on the occasional pillows . . .
Milk-glass cabinet doors to hide all that pesky TV stuff. . .
A new rug, paying homage to the traditional feel of the front of the house, but lighter and brighter . . .
. . . and a kid (and puppy) friendly tufted ottoman with traditional legs, mixed with a more modern sectional and rope side table.
. . . a re purposed club chair - new fabric is a simple fix if the lines are good . . .
Adele likes her new digs . . and her big 'ole bone.
Now that the room is complete, picking the perfect overhead was easy, and the winner is . . .
. . . with our new colors in place, the adjoining powder room needed a little, fun splashy paper.
How to Loosen Up Old Fashion Furnishings . . .


Mortgage refi puzzlement: can somebody please explain this to me?
Where do Gainesville, Florida high schools rank in Newsweek's Top Public High Schools List?
There IS light at the end of the tunnel…and all indications are it is NOT a train!!


I'm back with another trend that I am currently loving. Chokers aren't a new thing but they've definitely been given a new lease of (fashion) life and I can't get enough.
People are sporting all kinds of chokers metal, velvet, leather, denim the list is endless really. Below is my humble collection of chokers including one I have had for about 9 (maybe 10) years! Can you guess which one?
*if you do purchase this from AccessoriesNg please bear in mind, mine came short so I had to add more links to the extender chain - and my neck isn't 'large' at least I don't think so lol... Just thought I'd mention it.
Black suede lace tie choker - you can tie this at different lengths depending on the look you're going for.
Red bow leather choker - this is the choker that I've had the longest. I only started wearing it like 2 months ago - I'm so glad I didn't give this out like I'd planned to a few years back. I've never come across a choker like this and I love 'unique' pieces.
Gold choker - this one is classy and will dress up any outfit or add a little oomph to an already dressy outfit. I think this one defies age restrictions... I can see my mum wearing this easily!
The beauty about this trend is you don't have to rush out to purchase a choker. You can easily DIY one and see how you feel about them before you take the plunge.


text:
Peruvian Indians Deliver Ultimatum to U.S. Oil Firm
Latin American Herald Tribune
WASHINGTON – A Peruvian Amazon Indian federation is demanding that U.S.-based Hunt Oil Company leave a reserve where it has already begun laying the groundwork for exploration and production.
The Native Federation of the Rio Madre de Dios, or Fenamad, sent a letter to the company's president, Ray Hunt, giving him until this week to pull out of the Amarakaeri Communal Reserve in the southern Peruvian Amazon.
In the open letter, released Tuesday by the San Francisco, California-based non-governmental organization Amazon Watch, the federation comprising the Harakmbut, Matsiguenka and Yine Indigenous peoples said the company has begun building 166 exploration camps with heliports in the protected zone.
It said in the missive that "1,000 workers will clear 18 seismic lines with 20,000 detonation points in the most sensitive areas of the reserve."
Amazon Watch noted that this Indigenous reserve was established in 2002 after Indians fought for years to protect the rainforest area of the vast Madre de Dios and Karene watersheds and set aside zones where Indians could live from fishing and hunting.
"The area in dispute, besides being a declared nature reserve, crosses the headwaters of several important river basins, and lies in the buffer zones of the Manu and Bahuaja Sonene National Parks, two of the most bio-diverse national parks in the world," Amazon Watch said.
According to the NGO, Peru's National Service for State Protected Natural Areas paved the way for Hunt Oil to operate in that region by changing the Amarakaeri's designation from a "strict protection zone" to that of a "wild zone."
Fenamad has repeatedly denounced the company's plans and recently filed an injunction to halt its activities in the reserve, arguing they would potentially harm the watershed and have been launched without the Indigenous peoples having been consulted beforehand, the NGO said.
But it added that the Dallas-based company has thus far refused to heed any of Fenamad's demands, while the government has sent the military to patrol the area rather than holding talks with the Indigenous communities.
Amazon Watch's program coordinator in Peru, Gregor MacLennan, said it is regrettable that the Peruvian government "is pushing ahead to drill for oil in some of the most sensitive regions of the Amazon once again without consulting with the Indigenous peoples living there."
MacLennan recalled the violent protests this summer by Amazonian Indians, who battled against pro-investment decrees they feared would result in their lands being handed over to multinational mining, timber and oil companies.
Clashes that erupted in June in the jungle province of Bagua left at least 23 police and 10 Indians dead, although relatives of the victims and human rights groups said dozens of civilians were killed and their bodies were incinerated or dumped in rivers.
The protests ended after Peru's Congress – acting on a request by President Alan Garcia – voted overwhelmingly on June 18 to repeal the two most contentious laws.
MacLennan said Indigenous leaders and the government in Lima had made progress at the negotiating table since "the horrific events in Bagua," yet "here once again the government's reaction has been to send armed forces into the region rather than listening to the legitimate concerns of Indigenous people."
Garcia, a former populist whose first term as president in the 1980s ended with Peru's economy in shambles, has since transformed himself into one of the region's most investment-friendly leaders.
Call on Biden/Harris to Take Urgent Action for the Amazon!
Dirty Energy
What Do You Get When You Beat Chevron in Court? 500 Days of Home Detention - Blog Post
Peruvian Indigenous Leaders Receive Death Threats - El Comercio
Our Voice Is Our Power - Blog Post
Manufacturing Consent: Ecuador to Draft New FPIC Bill Without Indigenous Consultation - Blog Post
Statement on Violence and Deprivation of Freedom Against Forest Defender Salomé Aranda - Press Release
Chevron Is a Champion of Environmental Racism


text:
Former MP For Sissala West Reported Dead
Late Hon. Haruna Bayirga
It has been reported that Honourable Haruna Bayirga, a former Member of Parliament for the Sissala West Constituency in the Upper West Region of Ghana has passed on at 69.
