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The history of Canberra details the development of the city of Canberra from the time before European settlement to the city's planning by the Chicago architect Walter Burley Griffin in collaboration with Marion Mahony Griffin, and its subsequent development to the present day.

Pre-colonisation-history

Before European settlement, the area which eventually became the Australian Capital Territory was inhabited by Indigenous Australians, who spoke a Ngarigo dialect. Historical sources have identified them as different tribes with a range of names. Archaeological evidence of settlement in the region includes inhabited rock shelters, rock paintings and engravings, burial places, camps and quarry sites, and stone tools and arrangements. The evidence suggests human habitation in the area for at least 21,000 years.

European exploration began with in the Canberra area as early as the 1820s. Canberra was "discovered" on 7 December 1820 by Charles Throsby Smith, Joseph Wild and James Vaughan.four successive expeditions whose routes took in the Canberra area were those of Charles Throsby in October 1820, Charles Throsby Smith in December 1820, Major John Ovens and Captain Mark Currie in 1823, and Allan Cunningham in 1824. All four expeditions explored the course of the Limestone now Molonglo River that is now the site of Lake Burley Griffin. Smith and Cunningham also penetrated further south, into what is now called the Tuggeranong Valley.

It was estimated by Robertson that prior to European settlement starting in 1824, depending on the season there were about 300-400 Aboriginals living in the Molonglo, Queanbeyan, Canberra, Namadgi region. As the settlers took over land, many Aboriginals migrated to other districts such as Cooma and Tumut. The population was also significantly reduced when the death rate increased significantly due to diseases introduced by the Europeans. By the 1880s there were no full-blood people in the district, with only some fifty mixed race people. These people were employed either as labourers or domestics on stations. Due to the lack of European women, many white men had relationships with mixed race women so even further diluting Aboriginal heritage.

The 2013 ACT Government report "Our Kin Our Country" on the connection to the area by present-day ACT Aboriginal inhabitants, concluded:

European settlement

The Molonglo River was recorded as the "Yeal-am-bid-gie" in 1820 by the explorer Charles Throsby. Later it was referred to as the Limestone River, and the Fish River. The Moolinggolah people of the district around Captains Flat probably gave the Molonglo its current name.

European settlement in the area began in October 1824 when Joshua John Moore, the owner of Horningsea near Liverpool, was given a "ticket of occupation" for  north of the Limestone River covering the area now called Civic extending north to Dickson. A flock of sheep was driven onto the property in December 1824 by the overseer John McLaughlin. He built a slab hut on what is now called Acton Peninsula. This was named Camberry later Canberry Cottage. A creek that ran through the middle of the property originating from the side of Mount Ainslie was named Canberry Creek. On 12 October 1828, a deed for a further  to the west was issued to Moore in consideration of £250. Moore was always an absentee landlord and took no interest in running the property. The station continued to be called Canberry/Camberry, from 1824 until 1843 when it was sold to Arthur Jeffreys, who renamed it Acton and built a more substantial homestead called Acton House.

In 1825 James Ainslie, a purported Waterloo veteran, herded sheep down to the district for Robert Campbell. He occupied land at the base of Mount Pleasant near the Limestone River, which he called "Pialigo". A stone cottage was built, Limestone Cottage, which later was expanded to become Duntroon House and the property named Duntroon when the Campbells took up residence and acquired land extending down to Queanbeyan. Ainslie, who remained there till 1835, also received a grant of  for assisting in the capture of two bushrangers Tennant and Dublin Jack. Ainslie later returned to Scotland.

In 1827 John McPherson was given a ticket of occupation for the land to the west of Canberry extending to include the now named Black Mountain. He called the station Springbank, with the homestead just to the east of the junction of the Limestone River with Canberry Creek. The first white child born in the area was a daughter, born into the Macpherson family in 1830. In 1831 MacPherson was granted title to the  property extending to the now named Black Mountain. Other sheep stations were built in turn by further settlers. Initially, these properties were owned by absentee landlords, but later resident families moved in. For future development, blocks for village settlements were gazetted at Pialigo, Tageranong to the south, Palmerstone to the north, and Yarrolumla to the west near the Murrumbidgee River.

The local Aboriginals of this time tended to refer to themselves as the Nyamudy people and spoke a dialect of the Ngarigo language, while the settlers called them the Limestone Plains Blacks or Pialigo Mob. The indigenous population of the district declined to less than a hundred by 1840. In stark comparison, by 1851 there were about 2,500 European people living in the area. Apart from a few employed on stations Aboriginals disappeared by the 1860s with most moving to the better hunting grounds of land near the Cooma and Tumut districts. A few from the Sutton, Hall and Fairlight localities moved north to Yass.

Construction of the church of St John the Baptist started in 1841 on land purchased from Robert Campbell adjacent to the Canberry station. This included a  glebe. When the first rector was appointed the rectory was the rented Canberry Cottage, thus the church was referred to as being at Canberry in the parish of Queanbeyan. Later the lands south of the Limestone River were also called Canberry extending down to Canberry Hill, now Red Hill, with the road going over Church Crossing.

When the district was further divided into parishes in the County of Murray, the name given of the parish was Canberry, but was then changed to Canberra. It extended over a wide area north nearly to Yass and west to the Cotter River

There were a number of European families who achieved status in the area. These included the Campbell family and the Palmer family. In the late 1820s and early 1830s, there was a conflict between two of these families – the Johnstons (descended from Major George Johnston who was involved in the Rum Rebellion) and the Martins – for the ownership and financial control of land that is now known as Weston Creek and Tuggeranong.

Prominent, too, in the early life of the district were the Gibbes and Murray families, who were related by marriage.

Irish-born Sir Terence Aubrey Murray, MLC, owned the Yarralumla estate (now the site of Australia's Government House) from 1837 until 1859. In the latter year, Murray sold Yarralumla to his brother-in-law, Augustus Onslow Manby Gibbes, who was joined at the property by his elderly parents, Elizabeth Gibbes and Colonel John George Nathaniel Gibbes, the retired Collector of Customs for NSW. Augustus Gibbes made improvements to the estate and he remained Yarralumla's resident proprietor until 1881 when he sold it to his neighbour Frederick Campbell.

The Campbells, and their patriarch, Robert Campbell, were a particularly influential group in the area's early history. The Campbells were Scottish and brought many other Scots to the district as workers. The land that they owned included Duntroon House that is now the Officers Mess at the Royal Military College, Duntroon, Yarralumla and the Oaks Estate. The latter most got its name from a mansion built there by Campbell called the Oaks. When the Campbell family later sold the land it was on for subdivision and development, it was on condition that the Oaks and the land that it to remain intact and not be renamed. There are still members of the Campbell family living in Canberra.

The European population in the Canberra area continued to slowly grow throughout the rest of the 19th century. One prominent building, the Anglican St John's Church, was consecrated and opened for use in 1845. This building still stands today and its graveyard holds the burials of many of Canberra's 19th-century pioneers. A schoolhouse was also attached to this building. By 1851, there were about 2,500 people living in the area – a vast majority of which were stockmen. Some assigned convict labour was also used in this area during the 1830s and 1840s. The weather in the area was said to be harsh, with frosty winters and fierce hail-storm episodes, and drownings in local watercourses were a fairly common occurrence. The drowning victims included the first rector of the Anglican Church of St John the Baptist, which was Canberra's first purpose-built place of worship.

Blundells' Cottage was built in 1859 for William Ginn, the head ploughman for the Duntroon Estate. The cottage's second occupants where newlyweds George and Flora Blundell, after whom the cottage was named.

The area's Aboriginal population dwindled as the European presence increased, mainly due to the impact of diseases such as smallpox and measles. Another reason for the shrinking Aboriginal population base was that their ability to hunt, and therefore survive, was impeded by homesteads being placed on traditional hunting grounds. By 1862, the remnant Aboriginal People were mainly of mixed European and indigenous blood. They held their last full corroboree by the Molonglo River in that year. Aboriginal culture and its people had largely ceased to exist in the region, with its members largely absorbed into the European mainstream by 1878 as a consequence of inter-marriage. "Queen Nellie" Hamilton, a Ngarigo Woman who had been married to a Ngambri Man, Bobby Hamilton, is said to have been the last full-blood Aboriginal Person dwelling in the environs of Canberra during the 19th century. She died in the nearby town of Queanbeyan in 1897.

20th century

Creation of the Australian Capital Territory

The district's transformation from a New South Wales rural area to a built-up national capital began during political debates over Federation in the late 19th century. Due to the Victorian gold rush, Melbourne was Australia's largest city and a potential place for the capital. However Sydney was Australia's oldest city, and so also had a justifiable claim to host the new nation's Federal polity. Western Australia, South Australia and Victoria, Melbourne's state of location —supported Melbourne. However, New South Wales (the largest colony) and its neighbouring northern state, Queensland, favoured Sydney. Perhaps one or another of the two colonial capitals might have eventually been acceptable to the smaller states, but the Sydney–Melbourne rivalry was such that neither city would ever agree to the other one becoming the capital.

Eventually, a compromise was reached: Melbourne would be the capital on a temporary basis while a new capital was built somewhere between Sydney and Melbourne. As Victoria was relatively small in geographical area, Section 125 of the Constitution specified that the capital must be placed in a Commonwealth territory within New South Wales but at least  from Sydney. Various Commonwealth governmental bodies continued to operate principally from Sydney or Melbourne after 1927. Most civil service departments were moved to Canberra in the 1950s, and the High Court of Australia was finally moved from Melbourne to Canberra in 1980.

After an extensive search, the present site, about  south-west of Sydney, in the foothills of the Australian Alps, was chosen in 1908 as a result of survey work done by the government surveyor Charles Scrivener in that year. Two people who campaigned strongly for the Federal capital to be in the Canberra area were John Gale, the publisher of The Queanbeyan Age and Federal politician King O'Malley. The choice of site was a disputed one, and narrowly beat Dalgety, a small town near the NSW/Victoria border.

The new Federal Capital Territory (later named Australian Capital Territory) was created on 1 January 1911 when the NSW government ceded 2,360 square kilometres of land including the seaport of Jervis Bay to the Commonwealth Government. In that same year, the ACT became an alcohol-free area as a result of legislation that the Minister for Home Affairs, King O'Malley, steered through the Federal Parliament in Melbourne. This era of prohibition is commemorated today in the form of a pub named after O'Malley that was established in the city centre of Canberra in 2000.

An international competition was held in 1911 by O'Malley to select a design for the layout of the capital city. An American architect, Walter Burley Griffin, won the competition in 1913. Although submitted in Walter's name, the plan was actually designed collaboratively with his architect wife and professional partner Marion Mahony Griffin. His idea was to divide the proposed city into halves, using a lake as a dividing point. The two resulting sections were to be designated the civilisation part and the governmental part. A variety of names were suggested for the capital, including Olympus, Paradise, Captain Cook, Shakespeare, Kangaremu, Sydmeladperho, Eucalypta and Myola. Myola was the personal favourite of the prime minister, Andrew Fisher. However, when Billy Hughes was told of his preference, he said, "It sounds like the last despairing cry of an Italian prostitute".

The name of Canberra was eventually settled upon. At midday on 12 March 1913, the city was officially given this name by Lady Denman, at a ceremony on Kurrajong Hill (now known as Capital Hill). This historic occasion was officiated over by the Australian Prime Minister, Andrew Fisher. The city now commemorates the event as "Canberra Day" each year, always on the second Monday of March.

The name Canberra

The name Canberra was given to the planned city as the central area was in the parish of Canberra. The area originally had been in the parish of Queanbeyan, but in 1850 a separate parish was established with St John the Baptist being the parish church. According to church records, land was purchased from the Campbell property to build the church and establish a 100-acre (40 ha) glebe. The parsonage was "Canberry Cottage", the rented original building on the adjacent property called Acton but originally called Camberry from 1825 until 1843. The flat land on either side of the Molonglo River near the church was referred to as the Canberry Plain while the road south went over a ford called Church Crossing. To the south of the plain was Canberra Hill, now Red Hill. Finally by 1865 the location of St Johns Church started to be spelt Canberra by the rector, Pierce Galliard Smith, against the wishes of Robert Campbell the original owner of the land on which the church was built, and who provided much of the financial cost for constructing the church and adjacent school house.

However, substantive information on the reason for the original choice of the name Camberry, or why the spelling changed, is non-existent. The dispute over the derivation has been going on for over a hundred years without resolution. It has been the subject of numerous contradictory learned academic papers, and letters/articles in the press.

There are numerous unsubstantiated theories put forward for the derivation of the name for the riverside property "Camberry Station"  from English sources. First, it was due to the profusion of the wild raspberry bushes growing there. Second, the raspberry bushes were actually Cranberry bushes. Third, a St. John's church history said the church location was named after the district of Canbury in Kingston upon Thames in England, while other sources suggest Canberry in north London and Canbury in Kent. There is also a theory the original intention was to name it Camberry after the River Cam, and Cambridge where the original owner came from.

There are numerous unsubstantiated theories put forward for the derivation being from an Aboriginal source. These include that the word Canberra is derived from the rendition into written English of the Aboriginal name Ngambri, which allegedly was the name of a small camp site north of the Molonglo river on the side of Black Mountain, which subsequently became part of the pastoral property "Springbank". There are five non-evidenced theories for the latter; that it was an Aboriginal word meaning alternatively "meeting place", "neutral place", "corroboree ground", the "head of the river", the "space between a woman's breasts", or after the bird kookaburra or "laughing jackass". There is also a dispute whether this Aboriginal word came from the Ngarigu, Nyamudy, Kamilroi, Walgalu or Wiradhari language. Academic reconstruction of the various pronunciations by different Europeans results in a theoretical Aboriginal name for a Black Mountain peninsular camp site as Ng-aan-bira, of unknown or no meaning, in the local Nyamudy peoples dialect of the Ngarigu language. However, there is no contemporary recorded Aboriginal use of the word until after the name Canberry was used for the area around St John the Baptists Church.

The Molonglo River was recorded as the "Yeal-am-bid-gie" in 1820 by the explorer Charles Throsby. Later it was referred to as the Limestone River, and the Fish River. The Moolinggolah people of the district around Captains Flat probably gave the Molonglo its current name.

The Griffins' design for Canberra

The picturesque
Following the federation of Australia on 1 January 1901 and the eventual selection of the Australian Capital Territory to accommodate a capital city in 1908, Surveyor Charles Scrivener was responsible for locating the city's specific site. Scrivener's selection was guided by instructions to assess sites from "a scenic standpoint, with a view to securing the picturesque, and with the object of beautification". Hence from the outset, in accordance with Renaissance fashion in Britain, emphasis was placed on the picturesque, that is utilising the intrinsic beauty of the natural world, and affirmed that the future capital's landscaping and aesthetics would be just as important as its functionality.

Prior to the selection of the site, Congress delegate Isaac Evans wrote a paper, "A Waterside Federal Capital", which, despite being written to advocate a different site altogether, identified large bodies of water as improving the appearance and perspective of the city's form. Similarly, the design criteria for the capital encouraged such a creation. Furthermore, Evans also romantically described the future capital's dwellings as "dotted amongst the foliage", implying that Evans envisioned a picturesque capital representative of the wider view of Australian society whose relatively new population were beginning to identify with the iconic surroundings of the Australian outback.

Consequently, this enabled the picturesque site to act as a proxy for the "Old World's" culture, relics, and established nature which the young colony innately lacked. By continuing to build upon this forming identity, a picturesque capital would "obscure the nation's youth and…register its membership within the British Empire". Hence, although Canberra is undoubtedly Australian with respect to its landscaping and wider location, the underlying motivations for these aspects "remained colonial" and "rooted" in the "Old World".

Design and influences
Utilising and capturing the picturesque of the landscape was essential to the success of the Griffins' design and was achieved by integrating the territory's topography into their design rather than designing to avoid it. An example of this is the Molonglo Valley, which was utilised as a position for an artificial, grand central lake which satisfied part of the design criteria (Lake Burley Griffin). With respect to capturing the picturesque, Griffin's lake centrepiece was a selling point of their design. It is likely that the Griffins were familiar with, and influenced by, the work of fellow Chicagoan Daniel Burnham, whose 1909 Plan of Chicago, also known as the Burnham Plan, focussed on reclaiming and improving Chicago's lakefront for public enjoyment.

Another significant design point was that the city itself was nestled in between Mount Ainslie and Mount Bimberi and used their collective picturesque amenity as visual foci for the street layout and to convey civic power. Hence, the Griffins aligned democracy with the most powerful force of all: nature. Consequentially, given it was so severely overshadowed, the traditional methodology of using grand architecture to convey power was rendered less significant. This approach was strongly influenced by Pierre Charles L'Enfant's 1792 design for Washington, D.C. L'Enfant's design included wide, tree-lined avenues that would visually connect significant topographical sites over the city. He therefore drew on the picturesque by ensuring views of the landscape and notably the wilderness of the unchartered west, which beckoned "[American] democracy's westward expansion."

The Griffins' also capitalised on an emerging theme within the new colony which recognised the bush, referring to the country's extensive native vegetation, as a national identity. Critical to the success of the Griffins' design was their use of gold and sepia which contrasted other entries that depicted a lush, green capital. The Griffins' approach better represented Australia's unique conditions and, more importantly, celebrated them.

Finally, Washington, D.C. also offered another influence for the Griffins with respect to Burnham's 1902 McMillan Plan for the city. Although the Griffins were predominantly influenced by pre-modern planning, notably L'Enfant's inspired emphasis on the picturesque, they achieved this emphasis through well-orchestrated geometric street organisation representative of the contemporary City Beautiful movement. The movement was strongly implemented in the McMillan Plan, which in turn inspired Canberra's grand axes, views, and effective central focal point.

Development and growth

Canberra's growth over the first few decades was slow, and Canberra was indeed far more a small country town than a capital before World War II. It was noted for being more trees and fields than houses. Cattle grazing near Parliament House was a common occurrence, something which amazed General Macarthur when he visited Canberra during World War II.

The responsible government minister, King O'Malley, drove the first survey peg in the Canberra area on 20 February 1913 to mark the commencement of work on the new city. As we have seen, on 12 March that same year, the city was formally named by the Governor-General's wife, Lady Denman, at a ceremony held on Capital Hill, the site of Australia's current Parliament House.

The construction of the capital began in what is now North Canberra and South Canberra. The pace of building work was slower than expected because of the outbreak of World War I in 1914 and a dispute between Griffin and various Commonwealth bureaucrats. In 1917, a Royal Commission determined that these individuals had undermined Griffin's authority by supplying false data to him, which he had used in carrying out his work. Ultimately, Griffin resigned from the Canberra design project in 1920, when he discovered that several of these same people had been appointed to the Federal Capital Advisory Committee formed to oversee Canberra's construction.

Initially almost all construction work in the capital was undertaken by Commonwealth instrumentalities. Government-built housing, required to accommodate the public servants transferred from interstate, formed the basis for Canberra's first suburbs. The suburbs that were slowly built over the next several years included Parkes, Barton, Kingston, Manuka, Braddon and Reid. These suburbs often had other names – for instance, Kingston was originally known as Eastlake – before a formal renaming procedure took place in 1928. They were erected largely in accordance to Walter Burley Griffin's designs for Canberra. The men who constructed these suburbs lived in a series of workers' camps, which consisted of tents and some brick cottages. Building materials were obtained from quarries in the North Canberra area. A temporary railway was used to shift materials.

