I knew within a month of dating he was the one God chose for me. We had been corresponding for the last couple of months and during that age developed a very accurate and loving relationship. I am so grateful designed for the gift of your services and that God used your services en route for introduce us. Natalie after that Aaron I joined the website because I realized the traditional way of meeting people wasnt effective for me. Kevin after that Alexandra My trip en route for Ecuador, meeting Alexandra after that her family for the first time was absurd.
We are committed to all other and connected all the rage so many ways. Clark, leyeron un libro pentecostal llamado La Cruz y El Puñal en adonde se narraba el gabinete cristiano del pastor pentecostal David Wilkerson entre pandilleros neoyorquinos. We will carry on to share our account. En poco tiempo el movimiento se propagó a otras universidades, como Notre Dame, en Indiana y East Lansing, en Míchigan. The first and chief is our love designed for Jesus and Mary answering both our prayers en route for find that special person. I just hope so as to many others have the same experience. Kevin after that Alexandra My trip en route for Ecuador, meeting Alexandra after that her family for the first time was absurd. He saw my communication and decided to accommodate on to hope. Pese a ello tiene cierta presencia en organizaciones de la Iglesia, tanto de tipo laical como accounting o de vida consagrada. He makes me a better person for a minute ago knowing him and he consistantly helps me acquire my relationship with god. I am so appreciative for the gift of your services and so as to God used your services to introduce us.
The first and foremost is our love for Jesus and Mary answering equally our prayers to achieve that special person. Our lives will never be the same. We equally planned the engagement, I selected the ring after that brought it with me, and she selected a romantic dinner for the evening and what is now our place all the rage Quito where I proposed. We still have en route for plan our wedding appointment along with a add up to of other things.
Ejercicio de lo diferente de la Renovación en países anglosajones es que la base de datos del Comité Nacional de Servicio de Estados Unidos, incluye a comunidades ecuménicas de la Fraternidad La Acero del Espíritu entre sus miembros. Our lives bidding never be the alike. We will continue en route for share our story. Natalie and Aaron I joined the website because I realized the traditional approach of meeting people wasnt working for me.
We are committed to all other and connected all the rage so many ways. He makes me a advance person for just aware him and he consistantly helps me develop my relationship with god. The first and foremost is our love for Jesus and Mary answering equally our prayers to achieve that special person. I am so grateful designed for the gift of your services and that God used your services en route for introduce us.


The hostel mixes Dutch style with creativity and modern comforts, providing curious travellers with a unique and fun place to stay and socialise and the perfect launch pad from which to explore all that Amsterdam has to offer.
Beautiful features from the original 1920's building have been enhanced whilst creating relaxing social areas, a plant-filled atrium, a café, a library, a bespoke self-catering kitchen where guests can make and share food, and flexible spaces for meetings and events. ZincBAR puts on regular live music, DJs, talks and performances. Tickets for attractions and tours are also available in the hostel.
Staff are friendly, multi-lingual and always in the know about all things 'Dam' related. They'll be happy to help you get the most out of your stay.
The hostel is accessible to wheelchair users via an entrance at the rear of the building. Rooms 105,205 and 305 are equipped for wheelchairs.
Full payment will be taken 48 hours before arrival.
Check in from 14:30 to 00:00 .
Bookings can only be made by those aged 18 years and over. Anyone between the ages of 16 to 17 must be with accompanied by an adult (18 and above)in the hostel.
Any guest under 16 must be accompanied by an adult and booked in a private room or take over a whole dorm.
From Amsterdam Centraal Train Station, follow the signs to the West Exit, then those that say 'Noord'. Here, jump on the free 5 minute ferry to 'Veer Buiksloterweg' that runs every 7 minutes during the day (make sure you take the correct boat as one also goes to NDSM Werf). Boats are a bit less frequent in the evenings so be smart and download the timetable to check your journey http://www.ilovenoord.com/ferry/.
Good news, you're almost there! As you step off the boat, walk straight along the road in front of you, passing the cafés on your left until you reach a car park. Take a left turn just after the car park and keep walking until you have crossed the bridge that leads to the other side of the canal. Once here, turn left and walk down the side of the large brown building until you reach a door on your right. Here you'll find ClinkNOORD!


