text:
Rod Stewart - Sailing (testo e traduzione)
Pubblicato il 25 aprile 2010 da infinititesti.it
"I am sailing, I am sailing
home again 'cross the sea
I am sailing stormy waters
to be near you to be free
I am flying, I am flying
like a bird 'cross the sky
I am flying passing high clouds
to be with you to be free.
Can you hear me, can you hear me
thro' the dark night far away
I am dying forever trying
to be with you who can say.
We are sailing, we are sailing
we are sailing stormy waters
to be near you to be free.
Oh Lord to be near you to be free
oh Lord to be near you to be free…".
Traduzione.
"Sto navigando, sto navigando
di nuovo verso casa, attraverso il mare
sto navigando acque burrascose
per essere vicino a te, per essere libero.
Sto volando, sto volando
come un uccello attraverso il cielo
sto volando, oltrepassando nuvole alte
per essere con te, per essere libero.
Puoi sentirmi, puoi sentirmi
nella notte buia, lontano
sto morendo provando a stare
per sempre con te, chi può dirlo
Stiamo navigando, stiamo navigando
di nuovo a casa attraverso il mare
stiamo navigando acque burrascose
per essere vicino a te, per essere liberi.
Oh Signore, per essere vicino a te
per essere liberi
per essere liberi".
Rod Stewart, Sailing - 4:32
(Gavin Sutherland)
Album: Atlantic Crossing (1975)
Cover dell'omonimo brano scritto da Gavin Sutherland nel 1972, proposto con le sue varie band Sutherland's Group, Sutherland Brothers e infine Sutherland Brothers and Quiver. Rod Stewart la incise nel 1975 per il suo album Atlantic Crossing, rendendola un successo mondiale.
Citazioni.
"Sailing was recorded by Rod Stewart for his first album recorded in North America rather than Great Britain: Atlantic Crossing, which album was recorded April - June 1975 at Muscle Shoals Sound Studio with Tom Dowd producing. The first single from the album, "Sailing" afforded Stewart an international hit notably in the UK where "Sailing" was #1 for four weeks in September 1975: augmented by a return to the UK chart in 1976 and - to a lesser extent - 1987, "Sailing" remains the Rod Stewart single to have the greatest success in its UK release. However "Sailing" failed to afford Stewart a major hit in his newly adopted US homeland.
According to Iain Sutherland the connection between the Sutherland Brothers and Rod Stewart which led to Stewart's recording of "Sailing" began when Stewart's live-in girlfriend Dee Harrington saw the Sutherland Brothers on the 20 June 1972 broadcast of the BBC2 music program The Old Grey Whistle Test: Harrington recommended the Sutherland Brothers as a musical act who'd interest Stewart and Stewart did indeed become a Sutherland Brothers fan after seeing them perform at the Marquee Club. According to Gavin Sutherland, the Sutherland Brothers co-wrote two original songs with Stewart which Stewart hoped to record for Atlantic Crossing: however the only Sutherland Brothers tune Stewart would record for the album would be "Sailing" whose seemingly nautical theme complemented the album's title.
Stewart would recall the recording of "Sailing" being a challenge: he was awoken in his hotel room by a 10 am phone call from Dowd at Muscles Shoals, in which Dowd said "Get down here in half an hour; we've mixed the track and need the vocal"; Stewart (quote): "I was like: 'You're joking, recording at 10:30 in the morning. I need a drink to calm the old nerves'…There was nothing [alcoholic] to be had anywhere and I was terrified to sing without [a drink]"…"I'd never sung anything in a studio without having a drink - let alone a big old anthem. And I'd never sung anything, anywhere that early in the morning. Got it in six or seven takes though".
Despite his enthusiasm for the Sutherland Brothers, Stewart admits he (quote) "argued vehemently" against the release of "Sailing" as the lead single off Atlantic Crossing, instead advocating his own composition "Three Time Loser". Gavin Sutherland concurs: "I don't think Rod personally wanted ["Sailing"] put out as a single. He just saw it as a big ballady-kind of last track, side two, finish to Atlantic Crossing which had several other great tracks on it". However "Sailing" had an August 1975 UK single release parallel with the album release of Atlantic Crossing: reaching #2 UK in its second week of release, Stewart's "Sailing" would have a four-week tenure at #1 UK.
Stewart's "Sailing" had a UK chart revival in 1976 as a result of the track being utilized as theme song for Sailor a documentary series on the HMS Ark Royal which BBC1 aired for ten weeks from 5 August 1976: "Sailing" ranked at #50 on the UK chart dated 4 September 1976 and the track's renewed popularity continued even after the 7 October 1976 finale of the Sailor TV series, as "Sailing" reached its 1976 chart peak of #3 on the UK charts dated 16 – 23 October 1976, with the track remaining in the UK Top 50 into January 1977. Stewart performed "Sailing" live on the Top of the Pops broadcast of 23 September 1976. "Sailing" remains Stewart's biggest-selling single in the UK: in November 2012 it was reported that "Sailing" by Rod Stewart had sold 1.12 million units in the UK with a resultant ranking at #112 of the 123 UK million-selling singles. In the US, where Atlantic Crossing had been issued in August 1975 without a single release, "Sailing" was issued as the album's lead single in October 1975 but failed to reach the Top 40 of Billboard, attaining a Hot 100 peak of #58. Overall "Sailing" did afford Stewart a major international success reaching #1 in Ireland, the Netherlands, and Norway; #2 in Australia, Belgium's Flemish Region, South Africa and Switzerland; #3 in New Zealand; #4 in Germany; #7 in Austria; #13 in Sweden.
The first music video for "Sailing" was filmed in the Port of Dublin and also featured footage shot on the major Dublin thoroughfare Moore Street: featuring Stewart and his partner Britt Ekland, the video aired on the Top of the Pops broadcast of 28 August 1975. Another music video for "Sailing" was shot in New York Harbor in 1978, and would become one of the first to be aired on MTV when it launched on 1 August 1981. As the British task-force sailed out of Portsmouth Harbour on 5 April 1982 - the third day of the Falklands War - the recording of Rod Stewart's "Sailing" was broadcast from the quay's public address system. In 1987 Rod Stewart's "Sailing" was reissued as a charity single after the Herald of Free Enterprise disaster off the Flemish port of Zeebrugge, becoming a moderate hit in Belgium's Flemish Region (#24) and also the British Isles (#41 UK/ #30 Ireland) ("Sailing" would be the only charting Rod Stewart single in the British Isles in 1987).
Although Stewart had been touring the US with the Faces at the time of the autumn 1975 single release of "Sailing" that tour's setlist was focused on Stewart's collaborations with the Faces, with "Three Time Loser" being the only Atlantic Crossing number to be included. "Sailing" would debut as a Rod Stewart concert number during his European tour of November 1976 - January 1977 with the song usually serving as each show's purported finale to be followed with "Stay With Me" as encore: Stewart's 1 November 1976 performance at the Trondheim Spektrum (no) in Norway launched the tour which after dates in Scandinavia, Finland, Belgium and the Netherlands played nine cities in Great Britain including six nights (21 -24 December 1976/ 14–15 January 1977) at the Olympia London.
"Sailing" has retained the distinction of serving as the standard finale for the "main set" of Rod Stewart concerts in the British Isles - in an interview promoting his upcoming Rod Stewart Live UK stadium tour of June 2013 Stewart commented: "I always do 'Sailing'. They wouldn't let me not do it, would they?" - and also - since January/ February 1977 - in Australia and New Zealand; however the song was absent from the setlist for the autumn 1977 Foot Loose & Fancy Free Tour - Stewart's first North American tour subsequent to the Faces "farewell tour" two years previous - with "Sailing" making its apparent North American concert debut on 14 December 2013 at Stewart's engagement at the Bell Centre in Montreal, Stewart being moved to make an eleventh hour modification to his setlist after reading a 10 December 2013 column by Montreal Gazette music journalist Richard Burnett which was an open letter to Stewart requesting that "Sailing" be sung at Stewart's Bell Center concert which Burnett would be attending (Burnett had attended 30 previous Rod Stewart concerts none of which had included "Sailing"). Stewart's 1982 Absolutely Live concert album features a performance of "Sailing". Stewart has also performed "Sailing" at the 20 June 1986 Prince's Trust All-Star Rock Concert - which performances featured Elton John on piano and Eric Clapton on guitar - and also at the 1 July 2007 Concert for Diana memorial gala for Diana, Princess of Wales: both events were held at Wembley Stadium".
(Wikipedia, voce Sailing (Sutherland Brothers song))
Brano proposto da: Sara
Responsabile Quality: Alessandro Menegaz (quality@infinititesti.com)
Archiviato in: Rod Stewart | Tagged: Rod Stewart, Rod Stewart Sailing lyrics, Rod Stewart sailing testo, Rod Stewart Sailing traduzione, Rod Stewart Sailing video youtube
« Julieta Venegas - El presente (testo) Bruce Springsteen - Tougher than the rest (testo e traduzione) »
Un Commento a "Rod Stewart - Sailing (testo e traduzione)"
Heuber Duraes Freitas, su 2 febbraio 2013 alle 09:39 Scrive:
A letra è uma maravilha,adorei


