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Chapitre 6 Exploration du système solaire

Vue d'artiste du système solaire (NASA/JPL).

Jusqu'à la deuxième moitié du vingtième siècle, peu de choses étaient connues sur les astres du système solaire. Les observations avaient permis de bien comprendre le mouvement des différentes planètes, mais les caractéristiques de ces planètes étaient difficiles à déterminer. À partir de la deuxième moitié du vingtième siècle, l'exploration spatiale et l'envoi de sondes un peu partout dans le système solaire nous ont fait découvrir nos voisines dans toute leur splendeur.

Structure du système solaire

Le système solaire est composé d'une étoile, le Soleil, autour de laquelle plusieurs milliers d'objets sont en orbite. Parmi ces objets, on retrouve huit planètes, dont les six connues des anciens (Mercure, Vénus, la Terre, Mars, Jupiter et Saturne) et les deux découvertes au XIXe siècle (Uranus et Neptune).

Une planète est définie par l'Union astronomique internationale comme un objet

qui orbite autour du Soleil

qui a une masse suffisamment grande pour que sa gravité le rende environ sphérique

qui a «nettoyé» son orbite

Résolution B5 de l'Union astronomique internationale adoptée en 2006.

Les quatre planètes les plus près du Soleil ont des structures similaires à celle de la Terre et on les appelle donc les planètes telluriques. Elles sont principalement composées de roches et ont des densités d'environ 5

g/cm3.Les quatre planètes les plus éloignées du Soleil sont beaucoup plus grosse et sont gazeuses. Elles ont des densités entre 1 et 2

g/3. En raison de leur ressemblance à Jupiter, on les appelle les planètes joviennes.

Une planète naine est un objet sphérique en orbite autour du Soleil, mais qui n'a pas «nettoyé» son orbite, c'est-à-dire qu'il y a d'autres objets sur l'orbite de la planète naine. Pluton, Céres et Eris sont quelques unes des planètes naines connues.

Un astéroïde est un objet en orbite autour du Soleil qui n'est pas suffisamment massif pour avoir une forme sphérique. Il existe des milliers d'astéroïdes dans le système solaire.

Au-delà de l'orbite de Neptune, on retrouve une région qui contient de nombreux astéroïdes et planètes naines nommée la Ceinture de Kuiper. Pluton se retrouve dans cette région. Encore plus loin dans le système solaire se trouve le Nuage de Oort. Ce dernier, contrairement à la Ceinture de Kuiper, a une forme probablement sphérique. On pense que la majorité des comètes viennent de cette région du système solaire.

La majorité de la masse dans le système solaire est concentrée dans le Soleil. Le reste est principalement contenue dans Jupiter et Saturne. Les autres planètes représentent une partie infime de la masse du système solaire.

Distribution de la masse dans le système solaire

Objet
Masse (%)

Soleil
99,80

Planètes principales
0,14

Nuage de Oort
0,05

Ceinture de Kuiper
0,001

Astéroïdes, satellites, anneaux
< 0,0001

Distribution de la masse parmi les planètes

Planète
Masse (%)

Mercure
0,01

Vénus
0,18

Terre
0,22

Mars
0,02

Jupiter
71,14

Saturne
21,30

Uranus
3,26

Neptune
3,86

Puisque la source principale de chaleur dans le système solaire est le Soleil, en général, plus on s'éloigne de lui, plus il fait froid. Les planètes ont une température de surface moyenne qui respecte cette relation, sauf Vénus qui est la planète la plus chaude. Le graphique ci-dessous montre la température moyenne des planètes.

Température moyenne de surface des planètes du système solaire

Vénus est beaucoup plus chaude que Mercure en raison de son atmosphère très riches en gaz à effet de serre. Cette atmosphère absorbe la chaleur du Soleil et l'empêche de s'échapper.

Soleil

L'astre central dans le système solaire est évidemment le Soleil. Sa gravité est ce qui maintient la cohésion du système solaire. Nous étudierons les étoiles plus tard dans le cours, mais nous pouvons néanmoins décrire certaines caractéristiques de base de notre étoile.

Le Soleil en éruption tel que photographié par la sonde spatiale SOHO (NASA/GSFC/SOHO).

Le Soleil est une étoile naine jaune de type spectral G2. Il a un rayon environ 100 fois plus grand que celui de la Terre, 695 508 km, et une masse de 333 000 fois plus grande ce celle de la Terre, 1,9891 × 1030 kg. Il est principalement composé d'hydrogène et d'hélium avec quelques traces (moins de 2% de sa masse) de carbone, d'oxygène, de néon et de quelques autres atomes plus lourds. La gravité à la surface du Soleil est environ 30 fois plus forte qu'à la surface de la Terre.

Comme toutes les étoiles, le Soleil est une énorme boule de gaz chaud qu'on appelle un plasma. Puisque le Soleil est constitué de gaz, nous pourrions passer à travers sans difficulté (si nous pouvions survivre à la chaleur extrême). La densité moyenne du Soleil est de 1,4 g/cm3, soit à peine plus que celle de l'eau. Parce que c'est une boule de gaz, la surface du Soleil n'est pas aussi clairement définie que la surface de la Terre. On ne pourrait pas marcher à la surface du Soleil.

La température du Soleil varie énormément selon la distance par rapport au centre. Au centre, la température atteint 15.7 millions de degrés Celsius. Cette température est suffisamment élevée pour que les atomes d'hydrogène soient accélérés à des vitesses près de celle de la lumière et entre violemment en collision les uns avec les autres. Ces collisions sont si violentes que les atomes d'hydrogène peuvent fusionner et former des atomes d'hélium. Ce genre de réactions nucléaires libère d'énormes quantités d'énergie sous forme de radiation. Cette énergie migre vers la surface du Soleil en environ 170 000 ans après quoi elle peut être expulsée dans l'espace. La surface du Soleil que nous voyons est à une température d'environ 5500°C, beaucoup plus froide que le cœur.