text:
All Signs for 2018 October 11th
Week of October 11th, 2018
Your Life Is a True Story!
I've gathered together all of the Long-Range, Big-Picture Horoscopes I wrote for you in the past few weeks, and bundled them in one place. Go here to read a compendium of your forecasts for 2019.
In addition to these, I've created EXPANDED AUDIO HOROSCOPES that go even further in Exploring Your Long-Term Destiny in 2019.
What will be the story of your life in the coming months? What new influences will be headed your way? What fresh resources will you be able to draw on? How can you conspire with life to create the best possible future for yourself?
To listen to these three-part, in-depth reports, go here.
Register and/or log in through the main page, and then access the horoscopes by clicking on "Long Range Prediction." Choose from Part 1, Part 2, and Part 3. Each part is a standalone report, not dependent on the other two.
If you'd like a boost of inspiration to fuel you in your quest for beauty and truth and love and meaning, tune in to my meditations on your Big-Picture outlook.
Each of the three-part reports is seven to nine minutes long. The cost is $6 per report. There are discounts for the purchase of multiple reports.
P.S. You can also listen to a short-term Expanded Audio Horoscope for the coming week.
Here's a link to my free weekly email newsletter, featuring the Free Will Astrology horoscopes, plus a bunch of other stuff, including good news, lucky advice, and tender rants. It arrives every Tuesday morning.
Read past issues of the newsletter.
Sign up here for your free subscription.
THE SPIRITUAL PATH OF INTIMACY
In the old-fashioned patriarchal vision of myth, the hero is typically a solitary male who renounces intimate companionship to pursue his glorious, arduous quest. Along the way, sporadic help may arrive from an ineffable muse or deity.
But there are alternative scenarios for the hero's journey. In the tantric tradition, for instance, a seeker's connection with a beloved human companion is essential to his or her spiritual inquiry.
Some early Christians described Jesus and Mary Magdalene as equal collaborators. Sufi mystic poet Rumi may not have actually made love with his teacher Shams (then again, he might have), but it's clear the two men sought divine communion together, not through lonely solo work.
Some modern teachers have also broken from the narrow perspective. The quest for illumination, they say, can thrive on the challenges of loving and living with an actual person. In John Welwood's *Love and Awakening*, the author reimagines relationship as an "alliance of warriors" devoted to awakening each other's "holy longing."
I really enjoy writing horoscopes for you. It's an interesting way to express my love for you! It's also a fun way to keep reimagining and reinventing the way I understand the ever-changing world.
Here's a photo of me in the sunny office where I create them.
DON'T BE DAUNTED
"Do not be daunted by the insurmountability of the world's grief. Do justly, now. Love mercy, now. Walk humbly, now. You are not obligated to complete the work but neither are you free to abandon it."
— The Talmud
My diet is almost always organic and vegetarian and uncanned, but I'm breaking my routine to sample these delicacies.
DIMINISHING MISOGYNY
One of my main life goals is to do what I can to dramatically diminish misogyny. To that end, I ask my male readers to consider the testimony offered in this article: "On Being a Woman in America While Trying to Avoid Being Assaulted"
EBULLIENT PROTEST SONGS
Here's a favorite new song from an activist poet and rapper who lives on the Feminist Planet I emigrated to a while back.
I'd love to hear more ebullient protest songs like this. If you know of any, please tell me. Truthrooster@gmail.com
INTERNATIONAL CRYING WEEK
This is International Crying Week. You have a poetic license to sob, mourn, lament, blubber, and weep because of deep sadness or unreasonable joy or cathartic epiphanies or compassion for the suffering of others or visions of the interconnectedness of all life.
In his book "Crying: the Natural and Cultural History of Tears," Tom Lutz asserts that people don't cry as much as they used to. The English of the Victorian era, supposedly renowned for their stuffy behavior, put us to shame with their abundant outpouring of tears.
So what's our excuse? There's as much, if not more, to be mournful about nowadays; and we certainly don't suffer from a lack of events to spur our cathartic joy and empathy.
Walk into the hills or woods and find a large rock jutting up out of the earth in a place that makes you feel at home. Sit down on or next to that rock and let go of the tightly wound emotions you've been holding onto. Sob or sigh or babble until you achieve a spiritual orgasm that will clear your mind of all its gunk and free you to make the decision you've been postponing.
Ever hereafter you will call this the Crying Rock, and you will go there whenever you need the kind of release that only a beloved natural power spot can facilitate.
My friend Marika regards her crying spells as surrogate orgasms. They bring a surging release of pent-up emotions, and leave her deeply relaxed and in love with life.
Another friend, Ariane, weeps now and then out of self-pity, but more often her sobs are triggered by overwhelming beauty, like the sight of the last dragonfly of Indian summer alighting beside her as she gazes on Mt. Tamalpais at dusk and feels the first kick of the growing baby inside her belly.
Myself, I experience my tears as a well-earned triumph, whether they're driven by loss or fullness; they're the sign of the inner work I've done to feel things deeply.
Rambunctious singer Tom Waits is not known for his scientific research, but a few years ago he made a valuable contribution in the quest to measure sadness.
Holding a spoon to his cheek during an especially blue period of his life, he found that it takes 121 teardrops to fill a teaspoon.
Building on his work, I've discovered that crying for joy causes a spoon to overflow after only 98 tears, suggesting that they're bigger.
I invite you to do further studies on this subject. Tap into watery breakthroughs of several varieties, ranging from the relatively poignant to the outrageously sublime.
In Janet Fitch's novel *White Oleander*, a character makes a list of "twenty-seven names for tears," including "Heartdew. Griefhoney. Sadwater. Die tränen. Eau de douleur. Los rios del corazón."
(The last three can be translated as "The Tears," "Water of Pain," and "The Rivers of the Heart.")
I invite you to emulate this playfully extravagant approach to the art of crying. Now is an excellent time to celebrate and honor your sadness, as well as all the other rich emotions that provoke tears. You'll be wise to feel profound gratitude for your capacity to feel so deeply.
For best results, go in search of experiences and insights that will unleash the full cathartic power of weeping. Act as if empathy is a superpower.
BEHIND YOUR BACK
Behind your back, your imaginary friend is plotting with your inner child to overthrow your guilty conscience.
Meanwhile, your future self has time-traveled into the past to enlist the spirits of your ancestors in a plot to unlock your sleeping genius.
There's more: The superhero you used to fantasize about being when you felt most helpless has been brought to life by the mad scientist in your psyche's basement.
There's no way you can prevent them all from giving you a big crazy dose of assistance.
P.S. Your hair is mysterious.
READING THE SIGNS
Greek philosopher Plotinus wrote, "The stars are like letters that inscribe themselves at every moment in the sky. Everything in the world is full of signs. All events are coordinated. All things depend on each other. Everything breathes together."
Which prompts me to say: So it's not just the distant globes whose movements and relationships serve as divinatory clues. If you're sufficiently attuned to the gestalt of creation and pay close enough attention to its unfolding details, you can read the current mood of the universe in the arrangement of red onions in the grocery store bin or the fluttering of sunlight and shadow on the mimosa tree or the scatter of soap suds in your sink after you've finished washing the dishes.
Can you do it? Discern the signature of creation at this or any other perfect moment? Peer into the secret heart of the collective unconscious? Guess what the Goddess is thinking?
Hint: It will help if you keep working on transforming your imagination from a mere fantasy-generator into an organ of perception.
WHEN THE IMAGINATION IS POTENT
Some people put their faith in religion or science or political ideologies. English novelist J.G. Ballard placed his faith elsewhere: in the imagination.
"I believe in the power of the imagination to remake the world," he wrote, "to release the truth within us, to hold back the night, to transcend death, to charm motorways, to ingratiate ourselves with birds, to enlist the confidences of madmen."
How do you use the power of imagination to remake the world?
WANT TO GET YOUR ASTROLOGICAL CHART READ?
If you want your personal chart done, I recommend a colleague whose approach to reading astrology charts closely matches my own. She's my wife, RO LOUGHRAN. Her website is here.
Ro utilizes a blend of well-trained intuition, emotional warmth, and technical proficiency in horoscope interpretation. She is skilled at exploring the mysteries of your life's purpose and nurturing your connection with your own inner wisdom.
In addition to over 30 years of astrological experience, Ro has been a licensed psychotherapist for 17 years. She integrates psychological insight with astrology's cosmological perspective.
Ro is based in California, but can do phone consultations and otherwise work with you regardless of geographic boundaries.
Check out Ro's website.
HOPEPUNK
My work with the concept of pronoia has much in common with the newly minted concept of HOPEPUNK.
Alexandra Rowland writes: "Hopepunk says that genuinely and sincerely caring about something, anything, requires bravery and strength.
"Hopepunk isn't ever about submission or acceptance: It's about standing up and fighting for what you believe in.
"It's about standing up for other people. It's about DEMANDING a better, kinder world, and truly believing that we can get there if we care about each other as hard as we possibly can, with every drop of power in our little hearts."
YOUR HOLIEST DESIRE
I invite you to devote five minutes to visualizing the fulfillment of your holiest desire, followed by five minutes of visualizing the fulfillment of a loved one's holiest desire.
I WISH YOU BLESSINGS IN 2019
In 2019 I wish you joyous eruptions of profound gratification and gratitude; a constant flow of fluid insights and "ah-ha!" revelations that lead to cathartic integrations; a coming together of several different lucky trends, resulting in an exquisite healing; and captivating yet relaxing adventures that allow you to weave together diverse threads of your experience, inspiring you to feel at home in the world.
YOUR INSPIRATIONAL 2019 ANTHEM
I invite you to select a song that will serve as your inspirational anthem in 2019 -- an emotionally-enriching song that will help keep you focused on what's important, lift you up when you're dragging, and spark you to love life with compassionate ingenuity.
If you're so moved, provide a link to the theme song you choose so I can listen to it. (I'm always looking for new inspirational tunes!) Send it to me at Truthrooster@gmail.com
Civilization may be unraveling in a lot of areas; some of its structures may be collapsing; but it is also in the midst of a tremendous upheaval of creativity -- a flood of innovation and genius and love pouring out of millions upon millions of people -- a Great Awakening that is far louder and stronger and more interesting than the sleepy resignation and corrosive maliciousness and ignominious decline that the media prefers to focus on.
UNLEASH YOURSELF
Even if you don't call yourself an artist, you have the potential to be a dynamic creator who is always hatching new plans, coming up with fresh ideas, and shifting your approach to everything you do as you adjust to life's ceaseless invitation to change.
It's to this part of you -- the restless, inventive spirit -- that I address the following: Unleash yourself! Don't be satisfied with the world the way it is; don't sit back passively and blankly complain about the dead weight of the mediocre status quo.
Instead, call on your curiosity and charisma and expressiveness and lust for life as you tinker with and rebuild everything you see so that it's in greater harmony with the laws of love and more hospitable to your soul's code.
PROMISES TO YOURSELF
Take some paper and write "I am doing everything in my power to attract all the help and resources I need as I accomplish the following goal." Then compose a declaration that crisply describes exactly what satisfying, growth-inducing experiences you want most in 2019 -- and are willing to work hard for and even change yourself to attract, if necessary. Keep a copy of this magic formula under your pillow or in your wallet.
WHAT YOU DON'T HAVE TO DO
You don't have to be anything you don't want to be. You don't have to live up to anyone's expectations. There's no need to strive for a kind of perfection that's not very interesting to you. You don't have to believe in ideas that make you sad or tormented, and you don't have to feel emotions that others try to manipulate you into feeling.
YOUR GREATER FREEDOM
I wish I could do more than just fantasize about helping you achieve greater freedom.
In my dreams, I am obliterating delusions that keep you moored to false idols. I am setting fire to the unnecessary burdens you lug around. And I am tearing you away from the galling compromises you made once upon a time to please people who don't deserve it.
But it's actually a good thing I can't just wave a magic wand. Here's a much better solution: YOU will clarify your analysis of the binds you're in, supercharge your willpower, and set yourself free.
Resolved: In 2019, you will experience miracles at the rate of about one every two weeks.
WHAT WILL 2019 BRING?
"2019: we're hydrated, having good sex with people who deserve us, eating veggies, hiking, leaving behind toxic relationships, communicating our feelings, saying no, respecting the planet and the animals on it, spoiling ourselves with love, and smashing the patriarchy."
-Candace Reels,
the Female Collective
CONJURING BLESSINGS FOR YOURSELF
One of the blessings I hope you can conjure up in 2019 is a growing skill in the right use of memory. What would that involve exactly?
On the one hand, it would mean you'd cultivate a strong grasp of historical patterns; you'd be a keen student of the twists and turns of your own life's journey.
On the other hand, you wouldn't force every new event to be evaluated solely in terms of what has happened in the past; you'd recognize that some experiences may be mostly fresh.
Other ideas?
SURROUND YOURSELF
"Surround yourself with people whose eyes light up when they see you and who have no agenda for your reform."
-Jess Lair and Kirsten Lauzon
RE-INTERPRETATIONS
It may turn out that the "blemish" is actually essential to the beauty.
The "deviation" could be at the core of the strength.
The "wrong turn" might be crucial in getting you back on the path with heart."
MY WISHES FOR YOU
CHOOSE YOUR THOUGHTS?
"You need to learn how to select your thoughts just the same way you select your clothes every day. That's a power you can cultivate. If you want to control things in your life so bad, work on the mind. That's the only thing you should be trying to control."
— Elizabeth Gilbert