text:
Excavators and Cranes of Wolwa Group: Be Exported to Costa Rica
2015-09-17 Tag: Excavators Cranes Wolwa
August 31, 2015, 2 sets of DLS865-9A New Type Wheel Excavator and 2 sets of GNQY-Z5 Self-made Crane that made by Wolwa Group were sent to Costa Rica from Qingdao Port. Having been on a number of field visits and communications, customers from Costa Rica gave a high evaluation of the Group's technical strength, production capacity, product quality, product certification, shipping capacity, and after-sales service, and signed a long-term cooperation agreement with Wolwa
In recent years, Wolwa Group always adhere to science and technology leadership strategy, carried out technical cooperation with world-renowned research institutions, and conducted a comprehensive upgrading and updating for existing products according to customer needs in different countries and regions. And technology has always been to keep pace with the international to continuously improve the international competitive advantage of its product . While in efforts to improve product quality, Wolwa Group repeated studies Costa Rica market, and for Costa Rican typical tropical and subtropical climates, the technicists improved the thermal performance, fuel consumption, handling and comfort of the excavators and cranes. For the successful export this time, it laid the foundation for Wolwa Group to further open Costa Rica markets.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Intelligence Alerts: Counterterror Sweeps in Turkey
Security: Authorities conduct counterterror sweeps in Istanbul and Izmir, Turkey, early June 30. Further raids likely. Exercise increased caution.
The locations affected by this alert are:
This alert began 30 Jun 2016 22:02 GMT and is scheduled to expire 05 Jul 2016 23:59 GMT.
Incident: Counterterror operations
Location: Various locations in Istanbul and Izmir
Impact: Increased security presence; localized traffic/transport disruptions
Police counterterror units launched raids against suspected Islamic State (IS) members and supporters at 16 disparate addresses across Istanbul and Izmir provinces in the predawn hours of June 30. Locations targeted by police in Istanbul Province included residences in the Gullu Baglar and Kavakpinar neighborhoods of Pendik township; the Adil, Aksemseddin, and Hamidiye neighborhoods of Sultanbeyli township; as well as several residences across the Basaksehir borough. Sweeps in Izmir targeted addresses in the Bornova, Buca, Karabaglar, and Konak districts (map). According to initial reports, authorities took at least 22 suspects into custody during the operation - 13 in Istanbul (including three foreigners of undisclosed nationality), and nine in Izmir.
The raids, which began just after 0400, were in response to the June 28 suicide bomb attack on Istanbul Ataturk International Airport (IST). Both Turkish and US authorities have linked the attack to IS militants.
Background and Analysis
Turkish security forces almost invariably conduct such security sweeps in the immediate wake of terror attacks. Although a total of 22 individuals were detained during the raids, this action does not necessarily indicate that all of the persons detained have links to IS or were involved in planning or supporting the attack at IST. Most anti-terror operations following such attacks are not "surgical" in nature; the overwhelming majority of suspects detained are typically released within a few days, following interrogation, with only a small fraction actually being charged with terror-related activities and held in pretrial detention.
Further operations of this nature are very likely over the upcoming weeks as the investigation unfolds and could occur in any Turkish city, depending upon the evidence obtained by law enforcement. While most security sweeps of this type typically end with no true violence as police storm the targeted premises and extract the occupants, they can result in dangerous exchanges of gunfire in cases where officers encounter an operational terror cell or a haven used by established criminals.
If operating in Turkey over the upcoming weeks, exercise increased vigilance - especially in major cities. Avoid lower-income or working-class neighborhoods where police operations are most likely to occur. Keep away from concentrations of police, gendarmes, or other security officers, particularly those who appear outfitted in tactical gear. Remain especially alert to the signs of a potential security operation forming if your business schedule requires you to be out and about during the early, predawn hours. If you find yourself in a location where security forces appear to be deploying, remain calm, and exit the area immediately. Follow the instructions of authorities, and carry proper identification and travel documents at all times.
Ataturk Airport (Turkish): www.ataturkairport.com
Sabiha Gokcen Airport (Turkish): www.sabihagokcen.aero
Related Advice: Recognizing suspicious objects and the threat of hidden explosives while traveling.
Related Advice: General guidance for persons living overseas or on extended visits, particularly in high risk destinations and during time of unrest or war.
Related Advice: General guidelines to protect yourself against terrorism.
For more information, please feel free to contact us or call +1.410.573.3860.


text:
Brooksie At The Movies
Essays and Research
Australians In The Movies >
The Making of 'The Martyrdom of Nurse Cavell' (1916)
The Mystery of 'Those Terrible Twins' (1925)
Yvonne Banvard - The Mack Sennett Girl Who Wasn't
Australians at the Movies >
The 1916 Film Diary
Rudolph Valentino: An Unlikely Australian Idol
Australia and 'The Birth of a Nation' (1915)
Miscellaneous Musings >
'Titanic' and Silent Film
Silent Film, Psychology And The Quest For 'Inner Space'
Seeing Double: Twins in SIlent Film
Festival and Film Reviews
Cinecon Classic Film Festival >
San Francisco Silent Film Festival >
Australia's Silent Film Festival >
Buster Keaton's 'The General' 90th Anniversary >
The General - Location Tour Part I
The General - Location Tour Part 2
The iconic Man in the Moon from Georges Melies' 'A Trip To The Moon' (1902). Source: Wikimedia Commons.
This essay was my entry for the 2015 For The Love of Film Preservation Blogathon, hosted by Ferdy on Films, This Island Rod and Wonders in the Dark and benefiting the National Film Preservation Foundation.
Here is one of the most famous images in silent film - in all of film history, in fact - the Man in the Moon, walloped in the face by a bullet-like spacecraft in Georges Melies 1902 film A Trip to the Moon. Film evolved first as a magician's trick, so it seems natural that Melies would look towards fantastical subjects and the unknown.
And yet outer space, speculative fiction and the like are rarely to be found in films prior to the 1930s, when the term 'Science Fiction' is first thought to have been coined. There are notable exceptions, of course -Metropolis (1926) being the most famous - but it was not for another decade that cinemagoers were regularly taken to alien worlds or the not-too-distant future. Perhaps it is telling that while Edgar Rice Burroughs had helped popularise the genre with The Princess of Mars (1912) and subsequent novels, it was a creation that spoke to the origins of human behaviour that captured the bulk of the public's fascination: Tarzan.
Instead of looking out into the universe, filmmakers of the 1910s looked inward, to the world of the mind and consciousness - what might be called the 'inner space', a place just as mysterious as the heavens, and one which was likewise only in the early stages of being known and understood. What was often referred to as the 'psychological film' at the time fulfilled a similar desire to that which was later fulfilled by science fiction - to examine the very borders between fact and fantasy; to push the first to see where it overlaps with the other, and to examine the impact of science upon the human psyche.
Psychoanalysis was still an emergent field. The actions of the human brain were largely a mystery. Mental illness remained little understood. Many, for example, still believed that epileptic seizures or psychotic breaks were a form of demonic possession. The idea that the mind may not only be understood but tamed - even controlled - was every bit as exciting a scientific premise as the conquering of outer space.
Louis Reeves Harrison, scenario editor for Screenart Pictures, wrote in 1914 that 'psychological' themes such as mental derangement and split personality represented 'not the abstract fancies of the psychologist, but stern realities whose existence needs the entertaining determination of truth, and they may all furnish material for intense drama … we are far from being what we think we are and there are many exciting adventures yet to be made into the dark realm of mental change, adventures which can be used to awaken high suspense and, at the same time, fascinate us by startling revelations concerning our personal relations to the forces directing our careers."
Blanche Sweet (Becky) confronts Blanche Sweet (Dorothy) in The Case of Becky (1915). Source: Motion Picture News, 18 September 1915.
Thus, as in science fiction, the world of scientific fact and dramatic fancy found a junction. Multiple personalities were one area of interest, especially given the histrionic possibilities it opened to the lead actor or actress. Lasky-Belasco's The Case of Becky (1915), based on a successful stage play, found Blanche Sweet as the sweet-natured Dorothy who, hypnotised by an unscrupulous doctor (Theodore Roberts), develops a second, malevolent personality named Becky. She is saved by the intervention of another hypnotist (played by Carlyle Blackwell), who manages to suppress Becky.
It may appear a fairly trite treatment of multiple personality disorder today, but as with many films of the psychological genre, a grain of scientific fact provided it with credibility. In this case, the basis was the real-life story of Miss Christine Beauchamp, as outlined in Dr Morton Prince's 1905 book The Dissociation of a Personality. The same book was cited as an inspiration behind The Two-Souled Woman (1918), though the New York Times felt the latter suffered in comparison to the former: "Mr. Belasco's play departed considerably from the scientific record in search of theatrical effect, but its departure was only the slightest deviation compared to that of The Two-Souled Woman, which is simply a melodrama … Improbabilities and impossibilities are expected in melodrama, but should one be asked to accept absurdities?"
Bridging this credibility gap became the main challenge for the psychological film, and it may be precisely because it sat so squarely on the border between showman's trick and scientific phenomenon that one 'psychological' theme gained precedence over all the others: that of hypnotism.
Ella Hall undergoes hypnotism to cure paralysis in Universal's The Silent Command (1915). Source: Motion Picture News, 5 June 1915
Featuring in dozens and perhaps hundreds of films in the 1910s, hypnotism sat on the threshold between the known and unknown in such a way that the qualities of one could lend it credence, and the other, drama and mystery.
The theme was not entirely new, appearing most famously in the 1895 stage play Trilby, based on the novel by George du Maurier. One of the few examples of the hypnotism genre which remained popular into the sound era - the 1931 sound film Svengali may be its best remembered incarnation - it is nevertheless noteworthy that the first time it appeared on screen was in 1915, right in the midst of the 'psychological' craze. Clara Kimball Young appeared in the title role of the beautiful young artist's model who is hypnotised into a career as an opera singer by the mysterious mesmerist named Svengali.
The typical pattern for the genre was set by one of its earliest screen examples, D.W. Griffith's The Criminal Hypnotist (1909). A scientist performs a party trick of placing partygoers under hypnosis to perform harmless amusements. One young woman proves particularly susceptible to his powers. With her mind under his control, he guides her into attempting a robbery. Finding her in a trancelike state, her family calls in another expert to revive her, but to no avail. Finally, the 'criminal hypnotist' is apprehended and made to return the girl to her original state.
The idea of mind control by the sort of 'mad scientist' who later became a stock character of science fiction soon became prevalent, and reflected similar fears about the ethics of 'playing God'. In numerous examples -The Forbidden Room (1914), Through the Eyes of Truth (1915), A Silent Accuser (1915) and many others - the doctor's aim is to use the subject to commit or take responsibility for a crime. In Victor's The Bribe (1915), an attempt is made to hypnotise a judge into changing an adverse verdict. In many others, the scientist hopes to win the love of the victim of his machinations, or turn her against a romantic rival.
The hypnotist's intentions are not always evil, however. In many examples, a benevolent (though ill-defined) 'brain doctor' or 'mind expert' arrives at just the right moment to restore the victim to their correct state. In Kalem's The Invisible Power (1915), an army surgeon (William H. West) meets a dance hall girl (Cleo Ridgeley), who has lost her memory in a bar room brawl. His hypnosis leads her to abandon her unhealthy lifestyle and her abusive lover, the dance hall proprietor. Frequently - as it is in this case - the good doctor spontaneously wins the love of the hypnotised girl. Or perhaps, not so spontaneously? This is an ethical ambiguity that most films of the time are willing to sacrifice in service of a happy ending.
Thanhouser's 'Zudora' (1914). Source: Moving Picture World, 16 January 1915.
In other cases, hypnotism proves almost as useful a method of solving crime as causing it. In Lubin's A Silent Accuser (1915), a surgeon is robbed and his young assistant, the fiancee of the surgeon's daughter, falls under suspicion. It is not until a servant is hypnotised that he confesses and absolves the assistant.
Thanhouser's serial Zudora (1914) told the story of a 'mystic girl detective' who uses 'deduction, hypnotism and scientific analysis' to solve mysteries. The serial format, with its emphasis on unpredictable developments and heightened tolerance for esoteric subject matter, provided fertile ground for the psychological drama, with hypnotism featuring in The Evil Eye (1914), The Mysteries of Myra (1916), and many others. It is interesting to note than when science fiction did begin to move into the mainstream, it was also via serials, such as Flash Gordon and Buck Rogers.
The psychological film always walked a thin line between fantasy and fact, and the two qualities were not always resolved in a satisfactory manner. As many reviews pointed out, it was not so much the plausibility of the phenomenon itself that mattered, but how plausibly it was portrayed which contributed to the credibility of the final product.
World Film Corporation's The Stolen Voice (1914), for example, had a storyline that was not much more outlandish than many of its contemporaries - a physician uses hypnosis to steal the voice from a famous singer - and yet the apparent ease with which the doctor achieved his end, and the lack of motivation for this act, made it seem implausible. "It is hypnotism made so simple that even the least skeptical of spectators is likely to question its possibility and probably conclude 'it can't be done.'" said one review.
Whereas The Invisible Power managed to maintain credibility even whilst venturing into the pseudoscientific concept of 'thought transference' (mental telepathy), poor handling could easily tip a solid psychological premise into the realms of silly melodrama. "There were moments when the drama itself won an uninvited giggle," said Variety of Vitagraph's hypnotism-themed The Strange Story of Sylvia Gray (1914) - again, not necessarily because of its convoluted multi-generational story, but the unfeasibly large quantity of coincidences and leaps of logic that were relied upon to carry this story.
One way of bridging the credibility gap was to push the concept more solidly into the realms of clinical fact. By late 1915, at least one actress, Beatriz Michelena, decided to study medical hypnosis for her role in The Unwritten Law (1915), telling Moving Picture World that 'the theme of hypnotic influence has long played a prominent part in both stage and screen productions, but usually in an overdrawn and overacted manner." Likewise, Allan Dwan reportedly contracted two "specialists in mental telepathy" to review his 1914 film The Forbidden Room, an early macabre picture for Lon Chaney.
The so-called 'Princess Khan' (Stella Razetto) in Selig's 'The Strange Case of Princess Khan' (1915). Source: Moving Picture World, 2 January 1915
Another option was to push the theme in the opposite direction - away from the scientific and towards the supernatural, often via an esoteric religion or foreign culture. Domino's The Fakir (1915) - co-authored by one future director, Thomas Ince, and featuring another, Frank Borzage - told the story of a Hindu fakir and hypnotist, Dr Ronaldo. Rhea Mitchell, as his protege Mademoiselle Florine, escapes his influence and marries a wealthy man, Tom Waldron. Dr Ronaldo tracks her down and hypnotises her into robbing her husband's family vault, but she is interrupted in the process of giving him the loot and he is shot dead.
The Strange Case of Princess Khan (1915) featured another Hindu hypnotist, Sadi Khan, whose mysterious party trick culminates in the appearance of the magical apparition of Princess Khan, a long-dead Hindu princess. Is the princess an actual apparition, or the product of a hypnotic hallucination? It turns out she is a real person, kept hostage by a combination of drugs and hypnotism. As in The Fakir, the hypnotist is killed - but in this case, there's an additional twist: without the hypnotist, the girl cannot be drawn from her trance. The drug he was also using to effect her moods is found on the hypnotist's body, and fortunately proves to act as an antidote.
By the later 1910s, it appears that the hypnotism theme was beginning to wear thin, and was frequently watered down with more esoteric and less scientifically sound ideas. Metro's A Sleeping Memory (1917), for example, features an intriguing premise that quickly descended into implausible complications. Stage actress Emily Stevens played a poor young woman who submits herself to a scientific experiment in which her past memories are removed, turning her into a heartless and soulless flirt. She becomes involved with no less than three different scientists, the second of whom puts her under hypnotic control, and the third, yet another trusty 'brain specialist', restores her memory to normal, also uncovering a host of previous lives she has lived, including as a Viking, a member of the House of Borgia, and a victim of the Salem witch trials. Reincarnation enjoyed a brief vogue in films such as The Image Maker (1914) and the serial The Mystery of the Sleeping Death (1917), but was never as popular, perhaps due to its outright breaking of the rules of scientific plausibility that psychological drama was only ever intended to strain.
A number of 'psychological' films were remade in the very early 1920s, including The Case of Becky and The Invisible Power. By the middle of the decade, the theme was largely played out, though it did reappear on occasion. It's not often remembered, for example, that hypnotism plays a major part in the storyline of the lost London After Midnight (1927).
As Moving Picture World observed in 1914, the sheer novelty of the psychological drama had also been a major component in its enjoyment. "Perhaps our greatest pleasure in any story comes from the mind's adventures in the places that it creates. The average mind soon gets tired of walking for pleasure down the same old widows and lanes and, to such, a brand new path leading out unexpectedly to places that have never been seen before is delightful." The theme soon became too ubiquitous to be novel.
And yet, while it lasted, the psychological film explored the boundaries between speculative fiction and science fact in a way that is not so dissimilar to modern science fiction classics such as 2001: A Space Odyssey (1968), Blade Runner (1982) and the recent Ex Machina(2015). "There is a profound reason for our need of and joy in adventures," said Moving Picture World in 1914. "Like Tennyson's 'Ulysses,' our adventures become a part of us. It is the only way we can grow."
For a brief period, the journey into 'inner space' was considered as intriguing as the adventures in outer space that succeeded it.