Le bouillonnement de plasma chaud dans le Soleil, qu'on appelle le mouvement de convection, crée d'intense courants électriques qui à leur tour génèrent le champ magnétique du Soleil. Ce champ magnétique intense et toujours changeant est responsable des taches solaires, des éruptions solaires et des éjections de masse coronale. Une éjection de masse coronale se produit lorsque des particules du plasma sont accélérées le long des lignes de champ magnétique et sont en partie éjectées dans l'espace. Une éjection de masse coronale peut se produire à partir de filaments solaires qui peuvent atteindre plusieurs dizaines de fois le diamètre de la Terre en hauteur. Typiquement, une éjection de masse coronale envoie 1012 kg de matière dans l'espace. C'est mille millions de tonnes! L'activité solaire varie sur une période de 11 ans.

Éjection de masse coronale qui a duré environ trois heures le 24 février 2015. (Solar Dynamics Observatory, NASA)

Missions d'exploration

Beaucoup de ce que nous connaissons aujourd'hui à propos du Soleil vient d'observations faites par les observatoires spatiaux Solar and Heliospheric Observatory (SOHO) et Solar Dynamics Observatory (SDO). SOHO a été lancé en 1995 et sa mission principale est de comprendre les différents mécanismes internes dans le Soleil et comment ces mécanismes donnent lieu à la production du vent solaire. SDO, lancé en 2010, a pour mission d'étudier l'impact du vent solaire sur la Terre.

Sondes spatiales SOHO (à gauche) et SDO (à droite) (SOHO (ESA & NASA); NASA/SDO and the AIA, EVE and HMI science teams)

À surveiller

La sonde spatiale Parker lancée en 2018 frôlera le Soleil au cours des prochaines années. Elle s'approchera du Soleil plus que n'importe quelle autre sonde, à une distance d'environ le dixième du rayon de l'orbite de Mercure. Parker permettra de mieux comprendre le vent solaire et la région supérieure de l'atmosphère du Soleil qu'on appelle la couronne.

Le télescope de 4 m Daniel K. Inouye Solar Telescope (DKIST) installé à Hawai'i permettra d'obtenir des images de la surface du Soleil avec une résolution inégalée. La mission première de DKIST est de mieux comprendre le champ magnétique solaire.

Image de la surface du Soleil photographiée par DKIST (NSO/AURA/NSF CC BY 4.0)

Mercure

NASA/Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory/Carnegie Institution of Washington

À 3,6 minutes-lumière du Soleil, on retrouve Mercure. Puisque c'est la planète la plus proche du Soleil, c'est aussi celle qui tourne le plus rapidement, à 48 km/s. Cette planète tourne autour du Soleil en 88 jours terrestres et elle tourne sur elle-même en 59 jours. En raison de la combinaison de ces deux mouvements, la durée d'une période jour-nuit complète est de 176 jours. C'est la plus petite planète et elle ne possède presque aucune atmosphère parce que sa gravité n'est pas suffisamment forte pour retenir le gaz.

Mercure fut visitée en 1974 et en 1975 par la sonde spatiale Mariner 10, puis entre 2008 et 2015 par MESSENGER. MESSENGER nous a fourni des images haute résolution de la surface de Mercure puis s'est écrasée à la surface le 30 avril 2015 après avoir épuisé son carburant.

Sonde Mariner 10 (NASA/JPL)

À surveiller

La sonde spatiale BepiColombo de l'Agence spatiale européenne et de la Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency devrait arriver en orbite autour de Mercure en 2025.

Vénus

Vénus vue par le radar de Magellan (NASA/Jet Propulsion Laboratory-Caltech)

À 6 minutes-lumière du Soleil se trouve Vénus, un monde chaud et acide, balayé par des tempêtes constantes. Sur Vénus, le jour est plus long que l'année et la direction de la rotation est opposée à la direction de révolution ce qui fait qu'un cycle jour-nuit dure 117 jours terrestres. La température moyenne est de 477°C en raison de l'intense effet de serre. Cet effet de serre est dû à une atmosphère composée principalement de dioxyde de carbone et de nuages d'acide sulfurique. La pression atmosphérique sur Vénus est près de 100 fois plus grande que celle sur Terre.

C'est une planète rocheuse avec une structure interne similaire à celle de la Terre. Un noyau de fer est surmonté d'un manteau de roche chaude qui bouge lentement, créant un mouvement de plaques tectoniques et des volcans.

La planète a été visitée à de nombreuses reprises (notamment par les sondes Pioneer et Mariner). C'est la sonde spatiale Magellan qui a cartographié la totalité de la surface de Vénus au début des années 1990. Les soviétiques ont été les seuls à tenter de se poser sur Vénus. Les sondes Venera-13 et Venera-14, de même que leurs successeurs Vega-1 et Vega-2 ont réussi à se poser et à transmettre quelques données. En raison des conditions extrêmes à la surface de la planète, ces sondes ont eu une durée de vie très courte. Par exemple, Venera-13 a été fonctionnelle environ 2 heures.

Surface de Vénus photographiée par Venera-13 (URSS)

À surveiller

La sonde spatiale japonaise Akatsuki, en orbite autour de Vénus depuis 2015, étudie la météo de Vénus pour comprendre les mouvements de son atmosphère.

Terre

Lever de Terre sur la Lune (NASA/NSSDC)

La Terre est la planète la plus accessible pour faire des mesures scientifiques. Ce n'est pas pour rien que nous en connaissons plus à son sujet que n'importe quelle autre planète. La densité moyenne de la Terre est de 5,5 g/cm3, ce qu'on peut déterminer facilement une fois qu'on connait le rayon de la Terre et sa masse. Cependant, on observe que la majorité des matériaux accessible à la surface de la Terre ont une densité de l'ordre de 3 g/cm3, cela signifie donc que la matière au centre de la Terre doit être beaucoup plus dense. Cette information, combinée avec l'étude des ondes sismiques a permis de déduire que le cœur terrestre est probablement composé de fer et de nickel.

La datation au potassium 40 des roches terrestres et des météorites a permis d'établir que l'âge de la Terre est le meme que celui du reste du système solaire, soit de 4,6 milliards d'années. La Terre possède un champ magnétique qui agit comme un bouclier qui nous protège du vent solaire. Les particules chargées en provenance du Soleil sont déviées dans l'espace ou vers les pôles. Lorsqu'elles entrent en collision avec les molécules de notre atmosphère, ces particules chargées produisent les aurores polaires.