According to reports by Gwollu FM, the former legislator passed on at the Ga East Municipal hospital at Kwabenya, Accra at around 10:20am today, December 11, 2021.
The late Hon. Haruna Bayirga was a two time Member of Parliament for Sissala West. He became the Member of Parliament for the Sissala West Constituency after he contested and won as an independent candidate in 2004 general elections.
In the 2004 general elections, he won with a total of 4,788 votes making a percentage of 30.60% of the total votes cast.
His constituency was a part of the only two constituencies won by the People's National Convention in the Upper West Region in the 2004 Ghanaian general elections.
The People's National Convention had won a total of 4 parliamentary representation out of a total 230 seats in the 4th parliament of the 4th republic of Ghana.
In 2008, he contested again for the seat but as a candidate of the People's National Convention (PNC) and won with a total of 5,950 votes.
During the party's delegates congress in 2012, the late Hon. Haruna Bayirga was declared unopposed but he was unseated by the NDC's candidate, Honourable Amin Amidu Suleman.
Source: Corenewsgh.com
December 13, 2021 in U/W District News.
Wa West, Second Most Populated Constituency Behind Wa Municipal
MP meets Sissala Group in Agbogbloshie
Sissala East: Young Democrats Call on MP, Road Ministry to Fix their Roads
← Nadowli-Kaleo: MPs Volley Ball Competition Gets Massive Endorsement
Iman Tours 5 Radio Stations in Upper West →


I first met William Turbyfill sometime last year at a Creative Colloquy gathering. A little later he invited me onto his podcast. At the time, I'd made a promise that since he'd had me on his podcast, I'd have him on 5 Question Friday.
1. What is Literally Tacoma?
Literally Tacoma is a podcast put out by Creative Colloquy. Each episode is usually about 20-30 minutes long and it's me talking to writers in the South Sound area. But I've also talked with Mike Fitzgerald who wouldn't describe himself as a writer per se, but is a local business owner and trivia master (and a podcast host in his own right.) I spoke with Seong Shin who is also not a writer but started a story telling movement called WILLO which may be the greatest idea I have ever heard. So we have a bent towards the written word but we just like celebrating all sorts of Creatives.
2. What's the most surprising thing you've learned during your podcast?
How different writers are from one another. There's an image that some people have in their heads (and I was one of them) that writers are older professorial types but all the people I've sat down with and had the pleasure talking to are vastly different from one another, other than being humans who can spell.
3. Who is your dream guest for Literally Tacoma?
Oh I don't know. Stephen King? I've enjoyed all the guests but my favorite part of interviews are when someone tells me something that I have no knowledge of and I get to learn something.
4. What's the most misunderstood things about podcasts?
Well, the thing that I most misunderstood about podcasts before I started was that they don't have to sound perfect. Early on I was so worried about there not being any dead air or 'ums and ahs' that I was distracted from having a genuine conversation. Now I know that part of having a natural sounding conversation is having a natural conversation.
5. What's next for Literally Tacoma?
Hopefully more of the same, only better. I suppose there's a chance we could run out of writers to talk with, but every last Monday of the month as more and more new authors show up to Creative Colloquy's open mic at BSharp in Opera Alley, I think we have plenty of time.
I'd like to thank William for taking the time to participate in 5 Question Friday. William and I enjoyed working together so much that we've started a podcast of our own called Unchecked Digression. The first episode is available now with new ones to follow. If you enjoy this site, you'll enjoy Unchecked Digression.
If you or someone you know would like to join me for a 5 Question Friday, email me at jackcameronis@gmail.com.


The Air Jordan 6 Champagne was one of the most anticipated releases of 2014. Releasing in the Air Jordan 6 Celebration Pack, people went nuts just to get this pair. The coveted design features a glossy green upper with gold luxury accents throughout. What makes this sneaker so special is the glow in the dark sole, tongue, and heel tab. Being one of the most hyped release, this pair is definitely one you want in your collection.


text:
« Why Wars Happen, Beings on Earth Die
The Philosophy of Collin Cleary »
The Immortal Death of Mishima
Mishima's grave, Tama Cemetery in Fuchu, Tokyo
When Yukio Mishima arose on the morning of November 25th, 1970 he knew that it would be his last day on Earth. It was the deadline for completion of his novel, The Decay of the Angel, the fourth book in his tetralogy, The Sea of Fertility. He placed the completed manuscript, sealed in an envelope addressed to his publisher, on a table. Mishima had given intimations that the completion of the tetralogy would be the culmination of his life's work. A month before his death he wrote to his future biographer, "Finishing the long novel [The Sea of Fertility] makes me feel as if it is the end of the world."[1] The previous night he had left a note on his desk saying, "Human life is limited, but I would like to live forever."[2]
He had spent some time preparing for his last day. Just the week before, there had been a major exhibition of his life held in Tokyo. One hundred thousand people viewed the exhibition, a token of Mishima's popularity. Only Mishima, and a few of his most trusted comrades, knew that the exhibition was also a valediction. Prominently on display was Mishima's 16th-century samurai sword, made by Seki no Magoroku, which he would be taking with him on the morning of November 25th to stage an attempted coup d'etat.
