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Your Language Course
About Sprachcaffe
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Adults & Young Professionals / English / England / London
learn English with Sprachcaffe Malta, England, Canada or USA
St. Julian's
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About Spanish
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English Courses in London for Adults
English courses in London
Economic and cultural capital
Wide range of courses offered in an international environment
Choice of accommodation
London Safeguarding Policy
One location that is synonymous with the English language is undoubtedly England's capital city – London !
With English culture everywhere - in every black cab, double-decker bus and the world renowned red telephone boxes - London has a style that has to be experienced by everyone at least once in their lives. From the regal presence that surrounds you as you walk along the buzzing city streets to the historical architecture that bedazzles every visitor, no tourist will ever leave London disappointed. With the abundance of nationalities that walk London's streets, you'll hear a new language daily - everybody can find a little piece of home in the world's most visited city.
From museums to special art exhibitions as well as iconic landmarks, London has an abundance of sights to behold which give our students plenty of opportunities to experience English where the language was born and experiment with their newly acquired English skills in a relaxed and spontaneous environment.
London's history and culture is woven into every detail of the experience, with lessons including interesting information about Britain and its capital city, and tons of historical sites just a short train ride away. This allows students to make the natural transition from tourist to extended member of the British family. Between interactions with fellow students, tourists from all over the world, host families and members of the Sprachcaffe community, our aim is to develop your knowledge of the language and the surrounding communities.
Explore London's renowned landmarks and view London in all its panoramic glory from the London Eye whilst testing out your latest knowledge of the English language. Whether you're a lover of the natural beauty found in lush green parks - there are 3,000 in London, and our personal favorite is the enormous Richmond Park - and along the banks of the River Thames or if you're more taken by the iconic architecture adorning such wonders as Tower Bridge, you have the freedom and time to explore and embrace the overflowing culture in London.
Let London into your heart as you learn a lifelong skill and embrace the history and beauty of England's capital city while immersing yourself in the modern, metropolitan atmosphere.
Attending our school at 16 and 17 years of age
Please note that any students aged 16 to 17 will be required to provide a confirmation from the parents; stating that parents are aware that their children are attending a school with adults aged 18+ and that their children's activities will not always be supervised. They will also receive a separate induction to explain any legal / safeguarding issues relating to people aged under 18 and also be expected to report to our welfare officer regularly. Please see our safeguarding policy and further safeguarding information here.
Book your language holiday in London now
Our School in London
London English School
Our school is located in the West London borough of Ealing
Equipped classrooms
Numerous recreational and sightseeing opportunities
The school is equipped with:
9 classrooms
A reception area
A small outdoor seating area
A common room and students' areas for recreational use or study purposes
A collection of self-study books
Activity programs and weekly events (some at extra cost)
The Sprachcaffe Language School in London provides a wide range of language courses. Classes are limited to 15 students per class to ensure a student-centered learning experience with knowledgeable and skilled English language teachers.
Where is our language school in London?
The Sprachcaffe School is situated in a Victorian era building in the heart of Ealing, a typical London suburb. The school's design has the typical British charm that one envisages when thinking of Britain. The area surrounding the school boasts the hustle and bustle of daily city life with quiet side streets and parks where you can relax, unwind and reflect on the day's lessons as well as the excitement of your adventures. Enjoy a quintessential speciality in one of London's many English pubs and restaurants or simply spend a little while interacting with your hosts at your homestay to gain the ultimate language practice in an informal atmosphere.
The residential apartment is right next to the school. Our school is situated right between London Heathrow Airport and central London, and both can be reached with a short 20 minute train ride.
English Courses: London
Variety of courses
Includes placement test & certificate
Native English teachers
British Council accredited
At our school we use accurate tests before the start of the course to ensure students are put in a class with learners at the same language level. This allows students to not only learn from the enthusiastic English teachers but also communicate with their fellow students and practise their new language spontaneously.
Here's a breakdown of the English courses we offer in London:
Lessons Per Week*
Minimum Duration
# Intensive Course
22.5 hours
Afternoon Course
One-to-One Course
10, 20 or 30
7.5, 15, or 22.5 hours
Elective Course
** IELTS Exam Preparation
** FCE, CAE Exam Preparation
10/12 weeks
* 1 Lesson = 45 minutes
** Exam fee not included, placement fee = £200
# Intensive Course = Standard Course with 15 students + Spoken English with only 8 students
Textbooks are available at the school (Loans cost £4.00 per week, the deposits costs £35.00 or you can also buy the books)
Examination fees are not included in course costs. For 2018 the cost of examinations is approximately £124 (FCE), £155 (CAE) and £165 (IELTS)
FCE, CAE Exam Dates 2018
8 and 22 January
9 and 23 June
The creative teaching methods used encourage students to acquire the language through lively classroom chats, listening and reading exercises as well as games and role play.
From standard English courses to business and exam prep, as well as private lessons, Sprachcaffe can help students to make rapid progress in their linguistic abilities.
Annette (Panama)
Annette had a very positive learning experience, making lots of progress. She found students, teachers and her host family very welcoming!
>>Read the testimonial
Guiherme (Brazil)
Guilherme studied at our school in London. He felt like he was part of a big family, and had lots of fun in the classroom.
Federica (Italy)
Federica came to London to improve her English. She took two different courses, and was greatly helped by her teachers and fellow students.
Varied accommodation options
Contact with locals and other language students
Apartment or Homestay
For a language course to be as enjoyable as possible, you'll need the right accommodation. It's your place to retreat, where you can review everything you have learned and experienced, and make new plans for the rest of your stay in London.
We offer two different types of accommodation in London for you to choose from. Each of them offers you the chance to get talking to other people – locals and other students – and practising the new English skills you'll learn in class.
Overview of accommodation options for London:
Distance from School
Standard Apartment
Shared kitchen, bathroom, washing machine & TV
Directly next to the school
Typical of destination
20-35 mins by foot or public transport*
*The current price for a single bus fare using Oyster or a contactless payment card is £1.50 (this may be subject to change). For further information about London transport please go to www.tfl.gov.uk.
Please note the following check-in and check-out times.
Arrival on Sunday between 10.00am and 8.00pm
Departure on Saturday between 6.30am and 1.00pm*
Arrival on Sunday between 10.00am and 10.00pm
Departure on Saturday between 6.30 AM and 1.00 PM*
*Flexible for under 18s. 16+ year olds can book their trip if they are traveling with their family or a guardian.
Activities London
★★★★★ Food & Drink
★★★★★ Shopping
★★★☆☆ Nature & Recreation
☆☆☆☆☆ Bathing & Beach
★★★★★ Culture
★★★★★ Transportation
Tourism in London
London is the exciting, trend-setting and ever-changing capital city of England and the United Kingdom. As well as being one of the world's most important business and financial centers, London also has a significant influence on world politics, education, entertainment, media and fashion. In addition to having one of the most extensive transportation systems in the world, this huge city is also one of the most diverse cities on earth.
Ealing, where the school is situated, is known as the 'Queen of the Suburbs' because of it's wealth, style and relative calm compared to central London. With its many parks, it is one of London's greenest boroughs.
British Museum: The British Museum has an enormous collection of artifacts on display from every corner of the globe. Admission is free (just like in most of London's most prestigious museums!), so antiquities enthusiasts have no excuse not to make a visit!
Buckingham Palace: Buckingham Palace has been the official residence of the British Royal Family since 1837. This famous building has its doors open to visitors too, so don't miss its fine art collection.
Royal Albert Hall: Since its opening by Queen Victoria in 1871, the Royal Albert Hall has played host to various concerts, conferences, ballroom dancing, ballet, opera and even a circus. This is by far the most magnificent concert venue in London!
Natural History Museum: The Natural History Museum is one of the most fascinating and impressive museums in the world. Even before stepping inside, you will be awed by the elaborate architecture. With a vast range of exhibits and a reputation as the leading center of natural history in the world, you're in for a treat if you visit this 'cathedral to nature'! Two other great museums, The Science Museum and The Vicotria and Albert Museum, are also situated on the same road!
Tate Modern: Tate Modern, a former power station, is one of the largest museums of modern and contemporary art in the world. You can also go to the top of the museum's new extension for amazing views over London. Most of the galleries are free, so you'd be crazy not to go.
Notting Hill Carnival: The biggest street party in Europe, celebrating the cultures of the Caribbean islands, is free to attend and has a level of excitement and energy unmatched by anything else in London. With music ranging from reggae and Latin jazz to hip hop and drum 'n' bass, there's something to get everyone moving. Normally on the last Sunday and Monday of August, you're lucky if your trip coincides with this wonderful event!
There are countless sights to enjoy in London. Here are more highlights you should plan on seeing:
The Tower of London
The London Dungeon
West End & Westminster Abbey Tour
Portobello Road Market
London has an abundance of parks to enjoy a relaxing stroll or picnic and there are even large parks right in the center, including Kensington Gardens and Hyde Park. We recommend going slightly further from the center to the enormous Richmond Park, home to hundreds of deer and so big that it almost feels like the countryside!
The city is home to more than 300 nationalities that have molded and shaped the city's culture into what it is today.
The English are famous for going to their favorite pubs after work and sometimes staying late into the evening, especially if the local football team is playing.
Stop off at a high street chippy to enjoy the local favorite, Fish and Chips, or opt for another popular dish such as Bangers and Mash or Shepherd's Pie!
Shopping in London
London is one of the "big four" fashion capitals (alongside Paris, New York and Milan) and is home to some of the finest haute couture in the world. Burberry, Vivienne Westwood, John Galliano and Stella McCartney are all famous London designers. London Fashion Week takes place twice a year.
Some of the world's most renowned department stores are based in London including Harrods, Selfridges, Harvey Nichols, and Liberty.
Transport in London
There are many ways to pay for transport in London, the easiest is to buy an Oyster card from the ticket office in the train station for a £5 deposit, or you can buy a Travelcard or use a contactless payment card. The public transport network is integrated - this means it is easy to switch between different types of transport, for example from a train to a bus, using the same ticket.
If you are using an Oyster or contactless payment card, make sure you touch the card against the yellow reader at the start AND end of your journey. On buses, you only need to touch your card when you enter. London is divided into 9 travel zones. Zones 1 and 2 are in central London and zones 6-9 are on the outskirts of the city. Sprachcaffe London is in zone 3.
Travel is more expensive at peak travel times - Monday to Friday 06:30-09:30 and 16:00-19:00. Travel is cheaper at all other times, called Off Peak times.
PLEASE NOTE: You cannot use cash to pay for bus fares. You can use Oyster or contactless payment cards, or you can use a Travelcard or a Bus & Tram Pass. A single adult bus fare is £1.50* with an Oyster or contactless payment card.
*This price may be subject to change
For more information please visit the Transport for London website: www.tfl.gov.uk
language course as booked
in-class educational material on loan
range of additional services
Our cost-effective English courses in London are the perfect opportunity for every language enthusiast to enjoy a once in a lifetime travel and learning experience. With a variety of course options and accommodation types available, students will be able to find a package best suited to their needs and tastes.
Simply decide on the length of your stay, the type of English course you would prefer and the accommodation type best suited to your needs.
Find your Perfect English Course in London
1. Select your course
Duration in weeks
I am an absolute beginner
2. Select course starting date
3. Select accommodation
All fees are included. Please press request/continue for additional services.
No lessons will take place on the following dates:
For prices and bookings, please contact us.
Check-in - Sundays between 11.00am and 6.00pm
Check-out - Saturdays between 6.30am and 1.00pm*
Check-in - Sundays between 10.00am and 10.00pm
*Flexible for under-18s. 16+ year olds can book their trip if they are traveling with their family or a guardian.
You can buy the course materials in the school or rent them for £7 per week and a deposit of
Adults & Young Professionals»
The Quality of Sprachcaffe's Language Courses has been evaluated and approved by:
With Sprachcaffe, adults can learn the world's 3 most spoken languages, Chinese, English and Spanish, as well as French, German, Arabic and Italian.
Multiple-destination Program
With our Multiple-destination Program you can learn in more than one city in the same country, such as Barcelona, Madrid and Malaga in Spain!
We can find you work experience abroad in various industries, beginning with an intensive course to get you up to speed with the local language!
Take a look at our student testimonials to find out why students never want their course to end and what our destinations have to offer.
© sprachcaffe.com 2019