Mars

Mars photographiée par Hubble (NASA and The Hubble Heritage Team (STScI/AURA))

Mars est environ deux fois plus petite que la Terre. Cette planète possède une atmosphère ténue riche en dioxyde de carbone. On pense que l'atmosphère de Mars était beaucoup plus dense autrefois, mais que l'absence de champ magnétique sur la planète a fait en sorte que le vent solaire a balayé en partie l'atmosphère. La surface de Mars est rougeâtre parce qu'elle est couverte d'oxyde de fer, mieux connue sous le nom de rouille.

Il n'y a pas d'activité tectonique sur Mars. Par conséquent il n'y a pas de chaînes de montagnes, et puisque les volcans crachent toujours leur lave au même endroit, on y trouve des montagnes énormes. Le plus grand volcan du système solaire, le mont Olympus, se trouve sur Mars. Avec une hauteur de 23 km, il est trois fois plus haut que l'Everest.

Mont Olympus sur Mars : la plus haute montagne du système solaire (NASA/JPL)

Plusieurs sondes se sont posées à la surface de Mars, dont Spirit et Opportunity en 2004. Ces sondes ont exploré la surface de Mars et ont montré qu'il y a déjà eu de l'eau sur Mars. Spirit, après avoir parcouru 7,73 km sur une période de six ans, s'est coincée dans le sable. Les efforts pour la sortir de ce pétrin ont échoué et la mission de Spirit s'est terminée en 2011. Opportunity a été plus chanceuse et a pu continuer sa mission sans grande anicroche jusqu'en 2018 où une tempête de sable l'a recouverte. Elle a parcouru 45 km pendant les 14 ans de sa mission.

À surveiller

La sonde InSight s'est posée sur Mars en 2018. Elle a pour mission d'aider à comprendre comment Mars et les autres planètes telluriques se sont formées.

Jupiter

Cassini (2011) | NASA/JPL/University of Arizona

Jupiter est une géante gazeuse dont la densité est a peine plus élevée que celle de l'eau. Puisqu'elle est gazeuse, elle ne tourne pas sur elle-même au même rythme partout. La période de rotation à l'équateur est plus courte que la période de rotation près des pôles. C'est ce qu'on appelle la rotation différentielle. Cette rotation différentielle est en partie responsable des tourbillons complexes qu'on observe dans la haute atmosphère de Jupiter. La planète est principalement composée d'hydrogène et d'hélium, mais elle contient aussi des traces d'ammoniac, d'hydrosulfide d'ammonium et d'eau.

Jupiter possède un champ magnétique très intense qui, à l'instar de celui de la Terre, génère des aurores polaires dans la haute atmosphère de la planète. On pense qu'il est dû à l'hydrogène métallique qui se trouve sous l'atmosphère de Jupiter, dans la région où la matière passe de l'état gazeux à l'état solide en raison de la pression très élevée. Cet hydrogène métallique est si compressé que les électrons sont arrachés aux atomes en peuvent circuler librement, comme dans un métal. Ces électrons, en circulant, créent des courants électriques qui à leur tour génèrent le champ magnétique intense de Jupiter. Au centre de Jupiter se trouve probablement un noyau de roche et de métal.

Grande tache rouge de Jupiter photographiée par la sonde Juno en 2017 (NASA/JPL-Caltech/SwRI/MSSS/Bjorn Jonsson)

La Grande tache rouge est un incontournable à la surface de Jupiter. Il s'agit d'une tempête énorme qui fait rage depuis au moins 350 ans. Sa taille est environ deux fois le diamètre terrestre, mais on a observé une légère diminution dans les dernières années.

Jupiter possède près de 80 satellites donc les quatre lunes galiléennes : Io, Ganymède, Europe et Callisto.

Saturne

Saturne photographiée par Cassini (NASA)

Saturne, célèbre pour ses nombreux anneaux facilement visibles depuis la Terre, ressemble beaucoup à Jupiter dans sa composition. Elle est aussi constituée principalement d'hydrogène et d'hélium avec une couche d'hydrogène métallique qui repose sur un noyau de roches et de métaux. Les anneaux de Saturne sont composés de glace et de roches et ont une épaisseur de seulement 1 km.

Uranus

Uranus photographiée par Voyager 2 en 1986 (NASA)

La couleur bleu-vert d'Uranus est due à la présence de méthane dans son atmosphère. Ce gaz absorbe la lumière rouge ce qui fait que la lumière solaire réfléchie par la surface d'Uranus a cette teinte particulière. En plus du méthane, on retrouve dans cette planète de l'hydrogène, de l'hélium, de l'ammoniac et de l'eau. Le centre de la planète est probablement constitué d'un mélange de glace, de roches et de métaux.

À l'instar de Vénus, la rotation d'Uranus est dans le sens contraire de celui des autres planètes. L'axe de rotation d'Uranus est incliné à près de 90° par rapport à l'axe de révolution, c'est-à-dire que la planète tourne sur elle-même en étant «couchée» sur son orbite. Ceci fait d'Uranus la planète avec les saisons les plus étranges du système solaire : pendant l'hiver, la moitié de la planète est plongée dans une nuit constante, alors que l'été, il fait toujours soleil.

Neptune

Neptune photographiée par Voyager 2 en 1989 (NASA)

Neptune a une composition interne semblable à Uranus. L'atmosphère de Neptune est cependant légèrement plus active que celle d'Uranus. On pense que c'est dû à une source d'énergie interne de la planète provenant de sa contraction gravitationnelle.

Pluton

Pluton photographiée par la sonde New Horizons en 2018 (NASA/Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory/Southwest Research Institute/Alex Parker)

La sonde New Horizons, après un voyage de près de 10 ans, a atteint Pluton, une planète naine située la plupart du temps au-delà de l'orbite de Neptune, en 2015. Pluton est une planète naine rocheuse avec une surface étonnamment riche en structures de toutes sortes : plaines, cratères, montagnes. Les données scientifiques provenant de la sonde New Horizons sont encore étudiées à l'heure actuelle.

Exercices

Expliquez la différence entre une planète naine et une planète.

Expliquez la différence entre une planète naine et un astéroïde.

Considérons une boîte de céréale représentant la masse totale du système solaire. La masse de la Terre correspond à : a) les 3/4 de la boîte de céréales b) un peu moins du dixième de la boîte de céréales c) une céréale d) un tout petit morceau d'une céréale.

Expliquez pourquoi on devrait s'attendre à ce que Mercure soit la planète la plus chaude du système solaire.

Expliquez pourquoi c'est plutôt Vénus qui est la planète la plus chaude du système solaire.

Qu'est-ce qui est nécessaire pour que les réactions de fusion nucléaire puissent se produire?

Définissez une éjection de masse coronale.

Associez à chacun des astres suivants la caractéristique appropriée. Planètes : Mercure, Vénus, Terre, Mars, Jupiter, Saturne, Uranus, Neptune, Pluton.

Caractéristiques :

possède le système d'anneau le plus impressionnant du système solaire,

n'est pas une planète,

possède des océans d'eau liquide à sa surface,

a le champ magnétique le plus intense du système solaire après le Soleil,

son atmosphère riche en méthane lui donne sa couleur particulière,

a la vitesse de révolution la plus rapide,

son atmosphère contient des nuages d'acide sulfurique,

son axe de rotation est presque perpendiculaire à son axe de révolution,

le plus haut volcan du système solaire s'y trouve.

Quelle substance chimique est responsable de la couleur rougeâtre de Mars?

Expliquez ce qu'est de l'hydrogène métallique et en quoi cette substance est reliée au champ magnétique de Jupiter.

Classez les astres suivants du plus petit au plus grand : Neptune, Mars, Mercure, Soleil, Terre, Pluton

      Explorer et comprendre l'Univers

      Préambule

        1 Astronomie à l'œil nu

        2 Astronomie antique

        3 Astronomie à la Renaissance

        4 Distances dans le Système solaire

        5 Gravitation

        6 Exploration du système solaire

        7 Lumière et télescopes

        8 Distances au-delà du système solaire

        9 Cycle de vie des étoiles

        10 Galaxies

        11 Cosmologie

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      Licence CC BY-SA 4.0.

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Unfriended Review
Leo Gabriadze's Unfriended is an exciting, terrifying, suspense filled ride through social media and a forerunner, promising change to the horror genre. Whilst many attempts have been made in the past to create horror films around the internet, few have wholly successfully hit the proverbial nail on the head and tapped into the inherent fears of online users around the world. Films including Fear Dot Com, Chatroom and The Den (which was an incredibly gratifying experience in its own right) have pathed the way for a film like Unfriended to exist. Produced by Timur Bekmambetov (the director of Night Watch and Wanted) and Jason Blum (who has produced many of the most famous horror series of the last decade including Paranormal Activity, Insidious and The Purge), Unfriended has so brilliantly understood the world that it takes place within and pushes it to such an extreme; Unfriended is one of the scariest films of the year.
The entirety of Unfriended takes place within one girl's computer screen, Blaire (Shelley Hennig), who listens to music on Spotify, checks her Facebook, chats with her friends on Skype, watches videos on YouTube and iMessages her boyfriend, Mitch (Moses Storm). The first thing to bear in mind about Unfriended, something that puts it far ahead of other films is that these websites and applications have given permission for their names to be used during the film. All the windows on screen appear exactly as they would for the normal user sitting in the audience and these are all within a Mac computer screen, which many of the audience will be aware of. This is important to note because usually these applications are all simply alluded to – they could look similar and have slightly adapted names but they often have changes so that films don't have to pay for permission. Therefore, right away, Unfriended is positioning itself as set within the audiences world – the characters of the film use the same things that the audience would and therefore this potentially makes the story appear to be more real than other attempts.
Blaire and Mitch start of the film by having a flirty Skype conversation where Mitch is laying topless and persuading his girlfriend to take off her panties and top. As the audience are watching this totally on the Skype windows, Gabriadze and his crew are telling the audience from the top that this is going to be a difference experience of cinema and of filmmaking and that all audience expectations are going to be subverted throughout. This is key to understanding Unfriended; the entire film is a subversion of what the audience may be expecting. As traditionally thought within filmmaking, the close up is an interesting and very intimate shot of a character – this usually occurs when the audience have come to know a character or for emphasis for one reason or another but as with anyone that has had a Skype conversation, you are always pretty close up to the camera and your face usually takes up the whole screen. Therefore the audience are once again being brought in right away to get to know these characters intimately. Soon, the rest of Blaire and Mitch's friends join them on a Skype conversation but mysteriously there is a troll there, without a face and keeping very quiet. No one can get rid of the person and they have no idea how they got there in the first place.
In between moments, the film starts to seep back story through to the audience via different windows. A video on Live Leaks of a girl, Laura Barns (Heather Sossaman) committing suicide a year before is shown and this is followed up by another video on YouTube of Laura at a party sometime before – she is drunk, falling about and making a fool of herself. The title of the video says 'LAURA BARNS KILL URSELF.' Pretty quickly the fun begins as Laura's Facebook account private messages Blaire to ask what she is up to. Mitch says the same thing happened to him. Still the group are unsure who the random unknown person on the call is. Blaire replies back to the mysterious message from the dead girl but she wonders whether someone has hacked the account and is playing a joke. As the film goes on, secrets are revealed and the dead girl, it appears, is the one playing the joke. She wants to play games with all those in on the conversation and as this is a horror film it's most likely these guys are going to end up dead.
The most fascinating thing about Unfriended is the simplicity of the film; a dead girl haunting but it's the incredible way that the computer screen is utilised and manipulated to create something truly scary, gripping and so very very tense. The film plays with themes of voyeurism to an extreme degree; the audience are forced into a position where they are unsure who is good and bad anymore and this ditching of the dichotomy is something, which highlights the brilliant script of the film. Whilst freaky and fun, Unfriended also is aware that it is talking about something serious and often discussed in society; teen suicide and the impact of social media on the welfare of users. But as in the past, it is often horror that openly confronts debated issues and seems to put a window (literally and metaphorically) between the audience and the matter itself.
There is no reason why Unfriended shouldn't go down as innovative and unique but also a powerful and evocative horror film, which will hopefully help cement this new kind of filmmaking.
FrightFest 2013: Antisocial Review
FrightFest 2014: The Den Review
FrightFest 2015: Last Girl Standing Review
Insidious 3 DVD Review
It Follows DVD Review
Producer Jason Blum chats The Town That Dreaded Sundown
The Town That Dreaded Sundown Review
BlumhouseCourtney HalversonHeather SossamanHorrorinsidiousJason BlumLeo GabriadzeMatthew BohrerreviewUnfriended
Trailer and Poster reveal for The New Girlfriend
A Funny Kind of Love Review

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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Esclarmonde es una ópera en cuatro actos, con prólogo y epílogo, música de Jules Massenet, sobre un libreto en francés de Alfred Blau y Louis de Gramont, basado en el libro de caballerías Partonopeus de Blois del siglo XII. Fue estrenada en el Teatro Nacional de la Opéra-Comique de París el 15 de mayo de 1889 con la soprano norteamericana Sybil Sanderson en el papel protagonista.