Mishima's co-conspirators in the plan were four members of his private army, the Tatenokai, or Shield Society. This small corps (about 100 men) was formed with the stated intention of protecting the Emperor and, due to Mishima's prestige, was allowed to use official military facilities for its training purposes. Mishima had arranged a meeting with General Mashita on the morning of the 25th and the group of five men was escorted to his office in the Ichigaya military base in Tokyo. There they took the general hostage and demanded that all the soldiers present at the garrison be assembled on the parade ground to listen to a speech given by Mishima. Mishima delivered his halting speech to a chorus of jeers from the assembled soldiers. He concluded with the patriotic chant, "Long live the Emperor!"
Retiring back to the general's office he concluded that, "They did not hear me very well." He then stripped to the waist and knelt down. Again shouting, "Long live the Emperor!" he stabbed himself in the abdomen with a short sword. This was the ancient samurai form of suicide by disemboweling: hara-kiri or seppuku. He pulled the blade across his stomach spilling blood into his lap until his intestines poked out of the deep cut. His second-in-command, Masakatsu Morita, then attempted to behead Mishima to relieve his agony, as had been agreed beforehand. Morita aimed a blow but missed the neck, cutting deeply into Mishima's back. Another blow also missed the neck and a third, though on target, failed to sever the head. Another of the Tatenokai, Hiroyasu Koga, then took over and sliced Mishima's head from his body. Morita then attempted an unsuccessful seppuku, barely penetrating his skin, and Furu-Koga cut his head off.
Mishima's act of seppuku was the first to take place in Japan since the end of the Second World War, when hundreds of Japanese subjects committed seppuku in the grounds of the Imperial Palace to apologize to the Emperor for having lost the war. Many of the combatants in the Pacific also committed seppuku rather than suffer the dishonor of being captured by the Americans. Mishima's suicide was radical and atavistic; it was a complex gesture both culturally and individually; and, ultimately, despite the confusion surrounding his act, it ensured that he would make his mark on eternity.
The Japanese Prime Minister, on hearing the news of Mishima's death commented that, "He must have been kichigai, out of his mind."[3] This judgement had more to do with the political establishment's sense of embarrassment at Mishima's anachronistic act than anything else. The point was expressed more clearly by the writer Nobuko Lady Albery: "It was a political embarrassment as well because just when Japan was on the point of becoming a member of the advanced industrialized nations whom we have copied so doggedly all those years; and then, here comes this writer killing himself as if the clock were put back two centuries."[4]
In order to understand Mishima's radical suicide it is necessary to understand the context of suicide in Japanese society, and the specific meaning of seppuku as a form of suicide. It is also necessary to consider Mishima's own ideas concerning ritual death; ideas which are a complex mix of the traditional and the idiosyncratic.
In Japan suicide has never been the taboo act that it traditionally is in the West. Since the advent of Christianity, suicide in the West has been forbidden by the Church and often also by law. This taboo against suicide stems from Augustine who argued that life, being a gift from God, is not to be taken away, even by one's own hand. This taboo was enshrined in law and continues to cast a dark shadow into modern times. As recently as 1969 a teenager was birched in the Isle of Man for attempting to commit suicide.[5] And it is still the case that official investigations into suicides will try their best to remain euphemistic about the cause of death:
Religious and bureaucratic prejudices, family sensitivity, the vagaries and differences in the proceedings of coroners' courts and post-mortem examinations, the shadowy distinctions between suicides and accidents – in short, personal, official and traditional unwillingness to recognize the act for what it is – all help to pervert and diminish our knowledge of the extent to which suicide pervades society. . . For suicide to be recognized for what it is, there must be an unequivocal note or a setting so unambiguous as to leave the survivors no alternatives: all the windows sealed and a cushion under the dead head in front of the unlit gas-fire.[6]
In addition to the religious taboo against suicide there are other significant differences in the perception of suicide in Japan and the West. Suicide in the West is now generally seen as a mental health issue, and the potential suicide is treated as a psychological problem. This diagnosis tends to come from a deeper assumption that the problem lies at the level of the individual. In Japan there is a much stronger sense of social belonging so that it is perfectly possible for someone to commit suicide for reasons that have more to do with social standing. There is a specific type of suicide that is seen to represent atonement for a social or legal misdeed (whether real or perceived). This type of suicide is known as inseki-jisatsu.
Suicide after a social scandal is called inseki-jisatsu (suicide to take responsibility for a scandal) in Japan, but the inseki-jisatsu occurs regardless of whether the person is guilty or guiltless. Inseki-jisatsu is caused by a sense of disgrace. Those who commit inseki-jisatsu think that a scandal related to them adversely affects a community which they belong to, and that the scandal disgraces their names regardless of the truth of the scandal. . . Inseki-jisatsu occurs in Japan because the Japanese people tend to possess a strong sense of belonging to their community, and they cannot imagine losing the community which forms their identity. After the inseki-jisatsu, people usually do not blame the people who have committed suicide. . . because blaming the dead is thought to be disrespectful in Japan.[7]
Whereas in the West suicide is a shameful, forbidden act, in Japan there is a long tradition of the honorable suicide. For a Japanese person suicide can be a means of making amends or redeeming himself. Suicide can also serve to make amends for another person. Inseki-jisatsu can sometimes be carried out by employees who wish to cover up for their bosses' corruption. The suicide will thus remove a key witness whilst at the same time atoning for any sense of scandal. This is considered to be a noble act because it allows for the good name of one's community to remain intact. The ultimate honor, in this context, is to die for the Emperor. Most famously, the kamikaze pilots in the Second World War were eager to give their lives in service to the Emperor. To be chosen for such a suicide mission was considered a great honor.