Located walking distance to shops, parks, city bus stop and major transportation routes.
Nearby to London Health Sciences Centre, Parkwood Hospital, Cancer Centre and many more south London employers.
Not far from all the amenities in Old South and Wortley Road Village....one of Londons Ten Best Neighbourhoods.
This condo highrise offers a secure entrance with intercom, an outdoor saltwater heated pool, exercise centre, sauna, whirlpool and tennis courts.
This 2 bedroom condo boasts a north west view so you can enjoy the balcony both days and evenings.
You don't have far to go with your bags of groceries as this one is on the 2nd floor.
As you open the door you will love the huge spacious foyer.
This easy care condo offers you a sunny floor plan open to the eating area in the kitchen. There is enough room for the family to dine together or you to entertain friends.
The galley kitchen is laid out to make it easy to prepare meals. There are 3 appliances that stay.
The owners have added ceramic flooring to the kitchen, foyer and bathroom.
The 2 spacious bedrooms have super sized closets and there is new carpeting and light fixtures in the entire condo.
There is laundry in this 2 bedroom condo for your convenience and it is freshly decorated in trendy neutral colours.
This condo is the best priced in the twin buildings and offers you the opportunity to get into the real estate market at a terrific price and at your convenience.


text:
{{Drugbox
| IUPAC_name = 2,2',2,2-[(4,8-Ди-1-пиперидинилпиримидо[5,4-d]пиримидин- 2,6-диил)динитрило]тетракис[этанол]
| image = Dipyridamole.svg
| width = 225

| routes_of_administration = Перорально
| CAS_number = 58-32-2
| ATC_prefix = B01
| ATC_suffix = AC07
| PubChem = 3108

| C=24 | H=40 | N=8 | O=4
| molecular_weight = 504.626 g/mol
}}Дипиридамол''' (лат. Dipyridamolum'', 2,2',2'',2'''-[(4,8-Ди-1-пиперидинилпиримидо[5,4-d]пиримидин- 2,6-диил)динитрило]тетракис[этанол]) — лекарственное средство, вызывающее вазодилатацию, выпускается под торговыми названиями Курантил, Персантин, Саномил-Сановель. Используется как антиагрегант, который ингибирует агрегацию тромбоцитов; как аденозинергическое средство, влияющее на метаболизм аденозина; как ангиопротектор и корректор микроциркуляции.

Применение в медицине

Дипиридамол обладает различными фармакологическими действиями, среди которых: антиагрегационные, антиадгезивное, вазодилатирующие и др.

Вазодилатирующие свойства используются для расширения кровеносных сосудов у людей с заболеванием периферических артерий и ишемической болезнью сердца. Доказано, что дипиридамол снижает легочную гипертензию без значительного падения системного артериального давления. Увеличивает перфузию миокарда и функцию левого желудочка у пациентов с ишемической кардиомиопатией. Это приводит к снижению количества рецепторов тромбина и PECAM-1 на тромбоцитах у пациентов с инсультом.

Пртоивовоспалительное действие обусловлено тем, что дипиридамол ингибирует образование провоспалительных цитокинов (MCP-1, MMP-9) in vitro и приводит к снижению hsCRP у пациентов. Также подавляет пролиферацию гладкомышечных клеток in vivo и незначительно увеличивает проходимость синтетических трансплантатов для артериовенозного гемодиализа без посторонней помощи и увеличивает высвобождение тканевого активатора плазминогена из эндотелиальных клеток микрососудов головного мозга. Это приводит к увеличению 13-гидроксиоктадекадиеновой кислоты и уменьшению 12-гидроксиэйкозатетраеновой кислоты в субэндотелиальном матриксе и снижению тромбогенности субэндотелиального матрикса. Предварительная обработка уменьшила реперфузионное повреждение у добровольцев.

Антиагрегационное действие заключается в том, что циклический аденозинмонофосфат ухудшает агрегацию тромбоцитов, а также вызывает расслабление гладких мышц артериол. Хроническая терапия не показала значительного падения системного артериального давления.

Противовирусное действие дипиридамола обусловлено подавлением репликации РНК менговируса. По китайским исследованиям ингибирует протеазу Mpro вируса SARS-CoV-2 (IC50 ~100nM), подавляет его репликацию и улучшает течение COVID-19.

Также дипирадимол можно использовать для стресс-тестирования миокарда в качестве альтернативы методам стресса, вызванным физической нагрузкой, таким как беговые дорожки.

Инсульт
Комбинация дипиридамола и аспирина (ацетилсалициловая кислота / дипиридамол) одобрена FDA для вторичной профилактики инсульта и имеет риск кровотечения, равный риску кровотечения при использовании одного аспирина. Абсорбция дипиридамола зависит от pH, и сопутствующее лечение препаратами, подавляющими кислотность желудочного сока (такими как ингибитор протонной помпы), будет препятствовать абсорбции жидких и простых таблеток. Препараты с модифицированным высвобождением забуферены, и абсорбция не нарушена.

Однако он не лицензирован в качестве монотерапии для профилактики инсульта, хотя Кокрейновский обзор показал, что дипиридамол может снизить риск дальнейших сосудистых событий у пациентов, поступивших после церебральной ишемии.

Была исследована тройная терапия аспирином, клопидогрелом и дипиридамолом, но эта комбинация привела к увеличению числа побочных эффектов кровотечения.

Расширение сосудов происходит в здоровых артериях, тогда как стенозированные артерии остаются суженными. Это создает феномен «кражи», при котором коронарное кровоснабжение расширенных здоровых сосудов увеличивается по сравнению со стенозированными артериями, что затем может быть обнаружено с помощью клинических симптомов боли в груди, электрокардиограммы и эхокардиографии, когда это вызывает ишемию.

Имеются данные, позволяющие предположить, что введение ингибиторов тромбоцитов, таких как АСК (ASA) или АСК / Дипирамидол (DIP), приведет к улучшению проходимости венозных и протезных трансплантатов по сравнению с отсутствием лечения. Однако пациенты с протезным трансплантатом могут получить больше пользы от введения ASA или ASA / DIP, чем пациенты с венозным трансплантатом, но это требует дальнейшего исследования. Результаты этого обзора следует интерпретировать с осторожностью из-за проблем с единицей анализа, описанных в обзоре, а также из-за того факта, что многие из сравнений были представлены только в одном исследовании, и что дозировки часто различались между исследованиями.

Неоднородность потока (необходимый предшественник ишемии) может быть обнаружена с помощью гамма-камер и ОФЭКТ с использованием агентов ядерной визуализации, таких как таллий-201, Tc99m-тетрофосмин и Tc99m-Sestamibi. Однако относительные различия в перфузии не обязательно означают какое-либо абсолютное уменьшение кровоснабжения ткани, снабжаемой стенозированной артерией.

Другое использование
Дипиридамол также имеет немедицинское применение в лабораторных условиях, например, для ингибирования роста кардиовирусов в культуре клеток.

Лекарственные взаимодействия
Из-за своего действия в качестве ингибитора фосфодиэстеразы дипиридамол, вероятно, усиливает действие аденозина. Это происходит за счет блокирования переносчика нуклеозидов, через который аденозин попадает в эритроцитарные и эндотелиальные клетки.

Согласно рекомендациям Ассоциации анестезиологов Великобритании и Ирландии от 2016 года, дипиридамол считается не вызывающим риска кровотечения при нейроаксиальной анестезии и блокаде глубоких нервов. Следовательно, не требуется прекращение приема перед анестезией с помощью этих методов, и его можно продолжать принимать с установленными катетерами для блокады нервов.