A rail line linking Canberra with the town of Queanbeyan across the border in NSW was constructed just prior to the outbreak of World War I. It opened for freight/industrial services on 25 May 1914 but was freed up for passenger trains 10 years later. A formal foundation stone for the city was laid by the Prince of Wales, the future Edward VIII, on 21 June 1920. Additions to Government House at Yarralumla, as well as building work on the Prime Minister's Lodge and what is now "Old Parliament House", were also carried out during this pivotal period.

In 1918, an internment camp for German World War I prisoners-of-war was established in Canberra's eastern outskirts, in what is nowadays the suburb of Fyshwick. This camp instead housed mainly civilian internees transferred there from facilities in other locations such as the NSW town of Bourke. After 1919, the old internment became a workers' camp. In later years, the camp was closed and the roads that had serviced it were turned into urban streets.

Canberra's first blocks of land for residential and commercial use were sold by auction on 12 December 1924. Buildings were subsequently erected on these allotments, but their residents endured a gruelling start to their occupancy when a flood struck Canberra in February 1925. The flood came about as the result of the Molonglo River bursting its banks. The surging water threatened or damaged many structures, and some drownings resulted.

Canberra's first school, Telopea Park School, had already been opened in 1923. Public transport became available in July 1925, and two shopping areas were established at Manuka and Kingston in 1925.

The year 1927 saw the opening of a cinema at Manuka and an Australian Capital Territory police force was formed. Also in 1927, the fledgling city's CBD was officially established. It was meant to be called Civic Centre, but then Prime Minister Stanley Bruce vetoed the idea and it became officially known as City Centre. However, City Centre is still commonly referred to by Canberrans as "Civic".

But the most significant event of 1927 was clearly the opening of the provisional Parliament House (now known as the "Old Parliament House") on 9 May 1927. On this date also, Melbourne ceased being the national capital and seat of government and Canberra assumed this role. Amongst the first legislation dealt with in the new parliament house was an act to repeal O'Malley's unpopular prohibition laws. This took effect in 1928.

The Federal Capital Commission, had, meanwhile, been busy increasing the social amenity of the fledgeling city. In 1926 the Causeway Hall was erected, and was host to the first performance of the newly established Canberra Philharmonic Society (later Canberra Musical Society) on 15 May. A larger, more central venue, named the Albert Hall, was opened in 1928, the same year as the Canberra Croquet Club

Canberra's workforce did not escape the adverse effects of the Great Depression when it hit Australia in 1929. In 1930, around 1800 labour-force workers and about one-seventh of the Commonwealth Public Service's staff in Canberra were retrenched. Soon, Canberra's growth ground to a complete halt, with even the governmental agency supervising its development being abolished for a while. Some major construction projects planned for the capital, including Anglican and Roman Catholic cathedrals, were not undertaken due to funds set aside for their planned construction being diverted for relief measures during the Depression. Having lost this early impetus, neither denomination has built a major centre of worship in the capital, although, in 1973, after major extensions, St Christopher's Catholic Church, Manuka, was raised to the status of Cathedral (the Anglican cathedral remains in the nearby city of Goulburn).

Despite these setbacks, the Canberra community continued to develop in sophistication, if not in size, with the establishment of community facilities such as a radio station (2CA) in 1931 (initially run from a shop in the Kingston area), and the amateur dramatic Canberra Repertory Society in 1932. The planning and construction of the Australian War Memorial under the supervision of the war historian Charles Bean also began in Canberra at this time. The memorial was eventually completed at the height of World War II, in 1941, and its opening ceremony was conducted on 11 November of that year.

Embassies and High Commissions began to establish themselves in Canberra during the 1930s. The United Kingdom appointed their first High Commissioner to Australia in 1936. Canada appointed a representative in 1937 and the United States of America opened a mission in 1939 with their first envoy presenting his credentials in 1940. The United States was the first mission to build its own chancery in 1943. In 1946 Australia and the US raised the rank of representatives exchanged by the two countries to that of Ambassador; the American Embassy thus becoming the first embassy to be established in Canberra. Other countries, such as Sweden, followed soon afterwards. (Nowadays, Canberra contains a comprehensive array of embassies and other diplomatic missions.)

For all this, Canberra remained a small country town prior to World War II, far more rural than urban in its nature and size, with little to mark it as Australia's capital other than Parliament House and the developing War Memorial. Its social centre remained the Kingston/Manuka area.

After World War II

Wartime conditions emphasised the need for an airport. On 1 April 1940, a military air base, RAAF Station Canberra, was established on a flat plain between Canberra and Queanbeyan. Later, this was renamed RAAF Fairbairn in memory of the Minister for Air, James V. Fairbairn, who was killed with a number of other ministers and officials when an aircraft crashed into a nearby hill in dense fog on 13 August 1940. Canberra Airport was constructed in the 1960s; the military base and commercial airport share the same runway.

Canberra began to grow more rapidly after World War II, as more and more government departments were transferred from Melbourne to the capital. The Australian National University was opened as a research institute in 1946. Undergraduate teaching continued at the Canberra University College, and the two were amalgamated in 1960. Entertainment and cultural organisations also began to flourish with the new influx of people. Until the opening of the Canberra Theatre Centre in 1965, the Albert Hall was home to a large number of prominent organisations, including the Canberra Orchestral Society (later the Canberra Symphony Orchestra) founded in 1950, a new Canberra Philharmonic Society (for musical theatre, 1951) and the Canberra Choral Society (1952).

Parts of Canberra formed the backdrop for Cold War espionage activity, highlighted during the 1954 Petrov Affair when a Soviet Union spy defected to Australia. Telopea Park in south Canberra was a known drop-off point for KGB spies based at the nearby USSR Embassy. This embassy was constantly monitored by ASIO agents based in the Kingston Hotel located across the street. There was also an ASIO listening post on the grounds of Canberra Grammar School. In 1991, with the end of the Cold War and the collapse of the Soviet Union, the embassy grounds became the Russian Embassy.

In March 1958, the National Capital Development Commission (NCDC) took over the planning and construction of Canberra. Under the control of the NCDC new districts, such as Woden and Tuggeranong, were established and slowly developed throughout the 1960s and 1970s to accommodate a growing population. The original design for Canberra did not extend beyond the central suburbs, and thus it was possible to design them to take better advantage of the land contours. Woden was established in 1964, Belconnen in 1967 and Tuggeranong in 1973. These additional districts helped to encourage large population growth between 1960 and 1975.

The construction of Lake Burley Griffin in central Canberra, along the course of the Molonglo, was commenced in the early 1960s, based largely on Walter Burley Griffin's original plans. A move to name it Lake Menzies, after the then Prime Minister Sir Robert Menzies, was vetoed by Menzies himself. The lake was formed by Scrivener Dam, named after Charles Scrivener, located at what is now the western end of Lake Burley Griffin. The dam was completed in 1963, and its valves closed on 20 September 1963, to allow the lake to form. However, the area was in drought at the time and the lake did not actually fill until April 1964, when the drought broke. This allowed the first event scheduled for the lake, a rowing championship, to take place. In 1970, the Captain James Cook Memorial was added, as part of the celebrations held that year to mark the bicentennial of the discovery of Australia's east coast by Captain James Cook.

The 1971 Canberra flood disaster occurred in the Woden Valley of Canberra on Australia Day of that year. The flood killed seven people, injured 15 and affected 500 others.

Canberra's residents are keen followers and participants in sports, and Bruce Stadium was opened during 1978 and later hosted several important Sydney 2000 soccer games.

Among key cultural and civic landmarks, the National Library of Australia building opened in 1968, the High Court of Australia building opened in 1980, the National Gallery of Australia building in 1982, the National Museum of Australia building in 2001 and the National Portrait Gallery of Australia building in 2008. All these facilities and institutions are situated on or near the shores of Lake Burley Griffin.

On 9 May 1988, a new, much larger Commonwealth Parliament House was opened on Capital Hill in State Circle, Parkes. This imposing complex of parliamentary chambers, public spaces, offices and other facilities replaced the outmoded (Provisional) Parliament House that had operated close by for some 60 years. The complex's elaborate opening ceremony was a centrepiece of Australia's bicentenary celebrations, which were held nationwide to mark the 200th anniversary of the arrival of the First Fleet from England, and the foundation of European settlement in what was to become the City of Sydney in 1788.

Significantly, the Australian Capital Territory was granted full self-government in December 1988, when an act passed by Federal Parliament that made the territory a body politic under the Crown was signed by Queen Elizabeth II. On 11 May 1989, following the elections earlier that year, a 17-member Legislative Assembly began sitting at its offices in London Circuit, Civic. The inaugural ACT government was led by Chief Minister Rosemary Follett.

In 1992, Canberra was the host city for the 7th Assembly of the World Council of Churches.

21st century

On 18 January 2003, bushfires that had been burning in the remote wilderness west of Canberra broke containment lines and engulfed some of Canberra. About 500 homes were destroyed before a change in the weather brought the bushfire under control. The suburb of Duffy was hit especially hard, with some 200 homes destroyed. Four people died in the conflagration and many more were injured.

The development of Canberra is ongoing. Major new works under construction in recent years include the Gungahlin Town Centre, City West Precinct and the Kingston Foreshores Development. On 5 March 2004, the Canberra Spatial Plan for the city's future development was released. As of 2005 plans were under development for a new Canberra district to be situated west of Lake Burley Griffin, on land formerly occupied by a pine plantation.

Canberra's population timeline
Population of the Australian Capital Territory:
1911: 1,714
1930: 9,000
1945: 13,000
1957: 39,000
1960: 50,000
1966: 96,000
1971: 146,000
1976: 203,100
1983: 235,000
1988: 270,000
2000: 311,000
2011: 356,000
2016: 395,790

Sites of significance
There are many sites of significance for Aboriginal people in and around Canberra especially in the Pialigo area.
Acton Peninsula is now home to the Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies.
Mount Ainslie and Black Mountain are the breasts of the spirit woman who lies in the Canberra landscape. On the latter was Black's Camp, a women's business camp where women went to give birth.
The site of Parliament House is the womb of the spirit woman who lies in the Canberra landscape.
The Molonglo River, previously called the Limestone and Fish Rivere, is a provider of food for the indigenous people, including fish, turtles and crayfish.
The area at the Australian National University campus around Sullivans Creek, known as Ngambri Creek to the Ngambri people, was a campsite.
Aboriginal people camped at Red Hill year-round, including during the construction of Old Parliament House in the 1920s.
An ochre site in Queanbeyan (now developed over) was where Aboriginal people sourced brilliant white ochre for trade and for their own use to decorate their bodies for song and dance and ceremony.
Queanbeyan Showground was a campsite, gathering place and burial site for Aboriginal people. In 1841 and onwards, Aboriginal people gathered at Queanbeyan Showground at the start of winter for government blanket distribution.
The Tuggeranong sandstone axe-grinding grooves. Ngambri women in the past prepared bread using native seeds at the site while men sharpened axes.
The Wanniassa canoe tree, a gumtree used in the late 1800s or early 1900s to make a canoe that was paddled on the Molonglo River for a span of several summers.

See also

History of the Australian Capital Territory
People from Canberra

Footnotes

References

Further reading
Canberra's transport system. (n.d.). Retrieved 10 May 2011, from https://web.archive.org/web/20120207011010/http://www.aph.gov.au/house/committee/ncet/natcapauth/report/chapter9.pdf
General concept [image] Retrieved 10 May 2011, from https://web.archive.org/web/20120207011010/http://www.aph.gov.au/house/committee/ncet/natcapauth/report/chapter9.pdf
Meng, B. (2002). Urban Planning and Development of the Australian Capital Territory, Canberra: A Critical Review. Retrieved 10 May 2011, from
National Capital Development Commission. (1975) A land use plan for the A.C.T.. Canberra: Mullaya Publications.

Why the new structure for Canberra. (2007). Retrieved 10 May 2011, from http://apps.actpla.act.gov.au/spatialplan/1_future/1C_new_structure/index.htm

External links
An Ideal City: the Competition to Design Canberra
Australian Bureau of Statistics 2002 Year Book Australia: Special Article – The Australian Capital Territory – Canberra – Fifty Years of Development

Canberra
History of Canberra

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


My kids have so much homework and so many extracurricular activities they hardly have time to sleep. It's a time management issue to be sure. And if your house is like mine, sleep is the commodity that always gets short-changed.
People don't generally give sleep much thought. Up too late last night? Have a cup of coffee or an energy drink. But those solutions don't work for your kids. What to do? There's only one answer: find the time for your children to get the sleep they need. With that in mind, here's an article about sleep written just for kids. It probably wouldn't hurt you to read it, too!
Everyone sleeps. It's how your body recharges itself so you'll be ready to get up tomorrow feeling rested, healthy, and strong. Most kids between the ages of 8 and 12 need about 10 hours of sleep every night. The older you get, the less sleep you need. If you're between 13 and 17 you'll need about 9 hours. And, if you're 18 or older, 8 hours should do it.
But, between after-school activities, homework, and everything else going on, it's hard to find time to get the sleep your body needs. Try hard, though, because sleep is very important to your health. You need sleep so you can be your best at school, at sports, and in life.
Every once in a while, you may find that you can't fall asleep. There's usually a good reason. It could be a test at school you're worried about, or something someone said that hurt or angered you. As you lie in bed you may keep thinking about it over and over in your head. And guess what happens? You can't go to sleep. Think the problem through and talk to someone about it. Even if the problem can't be solved, just talking it out will help you relax and get some sleep.
It's also possible you're too hot, too cold, too hungry, or too crowded in bed to fall asleep. Turn on a fan if you're hot. Put socks on if you're cold. Eat a light snack if you're hungry. And make sure your bed isn't jammed with so much stuff there's no room for you. If none of that works, try this technique to fall asleep: First, start with your toes and concentrate on completely relaxing them. When your toes are relaxed, do the same for your feet. Then, one at a time, do your ankles, legs, hands, and arms. Before you know it, you'll be sound asleep.
Here are some more tips to sleep by. They always work!
Play hard and eat right during the day.
After dinner, limit foods and drinks that contain caffeine, like chocolate and sodas.
Don't watch scary TV shows or play action video games close to bedtime because they can make it hard to sleep.
Organize yourself and take the pressure off the next morning by packing your lunch, laying out your clothes, collecting your homework, and getting your backpack ready.
Go to bed around the same time every night; this helps your body get on a schedule.
Floss, brush, and take a warm shower every night; this tells your body it's time for bed.
Tune out the noise when it's time to fall asleep. Turn off your music player, computer, and TV.
Relax. Think about things that make you happy.


The Karakul lake lies at an altitude of 3600m and is the highest lake of the Pamir plateau, near the junction of the Pamir, Tian Shan and Kunlun Shan mountain ranges. The lake is surrounded by the Muztagh Ata (7546m), Kongur Tagh (7649m) and Kongur Tiube (7530m) mountains, which remain snow-covered throughout the year. The lake is popular among travellers for its unreal scenery and the clarity of the reflections in its water, whose colour ranges from a dark green to azure and light blue. Around the lake Kyrgyz people live in yurts.
Muztagh Ata, also known as Muztagata (Mushitage Feng in Chinese), is the second highest mountain in the Kunlun Shan, the mountain range which forms the northern edge of the Tibetan Plateau. It is also reputedly one of the easiest 7000m peaks in the world to climb, due to its gentle western slope and the relatively dry weather of Xinjiang.


text:
Charity Holden Wagon Goes Big at Shannons
By Auction News on June 3, 2008 in News
A 1963 Holden EH Special Station Wagon, restored by disadvantaged young people with the encouragement of the late Peter Brock, has turned in one of the more impressive auction results of recent times, and all for charity, at the Shannons Melbourne Winter Classic Auction last night as more than $600,000 of vehicles sold under the hammer.
In front of an enthusiastic crowd, the shiny grey wagon, with its white roof, period sun-shade, and red vinyl interior, sold for $19,750, approximately double the anticipated result, a tribute to the skills of those who lovingly restored the Australian classic and the legacy of Brock, the patron of the EH White Lion Restoration.
The project took close to two years work by a Whitelion's Young Lions team in conjunction with volunteer mentors at Penfold City Holden of Burnley and was originally launched by Brock in June 2006, just months before his tragic death.
Whitelion supports young people leaving custody and the out-of-home care system by helping them develop confidence and self-esteem as they learn and practise new skills.
All proceeds of the sale went to Whitelion to assist its further work with disadvantaged young people.
Also, making a significant rumble on the night was the Acapulco Blue Shelby GT500 Fastback Coupe, one of the last of the coveted Shelby Mustangs of the 1960s, which fetched $145,000.
Identified as, number 508 of the 1,534 GT500s built from 1969-1970, the iconic muscle car is powered by Ford's legendary 428-cid big block V8 and fitted with the optional C4 three-speed automatic transmission.
This particular Shelby spent most of its life in California. However an immaculate recent restoration by the current Melbourne owner, who had Carroll Shelby autograph the glove box lid while he was in America sourcing parts, saw the vehicle present in perfect order.
Other highlights included the sale of Porsche's Junior tractor of the late 1950s and the mid-engined Porsche 914 built in the early 1970s, of which neither were ever sold in Australia.
The bright red 1958 Porsche Junior Type 108 Short Tractor, once owned by Porsche CEO Dr Wendelin Wiedeking was one of more than 125,000 single, two, three and four-cylinder diesel-engined Porsche tractors built from the mid-1950s until the early 1960s.
Powered by a single cylinder air-cooled 822cc engine underwent a comprehensive restoration before being privately imported into Australia by the present owner in late 2006.
With most Porsche tractors having long disappeared after tough working lives on farms across Europe, the rare vehicle was picked up by a private collector for $22,000, slightly above the expected price range.
Another rare Porsche now calling Australia home was a Porsche 914, upgraded from the four-cylinder to the more powerful 914/6 specification, for $24,000.
Starting life overseas as a four-cylinder, the Porsche was professionally rebuilt to 914/6 specification with a six-cylinder Porsche engine, a 5-speed Type-901 gearbox and was converted to right-hand drive for its Sydney owner.
An unreserved 1970 Falcon XW GT with a 351 4V Cleveland motor presented in Brambles Red with Black trim reached an impressive $35,000 while an Alfa Romeo 2000 Veloce Spider also sold unreserved for $11,500.
Two fantastically restored mini-bikes, a 1971 Honda SL70 KO and a 1973 Honda XR75 KO, also sold strongly for $4,500 and 6,000 respectively.
Number plate 'VIC 543' sold for $75,000 while memorabilia items continued so prove popular, particularly the old petrol bowsers which sold for up to $5,750.
Written by Auction News