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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Northwest Pharmacy convention in Coeur d'Alene, Idaho; generally the first weekend in June.
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Anyone making a conscientious effort to scale back, consume less and live "green" has probably met with an irritating setback: It's not that easy. Advertisers may portray earth-friendly living as a kind of Zenlike simplicity, but the questions people must confront when attempting to make the greenest choices are often more likely to induce a headache than a feeling of oneness with the planet.
Consider, for instance, the question of whether to install a bamboo floor. The U.S. Green Building Council, the nonprofit that developed the Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design green-building standards, considers bamboo an eco-friendly product, so builders enrolled in the LEED program earn credits for using it. Because the treelike grass matures in just three years, harvesting it is deemed far more sustainable than logging hardwoods. Bamboo also regenerates without the need for replanting, and it can be grown without fertilizer or pesticides.
Many green builders consider Leahy's own product—structural insulated panels—to be superior to conventional framing because it offers excellent insulation, uses less lumber and generates less waste on the job site. The panels consist of a thick layer of polyurethane foam sandwiched between two slabs of engineered wood. Homes built with SIPs use much less energy, since the tight thermal seal created by the foam prevents heat loss. At the same time, some green purists point to polyurethane—a petroleum product—as being environmentally unfriendly, since it doesn't biodegrade. Engineered wood is also sometimes frowned upon.
• Matt Siegel, green-building director, WNC Green Building Council: "For every choice we have, there is not only a paper versus plastic, there's a paper versus corn-based plastic versus petroleum plastic versus reusable thicker petroleum plastic versus conventional local cotton versus organic cotton from India. Wow, all that just to get groceries home 'cause I forgot my backpack.
I'd be happy to speak with any of those "purists" out there as they are often misinformed. Fiberglass insulation is not biodegradeable yet I do not see them campaining against the most widely used insulation in the country. Nor is the spray foam insulation Icynene – also a petroleum based insulation and very popular with many builders in the area. Polyurethane insulation of the type used in Eco-Panels is in fact UV degradeable but this does require light exposure over very long periods of time (years).
Many people object to the use of polyurethane because it is a petroleum product, yet these people are also a bit hypocritical in their objections. Polyurethane is a BYPRODUCT of gasoline and fuel refining. To deny the use of byproducts of a manufacturing process is to simply be wasteful. And to complain about petroleum in general if you live in a traditionally built structure, drive a car, enjoy asphalt roads, take warm showers or shop at the grocery store is ignoring its every day use in our society.
In fact, an EMBODIED ENERGY study from Europe on rigid (closed cell) polyurethane foam insulation shows that the amount of energy required to produce polyurethane foam (from mining petroleum to transportation to refining, etc) is NEGLIGIBLE (much less than 1%) when compared with the ENERGY SAVED over the life of a home. Sadly this is akin to having a car that gets hundreds of miles per gallon and yet some people object to it. Only through education and an unbiased approach to the problem can we hope to solve our current energy crisis.
And back to bamboo, this article kind of glossed over the concerns expressed by myself or by Dr. Bowyer's article. I encourage you to read the "Only Thing Green About Bamboo…" article on my Eco-Blog at http://www.eco-panels.com. The most sustainable flooring we can have in WNC is from regional sustainably harvested forests.


So, thanks to everyone that voted for us, Code::Blocks is one of the finalists in SourceForge's Community Choice Awards . All you need to do now is head over to the voting page and vote once again for our favorite IDE .
Code::Blocks is a finalist in the Best Tool or Utility for Developers category.
Please make this thread sticky so that it doesn't get buried under new posts.
Also it'd be nice if we put a link on the main web page.
It's in the same line with TortoiseSVN and Filezilla!
Bah, TortoiseSVN is Windows only, and I have only used FileZilla a few times.
It would have been a more difficult decision if SPE had been there (sorry, but it's a lot more helpful for Python than Code::Blocks ).
And yes, SPE is a very cool ide. It is a dream to develop python code with it.


text:
No firefighters recruited for Rathfriland Fire Station in last year
Rathfriland Fire Station did not have any new firefighters recruited in the last 12 months.
Louise McDowell
louise.mcdowell@outlooknews.co.uk
Wednesday 19 June 2019 14:30
Rathfriland Fire Station is the only local station not to have recruited any firefighters in the past year, The Outlook can reveal.
Kilkeel, Banbridge and Dromore fire stations have all recruited firefighters in the past 12 months, however despite there being a reduction in the number of stationed firefighters at the Castle Street station by 25 per cent, no firefighters were recruited for Rathfriland.
The Northern Ireland Fire and Rescue Service (NIFRS) has now said there will be recruitment in the 2019/20 year, however UUP Councillor Jill Macauley said this would need to be "a substantial recruitment campaign to address the present reduced staffing levels the station is currently running with".
"The fact that the number of times Rathfriland Fire Station appliances have had to go out to a call has almost doubled in the past three years shows that there is without doubt the need for additional community firefighters.
"I am encouraged to see that they have forecasted to recruit in the incoming year, but this would need to be a substantial recruitment campaign to address the present reduced staffing levels the station is currently running with," she said.
Last year NIFRS said it was not recruiting at that time because a review into the second fire appliance at the station was being carried out.
Councillor Macauley said that Rathfriland is "a very well used station and they also provide back-up to a wide area around Mourne, South Down and beyond".
"These latest call-out figures would certainly back up our argument that it is vital we see the second appliance remain in Rathfriland Fire Station. Based on these positive developments and the fact that call-outs have seen a large increase, there is no doubt that the need to retain our second appliance is unquestionable.
"I would like to acknowledge the dedication and commitment of Rathfriland firefighters.
"They continued to deliver a prompt, high-quality and professional emergency response to many incidents in the local area over the years. They continue to provide the first-class fire and rescue service that we have come to expect from the men and women of NIFRS.
"Since the new station became fully operational in 2012, the refurbishment, expansion and modernisation of Rathfriland Fire Station has provided first-class training facilities to ensure we have the most highly-skilled firefighters to help protect our local community.
"I will most certainly be supporting our local crew to make sure we see the second appliance stay at Rathfriland station and encourage the NIFRS to invest and encourage more recruitment opportunities for our local community, making sure this valuable service has a secure and viable future," said Councillor Macauley.
In a statement to this newspaper last week, the NIFRS said they are continuing "to review our operational response model to ensure we deliver the most efficient and effective service to the public".
They said that the on-call duty system forms part of this review.
"In the last three years we have introduced on-call daytime only contracts in 13 stations. We have also introduced on-call banded contracts initially in Banbridge and Ballyclare Fire Stations, which targets availability during weekdays and weekends.
"This has brought improvements to availability and we have recently rolled this out to 30 on-call stations across Northern Ireland.
"We are currently operating a pilot in Downpatrick district which utilises three wholetime firefighters to support on-call service delivery across five station areas. This will be reviewed after six months," said a NIFRS spokesperson.
They also said that Dromore and Kilkeel stations have received trainees on banded contracts and that they will be operational this month, however admitted there has been "no recruitment at Rathfriland Fire Station this year" and that "no new contracts have been introduced to date".
A1 dual carriageway public inquiry to begin
Rathfriland Rangers Bordering on success
Mayobridge man ensures things will heat up as he makes Love Island fire pit
ATM company 'left with no choice' but to introduce 95p charge
County Down Outlook
8 Main Street, Rathfriland
BT34 5PS


text:
\section{Introduction}\label{sec:intro}

Studies of filesharing networks have shown that more than half of
participants share no files~\cite{adar00,Hughes05}.  Creating a
currency with which users can get paid for the service they provide
gives users an incentive to contribute.  Not surprisingly, scrip
systems have often been proposed to prevent such free-riding,
as well as to address resource-allocation problems more broadly.
For example,
KARMA used scrip to prevent free riding in P2P networks~\cite{karma03}
and Mirage~\cite{mirage} and Egg~\cite{egg} use scrip to allocate
resources in a wireless sensor network testbed and a grid respectively

Chun et al.~\cite{ng05} studied user behavior in a deployed scrip
system and observed that users tried various (rational) manipulations of
the auction mechanism used by the system.  Their observations suggest
that system
designers
will have to deal with game-theoretic concerns.
Game-theoretic analyses of scrip systems (e.g.,
\cite{johari06,scrip06,hens,scrip07}) have focused on Nash
equilibrium.
However, because Nash equilibrium explicitly excludes strategic behavior
involving more than one agent, it cannot deal with many of the
concerns of
systems designers.  One obvious concern is collusion among sets of
agents, but there are more subtle concerns.  In a P2P network, it is
typically easy for an agent to join the system under a number of
different identities, and then mount what has been called
a \emph{sybil attack} \cite{sybil}.  While these concerns are by now
well understood, their impact on a Nash equilibrium is not,
although there has been some work on the effects of multiple
identities in auctions~\cite{yokoo04}.
In this paper we examine the effects of sybils and
collusion on scrip systems.  We show that if such strategic
behavior is not taken into account, the performance of the system can
be significantly degraded; indeed the scrip system can fail
in such a way that
all agents even stop providing
service entirely.  Perhaps more
surprisingly, there are circumstances where sybils and collusion can
improve social welfare. Understanding the circumstances that lead to
these different outcomes is essential to the design of stable and
efficient scrip systems.

In scrip systems where each new user is given an initial amount
of scrip, there is an obvious benefit to creating sybils.
Even if this incentive is removed, sybils are still
useful: they can be used to increase the likelihood that an agent will be
asked to provide service, which makes it easier for him to earn
money.    This means that, in equilibrium, those agents who
have sybils will tend to spend less time without money  and those who
do not will tend to spend more time without money, relative to the
distribution of money if no one had
sybils.  This increases the utility of sybilling agents at the expense
of non-sybilling agents.  The overall effect is such that, if a large
fraction of the agents have sybils (even if each has only a few),
agents without sybils typically will do poorly.
From the perspective of an agent considering creating sybils,
the first few sybils can provide him with a significant benefit, but
the benefits of additional sybils
rapidly diminish.  So if a designer can make sybilling moderately
costly, the number of sybils actually created by rational agents will
usually be relatively small.

If a small fraction of agents have sybils, the situation is more
subtle.  Agents with sybils still do better than those without,
but the situation is not zero-sum.  In particular, changes in the
distribution of money can actually lead to a greater
total number of opportunities to earn money.  This, in turn, can
result in an increase in social welfare: everyone is better off.
However, exploiting this fact is generally not desirable.
The same process that leads to an
improvement in social welfare can also lead to a crash of the system,
where all agents stop providing service.
The system designer can
achieve the same effects  by increasing the average amount of
money or biasing the volunteer selection process, so
exploiting the possibility of sybils is generally not desirable.