Esclarmonde es quizás la obra más ambiciosa de Massenet, y la más wagneriana por su estilo y concepción, con reminiscencias de Tannhäuser o Lohengrin. El papel principal presenta una gran dificultad, incluyendo pasajes de coloratura: Esclarmonde puede ser una Isolda en algún fragmento, Lakmé en otro y la reina de la Noche en el siguiente. La orquestación es muy cuidadosa, las exigencias vocales elevadas y se escuchan diversos motivos asociados a diferentes ideas y personajes, actuando como leitmotiv.

A pesar de estar basada —no demasiado fielmente— en una leyenda medieval, presenta aspectos modernos y la atmósfera general está cargada de sensualidad. De hecho, la protagonista es retratada como una agresora sexual. Como a Roland, el conde de Blois, no le está permitido ver el rostro de Esclarmonde, ella le dice la primera noche, antes de hacer el amor: «No te preocupes, soy bella y deseable».

En épocas recientes ha sido programada esporádicamente, destacando la interpretación de los papeles protagonista por Jaume Aragall y Joan Sutherland en la década de los años 1970, dirigidos por Richard Bonynge, en Nueva York y San Francisco.

Personajes

Sinopsis
La historia está basada en una leyenda medieval en torno a Esclarmonde, una emperatriz de Bizancio con poderes mágicos. Recluida por su padre el exemperador Phorcas, que recientemente ha abdicado de su trono en favor de ella, llora su amor por Roland, un caballero y conde de Blois, creyendo que nunca le será permitido volver a verlo. Siguiendo la sugerencia de su hermana, Parséis, Esclarmonde usa sus poderes mágicos para traer Roland a su presencia, siempre por la noche y cubierta con un velo, sin revelar su identidad.

Roland confiesa sus encuentros nocturnos al obispo de Blois; este, en compañía de un grupo de monjes aparecen a la llegada de Esclarmonde, ejecutando un exorcismo. Esclarmonde le reprocha a Roland su traición. El exemperador, después de enterarse de la desobediencia de Esclarmonde, le exige que renuncie a Roland, si no quiere que lo ejecute. Ella se somete, y cuando Roland es llevado a su presencia le implora que se olvide de ella.

El esposo de Esclarmonde se elegirá en un torneo en el cual el vencedor ganará la mano de la emperatriz. Cuando al vencedor, vestido completamente de negro, se le pregunta por su nombre responde «desesperación» y rechaza la mano de la emperatriz. Sin embargo, Esclarmonde reconoce la voz de Roland inmediatamente y cuando ella alza su velo, él también la reconoce como la visitante nocturna. Todo el pueblo victorea a la emperatriz y su valiente consorte.

Discografía

Notas y referencias

Bibliografía
 Mancini, Roland y Rouveroux, Jean-Jacques (1986) Le guide de l'opéra, Paris: Fayard.

Enlaces externos

 Notas, discografía y libreto (francés / español) en Kareol

Óperas de 1889
Óperas de Jules Massenet
Óperas en francés
Óperas estrenadas en París

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


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Old tiles removed and replaced, with underlying felt over whole roof and new ridge tiles added.
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Hey, I just noticed your nice message about AaaaaAAaaaAAAaaAAAAaAAAAA!!! from several years back, because I am a vain person doing vanity searches. That game is partly me. I mean, I am part of that game. I mean, thank you for your kind words!
Nothing really - I just felt like a change!
So, what motivated the name change?


A pretty peperomia species from Fortuna, Panama. The thin delicate upright stems are usually not seen in clusters, adding to it's delicate overall appearance. This species was regularly encountered at 900 meters.


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It is an elastic chemise in babydoll style with attractive cut outs. It is made in a sweet pink colour which adds a bit of girlish charm to the chemise. It will look gorgeous either with or without underwear. It is a skin-tight long sleeve chemise. Its wide and low neckline will amazingly emphasize your breasts going down to your hips.


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La gare de Blaker est une gare ferroviaire de la Kongsvingerbanen située dans la commune de Sørum.

Situation ferroviaire
La gare, établie à 114.3 m d'altitude, est située à 41.98 km d'Oslo.

Histoire
La gare de Blaker fut mise en service en 1862 et fait partie des gares historiques de la Kongsvingerbanen.

Service des voyageurs

Accueil
La gare possède un parking de 20 places, d'un parc à vélo et d'une aubette. Il y a également une salle d'attente ouverte du lundi au vendredi (de 5h à 10h) mais uniquement du  octobre au  mai. Il n'y a ni guichet ni automates.

Desserte
La halte est desservie par des trains locaux en direction de Kongsvinger et d'Asker.