This cultural distinction between Japanese and Western attitudes to suicide also extends to "murder-suicides":
A Japanese mother (in Los Angeles) attempted to drown herself and her two children in the sea in 1985. The mother survived, but her two children died. This mother was prosecuted for murder, and the mother was regarded as an egoistic mother who killed her children without necessity in the USA. However, Japanese society was sympathetic to the mother. The mother and her children were treated as an expression of alteregoism, and it was thought that the children could not live happily without a mother even if they were not killed. Mothers who killed their children and then attempted suicide are usually not punished severely in Japan while in the USA those mothers are severely punished for the murder of their children.[8]
Even though Japanese society has changed rapidly and has become increasingly Westernized it is still affected by its historic attitude towards suicide. According the World Health Organization, Japan has the highest suicide rate of any developed country at almost 26 per 100,000 people.[9] About a quarter of suicides in Japan are motivated by financial concerns, and the number has been increasing since the global financial crisis in 2008 led to a contraction of the Japanese economy. Often, suicide is considered an honorable solution to debt because life insurance payments will cover the amount owing. Thus, social stigma is banished and the person's good reputation remains unblemished.
It is necessary to bear in mind this important difference of attitude between Western societies and Japan when considering Mishima's suicide. He came from a tradition that was capable of understanding the sense of honor that could be associated with suicide. Within this culture of honorable suicide, seppuku is considered as a particularly noble act. Seppuku was the traditional form of suicide practiced by the samurai, so it is associated with great courage and aristocracy. The degree of courage needed to carry out this act is both immense and self-evident. According to Toyomasa Fusé, a renowned expert on the subject:
Of all types of suicide, seppuku is considered to be the most painful. Since the lower abdomen has heavy muscle linings and fats, even the sharpest blade would not be able to pierce it easily. It is said that the deepest thrust of the sharpest blade could not be more than 7 cm deep. A samurai committing seppuku is expected to stab the left side of his abdomen first and then slit it open sideways. In the process he will also cut and slit the internal organs, causing excruciating pain. It usually takes hours before one dies successfully, thereby prolonging the excruciating pain and requiring a superhuman courage and perseverance. It is understandable, then, that this form of suicide had become a way of dying and a badge of courage for a proud warrior class such as the samurai in Japan.[10]
Mishima's autopsy found that he had a cut five inches long and up to two inches deep across his abdomen.[11] His seppuku was evidently carried out according to the superhuman standards set down by the samurai, and would have required great physical strength as well as courage. If anything, Mishima's seppuku is even more remarkable for the fact that he was not trained to carry it out. His biographer, Henry Scott Stokes, interviewed two of Mishima's martial arts teachers who both confirmed that he was not trained to carry out seppuku. One commented that his wrists were stiff and that he was unable to hold his kendo sword correctly, whilst the other said that Mishima had asked him for details of how to carry out seppuku, on the pretext that he was to write something on the subject.[12]
In fact, Mishima had written a description of seppuku in gruesome detail some years earlier. In the short story, Patriotism, he describes a young officer who is unwilling to act against his former comrades who had taken part in the Ni Ni Roku rebellion. In order to maintain his honor, the officer commits seppuku:
The lieutenant aimed to strike deep into the left of his stomach. His sharp cry pierced the silence of the room. Despite the effort he had himself put into the blow, the lieutenant had the impression that someone else had struck the side of his stomach agonizingly with a thick rod of iron. For a second or so his head reeled and he had no idea what had happened. The five or six inches of naked point had vanished completely into his flesh, and the white bandage, gripped in his clenched fist, pressed directly against his stomach. He returned to consciousness. The blade had certainly pierced the wall of the stomach, he thought. . . With only his right hand on the sword the lieutenant began to cut sideways across his stomach. But as the blade became entangled with the entrails it was pushed constantly outward by their soft resilience; and the lieutenant realized that it would be necessary, as he cut, to use both hands to keep the point pressed deep into his stomach. He pulled the blade across. It did not cut as easily as he had expected. . . By the time the lieutenant had at last drawn the sword across to the right side of his stomach, the blade was already cutting shallow and had revealed its naked tip, slippery with blood and grease. But, suddenly stricken by a fit of vomiting, the lieutenant cried out hoarsely. The vomiting made the fierce pain fiercer still, and the stomach, which had thus far remained firm and compact, now abruptly heaved, opening wide its wound, and the entrails burst through, as if the wound too were vomiting. Seemingly ignorant of their master's suffering, the entrails gave an impression of robust health and almost disagreeable vitality as they slipped smoothly out and spilled over into the crotch. . . Blood was scattered everywhere. The lieutenant was soaked in it to his knees, as he sat now in a crumpled and listless posture, one hand on the floor. . . The blade of the sword, now pushed back by the entrails and exposed to its tip was still in the lieutenant's right hand. It would be difficult to imagine a more heroic sight than that of the lieutenant at this moment, as he mustered his strength and flung back his head.[13]
Mishima was viscerally aware of the gory reality of seppuku even if he was not formally trained to carry it out. He was not naïve about what seppuku would entail. But at the same time he did have a very romantic view of seppuku, glorifying it as an aesthetically pleasing, divinely sanctioned, and heroic death.