Sybils create their effects by increasing the likelihood that an agent will
be asked to provide service;  our analysis of them does not depend
on why this increase occurs.  Thus, our analysis also applies to other
factors that increase demand for an agent's services, such as
advertising.  In particular, our results suggest that there are
tradeoffs involved in allowing advertising.
For example, many systems allow agents to announce their connection
speed and other similar factors.  If this biases requests towards
agents with high connection speeds even when agents with lower
connection speeds are perfectly capable of satisfying a particular
request, then agents with low connection speeds will have a
significantly worse experience in the system.  This also means that
such agents will have a strong incentive to lie about their connection
speed.

While
collusion in generally a bad thing, in the context of
scrip systems with fixed prices, it is almost entirely positive.
Without collusion, if
a user runs out of money he is unable to request service until he is
able to earn some.
However, a colluding group can pool there money so that all members
can make a request whenever the group as a whole has some money.
This increases
welfare for the agents who collude because
agents who have no money receive no service.

Furthermore, collusion tends to benefit the non-colluding agents
as well.  Since colluding agents work less often,
it is easier for everyone to earn money, which ends up making everyone
better off.  However, as with sybils, collusion does
have the potential of crashing the system if the average amount of
money is high.

While a designer should generally encourage collusion, we would expect
that in most systems there will be relatively little collusion and
what collusion exists will involve small numbers of agents.  After
all, scrip systems exist to try and resolve resource-allocation
problems where agents are competing with each other.  If they could
collude to optimally allocate resources within the group, they would
not need a scrip system in the first place.
However, many of the
benefits of collusion come from agents being allowed to effectively
have a negative amount of money (by borrowing from their collusive
partners).  These benefits could also be realized if agents are allowed
to borrow money, so designing a loan mechanism could be an important
improvement for a scrip system.  Of course, implementing such a loan
mechanism in a way that prevents abuse requires a careful design.

These results about sybils and collusion indicate their role in scrip
systems and in distributed and peer-to-peer systems more broadly is
poorly addressed by existing solution concepts.  We conclude by
discussing some of the open questions they raise.

\section{Model}\label{sec:model}

Our model of a scrip system is essentially that of
\cite{scrip07}.  There are $n$ agents in the system.
One agent can request a service which another
agent can volunteer to fulfill.  When a service is performed by agent
$j$ for agent $i$, agent $i$ derives some utility from having that
service performed, while agent $j$ loses some utility for performing
it.  The amount of utility gained by having a service performed and
the
amount lost by performing it may depend on the agent.
We assume that agents have a \emph{type} $t$ drawn from some finite set
$T$ of types.
We can describe the entire system
using the tuple
$(T,\vec{f},n,m)$, where $f_t$ is the fraction with type $t$, $n$ is
the total number of agents, and $m$ is the average amount of money
per agent.
In this paper, we consider only
\emph{standard agents}, whose type we can characterize by a tuple
$t = (\alpha_t, \beta_t, \gamma_t, \delta_t, \rho_t, \chi_t)$, where
\begin{itemize}
\item $\alpha_t$ reflects the cost of satisfying a request;
\item $\beta_t$ is the probability that the agent can satisfy a request
\item $\gamma_t$ measures the utility an agent gains for having a request
satisfied;
\item $\delta_t$ is the rate at which the agents discounts utility (so a
unit of utility in $k$ steps is worth only $\delta^{k/n}_t$ as much as
a unit
of utility now)---intuitively, $\delta_t$ is a measure of an agent's
patience (the larger $\delta_t$ the more patient an agent is, since a
unit of utility tomorrow is worth almost as much as a unit today);
\item $\rho_t$ represents the (relative) request rate (since not all
agents make requests at the same rate)%
---intuitively, $\rho_t$ characterizes an agent's need for service;
and
\item $\chi_t$ represents the relative likelihood of being chosen to
satisfy a request.  This might be because, for example, agents with
better connection speeds are preferred.
\end{itemize}
\noindent The parameter $\chi_t$ did not appear
in~\cite{scrip07}; otherwise the definition of a type is identical to
that of~\cite{scrip07}.

We model the system as running for an infinite number of rounds. In
each round, an agent is picked with probability proportional to
$\rho_t$ to request service: a
particular agent of type $t$ is chosen with
probability $\rho_t / \sum_{t'} f_{t'} n \rho_{t'}$. Receiving
service
costs some amount of scrip that we normalize to \$1. If the chosen
agent does not have enough scrip, nothing will happen in this round.
Otherwise, each agent of type $t$ is able to satisfy this request
with probability $\beta_t$, independent of previous behavior. If at
least one agent is able and willing to satisfy the request, and the
requester has type $t'$, then the requester gets a benefit of
$\gamma_{t'}$ utils (the job is done) and one of the volunteers is
chosen at random (weighted by the $\chi_t$) to fulfill the request.
If the chosen volunteer has type $t$, then that agent loses
$\alpha_t$ utils, and receives a dollar as payment. The utility of
all other agents is unchanged in that round. The total utility of an
agent is the discounted sum of the agent's round utilities. To model
the fact that requests will happen more frequently the more agents
there are, we assume that the time between rounds is $1/n$. This
captures the intuition that things are really happening in parallel
and that adding more agents should not change an agent's request
rate.

In our previous work
\cite{scrip06,scrip07}, we proved a number of results about this model:

\begin{itemize}

\item There is an ($\epsilon$-) Nash equilibrium where each agent
chooses a threshold $k$ and volunteers to work only when he has less
than $k$ dollars.
For this equilibrium, an agent needs no knowledge about other agents,
as long as he knows how often he will make a request and how often he
will be chosen to work (both of which he can determine empirically).

\item Social welfare is essentially proportional to the average number
of agents who have money, which in turn is determined by the types of
agents and the average amount of money the agents in the system have.

\item Social welfare increases as the average amount of money
increases, up to a certain point.  Beyond that point, the system
``crashes'':  the only
equilibrium is the trivial equilibrium where all agents have threshold
0.

\end{itemize}

Our proofs of these results relied on the assumption that all
types of agents shared common values of $\beta$, $\chi$, and $\rho$.
To model sybils and collusion, we need to remove this assumption.
The purpose of the assumption was to make each agent equally likely to
be chosen at each step, which allows entropy to be used to determine
the likelihood of various outcomes, just as in
statistical mechanics~\cite{jaynes}.  When the underlying distribution
is no longer uniform, entropy is no longer sufficient to analyze the
situation, but,
as we show here,
{\em relative entropy}~\cite{cover}
(which can be viewed as a generalization of entropy to allow
non-uniform underlying distributions)
can be used instead.
The essential connection is that where entropy can be interpreted as a
measure of the number of ways a distribution can be realized, relative
entropy can be interpreted as a weighted measure where some outcomes
are more likely to be seen than others.
While this connection is well understood and has been used to derive
similar results for independent random variables~\cite{csiszar84},
we believe
that
our application of the technique to a situation where the
underlying random variables are not independent is novel
and perhaps of independent interest.
Using relative entropy, all our previous results can be extended to
the general case.
The details of this extension are in the appendix.

This model does make a number of simplifying assumptions, but many
can be relaxed without changing the fundamental behavior of the
system (albeit at the cost of greater strategic and analytic
complexity).  For example, rather than all requests having the same
value $\gamma$, the value of a request might be stochastic.  This
would mean that an agent may forgo a low-valued request if he is low
on money.  This fact may impact the threshold he chooses and
introduces new decisions about which requests to make, but the overall
behavior of the system will be essentially unchanged.

A more significant assumption is that prices are fixed.  However,
our results provide insight even if we relax this assumption.  With
variable prices, the behavior of the system depends on the value of
$\beta$.  For large $\beta$, where there are a significant number of
volunteers to satisfy most requests, we expect the resulting
competition to effectively produce a fixed price, so our analysis
applies directly.  For small $\beta$, where there are few volunteers
for each request, variable prices can have a significant impact.
In particular, sybils and collusion are
more likely to result in inflation or deflation rather than a change in
utility.

However, allowing prices to be set endogenously, by bidding, has a number
of negative consequences.  For one thing, it
removes the ability of the system designer to optimize the system using
monetary policy. In addition, for small $\beta$, it makes it possible
for colluding agents to form a cartel to fix prices on a resource they
control.  It also greatly increases the strategic complexity of using
the system: rather than choosing a single threshold, agents need an
entire pricing scheme.
Finally, the search costs and costs of executing a transaction
are likely to be higher with variable prices.
Thus, in many cases we believe that adopting a fixed price or
a small set of fixed prices is a reasonable design decision.

\section{Sybils}\label{sec:sybil}

Unless identities in a system are tied to a real world identity (for
example by a credit card), it is effectively impossible to prevent a
single agent from having multiple identities~\cite{sybil}.
Nevertheless, there are a number of techniques that can make it
relatively costly for an agent to do so.  For example, Credence uses
cryptographic puzzles
to impose a cost each time a new identity wishes to
join the system \cite{credence}.  Given that a designer can impose
moderate costs to sybilling, how much more need she worry about the
problem?  In this section, we show that the gains from creating sybils
when others do not diminish rapidly, so modest costs
may well be sufficient to deter sybilling by typical users.
However, sybilling is a self-reinforcing phenomenon.  As the number
of agents with sybils gets larger, the cost to being a non-sybilling
agent increases and so the incentive to create sybils becomes stronger.
Therefore measures to discourage or prevent sybilling should be taken
early before this reinforcing trend can start.  Finally, we examine the
behavior of systems where only a small fraction of agents have sybils.
We show that under these circumstances a wide variety of outcomes are
possible (even when all agents are of a single type), ranging from a
crash (where no service is provided) to an
increase in social welfare.
This analysis provides insight into the tradeoffs between
efficiency and stability that occur when controlling the money supply
of the system's economy.

