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The Ministry of Peter, the Chief Apostle
Frank F. Judd Jr., Eric D. Huntsman, and Shon D. Hopkin
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"Honor the King": Submission to Civil Authority
Eric-Jon K. Marlowe
Eric-Jon K. Marlowe, ""Honor the King": Submission to Civil Authority," in The Ministry of Peter, the Chief Apostle, ed. Frank F. Judd Jr., Eric D. Huntsman, and Shon D. Hopkin (Provo, UT: Religious Studies Center; Salt Lake City: Deseret Book, 2014), 283–96.
Eric-Jon K. Marlowe is an assistant professor of Religious Education at Brigham Young University–Hawaii.
The Apostle Peter proclaimed, "We ought to obey God rather than men" (Acts 5:29; see also 4:19–20). Yet Peter also declared, "Submit yourselves to every ordinance of man for the Lord's sake: whether it be to the king, as supreme; or unto governors" (1 Peter 2:13–14).[1] Obedience to God's authority and submission to civil authority[2] may seem at odds here. Peter indicates, however, that submission to civil authority is "for the Lord's sake" (2:13) and regards it as "the will of God"[3] (2:15). Thus Peter attributes divine will to our submission to civil authority. As John Elliott explains, it is Peter's reference to God's will "that serves as our motivation to be subordinate [to civil authority], and doing what is right."[4] As reaffirmed in our dispensation, "We believe in being subject to kings, presidents, rulers, and magistrates, in obeying, honoring, and sustaining the law" (Articles of Faith 1:12).
However, history is replete with inefficient, flawed, and even repressive governments. So why does the Lord generally command that we submit to such imperfect authority? In his first epistle, known as 1 Peter, Peter not only affirms submissiveness to civil authority, but also offers specific rationale for the Lord's command. Peter's directive regarding civil authority reads:
Submit yourselves to every ordinance of man for the Lord's sake: whether it be to the king, as supreme;
Or unto governors, as unto them that are sent by him for the punishment of evildoers, and for the praise of them that do well.
For so is the will of God, that with well doing ye may put to silence the ignorance of foolish men:
As free, and not using your liberty for a cloak of maliciousness, but as the servants of God.
Honour all men. Love the brotherhood. Fear God. Honour the king. (1 Peter 2:13–17)
To better understand Peter's directive and its value, the context of 1 Peter will be discussed. Then Peter's specific rationale for submission to civil authority—protection, silencing false accusers, honoring others, and glorifying God—will be considered. Finally, civil involvement and civil disobedience will be discussed in response to Peter's command.
Context of 1 Peter
Peter had been taught firsthand by Jesus not to contend with the Roman demand that subjects serve as porters, but to "go with him twain [two miles]" (Matthew 5:38–44). Peter had also been instructed through his participation in the Savior's miraculous payment of taxes (Matthew 17:24–27), and observed Jesus' response, "Render therefore unto Caesar the things which are Caesar's" (Matthew 22:15–21; see also Mark 12:13–17). After raising his sword against the unjust arrest of Jesus, Peter was restrained and then witnessed Jesus' submission to an unjust trial (see Matthew 26:51–68). It appears Peter was well acquainted with the Lord's desire that his followers comply with civil authority.
Decades later in Rome,[5] Peter writes[6] his first epistle to the church members in Asia Minor[7] (1 Peter 1:1). An important purpose of this letter seems clear: to exhort its readers to stand fast in the face of persecution. Every chapter refers to some kind of suffering (see 1 Peter 1:6–7; 2:19–23; 3:14, 17–18; 4:1, 13–16, 19; 5:1, 9–10). The exact timing of this letter is unclear, but it was probably composed "in the early to mid [AD] 60s, after Peter came to Rome but before Nero began his violent attacks on believers."[8] Tradition indicates that Peter was martyred in Rome under Nero around AD 64–68.[9] If this is the case, the timing of this letter predates the documented state-sponsored persecution of Christians in Asia Minor, and therefore suggests that the suffering Peter addresses is more likely social ostracism and general harassment.[10] It is challenging to imagine Peter advocating such complete allegiance to the emperor and governors, whose duty he describes as punishing evildoers and rewarding good (2:14), if such authority was the main cause of that unjust suffering.
Further supporting trials of social discrimination, most references to suffering in 1 Peter seem to deal with slander (false and damaging accusations, 2:12; 3:16), disassociation from others (4:3–4), or being reviled (abusive criticism, 4:14; 4:16).[11] Of this suffering, Mark Allan Powell suggests:
The root cause of this abuse seems to be caught up with the letter's identification of its readers as "aliens and exiles" (2:11; see also 1:1, 17). Their conversion to Christ has led them to cut off ties with former associations, and so they have come to be regarded as social misfits or deviants (4:3–4). They may have been viewed as impious, for refusing to give the [Roman] gods their due, as unpatriotic for neglecting to worship the emperor, and as antisocial for avoiding the various rites and festivities that constituted social life in a pagan world.[12]
To be clear, whatever the cause of their suffering, Peter describes it as a "fiery trial" (1 Peter 4:12). And though Rome may not have been the primary cause of their suffering at the time of Peter's first letter, Rome had no particular regard for Christians.[13] It is therefore under the probability of an indifferent government, significant social persecution, and the possibility of Peter's awareness of even greater tribulations to come,[14] that his direction and rationale to church members regarding their relationship to the state will be considered (2:13–17).
Submission to Civil Authority Provides Protection and Order
Referencing 1 Peter 2:13–17, Elder Bruce R. McConkie said, "In Peter's day, and in ours, the saints are subject to two wholly separate and independent systems of direction—the Church . . . and the state which governs in civil affairs. And experience gained through conformity to both systems of government is essential to the perfecting of the human soul."[15] Elder McConkie also stated that man's submission to the "laws of the land in which he lives" is "an essential part of working out his salvation."[16] And Elder James E. Talmage declared, "Governments are essential to human existence . . . and His people are in duty bound to sustain them."[17] So what makes civil authority, these institutions "of men" (2:13), essential to God's plan?
Peter describes that the king (emperor) and governors' purpose is "for the punishment of evildoers, and for the praise of them that do well" (1 Peter 2:14). Rather than its organizational arrangement, Peter extols Roman authority because it punishes delinquents and protects the compliant. In this light, Peter may be understood as saying that civil authority, though a human institution, is to be obeyed because the protection and order it provides is God's will.
Though governments are imperfect and often deficient, the absence of government order is almost always worse. This is a basic argument of such philosophers as Hobbes, Locke, and Rousseau.[18] Without government to restrain people's actions, we would continually be in a state of threat and confusion. Where there are no property rights, no limits on crime, and no restrictions to physical harm, if someone is strong enough (either individually or as a group), they can, without any restraint, remove your agency, pilfer your property, enslave you, or even take your life. The absence of government is not a state of freedom, but rather a state of anarchy and oppression. Almost any form of government is preferable to such conditions.
Elder N. Eldon Tanner quoted the following statement: "In reality the man who defies or flouts the law is like the proverbial fool who saws away the plank on which he sits, and a disrespect or disregard for law is always the first sign of a disintegrating society. Respect for law is the most fundamental of all social virtues, for the alternative to the rule of law is that of violence and anarchy."[19] Consider the descriptions of Ether and Mormon as their people were in the throes of spiraling destruction. Ether explained, "All the people upon the face of the land were shedding blood, and there was none to restrain them" (Ether 13:31). And Mormon exclaimed, "O the depravity of my people! They are without order . . . and I cannot any longer enforce my commands" (Moroni 9:18). As the historian Horneius put it, "Tyranny harasses many, but anarchy overwhelms the whole state."[20] In general, if respect for authority is abandoned, subordination goes with it, and then anarchy and devastation take their place.
In a way, civil authority serves as a check on individual free will. Essentially we set aside our unrestrained individual interest and concede power to others (i.e., civil authority) who enforce and secure for us a degree of protection and order. Elder James E. Faust taught, "We are individuals, but we live in families and communities where order provides a system of harmony that hinges on obedience to principles."[21] A key role of government is to essentially limit individual behavior that harms others.
Finally, it is hard to cultivate human virtues under the constant whimsical threat of someone with a bigger stick. To the degree that governments eliminate or at least reduce such a threat, we are better able to plan, control, and determine the course of our lives.
Submission to Civil Authority Silences False Accusers
Early Christian communities were viewed with suspicion and distrust. Of these rumors, Bible scholar Bart Ehrman explained, "If you can imagine the worst you won't be far off the mark. Christians were thought to meet under the cloak of darkness in order to hide their despicable deeds from the world."[22] Thus, as Terry Ball explains, "Peter was anxious for the Saints to understand that they should live above reproach and thereby give no justification to those looking for excuse to persecute them. He urged the Saints to be honest, law abiding, and obedient to governing entities (see 1 Peter 2:12–14; 4:15). . . . He promises them that with such 'well doing ye may put to silence the ignorance of foolish men' (see 1 Peter 2:15)."[23] Submission to civil authority was then, as it is today, a clear demonstration that our faith is not a threat to social order and that any rumors to the contrary are simply not true.
Members' disregard for civil authority is often seen by those who oppose or persecute the Church as justification for their unkindness. Referring to Peter's day (1 Peter 2:13–17), Elder Talmage explained that acts of defiance and indiscretion by Church members "furnish excuse, if not reason, for the assaults of persecutors, who . . . denounced [Church members] as law-breakers and workers of sedition. Even half-hearted submission [by members] to the civil powers would have been unwise at least, in view of the disfavor with which the Church had come to be regarded by pagan contemporaries."[24] Often it only takes the disregard of a few members for those who are opposed to the Church to feel justified in oppressing the entire Church. What's more, members' disregard for civil authority can even strengthen the resolve of those who oppose the Church.
Speaking collectively of Church members in our day, Elder Talmage stated that if they would abide by the law they should be "confident that when the true story of their rise and progress as an established body of religious worshipers is fully known, the loyalty of the Church and the patriotic devotion of its members will be vindicated and extolled by the world in general."[25] Ultimately our lives of "well doing" (1 Peter 2:15) and "good works" (2:12) coupled with loyalty to civil authority (2:13–14) will speak louder than any ignorant or false accusations, as well as help avoid the undue antagonism of others.
Particularly in locations where the Church is not well established, Peter's prescription that we submit to civil authority is still one of our best means of silencing false accusations and alleviating others' fears born of ignorance (1 Peter 2:15). In this light, Peter teaches that our conduct, which includes our submission to civil authority, is also a means of defending the gospel. By submitting ourselves to civil authority, we debunk slander and secure for ourselves an honorable reputation. Essentially, our actions will often speak louder than their words.
Submission to Civil Authority Honors Others
Beyond basic protection and silencing false accusations, Peter connects submission to civil authority with honoring "all men" (1 Peter 2:17). We honor and show respect for others by abiding by laws that preserve their rights as well as our own. In a sense it is the Golden Rule (see Matthew 7:12). If I expect certain protections and rights under the law, I must honor the same protections and rights of others by obeying that law. This is well illustrated in the eleventh Article of Faith: We claim the privilege of worshipping Almighty God and show honor to others by allowing them the same privilege, even when we strongly disagree.
Connected to honoring others by submission to the law, Peter warns us against using our fidelity to God as an excuse not to submit to civil authority. Peter acknowledges that we are "free," but that such liberty should not be a "cloak of maliciousness"—a cover-up to less-than-kind treatment of our neighbor (1 Peter 2:16). Commenting on verse 16, Ramsey Michaels explains:
No matter what the provocation, [Christians, "servants of God" (2:16)] must not lose respect for their fellow citizens or forget the common humanity they all share (see 2:13). The kind of freedom the Christians possessed (i.e., spiritual freedom, new life in Christ) was obviously not something that could be used in Roman society at large as "an excuse to cause trouble" or as a justification for antisocial behavior, but it could be so used among Christians themselves. Peter's urgent plea is that his readers never exploit their newly won freedom in this way, deceiving themselves and each other.[26]
Similarly, Elder Talmage explains Peter's caution this way: "The saints rejoiced in their testimony of the truth . . . the truth that was to make them free—and it would have been easy for them to regard all others as inferior to themselves, and to rebel against all authority of man in favor of their allegiance to a higher power. There was constant danger that their zeal would lead them to acts of indiscretion."[27]
Membership in the Lord's Church does not afford us "emancipation from moral restraint."[28] We honor others by honoring the law that preserves their basic rights as well as our own. We may be right and have eternal truth on our side, but Peter is clear that it does not afford us the right to defy civil authority or do harm to others.
Submission to Civil Authority Glorifies God
In verse 12 of chapter 2,[29] Peter teaches his readers that "by [their] good works," the Gentiles may "glorify God." It is in this context (2:12) that he teaches submission to civil authority (2:13–17). Simply stated, our compliance to civil authority sets forth an example that can bring glory to God.
Considering the influence of Church members within their own countries, Elder Dennis B. Neuenschwander said, "Even though the Church is to 'stand independent above all other creatures' (D&C 78:14), it still must work within the context of law, respect for the society in which it operates, and fidelity to the principles that distinguish it as a religious society. Neither representatives of the Church, nor its members, can [flout] the law and hope to be known as peacemakers or be considered as a valuable, influential, and respected part of society."[30]
Elder Lance B. Wickman said that the "credibility" we gain by honoring the law is "the gateway through which the Church must pass in order to preach the gospel with vigor in any nation."[31] One example of this was the Church's desire to have LDS missionaries serve in communist East Germany. President Thomas S. Monson shared that in a meeting with government deputies the nation's chairman Erich Honecker said to him, "We know members of your Church believe in work; you've proven that. We know you believe in the family; you've demonstrated that. We know you are good citizens in whatever country you claim as home; we have observed that. The floor is yours. Make your desires known." After President Monson made his request for missionaries, Chairman Honecker concluded, "We know you. We trust you. We have had experience with you. Your missionary request is approved."[32]
To some degree, our submission to civil authority allows our salt to be savored, and our light to shine (Matthew 5:13–16). Elder L. Tom Perry explained, "in a world of many nations and various laws. . . . as we spread the gospel of Jesus Christ to the four corners of the earth . . . we must respect the governments of each nation we enter. Truly, we believe in obeying, honoring, and sustaining the law of each land."[33]
Civil Involvement
Some may argue that Peter's teaching of submissiveness to civil authority only perpetuates the status quo. However, Peter's apparent silence on engaging and petitioning civil authority should not be interpreted as a declaration of inaction. Peter does tell his readers to be ready to give a defense of the gospel when the occasion presents itself (1 Peter 3:15–16). He also tells them they must show that they are different in a positive way, not just that they no longer practice aspects of pagan life that their neighbors still find appealing (4:3–4).