Guido Reni, St. Sebastian, c. 1616
His fascination with the aesthetic aspects of violent death was first presented in his autobiographical novel Confessions of a Mask, published when he was 24 years old. In this work, Mishima recounts finding an art reproduction of Guido Reni's St. Sebastian amongst his father's books. As he looks at the picture of the male nude penetrated by arrows he becomes overwhelmed with sexual arousal, filled with "pagan joy,"[14] and for the first time in his life he masturbates, ejaculating into his hand. This conflation of homosexual arousal, artistic aestheticism, bloody violence, and youthful death would remain important concerns of Mishima's throughout his life.
Mishima's sense of "pagan joy" whilst masturbating over the painting of Sebastian is apt, as Sebastian has long been both an unofficial patron saint of homosexuals and an honorary pagan. It has long been recognized that depictions of Sebastian can attract inappropriate sexual attention. In the early 16th century a particularly lifelike depiction of a nude Sebastian by Fra Bartolomeo had to be removed from the church where it had been on display because women were admitting through the confessional that it was inspiring them to sinful thoughts.[15] More recently Derek Jarman filmed a quasi-pornographic life of Sebastian, which fell foul of the censors due to its graphic content.
The historical Sebastian was a captain in the Praetorian Guard who promulgated Christianity and actively sought to convert others to that faith. He was originally a favorite of the Emperor Diocletian, but when he fell from grace due to his religious activities he was ordered to be executed. He was tied up and shot at with arrows. Although the iconography depicting his martyrdom is usually associated with this scene, he did not actually die from his wounds. He was rescued and nursed back to life by a woman, St. Irene. Sebastian then denounced the Emperor and was clubbed to death as a punishment.
The fact that Sebastian was a favorite of Diocletian but then, later in life, denounced him provides an interesting parallel with Mishima's own life. When he was a boy, Mishima was awarded a silver watch by Emperor Hirohito for his academic achievements. As was customary for the Japanese, Mishima worshiped the Emperor. But following Japan's defeat in 1945, Hirohito was forced by the Americans to renounce his divinity. In a speech to the nation, he stated that the Emperor was not divine, and that the Japanese were not superior to other races. For many Japanese, particularly Right-wing nationalists, this was an unacceptable humiliation. Mishima was later to write a story in which the ghosts of kamikaze pilots return from the dead to berate the Emperor for renouncing his divinity. In Japan, criticism of the Emperor was a severe social taboo. Despite Mishima's avowed, indeed somewhat extreme, Emperor worship, he became a controversial figure in Japan for this criticism of the Emperor.
Mishima saw the Emperor as a fixed, solar principle in whom was embodied the sacred potential of the Japanese people. Like Sebastian whose denunciation of Emperor Diocletian was motivated by knowledge of a higher principle, allegiance to which was more powerful than allegiance to life, Mishima's criticism of Hirohito was inspired by the realization that the Emperor was a divine presence, and that this divinity was the source of ultimate meaning. His allegiance is primarily to this numinous presence and only secondarily to the person of the Emperor. "Why did the Emperor have to become a human being?" he asks in Voices of the Heroic Dead. And, like Sebastian, Mishima was willing to die in service to this ultimate metaphysical allegiance.
Mishima was later to write a sort of aesthetic manifesto, Sun and Steel, in which he described how his role as a writer had become inadequate, and how he sought fulfillment through the cultivation of the body. As Mishima saw it, words had led him towards a certain conception of beauty; but due to the temporal corrosiveness of words which could only reveal beauty by segmenting reality into semantic chunks – and thereby presenting a succession of endings to the continuity and purity of life – the pursuit of literature was no longer sufficient to his ambition. He equates intellectual activity with nocturnal and weak pursuits, and he contrasts this with the practice of physical development which is solar and strong. Through this physical development he is able to aspire to an ideal form, one that can achieve a greater sense of purity than merely spiritual or intellectual development.
Because Mishima has come to see literature as hamstrung in its pursuit of beauty, due to the temporal and subjective constraints that delimit its scope, he turns instead to the body as a means of approaching the ideal. As in Confessions of a Mask, written almost twenty years earlier, he sees the death of the idealized, youthful body as a sort of perfection: "Here lies the mysterious significance of an early death, which the Greeks envied as a sign of the love of the gods."[16] The ageing process becomes a sort of falsification, as it is a degeneration of youth, beauty and purity. Mishima has come to see youthful death as a means of cheating this degeneration; of retaining purity; and of conferring immortality.
The problem for Mishima was that at the time he was writing Sun and Steel he was no longer a young man. He had missed his opportunity to be conscripted to an early death during the Second World War. In order to achieve an ideal physical form, and so recapture the perfection of youth, Mishima takes up bodybuilding. The weights come to embody the principle of steel: a counterpoint to human flesh that confers a condition of hard immortality. By fashioning his body in this way, he is able to create a form that is somehow an unveiling of a deeper truth: "By its subtle, infinitely varied operation, the steel restored the classical balance that the body had begun to lose, reinstating it in its natural form, the form that it should have had all along."[17] Like a sculptor, he reveals the perfect form that lies inherent in the uncarved stone. And thus, in diurnal, solar, physical activity, Mishima finally creates the sculpted form that will provide a fitting sacrifice for the Emperor. This sacrifice will allow his form to retain its recreated perfection for eternity.