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text:
I Want it That Way
Publisher : Harlequin HQN
Publishing date :26/08/2014
Amazon B&N BAM Indiebound Vroman's Book Depository Powell's Apple Book Kobo Google Books
Nadia Conrad has big dreams, and she's determined to make them come true—for her parents' sake as well as her own. But between maintaining her college scholarship and working at the local daycare to support herself, she barely has time to think, let alone date. Then she moves into a new apartment and meets the taciturn yet irresistible guy in 1B…
Daniel Tyler has grown up too fast. Becoming a single dad at twenty turned his life upside down—and brought him heartache he can't risk again. Now, as he raises his four-year-old son while balancing a full-time construction management job and night classes, a social life is out of the question. The last thing he wants is for four noisy students to move into the apartment upstairs. But one night, Nadia and Ty's paths cross, and soon they can't stay away from each other.
The timing is all wrong—but love happens when it happens. And you can't know what you truly need until you stand to lose it.
There's always a meet-cute, right?
The girl trips and the boy catches her, they're stuck together on an elevator, or she leaves her phone behind in a bar and he returns it to her. Later, when people ask the inevitable question, "How did you meet?" the story unspools with the woman telling part of it and the man finishing, or vice versa, while everyone admires them for staying together. I don't have a story like that, or at least, I have a story, but it's mine alone, and there's nobody finishing my sentences.
I want it that way.
The first time I saw Ty, I fell down the stairs and tore my pants.
A superstitious person might call that an omen. He had nothing to do with it, of course; that was just a quirk of timing. While Lauren and I struggled with the sofa, a guy I presumed to be a new neighbor came into the building. He had auburn hair, brown eyes and a strong jaw dusted with gold scruff. I'd always had a soft spot for gingers, probably a result of growing up on Harry Potter movies. He was also tall and lean with a sculpted, ascetic face, like an austere warrior who would be at home on the prow of a ship. Okay, it was possible I'd watched too many episodes of Vikings this week.
When he saw us wrangling such a heavy piece of furniture, he only sighed, stepped around the boxes cluttering the foyer and checked his mailbox. No greeting, no "welcome to the complex." I was halfway up the stairs to the landing, heaving my end of the sofa when my hands slipped and the couch bounced away. I lunged for it, missed and came tumbling after. Lauren jumped aside like it was a sled on the slalom track, so the brown plaid monstrosity thumped ahead of me back down to the floor. The couch just missed slamming into the wall; I wasn't so lucky. In honor of moving day, I had on old comfy pants, and they'd been washed one too many times, judging by the audible rip as I bounced off the wall and landed at Lauren's feet.
She pulled me up, eyes wide. "You okay?"
"Just bruises to pride and pelvis," I mumbled.
She tilted her head at the workload awaiting us. "Maybe we should wait for the guys to get back from their beer run?"
I surveyed the mess we'd created in front of the entrance and just outside, conscious that we were inconveniencing our neighbors. "We can't really leave things like this."
"I'll help you with the couch." As greetings went, it wasn't the warmest. Grumpy Ginger strode toward us, rolling up the sleeves on his dress shirt to reveal very nice forearms: lightly tanned and dusted with auburn hair, lean but strong with prominent wrist bones. His hands appealed to me just as much, long-fingered and elegant, without being overly manicured. You know, if you liked that sort of thing. I was bad at estimating ages, but he was probably out of school, judging by the business casual he had on.
Belatedly, I realized I'd been studying him for thirty seconds too long. "If you're sure."
"It's fine. I'll walk backward and guide it up."
"Thanks," Lauren put in. "We'd prefer not to commit soficular homicide our first day in the building."
Since my back was to the wall, I escaped the ignominy of the new neighbor seeing my panda underpants. He slid by and hefted the sofa up a few stairs on his own. Lauren and I worked together, and it was much easier with him doing the heavy lifting up top. With a minimum of fuss, we maneuvered the couch up to the second floor, where GG paused.
"A or B?" he asked.
"B." I should win the prize for hilarious banter.
Nodding, he helped us carry it down the hall and into the apartment. We'd left the door open since we had so little in there. Most of it was still cluttering the lobby downstairs. Max and Angus had taken off as soon as we got everything unloaded: my car, Angus's and the rental truck. After that, they were gone like the wind with the excuse that moving in would be more fun with pizza, cold beer and a buzz on.
"You're right above me." He didn't look particularly happy about it, either.
I shot Lauren a what's with this guy look, and she shrugged.
"I'm Nadia," I said.
At first he didn't say anything, so she tried, "That makes me Lauren."
"Ty," he said finally, like this basic introduction was akin to signing a long-term cell contract.
Lauren started, "The guys will be back with drinks in a bit, if you want—"
"No, it's okay. I need to get home." If curt was a hat, he would be wearing it with jaunty disregard for our feelings.
Awkward. And I still need to change my pants.
"Well, thanks for helping us out. We can handle the rest of the boxes."
Ty took my comment as his cue to leave, so we followed him downstairs to work on the rest of our stuff. He looked tired as hell as he headed toward apartment 1B, the unit to the back of the building; it had a nice courtyard, unlike the front or upstairs. We had a balcony, but it wasn't big enough for a barbecue, unless you bought the kind people used for tailgating.
Lauren and I were moving in with a couple of friends, and since we'd lost the coin toss, we were sharing the master bedroom while Angus and Max got their own rooms. The biggest perk was that we didn't have to use a grungy dude bathroom; we had an en-suite bath, along with a walk-in closet. Four people in a three-bedroom made the rent more manageable, and since I was often living on ramen by the end of the month, I couldn't complain. I grabbed one of my boxes, marked CLOTHING, and ran upstairs with it, wincing at the sore spot where I'd collided with the wall.
"Nice panda," Lauren said, deadpan.
I ducked into our bathroom to put on sweats and then went back down, passing Lauren on the stairs. As I hefted a box, a gray-haired woman stepped out of 1B. She was distinctly pear-shaped, moving like her feet hurt, but she smiled as she came through the foyer, giving me a friendly wave.
"Normally, I'd say 'see you tomorrow' but this is my last day." With that cryptic remark, she left, and I hauled my carton upstairs.
As Lauren and I traipsed down to load up again, Max and Angus were just coming in. When I smelled the pizza, I decided they didn't suck as much as previously estimated. They each grabbed two boxes and let Lauren and me carry up the pizza and beer. With four of us on the job, pretty soon we had all of our stuff in the apartment. The place was a jumble, but at least we could close the door.
"Sorry we were gone so long." Angus was genuinely concerned. "Did the couch give you any trouble?"
I warned Lauren with a look not to mention my pratfall or wardrobe malfunction. "Somewhat, but I gave it a stern talking to, and it settled down. Promised to be less of a malcontent in the future."
Max dismissed the topic by frowning at the spot where we'd left the sofa. "It needs to face that way. That wall is better for movies and gaming."
Not that Max was a bad guy, but…
Since freshman year, he'd slept his way through half the women at Mount Albion. Since this was a midsized liberal arts college, that was both impressive and alarming. Lauren and I knew Max too well to be seduced. Oh, he'd tried early on, but we both shot him down. I had zero interest in troubled bad boys from broken homes. Someone else could love Max and fix him; I was just crossing my fingers that he'd do the dishes on schedule. Max did contribute a steady paycheck, and that weighed heavily into the roommate decision—I trusted him to pay his share of the rent on time. As for Angus, he came from a "good family," as my mother would say, so his dad had already prepaid his part of the rent with the leasing company. Lauren and I were on our own, but I had a part-time job, and so did she. It should be fine. I'd been telling myself that since I signed the lease last spring and put down the deposit, but this was a little scary, after living in the dorm as a freshman and sophomore.
"Fine," Lauren said, since nobody else seemed to care about couch placement, and helped Max move it.
He immediately conscripted her to help him set up the entertainment center while Angus and I situated the retro dining set I'd found at a rummage sale, complete with yellow vinyl chairs and cracked-ice Formica top, edged in chrome. It had plenty of character, and probably dated from the actual `50s, but I covered the scratches with place mats while Angus organized the kitchen. I'd never lived in a house with a dishwasher before, though I wasn't about to admit that to the guys. Lauren knew, of course. My parents were covering my tuition with the help of an academic scholarship, but there had never been many luxuries. In fact, I was the first person in the family to go to college. Lauren and I had been friends since second grade. Her family used to have money, but her dad's investments didn't pan out, which left him bitter, and when she was eleven, he left the family entirely. Ten years later, we were in the same financial boat.
By the time Lauren and Max got the TV and peripherals set up, Angus had the kitchen done, and I'd set food and beer on the counter, along with plates I'd rinsed to get rid of packing dust and newspaper ink. I collapsed on the sofa with a groan; more boxes could wait until later. Angus sat next to me, and Lauren settled on his other side, leaving Max the recliner. He promptly put on a noisy action movie from his collection, and I was too tired to argue.
"You've seen this twelve times," Angus said.
"Fourteen. What's your point?" Max flashed a grin that other people found charming.
I ate my pizza, staring blankly at a succession of car chases.
Afterward, I felt better, enough to start rummaging in the decor boxes. We didn't have a ton, but there were a few pictures, scented candles and a weird statue that Angus's mom made. Apparently, she was some kind of big-deal sculptor in Europe. I asked their opinions of where I should hang things at first, but it became obvious nobody cared, so I located hammer and nails and went to work.
Ten minutes later, someone knocked on the door. The other three looked at me.
"What?" Lauren said. "You're already up."
"Fine."
I answered, then my eyes widened when I saw Ty. If possible, he looked even wearier, damp and rumpled, too. He'd changed into a gray Converse T-shirt, and I had no idea what would create those splash patterns, but soft cotton clung to his upper body, revealing broad shoulders and a solid chest. His disheveled, touchable appeal made me smile until he opened his mouth.
"Do you mind turning down the TV and not banging on the walls so late?"
Surprised, I dug the phone out of my pocket. It read 8:42. For shit's sake, it wasn't even nine on a weeknight. I'd stayed up later than this in elementary school. "I think we disagree as to what constitutes late. But I'll tell Max about the TV." I pivoted to call, "Hey, he can hear your movie downstairs. Too loud, bro."
With a dirty look and a mumbled curse, Max pressed the volume on the remote. Holy crap, he had it all the way up to fifty. No wonder couch guy was cranky. It occurred to me that was why he'd sighed when he spotted Lauren and me moving in. College students were known to be pain-in-the-ass partiers, prone to aggravating their neighbors, barfing in strange places and occasionally leaving naked people where they didn't belong.
"Thanks." That was all he said before wheeling and heading off down the hall in a hurry.
"Great, we have a complete fun Nazi living downstairs," Max grumbled.
"We knew when we moved in this was a mixed community."
The all-college-student apartments we'd looked at cost more, both in monthly rent and damage deposits. This place rented to upperclassmen, and they didn't make us pay two months up front, either. It was a little farther from campus, but we had two cars between the four of us, and we'd worked out a good ride-share system. But we also couldn't be as wild as we might get away with elsewhere.
"I don't want our neighbors to hate me," Lauren said. "Especially hot ones who help us move furniture."
"You have terrible taste in guys," Max told her.
While they bickered, Angus snagged the remote and quietly turned the movie down another few notches. I put down the hammer and decorated more quietly, arranging knickknacks and candles; the picture-hanging could wait until the morning. For all I knew, Ty was a med student who hadn't slept in twenty-seven hours, so once I finished the living room, rather than agitate him on our first night, I dragged my boxes to our room and started hanging up clothes. Along the way, I found sheets and made up my bed. Elation burbled through me when I unearthed towels, too; at ten, I stopped organizing and took my first shower in our new place.
My mom called at half-past, just as I was stepping onto the rug. It was surprising until I realized she must've forgotten the two-hour difference. Again. She was on Mountain time; I was on Eastern. This happened about once a month. She'd get an itch to talk to me and dial away.
I grabbed my cell and said, "Everything's fine, no hitches."
"You're sharing a room with Lauren, right? Not the broody, handsome boy?"
I grinned. Max would hate being described that way. "Not a chance."
"I don't mind the other one."
"Angus is gay, Mom."
"Are you sure? Sometimes they seem that way, but they're really metrosexual. You see it on the TV all the time."
"I've met his boyfriend."
"That's compelling evidence." She sounded disappointed. "Well, I just wanted to make sure you didn't have any problems with the apartment."
"Nope, it's great."
"When does school start?"
"In two days."
"Do you have everything you need? Things are tight, but—"
"Yes, I'm fine."
Whatever she was going to offer, I couldn't accept it. They had scrimped, saved and sacrificed enough for me. Two more years, and I'd graduate with a degree in special education; going forward, I was determined to stand on my own two feet. My parents didn't know this, but I had been keeping a tally of what they paid and I intended to reimburse them after I got my first teaching position. They'd never asked me to, but I knew how hard they'd worked. For a while my mom had two jobs to keep me in school, until she got promoted to management at the supermarket. Paying back that money would give them a nest egg for the future or maybe they could finally take a vacation. It made me smile to think about giving back.
"I'll send you a care package," she said, and I could hear the pride in her voice. "I can't wait to write your new address on the label."
"I thought you were supposed to be sad that your baby's grown up," I teased her.
"It makes me feel like I did my job to see you spread your wings and fly."
Oh,Lord. I had to get off the phone before my mom started in with the butterfly talk. I was an ugly duckling as a kid, slightly better in high school, and I'd more or less grown into my looks by college. I had dark, curly hair, a long nose, sharp chin and strong cheekbones. You could say my face had character. Mom claimed I had "good bones," which meant I'd age well, like Katharine Hepburn. Since I barely knew who that was now—and she was a really old woman who died when I was a kid—that wasn't much comfort at age nine.
"Love you, Mom. Kiss Dad and Rob for me." Rob being my older brother, who had gone into construction like my dad.
"Will do. I'm handing the phone to your father."
"Hey, bean." My brother used to call me string bean. Though I wasn't as skinny these days, my dad kept up the tradition.
He hesitated. "Not bad. Not sure if your mother mentioned it, but Rob's looking at property. Might buy his own place soon."
"You approve?" I guessed.
"Yep. It's about time. Do you need anything?" Dad was taciturn at the best of times, prone to showing his affection in gestures more than words.
"Nah. Mom already asked. How's work?"
"I'm building a strip mall right now. Bit of an eyesore but it's a living."
His calm pragmatism reminded me of countless problems over the years. When the chain broke on my bike, he was there with the tools to fix it. "I miss you, Dad."
"Back at you. Talk soon." He hung up soon after.
When I went to the kitchen for some water, Lauren had nodded off on Angus's shoulder, and Max was gone. I didn't ask; Angus didn't tell me. With a silent wave, I got my drink and went out onto the balcony to look at the stars. Exhaling in a slow sigh, I listened to the crickets, eventually joined by the low murmur of a man's voice.
The window must be open in the bedroom downstairs.
It sounded like somebody—Ty?—was reading Goodnight Moon, in a tone that suggested he'd done it a hundred times before. A much lighter voice spoke in response and then there was silence. That's definitely a kid.
I didn't realize I'd leaned forward until a noise below froze me. Ty stepped out into his courtyard. In the moonlight, it was beautiful: solar lamps by the fence, a potted herb garden, hanging baskets of flowers and wicker furniture padded with striped cushions. My first thought was that a woman must live with him because a guy wouldn't take such good care of his patio. Then I chided myself for being judgmental; I hated when people made assumptions about me, based on my height and build.
You must play basketball. No? Well, what's your favorite sport?
As I thought that, he did the most peculiar thing. He walked to the edge of the wooden fence, rested his head on it, balled up a fist and pressed it to the back of his head. Not exactly what I'd do if I had a headache. More…exhaustion, despair or some emotion I couldn't name. This felt too personal for me to watch, and I hadn't meant to. But if I moved, he'd hear me.
Just then, like he sensed me watching, Ty turned and looked up. In the dark, I couldn't see his eyes, but I recalled them as golden-brown with all the sharpness of a hunting hawk. For some reason, I couldn't move; I didn't dare straighten. I didn't want him to think he'd driven me off my balcony, but I wasn't spying, either. We just stood there staring at each other, not stirring, not speaking. He didn't smile. Tension raveled between us in silvery skeins, pulled taut by his silence and my stillness.
Then he quietly went back inside, snapping our momentary connection with a certainty that stung on the recoil
"A tender, sweet, and sexy story about how life—and falling love—can never be planned."
–Jennifer L. Armentrout, #1 New York Times bestselling author of Wait for You
"I loved everything about this book… I just have two words: more please!"
—New York Times bestselling author Cora Carmack
"New Adult storytelling with an elegant and refined voice that is entirely unique in the genre."
New York Times bestselling author Jay Crownover