As members of the Church, we are encouraged to participate in political and governmental affairs.[34] Elder L. Tom Perry has said, "As Church members, we live under the banner of many different flags. . . . In those countries that allow us the right to participate in the affairs of government, we should use our free agency and be actively engaged in supporting and defending the principles of truth, right, and freedom."[35] President Gordon B. Hinckley succinctly said, "we desperately need moral men and women who stand on principle, to be involved in the political process. Otherwise, we abdicate power to those whose designs are almost entirely selfish."[36]
Clearly we seek to make our conditions better. However, we recognize that we live in common societies and therefore seek to do so within compliance of the law. Elder N. Eldon Tanner explained, "There are many who question the constitutionality of certain acts passed by their respective governments . . . and they feel to defy and disobey the law. Abraham Lincoln once observed: 'Bad laws, if they exist, should be repealed as soon as possible; still, while they continue in force, they should be religiously observed.' This is the attitude of the Church in regard to law observance."[37] We can and should seek needed change, but we cannot disregard the society in which we live by dismissing civil authority in the process.
Civil Disobedience
Using Peter and others as an example, Bruce R. McConkie stated:
Obviously. . .situations can arise in which civil power can command an act which so sets at naught the Lord's decrees as to require his saints to follow his law rather than the lesser worldly requirement. When commanded to preach no more in the name of Christ, Peter and John replied: "Whether it be right in the sight of God to hearken unto you more than unto God, judge ye. For we cannot but speak the things which we have seen and heard" (Acts 4:13–21). Similarly, Daniel continued to worship the true God, though the law prohibited prayer to any but Darius (Daniel 6), and the three Hebrew captives [Shadrach, Meshach and Abednego] continued their proper worship though their rebellion against Nebuchadnezzar's law meant the fiery furnace for them. (Daniel 3)[38]
Though there have been exceptions, the bar for any exception seems high. Just because laws may be unjust is not reason enough to renounce civil authority. Peter instructed his readers that "when ye do well, and suffer for it, ye take it patiently, this is acceptable with God" (1 Peter 2:20). And Peter adds that no Christian should provoke suffering from civil authority by breaking the law: "Yet if any man suffer as a Christian, let him not be ashamed; but let him glorify God" (4:14–16; emphasis added). Even when we do what we can within the law to improve civil authority, compliance with the command that we submit to such authority can result in our suffering under unjust laws. Elder Talmage explained, "Pending the overruling by Providence in favor of religious liberty, it is the duty of the saints to submit themselves to the laws of their country. . . . The saints have practically demonstrated their acceptance of the doctrine that it is better to suffer evil than to do wrong by purely human opposition to unjust authority."[39]
Furthermore, the Lord explained that "when I give a commandment to any of the sons of men to do a work unto my name, and those sons of men go with all their might and with all they have to perform that work . . . and their enemies come upon them and hinder them from performing that work, behold, it behooveth me to require that work no more at the hands of those sons of men, but to accept of their offerings" (D&C 124:49). President Anthony W. Ivins explained that this verse "reveals to us this great truth, that God does not require at the hands of men the accomplishment of that which is impossible—not impossible to him, but impossible to them. . . . whether it applies to any other [commands] given of the Lord, and which the Church has conscientiously endeavored to carry out and been prevented from doing so by the enactment of civil law which would bring us into direct conflict with the government under which we live, —the Lord holds that [command] in abeyance [temporary suspension]."[40] This is not an excuse, but rather the Lord's acknowledgement of our genuine effort, hindered only by civil authority, and affirmation of the importance of abiding by civil law.
Conclusion
Peter clearly supports and gives rationale to our submission to civil authority, but urging subordination is not a call to supernal loyalty or worship. God is sovereign, and Peter appears to use a chiasmus in verse 17 of chapter 2 to emphasize this.
A. Honour all men.
B. Love the brotherhood.
B. Fear [revere] God.
A. Honour the king.
Ramsey Michaels explains,
The double use of "respect"["honour" in the KJV] at the beginning and end of the sequence, and the placement of the "brotherhood" and "God" side by side in the center gives the whole maxim a chiastic (a-b-b-a) quality, with the obligations of Christian believers to God and each other framed by their secondary obligations to fellow citizens (including enemies), and to civil rulers. It is the secondary obligations that Peter emphasizes by this arrangement but precisely with the reminder that they are secondary.[41]
In the centuries that follow, Peter's contrast between honor for the emperor and fear/reverence for God is held up by Christian martyrs—God alone is to be feared (see Acts 5:29).[42]
It is important to note that Peter does not deal with how we create a civil society that is more just. Issues of governance can be very complex, and questions of optimal balance between liberty and order, organizational structure, reach, distribution of power, and so forth, have not been addressed here. Instead, attention has been given to Peter's rationale for civil authority with the intent that we better understand, and thus are better enabled to properly abide by this directive. Some discontent with civil authority seems inevitable; seldom do we always get what we want. But we need government, and giving up some rights and choosing to abide by civil authority will inevitably be a necessary aspect of peace in diverse societies.
As in Peter's time, latter-day revelation requires our prudent allegiance to civil authority. President David O. McKay taught that "three significant words used in the twelfth Article of Faith express the proper attitude of the membership of the Church toward law. These words are—obey, honor and sustain. . . . We obey law from a sense of right. We honor law because of its necessity and strength to society. We sustain law by keeping it in good repute."[43] Finally, the Lord has said, "Let no man break the laws of the land, for he that keepeth the laws of God hath no need to break the laws of the land. Wherefore, be subject to the powers that be, until he reigns whose right it is to reign, and subdues all enemies under his feet" (D&C 58:21–22).
[1] The Savior certainly alluded to abiding by the law of the land (see Matthew 5:38–44; 17:24–27; 22:15–21), and Paul also declared submission to civil authority (Romans 13:1–7, Timothy 2:1–3; Titus 3:1–3, 8). However, as John H. Elliott explains, 1 Peter 2:13–17 is a clear break from Romans 13:1–7. Peter makes no assertion that civil authorities are "servants" of God representing his authority. Peter's conception of the functions of civil authority is a simple utilitarian one, devoid of divine warrant. Peter's point is not to discourage resistance to authorities established by God, as appears to be the case in Romans 13:2, but to encourage doing what is right as a sign of subordination to God's will and a means to silence detractors. See John H. Elliott, 1 Peter: A New Translation with Introduction and Commentary, The Anchor Bible 37B (New York: Doubleday, 2000), 493–94.
[2] Civil authority (i.e., civil government) here means the person(s) who exercise administrative control over civilian affairs and enforce law and order.
[3] Note the phrase "For so is the will of God" in verse 15 may refer to what precedes it in verses 13–14, or it may also refer to what follows—that their good behavior silences the ignorant.
[4] Elliott, 1 Peter, 493. Referring to "for the Lord's sake" (v. 13), Elliott further explains, "The phrase provides the motivation for the imperative" (489). Similarly, J. Ramsey Michaels explains, "Peter requires cooperation and compliance not because the state requires it, but 'for the sake of the Lord.'" Ramsey Michaels, 1 Peter, Word Biblical Commentary, vol. 49 (Nashville: Thomas Nelson, 1988), 124.
[5] Most scholars accept that "Babylon" in 1 Peter 5:13 refers to Rome. Elliott, 1 Peter, 131–34.
[6] In this chapter, the assumption will be that Peter himself, or a secretary/scribe, wrote this epistle. However, there are three general theories of authorship for 1 Peter: (1) it was written by Peter, (2) Peter dictated or conceived the substance of the letter which was written by a secretary/scribe (perhaps Silvanus, see 1 Peter 5:12), or (3) it was pseudonymously written in Peter's name and authority. See Elliott, 1 Peter, 118–30. John Gee offers support for Peter as author: "Modern scholars have 'arbitrarily' tended to reject Peter as author of the epistle. Historically though, 1 Peter was almost always seen as written by the chief Apostle, Peter. The early Christian author Eusebius cited it as undoubtedly genuine. The epistle was used extensively by Ignatius of Antioch, Clement of Rome, Polycarp of Smyrna, Justin Martyr, Irenaeus of Lyon, and others. Eusebius traced the influence back to Polycarp's use. Presumably Polycarp would not have done this if he had not believed that 1 Peter was authentic, and since he lived only a few years after the letter was written, he was in a good position to know what its origin was." John Gee, "James, First and Second Peter, and Jude: Epistles of Persecution," in Life and Teachings of the New Testament Apostles: From the Day of Pentecost to the Apocalypse, ed. Thomas A. Wayment and Richard Neitzel Holzapfel (Salt Lake City: Deseret Book, 2010), 180–82.
[7] Modern-day Turkey.
[8] Mark Allan Powell, Introducing the New Testament: A Historical, Literary, and Theological Survey (Grand Rapids, MI: Baker Academic, 2009) 463–77. John Gee explains a broader window of when this letter could have been written: "An early church tradition has Peter slain at the hands of Nero in Rome, about AD 65. Thus there is about a fifteen-year time period in which the epistle could have been written." Gee, "James, First and Second Peter, and Jude," 180–82. Other scholars, considering 1 Peter to be written pseudonymously, believe it was written near the end of the first century. Bart D. Ehrman, The New Testament: A Historical Introduction to the Early Christian Writings (London: Oxford University Press, 2004), 434–36. See also Elliott, 1 Peter, 134–38.
[9] Powell, Introducing the New Testament, 463–77.
[10] Mark Allan Powell explains, "In recent years, however, most scholars have become convinced that the variety of suffering being addressed in 1 Peter is social ostracism and general harassment rather than government-run persecution of the church. As far as we know, Christians in Asia Minor did not endure state-sponsored persecution until the second century. This letter, furthermore, never mentions persecution per se; rather, it speaks of suffering as a common experience that should be regarded as the expected lot of anyone who is a Christian (4:12), anywhere in the world (5:9)." Powell, Introducing the New Testament, 463–77.
[11] Peter also indicates, at least in the case of some Christian slaves, physical violence (2:19).
[12] Powell, Introducing the New Testament, 463–77. David Horrell further explains Peter's addressees suffering this way: "One of the things that would have particularly aroused the hostility of their non-Christian neighbours was the Christians' exclusive devotion to the worship of their God alone, and their refusal to honour the various deities of the Greek and Roman pantheon. Since worshipping the gods was thought to be vital to keeping the peace, and to keeping natural and economic disasters at bay, those who refused to do this could be held responsible for bad things that occurred. Moreover, by withdrawing from such religious and social participation, and meeting in what was held to be a secretive and mysterious manner, Christians were felt to be an 'anti-social' people, who—as the Roman historian Tacitus puts it—became known for their 'hatred of the human race.'" David G. Horrell, 1 Peter (New York: Continuum International, 2008), 55.
[13] Ehrman explains that Rome seemed more focused on order than justice: "The provincial [Roman] governors had two main responsibilities: to keep the peace and to collect the taxes. [This was done by] . . . employing whatever means necessary to maintain public order and maximize revenue collection." Ehrman, The New Testament 428. Charles Bigg further explains, "Roman law made no sharp distinction between 'immoral' and 'criminal.' The governour was father as well as magistrate, and his power extended to every action that was contra bonos mores [against good morals]." Charles Bigg, A Critical and Exegetical Commentary on the Epistles of St. Peter and St. Jude, 2nd ed., The International Critical Commentary (Edinburgh: T. & T. Clark, 1902), 140.
[14] Referring to the fifty-eighth section of the Doctrine and Covenants, Terry B. Ball explained, "Today we know that the Lord and His prophet were trying to prepare the Saints for the Jackson County persecutions. In the same way, the First Epistle of Peter seems to be trying to prepare the early Saints for the terrible persecutions that they would soon face. For example, in July of AD 64, Nero set fire to Rome and then to absolve himself blamed the Christians for the act. The historian Tacitus described the ruthless persecution that followed." Terry B. Ball, "Peter's Principles: An Approach to the First Epistle of Peter," in Go Ye into All the World: Messages of the New Testament Apostles (Salt Lake City: Deseret Book, 2002), 220–29.
[15] Bruce R. McConkie, Doctrinal New Testament Commentary, 3 vols. (Salt Lake City: Bookcraft, 1965), 3: 299.
[16] McConkie, Doctrinal New Testament Commentary, 3:297.
[17] James E. Talmage, Articles of Faith (Salt Lake City: Deseret Book, 1915), 381; emphasis added.
[18] See Thomas Hobbes, Leviathan (1651); John Locke, Two Treatises of Government, (1690); Jean-Jacques Rousseau, The Social Contract (1762).
[19] N. Eldon Tanner, in Conference Report, October 1975, quoting Case and Comment, March/April 1965, 20.
[20] David Brown, Andrew Robert Fausset, and Robert Jamieson, A Commentary: Critical, Practical and Explanatory, on the Old and New Testaments (Toledo, OH: Jerome B. Names, 1884), 420. http://www.ccel.org/ccel/jamieson/jfb http://www.ccel.org/ccel/jamieson/jfb.pdf http://www.ccel.org/ccel/jamieson/jfb.xi.xxi.iii.html.
[21] James E. Faust, "Obedience: The Path to Freedom," Ensign, May 1999, 45.
[22] Ehrman, 429, see also n. 11.
[23] Ball, "Peter's Principles: An Approach to the First Epistle of Peter," 220–29.
[24] Talmage, Articles of Faith, 381.
[26] Elliott, 1 Peter, 129.
[28] Bigg, A Critical and Exegetical Commentary, 141.
[29] In 1 Peter 2:11–12, Peter shifts his message toward the conduct of Christians living in communities where they are falsely accused and subject to suffering. Peter aptly provides his readers instruction on how to act civilly (2:13–17) and domestically (2:18–3:12) in ways that will help disprove and silence slanderous accusations, manifest their honorable character, and demonstrate their fidelity to God. Elliott, The Anchor Bible, 484–85.
[30] Dennis B. Neuenschwander, Bridges: Alumni Magazine (Provo, UT: BYU Kennedy Center for International Studies), Spring 2011, 20–27.
[31] Lance B. Wickman, as quoted in Aaron Shill, "Relationships Key to Building Credibility Abroad," Deseret News, April 8, 2008. President Gordon B. Hinckley has said, "Wherever we go, we go in the front door. Our representatives honor the laws of the nations to which they go and teach the people to be good citizens." "Gordon B. Hinckley's speech at the National Press Club," Deseret News, March 27, 2000.
[32] Thomas S. Monson, in Conference Report, April 1989, 69.
[33] L. Tom Perry, "The Doctrines and Principles Contained in the Articles of Faith," Ensign, November 2013, 48.
[34] Handbook 2: Administering the Church, "As citizens, Church members are encouraged to participate in political and governmental affairs, including involvement in the political party of their choice. Members are also urged to be actively engaged in worthy causes to improve their communities and make them wholesome places in which to live and rear families" (Salt Lake City: The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, 2010), 21.1.29.
[35] L. Tom Perry, in Conference Report, October 1987, 87
[36] Gordon B. Hinckley, Stand a Little Taller (Salt Lake City: Deseret Book, 2001), 15. Similarly, Elder M. Russell Ballard declared, "Remember Edmund Burke's statement: 'The only thing necessary for the triumph of evil is for good men to do nothing.' We need to raise our voices with other concerned citizens throughout the world in opposition to current trends." In Conference Report, October, 2003, 17.
[37] N. Eldon Tanner, in Conference Report, October 1975, 126.
[38] Bruce R. McConkie, Mormon Doctrine, 2nd ed. (Salt Lake City: Bookcraft, 1966), 437.
[40] Anthony W. Ivins, in Conference Report, October 1929, 97; "abeyance" means a state of temporary disuse or suspension.
[41] Michaels, 1 Peter, 123. See also Elliott, 1 Peter, 497.
[43] David O. McKay, in Conference Report, April 1937, 27–28, as cited in Latter-day Prophets and the United States Constitution, ed. Donald Q. Cannon (Provo, UT: Religious Studies Center, 1991), 118.