Свойства
Опосредует вазодилатацию коронарных артерий, подавляя обратный захват и, таким образом, обеспечивая накопление аденозина в гладких мышцах сосудов Конкурентно ингибирует аденозиндезаминазу, способствуя накоплению аденозина, участвующего в регуляции коронарного кровотока, а также способности тромбоцитов к агрегации и адгезии. Блокирует фосфодиэстеразу и увеличивает содержание в клетках цАМФ. Как производное пиримидина, Курантил является индуктором интерферона и оказывает модулирующее действие на функциональную активность системы интерферона.

Внутривенное введение дипиридамола как мощного сосудорасширяющего средства используют при исследованиях пациентов с подозрением на заболевание коронарной артерии методами эхокардиографии, сцинтиграфии таллия и радионуклидной вентрикулографии, качестве альтернативы физическим упражнениям. В случае необходимости, вызванную дипиридамолом вазодилатацию можно достаточно быстро прекратить с помощью аминофиллина (в качестве антидота)

Дипиридамол обладает способностью значительно ингибировать размножение представителей вирусных семейств Picornaviridae, Togaviridae, Orthomyxoviridae, Paramyxoviridae, Herpetoviridae и Poxviridae, а также Chlamydiaceae (агент аборта овец). Это связано с тем что дипиридамол специфически ингибирует синтез вирусной РНК ингибируя поглощение нуклеозидов. Помимо этого обнаружено что дипиридамол возможно ингибирует основную протеазу вируса COVID-19 В доклинических исследованиях он защищал мышей от вирусной пневмонии уменьшая степень гиперкоагуляции, которая возникает из-за инфекции COVID-19, а также стимулируя ответ интерфероном типа I на инфекцию Поэтому предложено использовать его для лечения больных пневмонией из-за SARS-CoV-2 инфекции Тем более, что у пациентов, инфицированных SARS-CoV-2 значительно повышены концентрации D-димеров, что свидетельствует о таком нарушении, как ДВС-синдром (синдром внутрисосудистого свертывания). Назначение дипиридамола в качестве антиагреганта оправдано и в связи с тем, что одной из причин полиорганной недостаточности и пневмонии при COVID-19 являются микротромбы образующиеся из-за изменений свертываемости крови, активации тромбоцитов и дисфункции артерий Кроме того он, снижая уровень таких провоспалительных цитокинов как IL-6, снижает воспаление

Передозировка
Передозировку дипиридамола можно лечить с помощью аминофиллина или кофеина, который отменяет его расширяющее действие на кровеносные сосуды. Рекомендуется симптоматическое лечение, возможно, включая вазопрессоры. Следует рассмотреть возможность промывания желудка. Поскольку дипиридамол сильно связывается с белками, диализ вряд ли принесет пользу.

Механизмы действия
Дипиридамол обладает двумя известными эффектами, действующими через разные механизмы действия:

 Дипиридамол ингибирует ферменты фосфодиэстеразы, которые обычно расщепляют цАМФ (повышая клеточные уровни цАМФ и блокируя агрегацию тромбоцитов, ответ на АДФ) и / или цГМФ.
 Дипиридамол подавляет клеточный обратный захват аденозина тромбоцитами, эритроцитами и эндотелиальными клетками, что приводит к увеличению внеклеточной концентрации аденозина.

Экспериментальные исследования
Дипиридамол в настоящее время перепрофилируется для лечения заболеваний глазной поверхности. К ним относятся птеригиум и болезнь сухого глаза. Первый отчет о пользе местного применения дипиридамола при лечении птеригиума был опубликован в 2014 году. Последующий отчет о результатах у 25 пациентов, принимавших местный дипиридамол, был представлен в 2016 году.

См. также
Трентал

Примечания

Литература
 Balakumar, P., Nyo, Y. H., Renushia, R., Raaginey, D., Oh, A. N., Varatharajan, R., & Dhanaraj, S. A. (2014). Classical and pleiotropic actions of dipyridamole: Not enough light to illuminate the dark tunnel?. Pharmacological research, 87, 144—150.
 Дипиридамол . Описание препарата в справочнике Видаль.
 Дипиридамол (Dipyridamole) . Описание препарата в РЕГИСТРE ЛЕКАРСТВЕННЫХ СРЕДСТВ РОССИИ® (РЛС®)

Ссылки

 Антитромбоцитарные средства для предотвращения тромбоза после шунтирования периферических артерий / Cochrane

Вазодилататоры

Противовирусные средства
Азотсодержащие органические соединения

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
Evolution and revolution
In the 1910s everything changed. In the USA the friendly rivals merged, earning the Founders a bounty of $65 million. Supply lines from Europe were cut by the Great War, prompting a major drive to promote local mass-manufacturing. Meanwhile 44 stores were opened in the first five years in the British Isles, with expansion continuing despite many staff going off to fight.
The end of the decade was marked by big celebrations to mark the heroic homecoming of American and Canadian servicemen, and then the Fortieth Anniversary of the 5 & 10¢.
Sadly, Frank Woolworth didn't live to enjoy the party he had planned, passing away a month before the big day. How could he be replaced?
The 1912 $65m dime store merger
The world's tallest buidling
The effects of war in Europe
Replacing Frank Woolworth
Working for F.W.W. in the 1910s
American recruits head to Britain
Lest we forget - honouring the fallen
The Great War in Picture Postcards
Six stores across Northern England
The first openings in London
The 44 pre-war 'pioneer' stores
The early impact on British shopping

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Food Aware Australia provides food safety auditing, training and consulting services Australia wide. Please contact a member of our helpful team during business hours on 1300 13 15 15. If you prefer, complete the required fields below and we will get back to you within 1 business day.


A fixed bridge replaces one or more missing natural teeth.
Wisdom teeth, or third molars, do not always erupt properly when they decide to make an appearance. It's wise to get an early opinion from your dentist on getting wisdom teeth removed before they become impacted, causing pain, swelling, infection, cavities or gum disease.
When wisdom teeth don't have room to grow or they haven't reached their final position by age 25, they are considered impacted-no place to go and no plans to grow. Third molar impaction is the most prevalent medical developmental disorder. A full set of healthy teeth sometimes doesn't leave much room for wisdom teeth to erupt.
What kind of problems can impacted wisdom teeth cause?
Partially erupted wisdom teeth are breeding grounds for bacteria and germs that may cause infection, and cysts and tumors may grow on a trapped wisdom tooth. Jaw pain and gum disease may occur. Not all wisdom teeth cause problems, however.
It isn't wise to wait until wisdom teeth bother you. Early removal, as advised by your dentist, is generally recommended to avoid problems, such as an impacted tooth that destroys the second molar. People younger than 16 years of age heal easier too. At an early age, people should be evaluated by their dentist who can track third molar development with the help of X-rays. Second molars should be visible to lessen the chance of damaging them during surgery. This occurs at age 11 or 12, so wisdom teeth should be removed when the decision has been made that they cannot erupt into an acceptable position.
What if I do not have symptoms?
People with symptoms of impaction, such as pain, swelling and infection should have their wisdom teeth removed immediately. However, those with no symptoms can avoid the chance of ever suffering from the pain of impacted wisdom teeth or achieve better orthodontic treatment results by having them removed. Asymptomatic impacted wisdom teeth also should be removed to reduce the chance of unexplained pain, accommodate prosthetic appliances, or avoid cavities, periodontal disease, bone shrinkage and tumor development.
How is the tooth removed?
Surgery for impacted wisdom teeth consists of removing of the gum tissue over the tooth, gently stripping connective tissue away from the tooth and bone, removing the tooth and sewing the gum back up.
Dr Sangha has been my dentist from day one. He has taken care of my four children's teeth and has been a positive and pleasant experience. I live in Burnaby but will continue to drive the extra mile to get the best service from the staff and from Dr. Sangha.


Jaimie attended the NBC Upfronts yesterday and I have added over 100 HQ images to the gallery. She looked beautiful as always. Thanks to my friend Kaci for a few of these.
EDIT: 5/16/17 I added over 50 more images to the gallery of Jaimie from this event.
Hi. I see that you don't update your blog too often. I know that writing posts is boring and time consuming.