Notes et références

Voir aussi

Articles connexes
 Transport ferroviaire en Norvège
 Ligne de Kongsvinger

Lien externe
 Informations de la Jernbaneverket

Gare mise en service en 1862
Gare de la ligne de Kongsvinger
Gare d'Akershus


Drill additional holes in a pot so that water drains thoroughly and doesn't back up.
4 What Is a Drainage Plate in a Planter?
If you enjoy growing large houseplants, understanding each plant's water needs and how to keep its soil from staying too moist can be critical for success. It's best to choose a pot with a drainage hole that lets water drain from the soil after each watering, allowing the soil to dry and reducing the risk of plant diseases that grow under wet conditions. If your favorite container doesn't have a drain hole, you'll need to make a few adjustments to avoid problems with your plant.
Plants need water on a regular basis to help their cells use nutrients from the soil. A plant's roots take up nutrient-containing water, which moves through the plant's circulation system to reach all its parts. Roots also take up oxygen from air in the soil, a process that doesn't proceed well in waterlogged soil. Although different plant types have slightly different water requirements, the best way to support root function for most plants is to allow soil to drain freely after watering and dry slightly between waterings. You can best accomplish this by choosing a pot that has a drainage hole in its bottom. If you use a saucer under a pot, you should temporarily remove it after watering to promote drainage.
If you already own a pot without a drain hole that you'd like to use, it may be possible to add a hole. Some pots made of resin or plastic have pre-marked spots in the pot's bottom that you can easily punch out of the pot using a screwdriver or other tool. If this isn't the case, you could drill a hole with a manual or power drill, but avoid doing this in a ceramic or porcelain pot that may crack from the drilling.
If you decide to use a container without a drain hole, you could set up a moisture wick made of a water-absorbing material, such as several long shoe laces or candle wicks, to control how much water the soil absorbs. Place one end of the wick into the center of the plant's root ball at planting or, if it's already potted, use a knitting needle or other thin instrument to push the wick into the root ball. Allow the wick's other end to extend out of the pot's top and into a reservoir of water placed at a level below the pot. Capillary movement gradually carries water from the reservoir through the wick and into the plant's soil as it dries, and watering isn't required, but be sure to keep the reservoir filled at all times.
Another approach to keeping a plant healthy in a nondrained container is to use a double potting method. For this, the plant grows in a thin pot or liner, usually made of plastic, that has one or more drainage holes and is slightly smaller than the nondrained container and placed inside of it. Each time you water, first remove the liner pot from the outer pot, allow the plant to drain after watering and then replace it into the outer pot. You could also add gravel to the bottom of the larger pot to catch any water that drains over time from the inner pot.
Marie, Joanne. "Do I Have to Have a Drainage Hole in Large Indoor Planters?" Home Guides | SF Gate, http://homeguides.sfgate.com/drainage-hole-large-indoor-planters-90607.html. Accessed 22 April 2019.


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Aquaculture experts at the University of Stirling are leading a £2 million study that aims to provide important information on the impact of innovative farming technologies on salmon.
The Robust-Smolt study – involving 14 institutions and organisations – will compare the robustness and susceptibility of Atlantic salmon to pathogens when reared in recirculation aquaculture systems (RAS), used in fish farming to reduce the need for fresh, clean water while maintaining a healthy environment for fish.
Professor Herve Migaud, of Stirling's Institute of Aquaculture, is principal investigator on the project, which is funded by the Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council and the Natural Environment Research Council under the UK Aquaculture Initiative, and the Scottish Aquaculture Innovation Centre.
He said: "The rapid global expansion of the salmon industry has been made possible through the adoption of new farming technologies – including contained systems such as RAS – and husbandry regimes.
"These systems have clear advantages over land-based flow through and freshwater loch systems, and young salmon produced in RAS under manipulated regimes – such as constant temperature and light – reach larger sizes and can be transferred to sea water earlier than ever before.
"However, our knowledge of the impacts these new rearing systems have on salmon physiology is very limited. The impact of differing microbiota, water chemistry, altered photo-thermal regimes on fish disease resistance at sea, immune function and microbiome have not been characterised and these may explain the variable performance observed in farmed stocks.
"This project is ambitious, innovative and collaborative with a great team of International renowned academics leading in their respective research areas and world leading industrial partners involved in salmon farming. It is a great pleasure to lead such a great team and contribute to deliver top science with direct impact."
Over the next three years, the consortium will aim to provide new knowledge and scientific tools to monitor and enhance farming system efficiency and reliability, fish robustness and health, and sector productivity and sustainability.
The consortium includes the Universities of Aberdeen, Exeter and Edinburgh; the Centre for Environment Fisheries and Aquaculture Science; Mowi; the Scottish Salmon Company; Scottish Seafarms; Cooke Aquaculture Scotland; Grieg Seafood, BioMar; PHARMAQ; the Scottish Aquaculture Innovation Centre; and the Scottish Salmon Producers' Organisation.


Dr. Scott Holley and the team at West Michigan Plastic Surgery love hearing from our patients. We invite you to read some of our reviews, or to write your own, by clicking on one of the review sites below. We appreciate your feedback and enjoy hearing your stories.


The FCA continues to be the federal government's primary civil enforcement tool for investigating allegations that healthcare providers or government contractors defrauded the federal government. In the coming weeks, we continue to take a closer look at recent legal developments involving the FCA. This week, we examine developments regarding penalties and damages under the FCA, which make the FCA such a potent enforcement tool for the government.
For providers facing potential FCA liability, the potential scope of exposure will continue to expand, whether driven by a nearly doubled increase in the penalties recoverable under the FCA, large negotiated settlements backed-up by statistical extrapolation of false claims, or the significant increase in relator-driven litigation in government-declined cases. Questions regarding the manner in which FCA damages should be calculated also are likely to persist.


Alan Rickman or popularly known as Professor snap has died at the age of 69 after waging a secret battle with cancer, his family said today.
According to Daily Mail, The British actor, known for his roles in films such as Harry Potter and Robin Hood, kept his fight with illness private before his death.
He passed away in hospital this morning, surrounded by loved-ones.
J.K. Rowling led the tributes to Rickman today, calling him 'a magnificent actor and a wonderful man', as dozens of celebrities and public figures expressed their grief over his death.
Rickman revealed last year that he had secretly married his long-term partner Rima Horton in a New York ceremony in 2012, whom he had been in a relationship with since 1977.
It is unknown what type of cancer the star suffered from or how long he was secretly battling the illness.
The actor's other well-known films include Truly, Madly, Deeply, Sense and Sensibility and Love Actually, in which he played the wife of his frequent collaborator Emma Thompson.


WEST Indian legend Viv Richards recognises the Healy temperament and fighting spirit in Australian gun Alyssa Healy … only one problem the Master Blaster got her dads mixed up.
Cricket: Former Australian wicket-keeper Ian Healy, talks about where he thinks the Australian team is at the moment and where they could be headed for the futre.
VIV Richards recognised the cool temperament and bustling demeanour that is a Healy family trademark.
He just got the dads mixed up.
Former Test keeper Ian Healy revealed at a Specsavers launch featuring members of the Australian cricket team that West Indian Test great Viv Richards has sought out his niece Alyssa during the women's World Cup in the West Indies.
Alyssa has won three consecutive player of the match awards with her dynamic batting form.
"It was fantastic that Viv Richards sought her out in the West Indies thinking she was my daughter,'' Healy said.
"He said, 'your dad and I had plenty of run-ins'. She laughed and said, 'it was my uncle'.
Alyssa is the daughter of Ian's older brother Greg.
"She is certainly playing with great confidence and flair. That is great because they have put a lot of effort in to this tournament over the past 18 months.
"It is a high risk way she plays at the top of the order. There are going to be days when it does not come off. We have not seen that in the last four games but the team are ready for that to happen.
Australia play India early on Sunday morning in their World Cup semi-final in Guyana.