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C M environment, Lake Superior 0 comments
The Facts on Plastic: Lake Superior is not immune
According to scientists, areas of the Great Lakes are littered with concentrations of plastic waste that matches or exceeds that the oceans' most infamous masses of floating garbage. While the majority of these ecology-altering eyesores are located adjacent to population centres in the lower Great Lakes (one study estimated that Toronto's Don River along contributes a whopping 650 kg of plastic trash per year to Lake Ontario), Lake Superior has not escaped the plastic scourge.
Shoreline residents know that floating plastic junk is nothing new. It's been washing ashore since humans became addicted to the stuff in the wake of World War II. For 25 years, Naturally Superior Adventures guides have collected plastic flotsam from wilderness shores, including countless balloons, potato chip bags, twist ties and pop bottles. We've volunteered in shoreline cleanups of Michipicoten Bay, where we scoured Driftwood Beach for plastic bags and cigarette butts.
Lately, guides have documented the arrival of nurdles — plastic beads used in the construction of rotomolded sea kayaks, among other food-grade applications — radiating across hundreds of kilometres in the decade since a 2008 derailment on the Canadian Pacific Railroad on Nipigon Bay. Last summer, NSA's Jake O'Flaherty collected the lentil-shaped pellets at numerous campsites on the Superior Highlands and Pukaskwa coastline, including McCoy's Harbour.
Like many environmental problems, plastic is a paradox. In everything from medical equipment to fleece sweaters and kayaks, these molecular chains of hydrocarbons have improved our lives with lightweight, durable products. But durability is also plastic's achilles heel. It's slow to breakdown and when it does, tends to decompose into smaller and smaller particles—known as microplastics—which fly and float through the environment in near-perpetuity. Researchers are just beginning to document the impacts of ingested microplastic on fish and wildlife (from torn intestines to tumours, the results are pretty); and a the results study released in October 2018 demonstrated that our own guts are likely laced with the stuff.
What's more, we do a terrible job of recycling the plastic. Only 8 per cent of plastic in Ontario is recycled. It seems like the feel-good notion of recycling simply gave manufacturers the social licence needed to create more plastic.
Slowly, things are changing. No one denies that plastic waste has emerged has a global problem. Jurisdictions around the world are banning single-use plastics. Like so many others, we've endeavoured to reduce our dependency on the stuff at Rock Island Lodge. Action is the best antidote to despair. We're certain Naturally Superior guides will continue to return with beachcombed flotsam in their kayaks' hatches.
— Read more about plastic waste on Lake Superior (and sign up for their great newsletter) at InfoSuperior
C M environment, Guided Trips, Kayaking, Lake Superior, Uncategorized 0 comments
An unusually calm summer made for some mysteriously slimy rocks on Lake Superior's north shore. Frustrated with clogged water filters and slippery launches, Naturally Superior Adventures senior guide Jake O'Flaherty investigated the gross but (thankfully) normal phenomenon of "rock snot"
This year, paddlers on Lake Superior may have noticed an abundance of gooey algae in the waters lining the cobble shoreline. Some who have spent years on the lake have noted seeing this "goo" or "scum" in areas which were crystal clear in previous years.
Calm waters in the Lake Superior National Marine Conservation Area.
Upon seeing the above pictures of rock scum found off Simpson Island, Pam Anderson of the Minnesota Pollution Control Agency (MPCA) suspects it may actually be what is referred to as a "typical epilithic nearshore algal community". The word Epilithic originates from epi- meaning "upon", and lithos meaning "stone". That makes sense; we can conclude that this algae prefers to grow on rocks near the shore.
MPCA Researchers have noted scums west of Thunder Bay to be primarily Diatoma ehrenbergii. Diatom are a type of algae and one of the most common types of phytoplankton.
"Rock scum" in bloom.
Evidence of these unicellular organisms have been dated back to the early Jurassic period. They are the base of food chains in aquatic environments, and it is not uncommon to find shorebirds snacking on the smaller organisms such as larvae that gravitate towards diatom patches.
Diatoma ehrenbergii has been observed in the Great Lakes since the 1840s. This is an invasive species, which can also be found in Europe and polar regions. It likely arrived in ballast from ships. According to the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, this specific diatom does not pose an environmental or economic risk to the lake.
One diatom of international notoriety is Didymosphenia geminata, commonly referred to as "didymo" or the much more evocative "rock snot". Didymo is likely native to Lake Superior, found intermingled with other diatoms in nearshore communities. In other areas of the world this diatom runs rampant, altering the water quality and local ecosystems as well as clogging recreationalist's water filters. New Zealand is taking measures to mitigate the spread of this invasive species.
Crystal clear water and polished stones at Slate Islands.
Why paddlers may be seeing more rock-loving algae on the lake may be attributed to what is referred to as an "algal bloom" These blooms are caused by an abundance of nutrients in a water system, sometimes caused by agricultural runoff. Anderson believes that a large contributor to the seeming excessive amount of algal communities could be due to the relatively calm conditions we've experienced on the lake this year.
Our guides have been irritated with the algae clogging water filters, and some may think twice about swimming along Superior's cobble beaches; however, this specific goop we see is just a part of the natural ecosystem. We are truly lucky to be able to spend time in regions which are relatively untouched by pollution, although we should be aware and vigilant of non-native organisms that can pose a risk or indicate a water quality issue.
C M environment, instruction, Kayaking, Lake Superior, Safety, sea kayak, Uncategorized 0 comments
Lake Superior Weather
You can't get away from watching the weather if you paddle on the Lake Superior coast. When I guide sea kayak trips or take pleasure trips by canoe, I am constantly observing the clouds, the wind, the texture of the water, and the colour of the sky. I've lived on Lake Superior all my life, yet more often than not I am at a loss when it comes to predicting the weather. About the only failsafe mantra I know is a familiar one amongst sea kayak guides: It's better to be on shore wishing you were on the water than on the water wishing you were on shore.
That being said, there are some great online resources and reference books we use while teaching Paddle Canada sea kayak skills courses. But first, here are some basic observations that hold true most of the time.
Wind shifts – In general, a backing wind (shifting counterclockwise) foretells deteriorating weather and intensifying winds; a veering wind (shifting clockwise) predicts improving weather and decreasing winds.
Barometric pressure – A barometer is a valuable tool in predicting the weather. Unfortunately, Environment Canada no longer reports air pressure in its marine forecast, however sometimes you can catch it on land-based forecasts, which are occasionally available on VHF marine radio weather bands. If barometric pressure changes more than three millibars in a span of three hours, expect strong winds and changing weather. Note, 1013 mb (or 101.3 kpa) is the dividing line between high pressure (generally fair weather) and low pressure (generally foul weather).
The sky – A ring around the sun indicates rain in 12 to 24 hours; high, wispy clouds indicate strong winds and rain in 24 to 48 hours. On Lake Superior, "red sky in the morning" is a more accurate predictor (of imminent rain) than "red sky at night."
Water – A good last-minute predictor of strong winds is the presence of a dark blue band of water along the horizon line. Usually this means it's time to get to shore and batten down the hatches.
Our No. 1 source for marine forecasts:
NOAA National Weather Service – Lake Superior
A few online resources for learning about meteorology:
The Jetstream school of Weather
University of Illinois online meteorology guide
Our favourite weather books:
Wind, weather & waves: A guide to marine weather in the Great Lakes region (out of print) A PDF version is available online.
Navigation, Sea State and Weather: A Paddler's Manual by Michael Pardy, JF Marleau, Andrew Woodford and Piper Harris. Available for purchase from SKILS.
Rock Island Lodge environment, Guided Trips, Hiking, Lake Superior 0 comments
Lake Superior for Landlubbers
There's good reason Lake Superior is renown as a paddling destination: The options for sea kayaking and canoeing combined with spectacular scenery and isolation make it world-class. But the day-hiking and long-distance backpacking trails of the North Shore are equally diverse and capture the best of the wilderness coast from a different perspective.
Setting up camp on the Lake Superior coast.
As much as the trails of Newfoundland's Gros Morne and British Columbia's Pacific Rim national parks have been lauded as Canada's finest backpacking, with recognition comes crowds. Along the secluded trails of Pukaskwa National Park and Lake Superior Provincial Park you'll experience an inland sea you'd swear was an ocean, until you taste its sparkling clean fresh water.
Spectacular sunsets are the rule on the Pukaskwa coast.
Pukaskwa's Coastal Trail stretches 60 kilometres along the most isolated section of Lake Superior coast. It's so remote that no roads service its southern end; to make it a one-way hike, most adventurers hire a boat shuttle to North Swallow River and trek north to the road-access visitor centre at Hattie Cove. This five- to seven-day hike features seriously rugged terrain—with copious brown sugar beaches and stunning views to make you forget the sweat and toil. If you're less experienced or simply wanting a richer, more interpretive experience, sign up for a guided trip with Naturally Superior Adventures, like adventure travel bloggers the Planet D did in the summer of 2014.
Lake Superior Provincial Park also boasts a 65-kilometre-long coastal backpacking trail. But perhaps its greatest attribute is a wide array of day hikes, easily accessible to guests at Rock Island Lodge. Favourites include the five-kilometre-long Nokomis Trail, which offers outstanding views of Old Woman Bay, and the eight-kilometre-long Orphan Lake trail, which passes through an old-growth yellow birch to a wave-washed gravel beach on the Lake Superior coast. The Wawa portion of the Voyageur Trail features waterfalls and wildflowers, and the trailhead is within walking distance of your room at Rock Island Lodge.
Click here for a map of day hiking, weekend adventures and multi-day backpacking trips on Lake Superior's north shore.
Rock Island Lodge environment, Guided Trips, Kayaking, Lake Superior 0 comments
Rocks for Jocks (and Paddlers) — Part 2
While mining activities on Lake Superior have targeted commercially valuable minerals like gold, silver and copper, sea kayakers know there's more that glitters on the coast.
Polished stones at Slate Islands.
Migmatite – Wavy folds of quartz take shape on smooth sheets of pink granite, revealing the blend of metamorphic and igneous rock that defines this formation. Migmatite is created when quartz and gneiss partially melt and flow into igneous rock, and then recrystallize (solidify) in a marbled pattern.
Where to see it: Agawa Bay (Lake Superior Provincial Park), Oiseau Bay (Pukaskwa National Park).
Agate – The glassy face of a piece of water-polished agate reveals endless patterns of soft, muted colours. Agate is typically found in volcanic formations, created when silica-based minerals such as quartz were heated and then crystallized in pockets contained in lava rock. An agate's concentric rings demonstrate the cooling process.
Where to see it: Gargantua (Lake Superior Provincial Park), Michipicoten Island, Simpson Island (Lake Superior National Marine Conservation Area).
Columnar basalt – So-called "columnar jointing" of volcanic rock occurs only under specific environmental conditions. To create a "beehive" formation like the Giant's Causeway in Northern Ireland, a lava flow cooled and settled in a similar manner to drying mud, creating vertical hexagonal fractures.
Where to see it: Simpson Island (Lake Superior National Marine Conservation Area)
Columnar basalt at Simpson Island.
To learn more, pick up a copy of Roadside Geology of Ontario: North Shore of Lake Superior by E.G. Pye.
Rock Island Lodge environment, Kayaking, Lake Superior, sea kayak 0 comments
Lake Superior rests in the 1.1-billion-year-old depression left behind when plate tectonics pulled the North American continent apart. Known as the "Midcontinent Rift System, this geologically diverse area holds some of the world's greatest mineral deposits. Unlike the lower Great Lakes, whose underlying bedrock has largely been buried beneath the sediments of saltwater seas, magma-borne granites and gabbro intersect with volcanic basalts in the Lake Superior basin, creating lodes of copper, veins of gold, silver and platinum, pockets of uranium and vast quantities of iron ore.
The namesake red, volcanic rock of Rhyolite Cove, Lake Superior Provincial Park.
From Marquette to Manitouwadge, Houghton to Hemlo, these valuable minerals have drawn prospectors and built communities throughout the Lake Superior basin. As paddlers, we are drawn to Superior's rocks for aesthetics alone. Here are three features you may encounter on a guided sea kayak trip with Naturally Superior Adventures.
Raised beach – In the wake of the last ice age, the landscape has been slowly bouncing back from the weight of the glaciers in a process known as "isostatic rebound." On Lake Superior's shores, this process is manifest on raised beaches, where ascending terraces of baseball- to melon-sized cobbles represent former high-water lines as the shoreline has rebounded since the glaciers retreated 9,000 to 10,000 years ago. Bill Mason's classic National Film Board production Rise and Fall of the Great Lakes demonstrates this and other ice age impacts on Lake Superior.
Where to see it: Old Woman Bay (Lake Superior Provincial Park), Cobinosh Island (Rossport area), Detention Island (Neys Provincial Park), Otter Island (Pukaskwa National Park).
Raised beach in Pukaskwa National Park.
Diabase dike (intrusion) – Occur where faults in the underlying geology has allowed volcanic material known as "diabase" to flow, creating a formation known as a dike. Sometimes, these formations appear as sinuous lines of jet-black rock snaking through lighter coloured rocks. Differing rates of erosion in diabase (soft) and granite (a hard, igneous rock) often creates sheer-sided canyons, such as the dramatic cleft in the rock near the Agawa pictographs.
Where to see it: Simpson Island (Lake Superior National Marine Conservation Area), throughout Pukaskwa National Park, Agawa Rock trail (Lake Superior Provincial Park).
Diabase dikes are visible at Old Woman Bay, Lake Superior Provincial Park.
Jacobsville Sandstone – Like icing on a cake, this reddish, grainy rock (formed when sand sediments fused together 900 million years ago), overlays portions of Lake Superior's volcanic and igneous foundation, particularly on the southern shores of the basin. Sandstone quarries produced the stalwart "brownstone" used to construct lighthouses in Michigan and Wisconsin and the canal buildings in Sault Ste. Marie, Ontario.
Where to see it: Channel Island (Rossport Islands), Grindstone Point (Lake Superior Provincial Park), St. Mary's Rapids (Sault Ste. Marie).
Rock Island Lodge Canoe, environment, Guided Trips, Lake Superior 0 comments
Tales of an Empty Cabin
The bleached cabin walls are barely visible through a screen of tall cedars. We pull the canoes ashore and investigate. The tiny A-frame could very well be the haunt of fairies, with its miniature door and sofa-sized front porch. Exterior walls of split cedar shakes bristle with spikes, a common northern tactic to deal with marauding black bears. The entire structure, barely the size of a queen-sized bed, is perched atop chest-high posts. We wonder about the cabin's origin, hidden in the deepest wilderness of Lake Superior Provincial Park, in the headwaters of the Sand River.
The mysterious snowshoe cabins of the Sand River.
Lake Superior's Sand River is renowned for its easy rapids, scenic waterfalls, rugged portages, feisty brook trout and abundant wildlife, including moose, beaver and many varieties of songbirds. These features make it one of the best spring canoe trips on Lake Superior's north shore, suitable for all levels of canoe campers—so long as they're fit enough to handle numerous portages. Aside from the Sand's natural wonders, this enchanting little cabin speaks to the imagination and captures the essence of the mysterious North.
Lady Evelyn Falls on the Sand River.
As it happens, there are four "snowshoe cabins" scattered across the upper Sand River. Between 1949 and 1954, a group of outdoor enthusiasts constructed these tiny huts to be used as shelters along a network of winter trails, under the supervision of "Snowshoe Man" Les Perrine. The Sand River trails were meant to connect with previously established trails along the Montreal River, creating a 150-mile network "modeled somewhat after the Appalachin (sic) Trail," wrote Perrine in a 1966 letter to the Wawa office of the Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources.
The rapids at High Cliff, Sand River.
The cabins were set on stilts to facilitate entry in the deep snows of winter. Their small size made the quick to heat with a woodstove in the deepest cold. Michigan-based outdoor adventurer Michael Neiger, who obtained copies of Perrine's correspondence and published them online, notes the average size of the snowshoe cabins was barely five by 10 feet. "The sleeper can start the morning fire while still in the sleeping bag," wrote Perrine. "In 15 minutes the cabin is warm even when 40 below zero outside."
After inspecting the cabin and musing about its history, we return to our canoes. Besides keeping our eyes peeled for wildlife, we vow to scan the shoreline for more vestiges of the long-forgotten snowshoe trail. The cabin instantly disappears into the shoreline as we drift downstream, just as it should.
See the snowshoe cabin for yourself. Sign up for Naturally Superior Adventures' fully guided five-day canoe trip on the Sand River in Lake Superior Provincial Park.
Rock Island Lodge environment, Lake Superior, Politics, Safety coast guard, safety 1 comment
Thunder Bay Coastguard will be no more.
I just read today that the government will be closing down the marine traffic services in Thunder Bay. That got me thinking as to how that was going to affect our trips and clients who paddle on Lake Superior so I called the Thunder Bay coastguard to find out. I was told that this isn't happening until 2014 so we can have 2 more paddling seasons without worry. Basically all the receiver stations will remain the same so if you were to make a call with your VHF radio, the reception should in theory remain the same. The biggest difference will be that you will be speaking with someone in Sarnia or Prescot. The main challenge with that will just be a communications issue. I guess everyone will just have to get really good at reading their UTMs (which isn't necessarily a bad thing), just if you found yourself in the drink and had to make a call it would sure be nice to say that you are just south of the Pukaskwa River and be assured that the person on the other end would know where you were talking about.
The more disturbing part of this news has to do with the fact that the government is not increasing the number of workers at the existing stations, so the already busy operators will just have to deal with the higher call volume. Maybe it won't be a big deal everyday if things are all good and calm on the great lakes but I'm thinking of times when the weather is bad and all of a sudden there are a bunch of calls all at once. Wouldn't that be great to get a recording when you call the coast guard…"thank you for your call, our operators are currently busy at the moment. Your call is important to us, please stay on the line and the next available operator will be with you shortly."
Rock Island Lodge About Us, environment, Retreats and workshops gales of november, photo workshop, storms 0 comments
Gales of November Photo Workshop
Last weekend we held our 11th annual Gales of November Photography Workshop and the weather did not disappoint. Eleven hearty souls (plus one spouse and dog) made their way here for an extended weekend of photo-taking image creation and some peer sharing as well.
Pro photographer Rob Stimpson was here to share his knowledge and inspire creativity not to mention just encourage students to view things in a different light (pun more-or-less intended). Thanks to Ron Goodlin for sharing his photos with us. This two-time workshop participant claims he'll be back next year too.
If you are interested in joining in for the workshop in 2012 it will take place the first weekend in November. More details found here…
Rock Island Lodge environment, other local harbour, weather 0 comments
Busy Harbour
After our crazy storm here a week ago Monday one of the power lines near Michipicoten First Nation went down. Since there is no road access to that area crews were called in to rebuild the tower on the Harbour docks and then they had it airlifted back into place. You can read the news article here…
Apparently the winds were recorded at 101.8km/hr- so at that speed it would take just over 2 hours to fly to the Soo from here.
Here are 2 pictures from Joel Cooper. The first one is the rebuilding of the tower on the harbour docks, the second is of the helicopter at the airport.
Bumpy Waters
Retreats and workshops
Wawa local
The Lost Light
Glucose-fueled Greatness: The Dog River Day Trip

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Gunmetal bronze antique style round side table.
Add the finishing touches to your living room design scheme with the St Eienne Side Table.
Luxuriously hand crafted by luxury homeware icons, Eichholtz, this charming addition draws influence from antique Chippendale furniture design and contemporary, industrial materials.
Beautifully formed in a gunmetal iron finish, the table is circular in shape with a contrasting marble effect lid.
Elegant ball and claw cabriole feet add an antique aesthetic as the more industrial frame channels modernist appeal.
Great for the living room or for creating a welcoming focal point in the entrance hallway, the St Eienne collection is perfect for elevating the style tempo of your space with a hint of Parisian flair and opulent style.
Please note that due to the materials and production process used, each table is unique and variations are to be expected and joyfully celebrated as no two tables are exactly alike, making this a unique and characterful additon for the home.


What Do Hiring Managers Really Look For?
With all the bells, whistles, tweets, and tools out there to throw in your job search portfolio these days, one things remains the same: the role of the hiring manager.
Since the beginning of time – or at least, human resources departments – the hiring manager has held a critically important role: to single out the most viable candidates based on their potential for success. And what determines this potential for success? The key skills, experience, and knowledge most relevant to the requirements of the position; those typically set forth by the final decision maker.
While we have more tools at our disposal than ever, fueled by a digitally-driven job market and constantly evolving business environment, the basic components of a hiring manager's job remain the same – identify key criteria within a resume that deem a candidate potentially suitable for the role. Or at the very least, an interview with the internal clients to whom it is HR's responsibility to source and provide quality talent for the job.
While presentation is important, the message and content that you are selling and communicating weigh much heavier. So while a flashy visual resume may look sleek, is it making the hiring manager job – to find the information that matters – any easier? Probably not.
A video resume may seem cutting edge and representative of your multimedia skills, but does a hiring manager have 2.5 minutes to watch your pitch, as they sift through a stack of resumes designed to convey that same message in 6 seconds? Probably not.
Will a long-winded cover letter telling your life story provide a unique angle to your personal brand? Maybe. But will they read it in the interest of time and efficiency? Probably not.
So while the medium may continue to change, the message needs to remains the same. Regardless of the company, regardless of the industry, and regardless of the position at hand, the hiring manager's job remains firmly rooted in a singular goal: Identity the key information they're looking for that will help them sell a candidate's potential to their manager or internal client.
And how you choose to deliver that information is just as important as what you say. How you structure your resume, your profile, your letter, or any other job search marketing tool, needs to represent a solid understanding of that goal. And in turn, a respect for the time and process of the hiring manager, the person responsible for reviewing and passing forward your application.
Every resume is different, as are the requirements of the role, and it's no longer enough simply to list out the requirements and keywords that resonate with the job description. Obviously, you will need to speak to certain core aspects, and also convey your unique value and most marketable attributes. But the one common thread that exists throughout the hiring process for any job is relevance – do you have the right qualifications, are you communicating them effectively, and are they speaking directly to the needs of the organization? If the information is there, and presented in an effective way, then you minimize the chance of your message being missed, or misconstrued.
My goal is certainly not to diminish the efforts of hiring managers and recruiters down to a basic science (I was one once, after all). On the contrary – it's a complicated process that requires a precise talent for recognizing, well, great talent! But understanding the goals and process of the hiring team can help position you for an advantage.
Keep it smart, simple, and to the point, and you might just find yourself ahead of the competition.
Tags: career, cover letters, hr, job search, marketing, personal branding, resumes. Bookmark the permalink.


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Latest Benjamin Netanyahu News
JERUSALEM (AP) — Israel's top rival to Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu is getting some American help ahead of March 23 elections. Gideon Saar, a onetime Netanyahu protege, has hired four of the founders of the Lincoln Project, which ran a relentless campaign to help defeat President Donald Trump. The...
JERUSALEM (AP) — Hundreds of protesters braved a cold night in Jerusalem on Saturday to press on with their calls for Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu to step down over corruption charges against him. Demonstrators gathered at a Jerusalem square near Netanyahu's official residence. The...
Billionaire right-wing patron Adelson buried in Jerusalem
JERUSALEM (AP) — Sheldon Adelson, the billionaire casino magnate who made prolific donations to right-wing politicians and causes in the United States and Israel, was laid to rest in Jerusalem on Friday. Adelson, a key supporter of President Donald Trump, Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu and their...
Pompeo offers burst of actions, attacks before leaving State
WASHINGTON (AP) — Mike Pompeo isn't quietly fading away. In his final days as secretary of state, he's issuing orders that have caused international consternation and tweeting up a storm on his official and personal accounts to cement his legacy as a prime promoter of President Donald Trump's...
AP Interview: Netanyahu challenger pledges change with Biden
TEL AVIV, Israel (AP) — Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu's top challenger in upcoming elections is promising a tough line toward Iran and the Palestinians, yet expressed confidence he has the tools to avoid what appears to be a collision course with the incoming Biden administration. In an...
Leaders like UK's Johnson who wooed Trump face tricky reset
LONDON (AP) — British Prime Minister Boris Johnson has said a lot of nice things about Donald Trump over the years, from expressing admiration for the U.S. president to suggesting he might be worthy of the Nobel Peace Prize. But after a mob of Trump supporters invaded the U.S. Capitol on Jan. 6, Johnson...
Israel's benefactor Adelson leaves controversial legacy
JERUSALEM (AP) — Las Vegas casino magnate Sheldon Adelson is mourned by official Israel as a powerful benefactor with direct access to U.S. presidents. Others on Wednesday saw a legacy tinged with controversy and touched by deadly conflict. Adelson, who died on Tuesday at 87, was a prolific donor to causes...
Israelis hold torch-lit protest accusing PM of corruption
JERUSALEM (AP) — Dozens of Israeli protesters carrying lit torches, megaphones and flags gathered at dawn Wednesday outside Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu's official residence to highlight his corruption trial, which is set to resume next month. Police said at least seven demonstrators were arrested for...


We had to move her one year session from Washington Park indoors due to weather but it turned out to be perfect! And I love the continuity from her Newborn session.
The session basically consisted in Rylan playing and snuggling with her parents and I did my thing... Honestly it doesn't get easier and if you have a home with great natural light I highly recommend a session in your home.
I specialize in Newborn and Family photography and my portrait studio is located at 2530 Spring Grove Ave. Cincinnati OH 45214.
I am looking forward hearing from you and customizing your photography session.


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The Home of the U.S. President
By Hal Marcovitz
Published by Mason Crest
For more than 200 years, U.S. presidents have lived and worked in the executive mansion at 1600 Pennsylvania Avenue in Washington, D.C.—commonly known as the White House. The executive mansion received its nickname in 1798, when its stone exterior was painted white to seal it from moisture and prevent cracking. As the official home of the president, the White House has come to symbolize the power and authority of the U.S. government. Within its walls, decisions are made that affect the lives of all Americans and, very often, the lives of millions of people around the world. Today, many people view the White House as a symbol of leadership and democracy.
Hal Marcovitz
Publisher: Mason Crest (November 17, 2014)
Children's Non-Fiction > History > United States > 19th Century
Children's Non-Fiction > History > United States > General
Book Cover Image (jpg): The White House
More books from this author: Hal Marcovitz
See more by Hal Marcovitz


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"EU in the Palm of Your Hand" online prize game kicks off
We continue to celebrate Europe Day throughout May. After the online European Film Festival, which started on Monday, it is time for the already well-known online prize game "EU in the Palm of Your Hand", available on the website www.eunadlanu.me. It is an interesting and educational prize game, which consists of creatively designed interactive questions about the European Union and its Member States. The questions cover different areas, such as culture, geography, history, sports…
The game begins with a roll of the dice, after which the playing piece begins its "journey" through the European Union. The country you will "visit" and the difficulty of the question depend on the number you get by rolling the dice. The game lasts 15 minutes on average, during which it is necessary to go around all 48 fields, which is also the maximum number of points. In order to be eligible for prizes, you need to score at least 28 points.
Awards as a form of support to the economy during the pandemic
The game "EU in the Palm of Your Hand" has a valuable prize pool. You can win one of 5 vouchers for holidays in Montenegro in the amount of 400 euros each, a tablet, 40 gift vouchers worth 50 euros each, as well as special prizes – surprise gifts, prepared by the embassies of EU Member States. All winners will also receive a European Youth Card.
In addition to our desire to please the competitors, we selected the awards with the aim of helping the economy, especially smaller entrepreneurs, who are affected by the economic consequences of the corona virus epidemic. In addition to the Delegation of the European Union to Montenegro and the EU Info Centre, the awards were provided by the embassies of EU Member States, the European Integration Office, the Youth Office of the Capital, the NGO Centre for Youth Education, and with the support of the NGO Union of Young Entrepreneurs and Summer at Home initiative. Prizes will be drawn once a week, in the presence of most authors of the game and partners. The prize game will last until June 11.
All residents of Montenegro have the right to participate. They can replay the game an unlimited number of times, but can only register and apply for prizes once a week. A new registration is required for each subsequent draw. Read more about the rules of the game at this link.
This is the second year that we are organizing this online prize game. Last year, "EU in the Palm of Your Hand" was played by more than15,000 competitors. This year we tried to improve it and make it even more interesting, so now it's up to you to – roll the dice and play at www.eunadlanu.me
Check how we celebrated Europe Day
When will same-sex couples be allowed to stand before the registrar?


Did Russia Secretly Launch a Satellite-Killer into the Space?
Here's an out of this world mystery: Western space agencies are tracking a mysterious object that was reportedly launched into space by Russia — and in turn has launched speculation about what the Kremlin could be pursuing.
The satellite in question comes by many names: 2014-28E, Cosmos 2499, or even NORAD object 39765. But whatever you decide to call it, one truth remains, experts don't know yet what it is and that makes it a danger to other satellites currently in Earth's outer orbit. Popping up in space early last May, after a Russian Rokot-Briz launch sent three military communication satellites up into space, experts originally believed the object to just be a piece of space debris. But since then 2014-28E has moved into different orbits, and has even made its way back to nearby Russian military satellites – something that has satellite observers worried about the intentions Russia has for the mysterious object.
Some think that it could be collecting space junk, helping to clean up the useless satellites that are floating around space. Or it could be providing fuel or repairs to other satellites. But others fear that the satellite could be used to destroy enemy ones.
While there is the possibility that Russia indeed has a satellite-killer in space, it is not the only country with the ability to destroy spacecraft. The US Air Force's X-37B space plane, for instance, which conducts long term secret missions in orbit, is capable of precise movements and may also have the capability to inspect and destroy satellites in space.
Why these speculations? Let the concerned authorities do the required. If you have to, just report.


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TUA Feature: Monthly Spotify Playlist: August Playlist- Geil U.K. "Hipsters of Hollywood"
Tracking Unsigned Artists: There is something to be said for a name. Sometimes it means something, other times it just sounded right. Where did your band name come from?
Geil U.K.: Fürst vøn Würstenberg's lifelong dream was to escape the mountains of Europe and entertain people all over the world. When he formed the band with DG Talman and China he wanted a name to honor his roots. 'Geil' is German for 'rad' and 'horny'. U.K.' may or may not stand for 'United Kingdom'. If it does it's because we love the Queen. And Harry Potter. It all sums up what we do: Awesome music with sexy beats and a bizarre sense of humor.
TUA: Describe the music you make. (Give details to its sound, lyrics, and structure)
Geil U.K.: Good question. It's a combination of many styles. We like all kinds of music and we created a mutant we loosely call it 'country-industrial'. We're influenced by Metal, Country, Rock, EDM, Disco, and more. Anything goes, as long as we like it and think you'll be entertained by it. Most importantly, we want hooks and groovy beats. We feel music has gotten stale, and we want to shake things up a bit. That's why we combine programmed beats and noisy parts with real instruments, mostly bass, guitar, banjo, etc. We stick with fairly familiar song structures and add a healthy dose of humor, which leads back to the band name.
Rammstein meets Blake Sheldon. Fall Out Boy meets Johnny Cash. Deadmouse meets Queen. You get the idea.
TUA: What formats do you prefer to release your music on? Digital, CD, Vinyl, Cassette, All the above?
Geil U.K.: We only release digitally for now. The kids today don't really care where the music comes from, as long as they can hear it when they want to hear it. They don't even care if they own it. Ride-share, gig economy, streaming - it's all part of the larger changes coming at us. Sharing versus owning.
TUA: Your current single playing on TUA's list tell us about the song. If there is a music video that goes with it, please share the link.
Geil U.K.: Hipsters of Hollywood is a light-hearted take on hipstering. We live in the midst of Hipster-central. While the song is making fun of hipster culture, it's done in a good-natured way, and we're all having fun. Live is so damn serious we need to be able to poke fun at ourselves and each other.
TUA: In your opinion why is playlisting important or not important to you and music? What suggestions might you give to other bands wanting to utilize Spotify to its fullest?
Geil U.K.: Playlisting is becoming increasingly more important, while terrestrial radio's influence is declining. It's also part of the major changes mentioned earlier. Some playlisters are like rock stars or at least DJ's. They can, along with algorithms, create great exposure for artists. It's vital to use the streaming platforms to their fullest potential.
Geil U.K. Links:
www.geiluk.com
www.facebook.com/geiluk
www.instagram.com/geiluk
https://open.spotify.com/artist/56YPGD9IVGi4vGFVawWPX6?si=sQSyey0PREWA_a-Cnj_UPg
https://itunes.apple.com/us/artist/geil-u-k/875499790
https://wurmgroup.com/geil-u-k
YouTube playlist:
https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL3SXqOJaTW0QZn05YWcvrAxsUvjGmOzWC
Follow Tracking Unsigned Artists on Facebook and Spotify
August Spotify Playlist
TUA Spotify Playlists
Geil UK Tracking Unsigned Artists
Location: Los Angeles, CA, USA


text:
Home Sections Money & Business Bahrain company is taking on Silicon Valley
Bahrain company is taking on Silicon Valley
Gulf Insider meets Mirza Asrar Baig, founder and CEO of CTM360, to talk about his plans, ambitions, and latest project – EDX Labs.
What is your ambition?
For world class technologies to be developed in the Arab World and be adopted globally. I want international companies that create tech for the world to start coming from this region. There is a mindset in this part of the world, that it is easier to trade, so why go through all the trouble to invent things? Building technology platforms locally is considered an unrealistic challenge. Previously, there were many times when I was told: "Why are you building it here? Do it in the US where more people will value what you do and adopt it". Even during my earlier startups, I was repeatedly advised to just brand in the U.S, because we could still sell it here. No, I don't want to just brand it here; I want to develop it here too. It is not about making money but more about making a difference, making an impact. Fortunately, the current wave of tech startups now encouraged by regional governments is helping but almost all of them are either replicas or nearby look-alikes of some global player and intended to serve the regional markets only.
Why did you choose to base your operations in Bahrain?
I am in Bahrain because the government here is ahead of the game. The ecosystem still requires a lot of legal frameworks, policies, and procedures, which can provide innovators with the right set of rules and regulations. Bahrain is still at the forefront of this. For example, some countries that are framing their regulations say that the data of the country cannot be held outside of the country; this then stagnates their technology companies and businesses because they can't use cloud computing which provides exponential computing power at a very low price. When you take that away from companies you are restricting their potential for growth and advancement. We should rather come up with ways to leverage the cloud. That's what governments need to do and this will undoubtedly stimulate the technology sector. Bahrain's government recognized this and embraced it at a very early stage.
So what's your strategy?
Our motto is "We are not here to become machines; we are here to build machines" and we infuse this message regularly with discussions on how great companies scale to acquire customers across the globe. By leveraging technologies and systems, we are building powerful machines relevant to our space. For example, we are currently acquiring and analyzing large volumes of data from across the internet and will soon publish global statistics in specific areas not done by anyone before; a world-first. I also make it a point of hiring young and fresh minds because they have a passion to prove themselves. Collectively, such actions help build resilience to shrug off critics who question why an international company will use technology invented in Bahrain, or why we dare to think a Bahraini company can compete with Silicon Valley.
READ CTM360® is Cyber Security Partner for BITEX and MEETICT 2018 for second consecutive year
What are the biggest lessons you learned?
My biggest lessons are about human beings. How people lack the belief in themselves. You sit there saying you could do this, or do that – so why don't you? We need to believe in ourselves in order to succeed. Another lesson is that technology right now is being built by putting in too much money, whereas it could be done more efficiently. Yes, it takes time, it takes money, but nowhere near how much most companies spend. If you compare our organization to other international companies, we are operating very inexpensively. There are companies who spend many millions of dollars doing exactly what we are doing. This means we can do things much more efficiently.
Tell us about the companies you are currently running?
We have established 5 companies now. We have CTM360 from which we extracted the EDX Labs component. CTM360 is a cybersecurity department that works in the cloud. Most companies just give you a part of their service in the cloud, not the whole of it because they think it is easier to secure what is not cloudbased. We are comprehensive and serve as an organization's whole cyber security department. Then we have DMARC360, which provides end-to-end mail delivery, security and intelligence services based on the global framework of DMARC. We have also been Penetration Testing for over 20 years and managed year-long projects while partnering with vendors across the world who brought their consultants to the Middle East. Pentesting is typically done once or twice a year. But that, I think, is not the right way to do it because technology evolves so fast. We have a concept where you can do pentesting every day, and that is PENTEST360. Lastly, we also have MG360 which interacts with banks and merchants to handle their security requirements. We already have contracts with severabanks and are now also expanding to include merchants. We hope to use this platform across the Arab world and beyond. MG360 and PENTEST360 are our own concepts which no one else has done yet. In these two concepts, we are world leaders. All of these technology companies are purely built in-house by EDX Labs, the engine powering each innovation.
What about your latest project, EDX Labs?
EDX Labs will help to grow an efficient and economic tech development environment in this region. It is about looking at any business and bringing in BE3, which is to take out 3 B's from a business and bring in 3 E's. You take out branches, brokers, and borders and your business model will certainly grow – but it has to be complimented by bringing in the 3 E's which are efficiency, economy, and equality. Theory is easy but execution is difficult. We ourselves are doing the same within our own companies. Once achieved, good companies rapidly become great companies.
How do you achieve it?
One example is leveraging the cloud. Another is to focus on acquiring and managing Big Data. Through data alone,EDX Labs is implementing machine learning and artificial intelligence to disrupt the cyber security industry for CTM360. One clear goal is to bring the price down; there are few companies in this line of business right now and their services are expensive. Market dynamics force these vendors to keep their prices high. Ultimately, the biggest challenge will not be people or customers, but competitors who will not be happy about our approach. We want to economize and do things in a manner where we give great value for less price. Overall, EDX Labs will continue to create innovative technologies that are game-changers to serve global markets.
Your family is involved with you in this – have they always been interested in the business?
My most difficult decision was in 2014, to give up a security system integrator business worth millions to focus on technology development. My wife Shahnaz was the most supportive in that decision. She encouraged me to take the leap of faith. Frankly, she has been the most important sounding board for my technology ideas and business strategies. I was also very lucky when it came to my daughter Sana and my son-in-law Arsalan who both gave up their lucrative careers in Dubai to join in my leap of faith. My elder son Abdullah delayed his Master's degree, and younger Yousef came back from Canada after completing his Bachelor's Degree, all to join forces to make this dream come true. Maybe because they have all been watching me struggle in developing world-class technologies that it infused the same passion and resilience in them. This definitely gave me a boost to manage the challenge.
CTM360 was recently awarded "Technology Company of the Year" at the MEED Awards in Dubai, UAE.
CTM360 was accepted as a full member of the Forum of Incident Response & Security Teams (FIRST). The very first privately held company from Bahrain and the Middle East to be accepted.
CTM360 is the only Middle Eastern cyber security company to be rated as one of the top 14 Digital Risk Protection Companies in the world by a Top-Tier Global Research Company.
ctm360
EDX Labs
Middle Eastern cyber security
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CTM360® is Cyber Security Partner for BITEX and MEETICT 2018 for second consecutive year


Prom is probably one of the biggest events that mark the end of high school… besides graduation. It's the culmination of the four years where you've matured as a person with all your peers and even some faculty.
Students actually take prom very seriously, planning their outfits months ahead and getting their hair and makeup done professionally. Maria was one high school student who had the same expectations for her prom, only to be let down by her boyfriend of one year.
When the senior in Colorado dealt with her boyfriend of one year calling it quits before prom, she didn't let it tear her down. Instead, she held her head high and dealt with the situation probably in the most epic way possible.
Maria was a high school senior that was just as excited for prom as any other high school senior would be. Therefore, when her boyfriend called her, telling her that he was ending their relationship, she was heartbroken.
As if she wasn't already disappointed enough, later on she found out that her boyfriend was going to be attending another prom… with another girl!
Then, when you though he couldn't make anything worse, he has the audacity to ask Maria to give back the 95 dollars he spent purchasing items for the prom.


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Falck Renewables Wind Limited are working in partnership with Energy4All to promote community owned schemes across Scotland.There is an agreement with Falck that they will work with Energy4All to create a local co-op on every one of their Highland wind farm sites.
Falck Renewables Wind Limited currently have 6 wind farms in the UK with a capacity of 231 MW either operating or in construction. In addition, Falck have a further 630 MW of projects in various stages of development.
RDC, which has offices in Edinburgh, Scotland and Mold in North Wales, has been one of the most successful developers of wind projects in the UK over recent years. In recognition of its success, the Company received the "Wind Farm Developer of the Year" award from the British Wind Energy Association in 2002.
Falck Renewables Wind Limited has responsibility for managing construction activities, and has sole responsibility for wind farm owner and operator. The RDC Scotland/Falck Renewables partnership thus offers a vertically integrated approach to the development, construction, and operation of wind farms. The necessary resources and expertise to successfully complete a project are internal to the partnership.
Projects which Falck Renewables Wind Limited and Energy4All have worked on are;
Falck Wind Farm Location Co-operative Name
Boyndie Banff, Aberdeenshire Boyndie Wind Farm Co-op
Ben Aketil Dunvegan, Isle of Skye Isle of Skye Renewables Co-op
Millennium Invergarry, Highland Great Glen Energy Co-op
Kilbraur Brora, Sutherland Kilbraur Wind Energy Co-op
For further information on Falck Renewables Wind Limited, please visit www.falckrenewables.co.uk


Ladies and Gentlemen of Board77, you have spoken and been heard. The poll for the new Charter for Board77, aka the Charterlette,closed on Friday evening and the majority of those that voted were in favor. Final tally was 42 for and 5 against. The poll itself has been moved to the Threads of Historical Interest forum anda can be reviewed there. This new Charter is now in effect.
Board77 (b77) is a democratically governed internet community where members from around the world gather to cultivate friendships and engage in discussion. Our conversations cover any topic of interest to our members, from current events and philosophy to fine arts and the works of J.R.R. Tolkien. We aspire to maintain a culture of respect, equality and openness. b77 is a member-moderated community that expects its members to ensure that they treat each other with respect.
We have a rotating pool of administrators, called Rangers. Rangers serve terms of three months, and are taken from a pool of volunteers. Three to five Rangers will serve at any one time, ideally serving staggered terms. Any member in good standing who has been a member for at least three months and has made at least 100 posts can become a Ranger. To volunteer, simply post here [add link].
The primary duty of the Rangers is to perform normal administrative tasks like setting the permissions for new members, moving or splitting threads where necessary, and administrating the Ranger pool (and facillitating the smooth flow of replacements). However, the Rangers are also charged with ensuring that the culture of respect is maintained, in those rare instances where simple member-moderation is not sufficient. Rangers have broad discretion to take whatever actions they deem necessary to accomplish that goal, including but not limited to editing posts, moving posts or threads to the "Bike Racks" forum where disputes are to take place, or, if necessary, restricting members' rights to post in one or more forums.
Any member who is restricted from posting in one or more forum for longer than two weeks time can request that the action be ratified or rejected by a vote of the whole membership, with a simple majority prevailing. Any other action can be similarly reviewed if called for by the member affected, and is seconded by at least two other members.
If five members call for it, a vote can be held among the full membership to remove a Ranger from office. Again, a simple majority would prevail.
Any membership-wide vote would remain open for a period of one week from the date it is opened. The votes would be administrated by the Rangers. If it is a vote to remove one or more Ranger, it would be adminstrated by the rest of the Rangers. In the extremely unlikely event that a vote was held to remove all of the Rangers, it would be administrated by the next three members listed in the Ranger pool.


text:
package secretmanager

import (
	"context"
	"fmt"

	secretmanager "cloud.google.com/go/secretmanager/apiv1"
	"google.golang.org/api/iterator"
	secretmanagerpb "google.golang.org/genproto/googleapis/cloud/secretmanager/v1"
	"google.golang.org/genproto/protobuf/field_mask"
)

// Client is a wrapper of secretmanager client
type Client struct {
	// ProjectID is GCP project in which to store secrets in Secret Manager.
	ProjectID string
	client    *secretmanager.Client
	dryrun    bool
}

// ClientInterface is the interface for manipulating secretmanager
type ClientInterface interface {
	CreateSecret(ctx context.Context, secretID string) (*secretmanagerpb.Secret, error)
	AddSecretLabel(ctx context.Context, secretID string, labels map[string]string) error
	AddSecretVersion(ctx context.Context, secretName string, payload []byte) error
	ListSecrets(ctx context.Context) ([]*secretmanagerpb.Secret, error)
	GetSecret(ctx context.Context, secretName string) (*secretmanagerpb.Secret, error)
	GetSecretValue(ctx context.Context, secretName, versionName string) ([]byte, error)
}

// NewClient creates a client for secretmanager, it would fail if not authenticated
func NewClient(projectID string, dryrun bool) (*Client, error) {
	// Create the client.
	ctx := context.Background()
	client, err := secretmanager.NewClient(ctx)
	if err != nil {
		return nil, fmt.Errorf("failed to setup client: %w", err)
	}
	return &Client{ProjectID: projectID, client: client, dryrun: dryrun}, nil
}

// CreateSecret creates a secret
func (c *Client) CreateSecret(ctx context.Context, secretID string) (*secretmanagerpb.Secret, error) {
	if c.dryrun {
		return nil, nil
	}
	// Create the request to create the secret.
	createSecretReq := &secretmanagerpb.CreateSecretRequest{
		Parent:   fmt.Sprintf("projects/%s", c.ProjectID),
		SecretId: secretID,
		Secret: &secretmanagerpb.Secret{
			Replication: &secretmanagerpb.Replication{
				Replication: &secretmanagerpb.Replication_Automatic_{
					Automatic: &secretmanagerpb.Replication_Automatic{},
				},
			},
		},
	}

	return c.client.CreateSecret(ctx, createSecretReq)
}

// AddSecretLabel adds a label to a secret
func (c *Client) AddSecretLabel(ctx context.Context, secretID string, labels map[string]string) error {
	if c.dryrun {
		return nil
	}
	secret, err := c.GetSecret(ctx, secretID)
	if err != nil {
		return err
	}
	existinglabels := secret.Labels
	for key, val := range labels {
		if existinglabels == nil {
			existinglabels = map[string]string{}
		}
		existinglabels[key] = val
	}
	updateSecretReq := &secretmanagerpb.UpdateSecretRequest{
		Secret: &secretmanagerpb.Secret{
			Name:   fmt.Sprintf("projects/%s/secrets/%s", c.ProjectID, secretID),
			Labels: existinglabels,
		},
		UpdateMask: &field_mask.FieldMask{
			Paths: []string{"labels"},
		},
	}

	_, err = c.client.UpdateSecret(ctx, updateSecretReq)
	return err
}

// AddSecretVersion adds a secret version, aka update the value of a secret
func (c *Client) AddSecretVersion(ctx context.Context, secretName string, payload []byte) error {
	if c.dryrun {
		return nil
	}
	// Build the request.
	addSecretVersionReq := &secretmanagerpb.AddSecretVersionRequest{
		Parent: fmt.Sprintf("projects/%s/secrets/%s", c.ProjectID, secretName),
		Payload: &secretmanagerpb.SecretPayload{
			Data: payload,
		},
	}

	// Call the API.
	_, err := c.client.AddSecretVersion(ctx, addSecretVersionReq)
	return err
}

// ListSecrets lists all secrets under current project
func (c *Client) ListSecrets(ctx context.Context) ([]*secretmanagerpb.Secret, error) {
	var res []*secretmanagerpb.Secret
	// Build the request.
	listRequest := &secretmanagerpb.ListSecretsRequest{
		Parent: fmt.Sprintf("projects/%s", c.ProjectID),
	}

	// Call the API.
	it := c.client.ListSecrets(ctx, listRequest)
	for {
		s, err := it.Next()
		if err != nil {
			if err == iterator.Done {
				break
			}
			return nil, err
		}
		res = append(res, s)
	}
	return res, nil
}

// GetSecret gets secret by name
func (c *Client) GetSecret(ctx context.Context, secretName string) (*secretmanagerpb.Secret, error) {
	// Build the request.
	accessRequest := &secretmanagerpb.GetSecretRequest{
		Name: fmt.Sprintf("projects/%s/secrets/%s", c.ProjectID, secretName),
	}

	// Call the API.
	return c.client.GetSecret(ctx, accessRequest)
}

// GetSecretValue gets secret value by its version
func (c *Client) GetSecretValue(ctx context.Context, secretName, versionName string) ([]byte, error) {
	// Build the request.
	accessRequest := &secretmanagerpb.AccessSecretVersionRequest{
		Name: fmt.Sprintf("projects/%s/secrets/%s/versions/%s", c.ProjectID, secretName, versionName),
	}

	// Call the API.
	result, err := c.client.AccessSecretVersion(ctx, accessRequest)
	if err != nil {
		return nil, fmt.Errorf("failed to access secret version: %w", err)
	}
	return result.Payload.Data, nil
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
Q: How to use pm2 to start node app? I'm new to node.js and want to deploy an app on the serve. currently the app runs when run node start.
I'm wondering how can I make it to run like an upstart process using pm2.
In tutorials that I've seen pm2 is used to run a file like index.js. but when I use pm2 node start the app process does not start
Appreciate your help to fix this?

A: You can check pm2/docs/usage/quick-start.
The easiest way is like this:
pm2 start index.js

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


KB Real Estate Paralia » Residents for sale » County Pieria » Leptokaria » Studio 32 sq.m.
Studio for sale 32 sq.m., Leptokaria, Pieria. Price: €0. 1 bedroom, 1 kitchen, 1 bathroom. Additional features: air condition, boiler, painted, double glazed windows, satellite, fitted wardrobes, window screens, awnings, bright.
I am interested in the property with id 343G. Please contact me for more information.


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