When an agent of type $t$ creates sybils, he does not change anything
about himself but rather how other agents percieve him.  Thus the only
change to his type might be an increase in $\chi_t$ if sybils cause
other agents to choose him more often.  We assume that each sybil is
as likely to be chosen as the original agent, so creating $s$ sybils
increases $\chi_t$ by $s \chi_t$.
(Sybils may have other impacts on the system, such as increased search
costs, but we expect these to be minor.)
The amount of benefit he derives from this depends on two
probabilities: $p_e$ (the probability he will earn a dollar this round
if he volunteers) and $p_s$ (the probability he will be chosen to
spend a dollar and there is another agent willing and able to satisfy
his request).  When $p_e < p_s$, the agent has more opportunities to
spend money than to earn money, so he will regularly have requests go
unsatisfied due to a lack of money.  In this case, the fraction of
requests he has satisfied is roughly $p_e / p_s$, so increasing
$p_e$ results in a roughly linear increase in utility.  When $p_e$ is
close to $p_s$, the increase in satisfied requests is no longer
linear, so the benefit of increasing $p_e$ begins to diminish.
Finally, when $p_e > p_s$, most of the agent's requests are being
satisfied so the benefit from increasing $p_e$ is very small.
Figure~\ref{fig:sybilben} illustrates an agent's utility as $p_e$
varies for $p_s = .0001$.%
\footnote{
Except where otherwise noted, this and other figures assume that $m =
4$, $n = 10000$ and there is
a single type of rational agent with $\alpha = .08$, $\beta = .01$,
$\gamma = 1$, $\delta = .97$, $\rho = 1$, and $\chi = 1$.
These values
are chosen solely for illustration, and are
representative of a broad range of parameter values.
The figures are based on calculations of the equilibrium behavior.
The algorithm used to find the equilibrium is described
in~\cite{scrip07}.}
We formalize the relationship between $p_e$, $p_s$, and utility in the
following theorem.

\begin{figure}
\begin{minipage}[b]{0.5\linewidth} %
\centering
\includegraphics[height=2.0in]{peps.eps}
\caption{The effect of $p_e$ on utility}
\label{fig:sybilben}
\end{minipage}
\hspace{0.5cm} %
\begin{minipage}[b]{0.5\linewidth}
\centering
\includegraphics[height=2.0in]{frac_sybils.eps}
\caption{The effect of sybils on utility}
\label{fig:sybilcost}
\end{minipage}
\end{figure}

\begin{theorem} \label{thm:peps}
Let $p_s$ be the probability that a particular agent is chosen to
make a request in a given round and there is some other agent willing
and able to satisfy it,
$p_e$ be the probability that the agent
earns a dollar given that he volunteers, $r = p_e / p_s$, and  $k$ be
the agent's strategy (i.e., threshold).   In the limit as the number of
rounds goes to
infinity, the fraction of the agent's requests that have an agent
willing and able to satisfy them that get satisfied is
$(r - r^{k+1}) / (1 - r^{k+1})$ if $r \neq 1$ and
$k / (k + 1)$ if $r = 1$.
\end{theorem}

\begin{proof}
Since we consider only requests that have another agent willing
and able to satisfy them, the request is satisfied whenever the
agent has a non-zero amount of money.
Since we have a fixed strategy and probabilities, consider the Markov
chain whose states
are  the amount of money the agent has and the transitions describe the
probability of the agent changing from one amount of money to another.
This Markov chain satisfies the requirements to have a stationary
distribution and it can be easily verified that the distribution
gives the agent  probability $r^i (1 - r) / (1 - r^{k+1})$ of having $i$
dollars if $r \neq 1$ and probability $1/(k+1$) if
$r = 1$~\cite{cover}.  This gives
the probabilities given in the theorem.
\end{proof}

Theorem~\ref{thm:peps} also gives insight into the
equilibrium behavior with sybils.  Clearly, if sybils have no
cost, then creating as many as possible is a dominant strategy.
However, in practice, we expect there is some modest overhead involved
in creating and maintaining a sybil, and that a designer can take steps
to increase this cost without unduly burdening agents.  With such a
cost, adding a sybil might be valuable if $p_e$ is much less than
$p_s$, and a net loss otherwise.  This makes sybils a
self-reinforcing phenomenon.  When a large number of agents create
sybils, agents with no sybils have their $p_e$ significantly
decreased.  This makes
them much worse off and makes sybils much more attractive to them.
Figure~\ref{fig:sybilcost} shows an example of this effect.
This self-reinforcing quality means it is important to take steps to
discourage the use of sybils before they become a problem.  Luckily,
Theorem~\ref{thm:peps} also suggests that a modest cost to create
sybils will often be enough to prevent agents from creating them
because with a well chosen value of $m$, few agents should have low
values of $p_e$.

We have interpreted Figures~\ref{fig:sybilben}~and~\ref{fig:sybilcost}
as being about changes in $\chi$ due to sybils, but the results hold
regardless of what caused differences in $\chi$.  For example, agents
may choose a volunteer based on characteristics such as connection
speed or latency.
If these characteristics are
difficult to verify and do impact decisions, our results show that
agents have a strong incentive to lie about them.
This also suggests that the decision about what sort of information
the system should enable agents to share involves tradeoffs.  If
advertising legitimately allows agents to find better service or more
services they may be interested in, then advertising can increase social
welfare.  But if
these characteristics impact decisions but have little impact on the
actual service, then allowing agents to advertise them can lead to a
situation like that in Figure~\ref{fig:sybilcost}, where some agents
have a significantly worse experience.

\begin{figure}
\begin{minipage}[b]{0.5\linewidth} %
\centering
\includegraphics[height=2.0in]{num_sybils2.eps}
\caption{Sybils can improve utility}
\label{fig:sybilsmall}
\end{minipage}
\hspace{0.5cm} %
\begin{minipage}[b]{0.5\linewidth}
\centering
\includegraphics[height=2.0in]{m_sybils.eps}
\caption{Sybils can cause a crash}
\label{fig:sybilcrash}
\end{minipage}
\end{figure}

We have seen that when a large fraction of agents have sybils, those
agents without sybils tend to be starved of opportunities to work.
However, as we saw in Figure~\ref{fig:sybilcost}, when a small
fraction of agents have sybils this effect (and its corresponding
cost) is small.  Surprisingly, if there are few agents with sybils,
an increase in the number of sybils these agents have can actually
result in a \emph{decrease} of their effect on the other agents.
Because agents with sybils are more likely to be chosen to satisfy any
particular request, they are able to use lower thresholds and reach
those thresholds faster than they would without sybils,
so fewer are competing to satisfy any given
request.  Furthermore, since agents with sybils can almost always pay
to make a request, they can provide more opportunities for other agents
to satisfy requests
and earn money.  Social welfare is essentially proportional to
the number of satisfied requests (and is exactly proportional to it if
everyone shares the
same values of $\alpha$ and $\gamma$), so a small number of agents
with a large number of sybils can improve social welfare, as
Figure~\ref{fig:sybilsmall} shows.
Note that this is not necessarily
a Pareto improvement.
For the choice of parameters
in this example, social welfare increases when
the agents create at least two sybils, but agents without sybils are
worse off unless the agents with sybils create at least eight sybils.
As the number of agents with sybils increases, they are forced to
start competing with each other for opportunities to earn money and so
are forced to adopt higher thresholds and this benefit disappears.
This is what causes the discontinuity in Figure~\ref{fig:sybilcost} when
approximately a third of the agents have sybils.

This observation about the discontinuity also suggests another way to
mitigate the negative effects of sybils:
increase the amount of money in the system.
This effect can be seen in Figure~\ref{fig:sybilcrash}, where for $m =
2$ social welfare is very low with sybils but by $m = 4$ it is higher
than it would be without sybils.

Unfortunately, increasing the average amount of money has its own
problems.
Recall from Section~\ref{sec:model} that, if the average amount of money
per agent is too high, the system will crash.
It turns out that just a small number of agents creating
sybils can have the same effect, as
Figure~\ref{fig:sybilcrash} shows.
With no sybils, the point at which social welfare stops increasing and
the system crashes is between $m = 10.25$ and $m = 10.5$.
If one fifth of the agents each create a single sybil, the
system crashes if $m=9.5$,
a point where, without sybils, the social welfare was near optimal.
Thus, if the system designer tries to induce optimal behavior without
taking sybils into account, the system will crash.
Moreover, because of the possibility of a crash,
raising $m$ to tolerate more sybils is  effective only if $m$
was already set conservatively.