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There is nothing better than fresh picked ingredients, and there is nothing quite as special as the first wild foods that make themselves known after the snow has melted. And there is nothing more rejuvenating than getting out of the city, breathing some fresh air, eating some amazing food. To me, a weekend in the woods mid-mayhas become a tradition- one that includes harvesting wild leeks, also called ramps.
Over the years, I have found several delicious ways to incorporate wild leeks into my recipes. I love using them in a basic scramble, in my spring quiche, a simple pizza pesto, balsamic grilled vegetables, and anywhere else that calls for onions and/or garlic.
I've become simpler in my old age, at least as far as recipes go. I have learned how to simplify things down to the bare minimum. In fact, I have done this with life. Simple is sweet. Simple allows us to taste the individual flavours of food and of life. And when I'm busy, having one less ingredient to measure means the food gets to the table faster, and this recipe gets posted faster. And so when it came to creating recipes with wild leeks, I have found the best wild leek recipes to be the ones that are the simplest.
And when you harvest foods yourself, in the woods, or pick them up fresh from your local farmer's market, the goal is to do as little to the food as possible, and let the food itself work it's magic.
A wild onion native to North America.
According to John Mariani, author of "The Encyclopedia of American Food and Drink," the word ramp comes from "rams," or "ramson," an Elizabethan dialect rendering of the wild garlic. The word is first mentioned in English print in 1530, but was used earlier by English immigrants of the southern Appalachian Mountains.
Ramps grow from South Carolina to Canada.
The flavor and odor of ramps is usually compared to a combination of onions and garlic.
It's best to harvest only the leaves. If you are going to harvest from the root, only take one or two from each cluster.
Ramps are endangered in many parts of Canada and the US so ensure you harvest responsibly.
Wild leeks can be used raw or cooked- just cut off the spindley rooty things, give them a little wash and they are ready.
Wild leeks combine the best of culinary flavours. They taste a little like garlic and a little like onion and are sweet all over. They are powerfully rich in phytonutrients - like quercetin, most perfect for fighting off seasonal allergies.
It is ideal to harvest only what you need when it comes to wild foods and once they are picked from the ground, they won't last too long. The best thing is to go straight from field or forest to table.
And if harvesting your own food sounds like just plain silliness to you, be sure to check your local markets. This is the season here in Canada and the Northeastern United States - and it doesn't last long. These baby dolls are wild. They sprout up when they're ready and die back when it's time.
And so today, I am sharing my favourite ways to preserve and enjoy your wild leeks.
Clean the bulbs and snip off the roots. Toss those back outside. Ideally, as you are only taking what you need, if you only need the leaves, just pluck the leaves. If you are taking the bulbs too, harvest from several different areas to avoid over harvesting.
Rinse to remove any soil.
Decide what you will do with them. As they won't last long in their raw form, I recommend dehydrating, freezing, preserving or preparing straight away.
Take your cleaned and prepped wild leeks and put them in your dehydrator at 115 degrees for 4-6 hours until full dry.
You can then crush them by hand or run through your spice grinder to create an amazing wild leek powder that can be added to whatever you're cooking, in the same way you'd add salt or garlic powder.
A nice touch is to mix your powdered dried leeks with salt and use it as a seasoning salt. So good!
I found it tough to find a picking method that didn't require loads of sugar to offset the alkaline nature of the bulbs. My dear friend Frank Giglio offered me the tip to pickle in cider vinegar. Easy.
Separate the bulbs from the leaves.
Wash carefully, trimming off the scraggly roots.
Add to a sterile mason jar.
Fill to covered with raw/unpasteurized apple cider vinegar.
Use a piece of parchment to separate the plastic in your jar's lid from the vinegar.
Store in a cool dark place for 4-6 months (I am for sure opening mine early!). Shake twice daily.
For more on preserving using pickling, see this post on pickles and this one on sauerkraut.
If you can't decide what to do, freeze them up and make up your favourite soup or pesto when you're ready!
Separate the bulb from the leaf.
This was the best batch of wild leek pesto I have made. I was limited by the ingredients I had and so it was super quick and clean. We literally harvested the leeks and had this on the table within an hour.
A simple wild leek pesto that makes the most of this fresh, wild spring food.
Coarsely chop the leek leaves.
Heat 1 Tbsp of oil over medium heat and lightly saute leeks. This is optional. You can also skip this step and keep them raw.
Add leeks, remaining oil, nuts/seeds of choice and salt into your high speed blender or food processor and process until well mixed but maintain some texture.
This soup has become a spring classic for me. I make a batch every year and we drink all but one jar full. I save that jar for about four months, just to prolong the goodness of this soup.
In a large pot, combine leeks, cauliflower, sweet potato, celery and about 8 cup of water and simmer for 20-30 minutes.
Ghee is a very healing food for the body and oh so delicious! I am a big fan of fat fueling my life. If consuming dairy in any form isn't your thing, you can totally do this with coconut oil.
Soften ghee/coconut oil to room temperature.
Finely chop your wild leek leaves, about 1/3 for every cup of butter/oil.
Store in the fridge or if ghee or coconut oil you can leave out at room temp.
For more wild leek inspiration, visit this round up over at the Academy of Culinary Nutrition.
The Wild Water Kingdom: What Water Are You Drinking?
Right here is the perfect website for everyone who wishes to find out about this topic. You realize a whole lot its almost hard to argue with you (not that I really will need to…HaHa). You definitely put a fresh spin on a subject that has been discussed for ages. Great stuff, just wonderful!
Thanks for the info. Since I am new to canning, could you explain further how/when to pressure can versus when you can simple add vinegar (similar to the process and timing as creating a tincture )?? Thanks!
Hi Cara, I would highly recommend that you check out the book Batch by Joel MacCharles and Dana Harrison. It is a great resources for all things canning and preserving. You can check out the book here.
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Thank you for your lovely feedback! I am so glad you are enjoying my blog!
Great article Meghan! What is the season for wild garlic and where do you find it? I am in Toronto as well. Thank you.
Typically in the Spring in Toronto - April or May. Farmers markets are a great place to look for them!


text:
Written by Jacob PippinScroll down to see more content
"Thou hast made us for thyself, O Lord, and our heart is restless until it finds its rest in thee." Augustine
In his collection of essays titled What's Wrong with the World, G.K. Chesterton said that "education is tradition." More modern sensibilities might object: education is for the professionals, after all! And "tradition" seems much too slippery a term, they may say. There is not enough wiggle room in between the white space of that word. If one is not careful, it could even make folks think of education as involving more than a room full of No. 2 pencils and human beings of similar age, height, and developmental maturity. Not that there is anything wrong with No. 2 pencils.
Education is the inheritance of a culture, something transmitted across time and generations.
You see, education is not an object to be held in our hands or stacked neatly on a shelf. It is the inheritance of a culture, something transmitted across time and generations. To take it one step further, we can say that education is dogma. Chesterton notes, "A teacher who is not dogmatic is simply a teacher who is not teaching." Asserting such a proposition sets the secularist's teeth on edge. I can hear the gnashing. Dogma? Sir, are you insinuating that education is a religious endeavor? Indeed. Education is inescapably religious; it assumes a particular system of faith. The question is not whether education asserts and assumes a religion, but which religion does it assert and assume.
Societies throughout the ages have not been shy in owning that fact. The ancient Greeks and Romans had their pantheon of gods that cast ever-watching eyes on all of life and tradition. Protestants used to teach the Protestant tradition in Protestant schools; Roman Catholic school children were taught Roman Catholic doctrine; and Muslim children were reared on Islamic presuppositions with the Quran in the foreground. All without shame. It was only with the advent of secular, public education that the idea of religious neutrality entered the conversation. But dear reader, don't be fooled. It, too, has it sacred texts and synagogues and its prophets and priests. A few of the current priests go by the name of Diversity, Equality, and Social Justice. An unholy trinity of wordplay birthed from the minds of cultural Marxists. Their synagogues may not be adorned with religious trappings, but the big budgets still make 'em sparkle. Bring the strange fire of objection to their altar, and you will see what wrath and zeal looks like in the flesh. Trust me. Threaten to withhold the tithe — excuse me, the taxes — and you will witness wailing that would make the priests of Baal blush. Simply put, if you want to see the religious touch point of a culture, then shake the porta potty of their god while he's relieving himself and poke their golden calves. Wrath will surely follow.
Public education only serves to inculcate a worldview that widens the chasm between man and God, and shape a life spent apart from Him. That should cause us to weep.
Any educative process must assume a center; it must have an integration point. The ancient Greeks referred to this idea as paideia. It was a full cultural integration, a cultivation of the mind and the morals. "In the ancient world, the paideia was all-encompassing and involved nothing less than the enculturation of the future," says Douglas Wilson. It seems that our educative scope is far too narrow. If we limit our understanding of education to the stuff that happens after the big yellow bus picks up the kids, then we've been duped. So, what is the integration point for public (secular) education? The answer is simple: Man himself. The chief end of public education is to glorify man and enjoy him forever. John Dewey, signer of the Humanist Manifesto and public education's chief apostle affirms:
"Religious Humanism considers the complete realization of human personality to be the end of man's life and seeks its development and fulfillment in the here and now. This is the explanation of the humanist's social passion." ~ Affirmation #8, The Humanist Manifesto
Did you hear that? The paterfamilias of public education as we know it affirms that the complete and absolute realization of human personality is the (chief) end of man's life. That process of realization is a humanist, secularized form of education. The whole effort converges at that point. For Dewey, this process of realization was a never-ending, progressive march with each student acting as a cog in society's wheel of the common faith. Secular education is "the fundamental method of social progress and reform," writes Dewey in his Pedagogic Creed. But one must first shake off any loyalties that get in the way. According to Dewey:
"…the business of the school environment [is] to eliminate, so far as possible, the unworthy features of the existing environment from influence upon mental habitudes. It establishes a purified medium of action. Selection aims not only at simplifying but at weeding out what is undesirable. Every society gets encumbered with what is trivial, with dead wood from the past, and with what is positively perverse. The school has the duty of omitting such things from the environment which it supplies, and thereby doing what it can to counteract their influence in the ordinary social environment." – Democracy and Education; 1916
Eliminate unworthy features from the existing environment…Traditions perhaps? Church life? Weeding out what is undesirable? Dead wood from the past? Dewey's humanist god is a jealous god and he will give his worship to no one. Rival dogmas need not apply. In Dewey's creed, a child has nothing more to do than look within, to cast off all fidelities save the fidelity to man's autonomy. Darwin's theory of evolution saturated this educational dogma and broke the fetters that held man captive as a creature responsible to God. For Dewey and his system, life was now summed up in experience; a continuous, burdensome cycle of self-renewal. In the religious, evolutionary worldview of secular education, man is nothing more than matured, cosmic Play-Doh, something to be shaped and molded for society's benefit. Man is a product of a world always in flux with no fixed points. Underlying this is man's chief sin, making himself God and jettisoning all truth and responsibility that stands in contradiction. In a world of flux, breaking the chains of history and tradition becomes a noble act. The stationary is akin to death; progression is life. Burning the dead wood of an inherited morality soon becomes the warmth of the fire. The state of public education bears out that fact. But the Scriptures teach us that we do know God, and our attempts to suppress that truth only result in vain imaginations and foolish hearts. When we exchanged the truth about God for a lie, our only prize was vile affections:
"And even as they did not like to retain God in their knowledge, God gave them over to a reprobate mind, to do those things which are not convenient; Being filled with all unrighteousness, fornication, wickedness, covetousness, maliciousness; full of envy, murder, debate, deceit, malignity; whisperers, backbiters, haters of God, despiteful, proud, boasters, inventors of evil things, disobedient to parents, without understanding, covenant breakers, without natural affection, implacable, unmerciful." – Romans 1:28-31
The children that walk the hallways of public schools are children made in the image of God: they carry the stamp of their Creator. There is no social reform that could ever remove that "dead wood" of truth. Public education only serves to inculcate a worldview that widens the chasm between man and God, and a life spent apart from Him. That should cause us to weep. We are dealing with eternal souls, souls that are in desperate need of reconciliation with the God that created them. The evolutionary presuppositions that plague secular schooling offers only a meaningless, unfixed existence and a restless heart. No meaning to life means no answers for life's questions, no hope, and no redemption. As a former teacher in the public-school system, I have seen firsthand the brokenness wrought by sin and the inability of secular education to mend soul wounds. I spent all my school years within the walls of public education, and I am fully aware that God can strike straight blows with crooked sticks. But public education does not offer a healing balm, only a cold nihilism with a pedagogical twist. Some may say, "That's rather dour and depressing. School was fun for me." Sure, one can feel the exhilaration of flying when they fall from a cliff. But without Christ, this cliff ends in hell. There is no salvation through education. No amount of pedagogical innovations could ever change that.
No meaning to life means no answers for life's questions, no hope, and no redemption.
My admonition to Christian fathers and mothers: Get your children out of the secular school system, no matter the cost of that sacrifice. If you sow with the secular winds, don't be surprised when you reap its whirlwinds. Do not abdicate the responsibility that God has given to you (Eph. 6:4).
My admonition to shepherds and churches: Do not go quietly into the night while the secular school system devours your lambs. Raise your voices against it. Encourage and admonish the fathers to rise to the occasion. Support insofar as you are able families who desire a Christian education for their children but by circumstance or means are unable.
We need Christ. He is the only One who has the power to truly remove the dead wood of our past, present, and future — the sins that enslaved us. He is the integration point that makes true education meaningful, for He is the One that holds all things together. As Robert Dabney so aptly taught us, "Every line of true knowledge must find its completeness in its convergency to God…" May we all find our rest in Him.
Jacob Pippin
Jacob Pippin is an authentic Floridian laying his roots down in the beautiful, small town of Sanford, along with his wife and their three children. He is a graduate of Rollins College with a degree in Communication and Public Relations. His writing topics of interest include the family, education, and the effects of progressive ideologies on our culture.
Written by Robert Hoyle