Smart Ideas are an award-winning family run card and gift retailer which was founded in 1978 with the opening of their first shop in Droitwich in Worcestershire. Since then they have grown steadily and now have seven shops in the West Midlands and one in Banbury.
As a successful high street based company, they had never seen the value of online marketing and did not have a website. Smart ideas approached us as they had no experience in how to go about planning and implementing a new digital platform.
The brief was to create a simple website that reflected them and their family values, their brand identity that had a strong presence on the high street, was easy to navigate and importantly something they could update quickly and easily themselves.
Our final design is a clean monotone responsive design that uses simple navigation and links to both the brands they sell and to their social media platforms, which they were developing in conjunction with the website.
We also commissioned new store and location photography for them to utilise, so that the design was complemented with quality images.


The physical features of your house may also be contributing to the problem. For example, certain materials used in your interior walls can reduce the strength of your signal. Most common construction materials, such as wood or drywall, wont cause a problem, but if your router is located near walls made from concrete or brick, these materials can block some – or all- of your Wifi signal. Metal surfaces can also weaken your Wifi signal, so placing your router in a kitchen or laundry room that has a lot of metal appliances is not a good idea either. Finally, one of the most obstructive materials for a Wifi signal is a mirror. If you have a sizeable mirror near your router, it may negatively impact your Wifi performance. If your router is located in a room with any of these characteristics, try moving it to a different room in your house to see if your Wifi improves.
Check for outdated client devices. While your Wifi router is an important part of the Wifi network, the wireless devices that you use to connect to the Internet also impact the quality of your Wifi experience. As with the router, older devices are going to have outdated technology, resulting in slower connection speeds.


text:
ONLINE ▼
Impact Africa
Who is God? Is Jesus Christ God? What is God's purpose for me? How can I know God? I want more answers
How do I know that God exists? Is the Bible historically reliable? What is the true identity of Jesus? Did Jesus actually rise from the dead? Has science got rid of God? Is the "New Age" safe? Is there really a God? Does God Answer Prayer? Can this marriage be saved? Why should I believe the Bible? What is John 3:7 about?
A Better Covenant The Reason for the Season God hates divorce
Australia Africa USA South African Military Malawi Kenya Canada Spanish
Australia - 413 June 2018
The world's best seller
"The Bible -- banned, burned, beloved. More widely read, more frequently attacked than any other book in history. Generations of intellectuals have attempted to discredit it, dictators of every age have outlawed it and executed those who read it. Yet soldiers carry it into battle believing it more powerful than their weapons. Fragments of it smuggled into solitary prison cells have transformed ruthless killers into gentle saints."
– Charles Colson
"The Bible does not offer a transactional religion with a distant god—it offers a transformational relationship with a loving Father."
– Jim Dennison
"The Bible is God's chart for you to steer by, to keep you from the bottom of the sea, and to show you where the harbour is, and how to reach it without running on rocks and bars."
– Henry Ward Beecher
"Time can take nothing from the Bible. It is the living monitor. Like the sun, it is the same in its light and influence to man this day which it was years ago. It can meet every present inquiry and console every present loss."
– Richard Cecil
"There came a time in my life when I doubted the divinity of the Scriptures, and I resolved as a lawyer and a judge I would try the Book as I would try anything in the courtroom, taking evidence for and against. It was a long, serious and profound study and using the same principles of evidence in this religious matter as I always do in secular matters, I have come to the decision that the Bible is a supernatural Book, that it has come from God, and that the only safety for the human race is to follow its teachings."
– Salmon P. Chase
"Other books were given for our information, the Bible was given for our transformation."
– The Defender
"The Scriptures teach us the best way of living, the noblest way of suffering, and the most comfortable way of dying."
– John Flavel
"The best evidence of the Bible's being the Word of God is found between its covers."
– Charles Hodge
"Men do not reject the Bible because it contradicts itself but because it contradicts them."
– E. Paul Hovey
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Home/Preview
Plot Of The Druid Early Access – Could It Be Magic?
The way of the druid... Plot of the Druid is a point and click adventure currently in Early Access on Steam, and one part of if it is completely free to play!
Source: Steam
How many point and click games have you played in Early Access? Me? None. I think. When Plot of the Druid hit my inbox, gut instincts were, 'ok, it's a point and click. Will have a look'. But after the trailer, it was like, 'Blaam! Let's play'. Alas, upon installing, a tear was shed as the game is in development. Ah… 'Early Access'.
Who's Lila? Review: You Tell Me
It didn't happen like that, but we've eased ourselves into this preview. Developed by Yakir Israel and Adventure4Life Studios, you play Jase (with his wheeled warriors) – a druid apprentice who isn't afraid to take the odd shortcut to reach his goal. Magic and point and click references aside, the feels were Discworld and Simon the Sorcerer, but there's definitely a hint of Space Quest in there, too (I'm not overly familiar with King's Quest, so let's skip that).
In the opening prologue, you're looking for some test papers to 'progress' in your studies. As any druid in training will know, moving around a point and click is clear enough and Plot of the Druid uses the standard conventions and the modern hotspot indicator if you need it. On top of that, there's a difficulty level, so if you're a hardened veteran or just want the challenge, you can up the puzzles a bit.
Booze. Source: Steam
To be fair, the dialogue in the game is worth the entry price (FREE!), and it's pretty damn funny throughout. It has that Sierra scent, but it reminds me a bit of Darkestville Castle as well. Visually it's terrific. A well-illustrated comic book panel introduces the events, but the actual artwork in the game – from character modelling to the backgrounds – is a standout, but it's the animation that's best. Yes, it gets a medal. From the outset, I was impressed with how good everything looked, from characters talking (it's a talkie) to Jase shapeshifting into a raccoon or mosquito. Well, he is a druid-in-training, after all.
A note on the talkie element, Plot of the Druid, has some excellent voice talent. Jase takes a little getting used to as he's a bit of a wrong 'un, but the voice actor was spot-on. My only beef with the voice acting is it's a little inconsistent in recording quality. I couldn't tell you the bitrates and whatnot, but they don't sound like studio quality. It's a shame, as the production throughout is fantastic.
As this is a preview of Plot of the Druid Early Access, I'm winding it up early as it's not a thorough review; plus, the Plot of the Druid: Nightwatch is currently free to play. I did receive a code, but when I went to get a link to the Steam store page: it's available to all. By the way, I played on the Steam Deck, which was ace. That is all. Go check this out now. Looking for more inspiration for your next point and click adventure? Here's a feature.
# adventure# Adventure4Life Studios# comedy# Early Access# indie# Plot of the Druid# point and click# puzzle# Yakir Israel
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Copyright © 2023 Vulgar Knight