text:
Q: from jquery scope call to class function I want to call from Jquery scope (which is in the same class) to same class function/method. How I should do?
I tried:

displayTemplate.findWithAttr(action);

or

this.findWithAttr(action);

Response

"this.findWithAttr is not a function"

Here is my code.
class displayTemplate{
  findWithAttr(action) {
    //to do something with action
  }
  router(action){
    if(action == "something"){
      $( "#confirm_dialog_msg" ).text("text?");
         $( "#dialog-confirm" ).dialog({
           buttons: {
             "yes": function() {
                $( this ).dialog( "close" );

               //how in this area call to "findWithAttr" function above?
                this.findWithAttr(action);

             },
             "No": function() {
               //..
             }
           }
        });
      }
  //...
  }
}

A: Before you enter the JQuery scope of the function, declare a variable like this
var self = this;

And then just do self.findWithAttr and that should work.
So like:
router(action){
if(action == "something"){
  var self = this;
  $( "#confirm_dialog_msg" ).text("text?");
     $( "#dialog-confirm" ).dialog({
       buttons: {
         "yes": function() {
            $( this ).dialog( "close" );

           //how in this area call to "findWithAttr" function above?
            self.findWithAttr(action);

         },
         "No": function() {
           //..
         }
       }
    });
  }

Hope this helped.

A: You may want to use lambda expressions instead of nested functions.
One of the differences between them is that lambda expressions keep parent context instead of having their own.
So to do that you simply change
"yes": function() {

to
"yes": () => {

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
Not All Diamonds are Cuttable, some don't get to sparkle
The Diamond cutting process is much complicated than one might think. Unlike all other gemstones, Diamonds are considered the hardest material/substance on earth. Cutting & polishing a Diamond is sometimes even impossible!
A Diamond planner & cutter needs to be familiar with the different surfaces of rough Diamonds. They must be able to determine the polishing or facet grain directions in order to successfully plan, cut and polish a Diamond.
Since Diamonds are never equal, we sometimes stumble upon specially stubborn Diamonds which will under no circumstance allow the cutting of it. These Diamonds are usually made up of numerous intertwining Diamond grain directions which in its simplest version are called macles (type of rough Diamond), in the example below (figure 1), multiple internal macles (plurality of different grain directions).
Besides twining grain directions we can also add certain inclusions which are too responsible for not allowing a Diamond to be cut and/or polished, one example is what we call "knots" or "naats", these are inclusions which are actually very small internal (and separate) Diamonds inside a Diamond.
When their grain directions are similar to the main Diamond then the worst case scenario can be a simple raised area on the facet (which can also be complicated to achieve), but if their grain direction are different and they appear in groups (which is usually the case) they can halt the cutting process of a Diamond entirely.
This picture (figure 2) is of a Diamond which was attempted to be cut around 30 years ago by my late father, clearly noticeable on the table reflection are the signs of multiple and unsuccessful attempts at cutting and polishing a table facet.
I am counting at least six different (but very close) attempted polish angles (1 to 6). On the upper left side of the table are many miniature "knot" inclusions (green circled) which don't allow the cutting, more signs of unwanted friction can be visible as miniature vertical lines (center, blue circled).
The only normal polishing directional signs can be seen in the top right area of the rather semi smoothed polish (red circle) and the point where the polish halted as it approached the "Knot" area (top purple circle).
Some beautiful and rare materials such as vivid yellow rough Diamonds from Zimmi, a small town in Pujehun District, Sierra Leone which is famous for its orangey vivid yellow hues are considered very sensitive rough material which seldom develop feather inclusions during the various cutting and polishing stages.
In the example in Figure 3, I planned the Diamond with the purpose of avoiding the process of sawing (dividing) the Diamond. Since I was familiar with its sensitivity status, and even then, after grinding the top (satellite stone) for the table facet placement and then adding the four crown facets, numerous feathers developed causing the Diamond an almost total loss of its transparency which inclined me to abort the cutting process altogether.
Figure 4 shows the table reflection of said Diamond, if you look closer you can notice the open surface marks showing how the feathers developed in the cutting process. Bare in mind this was supposed to be an inclusion free Diamond.
In Figure 5, it's pretty easy to visualize the optical damage such feathers caused. Practically the feathers will obstruct most light return potential. A pity for such a great and rare color.
Another Zimmi rough Diamond which was planned for sawing got damaged by internal feathers within the laser sawing process. Figure 6 is showing the Diamond after the sawing (division) into two separate Diamonds. Clearly noticeable in this picture is the surface displaying the laser marks originating in the sawing process.
In this stage its still quite difficult to pick up on the surface opening of the feathers. In the next image (Figure 7), a horizontal fine line is noticeable which shows the open surface marks that is evidence of the feather which developed during the laser sawing process (The other vertical feather is not noticeable in this picture).
Once we lit the Diamond with direct light, now one can clearly notice the "T" shaped feather which developed during the sawing process (Figure 8).
Ritu dua on at
This is just amazing knowledge. Thanks for sharing.
Suzanne Olson on at
Yes, very interesting. Thank you!
YoramF on at
Thank you for the comment Suzanne Olson.
Thank you Ritu dua for your comment, appreciated.
G. Rajesh on at
Thank you for sharing the knowledge. Very useful collection.