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Kevtris is busy programming and testing main boards, about half done already. When he's done i'll go over and get all the stuff and start in on my end of the deal, testing interposers, pre assembling posers, and esd bag sealing all boards. Then I can start shipping orders!


text:
Small web app and backend allowing to manipulate a srum dashboard.

## Running

Make sure you have all depedencies installed using

```sh
npm install
```

then run the app with the follwing command:

```sh
# export PORT=3000
npm start
```

## Routes

Browse [http://localhost:3000/](http://localhost:3000/) to see the APP.

The API documentation can be found at [http://localhost:3000/docs](http://localhost:3000/docs).

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


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text:
Meet the Luthiers: A - Z
BOND INSTRUMENTS, CANADA
Louis-Philippe Bond, Luthier
www.bond-instruments.com
BEARDSELL GUITARS, CANADA
Al Beardsell, Luthier
www.beardsellguitars.com
Whether it's a hand-crafted individually cast tail piece, hand-wound pick up, side ports with sliding doors, or multi-scale fan frets, every Beardsell is unique.
"It's hard to find the words. Yes, it's a work of art. The wood, the detail, the finish, all gorgeous. The asymmetrical neck section is super comfortable; plays like a dream, very comfortable. It's light weight and resonant and the sound is orchestral."
- Michael Forbes, musician and owner of a custom Beardsell guitar
BROWN GUITARS, USA
Tad Brown, Luthier
http://brown.guitars
Tad R. Brown is a 7th generation American craftsman who has been involved in music, art, woodworking, and guitars for over 30 years. His acoustic archtop guitars are specially made to crossover between jazz and flat top instruments. Hand crafted in California from premium solid tonewoods, exceptionally lightweight and responsive, for a wide dynamic range of rich tonal resonance.
CEDAR MOUNTAIN MANDOLIN COMPANY, USA
Gary Lewandowski, Luthier
www.cedarmtm.com
I started my journey of Luthier 37 years ago (1981) out of an interest to learn to play guitar and was encouraged because of my experience in woodworking from an early age. There is nothing I enjoy more than the satisfaction of completing a guitar, stringing it for the first time and hearing the clear well balanced rich tones.
DION GUITARS, CANADA
Dion James Luthier
www.dionguitars.ca
Dion Guitars is a one-man operation specializing in hand-crafted acoustic guitars. While the freedom of an independent craftsperson can offer a wide range of custom modification and design, the same belief informs every project: that the beauty of the acoustic guitar lies in the instrument's essential function and that it should inspire use as well as admiration.
GUITARES JULIEN SUBLET, Canada
Julien Sublet, Luthier
www.guitaresjuliensublet.com
Guitares Julien Sublet offers unique instruments made in Quebec City. Each and every instrument is handcrafted and fully customizable.
FE TELLIER GUITARS, CANADA
Fred Tellier, Luthier
www.fetellierguitars.com
Fred Tellier has been building acoustic guitars, Irish Bouzouki and ukuleles since 2005 from his shop in Windsor Ontario. He prides himself on being open to ideas from clients, and his goal is to create an instrument with sound, playability and finish that both the client and he can be proud of.
GILLIES GUITARS, CANADA
Chris Gillies, Luthier
www.gilliesguitars.com
Need to know: Perfectionist striving for perfecter. Woodaholic. Voted best luthier in my entire postal code by family members.
Want to know: A life-long guitar player and woodworker, I had an epiphany to combine my two passions; so commenced my obsession with lutherie. To refine my skills and abilities I have trained under Sergei de Jonge and Meredith Coloma.
GODIN GUITARS, CANADA
Robert Godin, Luthier
https://godinguitars.com
Robert Godin is from Canada and grew up in love with woods and handcraftsmanship. As a teenager guitarist in the '60s, he wanted to recreate the music tones he heard on records, from such bands as the Beatles and the Ventures. He began experimenting with string gauges and guitars modifications while working at his aunt's Montreal music store. Later, he had the opportunity to work for a luthier in Quebec where he found his passion. Robert eventually designed and perfected a style of building a guitar that could produce unique sounds.
Today as the owner and founder of Godin Guitars, Robert oversees the operations of six guitar factories, five in the Canadian province of Quebec and one in the US state of New Hampshire. With the head office based in Montreal, Quebec, Godin Guitars is the largest manufacturer of guitars in North America employing 600 people. The company started out as a small guitar shop in Montreal in 1972 and has grown into an internationally renowned guitar company with distribution in over 65 countries. Known for innovation and value, The Godin Guitar Company brands include the Godin electric guitar line and five acoustic guitar lines: Seagull, Norman, La Patrie, Simon & Patrick, and Art & Lutherie.
Godin Guitars is also the manufacturer of the revolutionary TRIC guitar cases and is the distributor of Acoustic Solutions amplifiers in Canada and the US. The Godin Guitar Company was recently named the 2014 supplier of the Year by the music products industry trade publication, Music Inc. and has been recognized for product excellence numerous times by music retailers worldwide.
G.R. BEAR, CANADA
G.R. Bear, Luthier
www.grbear.com
Growing up on a farm in rural New South Wales, Australia I started my woodworking journey at a very young age with my father, who is a trained wooden boat builder and traditional timber framer. I then started building guitars at the age of 15 when I apprenticed with violin and classical guitar maker Graham Caldersmith. Using the knowledge that I accumulated during my seven year apprenticeship under Graham, I have gone on to create my own acoustic steel string and classical guitar designs. Utilizing modern bracing techniques, acoustic resonance tuning and a clean defined aesthetic. I am currently living and building instruments in Vancouver, Canada with my partner Celina Jactino and our first beautiful boy Koa.
HAMM-TONE GUITARS & SCHOOL OF LUTHERIE, CANADA
Jeremy Hamm, Luthier
www.jeremyhamm.ca
Jeremy Hamm (Hamm-tone) grew up in southern Ontario's Niagara Penninsula. His father, Nicholas Hamm III, was a mechanical engineer for John Deere for 30 years, and his grandfather was the mandolin player for the original "Lincoln County Peach Pickers", the first recorded bluegrass band in Canada from the early 1950's on. It was only fate that he fused his two strongest character traits, mechanical ingenuity and musical intuition, to become a popular and successful guitar builder in Canada.
From an early age he took piano lessons, then began studying the classical violin at age 7 until the end of highschool. Playing in the Niagara Youth Orchestra, high school jazz band, concert band, numerous bluegrass, country and rock bands, his musical knowledge runs deep. He is not only a respected luthier, but a respected musician in the Canadian music scene.
INDIAN HILL GUITARS, CANADA
Michael Kennedy, Luthier
www.indianhillguitars.com
Luthier Michael Kennedy of Indian Hill Guitars strongly believes that a cohesive design in both structure and aesthetics is fundamental to producing exceptional world class instruments. These ideals could most succinctly be described as 'clean elegance'. Michael's approach to achieving these tonal and visual goals has continually developed over the course of his career but is rooted in the melding of science and instinct. With a formal education in Mechanical Engineering from Cornell University tempered by a life spent pursuing creativity he strives to not simply keep these forces in balance, but use them collaboratively to create something greater than the sum of its parts. Michael began building guitars during a three year apprenticeship with Sergei de Jonge and currently works in Montreal as part of the Mile End Guitar Coop which he co-founded in 2008 with Jeremy Clark of 52 Instrument Co.
IRVIN GUITARS, USA
Wayne Irvin Johnson, Luthier
www.irvinguitars.com
Building one-of-a-kind, masterfully crafted, amazing sounding, acoustic guitars has been a life-long passion for Wayne Irvin Johnson. Having played guitar since he was 6, Wayne has developed an ear that really helps him voice a guitar that is rich, deep, wonderfully balanced, with sustain that seems to just hang in the air. He met James Olson in 1995 and was smitten with the idea of building guitars. Years later he attended Sergei de Jonge's school of lutherie. From there, he went on to build his own line of custom steel string guitars. Wayne has been married to Julie for 32 years, together they have 4 adult children.
KARIM HOURANI LUTHIERY, CANADA
Karim Hourani, Luthier
www.karimluthiery.com
Creating art and music; applying mathematics and physics; understanding sound waves and resonance; selecting and crafting raw wood; mastering hand tools; cooking organic glues; and preparing and applying centuries-old polishes and varnishes... Making entirely hand-crafted instruments is a journey of understanding and creation. Unfortunately it is a dying art in today's fast pace.
My name is Karim Hourani, and I was born in Beirut, Lebanon in May 1987. At 25, I took the aware decision that I want to become a luthier. I was lucky enough to meet and study under Maestro Geza Burghardt, for without him, things would have never been what they are now. I studied violin family repair and restoration for two and a half years, french polish and varnish cooking and application, and currently studying violin and classical guitar construction with the same teacher. I find utmost gratification reviving and hearing a once-destroyed instrument or living for several weeks with a few pieces of wood building an instrument.
KAROL GUITARS, CANADA
Tony Karol, Luthier
www.karol-guitars.com
Having been building professionally for almost 20 years, Tony Karol has built guitars for Tommy Emmanuel, Bruce Cockburn and Stephen Bennett. Using the finest materials from around the world, each instrument is handcrafted in his Mississauga shop. Tony also teaches about a dozen students per year in the craft.
KAUER GUITARS, INC., USA
Doug Kauer, Luthier
www.kauerguitars.com
"I'm Doug Kauer. I have a beard and an impressive flannel shirt collection. I also wear glasses. That makes me a 105% qualified luthier."
KORNIL GUITARS, CANADA
Igor Kornilov, Luthier
www.kornil.com
Igor Kornilov started his guitar building in 1983 in Moscow. Since 2003, he has been living in Winnipeg, Canada. In 2007, "Kornil Guitars™" was awarded the Winnipeg Arts Council's and the Manitoba Arts Council's Grants. Over the past 35 years, Igor has built about 350 instruments: archtops, basses, electric and acoustic guitars, and many-string instruments
LARKSPUR LUTHIER, CANADA
Josh Greenberg, Luthier
As a lover of old acoustic music, I specialize in pre-war instruments that are loud, with rich and dynamic tone! I do manouche guitars, resonator guitars, and plectrum/tenor banjos, respecting the traditional construction and aesthetic, but adding my own twists here and there.
I have been fortunate enough to apprentice under Daniel López, Jason Romero, and Martin Tremblay. I've also taken luthier courses with Daniel Richter and Sergei Dejonge. I now work in Montreal at the Mile End Guitar Coop.
LARRIVEE GUITARS, CANADA
John Larrivee, Luthier
www.larrivee.com
Our guitars are built with only the finest solid woods available - no plys, laminates (layered), or synthetic woods are ever used in construction. We use FSC wood and engage in as much selective logging as possible. This means we like to be there, in the forest, personally taking part. Imagine, when we begin to create your instrument, we begin on the forest floor.
Above all, our goal is 'affordable luxury' - we aim to put high-end guitars into the hands of all players. We don't want to build the most guitars. We just want to build the best.
LETOURNEAU GUITARS, CANADA
Len Letourneau, Luthier
www.letourneauguitars.com
LETAIN GUITARS, CANADA
Jeff Letain, Luthier
www.letainguitars.com
Jeff Letain has been a woodworker since the late seventies and shifted his focus to guitars in the late nineties. Maximum playability and the search for a tone and sound quality that excites passion of the guitarist is his main goal. For him, the guitar is a tool that is functional sculpture and the surface a canvas with a limitless field for expression.
LUTHERIE GERVAIS, CANADA
Emile Gervais, Luthier
http://www.lutheriegervais.com/
Passionate about music, entertainment and instruments, I like to reflect my eternal interest in wood and sound. My instruments are entirely built by hand and reveal clean cuts that characterize my well refined style and geometric. This is both a need to create and a need for novelty that I love shaping wood.
MARC SAUMIER LUTHIER, CANADA
Marc Saumier, Luthier
www.marcsaumierluthier.com
Marc Saumier started building guitars in 1996, Today his line includes steel string, nylon strings, archtop, acoustic basses, ukeleles and unique instruments such as 12 string nylon string guitars that are mostly made from locally sourced wood. Focusing mainly on sound and playability, Saumier's instruments feature a unique voice, good note separation and a wide dynamic range thanks to the unique and innovative bracing of his soundboards.
MICHAUD MADE, CANADA
Joel Michaud, Luthier
www.michaudmade.com
Michaud Made guitars are handcrafted by Joel Michaud in his workshop in Calgary AB. Joel takes a modern approach to building while paying respect to tradition. Incorporating inventive and innovative features, Michaud guitars emanate a highly responsive and balanced tone. The end result is an instrument cohesive and brilliant in its beauty, eclipsed only by its sonic signature.
MCNAMEE GUITARS, CANADA
John McNamee, Luthier
www.johnmcnamee.ca
John McNamee is a self-employed luthier of acoustic guitars, baritones and basses. He graduated from the Douglas College string instrument building course in 1986 under the instruction of Michael Dunn. John has built a variety of over 70 instruments over the years, and is also a songwriter and musician
MORRISSEY GUITARS, USA
Patrick Morrissey, Luthier
www.morrisseyguitars.com
"My love of woodworking goes back to my childhood. My father was a craftsman and working along side him as a young boy I learned the skills necessary for fine woodworking. After completing my first guitar, I was hooked…I knew this is where I wanted to focus my talents. I found my passion as a luthier – 17 years later I continue to do what I love every day."
MURFITT GUITARS, CANADA
Warren Murfitt, Luthier
www.warrenmurfit.com
I am a musician with a passion for anything in wood, building and playing the guitar.
I have worked as a treeplanter, carpenter, cabinet builder , artist and musician. What started out as a desire to build one tiny little Parlor guitar in the back room of my studio workshop, quickly took over my whole space, not to mention my life. Guitar parts and sawdust everywhere, washed down with a good dose of country music. I'm in heaven!
OXWOOD GUITARS, USA
Bradley Daniels, Luthier
http://www.oxwoodguitars.com
I began building guitars in 2006. What started out as a fun project and birthday gift to build my own guitar almost immediately became my passion. I have been playing guitar since I was about 9 years old and it's always been an important part of my life. I built my first three guitars under the guidance of Virgil Shouse, my wife's grandfather. I'm so grateful to have been given that opportunity. Once the first three were completed, I decided to begin setting up my own shop at my home. I read every lutherie book and article I could find and scoured the internet for clues. After a few more, I decided to attend the Galloup School for their Technician Course to learn how to make my creations play properly. A few years later, at the Montreal Guitar Show, a friend recommended a book set by a man named Ervin Somogyi. I had no idea who he was at the time, but I read them cover to cover multiple times. My building was really starting to turn a corner at this point. In 2014, I was fortunate enough to have the opportunity to spend 10 days in Oakland, CA with Ervin himself, along with a few other luthiers, to study voicing the guitar. I've been at it for 10 years now and my journey is just beginning. With each guitar new mysteries are uncovered and I'm genuinely excited to continue to grow in this craft.
PERINETTI GUITARS, CHILE
Martin Frias Perinetti, Luthier
www.perinettiguitars.com
Perinetti Guitars is a one man shop producing some fine musical instruments with classic and exotic Patagonian tone woods.
NICOLE ALOSINAC LUTHIERY, CANADA
Nicole Alosinac, Luthier
www.nicolealosinacluthiery.com/
Nicole Alosinac has spent the last 20 years in the guitar industry. She started her career at Larrivee Guitars, honed her skills with Master Luthier Geza Burghardt, repaired instruments at Rufus' Guitar Shop, and has operated her own repair and custom shop since 2003. Thousands of instruments have passed through her hands, and now she is incorporating that knowledge and experience into designing and building her own guitars. These instruments highlight the natural beauty of the woods used, while giving the player a full, dynamic palate of tones to create with.
QUEEN CITY GUITARS, USA
Aaron Foster, Luthier
www.queencityguitars.com
Aaron Foster builds steel string acoustic guitars, primarily with hand tools, in Oakland, California, under the name Queen City, in homage to his hometown of Denver, Colorado. He seeks to create responsive and elegant guitars with an eye towards the beauty inherent in the wood and form of the instrument and an ear for an expressive, articulate, and full tone. He has been building guitars since 2012, first studying lutherie for a year and a half at the Red Rocks School of Fine Woodworking in Colorado and has been playing the guitar since elementary school.
QUINN GUITARS, CANADA
Oliver Duval-Quinn, Luthier
https://www.facebook.com/pg/quinnguitars
Oliver Duval-Quinn is a member of the Mile-End Guitar Coop since february 2017 and is the sole luthier and founder of Quinn Guitars. Being a Bruand graduate and a Fender certified guitar technician, Oliver specializes in custom designs/mods and quality setups, repairs.
RIVERSONG GUITARS, CANADA
Mike Miltmore, Luthier
www.riversong.com
Mike Miltimore, a born and raised Kamloopsian is the brainchild behind this state of the art design. Passion Igniter and Founder of Riversong Guitars, Mike is a Master of his trade. Mike's one and only job since the age of 10 has been in his family's music business, Lee's Music, which exposed him to the rich culture of sound and musical instruments. His passion for music and people along with his fiery personality is setting the whole planet a flame.
SHABAT GUITARS, USA
Avi Shabat
www.shabatguitars.com
Selected to participate in the 2019 Naam Boutique Guitar Show.
The "bug" of guitar building bit Avishay (Avi) Shabat early on in his life, after he discovered the truss rod in his newly purchased 5-string bass was broken. After graduating from the Algranti School of Lutherie—and handcrafting himself a new neck-through bass from the ground up—Avi moved to Los Angeles where he apprenticed for a few local guitar repair shops before joining a well-known boutique guitar company.
Avi spent the next four years honing his craft, building beautiful handmade instruments, and during this time, founded a company of his own, Guitar Groomer, where he restored and repaired guitars and basses from a small shop in his home. In 2012, Avi expanded his repair business and began designing and building his own instruments, giving birth to a brand-new line of handmade electric guitars and basses—Shabat Guitars.
Shabat Guitars harken back to some of the earliest electric guitar designs, offering a kind of vintage-inspired style that will catch the eye of any true guitar aficionado. Each Shabat Guitars model boasts premium-quality tonewoods, high-end electronics and professional appointments that are fully customizable to each and every player's preferred specs.
Avi's impeccable sensibility for detail—as well as his expertise as a live show guitar technician—culminates in a series of stunning, inspired guitars of matchless quality that deliver a level of performance any artist would expect from a professionally designed, handcrafted instrument.
All Shabat Guitars are made in the USA, and all repair and custom work is performed at Avi's innovative Los Angeles workshop.
SPENCE ELECTRICAL INSTRUMENTS, CANADA
Michael Spence, Luthier
www.spenceelectricalinstruments.com
From a early age, Michael Spence had an unending fascination with how electronics and machines worked. Constantly dissecting the world around him, from VCRs to motorcycles, he knew he wanted to pursue a life of building.
This attitude, combined with his love of electric guitar, led him to build his first guitar at sixteen. Not having the money for the vintage tones he desired, he soon began building his own tube amplifiers and guitar effects.
It was in his early twenties he discovered that his grandfather, Paul George, and great-grandfather, Anthony George once owned guitar-importing company St. George, in Hollywood and New York in the 1960's. Discovering this lost musical connection to his grandparents, Spence was inspired to start his own electric guitar business. He began building guitars inspired by ones sold by St. George.
SPOHN GUITARS, GERMANY
Max Spohn, Luthier
www.spohnguitars.com
With an art teacher for a father, I began to imagine, design, draw and build things from an early age. I was especially attracted to the possibilities of working with wood. I soon realized that I could combine my love of art and wood to build custom guitars. This passion, shaped by focused study at Westsächsische Hochschule Markneukirchen and through many years of personal study and experimentation, has made me a professional luthier.
As an instrument maker I am motivated by the desire to improve and develop my art, skills and to evolve the idea of what it means to build one-of-a-kind instruments in the 21st century.
SHOWALTER GUITARS, USA
Stephen Showalter, Luthier
www.showalterguitars.com
Stephen Showalter is a woodworker who makes cabinets and furniture and recently found his passion for making guitars. In 2013 Stephen took some guitar-making classes, and he hasn't stopped working since, creating handmade, solid-wood dreadnought and orchestra model guitars that are beautiful in both craft and sound.
Stephen studied under luthiers Kent Carlos Everett and Ron Sharp, a student of Wayne Henderson.
TURLEY GUITARS, CANADA
Adam Turley, Luthier
www.turleyguitars.ca
Adam Turley is an emerging luthier building out of the Clubhouse in Edmonton, Alberta. He builds highly responsive, modern parlour guitars under the tutelage of Dion Guitars. With a longstanding background in high end circular staircases and railings, Turley appreciates a similar marriage between clean and modern aesthetics with excellence in function.
TUNATONE INSTRUMENTS, CANADA
Leila Sidi, Luthier
www.tunatoneinstruments.com
Leila Sidi is inspired by the vintage futurism of mid-century electric guitars. She pays tribute to them while accommodating contemporary manufacturing techniques and materials. Conventional and original components generate fresh instruments with iconic tonal character and creative spark. Sidi applies an updated futuristic vision of her craft, conceiving of electric guitars ergonomically suited to musicians of any body type.
LEE VALLEY TOOLS, CANADA
www.leevalley.com
Lee Valley is a family-owned Canadian company that has been supplying innovative and practical tools since 1978. On our website, in our stores and throughout our catalogs, you'll find thousands of products ranging from woodworking to gardening, hardware and home. Our reputation is based on three principles: 1. Customer Satisfaction 2. Integrity 3. Treating a customer like a friend. Whether a tool from Lee Valley is one made by Veritas Tools or is one of the 5000 or so we get from around the world, it will always have our full guarantee. That means it costs you nothing to try us out. We're confident that the quality and service we provide will be to your liking. Just give us the opportunity.
GRAPH TECH GUITAR LABS, CANADA
www.graphtech.com
Graph Tech Guitar Labs is the world's largest nut & saddle manufacturers providing over 350 different nut, saddle and bridge models. Focused on innovations to improve guitar performance, tone and vibration for optimal performance, Graph Tech's products include TUSQ® guitar nuts, saddles and bridge pins, TUSQ XL self-lubricated guitar nuts, Black TUSQ XL self-lubricating guitar nuts, String Saver Saddles, ResoMax harmonically rich guitar bridges, GHOST® Modular Pickup Systems, TUSQ Picks, PrePlay hand cleaner, Dry 'n Glide hand talc, and more. The world's leading retailers, luthiers, and guitar manufacturers choose Graph Tech products, including Taylor Guitars, Martin Guitars, Ovation, Cort, Carvin, Washburn, Fender Custom Shop, Godin, Ibanez, Samick, Schecter, Gibson, and Yamaha custom shop. Graph Tech has over 45 patents and trademarks around the world.
JAPARTS, CANADA
www.japarts.ca
We supply the greatest Japanese guitar parts and tools to luthiers, shops, repair specialists and musicians anywhere in the world! We offer the widest selection of DoMo parts and materials, Gotoh tuners, and Hiroshima Files, Uo-Chikyu fret and nut files at the best prices.
LEVY'S LEATHERS, CANADA
www.levysleathers.com
We've been building your straps for over 40 years, and from day one we have loved what we do. Family owned and operated, Levy's was first opened by Dennis Levy in 1973. Dennis opened his business with a handful of leatherworking tools, a pocketful of change and a passion for building the best. Regardless of the product, whether it was a pencil case or key fob (which happened to be two of his first products) or a guitar strap and gig bag, building the best has always been his number one focus. As if it were part of our DNA, the same passion runs through the veins of his wife Cheryl, brother Harvey and children Danica and DJ who have all joined him over the years in creating the most beautiful and dependable guitar straps you've come to know and trust.
BOW RIVER WOOD TO WORKS, CANADA
www.woodtoworks.com
At Wood to Works we specialize in high quality tonewood for luthiers, as well as craftwoods, wood turning blanks, and raw lumber for the Canadian Woodworker and general International Woodworkers and Luthiers!
We stock high quality domestic tonewoods such as figured Maple, Spruce, Cedar, and much more. As well as many exotics, like Indian Rosewood, Ebony, Padauk, Ziricote for luthiers and craftsmen. In addition, we carry an assortment of guitar hardware, from binding and fretwire all the way to strings and tuners. Whether you're building your first guitar, adding some touch ups, or restoring an old treasure, we have everything you need to do the job. Our mission is to provide the highest quality tonewood, turning blanks, and craft lumber available while providing excellent service, and acting responsibly toward our environment. We strive for service, sustainability and excellence.
LONG & MCQUADE, CANADA
www.long-mcquade.com
Long & McQuade is the largest chain of musical instrument retailers in Canada, with over 70 locations from British Columbia to Newfoundland. This means that if you're a touring musician, you'll have the benefit of dealing with a familiar store with consistent sales, supplies and service, no matter where your homebase is.
D'ADDARIO, CANADA
http://daddario.com
D'Addario is the largest manufacturer of musical instrument accessories under several product divisions: D'Addario Fretted and Orchestral Strings, Evans Drumheads, Promark Drumsticks, Puresound, D'Addario Woodwinds, and D'Addario Accessories. Family-owned and operated with roots dating back to the 17th century, D'Addario distributes to 120 countries including 3,000 U.S. retailers and all major e-commerce, and remain the preferred choice of musicians worldwide.
TOM LEE MUSIC, CANADA
www.tomleemusic.ca
Tom Lee Music has proudly been supporting music making within the Greater Vancouver and Vancouver Island communities since 1969. We provide the very best in musical instruments, equipment, services, and education.
MAIN STAGE CASES, CANADA
www.mainstagecases.com
Main Stage Cases produces high quality fiberglass flightcases for stringed instruments in Bass River, New Brunswick. We hand build custom flightcases for acoustic and electric guitar, acoustic and electric bass, banjo, mandolin, bouzouki, violin and more. With over 30 exterior colour options and 9 different interior fabric colours, you can customize your flightcase in a way that will make it truly your own and one of a kind. Our cases are endorsed and trusted by luthiers such as Michael Greenfield, Jeff Traugott, Jim Olson, Michael Heiden and many others across North America.
HENRIKSEN AMPLIFIERS, USA
www.henricksenamplifiers.com
In 2006, Bud Henriksen had retired from a long career in electronics and telecom manufacturing, designing and IT development and consulting, and was finally able to play the guitar more often. After putting a band together and playing around town for a few years, he was really dissatisfied with all the amplifiers available and just decided to build his own. After auditioning the prototype for a few other players (including his personal hero, Jim Hall), Bud recognized there was a real hole in the marketplace for his design and so he enlisted the help of his son Peter and set out to build an amplifier for jazz guitarists that was not just portable, but had all the rich sounds necessary for playing jazz.
Bud passed away in 2009, but the family continues on carrying out his original vision. With the help of Engineer and VP Nathan Mender who was hired in on 2014, Henriksen has grown to new international heights by bringing Bud's original design to perfection as well as releasing some exciting new products.
2019 VIGF Guitar Exhibition
SATURDAY, JUNE 29: 10 am - 5 pm
SUNDAY, JUNE 30: 10 am - 4 pm
VIGF is an international showcase celebrating the art and craft of contemporary guitar making, both acoustic and electric. All instruments on exhibit will be available for purchase and custom commissions are welcome. We are presenting the work of master luthiers from Canada, United States, and around the world. Electrics, acoustics, ukuleles and basses will be on display—from the most avant-garde to the staunchly traditional.