The attempt to achieve an aestheticisation of the body, and an elevated sense of purity, ran concurrent with Mishima's lifestyle which was, in many respects, deeply embedded in the Kali Yuga. His homosexuality was notable in Japan at that time, if not for its practice then for his literary depiction of it. Indeed, there was no term for homosexuality in Japanese:
In the modern idiom, one might say he was "outed as gay," but circa 1950s Japan lacked a conceptual term that linked sexual practice to identity in this capacity. Likely for this reason Mishima felt it necessary to coin the first word of its kind, danshokuka, which translates to the effect of "man lover person." This neologism, presented in the novel Forbidden Colors (1954), starkly broke away from traditional Japanese notions of sexual orientation in favor of a more Western construction of the self.[18]
In Confessions of a Mask, Mishima describes the masturbation fantasies he had as a teenage boy. These involve a great deal of torture, blood, and cannibalism, always inflicted on young men. The literary expressions of his homosexual desire were always explicit and morbid, and seem to jar with his fanatical pursuit of an idealized purity. Further to this, he posed for a series of somewhat avant garde photographs, collected in the book Torture by Roses. He also posed for photographs as Saint Sebastian, modeled on the Reni painting he described masturbating over in Confessions. And, he starred in a number of downmarket gangster films. His house was very large and styled as a Western colonial house at a time when Japanese houses tended to be small and modest, and of an Eastern character. So, in many respects he was unusual in being very interested in and influenced by contemporary Western tendencies whilst at the same time developing an increasingly extreme view of Japanese purity.
All of this leads many observers to conclude that the Right-wing nationalism that Mishima adopted in the 1960s, culminating in his formation of the Tatenokai and attempted coup d'etat, was another mask that he wore, one that provided him with a convenient pretext to commit the suicide that he had aestheticised and eroticised for so long. Whilst it would be foolhardy to try to identify the "real" motives of such a complex man, it is still possible to see that this argument is inadequate to the facts. One critic who follows this line of thought declares that Mishima's suicide was, "the ultimate in literary irony."[19] A rereading of the extract quoted above concerning the physical effects of performing seppuku should give appropriate context to thoughts of an ironic suicide. A person does not cut out his intestines as an act of literary irony.
Yet, at the same time, Mishima's embrace of nationalism was somewhat problematic. In Runaway Horses, the second novel of his final tetralogy, he tells the story of Isao, a Right-wing nationalist intent on sparking an Imperial revolution. Isao is a fanatic inspired by a book, The League of the Divine Wind by Tsunanori Yamao. In The League of the Divine Wind, the story is told of a group of nationalist samurai who objected to the reforms of the Meiji restoration, such as commerce with foreigners and the prohibition on wearing a sword. They attempt to instigate a revolution to cleanse Japan of these impurities. When the revolution fails, each of the men commits seppuku. Isao is utterly enchanted with this book and gathers together a group of like-minded nationalists who attempt to follow the example of the League of the Divine Wind. His intent is to carry out a series of assassinations and attacks on infrastructure, then to commit seppuku. His idea of seppuku is utterly romantic: "Before the sun. . . at the top of a cliff at sunrise, while paying reverence to the sun. . . while looking down upon the sparkling sea, beneath a tall noble pine. . . to kill myself."[20] When the Lieutenant to whom he describes this ideal points out that it is not possible to choose the exact circumstances of one's death the text continues: "Isao gave no heed to the Lieutenant's words. Subtle discourse, exegesis, the 'on the one hand this, on the other that' approach – all these were foreign to his way of thinking. His ideal was drawn upon pure white paper in fresh black ink. Its text was mysterious, and it excluded not only translation but also every critique and commentary."[21]
Isao is committed to the purity of the act rather than the contingencies of its enactment or the likelihood of its success. For him, it is essential that there must be the possibility of ultimate meaning in life, and for him this meaning is effected through the figure of the Emperor. What can be seen as a pathological suicidal impulse is, in fact, rather more subtle than that. Isao cannot countenance living in a Japan that has become corrupted through internal venality and imported decadence. For him, the Emperor is the point of singularity around which all else must orbit for life to have meaning. His revolutionary act is exoterically aimed at purifying Japan and resisting the encroachment of the foreign barbarians, but esoterically it is aimed at achieving the realization, the immanence, of the existence of an ultimate principle:
And the greatest sin is that of a man who, finding himself in a world where the sacred light of His Majesty is obscured, nevertheless determines to go on living without doing anything about it. The only way to purge this grave sin is to make a fiery offering with one's own hands, even if that itself is a sin, to express one's loyalty in action, and then to commit seppuku immediately. With death, all is purified. But as long as a man goes on living, he can't move either right or left, or take any action whatever, without sinning.[22]
As Runaway Horses unfolds, Isao appears more and more as a misguided figure. He is continually coming up against the reality of the contingencies of life that jar with the beautiful ideal he has constructed for his own life. His father betrays him to the police before his group are able to carry out their attacks. His father reasons that Isao is a naïve idealist who lacks pragmatism, "There's such a thing as the favorable moment. Determination alone counts for nothing. Thus I have to conclude that my son is too young. The necessary discernment is still beyond him. . . Rather than take action, the best course is to achieve results without acting."[23] This assessment is a fundamental misunderstanding of Isao, and by extension, of Mishima.
The interesting thing about Runaway Horses is that the character of Isao is an exact analogue of Mishima in many respects. At the time of writing the book Mishima himself was in the process of forming a small corps of Right-wing nationalists who would attempt a similar, albeit less murderous, rebellion. It is also certain that Mishima was already committed to the idea of carrying out seppuku as the climax to this action. Many critics have dismissed Mishima's politics as silly and suggested that the formation of the Tatenokai and the assault on Ichigaya were merely elaborate pretexts for the performance of Mishima's seppuku. The characterisation of Isao tends to support this analysis as it shows that Mishima has moved on from the idealised and romantic notions of heroic seppuku that he depicted in Patriotism. Instead, we can read Isao as Mishima's attempt to detach himself somewhat from the naïve idealism he had previously described. Unlike the officer in Patriotism, Isao is unable to achieve the death that he had envisaged. He exists in a messy world of contingency, and when he finally commits seppuku he must do so hastily, before being captured. This leads some to conclude that Mishima was far too sophisticated to really believe in the ideals of the Tatenokai, and that he simply exploited them for his own narcissistic ends.
There is some plausibility to this view but it is crucial to understand that the Tatenokai and attempted coup were not incidental to Mishima's intentions but were the apposite vehicle for them. He was sincere in his Right-wing nationalism and in his wish to re-establish samurai values and he was willing to die for this cause. Yet at the same time he realized that there would be no chance of his miniscule, poorly trained army succeeding in their coup. This disjunction between the purity of his idealized ambition and the pragmatic possibilities open to him also encompasses the various personal and artistic proclivities that seem out of sync with his uncompromising aesthetic of death and Emperor worship, such as his homosexuality and sadism. It would appear that his awareness of weakness, decadence and egotism was no barrier to his grasp of numinous purity. And in death he was able to transcend all of these things and realize perfection. Isao, despite not being able to commit seppuku in the manner he had dreamed of, nonetheless experiences a profound and victorious vision in death: "The instant that the blade tore open his flesh, the bright disc of the sun soared up and exploded behind his eyelids."[24]
Lying behind all of Mishima's diverse interests was a deeper imperative to establish the reality of an ultimate source of meaning, beyond human contingency. For Mishima this principle was embodied in the Emperor. The siege of Ichigaya was undertaken with a sincere motive but the external, real world, outcome of the event was always going to be a matter of secondary importance. The incidental details of his suicide, including his lifelong preparation, were arranged with a superior artist's eye for the dramatic. But all of this was in service to a greater idea, one which could only be realized through transcending contingency. With his death he was able to sacramentalize his life and achieve a final victory by touching the face of the divine. As the note read, "Human life is limited, but I would like to live forever."
1. Henry Scott Stokes, The Life and Death of Yukio Mishima (Peter Owen, 1975), p.235.
2. Ibid., p. 234.
3. Ibid., p. 51.
4. The Strange Case of Yukio Mishima (supplementary documentary on Mishima: A life in Four Chapters), 2008, DVD, The Criterion Collection.
5. A. Alvarez, The Savage God: A Study of Suicide (Penguin Books, 1971), p. 66.
7. Aya Maeda, "How suicide has been conceived in Japan and in the Western World: Hara-kiri, Martyrdom and Group Suicide," in Erich A. Berendt (ed.), Facing Finality: Cognitive and Cultural Studies on Death and Dying (University of Louisville Press, 2009), p.100.
9. Rob Gilhooly, "Inside Japan's 'Suicide Forest'," The Japan Times, June 26, 2011.
10. Toyomase Fusé, "Suicide and Culture in Japan: A Study of Seppuku as an Institutionalized Form Of Suicide," Social Psychiatry, 1980, 15, pp. 57-63.
11. Scott Stokes, The Life and Death of Yukio Mishima, p. 51.
12. Henry Scott Stokes, "Headless in Ichigaya: Yukio Mishima's Legacy," 2006, Foreign Correspondents' Club of Japan.
13. Yukio Mishima, Patriotism (New Directions, 1966), pp. 45-51.
14. Yukio Mishima, Confessions of a Mask (Panther Books, 1972), p. 37.
15. Richard A. Kaye, "'Determined Raptures': St. Sebastian and the Victorian Discourse of Decadence," Victorian Literature and Culture, 1999, 27(1), p. 27.
16. Yukio Mishima, Sun & Steel (Secker & Warburg, 1971), p. 68.
18. Matthew Chozick, "Queering Mishima's Suicide as a Crisis of Language," Electronic Journal of Contemporary Japanese Studies, 15 October 2007.
19. Peter Abelsen, 'Irony and Purity: Mishima', Modern Asian Studies, 30(3), pp. 651-79.
20. Yukio Mishima, Runaway Horses (Vintage Classics, 2000), p. 125.
21. Ibid., p. 125.
Source: The original version of this essay was published in a Black Front Press volume on Mishima. This version is to be reprinted in a Ravenshalla Arts compilation of writings by Christopher Pankhurst.
Published: August 14, 2014 | This entry was posted in North American New Right and tagged articles, Christopher Pankhurst, homosexuality, Japan, literature, North American New Right, reprints, St. Sebastian, suicide, warrior ethics, Yukio Mishima. Post a comment or leave a trackback: Trackback URL.
WiseCaveOwl
Posted August 20, 2014 at 9:12 am | Permalink
One conquers Time only through a self-chosen Death. And/Or by creating a cultural artifact of transcendent quality. Mishima evidently did both. Quite a Man.
I have most of Mishimas' books and his short stories, he's a wonderful writer and he captures the essence of Evolas' Man. But Andy Warhol in his diaries gives a very different view of his character, a sissy.
Sissies kill themselves with sleeping pills. They don't disembowel themselves.


text:
package main

import (
	"testing"
)

// TestInit tests the chromosome initialization method
func TestInit(t *testing.T) {
	chr := NewChromosome(20, 2)
	if len(chr.Condition) != 20 || len(chr.Prediction) != 2 {
		t.Error("chromosome initialization failed")
	}

	chr = NewChromosome(100, 5)
	if len(chr.Condition) != 100 || len(chr.Prediction) != 5 {
		t.Error("chromosome initialization failed")
	}
}

func TestMatch(t *testing.T) {
	chr := NewChromosome(20, 1)
	chr.Condition = []byte("*00001111100**01**1*")
	str1 := "00000111110000011111"
	str2 := "10000111110001010010"
	str3 := "11001010010100101010"
	str4 := "00101101101110101001"
	if !chr.Matches(str1) {
		t.Errorf("error matching rule condition %v with state %v\n", string(chr.Condition), str1)
	}
	if !chr.Matches(str2) {
		t.Errorf("error matching rule condition %v with state %v\n", string(chr.Condition), str2)
	}
	if chr.Matches(str3) {
		t.Errorf("error matching rule condition %v with state %v\n", string(chr.Condition), str3)
	}
	if chr.Matches(str3) {
		t.Errorf("error matching rule condition %v with state %v\n", string(chr.Condition), str4)
	}
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


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text:
10 Lost Tribes
The Exiled Israelites and their Movement to the West in History. An Outline (10 December, 2013, 7 Tevet, 5774
The majority of the Israelite Tribes were exiled and lost consciousness of their ancestry. The Bible and History shows them to now be found amongst Western Peoples. To read article PLease Scroll Down!
There were two different sections of the ancient Hebrew people. One section was lost. The other remained. Those who remained are know as the Jews. Those who were lost became known as the Lost Tribes. They are now to be found amongst Western Peoples.
Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob were the ancestors of the Hebrew nations.
Jacob was re-named Israel.
Israel had 12 sons who became the 12 Tribes of Israel.
At one stage they ruled over a good portion of the Middle East and settled in much of it.
The Tribes split into 2 separate sections.
The Kingdom of Israel was in the north. It comprised 10 tribes.
The Kingdom of Judah was in the south. It had 2 tribes at first. Later a minority of refugees from the other Tribes also moved to Judah. From the Kingdom of Judah descend the present-day Jews.
On the other hand, all the inhabitants of the northern Kingdom of Israel was taken into exile by the Assyrians.
It was taken away altogether as the Bible says (2-Kings 17). Archaeology finds no trace of any Israelite settlements in the north dating from after the Assyrian conquest.
The Ten Tribes in their places of exile lost consciousness of their ancestry.
Nevertheless they remained together. Also even when the tribes had been split up various sections of the one tribe had a tendency to re-coalesce.
A portion of the Northern Israelites had been taken overseas in Phoenician and Philistine (Minoan and Mycenean) ships. The Phoenician city of Tyre and the cities of Philistia worked on behalf of Assyria in deporting the Israelites. The Prophet Amos (ch.1) condemns them for this.
Those taken overseas were resettled in Spain and apparently also in France, the British Isles and Scandinavia. The israelites in Spain later rebelled against their Phoenician overseers and eventually moved to Ireland and Britain.
This is proven by archaeological findings, mythology, and ancient records.
Apart from those taken overseas, most of the Exiles had been driven overland to different parts of the Assyrian Empire.
They became attached to, or identified with, the group of peoples known as Cimmerians, Scythians, and Guti (Goths).
These peoples moved out of the Middle East into Scythia (Russia, etc) and from there moved to Western Europe.
This process is indicated by the first chapter of the Book of Hosea that describes the exiled Ten Tribes as losing their identity and becoming mixed up with an entity known as Gomer daughter of Diblayim (Intermixing).
The name Gomer is also found with Gomer son of Japhet. He  was the father of Ashkenaz, Riphah, and Togarmah. These were otherwise equated with the Cimmerians and Scythians and later with Celtic, Germanic, and Turkic peoples. The exiled Israelites had intermixed with them.  The passages in Hosea concenring Israel and Gomer refer to the partial merging of Israelite with descendants of Gomer son of Japhet.
The Khazars were also from the Ten Tribes. When the other groups moved westward the Khazars remained behind. Later, they converted to Judaism.
We can trace Israelite groups in the west by Tribal Names, legends, and customs, etc.
Western Peoples in which Israelites were to become predominant include Finland, Sweden, Norway, Denmark, the Netherlands, Belgium, France, Wales, England, Scotland, Ireland, Ulster.
This includes overseas offshoots of these peoples such as Canada, the USA, South Africa (in part), Australia, and New Zealand.
We can also identify the descendants of specific Tribes amongst those who came to the west. Individual Nations often approximate to Israelite Tribes.
We find a predominance from Issachar in Finland, Gad in Sweden, Naphtali in Norway, Dan in Denmark, Zebulon in the Netherlands, Benjamin in Belgium, Reuben in France, Issachar in Switzerland, Ephraim in England, Joseph and Asher in Scotland,  Asher, and Manasseh in Wales, Dan, Simeon, and others in Ireland, Manasseh in Ulster. The USA contains representatives of all the tribes but Manasseh has had the determinative influence. Canada, Australia, South Africa, New Zealand, have members of all the Tribes but in general belong to Joseph especially Ephraim.
These conclusions and identifications are confirmed by additional historical evidence along with proofs from Scripture, Rabbinical sources, Mythology, Archaeology, Historical Records, National Characteristics, and so on.


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one of said signals, after cleaning up any interrupted output file.
receives an EOF from lbzip2.
SUSv2-conformant way. This bug has been corrected.
chance to occur, but it was fixed nonetheless.
Changes: This release works around a GNU/kFreeBSD standards-compliance problem.
system call and so isn't restricted to regular files.