This example shows that there is a significant tradeoff between
efficiency and stability.  Setting the money supply high can
increase social welfare, but at the price of making the system less
stable. Moreover, as the following theorem shows, whatever
efficiencies can be achieved with sybils can be achieved without
them, at least if there is only one type of agent. The theorem does
require a technical condition similar in spirit to
{\em $N$-replica economies}~\cite{mascolell} to rule out transient
equilibria that exist only for limited values of $n$.
In our results, we are interested in systems $(T,\vec{f},n,m)$ where
$T$, $\vec{f}$, and $m$ are fixed, but $n$ varies.  This leads to a
small technical problem: there are values of $n$ for which $\vec{f}$
cannot be the fraction of agents of each type nor can $m$ be the
average
amount of money (since, for example, $m$ must be a multiple of
$1/n$).  This technical concern can be remedied in a variety of ways;
the approach we adopt is one used in the literature on $N$-replica
economies

\begin{definition} \rm \label{def:size}
A strategy profile $\vec{k}$ is an \emph{asymptotic equilibrium} for
a system $(T,\vec{f},n,m)$ if for all
$n'$ such that $n'= cn$ for integer $c > 0$,
$\vec{k}$ is a Nash equilibrium for $(T,\vec{f},n',m)$.\vrule height7pt width4pt depth1pt\end{definition}

Consider a system where all agents have the same type $t$.
Suppose that some subset of the agents have created sybils, and all the
agents in the subset have created the same number of sybils.  We can
model this by simply taking the agents in the subsets to have a new type
$s$, which is identical to $t$ except that the value of $\chi$ increases.
Thus, we state our results in terms of systems with two types of agents,
$t$ and $s$.

\begin{theorem} \label{thm:equivalent}
Suppose that $t$ and $s$ are two types that agree except for the value of
$\chi$, and that $\chi_t < \chi_s$.
If $(k_t,k_s)$ is an asymptotic equilibrium for
$(\{t,s\},\vec{f},m)$ with social welfare $x$, then there exists an
$m'$ and $n'$ such that $(k_s)$ is an asymptotic equilibrium for
$(\{ t \}, \{ 1 \}, n', m')$ with social welfare at least $x$. \end{theorem}

\begin{proof}
We show this by finding an $m'$ such that agents in the second system
that play some strategy $k$ get essentially the same utility that an
agent with sybils would by playing that strategy in the first system.
Since $k_s$ was the optimal strategy for agents with sybils in the
first system, it must be optimal in the second system as well.
Since agents with sybils have greater utility than those without
(they could always avoid volunteering some fraction of the time to
effectively lower $\chi_s$), social welfare will be
at least as high in the second system as in the first.

Once strategies are fixed, an agent's utility depends only on
$\alpha_t$, $\gamma_t$, $\delta_t$, $p_s$,
 and $p_e$.
  The first three are
constants.  Because the equilibrium is asymptotic, for sufficiently
large $cn$, almost every request by an agent with money is satisfied
(the expected number of agents wishing to volunteer is a constant
fraction of $cn$). Therefore, $p_s$ is essentially $1/cn$, his
probability of being chosen to make a request.  With fixed
strategies, any value of $p_e$ between 0 and $\beta_t$ can be
achieved by taking the appropriate $m'$.  Take $m'$ such that, if
every agent in the second system plays $k_s$, the resulting $p_e$
will be the same as the agents with sybils had in the original
equilibrium. Note that $p_s$ may decrease slightly because fewer
agents will be willing to volunteer, but we can take $n' = cn$ for
sufficiently large $c$ to make this decrease arbitrarily small. \end{proof}

The analogous result for systems with more than one type of agent is
not true.  Consider the situation shown in
Figure~\ref{fig:sybilcost}, where forty percent of the agents have
two sybils.  With this population, social welfare is lower than if
no agents had sybils. However, the same population could be
interpreted simply as having two different types, one of whom is
naturally more likely to be chosen to satisfy a request.  In this
situation, if the agents less likely to be chosen created exactly
two sybils each, the each agent would then be equally likely to be
chosen and social welfare would increase.
While changing $m$ can change the relative quality of the two
situations, a careful analysis of the proof of
Theorem~\ref{thm:equivalent} shows that, when each population is
compared using its optimal value of $m$, social welfare is greater
with sybils.
While situations like this
show that it is theoretically possible for sybils to increase social
welfare beyond what is possible by adjusting the average amount of
money, this outcome seems unlikely in practice. It relies on
agents creating just the right number of sybils. For situations
where such a precise use of sybils would lead to a significant
increase in social welfare, a designer could instead improve social
welfare by biasing the algorithm agents use for selecting which
volunteer will satisfy the request.

\section{Collusion}\label{sec:collusion}

Agents that collude gain two major benefits.  The primary benefit is
that they can share money, which simultaneously makes them less likely
to run out of money and be unable to make a request and allows them to
pursue a joint strategy for determining when to work.  The secondary
benefit, but important in particular for larger collusive groups, is
that they can satisfy each other's requests.  The effects of collusion
on the rest of the system depend crucially on whether agents are
able to volunteer to satisfy requests when they personally cannot
satisfy the request but one of their colluding partners can.  In a
system where a request is for computation, it seems relatively
straightforward for an agent to pass the computation to a partner to
perform and then pass the answer back to the requester.  On the other
hand, if a request is a piece of a file it seems less plausible that
an agent would accept a download from someone other than the person he
expects and it seems wasteful to have the chosen volunteer download it
for the sole purpose of immediately uploading it.  If it is possible
for colluders to pass off requests in this fashion, they are able to
effectively act as sybils for each other, with all the consequences we
discussed in Section~\ref{sec:sybil}.  However, if agents can
volunteer only for requests they can personally satisfy, the effects of
collusion are almost entirely positive.

Since we have already discussed the consequences of sybils, we will
assume that agents are able to volunteer only to satisfy requests that
they personally can satisfy.
Furthermore, we make the simplifying assumption that agents that
collude are of the same type, because if agents of different types
collude their strategic decisions become more complicated.  For
example, once the colluding group has accumulated a certain amount of
money it may wish to have only members with small values of
$\alpha$ volunteer to satisfy requests.  Or when it is low on money it
may wish to deny use of money to members with low values of $\gamma$.
This results in strategies that involve sets of thresholds rather than
a single threshold, and while nothing seems fundamentally different
about the situation, it makes calculations significantly more difficult.

With these assumptions, we now examine how colluding agents will
behave.
Because colluding agents share money and types, it is irrelevant which
members actually perform work and have money.  All that matters is the
total amount of money the group has.  This means that when the group
needs money, everyone in the group volunteers for a job.  Otherwise no
one does.  Thus, the group essentially acts like a single
agent, using a threshold
which will be
somewhat less than the sum of the thresholds
that the individual agents
would have used,
because it is less likely that $c$ agents will make $ck$ requests in
rapid succession than a single agent making $k$.  Furthermore, some
requests will not require scrip at all because they can potentially be
satisfied by other members of the colluding group.
When deciding whether the
group should satisfy a member's request or ask for an outside
volunteer to fulfill it, the group must decide whether it should pay a
cost of $\alpha$ to avoid spending a dollar.  Since not spending a
dollar is effectively the same as earning a dollar, the decision is
already optimized by the threshold strategy; the group should always
attempt to satisfy a request internally unless it is in a temporary
situation where the group is above its threshold.

\begin{figure}[htb]
\centering \epsfig{file=num_collusion2.eps, height=2.0in}
\caption{The effect of collusion on utility}
\label{fig:numcollusion}
\end{figure}

Figure~\ref{fig:numcollusion} shows an example of the effects of
collusion on agents' utilities as the size of collusive groups
increases.  As this figure suggests, the effects typically go through
three phases.  Initially, the fraction of requests colluders satisfy
for each other is small.  This means that each collusive group must
work for others to pay for almost every request its members make.
However, since they share money, the colluders do not have to work as
often as individuals would.  Thus, other agents have more
opportunity to work, and every agent's $p_e$ increases,
making all agents better off.

As the number of colluders increases,
the fraction of requests they satisfy internally grows significant.
We can think of $p_s$ as decreasing in this case, and view these
requests as being satisfied ``outside'' the scrip system because no
scrip changes hands.
This is good for colluders,
but is bad for other agents whose $p_e$ is lower
since fewer requests are being made.  Even in this range,
non-colluding agents still tend to be better off than if
there were no colluders because the overall competition for
opportunities to work is still lower.  Finally, once the collusive
group is large enough, it will have a low $p_s$ relative to $p_e$.
This means the collusive group can use a very low threshold which
again begins improving utility for all agents.  The equivalent
situation with sybils was transitory and disappeared when more agents
created sybils.
However,
this low threshold is an inherent
consequence of colluders satisfying each other's requests, and so
persists and even increases as the amount of collusion in the system
increases.
Since collusion is difficult to maintain (the problem of incentivizing
agents to contribute is the whole point of using scrip), we would
expect the size of collusive groups seen in practice to be relatively
small.  Therefore, we expect that for most systems collusion will be
Pareto improving.  Note that, as with sybils, this decreased
competition can also lead to a crash.  However, if the system designer
is monitoring the system and encouraging and expecting collusion she
can reduce $m$ appropriately and prevent a crash.

These results also suggest that creating the
ability to take out loans (with an appropriate interest rate) is
likely to be beneficial.
Loans gain the benefits of reduced competition without the
accompanying cost of fewer requests being made in the system.
However, implementing a loan mechanism requires addressing a number of
other incentive problems.  For example, {\em whitewashing}, where
agents take on a new identity (in this case to escape debts) needs to
be prevented~\cite{FrR01}.

\section{Conclusion}\label{sec:conclusion}

We have seen that sybils are generally bad for social welfare in scrip
systems, and that where they are beneficial the same results can be
achieved without sybils by increasing the amount of money or biasing
volunteer selection in the
system.  On the other hand, collusion tends to be a net benefit and
should be encouraged.  Indeed, the entire purpose of the system is to
allow users to collude and provide each other with service despite
incentives to free ride.  Beyond the context of scrip systems, these
results raise questions about game-theoretic analysis of distributed
and peer-to-peer systems more generally.