Worldwide Oilfield Machine, Inc. (WOM) is a multinational manufacturer headquartered in Houston, Texas with manufacturing, sales and service facilities strategically located around the globe. WOM has applied innovative concepts and engineering excellence to consistently improve reliability and reduce maintenance of process pressure and flow control equipment. In 1985, WOM introduced the breakthrough Dual-Seal design for gate valves used in the oil & gas industry. After thorough and rigorous testing at both WOM and independent test facilities, the Magnum Gate Valve design proved its superiority and became the gold standard in the industry for highly reliable, low maintenance valve technology. WOM continues to meet its customers' ever-increasing demands by expanding its product portfolio and, with it, its presence throughout the world to enable WOM to better meet these demands.
Located in Aberdeen, Scotland, WOM UK is positioned to serve the European and North Sea markets. Primarily a customer support and service & repair center, WOM UK is a vital part of the WOM group's ability to quickly and efficiently respond to the challenges that the harsh North Sea environment presents to its clients.
Positioned in the heart of the oil & gas world, WOM ME provides a fast and efficient response to clients in the region. Operating out of the Jebel Ali Free Zone, WOM ME has already expanded its facilities to add local machining capabilities and is currently undergoing further expansions to increase the total size of the complex to over 3 acres.
WOM India is the regional head of the WOM group's operations in Pune, India. Overseeing and interfacing with MFMW and MCMW, WOM India provides a local infrastructure for the WOM group to better serve its customers in the region.
Located in Singapore, WOM Asia Pacific (formerly Magnum Subsea Systems Pvt. Ltd.) was incorporated in December 2007 in Singapore. WOM AP specializes in the engineering and design of subsea equipment for drilling, well testing, production and pipeline applications. The products include subsea wellheads, subsea Christmas trees, Subsea manifolds, PLEMS, PLETS, Connectors, and subsea intervention systems. WOM AP is strategically located to offer its expertise in the subsea oil and gas industry to clients and customers in Asia, South-East Asia, Australia and surrounding Pacific nations.
Magnum Technology Center designs and manufactures complete equipment packages for well testing and production and managed pressure drilling services. With meticulous attention to detail, MTC offers packaged solutions that are both versatile and seamless- everything has been designed to work together perfectly whilst giving operators the flexibility to adapt.
With a huge wealth of hands-on experience from across the globe, MTC designs products that are perfectly suited with the realities of real life usage in mind. Fully certified to industry and governmental standards and backed up by extensive operational experience and customer support, MTC packages let you get on with the job in-hand safe in the knowledge that we've done ours.
Click for a more in-depth look at MTC's capabilities.
Located in Pune, India, Magnum Forge and Machine Works (MFMW) produces forgings in a variety of configurations to meet customer requirements. A 16-ton forging hammer is the beating heart of MFMW, allowing for single piece forgings such as the 13″ 10K and 11″ 15K closed die BOP forgings- a feat which only a handful of foundries around the world are capable of.
With an extensive arsenal of open and closed dies, MFMW is capable of producing premier WOM products at a high capacity, ensuring quick delivery with competitive pricing and unsurpassed quality, all while conforming to the most strict quality control procedures in the industry.
Magna Casting and Machine Works, incorporated in 1999 and managed by experienced technocrats, is a state-of-the-art melting facility located in Pune, India. The principle objective of MCMW is to manufacture the highest quality castings possible in carbon alloy and stainless steels, which meet the most stringent of industry requirements.