text:
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Individuals already have the right of access to information about themselves under the Data Protection Act 1998. As far as public authorities are concerned the Freedom of Information Act will extend this right to allow public access to all types of information held.
Every public authority is required to adopt and maintain a publication scheme setting out the classes of information it holds, the manner in which it intends to publish the information and whether a charge will be made for the information.
The purpose of a scheme is to ensure that a significant amount of information is available without the need for a specific request. Schemes are intended to encourage organisations to publish more information proactively and to develop a greater culture of openness.
More information on the Freedom of Information Act can be found on the following external sites:
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The first task is to open an account with "Express My Cash Freebies" , The second is with "Double My Cash Freebies" .
The way My Cash Freebies works is this, (follow the link) you are able to promote several different types of free offers to receive affiliate commissions as I have shown in the video. Things like Disney Book Club, GameFly, Identity Guard, etc. About 50% of the platform of IPN relies on these two affiliate programs as the main structure of their business model.
These programs, in an of themselves and for the most part, are legitimate marketing platforms, however, there are some complaints that surface as Instant Payday Network Complaints which should really be considered complaints directed at the My Cash Freebies offers. I'll explain in a bit.
The premise of both My Cash Freebies accounts (Express and Double) is to complete a certain number of trial offers that add up to referral credits, some of these "free" trials require credit card information to get started. When the trial period is complete, the member gets the referral credits. Once a person completes their initial trials and receives their referral credits, they are eligible to promote and refer others to the system for commission payouts.
Express My Cash Freebies payout $20 per completed referral, Double My Cash Freebies pays out $30 per referral.
Step 3 – How do I make money with My Cash Freebies?
We're NOT talking stacks of cash like this!
You'll be able to send people over to My Cash Freebies, with the intent of getting them to sign up to the free trials. As you get those referrals you actually collect your payments from MCF. If you want to make some of the "big bucks" you're going to have to refer a lot of traffic to the site with the hopes you have anywhere from 2-12% conversions from your landing page. This is pretty much "lather, rinse and repeat".
As with any internet marketing "system", the big money comes in from referrals into the highest paying affiliate program (usually known as the "back end offer"). EMCF and DMCF would make a good start to a relatively simple funnel that you could use as a one-off income stream.
A person will NOT make a full-time income out of My Cash Freebies referrals, but there is the potential to make a decent part-time income by doing so, IF you go all out and focus daily on getting people to the trial offers.
The complaints over the MCF sites aren't really related to the system itself. What usually happens is people fail to follow-up on their free trial offers or they encounter a bad free trial offer that will usually get banned from MCF after enough complaints surface. The problems arise when some people forget about the trial and try to cancel the offers too late. There have been a number of complaints about some of the offers not cancelling when requested or billing someone's credit card too soon and then the customer has to fight tooth and nail to get their first month's payment returned to them.
Based on my own personal experience with MCF, I would have to question the validity of these complaints.
When I signed up for both of the My Cash Freebies accounts, I ran into no such problem. In fact, in a few hours time I was able to complete several offers, get my referral points and was granted access to the rest of the referral features. I did have to wait out the trial offers and be sure to cancel my accounts before billings went through, but I was on top of the dates and logins to each account and everything went off without a hitch.
Conclusion: Are the My Cash Freebies Websites a SCAM or LEGIT?
Regardless of the strategy involved, is it Legit? That's more a matter of individual choice than it is whether this program is a scam or not. The system itself has the potential to earn an income, but in order to make any real money, one would have to really get out there and push some traffic to the two offers simultaneously.
So, if this type of money making opportunity is NOT for you, there are several other options available. Check out the rest of this website and you'll see what I mean. I dive head-first into lots of ways a person can make money online. Some are free, some are not. So what have you got to lose? Go see what I mean. As for the rest of the site, it's always a work in progress!
This was just my take based on my experience and results from the My Cash Freebies websites. If you do decide to join, be sure you choose good, easy to complete offers, avoid credit card charges by cancelling on time. Keep in mind there will be a cost involved on your end as well, treat it like a real income stream!
P.S. Feel free to leave me a comment below, I'd love to hear from you!
Be sure to come visit me on my LIVE Video website over @ BCBLIve!
These are all interesting ways to make money online. The scammy ones are always funny to analyze once its been deemed a scam.
I look at these programs in a different way when i know its a scam. They seem so transparent and obvious. But to newcomers looking to make money online they look great.
I guess thats the scary part about them. They reallytake advantage of people.
Thanks for the read Robert! I have to admit that they went the full mile to make this look like something it's not. It has the potential to drum up a lot of leads and make money, but not the way I prefer to do business.
And yes, it's scary when you think about how many people get involved in things like this without having a clue what they're getting into!
From the start, anything that has the name including the word "instant" seems like it could be a scam and is preying on the folks that want to get rich quick.
Building a business takes time no matter what business you decide to build. Online or brick and mortar.
I really like and have experience with wealthy affiliate and would suggest it as well. If you don't have your own product or service already, online is the least expensive way to start a business today. Again, it will take time and some money too.
Great article and I completely agree: the IPN is questionable and seems like it's more of a marketing funnel to sell their other product which is MLM. I'm not a fan of anything MLM because I feel it's build to prey on friends and family more than actually selling to people who want your product or service. My 2 cents.
Thanks for stopping in Daniel! After going through this program a couple of years ago and seeing how people were making money off of it (which they do), it was just obvious to me that it wasn't really my cup of tea! There are both good and bad points about this program and as you noted, it's mostly a funnel to the MLM that lies underneath. Not only that, but in the end, if you use the system the way it's intended, you'd be paying to use it.
Otherwise, it's a pretty slick marketing strategy, but not one I would recommend. I simply report the facts and let the user decide if its for them or not.
Thank you for your info and review on payday network. I tried it before but the hype and pressure of "all in" no thanks. I watched a video of a guy I signed with , him and two others where putting down people that did not go "all in" and making jokes at them like if they where losers. NUP! no thanks! That was it for me! And the freebies are a bunch of stuff that people don't want. That Mindset! In business we all have to have a great deal of motivationals to keep going, But with their monthly cost of $100.00 a month?.They should be call it" Mind Wash" instead. Empower network is saturated all over the web. I wonder why You Tube do not slap them like Google would?
Hi Lorren, EN has been "slapped" in more ways than one. I think you'd find their links aren't allowed on Facebook any longer as well as several other places. They continue to try and "recreate" themselves, but all the while nothing really changes. It's still the same 'ol MLM, money sharing song and dance, and always will be.
Hey Leland, great Instant Payday Network Review. I have actually had some experience dealing with My Cash Freebies through another program that claimed to be free.
I can't honestly say that system is free when some of the offers require you to spend money on them. So sticking with the personal opinion on whether or not its a scam I'll have to say it is in my opinion.
Thanks for the comment Diondre! There is no doubt that others have spring-boarded off of the MCF (My Cash Freebies) platform to produce other ways to scam people. I tried to stress the point that on the surface MCF and DMCF are legitimate money making platforms, though not necessarily the best choices. I prefer to bring people the nitty-gritty with fact based opinion. I managed to choose good offers, at no cost, to get the system up and running, but that takes a little patience and forethought.
What I don't like about IPN is the fact that "Step 4" is tied into Empower Network. I know the folks and the routine out there and it's gorging people to post blogs and sell info-products for thousands. Not my game, and nothing but another MLM structure living off the payments of membership referrals.
Can IPN make money? Sure it can, and it can be done completely free. Free capture pages, free system training, free list-building autoresponder. I've kept my account open (even though it's not linked to Empower and I haven't actively promoted it). I continue to watch people on the leader boards make thousands of dollars a month. As a 3rd or 4th income stream, it has potential to be real competitor, but it's not for everybody.
Over the past few years I've come across a few products or opportunities that this Jeff Buchanan has been involved with – none of them seem to end up with positive reviews!
Thanks Chris, I haven't seen any of Jeff's other programs yet, perhaps you could enlighten me and I'd be glad to do a few more reviews!


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Tag Archives: mdzs
Revisiting The Untamed with Elle – Blogger Collab! Part 1
Posted in Community	by wretchedanddivine
Drama Series: The Untamed
Based on the novel Mo Dao Zu Shi by Mo Xiang Tong Xiu.
Elle: So there was once a tweet and then there was a reply to that tweet and that is how this collaboration started.
We totally did not plan to post this on Xiao Zhan's birthday but here we are.
It's just meant to be. Like Wei Wuxian and Lan Wangji. (I rhymed).
It's quite awesome how we started drafting right away and we just happened to finish the post in time for Xiao Zhan's special day. Without him, Wei Wuxian's character would not have come to life the way it did. So thank you for being born Xiao Zhan ❤
Rose: Happy birthday Xiao Zhan! We love you so much and we dedicate this post to you. ❤
HOW DID YOU GET INTO MDZS/THE UNTAMED? The story of how you fell into the rabbit hole.
Elle: I just recently got on the train that is Mo Dao Zu Shi this July when I got home after the quarantine and it was a fun ride! I watched the drama first (The Untamed). 50 episodes in 3 days. Can you imagine? That was some ride. Then I immediately looked for an english translation of the novel. Yes, I am that kid who often wants to compare to the source material. The book vs movie kid. And I found that I appreciated the series even more after reading Mo Xiang Tong Xiu. Special thanks to the fans who translated the novel! The characters were fleshed out properly in my head after that and thus continued my descent into their world.
I only heard about the drama because of Wang Yibo and now here I am knee deep into the different adaptations of the series. After watching the drama and reading the novel, I immediately started the donghua. I just could not wait! By the way, this is my first ever BL series and it did not disappoint.
Rose: I'm impressed you finished The Untamed in three days! I started watching The Untamed by myself. I think I was at 12 episodes. I went on a trip to an island with two friends and we ended up watching The Untamed during the trip. They had no prior exposure to the show and were willing to watch where I had left off. To my surprise, they were immediately hooked! We ended up watching it on Day 2 of the trip. Afterwards, we watched it over voice chat every weekend until its completion. The Untamed is special to me for a number of reasons. One of the reasons is because I was quite touched that my friends expressed interest in a show I liked.
After I finished The Untamed, I started watching Mo Dao Zu Shi and Mo Dao Zu Shi Q. In fact, Mo Dao Zu Shi Q is still airing! It's a chibi donghua, kind of like Attack on Titan Junior High.
I couldn't tell you how many times I've listened to the soundtrack. A lot of the cast sing their character songs which makes it so meaningful. The actors and actresses that starred as Wei Wuxian, Lan Zhan, Jiang Cheng, Wen Ning, Lan Xichen, A-Qing, and the youths sang songs on the soundtrack. Isn't that the coolest?
WHAT IS YOUR FAVOURITE SONG FROM THE SOUNDTRACK?
Elle: I think hands down it's Wuji. The WangXian song. The one Lan Wangji composed in the turtle cave for Wei Wuxian and it's also the one that made LWJ able to recognize WWX when he returned. This song is very meaningful in a lot of ways.
"wén dí shēng dú chóu chàng/
Listen for the melody of a flute, alone in sorrow
yún shēn yè wèi yāng/
The nights in the clouds are long"
"Hear the flute, alone in its melancholy
The night is still young at Cloud Recesses (LWJ's home)"
The instrumental in the beginning, the way the track began, was already a beautiful introduction and then added to it the deep and melodious voices of Xiao Zhan and Wang Yibo which makes it all the more alluring. The first time I listened to the track, it felt like heaven in my ears and it is still the same even now. Interesting twist that the rapper, dancer and actor Yibo can also sing so well! And some notes in the song are quite high too so I was really impressed! Xiao Zhan, I understand, is also an idol and he is definitely a talented vocalist. This was my first encounter with Xiao Zhan and I'm already in love with his acting and now his voice in the OST too. I want more! It was quite a deviation from his voice in the drama which led me to research about the voice actors who lent their voices to Lan Wangji and Wei Wuxian. Dubbing is fairly common to Chinese dramas and I admit it adds to the performance of the onscreen actors too.
But more on the track.. Lyrics wise of course it was also on point. The soundtrack already packed a wallop even without the lyrics and so when you add the meaning behind it, it just hits you differently. More deeply. I had to rely on translations but I think they delivered the meaning really well. But of course some meanings are lost in translation and some fans said that the lyrics are really beautiful when understood properly in the original language. But no matter, because the way I feel about the song just proves that music really transcends barriers. ♥
"yòu wén qín xiǎng/
The Qin (Wang Ji zither) can be heard again
chén qíng wèi jué/
Chen Qing (Wei Ying's flute) is still sounding"
The lyrics also mentioned Wei Ying's thoughts and what he told Wangji when everyone shunned him for his supposedly crooked path. That he will follow what he thinks is right and his heart/conscience will be the judge of whether it is right or wrong. It also echoed Jin Guangyao/Jiang Cheng's words in the series about how he is The Untamed hero at best but also someone that can be despised by others if he doesn't conform with their ways.
"hóng chén zhōng huǐ yù dé shī rú hé qù liáng/
In this world, how do we measure praise and condemnation"
There are also references in Wuji about some scenes in the series and also about the two main protagonists. It was interesting to see different translations and the meaning behind the lyrics. The drama as a whole emphasized on the music part because the characters also used instruments as their weapons.
Ultimately, Wuji is the theme song of the series and it helped tell the story of two people who lost and found each other again, and how these two consider each other as their soulmate.
Side note: The OST album as a whole really sounds great! Even the character tracks and the way it tells the story from their own perspective, really adds to the depth of each character.
Rose: I love how you broke down the lyrics like that. My favourite song is also Wuji. I love all of the versions – WangXian duet, Lan Zhan solo, Wei Wuxian solo, the version by Bibi Zhou, the instrumental version, and the piano version. In fact, I bought a kalimba so I could play this song!
Of the different versions, my favourite would have to be the WangXian duet. While the solo versions are still beautiful to listen to, it feels complete listening to the duet. After all, this is their special song. I listen to this song several times a week. It's one of my top five favourite songs of all time. I love that the background uses traditional instruments. When I listen to this song, I think of The Untamed and all of the memories resurface. Every time, I am reminded of how much I love this series.
Elle: Same! And whenever I listen to Wuji, it makes me want to watch or read the series all over again. I wonder if you already have a Kalimba post? Or are you planning on sharing something soon? ^_^
Rose: I feel the same way. I've posted a video of me playing Wuji (badly) on my Instagram. I learned the second half of the song right after I posted but I don't remember the tabs. I'll have to learn it again…
That's it for Part 1! Elle will be posting Part 2 on her blog so be sure to check it out! It'll be longer than this post as we will be discussing deeper topics. Thanks for reading.
asian drama, blog collaboration, blogger collab, cdrama, chinese drama, collab, collaboration, Drama, lan wanji, lan zhan, mdzs, mo dao zu shi, the untamed, the untamed chinese drama, wang yibo, wei wuxian, wuji, xiao zhan	15 Comments
Mo Dao Zu Shi – Xue Yang Fan Art
Posted in Drawing	by wretchedanddivine
I haven't drawn a person since Inktober (October) so I felt quite rusty. I experimented with a new style and wanted to go for a watercolour look.
Spider lilies are the flowers of the afterlife.
art, digital art, digital drawing, Drawing, fan art, mdzs, mdzs fan art, mo dao zu shi, spider lily, the untamed, xue yang, xue yang art, xue yang fan art	2 Comments


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Mario Maurizio Fanelli bio je hrvatski i jugoslavenski televizijski i filmski redatelj dokumentarnih i igranih filmova, TV serija i priloga te vrstan redatelj direktnih TV prijenosa.

Životopis
Mario Fanelli (San Benedetto del Tronto, 13. svibnja 1924. — Zagreb, 18. srpnja 1991.) bio je hrvatski i jugoslavenski filmski i televizijski redatelj porijeklom iz Italije, scenarist, predavač na ADU te autor stručnih knjiga.

Kao mladić je studirao ekonomiju u Zagrebu, a od 1952. do 1955. radio kao novinar na Radio Kopru. Godine 1956. se od samog osnivanja priključio Radioteleviziji Zagreb gdje će provesti ostatak svoje vrlo uspješne karijere. Bio je prvi stalno zaposleni djelatnik Radiotelevizije Zagreb i redatelj prvog prijenosa sa Zagrebačkoga velesajma 7. IX 1956.godine. Režirao je i prvu informativnu emisiju na RTZ.

U tijeku svoje karijere režirao je antologijske TV emisije, TV drame i brojne filmove za koje je dobio brojna stručna priznanja i nagrade. Bio je jedan od utemeljitelja Udruženja televizijskih redatelja Jugoslavije i njegov prvi predsjednik.

Filmografija

|- style="background: Lavender; text-align:center; "
| colspan="4" |1950.-te ▲
|-
| 1958. || Svemirska patrola || /
|-
| 1959. || Stakleni paravan || /
|-
| 1959. || Šest sati ujutro || /
|-
| 1960. || Nepoznati || /
|-
| 1960. || Ulica bez izlaza || /
|-
| 1960. || Poštar zvoni dva puta || /
|-
| 1960. || Nestali pomaže istragu || /
|-
| 1961. || Treći je došao sam || /
|-
| 1961. || Čovjek od važnosti || /
|-
| 1962. || Svečanost || /
|-
| 1963. || Usnuli ratnik || /
|-
| 1963. || Na licu mjesta (serija) || /
|-
| 1963. || Ljudi i neljudi || /
|-
| 1963. || Kandidat smrti || /
|-
| 1963. || Jedna od onih godina || /
|-
| 1964. || Dolutali metak || /
|-
| 1964. || Smrt se odgađa do uveče || /
|-
| 1964. || Na plesu || /
|-
| 1964. || Šifra Galeb || /
|-
| 1964. || Katakombe || /
|-
| 1965. || Beograd - Zagreb || /
|-
| 1965. || Apel || /
|-
| 1965. || Bademi s onu stranu smrti || /
|-
| 1965. || Posle odmora || /
|-
| 1965. || Banket || /
|-
| 1966. || Mokra koža || /
|-
| 1966. || Spasavanje časti || /
|-
| 1966. || Sedam sati i petnaest minuta || /
|-
| 1966. || Pedeseti rođendan || /
|-
| 1966. || Neobičan dan || /
|-
| 1967. || Oči pune zvezda || /
|-
| 1967. || Škorpion u znaku vage || /
|-
| 1967. || Kad se setim sreće || /
|-
| 1967. || Bila si dužna da te nađem || /
|-
| 1968. || Seansa || /
|-
| 1968. || Rastrgani || /
|-
| 1968. || Kokošari || /
|-
| 1968. || Ja sam ubio Baltazara || /
|-
| 1969. || Adam i Eva || /
|-
| 1969. || Probudi se, Trnoružice! || /
|-
| 1970. || Put u raj || /
|-
| 1970. || Posvjećeno Antonu || /
|-
| 1972. || Pjetlov kljun || /
|-
| 1972. || Luda kuća || /
|-
| 1972. || U mreži || /
|-
| 1973. || Spod te Učke gori || /
|-
| 1973. || Golgota || /
|-
| 1974. || Ping bez ponga || /
|-
| 1974. || Nijema prozivka || /
|-
| 1975. || -{Le orme }-|| /
|-
| 1975. || Tena || /
|-
| 1975. || Džoli džokej || /
|-
| 1975. || Dole sa oružjem || /
|-
| 1976. || Samac || /
|-
| 1976. || Proces Đordanu Brunu || /
|-
| 1976. || Izdaja || /
|-
| 1979. || Knjiga drugova || /
|-
| 1979. || Prizori iz obiteljskog zivota || /
|-
| 1978 1980. || Punom parom || /
|-
| 1980. || Dva sanduka dinamita || /
|-
| 1981. || Baza na Dunavu || /
|-
| 1981. || Sitne igre || /
|-
| 1982. || Izjava || /
|-
| 1982. || Tamburaši || /
|-
| 1983. || Prestrojavanje || /
|-
| 1985. || Eter || /
|-
| 1988. || Mlada sila || /
|-
| 1989. || Starci || /
|}

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice

Hrvatski filmski redatelji
Televizijski redatelji


There has been a shared abundance on social media of the HyVee Minnesota Viking football billboard created by West Des Moines, Meyocks Agency and sponsored by supermarket, HyVee.
Not to wear out the subject, I must share the night shot of the Viking HyVee billboard which has come into my possession. Bonus-scroll all the way down for Kansas City Chief HyVee Billboard.
Its is difficult to place lighting which successfully illuminates the many different shapes and positions of billboard embellishments. Striking! No further words.


The report also urges the Pentagon to re-evaluate what it hopes to accomplish through joint bases because commanders at the different locations are uncertain how to move forward.
"We believe that the continued confusion at the joint bases over the goals of the program, as well as cost-savings estimates … indicate a continuing need to review the goals of the program and communicate them to the military services," the GAO wrote.
The GAO report follows another study in 2012 that concluded significant cost overruns ate into the savings the Defense Department projected from what was billed as the "transformational" 2005 Base Closure and Realignment Commission.
That commission created joint bases by taking separate installations from different service branches and putting them under one command. In South Sound, the Defense Department linked the Army's Fort Lewis and the Air Force's McChord Air Force Base while putting the Army in the lead role at the joint base in 2010.
The commission also modernized a number of expensive military facilities, such as Walter Reed National Military Medical Center. Up-front construction costs reduced the BRAC's total probable savings to the government from the advertised $36 billion to $10 billion, according to the GAO.
This time, the GAO focused on how well the service branches are uniting their operations at joint bases.
On average, they have consolidated 80 percent of the services they were supposed to merge, such as fire departments, airfield management and housing.
JBLM is a little above average. It reported having merged 84 percent of services.
Some bases have successes in joining that they attribute to their being compelled to work closely with military service members from a different branch. For instance, airmen at JBLM reported saving $280,000 a month in training fees by moving a regular airdrop exercise from an Air Force site in Arizona to the Army's Yakima Training Center in central Washington.
"The joint bases have been fully operational since October 2010 and have since proven they can deliver measurable and tangible savings across the installation support portfolio," wrote Deputy Under Secretary of Defense John Conger in a response to the GAO findings.
• Geography. In Virginia, Joint Base Langley-Eustis merged two military installations that are 18 miles apart. That base reported having merged the smallest share of operations, with 52 percent of its services considered partially consolidated.
At JBLM, Interstate 5 remains an obstacle because the base does not have a road linking what used to be Fort Lewis to McChord Air Field. As a result, troops have to drive on the highway and go through a security gate to get from the traditional Army side of the base to McChord.
• Functions that are distinctive to each service branch — for example, legal systems. Information technology systems also tend to be distinct among the branches of the armed forces. Airfield operations have been difficult to merge.
• Different approaches to privatization. The Army has privatized some installation support services that the Air Force tends to perform with airmen. That dynamic has led to difficulties in merging public and private operations. Some airmen have had trouble getting career training that would help them if they're assigned to a new base because the missions they would carry out at an Air Force facility are done by civilians at Army and Navy installations.
The GAO also identified some inefficiencies that it traced to the creation of joint bases, such as the Army and Air Force insisting on separately inspecting the same child care facilities at JBLM. Staffers at JBLM also reported frustration with the duplication of certain personnel files because of differences in Army and Air Force record-keeping systems.
The GAO in its report urges Congress to direct the Defense Department to reconsider its long-term goals for its joint bases and to provide more direction about how to better manage the facilities.
But the Pentagon in a written response rejected the GAO's call for more oversight.
Conger wrote that the joint bases are exceeding the Pentagon's initial goals for budget savings and have the authority they need to complete their consolidation. He pointed to $255 million in annual administrative savings, noting that the Defense Department would have 1,600 more employees on its payroll if it had not merged operations at the joint bases.