Many solution concepts that consider joint strategic behavior have
been proposed.
Solution concepts that require that no collusive group have an
incentive to deviate,
such as \emph{strong} Nash equilibrium~\cite{strong} and
\emph{coalition-proof} Nash equilibrium~\cite{cpne},
are well known.
More recently, the possibility that colluding agents might be
malicious or simply behave in an unpredictable fashion has been
considered.  $k$-fault tolerant Nash equilibrium requires that a each
agent's strategy is still optimal even if up to $k$ agents
behave in an arbitrary fashion~\cite{eliaz02}. The BAR model has three
types of agents: Byzantine, rational, and obedient ``altruistic''
agents who will follow the given protocol even if it is not
rational~\cite{bargames,bargossip}.
$(k,t)$-robustness
combines both these directions with the possibility that $k$ agents
may behave arbitrarily and $t$ agents may collude~\cite{ADGH06}.

The possibility of
creating sybils has received
significantly less attention and is more unique to distributed and
peer-to-peer systems.
Sybils
can have a tremendous impact on the efficiency of the system and
understanding the incentives involved in creating them is crucial to
managing them appropriately.  Finding a solution concept that accounts
for sybils in a rigorous fashion is still an open question.

Collusion is beneficial for most scrip systems, but in a way that is
poorly suited for most solution concepts that address it. Existing
solution concepts look for strategies that remain stable in the
presence of collusion.  For example, $k-t$ robustness allows $t$
agents to collude and then requires that other agents have no
incentive to change their strategy.  Our results have shown
that agents do have an incentive to change their strategies in
response, which means that no equilibrium exists according to these
solution concepts.  While the particular equilibrium strategies
change, scrip systems are still stable (and in fact improved) in the
presence of collusion.  Existing solution concepts that address
collusion are inadequate in cases where collusion is beneficial.

\bibliographystyle{abbrv}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaArXiv


A new mobile driver-rider app, known as CarXie, is set for launch in the country.
Security of both driver and rider is the fulcrum of the app, according to the CarXie Operations Director, Chinedu Amadi, who unveiled the new product to the media in Lagos, recently.
Amadi said the CarXie app, which was developed in Nigeria in collaboration with foreign partners, would be launched at City Mall, Onikan Lagos on July 27. On the launch day, there would be a seminar on defensive driving, which is designed to enhance the driving skills of CarXie drivers and of other drivers.
He said the app was conceptualised with features that make car theft and kidnapping impracticable, explaining that "a rider is expected to issue his Bank Verification Number (BVN), as a means of social identification, each vehicle is automatically tracked, and voice chats are possible during rides.
CarXie, he said was another opportunity for Nigerians to patronise made for Nigeria goods and services; utilising international collaborations to deliver goods and services that are focused to address the needs of the Nigerian populace with reference to mobile transportation. He advised that Nigerians should download the CarXie App in any of these two categories – as a driver or cab owner, a rider or a partner.
CarXie is conceptualised to be beneficial to any category you download. CarXie Executive programme was inspired to create additional employment to the Nigerian people by opening CarXie outlets for Vehicle and Driver registrations and inspections, with the benefit of earning commissions through their services.


text:
FACEBOOK AT WORK? COUNTDOWN SAYS YES!
Countdown has been recognised for encouraging Facebook use at work having won the award in the internal communications category for its hugely successful launch of Workplace by Facebook at the Annual PRINZ Gala Awards Dinner.
Countdown was the first business in New Zealand to adopt Facebook's innovative internal communications tool which is designed to make it easier for people to connect, and that is exactly what it has done for more than 8800 of Countdown's store team who have joined so far.
In February, Countdown was also presented with an Innovation Award at the Workplace Australia and New Zealand Transform Conference. Both awards acknowledge Countdown's initiative work to bring its diverse team together, who aren't in front of a computer with access to email all day.
Dan Chasemore, Countdown's internal communications manager, said the roll-out of Workplace by Facebook has helped connect the Countdown team from all around New Zealand, from Waitangi to Invercargill. It also meant that team members can now easily and directly engage with leaders – including Countdown's managing director, as well as the wider business in an open and constructive way.
"Workplace by Facebook has been very successful for us with people continuing to sign up to the platform every day," said Chasemore. "We're seeing a much more conversational culture with our team as they engage with each other, sharing the exciting news, and even help each other with problem solving in a really easy and instant way. This is critical with such a diverse team that is located all across New Zealand."
Workplace by Facebook is designed to have a similar look and feel to Facebook, however employees sign on with a different username and password, and you don't add your colleagues as friends, although you can 'follow' them.
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text:
blog home Criminal Defense New Surveillance in Long Beach an Invasion of Privacy?
New Surveillance in Long Beach an Invasion of Privacy?
By Joseph Low on December 24, 2012 - Comments off
According to the Long Beach Post, the East Anaheim Street Business Alliance (EASBA) debuted two new surveillance cameras at a public event, at which they also announced the plan to install two additional surveillance cameras over the course of the next couple of years. This is the beginning of a trend in the Long Beach area.
In August 2012, the Long Beach Police Department launched the Long Beach Common Operating Picture (LBCOP) program which connects more than 400 surveillance cameras in the Long Beach area (both private and public), a resource that the Police Department can use. But the use of all these cameras has drawn concerns from the American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU).
The ACLU claims that the Long Beach Police Department's ability to tap into such a wide range surveillance system is an invasion of privacy. Without clear guidelines and a firmly drawn line as to how such a system may be used, it could potentially "[evolve] into a surveillance monster," effecting the basic right and experience of every American to go out in public. The use of the surveillance system, according to the ACLU "carries very real dangers of abuse…"
The Long Beach Police Department takes these concerns seriously and insists that the cameras would only be used to help them apprehend suspects of criminal activity. But, even in this scenario, could such a vast resource lead to misinterpretation and mistakes?
Surveillance cameras do help in the prevention and resolution of criminal offenses, but that does not mean that cameras are always right and it doesn't mean that they are immune to tampering.
If you have been accused of a crime in Long Beach, remember that you have legal rights. Officers and/or prosecutors may tell you that they have video proof against you and that you don't have a chance, but that is not true. At The Law Firm of Joseph H. Low IV, experienced Long Beach criminal defense attorney Joseph Low believes in your side of the story and can help protect your legal rights. To discuss your situation, call us today for a free consultation at (888) 454-5569.
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text:
Party in Focus: People's Democratic Party (PDP)
PDP General Secretary Sonam Jatso speaks to Business Bhutan reporter Dechen Dolkar on the case DNT filed against the party, PDP's expectations from the next elections, candidates and much more.
1.The elections 2018 is approaching and as one of the strongest parties currently, what expectations does PDP have?
Answer: Of course, we all hope for the best. We know that our people will participate in every election responsibly—and as an elected party that is best prepared to serve our Tsawa Sum from day one.
We have worked hard and served our Tsawa Sum with utmost dedication, loyalty and integrity. And we will continue to serve in the same manner till the last day of our term in office. Today, if we look at the state of our nation, we are much better off than four and a half years ago. Our economy has recovered and is growing at an impressive pace. We all understand the importance of our economy. When it gets into trouble, it hurts us all. Our people and businesses now have access to Indian Rupees and loans—and have benefited and continue to benefit from the reduction in interest rates. We have lifted the ban on almost all imports. Our Economic Stimulus Plan brought in Rs. 5bn, which is a huge amount, and is benefiting many entrepreneurs, especially in the rural areas and among our unemployed youth. We have put special focus on rural development by blacktopping the Gewog roads, building farm roads and irrigation facilities, providing power tillers, electric and solar fencing, farm shops, Gewog banks, 100-unit free electricity, tax exemption to small shops and businesses in rural areas, an excavator and a backhoe to each Dzongkhag to maintain Gewog and farm roads, and so on. All these are having immediate and direct impact on our people in rural areas and farming villages. Through Waangtse Chirpel, we have empowered and continue to empower our local governments. Waangtse Chirpel together with the implementation of Annual Performance Agreement throughout the government has enabled us to complete almost all major projects of the 11th Five Year Plan (11 FYP), within the first four years. Two major initiatives: widening East-West Highway and establishment of Central Schools that are outside the 11FYP are benefiting all our people. In particular, the Central Schools are benefiting the common people in every remote corner of our nation. And the Helicopter service has saved many precious lives. We cannot put a value to human life. We have also improved our relationship with our neighbors including the state governments of West Bengal and Assam.
Tha Damtse is the most important value for all Bhutanese and we remain hopeful that our people will keep Tha Damtse with us and have us continue to serve beyond 2018.
2.How many candidates, confirmed and prospective, does the party have right now?
Answer: We have 33 MPs and 16 new candidates (including candidates to replace Hon'ble Speaker and Lyonpo Mingbo Dukpa who will not be contesting in the next elections) ready for 2018. We have most of the 16 new candidates confirmed except in a few constituencies in which we have more than one good aspiring candidate.
3.Will all the 33 present MPs come back in 2018?
Answer: It will all depend on their performance as serving MPs and the feedback and nomination the party receives from their respective constituencies. At the end of the term, there will be a proper assessment and consultation with all concerned. Accordingly, decisions will be made.
4.What is the status of the 14 empty seats for the PDP?
Answer: We have good candidates for all 14+2 constituencies. In a few constituencies, we actually have more than one good candidate. We are really excited about our new candidates. They are highly qualified with good track record and work experience—and they are also good people with great values and commitment to serve.
5.What major challenges does the party foresee and how would you go about it?
Answer: Four or five political parties are going to attack us. We will be their common target. In spite of our government's impressive achievements, they may try to misinform the electorate, especially in rural areas and young minds. This is a concern for us as majority of our people still live in rural areas. We are also concerned about the growing number of unfair attacks and misinformation being spread by anonymous accounts in social media. This is going to get only worse as we get more closer to 2018 elections. We will try our best to clarify and call out those who spread such misinformation. We are also hopeful that the responsible citizens of our nation will not allow any party or candidate to win on the basis of such misinformation and mudslinging personal attacks.
On our part, we will go with a positive campaign without resorting to personal attacks, mudslinging, etc. We'll talk about our government's achievements and our hopes and aspirations to continue to serve the Tsawa Sum with complete loyalty, hard work and integrity.
6.What are PDP's strengths?
Answer: We have many. First and foremost, we have served our Tsawa Sum with utmost dedication, hard work, loyalty and integrity. Our government has made impressive achievements. We have gone beyond what is in 11FYP and have made a positive impact in every Bhutanese citizen's life. We have achieved almost all our 2013 election pledges and have won the trust of our people as the party that delivers on its promises.
Our other strength is the proven leadership of our party president, Dasho Tshering Tobgay. He has served and continues to serve our Tsawa Sum with complete loyalty, integrity, hard work and humility. Our leader has done all Bhutanese proud both within the country and abroad.
Our people may also find strength in our philosophy and the way we have governed during the last four years: with integrity, humility, fairness, and hard work—and above all, without dividing our people. We have been a government of all people and served without nepotism and favoritism.
People will also find strength in our team of our highly qualified, experienced and responsible candidates for 2018 elections. And once again we will have a great manifesto.
7.Do you see Bhutan-Kuen-Nyam Party (BKP) as a strong contender now that Dasho Neten Zangmo has joined the party?
Answer: We are the first registered political party in Bhutan and we have learned from the past two elections. We don't take any other contesting political party for granted. We will work hard to compete with any and all contesting political parties in 2018.
8.How is PDP government approaching the ongoing case filed by the DNT in the High Court?
Answer: We will let the due process of law take its own course. The Office of Attorney General is dealing with it. No provisions of Constitution have been violated and our intentions are very clear. We have complete faith in our judiciary and other institutions of checks and balance.
9.There are rumors that you will be contesting from Lhuntse in 2018? Similarly is PDP is looking for a new General Secretary (GS) as you will be a candidate?
Answer: Yes, I am exploring to contest from Gangzur-Minjey constituency (upper Kurtoed) including the Gewogs of Khoma and Kurtoed. Before making a final decision, I wish to consult and seek advice from as many people from my constituency and beyond as possible. Yes, we are looking for a new GS for the party.
PrevLives in penury
BBIN issue was politicized heavily – PMNext