text:
Q: How to use django-paypal in Class based view I'm trying to add a Paypal Pay Button inside my website but I'm using from class based views in my site, I tried django-paypal but I can't get the signals(payment_was_successful, payment_status,...)
Views.py
from paypal.standard.forms import PayPalPaymentsForm
from django.conf import settings
from paypal.standard.ipn.signals import payment_was_successful
class Student_Billing(View, Tools):
    def dispatch(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
        if not (self.session_check(self.request):
            raise PermissionDenied
        else:
            return View.dispatch(self,request, *args, **kwargs)
    def get(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
        return render(request, self.get_template_name(),
                                self.get_context_data())

    def get_template_name(self):
        """Returns the name of the template we should render"""
        return "Class_Manager/student_billing.html"

    def get_context_data(self):
        """Returns the data passed to the template"""
        paypal_dict = {
        "business": settings.PAYPAL_RECEIVER_EMAIL,
        "amount": str(self.get_object().billing.fees_amount)[3:],
        "item_name": "Monthly Fees",
        "invoice": self.get_object().pk,
        "notify_url": "http://nai.dyndns-free.com",
        "return_url": "https://www.example.com/your-return-location/",
        "cancel_return": "https://www.example.com/your-cancel-location/",
        }
        return {
            "form":PayPalPaymentsForm(initial=paypal_dict),
            "user_billing": self.get_object().billing,
            "online_users": self.online_users_count(),
        }

    def get_object(self):
        """Returns the BlogPost instance that the view displays"""
        return get_object_or_404(Student, user=self.kwargs.get("user"))

Template:
{% extends "Class_Manager/base.html" %}
{% load staticfiles %}
{% block title %}Profile - {{user.user}}{% endblock %}
{% block statics %}
<link rel="stylesheet" href="{% static "Class_Manager/css/profile.css" %}" />
{% endblock %}
{% block main %}

Billing Information

This Month Fees:
{{user_billing.this_month}} {% if user_billing.this_month == "Not Paid" %}{{form.render}}{% endif %}

Monthly Fees amount:
{{user_billing.fees_amount}}

Total Fees:
{{user_billing.total_fees}}

Monthly Fees amount:
{{user_billing.total_paid_fees}}

Monthly Fees amount:
{{user_billing.total_unpaid_fees}}

{% endblock %}

Function based signals controller:
def show_me_the_money(sender, **kwargs):
    ipn_obj = sender
    # You need to check 'payment_status' of the IPN

    if ipn_obj.payment_status == "Completed":
        # Undertake some action depending upon `ipn_obj`.
        if ipn_obj.custom == "Upgrade all users!":
            Users.objects.update(paid=True)
    else
        ...

payment_was_successful.connect(show_me_the_money)

Also how to change the Paypal button from Buy now to something else.

A: Import signals in your init.py file.
init.py
import signals

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
Les Sharks de Jacksonville est une équipe professionnelle de football américain en salle (arena football) basée à Jacksonville, en Floride. Ils jouent leurs matchs à domicile à la Jacksonville Veterans Memorial Arena. À compter de 2017, les Sharks commencent à jouer en tant que membres fondateurs de la National Arena League (NAL). Ils étaient auparavant membres de l'Arena Football League (AFL) de 2010 à 2016.

Les Sharks rejoignent l'AFL pour la saison 2010, à la suite de la réorganisation complète de la ligue l'année précédente. Lors de leur saison inaugurale, ils ont établi le record de la ligue pour le plus grand nombre de victoires en saison régulière par une équipe d'expansion, en remportant douze de leurs seize matchs, et se sont classés au troisième rang dans la ligue pour la vente de billets et le nombre moyen de spectateurs. Ils se qualifient pour les séries éliminatoires de l'AFL 2010, remportant le titre de la division sud. Lors de leur deuxième année dans la ligue, ils se qualifient pour l'ArenaBowl XXIV. Ils y battent les Rattlers de l'Arizona 73 à 70, pour le premier championnat AFL de l'histoire de la franchise. Ils quittent l'AFL après la saison 2016 et rejoignent la NAL.

L'histoire

Arena Football League (2010-2016)
L'Arena Football League souhaite à l'origine créer une franchise à Jacksonville dans les années 1990, citant le soutien historique de la ville au football. La proposition attire l'attention de Wayne Weaver, alors propriétaire des Jaguars de Jacksonville, mais la ligue décide que le Jacksonville Coliseum est trop petit pour les normes de l'AFL. En 2000, les Jacksonville Tomcats commencent à jouer dans l'AF2, la ligue de développement de l'AFL. La ligue et les propriétaires des Tomcats prévoient l'achèvement de la nouvelle arène, la Jacksonville Veterans Memorial Arena, qui compte 15 000 places, mais les Tomcats renoncent après la saison 2002, avant que la construction de l'arène soit achevée.

L'intérêt de placer une équipe de football américain en salle à Jacksonville demeure. En 2010, à la suite de la restructuration de l'AFL et de l'annulation de la saison 2009, l'AFL annonce qu'elle placera une équipe d'expansion à Jacksonville. Le groupe de propriété sera le Jacksonville Sports Group, dirigé par Jeff Bouchy, ancien copropriétaire de l'équipe des Predators d'Orlando, dirigé par son frère Brett Bouchy. Le , il est officiellement annoncé que l'ancien leader du groupe Mötley Crüe, Vince Neil, achète une participation minoritaire dans l'équipe.

National Arena League (2017-présent)
Le , les Sharks annoncent qu'ils quittent l'AFL pour une ligue rivale, commençant pour la saison 2017. Les Sharks sont rejetés par leur premier choix de ligue, la Indoor Football League (qui regroupe plusieurs anciennes franchises AFL), car l'IFL se concentre sur une empreinte régionale n'incluant pas la Floride.

Le , le propriétaire des Sharks, Jeff Bouchy, annonce que l'équipe rejoindra la nouvelle National Arena League. Il annonce également l'embauche de l'ancien entraîneur-chef des Phantoms de Toronto, Mark Stoute, deuxième entraîneur-chef de l'histoire de la franchise, en remplacement de l'entraîneur-chef intérimaire Bob Landsee. Après huit matches sans défaite, Stoute est renvoyé. Siaha Burley est immédiatement embauchée comme remplaçant après avoir été coordinateur offensif des Gladiators de Cleveland de l'AFL. Les Sharks sont presque invaincus pendant leur saison inaugurale en NAL, avant de perdre leur dernier match à domicile contre le Steel de Monterrey 44–37. Ils ont vengé la défaite en battant Monterrey une semaine plus tard dans la demi-finale des séries éliminatoires 43-32 et ainsi se qualifier pour la finale. Les Sharks remportent le premier match du Championnat NAL 27–21 contre les Lions de Columbus.

La saison 2018 les verra terminer avec un bilan de 10-6, ce qui leur donne la troisième place de la saison régulière. En playoffs, ils perdent leur demi-finale 48-73 contre les Cobras de la Caroline.

Les joueurs

Liste actuelle

Entraîneurs

Le personnel

Références

Liens externes

 Jacksonville Sharks site officiel
 Arena Football League site officiel
 National Arena League site officiel

Franchise Arena Football League
Club de football américain en Floride


text:
(1584-1645), chevalier, officier et diplomate allemand,
 Henry Raschen (1856-1937), peintre et illustrateur allemand.

Patronyme allemand