text:
North Grenville Curling Club
Name: North Grenville Curling Club
Category: Builder
Early Beginnings
The Ottawa Valley has been a hotbed of the sport of curling for over a century and many communities around the Valley have had active clubs and facilities for years. Folks from the Kemptville and area have participated in curling for years but not in their own community. Between the late 1970's and the beginning of the new millennium more than one group tried in vain to either build or acquire a structure for curling and establish a full fledged curling club in the community.
The Kemptville Curling Association (KCA), formed in 1988 under the leadership of the ardent curlers, Gary Pickard, Terry Whalley and Lloyd Bildson. With the support of more than 150 members, they tried for a number of years to see their dream of a curling facility for Kemptville realized. Its members rented ice time initially at the Nepean Sportplex, and later at the Smiths Falls Curling Club while the many Association members raised funds through major raffles, pledges, etc. to build a substantial down payment towards their goal. In addition, KCA was able to acquire curling stones and other equipment from the closing of a military club which were stored for years in anticipation of a new club. Heather Pitt, Lori Reason, along with past presidents of KCA, Tony Gundy and Robert Stevenson were instrumental, along with the three mentioned above, in keeping the dream alive.
By 1995 curlers of KCA began dispersing to other clubs in the area but a small ad hoc group remained active. It sought financial help through the Wintario Gaming Commission and banks to no avail and ultimately went dormant with the funds raised safely deposited in the bank.
Good fortune came to this ad hoc group early in the new millennium when Mayor Bruce Harrison, an active curling enthusiast in his own right, met with the group to discuss the Municipality's plan for a new municipal facility which would include two ice rinks. His idea was to have the curling group give consideration to adapting the existing rink for curling and lease it from the Municipality. The curling group arranged, through the Canadian Curling Association, to have Shorty Jenkins, considered the world expert in the use of hockey rinks for curling, come to North Grenville and assess our rink in terms of conversion to a curling facility. His report was very positive and workable so the curling group proceeded to the next step which included a memorandum of understanding with the Municipality to undertake an arrangement regarding KCA's financial contribution towards the new Municipal Centre and, ultimately, a lease agreement. Those involved in this interim period included Gary Pickard, Terry Whalley, Lloyd Bildson, Chal Conn, Brian Cassidy, Bill White, George Blake, Robert Stevenson.
Establishing the Club
By 2004 discussions were advancing to the point where it was felt a whole new curling executive needed to be formed under the name of North Grenville Curling Club (NGCC). George Blake played the lead information of this new entity. The first NGCC executive committee included: Brian Cassidy, President, Bill White, VP, Lori Reason, Sec./Treasurer, Mary McClory, Chal Conn, David Brown, Norma Fisher, Don Straby, Winston Kinnaird. Brian Cassidy and Bill White were charged with representing the executive in the negotiations relating to the lease agreement with the Municipality.
The North Grenville Curling Club opened its doors with nearly 400 members (including 75 social members) in the fall of 2005 after tremendous efforts by numerous volunteers, working collectively in excess of 4000 hours, to prepare the ice shed, ice plant, changing rooms, and convert the foyer to a club lounge for the opening day.
NGCC recently concluded 12 years of successful operation, averaging about 300 members annually. There are curling leagues functioning October to April five nights a week and four daytime leagues. Youth curling is held Sunday afternoon and has been very successful. Schools have brought groups to learn the game since our opening year, and continue to participate in this opportunity. The Club hosts bonspiels, "in house" and invitational, friendlies, and has hosted the Provincial Wheelchair Curling Championship. NGCC has entertained Rotary Club touring curlers, a mixed curling tour, and the Strathcona Cup curling tour; all tours from Scotland, in friendly competition.
NGCC has gained international acclaim resulting from two major events. Firstly, as host of the prestigious Ottawa Valley Curling Association Ladies Fall Classic, which has seen the best women curlers from Canada, USA, Europe and Asia compete in this World Curling Tour event for major prize money.
Jim Dolan, one of our best curlers and organizers, acts as Chair of this event in which the present World Champion, Rachel Homan's Team, has won the event twice. In May of 2016 the World Curling Summit was hosted by NGCC. This event was sponsored by the World Curling Federation (WCF). Curlers from around the world were here to help render a decision on the type of brush permitted for use in sanctioned competitions conducted by the Curling Associations as members of the WCF.
The leadership provided to our Boards of Directors by our Presidents has taken North Grenville Curling Club to new heights each and every year.
Brian Cassidy 2004/06,
Bill White 2006/08
Gary Drawson 2008/10,
Barb Gour 2010/12
Ralph Taylor 2012/14,
Rob Kluke 2014/16,
Ernie Fafard 2016
As with all organizations their those who spear head, builders who commit extraordinary time and interest and perseverance and to that end tonight we will recognize the following: Bill White, Gary Pickard, Brian Cassidy, Lloyd Bildson and Terry Whalley for their efforts to establish, cross hurdles and commit to bringing curling to North Grenville.


Vivien has extensive experience in the finance and banking industries. She is knowledgeable in private equity funds and is well versed in private equity issues and operations, particularly in investment structuring, the funding process, portfolio companies monitoring, entity management, investment valuation and investor reporting.
Previously, Vivien worked at CVC Capital Partners. Prior to that, Vivien worked at Citigroup and Deloitte Touche Tohmatsu in Hong Kong.
Manchester Business School, UK, Master of Business Administration.
University of New South Wales, Australia, Bachelor of Commerce, Accounting and Information Systems.
Fellow member of the Hong Kong Institute of Certified Public Accountants.


Your GEHA Connection Dental Federal® plan allows you to choose any dentist for your dental care. However, for many services, your costs are lower when you see an in-network dentist. To start your search, enter a ZIP Code in the search form below. You can also narrow your search results by including a specialty, the distance you are willing to travel or a name.
Remember: Not all providers are considered participating in-network providers at all locations in which they practice. It is the member's responsibility to verify with the provider, prior to receiving services, that the provider is a participating in-network provider at the location services are being rendered.
In addition, not all services performed at a participating provider's office are covered services. It is the member's responsibility to verify coverage of services before receiving those services.
The continued participation of any dentist in the network cannot be guaranteed. When you make an appointment, confirm that the dentist still participates in the Connection Dental Network. When you arrive for your appointment, remember to show your ID card with the Connection Dental Network logo.
Services or treatment provided by a member of your immediate family or a member of the immediate family of your spouse are not covered.
Some services provided by Connection Dental Network dentists may not be covered by your dental plan. For information about benefits and covered services under your plan, please click to view the GEHA Connection Dental Federal Plan Brochure.
Cut down on tooth decay by brushing after meals and not snacking on sugary or starchy foods between meals.


text:
package blang.types;

import xlinear.Matrix;

public interface Simplex extends Matrix
{

}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


A diamond encrusted teabag worth £7,500 has been created to raise money for a Manchester children's hospital.
Jewellery chain Boodles made the pyramid-shaped bag to mark the 75th anniversary of Brooke Bond's PG Tips. Although it is covered in 280 diamonds, the inside still contains tea leaves so the owner could use it to make a brew. The bag will be used in a prize draw to raise cash for the Royal Manchester Children's Hospital, the charity chosen by workers at PG Tips in Trafford Park. One hundred 2.56 carat diamonds embellish its sides, another 100 are on the inside and 80 diamonds decorate the bag's white gold "string".
PG Tips say it is the world's most expensive teabag. It will go on a tour of the country, stopping at seven shopping centres throughout March. Pete Harbour of PG Tips, said: "As it's our 75th birthday, we wanted to do something special to remind people just how much they love the great British cup of tea." The brand was launched in 1930 by Brooke Bond, who were then known as Pre-Gestee, and is now owned by food giant Unilever Bestfoods.


text:
Dieser Artikel zeigt die Ergebnisse der Qualifikationsrunden für die Emilia-Romagna Open des Damentennis. Insgesamt nahmen 24 Spielerinnen an der Qualifikation teil, die am 14. und 15. Mai 2021 stattfand.

Einzel

Setzliste

Ergebnisse

Weblinks

WTA Tour 2021
Tennisturnier in Parma

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
Dobber Sports
Tobias Enstrom and Niclas Havelid both were a mind-boggiling +1 in the 10-1 demolishing at the hands of the Sabres tonight.
HIGH ANKLE SPRAIN. Looks like Crosby will be out for six weeks. Well, if my experts league wasn't dead and buried before…it sure is now!
Seeing the slo-mo replay of that leg going into the boards – this could be a long-term thing. I will post as soon as I hear more.
Sidney Crosby went into the boards awkwardly and injured his knee. He was helped off the ice, and it looked pretty bad. Stay tuned…
The Sharks have recalled Devin Setoguchi from the AHL. He may have a quick impact again, just like before, so keep an eye on it.
The Panthers have recalled Shawn Matthias from the OHL. I don't see big minutes, but I do like his career as a power forward.
The Blues have recalled Hannu Toivonen and sent down Marek Schwarz.
Daniel Alfredsson is questionable Saturday with a hip injury. The Senators' big guns will be healthy and well rested just in time for the playoffs, it would seem Watch this team.
Jason Williams underwent hernia surgery and will be out for the next six weeks.
Tomorrow, Steve Downie will be in the lineup against Dean McAmmond and the Sens since that much balleyhooed headshot in the preseason. Expect lots of PIMs in that contest.
check out Rick Nash's amazing goal – in slow motion down below. From last night…
Ron Hainsey left last night's contest after the first period with a back injury. He was later seen walking tenderly and he refused to comment to reporters. This sounds to me like something that is more than just day-to-day. I'll keep an eye on it.
Derek Roy will return to the lineup tonight. The Sabres sure need him.
Bad news for Zubov owners – he aggravated his foot injury and left last night's contest. He could miss a couple of games going forward and it is always possible that they will "discover" something wrong with his foot that requires some drastic measure. Quietly shop him.
Loui Eriksson is on a hot streak with six points in five games.
📢 advertisement:
Peter Mueller is on a five-game point streak, with eight points in that span. He has 25 points in his last 34 games and is regularly seeing more ice time these days. Had he been scoring at that rate all season (25 in 34), he would be second in rookie scoring right now. Then again, if Backstrom had been scoring at his rate all season, he would be up there with Kane… but I thought it was interesting to note.
Chris Pronger has a bruised knee and may not be able to play in the game tonight.
Brandon Bochenski has four points in his last four games and has four in six with the Ducks


text:
package rtc

import (
	"mmio"
	"unsafe"

	"nrf5/hal/internal/mmap"
	"nrf5/hal/te"
)

// Periph represents Real Time Counter peripheral.
type Periph struct {
	te.Regs

	_         [65]mmio.U32
	counter   mmio.U32
	prescaler mmio.U32
	_         [13]mmio.U32
	cc        [4]mmio.U32
}

//emgo:const
var (
	RTC0 = (*Periph)(unsafe.Pointer(mmap.APB_BASE + 0x0b000))
	RTC1 = (*Periph)(unsafe.Pointer(mmap.APB_BASE + 0x11000))
	RTC2 = (*Periph)(unsafe.Pointer(mmap.APB_BASE + 0x24000))
)

type Task byte

const (
	START      Task = 0 // Start RTC COUNTER.
	STOP       Task = 1 // Stop RTC COUNTER.
	CLEAR      Task = 2 // Clear RTC COUNTER.
	TRIGOVRFLW Task = 3 // Store COUNTER to 0xFFFFF0.
)

type Event byte

const (
	TICK   Event = 0 // Event on COUNTER increment.
	OVRFLW Event = 1 // Event on COUNTER overflow.
)

// COMPARE returns compare event on CC[n] match.
func COMPARE(n int) Event {
	return Event(16 + n)
}

func (p *Periph) Task(t Task) *te.Task    { return p.Regs.Task(int(t)) }
func (p *Periph) Event(e Event) *te.Event { return p.Regs.Event(int(e)) }

// LoadCOUNTER returns value of counter register.
func (p *Periph) LoadCOUNTER() uint32 {
	return p.counter.Load()
}

// LoadPRESCALER returns value of prescaler register.
func (p *Periph) LoadPRESCALER() uint32 {
	return p.prescaler.Load()
}

// StorePRESCALER stores prescaler to pr (freq = 32768Hz/(pr+1)). Must only be used
// when the timer is stopped.
func (p *Periph) StorePRESCALER(pr int) {
	p.prescaler.Store(uint32(pr))
}

// LoadCC returns value of n-th compare register.
func (p *Periph) LoadCC(n int) uint32 {
	return p.cc[n].Load()
}

// StoreCC stores n-th compare register to cc.
func (p *Periph) StoreCC(n int, cc uint32) {
	p.cc[n].Store(cc)
}


text:
Noticias y Ciudadania: El Telespectador, el Poder y el Debate Publico
Hugh O'Donnell
Part I of this book outlines major approaches to analysing the news from the 1970s on. It uses Gramsci's theory of hegemony to examine the formal characteristics of news broadcasts throughout Europe and North America, and offers a critique of the professional ideologies of objectivity and impartiality. It explains the social constructivist approach which will be the focus of the book as a whole, and exemplifies this with a detailed analysis of a BBC report on the Northern Ireland situation, highlighting the key role of narrative structure in such reports. Consideration is given to the way in which television news can at times respond to clearly counter-hegemonic pressures. Part II addresses the changes which have affected the news in recent decades, both in terms of the decline in viewer numbers and also as regards the 'tabloidisation' of the news agenda and the increasingly filmic nature of news reports, together with the resulting discourses of 'dumbing down'. It then moves to the book's central argument that we are witnessing the emergence of a new social class – the globalising bourgeoisie – which has resulted in western societies being characterised by two competing bourgeois hegemonies: that of the 'older' national bourgeoisie, in decline but still in possession of significant material and symbolic resources, and that of the emergent globalising bourgeoisie with its much weaker commitment to the national. The book argues that television news is a residual product of the older national-bourgeois hegemony, a feature which largely explains the crisis it is experiencing. The book ends by arguing that formal news broadcasts are only one mechanism through which 'news' circulates, and that popular engagement with society now takes place increasingly in the popular public sphere through cultural products such as soap operas. The original English-language manuscript can be provided on request.
http://researchonline.gcu.ac.uk/cbs/113
Fingerprint Dive into the research topics of 'Noticias y Ciudadania: El Telespectador, el Poder y el Debate Publico'. Together they form a unique fingerprint.
news Social Sciences
bourgeoisie Social Sciences
broadcast Social Sciences
hegemony Social Sciences
tabloidization Social Sciences
television Social Sciences
soap opera Social Sciences
BBC Social Sciences
O'Donnell, H. (2007). Noticias y Ciudadania: El Telespectador, el Poder y el Debate Publico. http://researchonline.gcu.ac.uk/cbs/113
O'Donnell, Hugh. / Noticias y Ciudadania: El Telespectador, el Poder y el Debate Publico. 2007.
@book{5ee30d4164e445919ad2c62318e710d7,
title = "Noticias y Ciudadania: El Telespectador, el Poder y el Debate Publico",
abstract = "Part I of this book outlines major approaches to analysing the news from the 1970s on. It uses Gramsci{\textquoteright}s theory of hegemony to examine the formal characteristics of news broadcasts throughout Europe and North America, and offers a critique of the professional ideologies of objectivity and impartiality. It explains the social constructivist approach which will be the focus of the book as a whole, and exemplifies this with a detailed analysis of a BBC report on the Northern Ireland situation, highlighting the key role of narrative structure in such reports. Consideration is given to the way in which television news can at times respond to clearly counter-hegemonic pressures. Part II addresses the changes which have affected the news in recent decades, both in terms of the decline in viewer numbers and also as regards the {\textquoteleft}tabloidisation{\textquoteright} of the news agenda and the increasingly filmic nature of news reports, together with the resulting discourses of {\textquoteleft}dumbing down{\textquoteright}. It then moves to the book{\textquoteright}s central argument that we are witnessing the emergence of a new social class – the globalising bourgeoisie – which has resulted in western societies being characterised by two competing bourgeois hegemonies: that of the {\textquoteleft}older{\textquoteright} national bourgeoisie, in decline but still in possession of significant material and symbolic resources, and that of the emergent globalising bourgeoisie with its much weaker commitment to the national. The book argues that television news is a residual product of the older national-bourgeois hegemony, a feature which largely explains the crisis it is experiencing. The book ends by arguing that formal news broadcasts are only one mechanism through which {\textquoteleft}news{\textquoteright} circulates, and that popular engagement with society now takes place increasingly in the popular public sphere through cultural products such as soap operas. The original English-language manuscript can be provided on request.",
keywords = "North America, news broadcasts, Europe, media",
author = "Hugh O'Donnell",
note = "Published by Ediciones de la Torre (2007), ISBN: 978-84-7960-376-3, 96pp.",
O'Donnell, H 2007, Noticias y Ciudadania: El Telespectador, el Poder y el Debate Publico. <http://researchonline.gcu.ac.uk/cbs/113>
Noticias y Ciudadania: El Telespectador, el Poder y el Debate Publico. / O'Donnell, Hugh.
T1 - Noticias y Ciudadania: El Telespectador, el Poder y el Debate Publico
AU - O'Donnell, Hugh
N1 - Published by Ediciones de la Torre (2007), ISBN: 978-84-7960-376-3, 96pp.
N2 - Part I of this book outlines major approaches to analysing the news from the 1970s on. It uses Gramsci's theory of hegemony to examine the formal characteristics of news broadcasts throughout Europe and North America, and offers a critique of the professional ideologies of objectivity and impartiality. It explains the social constructivist approach which will be the focus of the book as a whole, and exemplifies this with a detailed analysis of a BBC report on the Northern Ireland situation, highlighting the key role of narrative structure in such reports. Consideration is given to the way in which television news can at times respond to clearly counter-hegemonic pressures. Part II addresses the changes which have affected the news in recent decades, both in terms of the decline in viewer numbers and also as regards the 'tabloidisation' of the news agenda and the increasingly filmic nature of news reports, together with the resulting discourses of 'dumbing down'. It then moves to the book's central argument that we are witnessing the emergence of a new social class – the globalising bourgeoisie – which has resulted in western societies being characterised by two competing bourgeois hegemonies: that of the 'older' national bourgeoisie, in decline but still in possession of significant material and symbolic resources, and that of the emergent globalising bourgeoisie with its much weaker commitment to the national. The book argues that television news is a residual product of the older national-bourgeois hegemony, a feature which largely explains the crisis it is experiencing. The book ends by arguing that formal news broadcasts are only one mechanism through which 'news' circulates, and that popular engagement with society now takes place increasingly in the popular public sphere through cultural products such as soap operas. The original English-language manuscript can be provided on request.
AB - Part I of this book outlines major approaches to analysing the news from the 1970s on. It uses Gramsci's theory of hegemony to examine the formal characteristics of news broadcasts throughout Europe and North America, and offers a critique of the professional ideologies of objectivity and impartiality. It explains the social constructivist approach which will be the focus of the book as a whole, and exemplifies this with a detailed analysis of a BBC report on the Northern Ireland situation, highlighting the key role of narrative structure in such reports. Consideration is given to the way in which television news can at times respond to clearly counter-hegemonic pressures. Part II addresses the changes which have affected the news in recent decades, both in terms of the decline in viewer numbers and also as regards the 'tabloidisation' of the news agenda and the increasingly filmic nature of news reports, together with the resulting discourses of 'dumbing down'. It then moves to the book's central argument that we are witnessing the emergence of a new social class – the globalising bourgeoisie – which has resulted in western societies being characterised by two competing bourgeois hegemonies: that of the 'older' national bourgeoisie, in decline but still in possession of significant material and symbolic resources, and that of the emergent globalising bourgeoisie with its much weaker commitment to the national. The book argues that television news is a residual product of the older national-bourgeois hegemony, a feature which largely explains the crisis it is experiencing. The book ends by arguing that formal news broadcasts are only one mechanism through which 'news' circulates, and that popular engagement with society now takes place increasingly in the popular public sphere through cultural products such as soap operas. The original English-language manuscript can be provided on request.
KW - North America
KW - news broadcasts
KW - Europe
KW - media
BT - Noticias y Ciudadania: El Telespectador, el Poder y el Debate Publico
O'Donnell H. Noticias y Ciudadania: El Telespectador, el Poder y el Debate Publico. 2007.


As explained above, can you please Remove the 8ft long dead branch from A tree from the grass verge. Thank you.
Our contractors have been experiencing technical issues accessing our systems. A resolution has now been found. Official updates to follow. Thank you for your patience.


General Overseer, Living Faith Church Worldwide, Bishop David Oyedepo, has urged Christain faithful in Nigeria to remain resolute, steadfast in their faith in God irrespective of their challenges.
In his special Sunday sermon entitled "Assessing God's Plan for your Life in His Book" in Lafia, Nasarawa state, the cleric observed that "a better tomorrow is for who are steadfast in serving Him''.
Represented by Pastor Emmanuel Olumuyiwa, Oyedepo said: "Believers who are facing one challenge or the other should not panic.
"Better tomorrow awaits them once they understand what they are destined for after reading God's book and accepting God's plan in their lives.
"God has a plan for your life, not minding where you are and what you may be going through; life may present to you a bend that slows down your journey but don't take the bend as the end.
"Remain resolute in your faith in God and He will rescue you from whatever you are going through.
"His plan for your life is packaged in His book but is waiting for you to discover it. So look out for what is the plan of God in your life.
Good Friday : Who, What, Why: Why is Good Friday called Good Friday?


Our writers and editors are storytellers from different parts of the world with unique stories to tell. Hit a name and explore our content.
Want to join the team? Reach out using via our contact form and we'll be in touch ASAP.


text:
Papachristou v. U.S.
8 defendants convicted of vagrancy in Florida under an ordinance code. Whether the statute is vague and unconstitutional under the 14th amendment? Yes "fails to give person of ordinary intelligence fair notice" & "encourages arbitrary & erratic convictions." Standard of rule in applying discretion.
Kolendar v. Lawson
Lawson was detained or arrested 15 times in a 2 year period. He was convicted and filed appeal saying the statute was unconstitutional "sought a mandatory injunction to restrain enforcement". Applies void-for-vagueness doctrine.
City of Chicago v. Morales
void for vagueness doctrine applied. Chicago enacted a policy prohibiting "criminal street gang members" and was struck down for being too broad.
death penalty is cruel and unusual punishment when applied to rape, death penalty the crime is grossly disproportionate
Ewing v. California
3 strikes law is upheld and is not grossly disproportionate
McCleskey killed a public officer (white) killed while committing an armed robbery at a convenience store. Whether the Georgia capital punishment statute violates the EPC of 14th amendment? No, because discrimination is unintentional.
Wisconsin v. Mitchell
Black man beat up white man because of his race. Question is whether the penalty enhancement is unconstitutional based on 1st and 14th amendment. Yes, motive has always been used to determine sentencing different than mens rea (thought) v. motivation (why).
Robinson v. California
recognizes that narcotic addiction is an illness, cannot convict someone as being a drug user, must have used drugs in CA, status w/o act= cannot be convicted
Powell v. Texas
status w/ act= can be convicted, having a disease status but because he actually acted and committed the crime he could be convicted
U.S. v. Yermian
man lied to pass certain security requirements for a job. He said he didn't know that he had to disclose and that he was unsure that he was disclosing to a federal agency. The statute was ambiguous because they didn't know which part the "actual knowledge" applied to either that he lied or that he responded to a federal agency.
Holloway v. U.S.
statutory confusion over whether defendant wanted to kill the person or would kill the person to complete the crime. Statute only requires to prove that the man would kill if necessary.
Virginia v. Black
KKK member burns a cross at a rally, arrested under Virginia statute saying that cross burning is illegal. Court rules it is unconstitutional because of burden shift. Any burning of a cross is intent to scare, court overrules.
Morissette v. U.S.
Man took casings from U.S. property. Charged with strict liability crime because statute did not have intent requirement but supreme court said that just because there is no intent requirement that does not mean that it is strict liability. Intent is inherent in this case. Overturned.
Cheek v. U.S
A mistake of law that the tax code is unconstitutional does not negate mens rea. You should obey the law and then contest the constitutionality of the law not break the law and then use the constitutionality of the law as a defense.
Bryan v. U.S.
man was dealing firearms illegally, but the statute used the term willfully. Appealed saying the statute did not say if he either 1) knew that his conduct was wrong or 2) had to know of the licensing requirement. Knowingly does not have any reference to a state of mind or to the knowledge of the law. Knowingly merely requires facts of the offense that constitutes the crime. Majority states that he knew all of his actions were illegal, even if he didn't know about the licensing requirement.
Lambert v. California
registration, didn't know to register, can't be convicted because he did not know to register. Failure to register was a passive act and he had no mens rea to avoid registering he just was unaware of when to register.


The Scottish Showcase Arena will have some of the Top Vehicles in Scotland on display at The Scottish Car Show 2018. If you want to see cars with a unique twist, then this is the area to see it!
The Showcase Arena will be on display within the Highland Hall.


text:
ANA, AAF coordinate clearing operation in dangerous Wardak Valley
Photo By Sgt. Bob Yarbrough | U.S. Army soldiers with Task Force Vanguard, and Afghan National Army soldiers with...... read more read more
Photo By Sgt. Bob Yarbrough | U.S. Army soldiers with Task Force Vanguard, and Afghan National Army soldiers with the 4th Brigade, 203rd Corps, meet Oct. 13, 2013, at Combat Outpost Sisay in Tangi Wardak, Afghanistan, as an Afghan Air Force Mi-35 helicopter flies over head. Operation Shaheen II was an Afghan led clearance operation in one of Afghanistan's most dangerous areas. (U.S. Army photo by Sgt. Bob Yarbrough, 4th IBCT, 3rd Inf. Div., Public Affairs) see less | View Image Page
WARDAK PROVINCE, AFGHANISTAN
Story by Sgt. Bob Yarbrough
4th Infantry Brigade Combat Team, 3rd Infantry Division Public Affairs
WARDAK PROVINCE, Afghanistan – Afghan National Security Forces conducted Operation Shaheen II in Tangi Wardak, Afghanistan, and completed clearance operations Oct. 13, 2013, just in time to celebrate their religious holiday of Eid al-Adha, which marks the end of the Hajj for Muslims.
The Tangi Wardak, often referred to simply as "the Tangi", the Dari word for valley, is one of Afghanistan's most dangerous areas and is known to be the home of many of the enemies of Afghanistan. Soldiers from the Afghan National Army's 4th Brigade, 203rd Corps, cleared the area in two groups. Two kandaks, or battalions, cleared from the north and two additional kandaks cleared from the south, meeting in the heart of the valley.
U.S. Army Soldiers with Company A, 3rd Battalion, 7th Infantry Regiment, 4th Infantry Brigade Combat Team, 3rd Infantry Division, were on hand for Shaheen II to advise and assist the ANA-led operation. The goal for this operation was to end the fighting season on a high note. Fighting in Afghanistan usually slows considerably when winter sets in and the ANA wanted to finish this season strong and demoralize the various groups operating in the area.
"It wasn't about us," said U.S. Army Lt. Col. Gregory Bell, commander or 3rd Bn., 7th Inf. Reg., and a native of Valdosta, Ga. "Our role was just to provide overwatch." Bell compared the U.S. presence to sitting on the sidelines and supporting the ANA. "They (the ANA) were there in the beginning of the fighting season and (the Tangi) is a place where bad guys hang out. There's always a fight and they've done well every time they've gone in there."
One of the biggest tactical achievements during this operation was the use of newly- trained Afghan Tactical Air Coordinators. These Afghan soldiers work with air and ground assets to de-conflict issues with airspace by ensuring that operators of artillery, mortars, and other ground-based weapons are aware that aircraft will be in the area, and that the aircraft know the location of the ground forces. Shaheen II marked the first time in the 13-year conflict where the Afghan Air Force supported the ANA with air support in this manner, with an ATAC on the ground, coordinating AAF air traffic.
"Operation Shaheen was a great validation of the ATAC program that we're trying to set up," said U.S. Air Force Maj. Sean Papworth, out of Scott Air Force Base, Ill., and an adviser to the Afghan Air force with the NATO Air Training Command – Afghanistan. "It's actually the AAF helping the ANA, and this is going to lead them in the right direction."
The operational success of Shaheen II is proof that Afghan National Security Forces are quickly becoming fully capable of securing their own country using their own assets. The ANSF planned and executed this mission almost completely on their own and have reduced the amount of enemy activity in one of Afghanistan's most active fighting grounds.
Location: WARDAK PROVINCE, AF
Hometown: O'FALLON, IL, US
Hometown: VALDOSTA, GA, US
This work, ANA, AAF coordinate clearing operation in dangerous Wardak Valley, by SGT Bob Yarbrough, identified by DVIDS, must comply with the restrictions shown on https://www.dvidshub.net/about/copyright.
Fort Stewart
3rd Infantry Division
4IBCT
4th IBCT
3rd ID
4th Infantry Brigade Combat Team
3rd Inf. Div.


text:
Journal of Biomedical Science and Engineering
10.4236/jbise.2017.1011039
Relevance of Protein Content within the Renal Scaffold for Kidney Bioengineering and Regeneration
Fatima Guerrero1, Andres Carmona1, Rosa Ortega1,2, Sagrario Cañadillas1,3, Rodolfo Crespo4,5, Concha Herrera1,3,5,6, Pedro Aljama1,4,5,7
1Maimonides Institute of Biomedical Research of Cordoba, Cordoba, Spain; 2Anatomical Pathology Service, Reina Sofía University Hospital, Cordoba, Spain; 3Cellular Therapy Unit, Reina Sofía University Hospital, Cordoba, Spain; 4Department of Nephrology, Nephrology Service, Reina Sofia University Hospital, Cordoba, Spain; 5University of Cordoba, Cordoba, Spain; 6Hematology Departament, Reina Sofía University Hospital, Cordoba, Spain; 7RETICs Red Renal, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
Correspondence to: Fatima Guerrero,
Keywords: Bioengineering, Kidney, Decellularization, Scaffold, Proteomic
Received: September 29, 2017 Accepted: November 26, 2017 Published: November 29, 2017;
Chronic kidney disease is currently a major public health problem around the world. Although hemodialysis increases survival of patients with end-stage renal disease, kidney transplantation remains the only potentially curative treatment. However, transplantation as a therapeutic option is limited by availability of suitable donor organs. This situation highlights the urgent need to find new and potentially inexhaustible sources of transplantable organs. Perfusion decellularizarion of whole organs is a novel approach to organ engineering and regeneration. In the present research, we used a continuous perfusion decellularization protocol to eliminate cellular componet of kidney and evaluated residual scaffold components after decellularizarion process by proteomics analysis. Our proteomic data show that this protocol results in incomplete removal of cellular proteins. However, unlike other authors, we assume that proteins retained within decellularized kidney scaffold could be the basis for specific homing and celular differentation in the recellularization process.
Bioengineering, Kidney, Decellularization, Scaffold, Proteomic
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is currently a major public health worldwide problem [ 1 , 2 ]. CKD affects a significant percentage of the population; mainly due to that their leading causes are highly prevalent disorders such as aging, hypertension, diabetes and vascular disease [ 3 ]. Although hemodialysis increases survival of patients with end-stage renal disease (ESRD), the kidney transplantation remains the only potentially curative treatment [ 4 ]. Because of this, the demand for suitable organs for transplantation has reached a level that far exceeds supply. This disparity has greatly to a wide waiting list. These data highlight the urgency to find new and potentially inexhaustible sources of transplantable organs.
Tissue engineering and regenerative medicine arise as a promising solution for the treatment of kidney disease through the development of renal structures with normal function by bioengineering. Recent advances in this area, involving decellularization of native organs and further recellularization of the resulting extracellular matrix (ECM), have provided a hopeful approach for the production of transplantable organs [ 5 - 10 ].
Kidney decellularization has been successfully achieved using a variety of approaches and protocols. Currently, the most efficient technique that allows decellularization of complete organs is the chemical perfusion. Sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) and non-ionic detergent Triton X-100, are the most frequently used agents for tissue decellularization [ 5 , 11 - 14 ]. These agents allow complete removal of cellular material, preserving the three-dimensional ECM and vascular network within the organ.
Criteria to evaluate the effectiveness of the decellularization process are mainly based on structural and content details of the ECM scaffold by both histological and biochemical analysis. However, recent observations underwrite that decellularized scaffolds still contain many cellular protein and proteomic analysis would provide crucial characterization of the decellularization process to create scaffolds biocompatible, nontoxic and suitable for its subsequent recellularization [ 15 ].
In this research, our aims were 1) to develop decellularization protocol by detergent perfusion that effectively removes all cellular components of the kidney and 2) to assess the changes in the proteome after decellularization process.
2.1. Harvesting of Rat Kidneys
All experimental protocols were reviewed and approved by the Ethics Committee for Animal Research of the University of Cordoba, and all rats received humane care in compliance with the guiding principles in the Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals.
The animals were sacrificed by exsanguination under general anaesthesia (i.p. sodium thiopental). After a median laparotomy and systemic heparinization through the infrahepatic inferior vena cava for anticoagulation, renal artery, renal vein and ureter were complety isolated. Subsequently, the whole kidney was harvested and transferred to a cell culture dish. The whole kidney was maintained hydrated with cooled PBS while the main vasculature of the organ was cannulated.
2.2. Whole-Organ Perfusion Decellularization
We performed a decellularization protocol following the method used by Guyette J et al. [ 11 ], with minor modifications. Briefly, renal artery was cannulated with a 24-G cannula and fixed with 3/0 silk suture. The kidney was manually perfused with 10 ml of diluted heparin (Sanofi, Gentilly, France) solution to remove residual blood. Then, the cannulated kidney was mounted into the decellularization chamber and was connected to the peristaltic pump (Fresenius-Kabi, Bad Homburg, Germany). The perfusión rate for each step was set at 0.4 mL/min. The decellularization process was initiated by perfusion with PBS for 30 minutes, followed by 0.66% SDS (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Waltham, MA, USA) in deionized water for 18 hours until organ translucency was confirmed. Finally, the kidney was perfused with 1% Triton X-100 (Acros Organics, Fisher Scientific) in deionized water for 30 minutes. Following decellularization, we washed the kidney scaffolds with PBS containing 10,000 U/mL penicillin G, 10 mg/mL streptomycin, and 25 μg/mL amphotericin-B (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA) at 0.4 mL/min constant arterial perfusion for 96 hours. Wash solution was changed every 12 hours.
All used solutions were buffered at ph 7.4 and prepared under sterile conditions. The buffered solutions were kept to 4˚C until used.
2.3. Visualization of the Vascular System
To visualize the three-dimensional microvasculature in the scaffolds after decellularization, a blue colored solution was injected throught cannulated renal artery of the decellularized kidney. To performed the solution was used Commasie Brilliant Blue R (Sigma-Aldrich).
2.4. Quantification of Residual Detergent
Removal of SDS detergent of the kidney perfusate solution was quantified using the Stains All Dye reagent (Sigma-Aldrich) by absorbance readings at 438 nm as previously described by Rusconi F et al. [ 16 ].
2.5. Basic Histology Assessment of the Kidney Scaffolds
To assess cell and nuclear clearance as well as preservation of extracellular matrix, hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) and silver methamine staining were performed in decellularized and native kidneys. Briefly, decellularized and native kidneys transverse sections were fixed in 4% formalin, dehydrated through a graded series of ethanol, and embedded in paraffin. Three-micrometer paraffin sections were stained with H&E and methenamine silver and examined by normal light microscopy.
2.6. Protein Extraction and Digestion
Protein lysates from native and decellularized kidney were prepared by homogenizing tissue in lysis buffer (7 M urea, 4% CHAPS (w/v), 0.5 M DTT) containing protease inhibitor cocktail (Sigma-Aldrich) using a rotating blade homogenizator. Samples were cleaned by protein precipitation with TCA/acetone and solubilised in 50 µL of 0.2% RapiGest SF (Waters, Milford, MA, USA) in 50 mM ammonium bicarbonate. The total protein content was measured using the Qubit Protein Assay Kit (Thermo Fisher Scientific); 50 µg of protein was subjected to trypsin digestion following a protocol adapted from Vowinckel et al. [ 17 ]. Briefly, protein samples were incubated with 5 mM DTT at 60˚C for 30 min and then with 10 mM iodoacetamide at room temperature and in darkness for 30 min. Sequencing Grade Modified Trypsin (Promega, Madison, WI, USA) was added at a 1:40 trypsin:protein ratio and incubated at 37˚C for 2 hours; the same amount of trypsin was again added and incubated at 37˚C for another 15 hours. RapiGest was then precipitated by centrifugation after incubating with 0.5% TFA at 37˚C for 1 hour.
2.7. Mass Spectrometry Analysis
The peptide solutions were analysed by a shotgun data-dependent acquisition (DDA) approach using nano-LC-MS/MS. One μg of each pooled sample (2 μL) was separated into a nano-LC system Ekspert nLC415 (Eksigent, Dublin, CA, USA) using an Acclaim PepMap C18 column (75 μm × 25 cm, 3 µm, 100 Å) (Thermo Fisher Scientific) at a flow rate of 300 nl/min. Water and ACN, both containing 0.1% formic acid, were used as solvents A and B, respectively. The gradient run consisted of 5% to 30% B for 120 min.
Eluting peptides were directly injected into a hybrid quadrupole-TOF mass spectrometer Triple TOF 5600+ (Sciex, Redwood City, CA, USA) operated with a data-dependent acquisition system in positive ion mode. A NanoSpray III ESI source (Sciex) was used for the interface between nLC and MS, with an application of 2600 V voltage. The acquisition mode consisted of a 250 ms survey MS scan from 350 to 1250 m/z followed by an MS/MS scan from 230 to 1700 m/z (60 ms acquisition time, rolling collision energy) of the top 65 precursor ions from the survey scan, for a total cycle time of 4.2 s. The fragmented precursors were then added to a dynamic exclusion list for 15 s; any singly charged ions were excluded from the MS/MS analysis.
The peptide and protein identifications were performed using Protein Pilot software (version 5.0.1, Sciex) with a Rattus Swiss-Prot concatenated target-reverse decoy database (downloaded in May 2015), containing 7927 target protein sequences, specifying iodoacetamide as Cys alkylation. The false discovery rate (FDR) was set to 0.01 for both peptides and proteins.
2.8. GO Analysis and Bioinformatic Tools
The proteins identified in native and kidney scaffold were described using Uniprot knowledgebase (http://www.uniprot.org/). The list of gene names from each dataset was used to generate a Venn diagram (http://bioinformatics.psb.ugent.be/webtools/Venn/). Network analysis protein-protein interactions of the identified proteins were performed using STRING (https://string-db.org/). The confidence score for selection was 0.7. Gene ontology (GO) terms enrichment was calculated using Gene Ontology enRIchment anaLysis and visuaLizAtion (GOrilla) tool (http://cbl-gorilla.cs.technion.ac.il/). Significance for each GO term was assessed with p-values that were corrected using FDR q-value according to the Benjamini and Hochberg (1995) method.
3.1. Kidney Decellularization
In our laboratory, the continuous perfusion decellularization protocol was based on the combination of two detergents (SDS and Triton X-100). Detergent perfusion and washing of rat kidney was maintained with low and constant physiological perfusion pressures to allow gradual adaptation to changes in vascular resistance. As shown in the Figure 1(A) & Figure 1(B), after decellularization of rat kidney, the scaffold
Figure 1. Representative pictures of kidney (A) before and (B) after decellularization process. Mean length of native and scaffold kidney was 1.8 cm. (C) Visualizarion fo the vascular network. (D) SDS quantification in kidney perfusate solutions.
retained overall shape and the macroscopic structure, and became white and translucent due to the removal of the cellular contents. Furthermore, the three dimensional structure of the vasculature was preserved and intact (Figure 1(C)).
According to previous studies, SDS perfusion shows severe cellular toxicity in subsequent recellularization processes [ 11 , 18 ]. Analysis of several samples of the perfusate solution during decellularization process confirmed removal of SDS detergent. After perfusing Triton-X100, we observed a marked decrease in the levels of SDS becoming undetectable in the washing process, suggesting complete removal of residual SDS (Figure 1(D)).
3.2. Histological Characterization of the Rat Renal ECM Scaffold
The microscopic examination revealed the renal scaffold microarchitecture preserved and the integrity of the glomerular, tubular and vascular structures. Histologic evaluation with H&E staining showed pink eosinophilic structures typical of collagen fibrils, whereas no basophilic staining typical of cellular nuclear material was observed (Figure 2(E)), as compared to normal rat kidney staining (Figure 2(B)).
Moreover, methenamine silver staining was performed to assess preservation of basement membranes. Figure 2(F) showed the characteristic pattern (in black) of the glomerular and tubular basement membranes intact after the decellularization process and confirming successfully eliminate the cellular component compared to normal rat kidney staining (Figure 2(C)).
3.3. Proteomic Analysis of the Kidney Scaffold
The proteins identified in native and kidney scaffold were described using Uniprot knowledgebase (Data Supplementary). As expected, fewer distinct proteins were detected after decellularization process,
Figure 2. Histological analysis of renal scaffold. ((B), (E)) H&E staining of native (B) versus decellularized kidney (E). Circles show glomerular (yellow), tubular (red) and vascular (blue) structures. ((C), (F)) Methenamine silver staining of native (C) versus decellularized kidney (F). Arrows show glomerular (yellow) and tubular (red) basement membranes.
dropping from 990 to 424 proteins identifications in the native and decellularized kidney respectively. As shown in the Venn Diagram (Figure 3(A)), of the total 424 proteins identified after decellularization
Figure 3. (A) Venn diagram with the number of protein identifications for native and decellularized kidney; (b) protein interaction map of proteins identified in the renal scaffold.
process, 296 proteins were conserved to both native and kidney scaffold and 128 were exclusively represented in renal scaffold (Data Supplementary). Figure 3(B) shows the interaction network of the proteins with high confidence. The interactions among themselves indicates that the proteins are biologically connected.
GOrilla tool using a single ranked list of genes was performed to analyze the cellular component ontology in the decellularized rat kidney. The system recognized 421 genes out of 424 gene terms entered, only 419 of these genes were associated with a GO term. The results revealed 20 GO terms enriched for cellular component (Figure 4, Table 1). Some highly enriched cellular component terms were associated to protein complex and ECM. Associated genes for extracellular matrix term (GO:0031012) are shown in the Table 2. Each gene name is specified by gene symbol followed by a short description of the gene.
Table 1. GO classification of enriched cellular component.
Table 2. Associated genes for extracellular matrix term (GO:0031012).
Figure 4. GO classification of enriched cellular component in renal scaffold.
Proteins were subsequently categorized into their functional and biological processes. GOrilla tool using two unranked lists of genes (scaffold as target list and native as background list) was performed. The system recognized 1404 genes out of 1414 gene terms entered, only 1092 of these genes were associated with a GO term. The results revealed 2 GO terms enriched for molecular function (Figure 5, Table 3) and 3 GO terms enriched for biological process (Figure 6, Table 4).
The biological process terms identified were related to metabolic process including organic acid metabolic process (GO:0006082), oxoacid metabolic process (GO:0043436) and carboxylic acid metabolic process (GO:0019752). Several enrichment molecular function terms were related to cofactor binding (GO:0048037) and secondary active transmembrane transporter activity (GO:0015291).
Renal transplantation is currently the most effective treatment for ESRD that represents one of the primary mortality reason globally. Because of this, the demand for transplantable organs continues to grow and the number of available organs seems to have plateaued in recent years. Consequently, there is a urgent need to identify new, potentially inexhaustible sources of clinically applicable and transplantable kidneys.
Perfusion decellularization of whole organs is a novel approach to organ engineering and regeneration. The use of a decellularized kidney scaffold is based on the mechanical and biological property of the ECM, which can maintain natural cellular architecture and some residual molecules that may advantage recellularization, differentiation and proliferation of the host cells. Kidney decellularization has been successfully achieved using a variety of approaches and protocols. Recently, Destefani et al. showed a comprehensive investigation about different protocols for rat kidney decellularization [ 19 ]. Although, to date no specific protocol has demonstrated to be superior to the others.
In this study, the continuous perfusion decellularization protocol was based on the combination of two detergents (SDS and Triton X-100). We perfused kidneys using a peristaltic pump to ensure monitoring of perfusion pressure. Perfusion pressure was maintained in physiological range (up to 120
Figure 5. GO classification of enriched molecular function in renal scaffold.
Figure 6. GO classification of enriched biological process in renal scaffold.
Table 3. GO classification of enriched molecular function.
mmHg) during the entire duration of the decellularization process. This approach differs from the gravity-based perfusion system adopted by Guyette J et al. [ 11 ]. Moreover, we decided to use a lower concentration of SDS (0.66%), because high concentrations of SDS can lead to the destruction of the ECM [ 20 - 22 ]. Histological data showed that our decellularization procedure was effective in maintaining kidney microarchitecture. Furthermore, even the integrity of the basal membrane is preserved, which is a basic requirement for successful endothelialization of the vessels [ 23 ]. Recellularization process requires not only the preservation of the overall architectural integrity of the organ but the maintenance of a vascular network intact, both are indispensable for ensuring adequate oxygenation of the organ. Taking this into consideration, we demostrated that the vascular tree was preserved after the decellularization process, which was evidenced by perfusion through renal artery of blue colored solution.
In this research, we employed a proteomics approach (by LC-MS/MS) to generate a comprehensive protein expression profile of kidney scaffold. As expected, fewer distinct proteins were detected after decellularization process. We identified 424 proteins in the kidney scaffold of which 296 proteins were conserved to both native and kidney scaffold. In the decellularized kidney scaffold, we identified a large number of both remnant cellular and ECM proteins. During creation of a decellularized scaffold, it is crucial to preserve the organ-specific ECM "zip codes" that support site appropriate cell attachment and differentiation [ 15 , 24 ]. The identification of acellular matrix composition by LC-MS/MS confirms the expression of the main components of ECM including collagen type I, laminin, fibronectin, vimentin and
Table 4. GO classification of enriched biological process.
nidogen, among others.
Currently, the few published reports of proteome composition of decellularized biological scaffolds focus primarily on ECM proteins [ 15 , 25 - 27 ]. In this work, along with ECM proteins, we identified numerous cellular proteins mainly related to metabolic processes, in binding and transporter activity. Interestingly, we identified proteins involved in kidney development (Slc34a1, Aqp1, Mme, Podxl, Sdc4, Nphs2, Hspa4, Cat, Hrsp12, Cyp4a8, Asl, Aldh1a1, Aldh9a1, Acat1, Ass1). Particularly, Podxl, Aqp1 and Nphs2 are involved in kidney epithelium development and glomerulus development. Specifically, Podxl play an essential role in the formation and maintenance of podocyte foot processes [ 28 ] and Podxl-deficiency prevents renal tubule formation [ 29 ].
Collectively, our data reveal that decellularized kidney scaffold retain characteristic cues from local microenvironment that could be the basis for specific homing and celular differentation in the recellularization process. Thus, we assume that the goal of decellularization is to identify the crucial proteins that must remain within the biological scaffolds in order to complete a successful recellularization process.
The authors are grateful to Dr. Ignacio Ortea from IMIBIC Proteomics Unit and M. J. Jimenez for their technical assistance.
1. Schoolwerth, A.C., Engelgau, M.M., Hostetter, T.H., Rufo, K.H., Chianchiano, D., McClellan, W.M., et al. (2006) Chronic Kidney Disease: A Public Health Problem That Needs a Public Health Action Plan. Preventing Chronic Disease, 3, A57.
2. Schieppati, A. and Remuzzi, G. (2005) Chronic Renal Diseases as a Public Health Problem: Epidemiology, Social, and Economic Implications. Kidney International Supplements, 98, S7-S10. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1523-1755.2005.09801.x
3. Meguid El Nahas, A. and Bello, A.K. (2005) Chronic Kidney Disease: The Global Challenge. Lancet, 365, 331-340. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(05)17789-7
4. Abolbashari, M., Agcaoili, S.M., Lee, M.K., Ko, I.K., Aboushwareb, T., Jackson, J.D., et al. (2016) Repopulation of Porcine Kidney Scaffold Using Porcine Primary Renal Cells. Acta Biomater, 29, 52-61. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actbio.2015.11.026
5. Ott, H.C., Matthiesen, T.S., Goh, S.K., Black, L.D., Kren, S.M., Netoff, T.I., et al. (2008) Perfusion-Decellularized Matrix: Using Nature's Platform to Engineer a Bioartificial Heart. Nature Medicine, 14, 213-221. https://doi.org/10.1038/nm1684
6. Ott, H.C., Clippinger, B., Conrad, C., Schuetz, C., Pomerantseva, I., Ikonomou, L., et al. (2010) Regeneration and Orthotopic Transplantation of a Bioartificial Lung. Nature Medicine, 16, 927-933. https://doi.org/10.1038/nm.2193
7. Uygun, B.E., Soto-Gutierrez, A., Yagi, H., Izamis, M.L., Guzzardi, M.A., Shulman, C., et al. (2010) Organ Reengineering through Development of a Transplantable Recellularized Liver Graft Using Decellularized Liver Matrix. Nature Medicine, 16, 814-820. https://doi.org/10.1038/nm.2170
8. Baptista, P.M., Siddiqui, M.M., Lozier, G., Rodriguez, S.R., Atala, A. and Soker, S. (2011) The Use of Whole Organ Decellularization for the Generation of a Vascularized Liver Organoid. Hepatology, 53, 604-617. https://doi.org/10.1002/hep.24067
9. Orlando, G., Wood, K.J., Stratta, R.J., Yoo, J.J., Atala, A. and Soker. S. (2011) Regenerative Medicine and Organ Transplantation: Past, Present, and Future. Transplantation, 91, 1310-1317. https://doi.org/10.1097/TP.0b013e318219ebb5
10. Chani, B, Puri, V., Sobti, R.C., Jha, V. and Puri, S. (2017) Decellularized Scaffold of Cryopreserved Rat Kidney Retains Its Recellularization Potential. PLoS One, 12, e0173040. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0173040
11. Guyette, J.P., Gilpin, S.E., Charest, J.M., Tapias, L.F., Ren, X. and Ott, H.C. (2014) Perfusion Decellularization of Whole Organs. Nature Protocols, 9, 1451-1468. https://doi.org/10.1038/nprot.2014.097
12. Peloso, A., Ferrario, J., Maiga, B., Benzoni, I., Bianco, C., Citro, A., et al. (2015) Creation and Implantation of Acellular Rat Renal ECM-Based Scaffolds. Organogenesis, 11, 58-74. https://doi.org/10.1080/15476278.2015.1072661
13. Song, J.J., Guyette, J.P., Gilpin, S.E., Gonzalez, G., Vacanti, J.P. and Ott, H.C. (2013) Regeneration and Experimental Orthotopic Transplantation of a Bioengineered Kidney. Nature Medicine, 19, 646-651. https://doi.org/10.1038/nm.3154
14. Caralt, M., Uzarski, J.S., Iacob, S., Obergfell, K.P, Berg, N., Bijonowski, B.M., et al. (2015) Optimization and Critical Evaluation of Decellularization Strategies to Develop Renal Extracellular Matrix Scaffolds as Biological Templates for Organ Engineering and Transplantation. American Journal of Transplantation, 15, 64-75. https://doi.org/10.1111/ajt.12999
15. Li, Q., Uygun, B.E., Geerts, S., Oze, S., Scalf, M., Gilpin, S.E., et al. (2016) Proteomic Analysis of Naturally-Sourced Biological Scaffolds. Biomaterials, 75, 37-46. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biomaterials.2015.10.011
16. Rusconi, F., Valton, E., Nguyen, R. and Dufourc, E. (2001) Quantification of Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate in Microliter-Volume Biochemical Samples by Visible Light Spectroscopy. Analytical Biochemistry, 295, 31-37. https://doi.org/10.1006/abio.2001.5164
17. Vowinckel, J., Capuano, F., Campbell, K., Deery, M.J., Lilley, K.S. and Ralser, M. (2013) The Beauty of Being (label)-Free: Sample Preparation Methods for SWATH-MS and Next-Generation Targeted Proteomics. F1000Research, 2, 272. https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.2-272.v2
18. Wang, Y., Bao, J., Wu, Q., Zhou, Y., Li, Y., Wu, X., et al. (2015) Method for Perfusion Decellularization of Porcine Whole Liver and Kidney for Use as a Scaffold for Clinical-Scale Bioengineering Engrafts. Xenotransplantation, 22, 48-61. https://doi.org/10.1111/xen.12141
19. Destefani, A.C., Sirtoli, G.M. and Nogueira, B.V. (2017) Advances in the Knowledge about Kidney Decellularization and Repopulation. Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology, 5, 34. https://doi.org/10.3389/fbioe.2017.00034
20. Samouillan, V., Dandurand-Lods, J., Lamure, A., Maurel, E, Lacabanne, C., Gerosa, G., et al. (1999) Thermal Analysis Characterization of Aortic Tissues for Cardiac Valve Bioprostheses. Journal of Biomedical Materials Research, 46, 531-538. https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1097-4636(19990915)46:4<531::AID-JBM11>3.0.CO;2-2
21. Woods, T. and Gratzer, P.F. (2005) Effectiveness of Three Extraction Techniques in the Development of a Decellularized Bone-Anterior Cruciate Ligament-Bone Graft. Biomaterials, 26, 7339-7349. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biomaterials.2005.05.066
22. Ren, H., Shi, X., Tao, L., Xiao, J., Han, B., Zhang, Y., et al. (2013) Evaluation of Two Decellularization Methods in the Development of a Whole-Organ Decellularized Rat Liver Scaffold. Liver International, 33, 448-458. https://doi.org/10.1111/liv.12088
23. Ross, E.A., Williams, M.J., Hamazaki, T., Terada, N., Clapp, W.L., Adin, C., et al. (2009) Embryonic Stem Cells Proliferate and Differentiate When Seeded into Kidney Scaffolds. Journal of the American Society of Nephrology, 20, 2338-2347. https://doi.org/10.1681/ASN.2008111196
24. Crapo, P.M., Gilbert, T.W. and Badylak, S.F. (2011) An Overview of Tissue and Whole Organ Decellularization Processes. Biomaterials, 32, 3233-3243. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biomaterials.2011.01.057
25. Gilpin, S.E., Guyette, J.P., Gonzalez, G., Ren, X., Asara, J.M., Mathisen, D.J., et al. (2014) Perfusion Decellularization of Human and Porcine Lungs: Bringing the Matrix to Clinical Scale. The Journal of Heart and Lung Transplantation, 33, 298-308. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.healun.2013.10.030
26. Marçal, H., Ahmed, T., Badylak, S.F., Tottey, S. and Foster, L.J. (2012) A Comprehensive Protein Expression Profile of Extracellular Matrix Biomaterial Derived from Porcine Urinary Bladder. Regenerative Medicine, 7, 159-166. https://doi.org/10.2217/rme.12.6
27. Hill, R.C., Calle, E.A., Dzieciatkowska, M., Niklason, L.E. and Hansen, K.C. (2015) Quantification of Extracellular Matrix Proteins from a Rat Lung Scaffold to Provide a Molecular Readout for Tissue Engineering. Molecular & Cellular Proteomics, 14, 961-973. https://doi.org/10.1074/mcp.M114.045260
28. Doyonnas, R., Kershaw, D.B., Duhme, C., Merkens, H., Chelliah, S., Graf, T., et al. (2001) Anuria, Omphalocele, and Perinatal Lethality in Mice Lacking the CD34-Related Protein Podocalyxin. The Journal of Experimental Medicine, 194, 13-27. https://doi.org/10.1084/jem.194.1.13
29. Cheng, H.Y., Lin, Y.Y., Yu, C.Y., Chen, J.Y., Shen, K.F., Lin, W.L., et al. (2005) Molecular Identification of Canine Podocalyxin-Like Protein 1 as a Renal Tubulogenic Regulator. Journal of the American Society of Nephrology, 16, 1612-1622. https://doi.org/10.1681/ASN.2004121145
supplementary information is available at:
https://1drv.ms/x/s!AGhdhjFEC73rg1Y
Journal Menu>>
●JBiSE Subscription
●Most popular papers in JBiSE
●About JBiSE News
Home|About SCIRP|Sitemap|Contact Us