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text:
title: Filtering
page_title: Filtering - RadComboBox
description: Check our Web Forms article about Filtering.
slug: combobox/functionality/filtering
tags: filtering
published: True
position: 0
---

# Filtering

The filtering functionality is enabled through the **Filter** property. The following values could be assigned:

* **None** - this is the default value. No filtering is performed.

* **Contains** - returns all items which Texts' values contain the searched text as a substring:

![ComboBox Filter Contains](images/combobox_filter_contains.png)

* **StartsWith** - returns all items which texts start with the searched text:

![ComboBox Filter Starts With](images/combobox_filter_startswith.png)

>note
* Filtering is NOT case sensitive;
*  **CheckBox** functionality is NOT supported in combination with filtering. The reason is that the CheckBox selection is different from the standard RadComboBox's selection - there is no single selected item.
>

## Setting the Filter server-side

````C#

protected void Page_Load(object sender, EventArgs e)
{
	RadComboBox1.Filter = RadComboBoxFilter.StartsWith;
}

````
````VB.NET

Protected Sub Page_Load(ByVal sender As Object, ByVal e As EventArgs)

	RadComboBox1.Filter = RadComboBoxFilter.StartsWith

End Sub

````

## Setting the Filter inline

````ASPNET
<telerik:radcombobox id="RadComboBox1" filter="Contains" runat="server"></telerik:radcombobox>
````

## Controlling the appearance of the Filter

To control the appearance of the filtered items (their **`<EM>`** elements), the following CSS classes should be altered:

````ASPNET
<style type="text/css">
	div.RadComboBoxDropDown_Sunset em
	{
		font-style: normal;
		font-weight: bold;
	}
	div.RadComboBoxDropDown_Sunset .rcbItem em
	{
		background: Yellow;
	}
</style>
````

>note Sunset is the name of the Skin that the RadComboBox is currently using. You need to change it with the name of the skin that you use.
>

The result is:

![ComboBox Filter Styled](images/combobox_filter_control_appearance.png)

>tip If you use **ItemsTemplate** the filtering will still work, but the matching text portion will not be highlighted (the **`<EM>`** element will be not added).
>

## How does the filtering work?

When you enable filtering (by setting the **Filter** property to either **Contains** or **StartsWith**) and you start typing in the input area of the combobox, the items that do not match are hidden by the client-side function **set_visible(false)**. They are visually invisible, but they do persist on the server. The items that do match the search text have **`<EM>`** element added within their text.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
Il Bedford TJ è un veicolo commerciale per servizio medio prodotto da Bedford dal 1958 al 1975. Era una modernizzazione della precedente gamma Bedford TD.

La produzione per i mercati di esportazione durò però fino al 1986, quando divenne molto popolare e divenne una leggenda nei paesi in via di sviluppo. Dopo che Bedford fu rilevata da AWD, la produzione continuò fino al 1992 e poi in numero limitato da Marshall SPV fino al 1998.

Storia

Il Bedford TJ iniziò a essere prodotto nel 1958 come nuovo modello di autocarro con cofano dell'azienda ed era una versione modernizzata della serie Bedford TD, modellata sul camion americano Chevrolet Advance Design. Il camion TJ è stato prodotto in molte versioni, dai pickup leggeri ai veicoli pesanti, con carichi utili fino a 6-8 tonnellate. Sfortunatamente, a causa del loro stile relativamente datato e presumibilmente dal momento che i camion con cofano stavano perdendo il favore in questi anni, la serie TJ non era molto popolare nel Regno Unito e non vendeva in gran numero, ad eccezione dell'AA e dell'ufficio postale Telefoni, Holland's Pies nel Lancashire ha utilizzato una grande flotta di furgoni TJ fino agli anni '80, noti per essere tenuti in condizioni molto pulite, e il TJ era spesso chiamato "furgone olandese" nel Lancashire.

Le versioni più leggere (J0) condividevano lo stesso motore a benzina della Vauxhall Cresta, che offriva prestazioni relativamente buone, sebbene non potesse far fronte molto bene a carichi superiori a 800-900 kg. Le varianti più pesanti utilizzavano lo stesso motore della serie Bedford TD. Nei mercati di esportazione, in particolare in paesi come India, Bangladesh, Pakistan e altri paesi in via di sviluppo, il TJ ha venduto in gran numero, grazie alla sua affidabilità e al prezzo relativamente basso rispetto alla concorrenza. Nel 1975, la TJ fu ritirata dal mercato del Regno Unito e segnò l'ultimo veicolo di Bedford nel segmento. I camioncini e i furgoni J0 e J1 furono sostituiti dai furgoni Bedford CF, ma le versioni pesanti (J2 e superiori) rimasero senza un successore.

Dopo il 1975, il TJ è stato offerto solo per l'esportazione, dove ha avuto un discreto successo, tuttavia, durante gli anni '80, le esportazioni in paesi come l'Australia e la Nuova Zelanda si sono fermate, poiché era chiaro che questi camion erano molto obsoleti e non potevano competere più sul mercato, tuttavia, ha continuato la produzione per l'esportazione nei paesi in via di sviluppo. Dopo il 1986, lo stabilimento di Dunstable fu venduto a David JB Brown e divenne AWD Trucks. La produzione del TJ è continuata con il badge AWD Bedford. Dopo che Marshall SPV ha acquistato AWD Trucks, hanno continuato a produrre la serie TJ, ma in numero limitato. Gli ultimi camion TJ sono stati costruiti nel 1998, quando è stato effettuato un ordine per 100 camion da esportare in Kenya.

Pakistan
In Pakistan, il J5/6 è molto popolare e domina il traffico veicolare commerciale. Ha uno status di culto tra i conducenti ed è noto per la sua potenza, affidabilità e durata. Oltre il 50% dei camion in Pakistan sono veicoli Bedford.

India
Una società indiana, Hindustan Motors, ha prodotto anche le versioni più grandi (J5/6) del veicolo in quel paese dal 1968, la produzione è durata fino al 1995 quando il veicolo ha dimostrato di non essere in grado di competere con i veicoli Tata e Ashok Leyland.

Australia
Il TJ è stato ampiamente esportato. In Australia sono stati distribuiti da GM-Holden.

Malaysia
I camion Bedford TJ furono prodotti anche in Malesia da kit smontabili, fino alla fine degli anni '70, quando i veicoli Bedford generalmente caddero in disgrazia lì e GM si concentrò maggiormente sulla promozione di Isuzu su quel mercato. Lì, i camion TJ sono stati sostituiti dai camion Isuzu TX.

Cipro
A Cipro, il Bedford TJ è stato assemblato localmente dalla Kaisis Motor Company sia in versione camion che autobus. La produzione terminò alla fine degli anni '80 dopo che la fabbrica fu gravemente danneggiata dall'invasione di Cipro del 1974.

Note

Altri progetti

Veicoli commerciali leggeri

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia