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March 29, 2015 - St. Joseph The Worker
Grammar and Composition
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10.7–8
Parts of the Sentence
Clauses and Sentence Structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
Adjective Clauses. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
Adverb Clauses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
Noun Clauses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
Four Kinds of Sentences . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
Sentence Fragments. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
Run-on Sentences . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
Verb Tenses, Voice, and Mood
Prepositional Phrases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
Appositives and Appositive Phrases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
Participles and Gerunds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
Infinitives: Phrases and Clauses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
Absolute Phrases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
Clauses and Sentence Structure
Subjects and Predicates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
Direct Objects and Indirect Objects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
Object Complements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
Subject Complements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
Nouns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Pronouns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
Action Verbs. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
Linking Verbs. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
Adjectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
Adverbs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
Prepositions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
Conjunctions and Interjections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
Verbs: Principal Parts and Tense . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
Verb Tenses and Forms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
Compatibility of Tenses and Voice of Verbs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
Subject-Verb Agreement
Subject-Verb Agreement I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
Subject-Verb Agreement II . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
Using Pronouns Correctly
Using Modifiers Correctly
Capitalization: Sentences and I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
Capitalization: Proper Nouns and Adjectives. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
Punctuation, Abbreviations, and Numbers
21.14–15
Making Comparisons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
Double and Incomplete Comparisons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
Misplaced and Dangling Modifiers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
Case of Personal Pronouns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
Pronouns with Appositives and Than and As . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
Reflexive and Intensive Pronouns. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
Who and Whom in Questions and Clauses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
Pronoun Agreement and Reference . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
Period, Exclamation Point, Question Mark . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
The Colon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
The Semicolon. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
Commas and Compound Sentences. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
Commas and Coordinate Adjectives. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
Commas and Nonessential Elements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
Commas: Titles, Addresses, Direct Address . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
Proper Use of Commas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
The Dash and Parentheses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
Quotation Marks. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
Italics (Underlining) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
The Apostrophe. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
The Hyphen and Abbreviations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
Name ...................................................................................... Class .................................................. Date ................................
A noun is a word that names a person, a place,
a thing, or an idea.
A common noun is a general name.
A proper noun names someone or something
particular.
Singular nouns name one person, place, thing,
or idea. Plural nouns name more than one.
A collective noun names a group.
A concrete noun names an object that occupies
space or that can be recognized by the senses.
An abstract noun names an idea, a quality, or
a characteristic.
The possessive form of a noun indicates possession, ownership, or the relationship between
two nouns.
a mouse's tail
the mice's tails
в– A. Identifying Nouns
Underline all the nouns in the sentences below.
1. When Alfred Nobel was born in Stockholm in 1833, his father had a reputation as an inventor.
2. Like his father, Alfred taught himself much of what he learned, and by the time he was a
young man, his knowledge was extraordinary.
Copyright В© The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
3. In his family's factory, which produced munitions for the Russian army, Alfred became
fascinated by explosives.
4. When the end of the Crimean War brought a reversal to the clan's fortunes and one of his
brothers was killed in an accident involving explosives, Nobel went to the United States.
5. He worked long and hard to produce an explosive (dynamite) that would not accidentally
explode causing tragedies like the one that had killed his youngest brother.
6. Throughout his life, Nobel wanted to encourage positive instead of destructive forces.
7. He gave generously to many worthwhile causes and helped finance young people's
educations.
8. After his death, Nobel's fortune was used to establish a series of annual Nobel Prizes
awarded by committee in the fields of physics, chemistry, physiology or medicine,
literature, and peace.
в– B. Using Nouns
From the sentences above, list four examples of each of the following.
1. (proper nouns) _________________________________________________________________
2. (collective nouns) _______________________________________________________________
3. (concrete nouns) ________________________________________________________________
4. (abstract nouns) ________________________________________________________________
5. (possessive nouns)_______________________________________________________________
Writer's Choice: Grammar Practice Workbook, Grade 12, Unit 10
Pronouns take the place of nouns, words acting as nouns, or other pronouns. Personal pronouns refer to specific people or things.
The leg itself was broken.
Indefinite pronouns refer to persons, places,
or things in a more general way than nouns do.
She sold them to us.
Personal pronouns that indicate possession or
ownership are possessive pronouns. They take
the place of the possessive forms of nouns.
My worry is yours, too.
Reflexive pronouns refer to nouns or other
pronouns and indicate that the same persons or
things are involved.
The gave themselves a treat.
Intensive pronouns add emphasis to other
nouns or pronouns.
Each of the major harbors along the
Atlantic seaboard has a unique character.
Demonstrative pronouns (this, that, these,
and those) point out specific persons, places,
things, or ideas.
Interrogative pronouns (who, whom, whose,
which, and what) form questions.
Relative pronouns begin subject-verb groups
called subordinate clauses. Relative pronouns
include who, whom, whose, which, that, what,
whoever, whomever, whichever, and whatever.
в– Identifying Pronouns
Underline all the pronouns in the sentences below. Above each pronoun, identify it as
Per. (personal), Poss. (possessive), Ref. (reflexive), Inten. (intensive), Dem. (demonstrative),
Inter. (interrogative), Rel. (relative), or Ind. (indefinite).
1. The evil that men do lives after them.—Shakespeare
3. You can tell the ideals of a nation by its advertisements.—Douglas
4. None preaches better than the ant, and she says nothing.—Franklin
5. The only thing we have to fear is fear itself.—Franklin Roosevelt
6. He who flees from trial confesses his guilt.—Syrus
7. God helps those who help themselves.—Sydney
8. What is history but a fable agreed upon?—Napoleon
9. He laughs best who laughs last.—English proverb
10. Logic is logic. That's all I say.—Holmes
11. Have a place for everything, and have everything in its place.—Anonymous
12. All that is not prose passes for poetry.—Crabbe
13. Not all are free who scorn their chains.—Lessing
14. Art! Who comprehends her?—Beethoven
15. The only question is: "Is it true in and for itself?"—Hegel
2. Adversity introduces a person to himself.—Anonymous
A verb is a word that expresses action or a
state of being. An action verb tells what someone or something does.
The dog caught the ball in its teeth.
How she yearned to own such an animal.
The cat trailed us home. (Us is the direct
object.)
An intransitive verb is an action verb that is
not followed by a word that answers the questions what? or whom?
A transitive verb is an action verb that is
followed by a word or words (known as the
direct object) that answer the questions what?
or whom?
The cat trailed behind us. (Behind us tells
where.)
в– Identifying Transitive and Intransitive Action Verbs
Underline the action verbs in the sentences below. Write A-T above each action verb that is
transitive and A-I above each one that is intransitive. (Some sentences contain more than
one action verb.)
1. Many people regard polo as a sport only for the rich.
2. The game probably originated in Persia, now Iran, sometime between the sixth and
second centuries B.C.
3. It then spread to Turkey, India, Tibet, China, and Japan.
4. In the nineteenth century British army officers in India frequently played the game.
5. James Gordon Bennett, a U.S. newspaper publisher, imported polo to the United States
from England.
6. Enthusiasts in the United States first played the sport indoors.
7. Even today some polo players prefer the indoor or arena version of the game to the
outdoor version.
8. In indoor polo three players play on each team; teams of four play the outdoor game.
9. In tournament play, players have handicaps.
10. Polo players ride fast and nimble horses, and they ride with a tight knee-grip and
tight reins.
11. Generally the players own a string of several polo ponies.
12. The ponies often require a year of special training.
13. The players of one team hit a rubber ball through their opponents' goal posts.
14. They hit from the saddle with flexible, long-handled mallets.
15. The game includes four or six periods, or chukkers, each 7 1/2 minutes long.
Linking Verbs
A linking verb links, or joins, the subject of
a sentence (often a noun or pronoun) with a
word or expression that identifies or describes
the subject.
The most common linking verb is be in all its
forms, including am, is, are, was, were, will be,
has been, and was being.
These verbs can also be used as action verbs.
To determine whether a verb is used as an
action or a linking verb, substitute seem for
the verb. If seem can be substituted, the verb
is probably a linking verb.
Other verbs that can function as linking verbs
are look, grow, feel, remain, appear, seem,
sound, become, taste, stay, and smell.
LINKING: The crowd stayed calm.
(Seemed makes sense.)
ACTION: The crowd stayed on the street.
(Seemed cannot be substituted.)
в– Identifying Linking Verbs
Each sentence below contains two underlined verbs. Decide which of the two is a linking verb,
and write it in the space provided.
__________________ 1. In 1817 a young man who appeared adventurous arrived on a volcanic
island in the South Atlantic.
__________________ 2. William Glass felt happy there, and he married a local girl, Maria.
__________________ 3. In time, William and Maria had sixteen children, all of whom seemed content with their life on the island.
__________________ 5. Meanwhile, many other seafaring men chose Corporal Glass's island for a
home, since it remained a calm and peaceful place to live.
__________________ 6. Some of the people who live on Tristan da Cunha today are descendants of
Glass and of the other seafaring settlers.
__________________ 7. More than a hundred years after William Glass died, his island home again
was famous.
__________________ 8. In 1961 a new volcano sounded threatening to the 264 islanders, who
broadcast an SOS.
__________________ 9. They stayed calm until the H.M.S. Leopard, responding to their SOS,
arrived to carry them to England.
__________________ 10. After two years in England, most of the islanders grew tired of life there and
requested transportation back to their island.
__________________ 4. William, who became respected on the island, stayed on Tristan da Cunha
until his death in 1853.
An adjective is a word that modifies a noun or
pronoun by limiting its meaning.
old horse
this aim
few quarrels
leisurely stroll
tragic play
some money
those coats
Possessive pronouns and nouns are considered
adjectives because they modify nouns.
Kim's bike
more rigid
most rigid
Articles are the adjectives a, an, and the. A and
an are called indefinite articles. The is called a
definite article.
Proper adjectives are formed from proper
nouns and begin with capital letters.
their music
Finnish winters
Canadian border
Most adjectives have different forms to indicate
their degree of comparison.
в– A. Identifying Adjectives
Underline each word that is used as an adjective in the sentences below. (Include articles and
proper adjectives.)
1. The Sahel can support a small pastoral population.
2. Nomadic herders, who subsisted on marginal resources, followed rains north into drier
areas during the rainy season and retreated to greener southern pastures during dry spells.
3. When the African nations gained their independence in the 1950s and 1960s, they began
to receive foreign aid, which included new strains of many crops like cotton and peanuts
that could tolerate a short season.
4. Agricultural production overran lands that were once pastures.
5. When agriculture strips the land of its protective vegetative cover, the relentless action of
the wind can carry away the bare soil, and the desert advances.
в– B. Using Adjectives
On a separate sheet of paper, rewrite the exercise below. Complete your paragraph by using an
appropriate adjective from the words given below the exercise.
The (1) _________________ Chinese philosopher Confucius lived from about 551 to about
497 B.C. This period was an (2) _________________ time in Chinese history. The (3)
_________________ barons caused continual wars. The weak (4) _________________
government was unable to maintain peace. Confucius thought that China should try to
recapture the (5) _________________ and prosperous order of the past. A famous saying
of Confucius is "Learning without thought is fruitless labor; thought without learning is
(6)_________________."
quarrelsome central peaceful highest unquiet unbiased famous perilous
An adverb is a word that modifies a verb, an
adjective, or another adverb by making its
meaning more specific.
Saul carefully arranged the flowers.
(modifies verb arranged)
Midori was very careful. (modifies adjective
careful)
Pavlik left quite hastily. (modifies adverb
hastily)
Adverbs tell when, where, how, and to what
degree or to what extent.
They see her often. (when)
Rob is asleep downstairs. (where)
Rita drove carefully. (how)
Anu hardly visits anymore. (to what
degree)
Negative adverbs include the word not, the
contraction -n't, or other negative words.
The lawn is scarcely green.
в– A. Identifying Adverbs
Underline the adverbs in the sentences below. Above the adverb write the word(s) each adverb
modifies, and identify the part of speech of the word(s) modified by writing V (verb), Adj.
(adjective), or Adv. (adverb). (The number of adverbs in each sentence is given in parentheses.)
1. Until the end of the nineteenth century, most New Englanders depended almost entirely
on wood for their fuel needs. (2)
2. Meals were usually cooked with wood, and homes were ordinarily heated the same way. (2)
3. When gas, oil, and electricity became cheap and plentiful, they effectively replaced wood
as the principal form of producing heat. (1)
5. Evidently, wood is an exceedingly attractive alternative, for about half the homes in New
England are already using wood for some of their heat. (3)
в– B. Using Adverbs
In the sentences below, fill in each blank with the kind of adverb indicated in parentheses.
Reread your completed sentences to make sure they make sense.
1. It _________________ seemed impossible to watch a live broadcast from overseas.
(when)
2. In 1964 Syncom III enabled Americans to see the Tokyo Olympics without actually being
_________________. (where)
3. _________________ , we have become quite familiar with global television and telephone
transmissions that depend on satellites. (when)
4. Plans to expand the capabilities of satellites are going _________________ well.
(to what degree)
5. _________________, viewers may be able to dial an area code on their television sets and
select a program from Paris, Beijing, Sydney, or almost any other city. (when)
4. Now, as fossil fuels are becoming more scarce, some people are again turning to fuels
of the past. (3)
A preposition is a word that shows the relationship of a noun or pronoun to some other
word in a sentence.
The child ran across the hall. (Across shows
the relationship between ran and the hall.)
He was interrupted during his speech.
(During expresses the time relationship
between two events.)
A compound preposition is made up of more
than one word.
They were late because of the weather.
Prepositions begin phrases that end with a
noun or a pronoun, called the object of the
preposition.
He passed the ball over the defenders.
(Defenders is the object of over.)
The extra room is for guests. (For relates
the noun room to the noun guests.)
в– Identifying Prepositions
Underline all the prepositions in the sentences below.
1. Traditions abound during the Chinese New Year festival.
2. There is a customary exchange of gifts.
3. A colorful parade winds through the streets.
4. After a sumptuous meal, fortune cookies are served.
5. Imagine that your cookie contains a fortune regarding your future.
6. Your fortune may promise love and happiness, among other things.
7. Besides predictions, proverbs or advice may be given.
8. "Success is within your grasp," one fortune might read.
9. Surprisingly, fortune cookies are not originally from China.
10. Most fortune cookies are made in the United States.
11. They were first produced in California in 1920.
12. Despite their origins, we still think of fortune cookies as Chinese treats.
13. How do the fortunes get into the cookies?
14. Freshly baked wafers move on a conveyor belt.
15. Workers take them off the belt by hand.
16. The hot wafer is then folded over a fortune.
17. It is bent around a rod by the time the wafer cools.
18. This process cannot safely be done without gloves.
19. Finally, the cookies are allowed to dry into the familiar shape.
20. Workers at one California factory fold 65,000 fortune cookies in a day.
Conjunctions and Interjections
A conjunction is a word that joins single words
or groups of words.
She did not go because she did not have
Coordinating conjunctions (and, but, or, nor;
for, yet) and correlative conjunctions, which
work in pairs, join words or groups of words that
have equal grammatical weight in a sentence.
Conjunctive adverbs are used to clarify the
relationship between clauses of equal grammatical importance.
She hoped to go, but she could not.
Neither she nor he went.
Subordinating conjunctions join two clauses,
or ideas, in such a way as to make one grammatically dependent upon the other. The clause
that the subordinating conjunction introduces
cannot stand by itself as a complete sentence.
She had very little time; therefore, she did
An interjection is a word or phrase that
expresses emotion or exclamation. An interjection has no grammatical connection to
other words.
Oh, she wanted to go.
в– Identifying Conjunctions and Interjections
Label each underlined word in the sentences below as Coor. Conj. (coordinating conjunction),
Corr. Conj. (correlative conjunction), Sub. Conj. (subordinating conjunction), Conj. Adv.
(conjunctive adverb), or Inter. (interjection).
1. The Maya lived in parts of present-day Mexico, Guatemala, El Salvador, Honduras,
and Belize.
3. Since the Maya based their mathematical system on the number 20, instead of the number
10 as in our system, they counted somewhat differently.
4. They used a special symbol to represent zero; furthermore, mathematicians consider the
zero one of the world's greatest inventions.
5. The Maya developed a 365-day calendar, divided into 18 months of 20 days and 5 days
at year's end.
6. Because the Maya considered these last five days to be unlucky, they avoided any
unnecessary work during this time.
7. The Maya used herbs to treat illnesses; however, scholars know little else about
Maya medicine.
8. The Maya played a game that resembled basketball and was played on specially
designed courts.
9. One difference was that the Maya did not toss a rubber ball through a hoop; instead,
they hit it with their elbows and hips.
10. The Mayan civilization, alas, disappeared for unknown reasons.
2. Not only did the Maya develop an advanced form of writing, but also they made
significant advances in mathematics and astronomy.
Subjects and Predicates
The two basic parts of every sentence are a
subject and a predicate. The simple subject
is the principal noun or pronoun that tells what
a sentence is about. The simple predicate is the
verb or verb phrase that tells about the subject.
Simple Predicate
will continue.
A complete subject is formed by adding modifiers to the simple subject, and a complete
predicate, by adding modifiers or complements
to the simple predicate. A compound subject
consists of two or more simple subjects that are
joined by a conjunction and have the same verb.
A compound predicate contains two or more
verbs or verb phrases that are joined by a conjunction and have the same subject.
In most English sentences, the subject generally
precedes the predicate except when a sentence is
a command (with the subject you understood),
when it is inverted for emphasis, or when it
begins with here or there.
в– A. Identifying Subjects and Predicates
In the space provided, identify the underlined word or words as SS (simple subject),
SP (simple predicate), CS (complete subject), CP (complete predicate), CdS
(compound subject), or CdP (compound predicate).
_____ 1. Simple and complex organisms develop from a single cell.
_____ 2. Inside the membrane of an animal cell is a gelatinous material called cytoplasm.
_____ 3. The cytoplasm contains the cell's nucleus, as well as organelles and other material
needed for cellular functions.
_____ 4. The nucleus directs and controls the activities of complex cells.
_____ 5. The nucleus and the cytoplasm are the two basic parts of a cell.
_____ 6. Genetic information in the chromosomes determines the characteristics of an
organism.
в– B. Identifying Order of Subject and Predicate
In the space provided, write Com. if the sentence is a command and Inv. if the sentence
is inverted.
_____ 1. Note the division of both the nucleus and the cytoplasm.
_____ 2. For the biology exam, review the process of mitosis, or cell division.
_____ 3. There are four stages in the process of mitosis.
_____ 4. Know that the four stages are prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase.
_____ 5. In the experiment are many different live organisms.
Direct Objects and Indirect Objects
A complement is a word or group of words
that completes the meaning of a verb. The four
kinds of complements are direct objects, indirect
objects, object complements, and subject
complements.
An indirect object answers the questions to
whom? for whom? to what? or for what? after
an action verb.
A direct object answers the questions what? or
whom? after an action verb.
America's farmers produce abundant crops.
(produce what?)
Agricultural scientists help farmers by
applying new techniques to crop production. (help whom?)
The music gives me inspiration. (This music
gives inspiration to whom?)
Joel's aunt bought him the guitar. (Joel's
aunt bought the guitar for whom?)
They gave his performance their undivided
attention. (They gave their undivided attention to what?)
в– A. Identifying Direct Objects
Underline the direct object in each of the sentences below.
1. "I hate quotations."—Ralph Waldo Emerson
2. "The cat in gloves catches no mice."—Benjamin Franklin
3. "A rolling stone gathers no moss."—Publilius Syrus
4. "People who live in glass houses should not throw stones."—George Herbert
5. "Don't count your chickens before they are hatched."—Aesop
Underline the indirect object in each of the sentences below. If a sentence has no indirect
object, write None in the space provided.
_____ 1. White blood cells give the body a strong defense against invasive organisms.
_____ 2. Without the activity of white blood cells, or "leukocytes," countless diseases would
have left humans extinct long ago.
_____ 3. The body sends the site of a wound a special leukocyte fatal to bacteria.
_____ 4. A second kind of leukocyte offers the body protection from unwanted chemical
compounds.
_____ 5. The lymphocyte, a third kind of leukocyte, gives our lymph system a useful ability.
_____ 6. The lymphocytes make us necessary antibodies.
_____ 7. Special "memory" cells guarantee us protection against a future invasion by the
same antigen.
_____ 8. Vaccinations give humans protection from dreaded diseases.
в– B. Identifying Indirect Objects
Object Complements
An object complement answers the question
what? after a direct object. The object complement completes the meaning of the direct object
by identifying or describing it. An object complement may be an adjective, a noun, or a pronoun.
North America's location in the mid-
latitudes makes American farmers successful. (adjective)
Soil and climate make the American farmer
a top producer. (noun)
Above all, the hard work of many farmers
makes the credit theirs. (pronoun)
в– A. Identifying Object Complements
Underline the object complement in each of the sentences below.
1. Many connoisseurs of monster films elect the 1950s the best decade for space monsters.
2. Some consider The Thing, released in 1951, the scariest space-invader film.
3. The "thing"—a horrible eight-foot man-vegetable—makes the Arctic its home.
4. Eventually a group of army scientists render it lifeless in an electric trap.
5. A small clique of fans calls The Blob (1958) the best space-monster film of the period.
6. A young Steve McQueen makes this movie his with a fine performance as the main
7. A great many monster-movie buffs consider undersea monsters wonderful.
8. A scaly monster in The Creature from the Black Lagoon fancies the scientist-heroine his.
9. A fellow scientist appoints himself her rescuer.
10. In a typical ending the heroine finds the scientist more attractive than the monster.
в– B. Identifying Object Complements
In the sentences below, underline the object complement(s) and put parentheses around the
direct object modified by each complement.
1. The president, with the Senate's approval, appointed her ambassador to that small Pacific
island nation.
2. They found the shoreline rocky and refused to walk there.
3. The general's excessive caution proved the slow approach a disaster.
4. The combination of the large lunch and the long lecture made the students sleepy.
5. They consider her the team spokesperson.
6. The speaker called him trustworthy, but the audience thought otherwise.
7. In hope of a solution for the country's problems, voters elected him president.
8. The judges chose her the winner after an acrimonious debate.
9. The builder named some of the streets of the new development Susan, James, and Elizabeth.
10. The wind's fury rendered the sails useless for the rest of the voyage.
Subject Complements
A subject complement follows a subject and
a linking verb and identifies or describes the
subject. The two kinds of subject complements
are predicate nominatives and predicate
adjectives.
A computer is a machine.
A predicate adjective follows a linking verb
and points back to the subject and further
describes it.
A predicate nominative is a noun or pronoun
that follows a linking verb and points back to
the subject to identify it further.
This computer is slow.
в– A. Identifying Predicate Nominatives
Underline the predicate nominative in each of the quotations below.
1. "Tomorrow will be a new day."
2. "Honesty's the best policy."
3. "Even a beggar is somebody."
4. "The thing of which I have most fear is fear."
5. "Veracity is the heart of morality."
6. "Knowledge is power."
7. "Procrastination is the thief of time."
8. "The better part of valor is discretion."
10. "A little learning is a dangerous thing."
в– B. Identifying Predicate Adjectives
Underline the predicate adjective in each of the sentences below.
1. The idea of bionic body parts has become very common in science fiction.
2. The mechanical arms and legs, and even internal organs, of today's science fiction
characters seem ordinary.
3. The possibility of a bionic brain still seems improbable to most of us.
4. To Dr. Adam Reed, however, it appears quite likely.
5. Reed, a psychologist at Rockefeller University, feels optimistic about a connection between
brain and computer.
6. Theoretically, the computer's stored information would be directly available to the brain.
7. Years of education might suddenly become unnecessary.
8. For a number of reasons, direct brain-computer communication is not now possible.
9. Nonetheless, the computer hookup should be feasible in the next fifty years.
10. In fact, computers themselves are becoming more and more "human."
9. "Literature is my Utopia."
A prepositional phrase is a group of words
that begins with a preposition and usually ends
with a noun or pronoun, called the object of the
preposition. A preposition may have more than
one object. A prepositional phrase normally acts
as an adjective or an adverb. When it acts as an
adjective, a prepositional phrase modifies a
noun or a pronoun. When it acts as an adverb,
a prepositional phrase modifies a verb, an
adjective, or another adverb.
She is a candidate for mayor. (adjective
phrase modifying the noun candidate)
Which of these do you prefer? (adjective
phrase modifying the pronoun which)
Keith jumped into the swimming pool.
(adverb phrase modifying the verb jumped)
She is upset about the automobile accident. (adverb phrase modifying the adjective upset)
The concert started soon after sunset.
(adverb phrase modifying the adverb soon)
в– A. Identifying Prepositional Phrases
Underline the prepositional phrases in the sentences below. The number of prepositional
phrases in each sentence is given in parentheses.
1. At most lumberyards protection for the employees' health is simply a matter of hard hats,
work gloves, and steel-toed shoes. (3)
2. Scherer Brothers Lumber Company in Minneapolis, Minnesota, also pays attention to the
physical health of its staff. (3)
3. In 1979 the company set up a "wellness" program. (1)
4. Cigarette and candy machines were banished from the company premises. (1)
5. The firm provides low-fat, low-salt meals to its office staff. (1)
6. The no-smoking signs in the yard and in the showroom are not simply precautions
against fire. (3)
7. These signs also restrict the use of tobacco to certain areas. (2)
8. Sedentary office workers do a few minutes of isometric exercises at their typewriters
or switchboards. (2)
9. Voluntary exercise is recommended for workers in the yard. (2)
10. Scherer Brothers Company has received rebates from its insurance company for its small
number of claims. (3)
в– B. Identifying Adjective and Adverb Phrases
Underline the prepositional phrase in each sentence. In the space provided write Adj. if the
phrase is acting as an adjective. Write Adv. if the phrase is acting as an adverb.
_____ 1. During the storm the tree fell.
_____ 2. Each of the dancers won an award.
_____ 3. Lauren is extremely angry about the accident.
_____ 4. The young man in the blue sweatshirt is Luis.
_____ 5. Kari was nervous during her interview.
Appositives and Appositive Phrases
An appositive is a noun or pronoun that is
placed next to another noun or pronoun to
identify or give additional information about it.
An appositive phrase is an appositive plus any
words that modify the appositive.
Our dog Sniffles will be twelve years old.
(The appositive Sniffles identifies the noun
dog.)
The loon, a diving bird that eats fish, has
a cry that sounds like a wail, a yodel, or a
laugh. (The appositive phrase a diving bird
that eats fish gives more information about
the noun loon.)
в– A. Identifying Appositives and Appositive Phrases
Underline the appositives and appositive phrases in the sentences below. (Some sentences have
more than one.)
1. The lemur, a relative of the monkey, has large eyes and a long tail.
2. Prairie dogs, small burrowing rodents, live in large colonies in the southwestern and
Rocky Mountain states.
3. The constellation Ursa Minor, the Little Bear or Little Dipper, contains the North Star,
Polaris.
4. One city named for an American president is Lincoln, the capital of Nebraska.
5. The slide rule, an instrument for rapid mathematical calculations, has been virtually
replaced by the calculator.
7. The symbol of the medical profession is the caduceus, Mercury's staff of two coiled
serpents.
8. In a double-blind experiment, a common type of medical research, the researchers do
not know who is receiving a drug and who is receiving a placebo.
9. Phaethon, the sun god's son in ancient Greek and Roman mythology, tried unsuccessfully
to drive the sun god's chariot across the sky.
10. My friend Jonelle rode a brindle horse, one with a gray coat with darker streaks.
в– B. Using Appositives and Appositive Phrases
Use five appositives that you identified above to write five original sentences.
1. ______________________________________________________________________________
6. In hieroglyphics, an ancient Egyptian form of script, pictures and symbols represent
words, syllables, and sounds.
Participles and Gerunds
A participle is a verb form that can function as
an adjective. Present participles end in -ing. Past
participles often end in -ed.
John watched the exciting game.
Lisa is a celebrated violinist.
A participial phrase, which acts as an adjective, contains a participle plus any complements
and modifiers.
The man teaching the class is a substitute
Diving can be dangerous. (as subject)
Massimo enjoyed walking. (as direct
object)
He was known for his singing. (as object of
a preposition)
The chores, cleaning and polishing, were
yet to be done. (as appositives)
A gerund phrase is a gerund plus any complements and modifiers.
Framing exotic artwork is the shop's
A gerund is a verb form that ends in -ing and is
used in the same way a noun is used.
в– A. Identifying Participles and Participial Phrases
In the sentences below, underline all participles and participial phrases used as adjectives. Put
parentheses around the word or words that each one modifies. (Some sentences have more
than one.)
1. Environmentalists are experimenting with controlled fires all across North America.
2. Changing attitudes toward these fires are leading to renewed practice of an old skill.
3. Native Americans living throughout the continent once used regulated fires to control
their environment.
4. They set fires in the early spring, when frozen soil could protect the root systems buried
5. Spring fires promote early growth of grasses on flourishing prairies.
6. Recently burnt grasslands were especially attractive to buffalo, moose, and elk searching
for tender plants and grasses.
7. Pioneers looking for homesteads built their cabins on prairies already cleared by Native
Americans.
8. Fires set systematically in the spring also reduce the risk of damaging natural fires in
the summer.
в– B. Identifying Gerund Phrases
Underline the gerund phrase in each sentence.
1. Making items by hand was common before there were power tools.
2. Weaving fabrics for clothing and linens was a job that even children could do.
3. Skilled workers used hand tools for producing beautiful items.
4. These artisans frequently enjoyed making their own hand tools.
5. Fashioning lanterns and candle molds was the job of the tinsmith.
6. For centuries silversmiths have been responsible for creating utensils for the home.
Infinitives: Phrases and Clauses
An infinitive is a verb form that is usually preceded by the word to and is used as a noun, an
adjective, or an adverb.
To plan is a must. (infinitive as subject)
She wants to swim. (infinitive as direct
His plan was to speak. (infinitive as
predicate nominative)
The teacher gave permission to leave.
(infinitive as adjective)
The racer was too weary to sprint.
(infinitive as adverb)
An infinitive phrase contains an infinitive plus
any complements and modifiers.
The family wants to spend a week at the
Occasionally an infinitive may have its own subject. Such a construction is called an infinitive
clause.
The officer asked Mike to come forward.
Note that the subject of the infinitive phrase
comes between the main verb and the infinitive.
в– A. Identifying Infinitives and Infinitive Phrases
Underline the infinitive, infinitive phrase, or infinitive clause in each sentence.
1. After checking with headquarters, the commander gave the signal to launch the boats.
2. They were ready to send the message when the electricity went off.
3. After months without communication he was thrilled to hear from them.
4. She was unable to keep the appointment.
5. The trainer asked the dog to stand quietly while the mounted police officer rode by.
7. She needed to catch the first flight available so she would arrive in Tulsa on time.
8. One goal of the medical team was to examine the source of the contamination.
9. To go deep-sea fishing would make their vacation complete.
10. He was distressed to learn about the missing documents.
в– B. Identifying Infinitives as Parts of the Sentence
Underline the infinitive or infinitive phrase in each sentence. Then, in the space provided,
write whether it is used as the CS (complete subject), DO (direct object), or PN (predicate
nominative).
_____ 1. He needs to sleep as long as possible.
_____ 2. The task was to cut the roses without damaging the plant.
_____ 3. To start the lawnmower that early in the morning is a sign of inconsideration.
_____ 4. They wish to sacrifice luxury for the challenge of the voyage.
_____ 5. Her idea was to talk to each group separately.
6. To clean the house before the guests arrived was her only thought.
Absolute Phrases
An absolute phrase consists of a noun or a
pronoun that is modified by a participle or a
participial phrase. An absolute phrase has no
grammatical relation to the rest of the sentence.
Its antlers caught in the tree, the stag
was unable to free itself.
The game forfeited, the players grabbed
their bags and headed for home.
The participle being is understood rather than
stated in some absolute phrases.
We hurried home, the hour [being] late.
в– Identifying Absolute Phrases
Underline the absolute phrases in the following sentences. Write None before any sentence that
does not contain an absolute phrase.
_____ 1. Few people being "science literate," many adults think of electricity as only the flow
of negatively charged electrons through wires to the appliances in their homes.
_____ 2. However, electricity is all around us, electric charges occurring naturally
throughout our environment.
_____ 3. Its cause being the movement of electrons and other charged particles from one
place to another, electricity may appear in many different forms.
_____ 4. Electric charges are even found within the human body, the heart producing
electric impulses.
_____ 5. His students being confused about the role of electric impulses in the body, Mr.
Graham explained that electric impulses are produced by the heart, transfer information within the brain, and are responsible for the movement of muscles.
_____ 6. Doctors can use the electrocardiogram, a device used to monitor and record the
electrical currents of the heart, to diagnose heart abnormalities.
_____ 7. Similarly, doctors can use the electroencephalogram, a device measuring the
electric current in the brain, to help diagnose potential diseases of the brain.
_____ 8. Their curiosity aroused, the class asked how the storm released electricity from
the clouds.
9. The scientific community knowing nothing about the true nature of lightning,
Benjamin Franklin decided to conduct an experiment during a thunderstorm.
_____ 10. His experiment successful, Franklin reportedly learned about lightning when
lightning struck the kite and ran down its string.
A clause is a group of words that has a subject
and a predicate and that is used as a part of a
sentence.
A main clause has a subject and a predicate
and can stand alone as a sentence.
Bruno dances every weekend.
A subordinate clause has a subject and a
predicate, but it cannot stand alone as a sentence. A subordinate clause needs a main clause
to complete its meaning.
He enjoys most types of dance because he
likes movement and music.
A simple sentence has only one main clause
and no subordinate clauses.
His sister Eliza also enjoys dancing.
A complex sentence has one main clause and
one or more subordinate clauses.
They both practice dancing whenever
they have time.
в– Identifying Clauses and Sentences
Write MC above the underlined clause if it is a main clause; write SC if the underlined clause is
a subordinate clause. In the space provided, identify whether the sentence provided is simple
or complex.
_____ 1. Because organisms suit their environments, you can tell much about them from
their shapes and sizes.
_____ 2. Water animals and land animals look different because they have different needs.
_____ 3. Land animals are often covered with rough skin or hair.
_____ 5. Although most land dwellers have strong legs for walking on the surface of the
earth, water animals need a different means of propulsion.
_____ 6. Fish, whales, and dolphins have fins and tails, which they use to propel themselves
through the water.
_____ 7. Water changes temperature much more slowly than air does, since bodies of water
can retain their temperatures for longer periods than air.
_____ 8. Because bodies of water do not vary greatly in temperature, water animals do not
have to adjust to temperature changes as much as land animals do.
_____ 9. Under the water both aquatic plants and animals usually have plenty of food.
_____ 10. Because water surrounds aquatic plants, they are in no danger of drying out.
_____ 4. The skin of water animals is likely to be slimy and slippery, so that the animals can
slide easily through the water.
Adjective Clauses
An adjective clause is a subordinate clause
that modifies a noun or a pronoun and that
normally follows the word it modifies. Adjective
clauses are introduced by relative pronouns
(who, whom, whose, that, and which) or by the
subordinating conjunctions where and when.
An adjective clause that is needed to make the
meaning of the sentence clear is called an
essential clause, or a restrictive clause. An
adjective clause that is not needed to make the
meaning of the sentence clear is a nonessential,
or nonrestrictive, clause.
Commas are always used to set off a nonessential clause. Often, the relative pronoun that is
used to introduce an essential clause and which
to introduce a nonessential clause.
The tree that Huong planted in the backyard is an elm. (essential clause)
That tree, which is ten years old, has
Dutch elm disease. (nonessential clause)
The letter I am expecting is from the state
university. (essential clause with that omitted)
This letter, which has a Mexican stamp, is
from Manolo. (nonessential clause)
в– Identifying Essential and Nonessential Adjective Clauses
Underline each adjective clause in the sentences below. In the space provided, write EC for an
essential clause and NC for a nonessential clause.
_____ 1. One area that offers many opportunities for high school graduates is sales.
_____ 2. Retail sales has jobs that offer opportunities for training and careers.
_____ 3. Department stores and other retail stores, which employ about 2.5 million salesclerks, have tens of thousands of sales openings every year.
_____ 4. These employers are looking for high school graduates who can learn to accept
responsibility and operate cash registers, which are often similar to computers.
_____ 5. Another quality that is a great plus is a lively personality.
_____ 6. An able salesclerk may become a manager, whose responsibility it is to supervise an
entire department.
_____ 7. The top selling jobs are those that pay a commission, which rewards the clerk with
a percentage of each sale.
_____ 8. An ambitious clerk whose pay includes a commission can make a great deal of
_____ 9. Clerks try to increase their sales volume because a portion, which varies in size, is
returned to them as commission.
_____ 10. Experienced clerks may move to departments where more knowledge is required to
be an effective salesperson.
Adverb Clauses
An adverb clause is a subordinate clause that
modifies a verb, an adjective, or an adverb. It
tells when, where, why, how, to what extent, or
under what condition.
As soon as Juan finishes his homework,
he exercises. (The adverb clause modifies
the verb exercises.)
modifies the adjective flexible.) The sentence can also be written: Barbara is more
flexible than is anyone else in gymnastics class.
Subordinating conjunctions, such as those listed
below, introduce adverb clauses.
Elliptical adverb clauses have words left out
of them.
Barbara is more flexible than anyone else
in gymnastics class. (The adverb clause
so that
wherever
в– Identifying Adverb Clauses and Subordinating Conjunctions
Underline the adverb clauses once and the subordinating conjunctions twice in the sentences
1. Annie Dodge was born where her father, Chee Dodge, was an influential rancher.
2. As soon as she could walk, Annie herded her father's sheep according to tribal custom.
3. At age eight she was sent to a government Native American boarding school so that she
could be educated.
5. After she left school, Annie and her husband, George Wauneka, ran her father's ranch.
6. Wherever Chee Dodge spoke to his fellow Native Americans, his daughter was likely to be
7. Since her father died, Annie Wauneka has carried on his work—as an interpreter and secretary of her council chapter and then as the first woman member of the Tribal Council.
8. While she was on the council, Annie chaired its Health and Welfare Committee.
9. In order that she might convey her health message to her fellow Navajo, she broadcast a
radio program in their tribal language.
10. Of the work still to be done, Annie Wauneka says, "I will continue to try as long as there is
breath to do so."
4. After Annie turned thirteen, her father visited the school as chairman of the Tribal
Council, and she listened proudly when he spoke of the need for Navajo education.
Noun Clauses
A noun clause is a subordinate clause used as
a subject, a direct object, an object of a preposition, or a predicate nominative.
Whoever gets to write the report will
have to do hard work. (subject)
The writer must verify what she reports.
(direct object)
Please give the package to whoever
answers the door. (object of a preposition)
That is why we left early.
(predicate nominative)
Some of the words that can introduce noun
clauses are
who, whom
whichever
whoever, whomever
в– Identifying Noun Clauses
Underline the noun clauses in the sentences below. Then, in the space provided, write whether
the noun clause is used as a subject, direct object, object of a preposition, or predicate nominative.
1. What Louis S. B. Leakey accomplished in his lifetime is amazing. __________________________
2. His childhood among the Kikuyu people in Kenya may explain why he became interested
in prehistoric human life. _________________________________________________________
3. Although he became a Kikuyu warrior at thirteen, Leakey never disclosed anything about
how he was initiated. _____________________________________________________________
4. When he became an elder of the group is not known. ___________________________________
5. Dr. Mary Leakey, his wife, discovered in Tanzania what was then the oldest hominid skull
known. _______________________________________________________________________
6. What exasperated both of the Leakeys was that revolutionary fossils were there for the
finding and that they hadn't the money for a decent excavation campaign. __________________
7. Support from the National Geographic Society was what enabled the Leakeys to continue
their work. _____________________________________________________________________
8. Friends recall that Leakey met scholarly criticism with a smile. ____________________________
9. Such controversies, of course, are what stretch human knowledge. _________________________
10. When early humans first made tools is still one of the mysteries of history. __________________
Four Kinds of Sentences
Sentences may be classified according to their
purpose. A declarative sentence makes a
statement and ends with a period.
Please lower the volume of the stereo.
An interrogative sentence asks a question
and ends with a question mark.
That music is too loud.
An imperative sentence gives a command or
makes a request. Imperative sentences usually
end with a period.
Will you go to the movie with us?
An exclamatory sentence expresses strong
emotion and ends with an exclamation point.
Watch out! Don't step on that snake!
в– Identifying the Four Kinds of Sentences
Read each of the sentences below. Then, in the space provided, write whether each sentence is
declarative, imperative, interrogative, or exclamatory.
1. I like walking through the woods. _________________
2. Do you like hiking? _________________
3. That is a great view! _________________
4. Have you ever been camping before? _________________
5. This is a good campsite. _________________
6. I guess we'll stop here. _________________
7. Please help me pitch the tent. _________________
9. Every tree has a story to tell. _________________
10. What do you want to eat? _________________
11. I could go for hot dogs and beans. _________________
12. Please grill two hot dogs for me. _________________
13. Is that a bear l see? _________________
14. I don't think the bear will follow you into the tent. _________________
15. What do you think it wants? _________________
16. I don't think it has had enough to eat. _________________
17. Pack all the food carefully. _________________
18. That should do it. _________________
19. Hurry! _________________
20. Let's get out of here! _________________
8. Wasn't that an invigorating swim? _________________
A sentence fragment is an error that occurs
when an incomplete sentence is punctuated as
though it were a complete sentence. In general,
you should avoid sentence fragments in your
writing. When checking for sentence fragments,
• a word group that includes a verbal rather
than a complete verb;
• a sentence that lacks a main clause.
• a group of words without a subject;
• a group of words without a complete verb;
FRAGMENT: There she is. The woman he ate
dinner with last night.
COMPLETE SENTENCE: There is the woman he
ate dinner with last night.
в– A. Identifying Sentence Fragments
Read each of the sentences below. Then, in the space provided, write whether each sentence is a
CpS (complete sentence) or an SF (sentence fragment).
_____ 1. The movie that I saw.
_____ 2. It was entertaining but also very violent.
_____ 3. I prefer comedies.
_____ 4. What I liked most about the ending.
_____ 5. Leaving everyone sitting on the edge of his or her seat.
в– B. Correcting Sentence Fragments
Rewrite each fragment below as a complete sentence. (There is more than one way to correct
each item.)
1. Where the sea and shore meet.
2. This sandy strip of shore.
3. That birds called piping plovers spend summers there.
4. Were so named for their melodious singing ability.
5. Listening to their chirping.
6. Are now on the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service's list of endangered species.
A run-on sentence is two or more complete
sentences written as though they were one sentence. You should avoid run-on sentences in
your writing.
A second kind of run-on sentence occurs when
no punctuation separates two main clauses.
RUN-ON: My mother became nervous she is
afraid of the dark.
CORRECT: My mother became nervous; she is
CORRECT: My mother became nervous. She is
The most common kind of run-on sentence, a
comma splice, occurs when two main clauses
are punctuated by a comma rather than a semicolon or period.
RUN-ON: The power went out, we could not
find a flashlight.
CORRECT: The power went out. We could not
CORRECT: The power went out, and we could
not find a flashlight.
A third kind of run-on sentence is formed when
there is no comma before a coordinating conjunction joining two main clauses.
RUN-ON: My father tried to act brave but we
could see that he was upset.
CORRECT: My father tried to act brave, but
we could see that he was upset.
в– A. Identifying Run-on Sentences
Read each of the sentences below. Then, in the space provided, write whether it is a CpS
(complete sentence) or an RO (run-on sentence).
_____ 1. I enjoy reading military history and this account detailing the origins of the
Vietnam conflict is truly engrossing.
_____ 3. You should be able to find this book in the library.
_____ 4. The ending made me think, I didn't expect that.
_____ 5. I found the events hard to believe but it was a true story.
в– B. Correcting Run-on Sentences
On a separate sheet of paper, correct each run-on sentence. (There may be more than one way
to correct each item.)
1. Europeans knew very little about Africa, they called it the "dark continent."
2. European merchants had traded at ports along the African coast for centuries but few
Europeans had ever explored the continent's interior until the 1800s.
3. European explorers slowly ventured into the African interior, the Scotsman Mungo Park
led the way.
4. The Frenchman RenГ© CaillГ© crossed the Sahara the German Heinrich Barth explored
western Africa.
5. The most famous adventurer was David Livingstone he was a Scottish missionary who
explored central Africa for about thirty years.
_____ 2. I was entertained by the colorful language and imagery.
Verbs: Principal Parts and Tense
All verbs have four principal parts—a base
form, a present participle, a past form, and a
past participle.
A regular verb forms its past and past participle by adding -ed to the base form. The parts of
irregular verbs have different forms and must
be memorized individually.
BASE FORM: shop, drive
PRESENT PARTICIPLE: shopping, driving
PAST FORM: shopped, drove
PAST PARTICIPLE: shopped, driven
The tenses of a verb help to show time.
PRESENT: I walk. She walks. They walk.
OR I am walking. She is walking. They
are walking.
PAST: I walked. She walked. They walked.
FUTURE: I will walk. She will walk. They
will walk.
OR I am going to walk. She is going to
walk. They are going to walk.
в– A. Identifying Principal Parts of Regular and Irregular Verbs
Complete each sentence below with the specified form of the verb in parentheses.
1. (become)
a. (Present Participle): Benny is __________________ deaf.
b. (Past Form): Beethoven __________________ totally deaf at forty-seven.
c. (Past Participle): Few musicians have __________________ deaf so young.
2. (begin)
a. (Present Participle): The parade is __________________ at noon.
b. (Past Form): The band __________________ to practice last month.
c. (Past Participle): The leader has __________________ to distribute instruments.
3. (have)
a. (Present Participle): The cheerleaders are __________________ a soda.
b. (Past Form): The band members __________________ orange juice earlier.
c. (Past Participle): The girls have __________________ the most juice.
4. (speak)
a. (Present Participle): The leader is __________________ to the drummers.
b. (Past Form): He __________________ to the trumpet players earlier.
c. (Past Participle): He will have __________________ to the whole band several times
before the performance.
в– B. Identifying and Using Verb Tenses
For each item below, identify the verb tense. On a separate sheet of paper, write a sentence
using the tense of the verb given.
_____ 1. finds
_____ 3. grew
_____ 2. chose
_____ 4. will ring
Verb Tenses and Forms
Use the present perfect tense to express an
action or condition that occurred at some indefinite time in the past or that began in the past
and continues into the present.
We will have moved by the time I
graduate.
Each of the tenses has a progressive form that
expresses continuing action.
He has lived in Italy.
He has lived in Italy for three years.
They have been singing. (present perfect
progressive)
They had been singing. (past perfect
They will have been singing. (future
perfect progressive)
Use the past perfect tense to indicate that one
past action or condition began and ended
before another past action started.
He had lived in Italy before he moved to
Use the future perfect tense to express one
future action or condition that will begin and
end before another future event starts.
The present and past tenses also have emphatic
forms that add force.
He does sing quite a bit.
He did sing quite a bit before he retired.
в– A. Identifying the Perfect Tenses
_____ 5. By the time I run in that race, I will have trained seriously for four months.
в– B. Using the Perfect Tenses and the Progressive and Emphatic Forms
On a separate sheet of paper, write the form of the italicized verb requested in each set
of parentheses.
1. Before he graduated from high school, Sam (choose, past perfect) his future career.
2. She (teach, present perfect progressive) at the university for more than twenty years.
3. By February, the company (market, future perfect progressive) the new product for half
a year.
4. Once she (initiate, past perfect) the project, she proceeded to draft guidelines for it.
5. They (conduct, present perfect) geographical research for many years.
6. In recent years, doctors (bring, present perfect progressive) some virus infections
under control.
7. By the time she finally (return, present emphatic) my call, I will have left the office.
8. They received joint credit because they (collaborate, past perfect progressive) on
9. We (make, future perfect) six regular payments by the end of the year.
10. Already the leaves (fall, present perfect), and it is only the middle of October.
In the space provided before each sentence, identify the tense of the underlined verb by writing
Pres. Perf. (present perfect), Past Perf. (past perfect), or Fut. Perf. (future perfect).
_____ 1. They had hoped to find a job for this summer.
_____ 2. I will have finished practicing the piano by the time you arrive.
_____ 3. When the war began, he had been in the service for six months.
_____ 4. Have you ever walked through a thick wood in a park or forest?
Compatibility of Tenses and Voice of Verbs
To keep verb tenses compatible, do not change
tenses when two or more events occur at the
same time.
We watched the game and ate our lunch.
Shift tenses only to show that one event precedes or follows another.
Because we had ridden all morning, we
stopped for lunch.
The voice of a verb indicates whether the subject performs the action or is acted upon. An
action verb is in the active voice when the
subject performs the action.
The cat stalked the bird.
An action verb is in the passive voice when its
action is performed on the subject.
The bird was stalked by the cat.
в– A. Using Compatible Tenses
Underline the two verbs that appear in each sentence. On a separate sheet of paper, rewrite the
second verb to make it compatible with the first verb. If the verbs are already compatible, write
1. Sir Francis Drake was the first Englishman to sail around the world, and he has become
the most famous of the sea captains of Elizabethan England.
2. Soon after Drake became captain of a ship at the age of twenty-two, he had begun a career
of daring raids against Spanish galleons.
3. The Spanish named him "the Dragon" after he looted a Spanish convoy carrying silver
from the New World.
4. Contemporary evidence indicates that Drake's most famous voyage, a three-year trip
around the world, is for the purpose of annexing territory for England.
5. He discovered Cape Horn and then had sailed north up the west coast of South America.
6. After he had sailed northward along the long Mexican coast, he will have landed in
7. A brass plaque, discovered in San Francisco in 1936, proved that Drake has indeed
claimed the land for England.
8. This famous "Plate of Brass" is now at the University of California and was judged to be
authentic by all authorities today.
в– B. Changing the Voice of Verbs
On a separate sheet of paper, rewrite each of the following sentences to change the active voice
to the passive or the passive voice to the active.
1. As a young man, Francis Drake was attracted to adventure.
2. Drake's career was aided by a distant relative, Sir John Hawkins.
3. Hawkins obtained for Drake a position aboard Captain Lovell's ship for a 1566
expedition.
4. In 1572, with a small force of men, Drake raided a Spanish settlement in Panama.
5. After he sailed around the world, Drake was knighted by Queen Elizabeth I.
Subject-Verb Agreement I
A verb must agree with its subject in person
and number.
Do not be confused by a predicate nominative
that is different in number from the subject.
In inverted sentences, in which the subject
always follows the verb, locate the simple subject and make sure that the verb agrees with
A delicious appetizer is mozzarella sticks.
(The singular verb is agrees with the singular subject appetizer, not with the predicate
nominative mozzarella sticks.)
Along the seashore are many birds.
There is a sea gull on the chair.
Does that bird see the children there?
в– Making Subjects and Verbs Agree
Underline each simple subject and label it Sing. (singular) or Pl. (plural). Then, fill in the blank
in each sentence with the correct verb. Use a present tense form of the verb in parentheses.
1. The causes of climatic change __________________ (be) numerous.
2. Among these causes __________________ (be) the variation that occurs in natural
forces, such as the sun's energy.
3. Volcanoes __________________ (be) a natural force that affects the climate.
4. Ash from the eruption of Mount Saint Helens __________________ (be) still in the
atmosphere.
5. Some human activities __________________ (be) also causes of climatic change.
7. This thinning of the ozone layer __________________ (remain) a serious threat and may
lead to global warming.
8. Global warming __________________ (be) a factor responsible for warmer winters.
9. Although we might enjoy warmer winter temperatures, there __________________ (be)
many reasons to fear global warming.
10. Among the potential effects of global warming __________________ (be) drought.
11. As the earth's temperature __________________ (grow) warmer, coastal areas will
become more and more vulnerable to flooding.
12. Such catastrophic occurrences __________________ (seem) an impossibility.
13. Fortunately, there __________________ (be) still ways, such as modifying our behavior,
that we can prevent such disasters.
14. One way __________________ (be) to curtail open burning of trash and leaves.
6. In the news __________________ (be) stories about how spray from aerosol cans
depletes the ozone layer.
Subject-Verb Agreement II
A collective noun is singular when it refers to a
group and plural when it refers to the members
of the group individually.
The staff is large.
The staff are lovers of literature.
Ten dollars is the fee.
Ten dollars are in the drawer.
A title is always singular.
Intervening expressions do not create a compound subject.
Similarly, when a noun of amount refers to one
unit, it is singular. When it refers to a number of
individual units, it is plural.
The dog, as well as the cats, needs shots.
в– A. Identifying Subject-Verb Agreement
Underline the correct form of the verb in parentheses.
1. Many weekly and monthly magazines (is/are) published in the United States.
2. People, as well as Newsweek, (is/are) published weekly.
3. Seven days (is/are) not enough time for putting out an entire magazine.
4. To meet the tight weekly deadlines, the staff (cooperates/cooperate) closely with
one another.
5. The staff of a major weekly like Newsweek (is/are) huge.
6. The art department and the editorial department (works/work) hand in hand.
7. The production staff (is/are) some of the hardest-working people on any magazine.
8. Time Inc., in addition to many other firms, (produces/produce) several different
magazines.
9. Time, Life, and Sports Illustrated (is/are) owned by Time Inc.
10. Millions of Americans, as well as foreigners, (reads/read) each issue.
в– B. Using Subject-Verb Agreement
On a separate sheet of paper, complete each sentence. Use present-tense verbs.
1. Both Bach and Beethoven . . .
2. Bacon and eggs . . .
3. Neither the United States nor Canada . . .
4. Many a newspaper and magazine . . .
5. The students, as well as the teacher, . . .
6. The news . . .
7. A Tale of Two Cities . . .
8. Either her brother or her sister . . .
Case of Personal Pronouns
Personal pronouns are pronouns that are used
to refer to persons or things. The case of a personal pronoun depends upon the pronoun's
function in a sentence.
Use the objective case if the pronoun is the
object of a verb or the object of a preposition.
The objective pronouns are me, you, her, him, it,
us, and them.
Use the nominative case if the pronoun is the
subject of a sentence or follows a form of be.
The nominative pronouns are I, you, she, he, it,
and they.
We people have the right to be heard.
Tanya and he have something to say.
They want everyone to pay attention.
The first people to listen were she and I.
The manager gave JosГ© and me jobs.
She told us to arrive at eight on Saturday.
When we arrived, there was much for him
and me to do.
At the end of the day, the two of us were
в– A. Identifying the Case of Personal Pronouns
Underline the personal pronouns in the sentences below. Identify the case of each pronoun by
writing Nom. (nominative) or Obj. (objective) above the pronoun.
1. Like most of us, you probably have been bitten by mosquitoes and do not like them.
2. We consider a mosquito bite annoying, but in some parts of the world, it can also
be deadly.
3. Malaria and yellow fever are mosquito-borne diseases, and more people have been killed
by them than by all the wars in history.
5. Although mosquitoes are annoying, they are an important source of food for fish
and birds.
в– B. Using Personal Pronouns Correctly
Underline the personal pronoun that correctly completes each sentence below.
1. When the Acadians settled Canada, other groups of immigrants helped (they/them).
2. (They/Them) lived peacefully according to their traditions and customs.
3. AbbГ© Le Loutre was an Acadian priest. It was his religious beliefs that prompted (he/him)
to side with the Indians in the French and Indian War.
4. The Indians and (he/him) attacked the English soldiers.
5. (Him/He) and his fellow Acadians were punished by the English.
6. The English dispersed (they/them), sending the Acadians to different colonies.
7. Historians tell (us/we) that some Acadians settled in Louisiana.
8. If families included children, (they/them) and their parents were separated.
9. According to the legend of Evangeline, (her/she) and Gabriel loved each other.
10. The legend tells of the separation of (he and she/him and her).
4. The female mosquito bites us because she needs blood for protein to produce eggs.
Pronouns with Appositives and Than and As
Use the nominative case for a pronoun that
is in apposition to a subject or a predicate
nominative.
When a pronoun is followed by an appositive,
choose the case of the pronoun that would be
correct if the appositive were omitted.
They were the loudest ones, Stanley and
she. (Ones is the predicate nominative.)
Use the objective case for a pronoun that is in
apposition to a direct object, an indirect object,
or an object of a preposition.
The largest poster was painted by the
siblings, Ellen and him. (Siblings is the
object of the preposition by.)
The most noise was made by us cheerleaders. (Us is the correct form because
us is the object of the preposition by.)
In elliptical adverb clauses using than and as,
use the case of the pronoun that you would use
if the missing words were fully expressed.
The other team did not seem as enthusiastic
as we. (The nominative pronoun we is the
subject of the incomplete adverb clause as
we did.)
в– A. Using Pronouns with and as Appositives
Underline the correct personal pronoun in each of the sentences below.
1. The coaches, Mr. Watson and (he/him), got the team all fired up before the big game.
2. The coaches gave the two running backs, Anton and (he/him), extra encouragement.
3. Everyone began singing, and musical support was added by (we/us) members of the band.
4. Everyone enjoyed cheering and making noise during the game, but the loudest people
were (we/us) drummers.
5. Two people from the German club, (she/her) and Jacob, sold popcorn during the game.
6. The German club members appreciated the two bass drummers, Dylan and (I/me),
because we bought most of their popcorn.
7. The game was close until the fourth quarter when two of our linebackers, Bruce and
(he/him), forced a fumble and recovered it.
8. On the next play, a big hole was opened up by two of our linemen, Miguel and (he/him),
allowing the running back to score the winning touchdown.
в– B. Using Pronouns after Than and As
Underline the pronoun that correctly completes each of the sentences below.
1. Paula Robinson is a far better flutist than (I/me).
2. I would like to play tennis as well as (he/him).
3. There is no one I like better than (she/her).
4. Len and Pat both garden, but Len likes gardening much more than (she/her).
5. When I am seventy, I hope I look as good as (he/him).
Reflexive and Intensive Pronouns
Reflexive pronouns refer back to a noun or
pronoun and indicate that the same person or
thing is involved.
You should give yourself credit.
When a personal pronoun refers to the subject
of a sentence, always use a reflexive pronoun.
Intensive pronouns add emphasis to another
noun or pronoun.
She herself was mistaken.
Use himself and themselves instead of the
incorrect forms hisself and theirselves.
INCORRECT: I helped me to another serving of
green beans.
Jeff did the dishes himself.
The swimmers themselves baked their
coach some cookies.
CORRECT: I helped myself to another serving
of green beans.
в– A. Identifying Reflexive and Intensive Pronouns
Underline the reflexive and intensive pronouns in the sentences below. Identify each underlined pronoun by writing Ref. (reflexive) or Inten. (intensive) above the pronoun.
1. The phrase itself comes from a book of poems by him.
2. Elaine cleared herself a place at the table and began working.
3. I taught myself how to play guitar by reading a self-instruction book.
4. The painting was shown to the class by the artist herself.
5. The only thing he cannot do for himself is go up a flight of stairs.
Rewrite each of the following sentences, correcting any error in the use of pronouns.
1. Patty and Luke enjoyed theirselves at the dance last Friday.
2. Nikki and yourself should join us at the restaurant for dinner.
3. The workers theirselves were the ones who decided to come in early.
4. I bought me a pair of very comfortable tennis shoes the other day.
5. Rebecca brought three sodas to drink, one for herself, one for myself, and one for himself.
6. Aaron decided that shorts were inappropriate for hisself to wear to the banquet.
в– B. Using Reflexive and Intensive Pronouns
Who and Whom in Questions and Clauses
In questions, use who for subjects and whom
for verb objects and objects of a preposition.
Who went for pizza? (Who is the subject.)
Whom are we visiting? (Whom is the direct
Use the objective pronouns whom and
whomever for the object of a verb or preposition
in a subordinate clause.
Use the nominative pronouns who and whoever
for the subject and the predicate nominative in
a subordinate clause.
We wanted to know who the singer was.
(Who is the predicate nominative of the
noun clause who the singer was.)
We told whoever would listen. (Whoever is
the subject of the noun clause whoever
would listen.)
The doctor about whom she told us was
late. (Whom is the object of the preposition
about in the adjective clause about whom
she told us.)
He asked whom we had seen at the game.
(Whom is the direct object of the verb had
seen in the noun clause whom we had seen
at the game.)
в– A. Identifying Uses of Who and Whom
In the sentences below, draw a line through any interrupting expression, and label the use of
who or whom. Use S (subject), PN (predicate nominative), DO (direct object), IO (indirect
object), or OPrep. (object of a preposition).
1. Who did you say was chosen to play the part?
2. I know to whom they will give the award.
3. Whoever did this should take the credit.
4. The heroine will be whomever the director chooses.
5. The person whom you liked so much married Sylvia's cousin.
в– B. Using Who and Whom in Questions and Subordinate Clauses
Underline the pronoun that correctly completes each sentence.
1. The person (who/whom) you met is president of the camera club.
2. Who is the family for (who/whom) you are baby-sitting tonight?
3. Dr. Paula O'Connor is the pediatrician (who/whom) Mrs. Gutierrez recommended.
4. The person to (who/whom) you should speak is the personnel director.
5. Bobby Short is the jazz singer (who/whom) Alice likes so much.
6. I know (who/whom) won the award.
7. The two friends (who/whom) I trust most are Peter and Robin.
8. The writer (who/whom) interests me most is Herman Melville.
9. Anyone (who/whom) is interested can attend the preview of the art exhibit.
10. I am the one (who/whom) suggested that we raise money with a car wash.
Pronoun Agreement and Reference
An antecedent is the word or group of words
to which a pronoun refers or that a pronoun
replaces. All pronouns must agree with their
antecedents in number (singular or plural), gender (masculine, feminine, or neuter), and person.
The tire had lost its air pressure.
Each of the girls had her bicycle.
The troupe gave its best performance.
The troupe took their bows separately.
Make sure that the antecedent of a pronoun
is clearly stated and that a pronoun cannot
possibly refer to more than one antecedent.
UNCLEAR: In the newspaper it says that the
mayor is retiring. (What is it?)
CLEAR: The newspaper article reports that
the mayor is retiring.
Never use the pronouns this, that, which, and it
without a clearly stated antecedent.
в– A. Using Pronoun-Antecedent Agreement
In each of the sentences below, underline the antecedent; then write the missing personal
pronoun.
1. John Van Druten uses only three characters in __________________ play Voice of
the Turtle.
2. The play was written in the 1940s, but __________________ gentle love story is
still engaging.
3. The play opens with Sally Middleton, an actress, sitting in __________________
living room.
4. When Sally's friend Olive Lashbrook arrives, __________________ talks frivolously
about life.
6. The three characters are captivating in __________________ very simplicity.
в– B. Making Pronoun Reference Clear
Each of the sentences below contains a pronoun with an unclear antecedent. Underline the
pronoun; then rewrite the sentence to correct the antecedent error.
1. In a French newspaper in 1784, it published a sensational story.
2. In Courier de L'Europe it reported that a monster had been captured in South America.
3. The newspaper described the monster in detail, which made the story seem true.
4. The monster was said to be eleven feet tall, but that was not its strangest feature.
5. The monster had wings and tails, and they were pointed.
6. An unknown person was the fabricator of the story, and it was a hoax.
5. When Bill Page, Olive's date, arrives, Olive makes Sally entertain __________________.
Most adjectives and adverbs have three degrees:
the positive, or base, form; the comparative
form; and the superlative form.
The positive form of a modifier cannot be
used to make a comparison.
Sue was the quietest person in the class.
Of all the people in the class, she spoke the
most softly.
A few commonly used modifiers have irregular
comparative and superlative forms. Some of
these are
Robert was very loud.
He shouted loudly.
badly
far (distance)
far (degree)
The comparative form of a modifier shows
two things being compared.
Sue was quieter than Ana.
She spoke more softly than Ana.
The superlative form of a modifier shows
three or more things being compared.
farther
в– A. Identifying Degrees of Comparison
In each of the sentences below, underline the comparative modifier. In the space provided,
write whether the modifier is Pos. (positive), Com. (comparative), or Sup. (superlative).
_____ 1. It was a lovely week to go backpacking.
_____ 2. The weather has been the best I have ever seen.
_____ 3. The sun was shining more brightly than usual.
_____ 4. There was less rain than I had expected.
_____ 5. We are planning to backpack farther than we have before.
_____ 6. This part of the forest provides more interesting climbing than other places.
_____ 7. It has the greatest number of trails.
_____ 8. There are also numerous campsites.
_____ 9. We travel at a comfortable pace.
_____ 10. I think that backpacking is the most relaxing form of recreation.
в– B. Using Degrees of Comparison
Underline the positive-degree modifier in each sentence below. Then write the comparative
and superlative forms in the spaces provided.
1. Hiking is a good recreational activity.
2. Many people enjoy hiking.
3. When I hike, I move at a slow pace.
4. I do not hike far in a single day.
Double and Incomplete Comparisons
Do not make a double comparison by using
both -er or -est and more or most in the same
Do not make an incomplete or unclear comparison by omitting other or else when you compare one member of a group with another.
INCORRECT: That is the most scariest movie
I have ever seen.
CORRECT: That is the scariest movie I have
ever seen.
INCORRECT: That building is taller than any
building in the city.
CORRECT: That building is taller than any
other building in the city.
в– Correcting Double, Incomplete, and Unclear Comparisons
Rewrite each of the sentences below to correct double, incomplete, or unclear comparison(s).
(There may be several ways to correct each sentence.)
1. I consider the Beatles the most greatest musical group of all time.
2. They had more hit singles than any rock band.
3. Their music was more better than that of the Rolling Stones.
4. People bought more of their records than those of any group of the sixties.
6. Other people, of course, think less of the Beatles' music than any other group.
7. According to my brother, for instance, music of other groups is more better.
8. He claims that their records were no better than any other group of their day.
9. He goes on to say that even the most better rock music, if there is such a thing, is just
bubble gum for the ears.
10. His opinion is often different from me.
5. Some people think their music was as good as Beethoven.
Misplaced and Dangling Modifiers
A misplaced modifier modifies the wrong
word or seems to modify more than one word
in a sentence. You can correct the sentence by
placing the modifier as close as possible to the
word that it modifies.
Correct a dangling modifier by supplying a word
that can be modified by the dangling phrase.
MISPLACED: He went to the library wearing a
leather jacket. (Was the library wearing a
jacket?)
CLEAR: Wearing a leather jacket, he went
to the library.
A dangling modifier does not logically modify
any word in the sentence in which it appears.
DANGLING: After reading the paper, the
telephone rang. (Did the telephone read
the paper?)
CLEAR: The telephone rang after I read
the paper.
DANGLING: Working all afternoon, the foundation was completed. (Who was working?)
CLEAR: Working all afternoon, the construction crew completed the foundation.
OR: They completed the foundation by
working all afternoon.
в– A. Identifying Misplaced Modifiers
In each of the sentences below, cross out the misplaced modifier. In the first space write the
word(s) the modifier seems to modify. In the second space write the word(s) the modifier
should modify.
1. I read a book about trains in the library.
2. Trains crisscross this country running on steel rails and wood ties.
3. Transportation is provided by trains for everything from people to freight.
4. Running from New York to Florida, people ride the Silver Star.
5. The era of luxury trains has ended with beautiful cars and sumptuous meals.
в– B. Correcting Misplaced and Dangling Modifiers
On a separate sheet of paper, rewrite each of the sentences below to correct the misplaced or
dangling modifier. You may need to make other changes to the sentences.
1. The wigmaker was a busy artisan in colonial times, also called a peruke maker.
2. Catering to the wealthy, wigs were designed for all occasions.
3. The customer's head was measured exactly by the wigmaker, often shaved for the purpose.
4. The new wig was chosen by the customer, tinted to the right shade with colored powders.
Capitalization: Sentences and I
Capitalize the first word of every sentence,
including the first word of a direct quotation
that is a complete sentence.
John F. Kennedy once said, "Ask not what
your country can do for you; ask what you
can do for you country."
Do not capitalize the first word of a quotation
that cannot stand as a complete sentence.
Do not capitalize the first word of an indirect
quotation, which often begins with that.
Who said that music is the food of love?
Capitalize the first word of a sentence in parentheses only if the sentence stands by itself—not
if the sentence in parentheses is contained
within another sentence.
Always capitalize the pronoun I.
Kennedy stressed "for your country."
в– A. Identifying Errors in Capitalization
In the sentences below, underline all the words that contain an error in capitalization.
1. Russian-born Betya Abramowitz was only fifteen years old when she reached Ellis Island
(The famous immigration processing center).
2. Once in America, she told people that Her name was Bessie. (that was how the immigration official had recorded her name.)
3. Some time later, Bessie traveled to Chicago (The largest city in the Midwest) where she
found work in a tailor shop.
4. When a major clothing manufacturer cut workers' wages, Bessie created a strike poster
that read, "we want better conditions."
6. Bessie later became educational director of the Laundry Workers Union, whose slogan was
"touch the worker from the cradle to the grave."
в– B. Using Capitalization
In the space provided, rewrite the sentences below to correct all errors in capitalization.
1. i believe that after Bessie and Sidney Hillman married (She did not keep her maiden
name), they worked together for labor reform.
2. Sidney Hillman later became general director of the Office of Production Management.
(this was during World War II.)
3. Someone told me that During World War II, Bessie Hillman helped to raise money for
a tank.
4. An inscription on the tank said that It had been "Donated by the Pennsylvania Shirt
Workers Union."
5. Bessie wrote Sidney Hillman (A fellow reform worker and her future husband) that She
was bombarded with questions about her strike action.
Capitalization: Proper Nouns and Adjectives
Capitalize a common noun only when it is the
first word of a sentence.
Capitalize a proper noun. When a proper noun
comprises several words, capitalize only the
important words.
Surgeon General Antonia Novello
Antonia Novello, the surgeon general
Yes, Senator (direct address)
Senator Lloyd Bentsen
Lloyd Bentsen, the senator from Texas
Capitalize proper adjectives, adjectives formed
from proper nouns.
Capitalize titles used before a proper name and
titles used in direct address.
Alaskan pipeline
в– Identifying Proper Nouns and Adjectives
Correct the sentences below by underlining each letter that should be capitalized.
1. Elizabeth cady, born in 1815, resolved to promote women's rights when mr. cady said to
her shortly after the death of her brother, "Ah, my daughter, I wish you were a boy."
2. She studied "masculine" subjects, such as greek and latin, and graduated from the troy
female seminary in 1832.
3. While working for temperance and antislavery causes, elizabeth met and married the
abolitionist henry stanton.
4. Elizabeth Cady Stanton and lucretia mott organized the first women's rights convention
in the united states; it was held in seneca falls, new york, in 1848.
5. At the convention, elizabeth cady stanton drafted what came to be named the declaration
of rights and sentiments.
6. Elizabeth Cady Stanton met susan b. anthony in 1851, and together the two women
promoted African American rights (before and during the civil war) as well as
women's rights.
7. In 1869 an english philosopher, john stuart mill, helped the women's movement with his
publication of the subjection of women.
8. That same year, stanton and anthony formed a women's suffrage organization, which later
became part of the national american woman suffrage association.
9. The women were delighted when wyoming (then a frontier area) granted voting rights
to women in 1869.
10. It was not until 1920, however, (eighteen years after stanton's death) that congress
approved the nineteenth amendment that finally gave women the right to vote.
Period, Exclamation Point, Question Mark
Use a period at the end of a declarative sentence or a polite command.
DECLARATIVE SENTENCE: Greek tragedy has
never been equaled.
POLITE COMMAND: Read Antigone for next
Use an exclamation point to show strong feeling or to indicate a forceful command.
How moving that play was!
Use a question mark to indicate a direct
Was Euripides a Greek dramatist?
A question mark shoud not follow a declarative
sentence that contains an indirect question.
Take me with you!
He asked whether Euripides was a Greek
dramatist.
в– A. Identifying Correct End Punctuation
Provide the appropriate end punctuation for the sentences below.
1. The first American tennis court was built on Staten Island in 1874 by Mary Ewing
Outerbridge
2. On the golf course people move quickly when they hear the call "Fore"
3. For inexpensive fun learn how to pitch horseshoes
4. Can you guess how deck tennis got its name
5. What a fast game squash is
6. You had better watch out when you are near a one-wall handball game
7. You might ask your physical education teachers if they can play jai alai
9. Perhaps you have wondered whether there are any American cricket teams
10. Did you know that baseball was derived from cricket
в– B. Using Correct End Punctuation
Respond as directed to each item below. Include the correct end punctuation.
1. Ask your teacher what something means.
2. Politely ask your sister for help.
3. Express a forceful warning.
4. Complete this sentence: Sarah, Mom wants to know when. . . .
5. State a historical fact.
8. Do you know what a jai alai court is called
The Colon
Use a colon to introduce a list, especially after
a statement that uses such words as these, the
following, or as follows. Do not use a colon if
a list immediately follows a verb or preposition.
Woodworkers need the following tools: a
hammer, saw, square, plane, and chisels.
Woodworkers need a hammer, saw, square,
plane, and chisels.
Use a colon to introduce material that illustrates,
explains, or restates the preceding material.
Woodworking is easy: you just need a little
patience and skill.
Use a colon to introduce a long or formal quotation. A formal quotation is often preceded by
such words as this, these, the following, or as
follows.
Abraham Lincoln said this: "Four score and
seven years ago . . . "
Use a colon between the hour and the minute,
between the chapter and verse in biblical references, and after the salutation of a business letter.
в– A. Inserting Colons
Supply colons where necessary in the sentences below.
1. Historians question everything they read they even question newspaper headlines.
2. Even the Chicago Tribune sometimes prints errors it announced the victory of Dewey
over Truman.
3. The company began running the presses at 2 00 A.M.
4. An unknown author contributed biographies of the following nonexistent people
a botanist, an explorer, and an industrialist.
5. Mark Twain gave this advice "When in doubt, tell the truth."
в– B. Using Colons in Writing
On a separate sheet of paper, rewrite the following sentences correctly, adding colons where
they are needed. Write Correct if a sentence needs no colons.
1. Good joinery depends on a good workbench something is needed to hold the work so
that both hands are free to use tools.
2. Early craftsmen used the clave, the shaving horse, and the framing bench.
3. Chairmakers use low, heavy benches to hold pieces, shape them, cut joints, and assemble
the whole.
4. Joseph Moxon wrote the following in 1678 "Set one end of their work against the breast,
and the other against the workbench, and keep it steady in its position."
5. Planing requires the following types of support one for working edges and one for
working surfaces.
6. A good woodworkers' bench includes these a front vise, an end vise, and dogs for holding
irregular pieces.
The Semicolon
Use a semicolon to separate main clauses that
are not joined by a coordinating conjunction.
Use a semicolon to separate the items in a
series when these items contain commas.
Robert Altman is a talented film director;
he was the director of Nashville.
Use a semicolon to separate main clauses
joined by a conjunctive adverb (such as however, therefore, nevertheless, moreover, furthermore, and consequently) or by an expression
such as for example or that is.
They have lived in Seattle, Washington;
Topeka, Kansas; and Chicago, Illinois.
Use a semicolon to separate two main clauses
joined by a coordinating conjunction when such
clauses already contain several commas.
The movie, which contained plenty of
action, was exciting; but it was also sad.
He was not a serious student; nevertheless,
he did very well in music.
в– A. Identifying Uses of Semicolons
Insert semicolons in the sentences below.
1. The three German merchant ships that took refuge in neutral Goa at the beginning of
World War II were Brauenfels, 7,847 tons Drachenfels, 6,342 tons and Ehrenfels, 7,752 tons.
2. The Ehrenfels carried a hidden radio transmitter moreover, it beamed messages
to U-boats.
4. A brilliant attack on the Ehrenfels was conducted by eighteen middle-aged civilians led
by Lewis Pugh, a titled dignitary Gavin Stewart, an engineer and John Crossley, an
explosives expert.
5. Only the Ehrenfels was boarded nevertheless, all three ships went up in flames.
в– B. Using Semicolons
On a separate sheet of paper, rewrite the sentences below, adding semicolons where they
are needed.
1. Many instruments are stringed that is, they produce sound by making a taut
string vibrate.
2. Stringed instruments include orchestral instruments such as violins, cellos, and basses,
they also include solo instruments such as guitars and mandolins.
3. The string may be bowed, as with violins and cellos, plucked or strummed, as with guitars
and banjos, or hammered, as in a piano.
4. The pitch of a note depends on these factors: length, weight, and tension of the string
a short, light, tight string produces the highest note.
5. In many instruments the strings themselves make very little sound the vibration is
amplified by the body of the instrument.
3. The U-boats received radio signals about the location of Allied freighters the information
was rarely wrong.
Commas and Compound Sentences
Use commas between the main clauses in a
compound sentence. Place a comma before a
coordinating conjunction (and, but, or, nor, yet,
or for) that joins two main clauses.
I ran quickly to the platform, but I missed
the train.
You may omit the comma between very
short main clauses that are connected by a
coordinating conjunction, unless the comma is
needed to avoid confusion.
CLEAR: I waved my arms and I got my
friend's attention.
UNCLEAR: I waved my arms and my legs
started moving faster.
CLEAR: I waved my arms, and my legs
в– A. Identifying Correct Use of Commas
Insert commas where necessary in the sentences below. If no commas are needed, write C (for
Correct) before the sentence.
_____ 1. Sir Isaac Newton was an English mathematician and philosopher but he is best
remembered for his discoveries in physics.
_____ 2. Newton had a perceptive mind and he is famous for his theory on the behavior of
gravity.
_____ 3. Newton, according to legend, saw an apple fall from a tree and the sighting led to
his development of the law of universal gravitation.
_____ 4. Newton's laws of motion state that an object at rest or in motion will tend to stay
that way for a force is needed to change the motion of an object.
в– B. Using Commas Correctly
Rewrite the sentences below, inserting commas where necessary.
1. The Three Stooges were masters of comedy and they will always be remembered for their
hilarious antics.
2. Some people laugh the hardest at Larry and Curley but I think Moe is the most
humorous.
3. A typical show would have them fighting among themselves or they would get into some
kind of mischief.
4. They acted bumbling and incompetent yet they were always entertaining.
Commas and Coordinate Adjectives
Place a comma between coordinate adjectives
that precede a noun.
Coordinate adjectives modify a noun equally.
To discover whether adjectives are coordinate,
reverse their order or put the word and between
them. If the sentence still sounds natural, the
adjectives are coordinate.
COORDINATE: Dorothy Parker was famous for
her cynical, witty remarks.
NONCOORDINATE: The language school was in
a new brick building.
Generally, adjectives that describe size, shape,
age, and material do not need to be separated
by commas.
Correct) in the space provided.
_____ 1. On one clear crisp fall day, Sam and Rosa went fishing.
_____ 2. Each wore grimy torn blue jeans and a light cotton sweater.
_____ 3. Their small narrow boat rocked gently on the calm sparkling water.
_____ 4. Suddenly, Rosa caught a big thrashing pike.
_____ 5. She almost had the fish in the boat when the thin taut line on her fishing pole
broke.
_____ 6. As Sam let out a long hearty laugh, he nearly fell overboard.
Rewrite the sentences below, inserting commas where necessary. If no changes are necessary,
write Correct.
1. Her parents live in a big brick house on Main Street.
2. At night they hear the shrill screeching sounds of traffic.
3. The family occasionally eats hot delicious spicy pizza at the restaurant across the street.
4. They can easily walk to the grand old movie theater two blocks away.
5. They enjoy sitting on their squeaky metal porch swing and watching the multicolored
stylish outfits of people passing by.
6. They love living in such a busy convenient colorful area.
Commas and Nonessential Elements
Use commas to set off adjective clauses, appositives, participles, infinitives, and their phrases that
are not essential to the meaning of the sentence.
Robert Lowell, who was an American, wrote
many poems about New England.
Robert Lowell, an American, wrote many
poems about New England.
Robert Lowell, born in 1917, was renowned
for his poems about New England.
Do not set off adjective clauses, appositives,
participles, infinitives, and their phrases that
are essential to the meaning of the sentence.
The poet who wrote "Robert Frost" was
Robert Lowell.
The poet Robert Lowell wrote "Robert
Frost."
One of the most famous poems written by
Robert Lowell was "Robert Frost."
Use commas to set off interjections (such as oh
and well ), parenthetical expressions (such as on
the contrary and in fact) and adverbs and conjunctive adverbs (such as however and consequently).
_____ 1. Have you heard of Camelot King Arthur's wondrous palace and court?
_____ 2. The first known mention of the mighty warrior Arthur was in the seventh-century
Welsh poem "Gododdin."
_____ 3. However Sir Thomas Malory's Morte d'Arthur printed posthumously in 1485 is the
most famous source of the legend.
_____ 4. In Tennyson's Idylls of the King a long, somber epic the stories of the Knights of the
Round Table are told in poetry.
_____ 5. T. H. White's Once and Future King which also tells the story of Arthur is written
in prose.
_____ 6. The legends are based on reality; consequently students who read about Camelot
wonder how much is real and how much is myth.
On a separate sheet of paper, rewrite the sentences below, inserting commas where necessary.
If no commas are needed, write Correct.
1. The zipper invented in 1891 did not become immediately popular.
2. Whitcomb Judson who developed the fastener intended it for fastening boots.
3. However the U.S. Navy using the new fastener for the first time in 1918 tried it on
flying suits.
4. In fact the name zipper created in 1926, was responsible for the invention's success.
5. Now zippers used on everything from tents to clothing are commonplace.
Commas: Titles, Addresses, Direct Address
Use commas to set off titles when they follow a
person's name.
Howard Miller, Ph.D., was named dean.
Use commas to separate the various parts of
an address, a geographical term, or a date. A
comma is not used when only the month and
the day or year are given.
She has lived at 381 Main Street, Cleveland,
Ohio, all of her life.
Pearl Harbor in Hawaii was bombed on
December 25 is the day that Christmas is
celebrated.
Use commas to set off parts of a reference that
direct the reader to the exact source.
Refer to that lesson, pages 207–209,
English Grammar.
Use commas to set off words or names used in
direct address.
Sis, have you seen my brown shirt?
Thank you, Mr. Schmidt.
в– A. Identifying Proper Use of Commas
Each of the sentences below is missing at least one comma. Insert the missing comma(s). (The
number of commas needed is given in parentheses at the end of each sentence.)
1. David Morton B.A. was born on February 21 1886 and died on June 13 1957. (5 commas)
2. He lived in Louisville Kentucky until 1918. (2 commas)
3. For the next six years, he taught English and history at the high school in Morristown
New Jersey. (1 comma)
5. Margaret Haley Carpenter's introduction to Morton's Journey into Time reproduces a
handwritten letter from him dated December 11 1953. (1 comma)
6. David Morton vice president of the Poetry Society of America shared the 1955 Borestone
Mountain Award with Eric Barker. (2 commas)
7. The Pentelic Press Norfolk Virginia published Journey into Time in 1958. (3 commas)
8. In the title poem, "Journey into Time," stanza 3 line 1 Morton writes, "See, time is blue
and whole—time is not broken. . . . " (2 commas)
On a separate sheet of paper, write sentences that include the information requested in each set
of parentheses. Be sure to use commas properly.
1. (the complete address of a friend)
2. (the date of the signing of the Declaration of Independence)
3. (telling someone you will be home late)
4. (thanking someone for a present)
4. After receiving an honorary doctorate from the University of Kentucky Lexington
Kentucky he became David Morton Litt. D. (4 commas)
Proper Use of Commas
A comma should not precede a conjunction that
connects two parts of a compound predicate.
INCORRECT: She walks when the weather is
nice, but takes the bus when it rains.
CORRECT: She walks when the weather is
nice but takes the bus when it rains.
Avoid run-on sentences by using a coordinating conjunction with the comma or by using
a semicolon.
CORRECT: The sky was cloudy, but she
decided to walk anyway.
CORRECT: The sky was cloudy; she decided
to walk anyway.
A comma should never be used between a
subject and its verb or between a verb and
its complement.
INCORRECT: The sky was cloudy, she decided
INCORRECT: What made listening difficult, was
the noise in the room.
CORRECT: What made listening difficult was
в– A. Correcting Misuse of Commas
On a separate sheet of paper, rewrite each of the sentences below to correct errors in comma
usage. Add or delete commas where appropriate.
1. Geographical factors that shaped early Greek civilization included, its access to the sea, its
mountainous landscape, and its Mediterranean climate.
2. Some writers have said, that the Greeks, rather than living on a land, lived around a sea.
3. What made transportation difficult in ancient Greece, was the rugged terrain.
4. Sparta was only about 60 miles from Olympia yet it took Spartans nearly a week to reach
that city.
5. Temperatures are moderate in Greece and rain falls only during the winter season.
в– B. Reviewing Use of Commas
Insert commas where necessary in the sentences below.
1. My younger sister was born on Saturday July 10 1999.
2. She was a beautiful black-eyed energetic baby.
3. My father was excited and his company's newsletter carried the story on the front page.
4. His boss lives at 3830 River Drive Fargo North Dakota 58103.
5. My mother fed the baby I helped change the diapers and my father cleaned the house.
6. Well all I really did was entertain the baby while my mother changed the diapers.
7. I loved my little sister but her crying drove me crazy.
8. During the first week of her life I ate dinner did my homework and slept at a friend's
house almost every night.
9. My friend's father the mayor of Fargo was very understanding.
10. He told me that his little brother who later became a pediatrician cried for nearly
two months.
The Dash and Parentheses
In typed material a dash is indicated by two
hyphens (--). Use a dash to emphasize supplemental information or parenthetical comments,
to indicate an abrupt change in thought within
a sentence, or to show hesitation or faltering
in dialogue.
It was a long movie--seemingly interminable.
For my birthday last year--no, it was the
year before--I received a bike.
"Did he--did he really do that?"
she stammered.
Use parentheses to set off supplemental material that is not intended to be part of the main
statement. A complete sentence within parentheses that is contained within another sentence
is not capitalized and needs no period. However,
if a complete sentence in parentheses stands by
itself, use a capital letter and a period.
Such a design (see illustration, next page) is
called an arabesque.
Such a design is called an arabesque.
(See the illustration on the next page.)
в– A. Using Dashes
Insert dashes where necessary.
1. Did you hear about oh, maybe I shouldn't say that.
2. "What what is it?" the child asked timidly.
3. The record for that event is two hours, twenty minutes fantastic!
4. "Do you know if I if I was accepted?" he asked.
5. She challenged him to a duel what a switch!
7. The shrub we planted last year that one over there is blooming nicely.
8. Walnut a beautiful, deep brown wood is frequently used for furniture.
в– B. Using Parentheses
Insert parentheses where necessary.
1. The recipe called for one pint 0.47 liters of milk.
2. Daffy Dan Doolittle ZOWY is a contender for the silliest radio announcer.
3. Their last song they claimed it was a classic was one we had never heard.
4. These results have been tabulated. A complete list appears on page 227.
5. Membership in the American Association of University Women AAUW confers a number
of benefits.
6. A tam-o'-shanter Tam o'Shanter was the hero of a Robert Burns poem is a tight-fitting
Scottish cap.
7. The city of London population around seven million has more people than the country of
Norway population around four million.
8. Senator John F. Kennedy Democrat, Massachusetts won the 1960 presidential election.
6. The sound of the words cellar door say it to yourself is very lovely.
Use quotation marks to enclose a direct quotation only, not introductory or explanatory
remarks. In general, separate such remarks from
the quotation with a comma.
Wendell Phillips observed, "Eternal vigilance
is the price of liberty."
When a quotation is interrupted by explanatory
words such as he said or she wrote, use two
sets of quotation marks.
"The love of liberty," said William Hazlitt,
"is the love of others."
Never use quotation marks in an indirect
quotation.
George Bernard Shaw said that liberty
meant responsibility.
Use single quotation marks around a quotation
within a quotation.
Use quotation marks to enclose titles of short
works, unfamiliar slang and other unusual
expressions, or a definition that is stated directly.
I read the poem "Rime of the Ancient
Mariner."
She described it as "awesome."
Opera comes from the Latin opus, "work."
в– A. Identifying Quotations
Insert quotation marks and commas where necessary.
1. John Paul Jones made the famous remark I have not yet begun to fight.
2. It was Thomas Love Peacock who said A book that furnishes no quotations is no book—it
is a plaything.
3. Famous remarks are very seldom quoted correctly Simeon Strunsky remarked.
4. Every quotation contributes something wrote Samuel Johnson to the stability or enlargement of the language.
5. The writers who have nothing to say are the ones you can buy observed Walter Lippmann.
The others have too high a price.
в– B. Using Quotation Marks
On a separate sheet of paper, rewrite the sentences below, inserting quotation marks, commas,
and capital letters where necessary. If a sentence does not need to be changed, write Correct.
1. My teacher stated the Liberty Bell is inscribed with the words Proclaim liberty throughout
all the land unto all the inhabitants thereof.
2. He promised that we could see it when we were in Philadelphia.
3. Anita described the bell as the cat's pajamas.
4. It reminds me of Elton John's song Philadelphia Freedom.
5. Everyone get in line Mr. Moreno called. It is time to board the buses.
Italics (Underlining)
Italicize (or underline) titles of books, lengthy
poems, plays, films, television series, paintings
and sculptures, long musical compositions, and
court cases. Also italicize the names of newspapers and magazines, ships, trains, airplanes, and
spacecraft.
Hawaii is one of James Michener's most
famous novels.
Italicize (or underline) and capitalize articles written at the beginning of a title only when they
are part of the title itself. Do not italicize (or
underline) the article preceding the title of a
periodical or the word magazine unless it is part
of the title.
the Saturday Night Review
Italicize (or underline) foreign words and expressions that are not used frequently in English.
She follows the advice Caveat emptor, "Let
the buyer beware."
Italicize (or underline) words, letters, and numerals used to represent themselves.
Write Y for yes and N for no.
в– A. Using Italics
Underline any words in the sentences below that should be italicized.
1. Mark Twain completed A Connecticut Yankee in King Arthur's Court in 1889.
2. My father subscribes to the Washington Post.
3. The hostess described her magnificent gown as a peu de chose.
4. Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom is his favorite movie.
5. Advertisers misuse and overuse the word virtually.
7. All members of the National Geographic Society receive the organization's official journal,
National Geographic magazine.
8. The Plessy v. Ferguson decision established the separate-but-equal doctrine.
9. Jules Verne's book Around the World in 80 Days is captivating reading.
10. I'm looking for the C volume of the encyclopedia.
в– B. Using Italics and Quotation Marks
On a separate sheet of paper, rewrite the sentences below, underlining the words that should be
italicized and inserting quotation marks where necessary.
1. A Tale of Ragged Mountains, a short story by Edgar Allan Poe, was first published in
Godey's Lady's Book.
2. Robert Penn Warren wrote a critical essay entitled The Love and Separateness in Miss Welty.
3. Betty Carter's Social Call album includes the old song I Could Write a Book.
4. The Idylls of the King is Tennyson's series of poems on the Arthurian legend.
5. Buckdancer's Choice, the volume for which James Dickey won the National Book Award,
includes the poem Buckdancer's Choice.
6. I still think that Carole King's Tapestry album was her best.
The Apostrophe
Use an apostrophe and -s for the possessive of a
singular indefinite pronoun but not with any
other possessive pronouns.
books' pages
Use a possessive form to express amounts of
money or time that modify a noun.
somebody's car
BUT his car
two hours' time
Use an apostrophe and -s to form the possessive
of a singular noun, even one that ends in -s.
mice's tails
fifty cents' worth
Use an apostrophe in place of letters omitted in
contractions and in place of the omitted numerals of a particular year.
Chris's garden
Use only an apostrophe to form the possessive
of a plural noun that ends in -s. Use an apostrophe and -s for a plural noun that does not end
in -s.
they are = they're
she will = she'll
class of 1992 = class of �92
в– A. Inserting Apostrophes Correctly
Insert apostrophes where necessary in the sentences below.
1. Anyones guess is as good as mine.
2. The Johnsons house cant be far from here.
3. The boys basketball team didnt do well this year.
4. Mr. Watsons employer wasnt in a good mood today.
5. The geeses feathers were gray and black.
в– B. Writing Possessives
In the space provided, rephrase each of the expressions below, using the possessive form of the
second noun.
1. the entrances to the shop _________________________________________________________
2. the birthday of my grandmother____________________________________________________
3. the prices of the blouses __________________________________________________________
4. the sheen on the chintz ___________________________________________________________
5. the delicacy of the lilies ___________________________________________________________
6. the disappearance of the necklaces __________________________________________________
7. the color of her purse ____________________________________________________________
8. the mistake of the salesclerk _______________________________________________________
9. the garden of the Joneses__________________________________________________________
10. the release of the suspects _________________________________________________________
The Hyphen and Abbreviations
Usually a hyphen is not used to join a prefix to
a word, but exceptions include the following:
• after any prefix joined to a proper noun or a
proper adjective (pro-Japanese)
• after the prefixes all-, ex- (meaning "former"),
and self- (self-discovery)
A hyphen is used in a compound adjective that
precedes a noun but not in one that follows
a noun.
a reddish-brown dog
The dog is reddish brown.
Hyphenate a fraction used as an adjective (but
not one used as a noun).
one fourth of the price
one-fourth price
Hyphenate two numerals to indicate a span,
and use hyphens to divide words at the end of a
line, usually between syllables or pronounceable
parts.
Use abbreviations, or shortened forms of words,
to save space and time and to avoid wordiness.
Use your dictionary to check how to write a particular abbreviation.
Hyphenate any spelled-out cardinal or ordinal
compound number up to ninety-nine or
ninety-ninth.
в– A. Using Hyphens Correctly
On a separate sheet of paper, rewrite each of the sentences below, using hyphens only where
needed. Then show where the italicized word in the sentence would be divided if it had to be
broken at the end of a line.
1. Folk wisdom holds that bright colored autos are more likely to be ticketed than those that
are gray or brown.
3. Most of the drivers claim that they were going only a bit faster than fifty five miles
per hour.
4. Many of these thoughtless, self righteous lawbreakers react in an ill mannered way when
they are caught.
5. They don't seem to recognize that they have broken a law that was carefully-considered
before it was passed.
в– B. Using Abbreviations Correctly
On the same sheet of paper you used for the exercise above, rewrite the sentences below, using
abbreviations for the italicized words or phrases.
1. She worked for the Central Intelligence Agency.
2. Did she arrive at 2:00 ante meridiem?
3. She didn't seem to mind that it was only 30 degrees Fahrenheit outside.
4. Her undercover name is Doctor Jessica Stevens.
5. She is only 5 feet, 1 inch tall.
2. I heard that almost one-half of all speeding tickets are issued to drivers of red sports cars.
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