Deon, instead landing on the floor and rolling under a cafeteria table.
Every day, Deon wears a bright red baseball cap with President Donald Trump's slogan "Make America Great Again" stitched in white lettering. In such a politically divided climate, the MAGA hat carries heavy connotations.
In his freshman year, Kickin' It Live featured Deon for holding open the senior doors every day for students during his lunch period. At the time, Deon's grandmother had recently passed away and his grandfather was declining in health.
That year, Deon spent a total of 132 hours greeting Upper Arlington students by the doors during his lunch. Always displaying a warm smile, Deon became a symbol of generosity and kindness.
"I got a lot of support. I was really happy," Deon said.
Deon was born and raised in Tucson, Arizona but said he has lived in cities and suburbs across the United States. At 4 years old, Deon and his family moved to Washington, D.C. and spent two years there.
"If [McCain and my dad] were in the same room, they'd say, 'Hey, Phil,' 'Hey John,'" Deon said.
When Deon isn't playing video games on his X-Box, like Mortal Kombat and Dragonball Fighters, he is watching horror films or wood carving. But above all, Deon loves to debate.
Deon said he supports Trump's economic policies and is particularly pleased with the tax cuts the president has supported and pushed through Congress.
"I don't get taxed right now, but that doesn't mean it doesn't affect me," Deon said.
But just because Deon is a Trump supporter, it doesn't mean he agrees with everything the president says and does.
Just as George Bush inspired Deon's old crayon-colored portraits, he said Trump's behavior influences American culture and youth.
Deon said his passion for politics has allowed him to analyze the system of American government through a critical eye.
Regardless of Trump's insults, Deon practices kindness in his daily life. Deon has a coin engraved with the American flag that marks a particular moment in which his kindness helped others.
Deon met his online friend, a sixth grader, through playing X-Box. Deon had grown to know him better in the previous months, sending encouraging messages to help his friend maneuver the ins-and-outs of middle school and family life. His online friend soon told Deon he was his best friend.
Rice's door and told him about his friend. Officer Rice was able to find a way to connect him to proper authorities in his state.
Deon continues to wear his MAGA hat each day. The bright red is difficult for his peers not to notice. Even for students who disagree with him, Deon still holds the door open.


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Aiguafreda – miasto w Hiszpanii, we wspólnocie autonomicznej Katalonii, w zespole miejskim Barcelony. Znajduje się w pobliżu masywu Montseny. Ma populację 2190 i zajmuje powierzchnię 7,96 km².

Przypisy

Bibliografia
 Panareda Clopés, Josep Maria; Rios Calvet, Jaume; Rabella Vives, Josep Maria (1989). Guia de Catalunya, Barcelona:Caixa de Catalunya. .

Miasta w Katalonii

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Applied Water Science
March 2017 , Volume 7, Issue 1, pp 137–153 | Cite as
Analyses of freshwater stress with a couple ground and surface water model in the Pra Basin, Ghana
George Owusu
Alex B. Owusu
Ebenezer Forkuo Amankwaa
Fatima Eshun
First Online: 04 April 2015
The optimal management of water resources requires that the collected hydrogeological, meteorological, and spatial data be simulated and analyzed with appropriate models. In this study, a catchment-scale distributed hydrological modeling approach is applied to simulate water stress for the years 2000 and 2050 in a data scarce Pra Basin, Ghana. The model is divided into three parts: The first computes surface and groundwater availability as well as shallow and deep groundwater residence times by using POLFLOW model; the second extends the POLFLOW model with water demand (Domestic, Industrial and Agricultural) model; and the third part involves modeling water stress indices—from the ratio of water demand to water availability—for every part of the basin. On water availability, the model estimated long-term annual Pra river discharge at the outflow point of the basin, Deboase, to be 198 m3/s as against long-term average measurement of 197 m3/s. Moreover, the relationship between simulated discharge and measured discharge at 9 substations in the basin scored Nash–Sutcliffe model efficiency coefficient of 0.98, which indicates that the model estimation is in agreement with the long-term measured discharge. The estimated total water demand significantly increases from 959,049,096 m3/year in 2000 to 3,749,559,019 m3/year in 2050 (p < 0.05). The number of districts experiencing water stress significantly increases (p = 0.00044) from 8 in 2000 to 21 out of 35 by the year 2050. This study will among other things help the stakeholders in water resources management to identify and manage water stress areas in the basin.
PCRaster GIS River discharge Water vulnerability Groundwater POLFLOW
Water vulnerability is often estimated from the ratio of water demand and water availability, with water stress occurring when the local water demand exceeds the local water availability (Wada 2008). Ledger (1972) pioneered the studies of water availability and water demand in a case study in Warwickshire Avon, England. However, Falkenmark (1989) was the first to have estimated water stress indices based on available freshwater resources and water per capita. Falkenmark's estimation did not account for industrial and agricultural water demand, but Oki and Kanae (2006) accounted for them in their estimation of water stress.
At continental levels, there are many macroscale hydrological models (MHMs) that have been developed to simulate water stress by using water availability and water demand (Takahashi et al. 2000; Vorosmarty et al. 2000; Oki et al. 2001; Alcamo et al. 2003a, b; Arnell 2003; Doll et al. 2003; Widen-Nilsson et al. 2007). However, due to their lower spatial resolution of 0.5°, the MHMs may not be suitable for catchment water vulnerability analysis. Catchment models such as MIKE-SHE (DHI 2000), MIKE-11 (Havnø et al. 1995), HEC-RAS (Brunner 2008), TOPKAPI(Ciarapica and Todini 2002), TOPMODEL (Beven and Kirkby 1979), MODFLOW (Baalousha 2012), and LISFLOOD (Van Der Knijff et al. 2008) can be used to estimate water availability, but they lack water demand component. While these catchment models are powerful in the estimation of water availability, they are not suitable for long-term average water availability simulation. Moreover, they loosely model coupled relationship between surface water and groundwater.
POLFLOW is a catchment-scale hydrological model developed for the simulation of water and nutrient fluxes (De Wit 2001). POLFLOW is embedded in PCRaster (Karssenberg 1996, 2002) language. Though the model has been developed for nutrient fluxes, the water flux component can be separated and used for another application. For instance, POLFLOW has been separately used for the estimation of changes in surface and groundwater resources (Jarsjö et al. 2004; Durdu 2005). "The long-term average total runoff, the groundwater recharge index, and the groundwater residence time are the determinant factors in the model" (Durdu 2005). The POLFLOW model has also been applied in several other European river basins (De Wit 2001; Greffe 2003; Jarsjö et al. 2004; Durdu 2005). Like other similar catchment models, POLFLOW lacks water demand component. This study extends POLFLOW water flux model with water demand module for the estimation of water stress for Pra Basin of Ghana.
In the Pra Basin, IPCC (2007) projected a slight increase in rainfall and 3–4 °C increase in temperature by the end of the twenty-first century. How will climate change affect the basin's hydrology? Opoku-Ankomah (2000) used a lumped model, for the whole of the basin, to compute water vulnerability index using only surface water discharge and total population of the basin. Though the study computed vulnerability index of 442 persons/106m3 of surface water, it could not spatially identify those areas in the basin that are experiencing vulnerability. The complex relationship between water supply and water demand compelled Water Resources Commission (Water-Resources-Commission 2012) of Ghana to establish the Pra River Basin Board—a decentralized management body to facilitate the implementation of Integrated Water Resources Management (IWRM). This body seeks to promote the coordinated development and management of water, land, and related resources in order to maximize the resultant economic and social welfare in an equitable manner without compromising the sustainability of vital ecosystems.
The main objective of the study was to develop a catchment-scale distributed hydrological model for simulation of water stress, for the years 2000 and 2050, in the Pra Basin, Ghana. The first specific objective was to estimate surface and groundwater availability. Secondly, the study extends POLFLOW model by adding a water demand model. The third objective was to compute water stress indices—from the ratio of water demand and water availability in the basin. The first hypothesis of the study is that there will be no significant difference between the estimated water demand in 2000 and 2050, while the second hypothesis is that the number of districts experiencing water stress in the basin will not significantly differ in the years 2000 and 2050.
The study area
The Pra Basin with an area of 23,000 km2 is one of the south-western catchments (Opoku-Ankomah 2000) that occupy 20 % of the land area of Ghana (Fig. 1).
Open image in new window
The location of the study area
The basin is a home to four administrative regions—Ashanti, Eastern, Western, and Central—as well as 41 districts in Ghana. While population in the basin increases from southern part to the north, annual rainfall and temperature decrease with increasing levels of evapotranspiration. These climatic elements are also seasonally based, which brings about frequent climatic and hydrological droughts in the dry season and flooding in the rainy season. The basin has a populated farmland and rapidly developing urban and suburban areas. Its agriculture is mainly rain fed, and there is high agricultural water demand for irrigation. There is also high industrial and domestic water demand due to economic growth and high population growth. Moreover, there are already some districts in the basin, though not urban, where water demand is outgrowing water availability or supply, and this is further exacerbated by the continuous growth of population and climate change. The basin is divided into three sub-basins and they include Offin river, Oda river, and Birim river. The Offin is found in the upper west of the basin, while the Oda is found in the middle part of the basin with Birim in the eastern part (Fig. 1). The basin is also the home of the largest natural lake (Bosomtwe) in Ghana.
Theory and calculation
In this study, water stress is modeled by dividing water demand by water availability (Wada 2008). The model is divided into 3 parts (and they are all captured in Fig. 2). The first part computes water availability by using POLFLOW (De Wit 2001) model; the second part extends the POLFLOW model with water demand model. The third part involves modeling water vulnerability indices for the basin. In this study, POLFLOW model is extended by accounting for water demand/use in estimating long-term average water fluxes in Pra Basin (Fig. 2). Moreover, this model unlike the original POLFLOW will estimate annual river discharge (Q) by including only part of groundwater recharge that is less than or equal to one year old because the model temporal framework is annually based (De Wit 2001).
The conceptual framework and flowchart of the model. Legend: R s is surface runoff and soil interflow contribution; R gw is amount of precipitation surplus available for groundwater recharge; PET is potential evapotranspiration; crop coeff is crop coefficient; f gw is shallow groundwater index; f dgw is deep groundwater index
Water availability estimation
From Fig. 2, total runoff was estimated as:
$$Q = P - E_{\text{a}}$$
where Q is the long-term average annual runoff (mm/year), P is the long-term average precipitation (mm/year), and E a is the long-term average actual evapotranspiration (mm/year). There are two methods of estimating actual evapotranspiration in POLFLOW: (1) Wendland (1992) and (2) Meinardi et al. (1994) methods. Wendland (1992) calculated evapotranspiration by empirically relating it to soil and land cover through the use of crop coefficients. Meinardi et al. (1994) estimated actual evapotranspiration based on Turc (1954) precipitation and potential evapotranspiration (Ep) model as:
$$E_{\text{a}} = \frac{P}{{\sqrt {\left( {0.9 + \frac{{P^{2} }}{{E_{\text{p}}^{2} }}} \right)} }}.$$
Langbein (1949) estimated Ep as a function of long-term temperature (T, °C) as:
$$E_{\text{p}} = 325 + (21 \times T) + \left( {0.9 + T^{2} } \right).$$
It can be seen in Fig. 2 that total runoff (Q) is also equal to:
$$Q = R_{\text{s}} + R_{\text{gw}}$$
where R s is surface runoff and soil interflow contribution, R gw is amount of precipitation surplus available for groundwater recharge. The groundwater recharge (GW) (Jarsjö et al. 2004) was estimated as:
$$R_{\text{gw}} = {\text{GW}} = f_{\text{gw}} \cdot Q$$
where f gw is groundwater index. The surface runoff in Eq. (4) was estimated as:
$$R_{\text{S}} = \left( { 1 {-}f_{\text{gw}} } \right) \cdot Q$$
$$f_{\text{gw}} {\text{ = if(groundwater level near the surface then, water, else}}(1 + (3({\text{slope}} + 0.0001))).$$
The deep groundwater recharge index (f dgw) was described as a function of aquifer type, texture of the top soil, groundwater level, slope, and land use:
$$f_{\text{dgw}} = f_{\text{dqw}}^{\text{aq}} \cdot f_{\text{dqw}}^{\text{so}} \cdot f_{\text{dqw}}^{\text{lc}} \cdot \left( {1 - ({\text{slope}} + 10^{ - 7} )^{0.4} } \right)$$
where "aq" is related to aquifer characteristics, "so" is related to soil characteristics, and "lc" is related to land use characteristics (Tables 1, 2).
The tabulated parameter values of deep groundwater recharge index and aquifer type (\(f_{\text{dqw}}^{\text{aq}}\)), primary porosity(pp), and conductivity of the aquifer (ca) (Meinardi et al. 1994)
Aquifer type
\(f_{\text{dqw}}^{\text{aq}}\)
pp (−)
ca (mday−1)
Unconsolidated sedimentary aquifer: good permeability
Unconsolidated sedimentary aquifer: poor permeability
Consolidated sedimentary aquifer: good permeability
Consolidated sedimentary aquifer: poor permeability
Igneous and metamorphous rock: modest permeability
Igneous and metamorphous rock: poor permeability
Incidentally brackish groundwater
Generally brackish or saline groundwater
The tabulated parameter values of soil (\(f_{\text{dqw}}^{\text{so}}\)) and land cover (\(f_{\text{dqw}}^{\text{lc}}\)) indices (Meinardi et al. 1994)
\(f_{\text{dqw}}^{\text{so}}\)
\(f_{\text{dqw}}^{\text{lc}}\)
Loam/sand
Permanent crops, others
Loam/clay
Built up
Groundwater near surface
Once groundwater recharges were computed, the residence time—the time it takes for underground water to join surface water—was computed as a function of groundwater velocity (v, m/day), conductivity of aquifer (ca, m/day), primary effective porosity (pp, m3/m3), and hydraulic gradient (h, m/m) as (Wendland 1992):
$$v = \frac{{({\text{ca}} \times h)}}{\text{pp}}$$
Wendland (1992) provided empirical average values of primary effective porosity and conductivity of aquifers. Average shallow groundwater residence time was estimated as:
$${\text{RT}}_{\text{sgw}} = \frac{\text{lp}}{(v + 360)}$$
where RTsgw is the average shallow groundwater residence time (year), lp is the average length of underground flow path (m), and 360 is a conversion factor (days per year). The distance parameter can be estimated as a function of the stream density:
$${\text{lp}} = \frac{1000}{{2 \times {\text{ns}}}}$$
where ns is the number of streams per km2 and 1000 is a conversion factor from kilometers to meters. If there is no stream density map, "ns" can be estimated as:
$${\text{ns}} = {\text{if}}\left[ {{\text{water}},{\text{then}},2,{\text{else}}\left( \frac{Q}{450} \right)^{0.8} } \right].$$
The final part of water fluxes as shown in Fig. 2 is the deep groundwater residence time, and it was estimated as:
$${\text{RT}}_{\text{dgw}} = \frac{{1000 \times {\text{tp}} \times {\text{at}}}}{{f_{\text{dgw}} }}$$
where RTdgw is the average deep groundwater residence time (year), tp is the total effective aquifer porosity (m3/m3), at is the aquifer thickness (m), \(f_{\text{dgw}}\) is the long-term average deep groundwater recharge (mm/year), and 1000 is a conversion factor (mm to m).
Water demand estimation
The total water demand in the Pra Basin comprises domestic water demand, industrial water demand, and agricultural water demand. Domestic water demand was estimated as:
$$D_{\text{dom}} = \frac{{P_{\text{district}} \times {\text{percapita}} \times 365}}{1000}$$
where D dom is annual domestic water demand (m3/year), P district is annual population of a district, and per capita is per capita water demand (liters/capita/day). The numbers 365 and 1000 are to convert it from day to year and liters to m3, respectively. Average per capita water demand in the Pra Basin has been estimated by Opoku-Ankomah (2000) to be 65 l/c/d.
There are limited lumped data on industrial water demand in the basin. The data on large-scale industrial water demand (Table 3) were extracted from EPA (2000). All the large annual-scale industrial water demand was computed by multiplying the demand by 310 working days. Small-scale industries, however, are common in the basin, but there were no data on them. Small-scale water demand was estimated based on the proportion of the working population in the industries (Table 5). In developing countries, it has been estimated that 4.3 % of water use is industrial as against 12.6 % for domestic (Wada 2008). Therefore, industrial water demand at district level was estimated as:
$$D_{\text{industry}} = 311\frac{A}{4.3} \times 0.34\frac{{D_{\text{dom}} }}{365}$$
where D industry is small-scale industrial demand in a year (311 working days), A is average proportion of industrial economic activities in a district (computed from Table 5), 4.3 is percentage of industrial water use in developing countries (Wada 2008), 0.34 is the ratio between industrial water use in developing countries (4.3 %) and domestic water use (12.6 %).
Major industries and their water demand in the Pra Basin (EPA 2000)
Demand/use (m3/year)
Guinness Ghana limited
Kumasi Brewery limited (KBL)
Ashanti Goldfields Corporation
Obuasi
Dunkwa Continental Gold mines
Konongo
Anyanfuri
Midras minings
Obenemasi Gold mines
Ghana Consolidated Diamond limited
Akwatia
Agricultural water demand consists of livestock water demand and irrigation water demand. There were no data on livestock water demand, and it was estimated based on 6 % of rural water demand as (Water-Resources-Commission 2012):
$${\text{Demand}}_{\text{livestock}} = 0.06 \times {\text{Demand}}_{\text{rural}}$$
$${\text{Demand}}_{\text{rural}} = \frac{{P_{\text{rural}} \times {\text{percapita}} \times 365}}{1000}$$
where P rural is population of rural areas in each district. Large-scale irrigation water demand data were abstracted from EPA (2000). The main irrigation dams and their water demand are listed in Table 4. "Informal urban and peri urban irrigation is practiced around some towns in the basin. There is little data on the overall extent of this informal irrigation in the basin. However, it is estimated that there are at least 12,700 smallholders irrigating more than 11,900 ha in the dry season around Kumasi [Metropolitan Assembly] alone, which is more than the area currently functioning under formal irrigation in the whole of the country." (Water-Resources-Commission 2012). Just like industrial water demand, informal irrigation water demand was estimated as:
$$D_{\text{irrigation}} = 311\frac{A}{83} \times 19\frac{{D_{\text{dom}} }}{365}$$
where D irrigation is an informal irrigation water demand in a year (311 working days), A is an average proportion of agricultural activities in a district (computed from Table 5), 83 is percentage of agricultural water use in developing countries (Wada 2008), 19 is the ratio between agricultural water use in developing countries (83.1 %) and domestic water use (12.6 %).
Irrigation water demand (EPA 2000)
Area (Ha)
Demand (million m3)
Nobewam
Adiembra
The occupational percentage (%) of the economically active population in Pra Basin
Agric and forestry
Electricity, gas and water
Transport, storage and communication
Public admin.
Adansi-east
Afigya Sekyere
Ahafo Ano south
Amansie west
Asante-Akyem north
Asante-Akyem south
Ejisu/Juabeng
Ejura Sekyidumasi
Kwabre
Offinso
Sekyere west
Bosomtwe Atwima Kwanwoma
Kumasi metro
Sekyere east
Atwima Mponua
Atwima Nwabiagya
Amensie Central
Amansie east
Obuasi Municipal
Adansi north
Asikuma/Odoben/Brakwa
Komenda/Edna/Eguafo/Ebire
Twifo-Hemang/Lower Denkyira
Upper Denkyira
Assin north
Assin south
Birim north
Birim south
Fanteakwa
Kwaebibirem
Suhum/Kraboa/Coaltar
West Akim
Yilo Krobo
Kwahu West Municipal
Kwahu south
Atiwa
East-Akim
East-Akim Municipal
Bibiani/Anwiaso/Bekwai
Mpohor Wassa east
Shama Ahanta east
Wassa Amenfi east
Pra Basin Baseline Study Report-2010
The total water demand is the summation of domestic, industrial, and agricultural water demand:
$${\text{Demand}} = {\text{Demand}}_{\text{domestic}} + {\text{demand}}_{\text{industrial}} + {\text{demand}}_{\text{livestock}} + {\text{demand}}_{\text{irrigation}}$$
Water stress estimation
Water stress was computed based on the scenario that all the demand will be met by surface water only (Eq. 20), groundwater only (Eq. 21), and from both surface and groundwater (Eq. 22).
$${\text{Vul}}_{\text{RS}} { = }\frac{\text{Demand}}{{R_{\text{S}} }}$$
$${\text{Vul}}_{\text{Rgw}} = \frac{\text{Demand}}{{R_{\text{gw}} }}$$
$${\text{Vul}}_{\text{total}} = \frac{\text{Demand}}{Q}.$$
The 2050 scenario analyses
The model also simulated 2050 water stress based on the following scenarios:
There is a climate change with a decrease in precipitation relative to historical data and referred to as "drier", i.e., a 10 % reduction in precipitation relative to the reference situation was applied.
There is a climate change with an increase in precipitation relative to historical data and referred to as "wetter". In this case, a 10 % increase in precipitation relative to the reference.
There is a climate change with 1 °C increase in temperature.
For each scenario, the population of the district is computed based on the growth rate as
$$R_{i} = \left( {\frac{{\left( {P_{2010ij} - P_{1995i} } \right)/P_{1995i} }}{n}} \right)$$
where R is percentage growth rate for each district (i), P is the population of a district, and n is the difference between the years 2010 and 1995 (n = 15 years)
The 2050 projected population (P 2050) status for each district was then estimated as:
$$P_{2050} = P_{1995} e^{{R_{i} t}}$$
where R i t is growth rate for each district over time, e is natural log.
The data for the model were retrieved from Ghana Hydrological Services, Meteorological Services of Ghana, Water Resources Commission of Ghana, and Districts and Municipal assemblies. The data from "Ghana at glance" also provided input variables such as land cover, soils, geology, and vegetation (Owusu 2014). The weather data were retrieved from three weather stations: Kumasi, Dunkwa, and Oda (Fig. 3). The SRTM DEM (NASA 2004) was used in this study (Table 6).
The soil and land cover maps of Pra Basin showing the overlay of hydrological and meteorological Stations
Sources of data for the model
Average annual precipitation
Ghana Meteorological Service
Average annual temperature
Average annual evapotranspiration
1:1,000,000
EPA, Ghana geological Survey
Hydrogeological map
EPA (2000)
Digital elevation model (DEM)
USGS–SRTM
Derived from DEM
River network
Catchment boundary
CERSGIS/Ghana at Glance
Soil map
1:250,000
Soil Research
Lands Commission
Regional boundaries
Discharge data
Hydrological Services Dept
Water Resources Commission
Statistical service
The model output includes the following maps:
Long-term average total runoff.
Groundwater recharge indices.
Groundwater residence time.
Water demand.
Surface water Vulnerability index.
Groundwater Vulnerability index.
Total Vulnerability index.
Model calibration and validation
The POLFLOW model was calibrated and validated by dividing the weather and discharge data into two: 1990–1995 and 1996–2000. The long-term annual average of 1990–1995 data was used for calibration, while 1996–2000 was used for validation. The parameters were first optimized at calibration stage, and at the validation stage, the optimized parameters were used with the validation data. The POLFLOW model was calibrated by manually tuning aquifer index (\(f_{\text{dqw}}^{\text{aq}}\)), primary porosity (pp), conductivity of the aquifer (ca), soil type index (\(f_{\text{dqw}}^{\text{so}}\)), and land cover index (\(f_{\text{dqw}}^{\text{lc}}\)), as shown in Tables 1 and 2. Several runs of the model were performed for the various combinations of the parameters. The optimized parameters' values are shown in Table 7. The soil and land cover map of the study areas are shown in Fig. 3. The estimated value of groundwater recharge was also compared with EPA (2000) values. The estimated water demand values were compared with Gyau and Adom (EPA 2000) estimation. The estimated water stress indices were compared with Opoku-Ankomah (2000) estimation.
Evaluation of the model
The performance of the hydrological model was statistically evaluated based on nine observed records at the following substations (Fig. 2):
Outflow point at Deboase.
Mfensi and Dunkwa hydro-stations on Offin tributary.
Konongo and Anwia-Nkwanta on Oda tributary.
Bunso and Akim Oda on Birim River.
Assin-Praso and Twifo Praso on the main Pra River.
The statistical criteria of the evaluation were based on the analysis of residual errors, i.e., the difference between observed (measured) and simulated values. The normalized root mean square error (NRMSE) and the Nash–Sutcliffe model efficiency coefficient (NSE) (Nash and Sutcliffe 1970; Moriasi et al. 2007) were computed as:
$${\text{NRMSE}} = \frac{{\sqrt {\frac{1}{n}\sum\limits_{i = 1}^{n} {S_{i} - O_{i} } } }}{{O_{\hbox{max} } - O_{\hbox{min} } }}$$
$${\text{NSE}} = 1 - \left[ {\frac{{\sum\limits_{i = 1}^{n} {\left( {O_{i} - S_{i} } \right)^{2} } }}{{\sum\limits_{i = 1}^{n} {\left( {O_{i} - O^{\text{mean}} } \right)^{2} } }}} \right]$$
while S is simulated and O is observed for station i, O max and O min are the maximum and minimum observed values, respectively, and O mean is the mean of observed data. NSE "Values between 0.0 and 1.0 are generally viewed as acceptable levels of performance, whereas values <0.0 indicates that the mean observed value is a better predictor than the simulated value, which indicates unacceptable performance" (Moriasi et al. 2007).
Modeled versus measured discharge
The model estimated a long-term annual discharge of Pra river at the outflow point at Deboase station to be 198.187 m3/s as against long-term average measurement of 197 m3/s based on optimized parameters in Table 7. In addition, model estimates are also available for upstream and downstream of each tributary: A discharge of 9.95 and 71.01 m3/s was estimated at Mfensi and Dunkwa hydro-stations on Offin tributary as against 10.3 and 76.2 m3/s that were measured, respectively. The model estimates were 3.53 and 9.7 m3/s for Konongo and Anwia-Nkwanta on the Oda tributary as against the 4.3 and 8.5 m3/s that were measured, respectively. On the Birim tributary, the model estimates were 3.04 m3/s upstream and 35.35 m3/s downstream as against 3.7 and 43.4 m3/s that were measured for Bunso and Akim Oda stations, respectively. On the Pra main River, the model estimates were 88.1 m3/s upstream and 153 m3/s downstream as against 83.6 and 179.05 m3/s that were measured for Assin-Praso and Twifu Praso stations, respectively. Figure 4 shows the relationship between modeled and measured discharge at nine substations in the basin. The normalized root mean square error (RMSE) was 1.6 %, and Nash–Sutcliffe model efficiency coefficient was 0.98 for the calibrated model. At the validation stage, the root mean square error (RMSE) was 2.5 %, while Nash–Sutcliffe model efficiency coefficient was 0.93; this indicates that the model estimation is in agreement with the long-term measured discharge.
The values of the optimized parameters of the recharge model
fsodgw
Open Forest
Birimian volcanics (Metamorphosed Lava and Pyroclastic Rock and Hypabyssal Basic Intrusive, Phyllite and Greywacke)
Leptosols
Sandy Loam
Open cultivated savanna woodland
Dahomeyan (Granite)
Fluvisols
Savanna woodland
Birimian Sediments (Phyllite, Schist, Tuff & Greywacke)
Lixisols
Clay Loam
Tarkwaian (Quartzite, Phyllite, Grit, Conglomerate and Schist, including basic intrusive)
Luvisols
Reservoir & Lake
Upper Voltaian (Mainly Sandstone)
Gleysols
Riverine savanna vegetation
Sekondian (Sandstone, Grit, Conglomerate, Shale and Mudstones, Nodules of Limestone and Siderite)
Scattered trees
Arenosols
Acrisols
Nitosols
Alisols
Solonetz
Modeled versus measured annual average discharge (m3/s) of 9 hydro substations of Pra Basin
Modeled total runoff, quick runoff, and total groundwater recharge
Figure 5 shows the estimated total runoff (Eq. 1), quick runoff (Eq. 6), total groundwater recharge (Eq. 5), and deep groundwater recharge of the basin. The groundwater recharge rates, just like the total runoff and quick runoff, tend to be lower in the northern part of the catchment. The estimated minimum, average, and maximum total runoff for the Pra Basin is 175.88, 297.87, and 489.46 mm/year, respectively. The estimated average quick runoff, total groundwater recharge, and deep groundwater recharge for the basin is 97.60, 200.27, and 85.15 mm/year, respectively.
The average estimated runoff (mm/year) and groundwater recharge (mm/year) of Pra Basin
Estimated groundwater recharge indices and groundwater residence times
The estimated minimum, average, and maximum total recharge index for Pra Basin was, respectively, 20, 67, and 99 % of water surplus (Eq. 1), leaving the average quick runoff coefficient to be 33 % of the water surplus (Fig. 6). Spatially, the proportion of water surplus (Eq. 1) that is available for groundwater recharge ranges mainly from 60 to 100 % in the lowland gentle slope areas (Fig. 6). The estimated minimum, average, and maximum deep groundwater recharge index for the Pra Basin is, respectively, 0, 28, and 52 % of water surplus (Fig. 6). The average shallow groundwater residence time is 1.23 years, while the average deep water residence time is 125 years. The shallow groundwater residence time (Eq. 10), the time it takes for water to join an adjacent stream, is mainly less than 2 years, with a minimum of 0.0076 years (2.75 days), but deep groundwater residence time (Eq. 13) is predominately greater than 50 years (Fig. 6).
The estimated groundwater recharge indices (−) and groundwater residence times (years) of Pra Basin. Note: the light tone colors (yellow) for shallow groundwater and deep groundwater are higher than 2 and 250 years, respectively
Estimated and projected water demand
Figure 7 shows spatiotemporal patterns of water demand in the Pra Basin. The estimated mean domestic water demand is 2,261,330 and 8,735,522 m3/year for 2000 and 2050, respectively, while the total demand for the whole basin was estimated as 69,044,682 and 262,787,260 m3/year for the years 2000 and 2050, respectively. The estimated mean industrial water demand is 5,893,501 and 22,504,958 m3/year for 2000 and 2050, respectively. The total industrial water demand was estimated as 238,868,171 and 860,864,391 m3/year for the years 2000 and 2050, respectively.
Estimated and projected water demand (m3/year) of Pra Basin
The results suggest that there is a possibility of a significant increase in industrial water demand (p = 0.0016) by the year 2050. The estimated mean agricultural water demand was 26,957,279 and 105,086,000 m3/year for 2000 and 2050, respectively. The total agricultural water demand was estimated as 651,136,235,000 and 2,625,907,368,000 m3/year for the years 2000 and 2050, respectively. The analysis showed that by the year 2050, there will be a significant increase in agricultural water demand (p = 0.0003). The highest domestic and industrial water demand occurred at Kumasi Metropolitan Area, in the northern part of the basin.
Water stress
The average surface water stress Index was estimated as 0.0385 and 0.150 for the years 2000 and 2050, respectively, and the difference is significant (p = 0.00043). The average groundwater stress was estimated as 0.055 and 0.15, and the difference is significant (p = 0.00044). There is, however, high spatial distribution of water stress in both years with some areas such as Kumasi Metropolitan Area and Kwabre districts registering maximum index of 1, i.e., more areas are likely to experience higher water stress in 2050.
The study estimated water stress based on stream and groundwater discharge and water demand. The discharge estimation was in agreement with the measured discharge, with Nash–Sutcliffe model efficiency coefficient of 0.98. The high accuracy of the modeled discharge may be due to a slight modification in computation of discharge. Thus, whereas other POLFLOW researchers (De Wit 2001; Jarsjö et al. 2004; Durdu 2005) simulated the accumulated discharge of Eq. 1 with the measured discharge, this study divided the accumulated discharge in Eq. 1 into quick runoff and delayed runoff (Shallow and Deep groundwater), and only delayed runoff with a residence time less than or equal to 1 year was accumulated with the quick runoff to simulate total river discharge. This approach helped in the calibration of velocity, conductivity, soil characteristic, and aquifer characteristics as in Eqs. (7–13) (Table 7).
The estimated mean daily groundwater recharge of 0.548 mm/day in this study is slightly higher than what WatBal lumped model estimated as 0.456 mm/day (EPA 2000). This may be due to the fact that this study used higher rainfall values with a mean of 1300 mm/year, while WatBal used only 1099.80 mm/year for the whole basin (EPA 2000). It must be emphasized that this study developed a distributed model with different rainfall values for 12 zones with minimum and maximum values as 1050 and 2150 mm/year, respectively.
The potency of this study in assessment of water stress depends on an accurate estimation of domestic water demand because industrial water demand is also related to it (Eqs. 14, 15) (Wada 2008). While Gyau and Adom (EPA 2000) estimated domestic water demand of the Pra Basin to be 193,651 m3/day in 2000 and 871,829 m3/day in 2050, this study similarly estimated 189,164 and 719,965 m3/day for the years 2000 and 2050, respectively. The values of the previous study appear a bit higher than this study because they used a per capita water demand as low as 30 liters/per capita/day for small communities to as high as 130 l/per capita/day for large communities. This study used a constant per capita value of 65 l/per capita/day. Based on this study, there is a possibility of a significant increase in domestic water demand (p = 0.0006), industrial water demand (p = 0.0016), and agricultural water demand (p = 0.0003) by the year 2050.
Surface water availability, groundwater availability, and total water stress were separately computed because of the water use pattern in the basin. Most of the smaller communities depend on groundwater boreholes, while the larger communities depend on surface water withdrawal. In this study, annual surface water estimation includes about 90 % of shallow groundwater resources that have residence time less than or equal to 1 year. Therefore, without adding groundwater resources to compute total groundwater stress, the usage of surface water stress will be sufficient in accessing water stress in the basin. Using Kundzewicz et al. (2007) explanation of water stress indices (Table 8), three districts in the basin that include Kumasi Metro, Asikuma/Odoben/Brakwa, and Komenda/Edna/Eguafo/Ebire experienced very high surface water stress index of 1. Other districts such as Ejura Sekyidumasi and Kwabre districts experienced high (0.4- 0.8) surface water stress, while Kwabre and Suhum/Kraboa/Coaltar experienced low to moderate surface water stress (0.1–0.4). The rest of the districts experienced no water stress in the year 2000. The number of districts experiencing water stress will significantly increase (p = 0.00044) from 8 in 2000 to 21 out of 35 districts in the basin by 2050 (Table 9; Fig. 8). Opoku-Ankomah (2000) used lumped model to estimate marginal vulnerability water stress for the whole basin in 2000 though he further added that it will be extremely vulnerable in 2050.
Ranges and interpretation of water stress indices (Kundzewicz et al. 2007; Wada 2008)
Degrees of water stress
Per capita water availability
Water scarcity index Rws (−)
Definitions of degrees of water stress
Rws < 0.1
No water stress
Low stress
0.1 < Rws < 0.2
Potential water scarcity
Moderate stress
Looming water scarcity
High stress
Experiencing water scarcity
Very high stress
0.8 < Rws
Economic development is limited by water scarcity
Water stress indices of the districts in Pra Basin
Total water
Wassa west
Obuasi Municipal (Adanse West)
Assin (north)
Legend: Rws < 0.1 = not stress; 0.1 < Rws < 0.2 = low stress, 0.2 < Rws < 0.4 = moderate stress; 0.4 < Rws < 0.8 = high stress; 0.8 < Rws = very high stress (Wada 2008)
The estimated surface and total water stress indices (Rws) of Pra Basin. The total water stress indices were estimated by dividing total water demand by the sum of groundwater resources and surface water resources in the basin. Legend: Rws < 0.1 = no stress; 0.1 < Rws < 0.2 = low stress, 0.2 < Rws < 0.4 = moderate stress; 0.4 < Rws < 0.8 = high stress; 0.8 < Rws = very high stress (Wada 2008)
The POLFLOW model has been mainly developed to estimate nutrient concentration in a catchment (De Wit 2001; Jarsjö et al. 2004; Durdu 2005). In this study, the POLFLOW model has been adapted, modified and extended to estimate water availability, water demand, and water stress in the Pra Basin of Ghana. The estimated river discharge is in agreement with the measured discharge. The shallow and deep groundwater recharge and residence times were also estimated. Most of the shallow groundwater drains into the adjacent stream in less than 2 years, while it takes longer time for deep groundwater to join the streams. The total water demand estimation was divided into domestic, industrial, and agriculture. The estimated total water demand significantly increased from 2000 to 2050; therefore, the first null hypothesis which states that, "there will be no significant difference between the estimated water demand in 2000 and 2050," is rejected. The number of districts experiencing water stress will significantly increase from 8 in 2000 to 21 out of 35 districts by the year 2050; therefore, the second null hypothesis which states that "the number of districts experiencing water stress in the basin will not significantly differ in the years 2000 and 2050," is rejected. Though POLFLOW is mainly used to estimate nutrient concentration, this study has demonstrated that it can be modified to model water stress in the tropics.
This research has been supported by the University of Ghana-Carnegie Next Generation of Academics in Africa project with funding from the Carnegie Corporation of New York.
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© The Author(s) 2015
Open AccessThis article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License which permits any use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author(s) and the source are credited.
1.Department of Geography and Resource DevelopmentUniversity of GhanaAccraGhana
Owusu, G., Owusu, A.B., Amankwaa, E.F. et al. Appl Water Sci (2017) 7: 137. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13201-015-0279-x
Accepted 04 March 2015
First Online 04 April 2015
King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology
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The NT$6 million TLPGA & Royal Open will be teeing off this Friday at the Royal Kuan-Hsi Golf Club where 101 players from eight countries will vie to become the 16th winner of the TLPGA Tour "Premier" event and a winner prize of NT$1,080,000 (runner-up takes away NT$540,000). The tournament will be played through three rounds with an elimination to be made after 36 holes which will allow only the top 60 and ties to move on.
Pauline del Rosario from the Philippines will be defending her 2017 title. Former champion, home girl Lin Tzu-Chi (林子麒) is also returning to the field. Thailand native Chonlada Chayanun, the recent CTBC Ladies Open winner, will seek her second title in a row.
The Royal Kuan-Hsi Golf Club will host for 90 international pro women and 11 amateurs gathering from Indonesia, Japan, Malaysia, the Philippines, Singapore, Thailand, the United States, and hosting nation Taiwan.
Thailand has sent 22 players into this year's event, with many already having a taste of a TLPGA Tour victory. The 2018 ICTSI Champion Tour - Manila Southwood winner Ploychompoo Wirairungreung, as well as EFG Hong Kong Ladies Open winner Saranporn Langkulgasettrin, are all looking to winning their second TLPGA Tour title this season.
CTBC Ladies Classic winner Chen Yu-Ju (陳宇茹), who currently sits atop the 2018 TLPGA Tour Money List, will be headlining the local campaigners which include every of the TLPGA Tour top 6 – no.2 Lee Hsin (李欣), no.3 Chen Szu-Han (陳思涵), no.4 Chen Min-Jou (陳敏柔), no.5 Babe Liu (劉依貞), and no.6 Huang Ching (黃靖).
Besides Huang and Lee, this year's ICTSI Champion Tour - Tagaytay Midlands and the YTS & SUNCITY Heritage Tour winners, teenage sensation Hou Yu-Chiang (侯羽薔) is also aiming for a second title after her maiden win as an amateur at the TLPGA Ladies Open – Nan Pao in May. Hou finished second at the CTBC Ladies Open a fortnight ago.
A traditional 18-hole pro-am took place on Thursday under clear sky. The four-player team led by JLPGA Tour member Babe Liu emerged victorious with a winning score of 8-under 63.
Friday's first-round play will begin at 8:00 in the morning on the first and tenth tee.
The rolling greens on the Kuan-His Golf Course, one of the largest golf resorts in Taiwan, could provide plenty of challenges to the pro athletes this weekend. The 2018 event is set at 6,308 yards long.
The tournament will be giving away sponsor prizes to the spectators through a lucky draw on the final day; entry will be free in all three rounds.


THIS SELLER IS MOTIVATED! Do not pass up this opportunity! This condo features tile floors that bring ocean colors right inside; LED kitchen lighting; lighted china cabinet; oak shelves in sitting / dining; glass vessel sinks in bathrooms, new windows. Migrating whales,fishing boats and St. George Reef lighthouse accent your magnificent ever-changing ocean view. This much-loved condo can be your new home. Come and see!


text:
Brexit's Winners and Losers
Foreign buyers, U.S. homeowners and the Paris market could all see gains from the British exit
By Mae M. Cheng
Anadolu Agency / Getty Images
Even before news of a Brexit made its way around the world, high-end brokerages and developers throughout London were already getting inquiries on behalf of foreign buyers hoping to take advantage of the tumbling pound.
The significance of the British exit from the European Union was not lost on anyone. There was an immediate financial impact, as markets took a dive, and there will certainly be many more implications in the days and weeks to come.
Here is a look at some of the predicted winners and losers in the real-estate arena.
Foreign buyers of London real estate will get increased value in purchasing properties as a result of a depreciating sterling. "This will now create a short-term buying opportunity for U.S. dollar- and euro- based property investors," said Peter Wetherell, chief executive of Wetherell, a Mayfair-based broker. "For overseas buyers, this big and dramatic drop in the value of sterling will effectively offset the Stamp Duty and tax adjustments and it will make prime London property a lucrative investment for overseas investors bold enough to take a punt despite the market uncertainty."
U.S. homeowners could see their property values rise, as the Federal Reserve is now likely to hold off raising short-term rates. This would keep interest rates low, which would spur demand. As a result, property prices might go up as buyers are more willing to purchase at higher prices.
Well-heeled areas of London, such as Knightsbridge and Mayfair, could become even more attractive to buyers. "In a turbulent market there will be a flight to quality," said Simon Barry, head of new developments at Harrods Estates. "High net-worth investors will only want to invest in Triple A locations."
Paris and cities such as Frankfurt and Dublin are potential contenders to house the European bases of large banking institutions if London doesn't remain the financial hub of the continent. If that is the case, properties in Paris will become all the more attractive. "La Defense will grow in stature, and Paris will be seen as the place to live inside the Eurozone," Mr. Barry said.
LOSERS:
London-based property buyers will face competition from foreign purchasers in addition to dealing with the uncertainty of their own local economy. "A fall in London house prices caused by a Brexit in the long [run] will not benefit many domestic buyers, for example, if a Brexit causes -- as predicted by many -- wide-ranging job losses and a general slowdown in the economy," said Martin Bikhit, Managing Director of Marylebone estate agent Kay & Co.
Neighborhoods in London dependent on the EU economy could also be impacted by an economic slowdown in the wake of the vote. "In West London and Inner North London, where there are high levels of EU buyers, there could now be a dramatic slowdown which could last for a number of years, " said Mr. Wetherell. "The more commercial-property-dominated markets of the City of London and Canary Wharf/Docklands could be really damaged by this exit from the EU, with a flight of capital, companies, jobs and workers."
Finally, volume house builders in the U.K. could have the odds stacked against them, Mr. Barry said, "with construction costs potentially rising by 15%, potential slowdown in economy, and stagnation in pricing."
US INDUSTRY INSIGHTS MARKET TRENDS
U.K. Housing Sentiment Perked Up in December
A Brand-New Apartment in West London Offers Sweeping Views of the City's Green Spaces
City of London Has Largest Share of New-Builds on the Market in the Capital


The Granberg bar-mount chain saw chain sharpener allows you to place the sharpener onto the bar and slide the file across. These sharpeners keep the angle and depth of the file steady so all you need to do is push. This takes a lot of the complexity out of sharpening a dull chain. Each chain, though, has different sharpening specifications, which you will still need to use this chain sharpener. These specifications can be found on the box your chain came in or in your chain saw's operator's manual.
Turn your chain saw off and allow the bar and chain to cool for about 10 minutes before sharpening them.
Find the master chain on your chain, which is usually marked by a yellow or blue neon dot. If you cannot find the master chain, find the tooth with the most severe damage and start with that tooth.
Insert the file through the file hole on the Granberg bar-mount sharpener. Lock the file in place by closing the lever on the end of the sharpener.
Place the sharpener over the master tooth or the tooth you will sharpen first. Make sure the sharpener's handle is angled the same way as the tooth, which should form an acute angle with the bar.
Tighten the clamping screw with the screwdriver so the sharpener is secured to the bar. Set the angle of the file by loosening the wing nut on top of the sharpener. Spin the file to the angle required for your chain. Tighten the wing nut to lock it in place.
Push the file's hand across the length of the tooth. Pull the handle back and repeat. Continue sharpening until the tooth is free of nicks, burrs or dents. Count the number of strokes used to sharpen the first tooth.
Lift the file out of the tooth. Slide the chain up to the next tooth that is angled the same as the first. Set the file back down and push it across the second tooth. Use the same number of strokes.
Repeat the process for every tooth on the same side. Unscrew the bar-mount sharpener. Spin it around and repeat the same process for the teeth angled in the opposite direction.


Sigmund Freud and Carl Jung introduced the term "libido" into common usage via psychological theory. Today, it is used to describe sexual virility and desire, biological drive, or psychic-emotional force.
Likely probability of the efficacy of cannabis for treatment of libido.
Endocannabinoid System In Sexual Motivational Processes: Is It A Novel Therapeutic Horizon?


When asked to summarize his doctrine, the Buddha replied, "I teach only two things, suffering and the extinction of suffering." These simple key ideas can explain everything in the Buddhist doctrine, from the simplest realities of everyday life to the most profound moral, psychological and philosophical analyses. Didier Treutenaere explains with clarity and simplicity some essential key ideas of theravāda Buddhism practiced in Cambodia.
Conference followed by a book signing session at Carnets d'Asie bookstore.


A comprehensive analysis of fluid motion, mass transport, thermodynamics and power generation during pressure retarded osmotic (PRO) processes was conducted. This work aims to (1) elucidate the fundamental relationship among various membrane properties and operation parameters and (2) analyse their individual and combined impacts on PRO module performance. A state-of-the-art inner-selective thin-film composite (TFC) hollow fiber membrane was employed in the modelling. The analyses of mass transfer and Gibbs free energy of mixing indicate that the asymmetric nature of hollow fibers results in more significant external concentration polarization (ECP) in the lumen side of the inner-selective hollow fiber membranes. In addition, a trade-off relationship exists between the power density (PD) and the specific energy (SE). The PD vs. SE trade-off upper bound may provide a useful guidance whether the flowrates of the feed and draw solutions should be further optimized in order to (1) minimize the boundary thickness and (2) maximize the osmotic power generation. Two new terms, mass transfer efficiency and power harvesting efficiency for osmotic power generation, have been proposed. This work may provide useful insights to design and operate PRO modules with enhanced performance so that the PRO process becomes more promising in real applications in the near future.


text:
The Number of Separated Immigrant Children Has Actually Gone Up
The Trump administration was ordered by a federal court back in June to reunite every one of the 2,654-plus migrant children it unnecessarily separated from their families by July 26. Unsurprisingly, it has not done that—and, in fact, the number of separated children has recently gone up.
According to new numbers released in a joint status report filed by the ACLU and the Department of Justice, 565 children still remain in government custody. Twenty-four of these children are 5 years old or younger.
The Trump administration was ordered by a federal court on June 26 to reunite all of the children 5 years and younger it separated from their families within 14 days, and all of the migrant children it separated from their families within 30 days. But the government has slowed almost to a stop in actually reuniting families.
As HuffPost noted, the government said that 572 migrant children were still in its custody in a report on August 2, which means that a net total of seven kids have been reunited with their families in the two weeks since. Another status report on August 9, however, said that at the time, approximately 559 separated children were still in the custody of ORR—meaning that if the new numbers are accurate, they've been revised upwards in the last week. (We've reached out to the ACLU for clarification on why that might be the case, and will update with any response we receive.)
Donald Trump signed an executive order to "end" family separations on June 20, which means that many of these children—including babies—have been separated from their families for months. In 366 of these cases, including six cases where the child is younger than five, the adult is "presently outside of the U.S." That means, as NBC News' Jacob Soboroff pointed out, that the parents have already been deported; earlier this month, the government argued that it wasn't responsible for reunifying deported parents with their children, and that the ACLU should do it instead.
According to the report, a further 154 parents "indicated" a "desire against reunification," although as the report notes, the government has not yet handed over data "regarding parents who declined reunification with children who are no longer in ORR custody." (The ACLU requested that ORR produce this information by Wednesday, August 22.)
"It appears only 12 or 13 of over 500 parents have been located, which is just unacceptable at this point," Judge Dana Sabraw said on a conference call following the release of the last status report earlier this month. "And it appears that there is not a plan in place." According to the new report, the parties have a "telephonic status conference" scheduled for today at 1 p.m. PST.
You can read the government's status report below.
Update, 12:20 PM ET: A spokesperson from the ACLU told Splinter in an email that the reason for the increase was due to the fact that the government "switched from reporting data ONLY for kids 5–17," meaning that in previous reports, children younger than five were not included in the figure.
According to the new report, 541 kids aged 5-17 are still in ORR custody, meaning that the net number of children aged 5-17 reunited with their families over the past week was 18—just a three percent decrease.
News editor, Splinter


The phrase 'Rome was not built in a day' is a saying to remind that it takes time to create something great. It is true that it takes years to master any art form or to create something massive and impressive. While we only appreciate the final outcome we should not underestimate the time and effort made behind achieving it.
The ancient city Rome, Italy was not built in a day. Rome evolved to be one of the most glorious and admirable cities in the world, and it took ages for such a progress. So the proverb 'Rome was not built in a day' is rightly said and is an expression that communicates the power of hard work, patience and determination in achieving such a triumph or making a dream come true.
When we too dream big we need to make some move and continue making progress in the same direction. It is not wise to give up on the way. We all know the story of Rabbit and Tortoise in which Rabbit is much faster than Tortoise but takes rest in the middle of the race whereas Tortoise is slower but continues steadily till the end and wins the race. So, in life every success and achievement will take time but if we are determined to achieve something we are definitely going to win. We just need to move ahead with positive outlook.
If you love to win or want to achieve something in life always remember this proverb and when you just think about giving up remind yourself that 'Rome was not built in a day'.
'Rome was not built in a day' is an apt proverb to explain the importance of hard work and dedication in life to achieve success. The statement is an inspiration that success when achieved after loads of hard work is rewarding and is worth every effort. We are often impatient and want to take a leap in terms of success and prosperity but if it was that easy everyone would be successful and rich.
We can dream big, our dreams in life have no boundaries but there would be many obstacles on a path towards fulfilling the dream as nothing comes easy in life. One needs to put in efforts and work hard to battle the obstacles coming in way and have patience to reach the final destination. One should keep working in life until the dream is fulfilled and not give up easily.
If we plant a tree and want to enjoy the fruits of the tree it's not enough to just plant a tree. We need to regularly water the tree and nurture it with love and care for a long time. Only then the tree would grow and start giving fruits for us to enjoy. If we stop taking care of the tree and water it for just a few months then it would adversely affect the growth of the tree and we might never be able to taste its fruits.
So, if we wish to achieve something great in life and have big dreams in life then hard work, patience and dedication towards achieving the goal are the most important attributes in this direction. If we are focused towards achieving the goal nothing is impossible in life and the best example for the same is Rome, one of the most exquisite and marvelous cities in the world.
Rome was not built in a day. It took centuries and the labor of many generations, to be envied as one of the most glorious cities in the world. The phrase 'Rome was not built in a day' is an expression that motivates us for persistent hard work in life.
Suppose, if someone wishes to play for the Indian National Cricket Team and is talented it does not mean he will immediately get an entry into the team. It is not possible for anyone to directly play for the National Team. One needs to practice for many years locally and be athletic and hard working. Then, one needs to play at school level, in clubs, at local tournaments, get proper coaching and play on a district level, state level and get noticed. One also needs to maintain fitness as an athlete and follow special diet regime. A lot of hard work, struggle, determination and professional coaching are required to get selected in National Team. If we choose the best for ourselves we need to put in our best efforts for the same and it is definitely going to be worth it.
But if we would give up by thinking it's such a long process and so much of hard work is required then we would never be able to achieve success. If players like Sachin Tendulkar, Yuvraj Singh, Mahendra Singh Dhoni would have lost patience and given up before reaching their goal then we wouldn't have had such brilliant cricketers in India. The movie 'M S Dhoni' is a perfect example and a source of inspiration for us. It shows the struggle behind M.S. Dhoni's success story. These cricketers are certainly an inspiration. One needs to be a fighter to get what he wants in life. Not only cricket but in any sport to represent the country on a national level is a long process, it takes a lot of hard work, patience and devotion. Similarly in life any big creation, goal or achievement takes time. Life is not a red carpet of roses. Here we need to go through several ups and downs throughout the journey.
Thus the bigger your goal or dream in life is the harder you need to work for it and the longer you need to wait for success. But no one can stop you if you are focused in one direction and have the talent and willpower to achieve something. This is exactly what is echoed by the proverb, Rome was not built in a day.
The phrase 'Rome was not built in a day' teaches us a very important lesson of life that, when you aim big you need to work hard for it and have patience to reach your goal. Everyone wants to be at top and wishes for everything best in life but to achieve the best one has to put in the best efforts. Experts don't become experts in a day. They have to practice for many years to be expert in any respect.
If we are not successful in achieving something at once we need to try again and again until we triumph. It is important to believe in ourselves and have the will power to achieve something with constant efforts and hard work. We need to build the never give up attitude as good results take time. We cannot expect to top in class when we just open the books during exams. We have to study hard throughout the year to top. The competition has increased so much these days that to get the tag of best or top in any field one has to work really hard and have patience.
When an author writes a story or a novel it takes so much of imagination, practice, patience and concentration, it takes feelings and experience of lifetime to paint the realistic story and characters through words on a paper. It is not at once that the story comes out to be perfect; it is revised and rewritten several times for the best effect. It takes several days, months or even years to write. Even then it might get rejected or may be approved for publication. Yet, when the story gets published it might be criticized by several people and may not achieve a huge response. But that doesn't mean that the author would never write again in future and would give up writing as this happens with almost every author, the same is applicable for the poets. Only practice, hard work, patience and the flair for writing would make the author successful.
It's good to be aware of your dreams but it is also important to consider the other side of the story. A business man can start a small business and work each day to grow; day after day. He puts more and more efforts and expands the business to achieve his goal. It becomes his habit and focusing on your habits to achieve what you want is important than focusing on the final result. He doesn't need to achieve his goal in one day but he works every day to move ahead and is growing; that is what is satisfying for him.
What comes easy in life is never appreciated. When we wait for something or dream about something throughout our life and achieve that with constant efforts and our ability then that gives us the reason to be proud, that is the true victory for us. The choice is always ours whether we want something that comes easily or whether we want to work hard to achieve something really great.
Rome, Italy is one of the most ancient and beautiful cities in the world. It is famous across the world for its architectural beauty and infrastructure. It is the city with museums, parks, churches, villas, and priceless works of art, palaces, and several monuments. The phrase 'Rome was not built in a day' states that the most magnificent city like Rome was not build overnight but has a long history. It took ages and efforts of several generations for the development of one the most beautiful places in the world. It attributes the importance of the glory of the city and the exertions behind the success of the dream city. The same way every successful story and wonderful achievement requires long term efforts and patience. The one who is passionate and continuously dedicated towards achieving something will one day definitely be successful.
This expression functions as a request towards people to have patience. The problem is that success is often overrated but the struggle behind the whole story is highly underrated. If you have an important goal in life and you want to achieve it, it's not going to be easy. It takes time and efforts to achieve the goal. One should keep trying until the goal is achieved. There are several people who start working towards their dream with lots of enthusiasm but lose patience and give up easily; losing patience is the major reason for failure and might lead you to regret in future. Your endurance, hard work and patience are vital for achieving the goal.
Not only achieving the goal but perfection in anything we do is also an important aspect and perfection is only achieved with practice and patience. We practice driving for several days on the ground or on roads with less traffic before going on the highway for a drive. Amir Khan is tagged as a perfectionist in Bollywood after several years of acting career, loads of practice, hard work, dedication and patience. He puts more than hundred percent in every role to achieve perfection as he believes in quality more than quantity.
Best creations in the world need patience. The seven wonders of the world are the best examples for the same and are admired all over the world for generations. If these were created in rush or panic the results would have been different. Any beautiful creation in the world is not created overnight but needs lots of time, and labor of various people with diverse skills.
Many of us wish to be actors or super models and want to achieve name and fame like stars. But, do we ever think of the hard work and efforts required to become a star? It takes a lot of hard work, passion, and dedication to master the art of acting. They need to be multi-talented whether it's acting, dancing or performing to entertain, which requires many years of practice. Working out for hours in gym for fitness and following a balanced diet is also a part of their daily regime. No one is aware of their struggle before one enters the industry.
Whether its development of Rome, fulfilling a big dream, achieving a goal, creating something great, performing or entertaining, everything takes time and patience. Any field one wishes to work in or any task one wants to complete it is never going to be a velvet path. There will always be many speed breakers on the way, many hurdles and many downfalls but one has to cross all the obstacles and reach the final destination. No other feeling can beat the feeling of achieving something in life and its worth all the efforts.


We have limited parking in the lot behind our building. These spots are available on a first-come, first-served basis. You may also park on the adjacent streets, including Scofield Road, Benefit Street and Wickenden Street.


text:
Tech Bytez
M1-Powered MacBook Laptops Carry Same Internal Design as Intel Models
2 months ago ARehan
MacBook models with Apple's M1 processor have been put through iFixit's teardown process that shows that the internals have not changed much when compared to Intel-powered models. The team at iFixit notes that these new MacBook models are "less accessible for upgrades and repairs." MacBook Air with Apple Silicon has mostly the same configuration for the components as the previous-generation model, except for the fan that has been removed. MacBook Pro with M1 processor has even fewer changes compared to the previous-generation model.
Apple announced MacBook Air, MacBook Pro 13-inch, and the Mac mini powered by its in-house M1 processor earlier this month. The company claimed significant performance improvements with lower power consumption compared to the previous models that were powered by Intel processors. But, internally, not much seems to have changed. iFixit tore down the two new laptops and found that the internal layout was pretty much the same for MacBook Air, even more so for MacBook Pro.
Starting with the M1-powered MacBook Air, the biggest change was the exclusion of the cooling fan, that has been replaced by a simple aluminium heat spreader. This means no more active cooling for the components, but it also provides silent operation, less maintenance, and lower chance of mechanical failure. iFixit also notes that there is a new battery model with "minimally different specs."
Coming to the M1-powered MacBook Pro, the cooling system is very similar to the Intel-based predecessor. A copper pipe carries heat away from the processor towards a small heatsink, where the hot air is pushed out by the fan. The fan is also identical to the one present in the MacBook Pro 2020.
The M1 processor is built on a 5-nanometer process, features eight CPU cores and an integrated GPU with either seven or eight cores. The RAM is also integrated in the processor and Apple calls it Unified Memory Architecture or UMA.
The M1-powered MacBook Air starts at Rs. 92,900 while the M1-powered MacBook Pro starts at Rs. 1,22,900. Mac mini starts from Rs. 64,900.
Will Apple Silicon Lead to Affordable MacBooks in India? We discussed this on Orbital, our weekly technology podcast, which you can subscribe to via Apple Podcasts, Google Podcasts, or RSS, download the episode, or just hit the play button below.
ARehan
Tags: ifixit m1 processor mac mini macbook air macbook air pro apple m1 processor ifixit teardown similar internals intel cooling fan apple macbook pro
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Oh and my username is japanese because I've been fascinated with japanese culture since I was 12.
How many of you have embarrassing middle names?
What made you leave islam?
Do your parents know about you being an atheist and if so what are their opinions?
Are you craving the Dang?
1. What made you leave islam?
When I realised there was no heaven and hell after my granddad passed away and he was in fact just going to be rotting in the ground decomposing for the rest of time. I began questioning whether the rest of what I was taught to believe was fake too. Researching online about atheism contributed the most because it taught me the logical side of things. Also studying Psychology at my sixth form helped me to form my opinions on islam too.
2. Do your parents know about you being an atheist and if so what are their opinions?
Nope, I don't think I will ever tell them. I know that my relationship will them and the family will get ruined. So I've decided to keep it secret for now. In the future, things may change so I can't say if I will tell them or not.
3. Are you craving the Dang?
Sorry what do you mean by "dang"?
are you from East Bengal or West Bengal ?
do you have black hair ?
Yes and I plan on dying it a bit lighter next year. Me and my sister are the only ones to have hazel eyes in our family too, which everyone always seems to find.. different?
Nope. She's 3 years younger than me.
do you like the music of Stentorian, Arbovirus, Shohortoli, De-illumination, Shunno and Lalon ?
Sorry I have never heard of those words before. I'm assuming they are bands. Bangladeshi bands don't really interest me lol Do you listen to them?
No. i sometimes listen to the Asian channel on my digital radio ?
I'm from West Bengal tho and my family is Hindu. I like Japan mainly because of Anime and Manga....and J-pop, however, I find Japanese culture and language fascinating. Why do you like Japan so much??
Omg are you me? haha Well I grew up watching anime and slowly just started to like the culture. Though Im not too obsessed with it now. I like kpop more now. I have a big interest in travelling now. If only I had the money to go travelling.. I guess unique and new experiences is what fascinates me.
Same here, but I'm agnostic.
What's your opinion on quantum mechanics?
Do your parents know that you're atheist? If so, how did they react?
I can't get my head around quantum mechanics.
So you have stopped observing eid, ramadan, no longer wear arab clothes and eat pork?
If the answer is no to any of these then you are just fooling.
I still celebrate eid with my family because no one in my family knows I'm an atheist. For me it's always been more of a family gathering rather than a religious event. I pretend to fast during ramadan in front of my parents because I see no point in starving myself when I'm already underweight and have been to doctors for it. I never wore arab clothes out but I do wear indian clothes at family events/weddings. I have had bacon before and I don't really intend on avoiding in the future.
Indians, Pakistanis and Bengalis - would you marry one another?
What country are you from? What religion and denomination are you?
Would you date a British Pakistani guy?


text:
Otto Luedeke (8 de julho de 1916 — 20 de outubro de 2005) foi um ciclista olímpico estadunidense. Representou sua nação em dois eventos nos Jogos Olímpicos de Verão de 1932.

Ciclistas olímpicos dos Estados Unidos
Ciclistas nos Jogos Olímpicos de Verão de 1932
Naturais de Union City (Nova Jérsei)


Let us consider the fact that the Jedi Order is a monastic religious organization based out of a temple, with five basic tenets of faith.
The coat that had started the whole thing was innocuously hanging on the rack next to the door, and Obi-Wan resisted the urge to glare accusingly at it.
In which there is a deal, a coat, and what comes after.


A recent, high-profile incident in which a Hollywood-based hospital suffered through a ransomware lockdown is just the latest in a long string of public attacks that threaten the way we do business today. The hospital was asked to pay $3 million to regain access to its data, and while administrators managed to negotiate that down to a $17,000 bitcoin payout, the experience took its toll on patient care, profits, and more.
The potential for ransomware to cripple an organization's operations makes it one of the biggest threats to business today. And new forms of ransomware are rapidly emerging, including TeslaCrypt, which was first discovered a year ago and has employed new infection and propagation techniques in 2016. New variants of TeslaCrypt make their way into computer systems to hijack images, spreadsheets, PowerPoint presentations, and other files. The Trojan then begins encrypting these files, converting them into an unreadable form that can only be viewed with the aid of a private key. And getting that key requires a ransom payment.
Mobile ransomware and banking Trojans have also increasingly come under the spotlight. In the first quarter of 2016, Quick Heal, through its Threat Research & Response team, detected four new ransomware variants that target Android devices, including old and new families. Additionally, 10 families of mobile banking Trojans were also detected by Quick Heal in Q1, including completely new variants of existing families, compared to 21 for all of 2015.
Ransomware enters networks and systems in a variety of ways, but their mode of operation and end results are almost always the same. So what can be done to protect your network against this growing threat? Knowing these four guidelines might help you keep your business safe.
Establish a strong backup policy: Have you heard of the 3-2-1 rule for data backup? It involves maintaining three different copies of your critical information and saving it in two different formats, one of which should be entirely offline. This ensures your data always remains under your control and, even if you do end up a victim of ransomware, you have enough backups in place to avoid the need give in to the attacker's demands. Simply backing up your data to an external hard drive is not enough, as today's ransomware is advanced enough to infect connected devices as well.
Recognize ransomware casts a wide net: Almost 90 percent of computers around the world run on Windows, so it's no surprise ransomware is designed to attack Windows-based PCs more than any other machines. However, it is not uncommon to find ransomware samples that work just as effectively in Android or Linux environments. Even organizations that have standardized on Apple devices, who wrongfully think they are not vulnerable to such attacks, are targets now as evidenced by a Mac OS X ransomware incident earlier this year.
Mobile devices and new Internet of Things (IoT) connected devices are also coming under the radar of attackers, making the threat of ransomware increasingly pervasive. Knowing the offensive strategy of this cyber threat has no limits can help you design a defense that takes every possible device and platform in your network into consideration.
Think very carefully before actually paying the ransom: In situations where a company's data has been seized and a ransom is demanded to unlock it, it can be very easy to give in to the demands of the attackers. However, this is something that should be carefully evaluated, as paying the ransom does not provide any guarantee the data will be recovered. The best solution is to be prepared by keeping multiple backups of your data so that if the time does come, your organization does not need to worry about being at the mercy of the attackers.
Adopt preventive technologies and training for preemptive action: When it comes to ransomware, prevention really is the best cure. Invest wisely in solutions that detect ransomware and proactively block attacks. Spend time and resources training your employees about the risks of ransomware and their most common methods for entering networked systems: be wary of email attachments, malicious websites, unpatched programs and operating systems, and suspicious applications.
Lastly, as with other forms of security threats, taking proactive actions and engaging in vigilant monitoring will allow your organization to avoid devastating threats before they cause significant damage.


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It's possible to get or download caterpillar-wiring diagram from several websites. If you take a close look at the diagram you will observe the circuit includes the battery, relay, temperature sensor, wire, and a control, normally the engine control module. With an extensive collection of electronic symbols and components, it's been used among the most completed, easy and useful wiring diagram drawing program. 2012 Nissan Sentra Ac Wiring. The wiring diagram on the opposite hand is particularly beneficial to an outside electrician. Sometimes wiring diagram may also refer to the architectural wiring program. The simplest approach to read a home wiring diagram is to begin at the source, or the major power supply. Basically, the home wiring diagram is simply utilized to reveal the DIYer where the wires are.
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The control box may have over three terminals. After you have the correct size box and have fed the cable to it, you're almost prepared to permit the wiring begin. Then there's also a fuse box that's for the body controls that is situated under the dash. 2012 Nissan Sentra Ac Wiring. You will find that every circuit has to have a load and every load has to have a power side and a ground side. Make certain that the transformer nameplate power is enough to supply the load that you're connecting.
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text:
Tarang Gianchandani
Jaslok Hospital assigns creative biz to Havas Worldwide
Account to be handled out of Mumbai office
October 19, 2015, 14:29 IST
Updated: October 19, 2015, 14:38 IST
Jaslok Hospital and Research Centre has appointed the Havas Worldwide's Mumbai office as its integrated communications partner.
Confirming the appointment, CEO, Jaslok Hospital and Research Centre, Dr. Tarang Gianchandani said, "A brand like Jaslok needs a keen understanding of healthcare communication as well as the ability to understand how technology is changing the consumers' interaction with the category. In Havas Worldwide, we are happy to have found a partner who has both."
Nirmalya Sen, chief executive officer, Havas Worldwide India, said, "Healthcare is a major area of focus for Havas Worldwide globally. And we are delighted to partner Jaslok Hospital, among the most iconic brands in the space. At the heart of its success lies in decades of providing the highest standards of cure and care, while continually staying abreast with the latest in medical technology. We are delighted to be chosen to partner this iconic brand."
Image credit: Getty
Nirmalya Sen
Jaslok Hospital
Havas Worlwide
Account Movement


text:
Community coming together for the Fresno family who lost their house
by: Kaile Hunt
Posted: Jun 25, 2019 / 06:41 PM PDT / Updated: Jun 26, 2019 / 01:20 PM PDT
A house in North Fresno is now a total loss. Deputy Chief, Rich Cabral, with Fresno Fire said he believes the fire started outside when some items in their recycle bin caught on fire.
"It's pinpointed to the recycle bin on the side of the home," said Cabral. "The burn patterns at the side of the house indicate that the fire not only started there but it extended."
That's when the fire got into their attic space through a vent eventually getting into their house.
"Suddenly they discovered fire coming through one of the vents inside the home," said Cabral.
He said the homeowners made the right decision grabbing their kids and getting out of the house.
When firefighters arrived on scene the fire hydrant across the street wasn't working.
"When firefighters went to open up that hydrant it appears the stem that actually opens the water, the gate valve, to allow water to go through into the hydrant and into the hose line broke," said Cabral.
So, crews had to use a fire hydrant 700 feet away.
Now, neighbors are coming together to assist the family in whatever way they can.
Gerry Hastrup has lived on Essex street for 25 years. She said she was shocked when she walked outside and saw her neighbors house up in flames.
"Very unexpected and you know everybody is very careful," said Hastrup.
She said she has never seen a fire this bad before. So, she grabbed her broom to help clean up what is left of her neighbors house.
"The neighbors are always really helpful around here and that's really important especially when something like this happens," said Hastrup.
Neighbors set up a gofundme account to help assist the family who lost their home.
https://www.gofundme.com/f/community-outreach-for-the-rummonds-family?utm_source=facebook&utm_medium=social&utm_campaign=fb_dn_cpgnstaticsmall_r&fbclid=IwAR18HVfQHvdIuSs59-D56-deCa6HW3prb005AEikfDRsSWexxiEgyItlgQQ
News / 1 hour ago


text:
<?php

# Load twitter interface library
require('../lib/TwitterAPIExchange.php');

# Load and store configuration
$config = require('../conf/twitter.php');

# Get OAuth from config settings
$auth = $config['auth'];

/**
* Checks if an error has been returned from the twitter api
*/

function request_error_exists( &$data ) {

  $errors = isset( $data->errors );
  $page_not_found_code = 34; //If we cannot find the page we assume user does not exist

  if( empty( $data ) ) { throw new Exception('This account has not posted any tweets'); }

  if( $errors && $data->errors[0]->code == $page_not_found_code ){ throw new Exception('Screen name does not exist'); }

  if ( $errors ) { throw new Exception('There was a problem completing the request. '.$data->errors[0]->message); }

}

/**
* Manipulates response data into histogram format (Tweet text followed by hour posted)
*/

function process_data_for_histogram( &$data ) {

  $hour_start_pos = 11; // string position of hour digits
  $hour_length = 2; // 24 hour time so hour is represented in 2 digits
  $histogram_data = array( array("Tweet","Hour Posted") );

  foreach( $data as $tweet ) {

    $hour_created = substr( $tweet->created_at, $hour_start_pos, $hour_length );
    $text = $tweet->text;
    array_push( $histogram_data, array( $text, intval( $hour_created ) ) );

  }

  return $histogram_data;

}

try {

  # Sanitise input
  $sanitise_pattern = '/[^A-Za-z0-9_]/';
  $screen_name = preg_replace($sanitise_pattern,'',$_REQUEST['screen_name']);

  # Create request uri to send to twitter api.
  $api_url = $config['base_url'] . "/statuses/user_timeline.json";
  $request_uri = "?screen_name=" . $screen_name . "&count=" . $config['tweets_to_retrieve'];

  # Launch request to twitter
  $twitter = new TwitterAPIExchange($auth);
  $response = $twitter->setGetfield( $request_uri )
                      ->buildOauth( $api_url, 'GET' )
                      ->performRequest();

  $data = json_decode( $response );

  # Check if reponse contains errors
  request_error_exists( $data );

  # Transform data into histogram input

  $result = process_data_for_histogram( $data );

  # Success, return data to browser
  exit ( json_encode( array( 'status' => true, 'payload' => $result, 'screen_name' => $screen_name ) ) );

} catch ( Exception $e ) {

  exit ( json_encode( array( 'status' => false, 'payload' => 'Error: '.$e->getMessage() ) ) );

}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


It is with an extremely heavy heart that I inform you that our beloved Dr. William P. Foster, former Director of Bands of Florida A&M University, has passed away.
I had just visited him Thursday at the hospital (it was his 91st birthday), and he was looking better than he did the previous day I had seen him. Little did I know that seeing him give me a downbeat while in the hospital would be the last time I'd be laying eyes on him.
Dr. Foster, you were loved, revered, and held in very high esteem to not only your family and people who served under you, but your colleagues and other music professionals around the world!
While we're currently in North Carolina preparing to perform this evening, know that we will be performing without you being with us gives us an even greater reason to go out and put together the performance of our lives!
Please keep the Foster family, the "100" family, the FAMU family, and all that loved him and have great memories of him, in your prayers. He's in a much better place now, and is now with wife Ann, looking down upon us, wishing us well, like only he can do.
Doc, I love you, and I thank you for taking me all over the world, exposing me to cultures and cities that this 18-year old boy from Tallahassee, Florida would have never experienced by himself. Your memories and words of wisdom and encouragement will last with me forever.


text:
La normopatia, in psicodinamica, designa la tendenza a conformarsi eccessivamente alle norme sociali di comportamento senza osare esprimere la propria soggettività. Questa personalità è stata descritta dagli psicoanalisti Joyce McDougall e Christopher Bollas. Bollas lo descrive come "l'attenuazione e infine la scomparsa della soggettività, a favore di un sé concepito come un oggetto materiale tra gli altri prodotti umani". Lo psicoanalista Christophe Dejours mette in relazione la nozione di normopatia con quella di "banalità del male" sviluppata dalla filosofa Hannah Arendt a proposito di Adolf Eichmann, l'organizzatore della deportazione degli ebrei durante la seconda guerra mondiale.

Guinsberg definisce il normopata come "colui che accetta passivamente come principio tutto ciò che la sua cultura gli indica come buono, giusto e corretto, non osando mettere in discussione nulla e spesso nemmeno pensare qualcosa di diverso salvo giudicare criticamente chi lo fa e anche condannarlo o accettare che lo condannino (qualcosa di molto simile a ciò che è politicamente e socialmente noto come la maggioranza silenziosa)".

La normopatia è la nuova forma di desoggettivazione: naturalizzata, normalizzata, finalizzata ad accettare i processi sociali come "naturali". Il suo linguaggio, il suo pensiero, il suo comportamento regolato in vista del risultato e dell'efficacia, hanno perso ogni potere di risposta.

Bibliografia
 Joyce McDougall, Plea for a measure of abnormality, International University Press, New York, 1978, pagina 156
 L'insensibilità e l'eventuale cancellazione della soggettività, a favore di un sé concepito come un oggetto materiale tra gli altri prodotti artificiali nel mondo degli oggetti. Christopher Bollas, L'ombra dell'oggetto. Psychoanalysis of the unthought known, Columbia University Press, New York, 1987, pagina 135
 Christophe Dejours, Souffrance en France, Seuil, Parigi, 2000, pagina 141
 Guinsberg Enrique, La Salud Mental en el Neoliberalismo, Plaza and Valdés, México, 2001, pagine 49-50

Comportamento umano
Disturbi di personalità