Employment Agreement - Le Gaga Holdings Ltd.
This EMPLOYMENT AGREEMENT (the "Agreement"), is entered into as of , 2010 by and between Le Gaga Holdings Limited, a company incorporated and existing under the laws of the Cayman Islands (the "Company"), and , an individual (the "Executive"). The term "Company" as used herein with respect to all obligations of the Executive hereunder shall be deemed to include the Company and all of its direct or indirect parent companies, subsidiaries, affiliates, or subsidiaries or affiliates of its parent companies (collectively, the "Group").
A. The Company desires to employ the Executive as its and to assure itself of the services of the Executive during the term of Employment (as defined below).
B. The Executive desires to be employed by the Company as its during the term of Employment and upon the terms and conditions of this Agreement.
The Executive hereby accepts a position of of the Company (the "Employment").
Subject to the terms and conditions of this Agreement, the initial term of the Employment shall be [three] years, commencing on , 2010 (the "Effective Date"), until , 20 , unless terminated earlier pursuant to the terms of this Agreement. Upon expiration of the initial [three]-year term, the Employment shall be automatically extended for successive [one]-year terms unless either party gives the other party hereto a one-month prior written notice to terminate the Employment prior to the expiration of such [one]-year term or unless terminated earlier pursuant to the terms of this Agreement.
The Executive's place of employment shall be the Company's principal executive offices are currently located at Unit 1112, The Metropolis Tower, 10 Metropolis Drive, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong. [The Executive's principal place of employment shall be the Company's principal executive offices.] / [The Executive agrees that he will be regularly present at the Company's principal executive offices.] The Executive acknowledges that he may be required to travel from time to time in the course of performing his duties for the Company.
The Executive's duties at the Company will include all jobs assigned by the Company's Board of Directors (the "Board") and/or the of the Company.
The Executive shall devote all of his working time, attention and skills to the performance of his duties at the Company and shall faithfully and diligently serve the Company in accordance with this Agreement, the Memorandum and Articles of Association of the Company (the "Articles of Association"), and the guidelines, policies and procedures of the Company approved from time to time by the Board.
The Executive shall use his best efforts to perform his duties hereunder. The Executive shall not hold any other employment, and shall not be concerned or interested in any business or entity that directly or indirectly competes with the Group (any such business or entity, a "Competitor"), provided that nothing in this clause shall preclude the Executive from holding up to [ % of] or ] shares or other securities of any Competitor that is listed on any securities exchange or recognized securities market anywhere, provided however, that the Executive shall notify the Company in writing prior to his obtaining a proposed interest in such shares or securities in a timely manner and with such details and particulars as the Company may reasonably require. The Company shall have the right to require the Executive to resign from any board or similar body which he may then serve if the Board reasonably determines in writing that the Executive's service on such board or body interferes with the effective discharge of the Executive's duties and responsibilities to the Company or that any business related to such service is then in competition with any business of the Company or any of its subsidiaries or affiliates.
The Executive hereby represents to the Company that: (i) the execution and delivery of this Agreement by the Executive and the performance by the Executive of the Executive's duties hereunder shall not constitute a breach of, or otherwise contravene, the terms of any other agreement or policy to which the Executive is a party or otherwise bound, except for agreements that are required to be entered into by and between the Executive and any member of the Group pursuant to applicable law of the jurisdiction where the Executive is based, if any; (ii) that the Executive has no information (including, without limitation, confidential information and trade secrets) relating to any other person or entity which would prevent, or be violated by, the Executive entering into this Agreement or carrying out his duties hereunder; (iii) that the Executive is not bound by any confidentiality, trade secret or similar agreement (other than this) with any other person or entity except for other member(s) of the Group, as the case may be.
(a) Cash Compensation. The Executive's salary shall be provided by the Company pursuant to Schedule A hereto, subject to annual review and adjustment by the Company.
(b) Equity Incentives. Once the Board and the shareholders of the Company adopt a share incentive plan of the Company, the Executive will be entitled to receive an option to purchase ordinary shares of the Company, and upon such other terms as determined by the Board.
(c) Benefits. The Executive is eligible for participation in any standard employee benefit plan of the Company that currently exists or may be adopted by the Company in the future, including, but not limited to, any retirement plan, life insurance plan, health insurance plan and travel/holiday plan.
(d) Pension. The Executive is entitled to become a member of the Company's mandatory provident fund scheme subject to the terms of its trust deed and rules in force from time to time. The Executive's and the Company's mandatory contributions shall each be capped at HK$[1,000] per month. No additional voluntary contribution shall be made by the Company. No withholdings shall be made by the Company other than the Executive's mandatory contribution.
(a) By the Company. The Company may terminate the Employment for cause, at any time, without notice or remuneration, if the Executive (1) commits any serious or persistent breach or non-observance of the terms and conditions of your employment; (2):is convicted of a criminal offence other than one which in the opinion of the Board does not affect the executive's position as an employee of the Company, bearing in mind the nature of your duties and the capacity in which the executive is employed; (3) wilfully disobeys a lawful and reasonable order; (4) misconducts himself or herself such conduct being inconsistent with the due and faithful discharge of the executive's duties; (5) is guilty of fraud or dishonesty; or (6) is habitually neglectful in his or her duties. Company may terminate the Employment without cause, at any time, upon one month written notice or by payment of one month salary in lieu of notice.
(b) By the Executive. The Executive may terminate the Employment at any time with a one-month prior written notice to the Company or by payment of one month salary in lieu of notice. In addition, the Executive may resign prior to the expiration of the Agreement if such resignation or an alternative arrangement with respect to the Employment is approved by the Board.
(a) Confidentiality and Non-disclosure. The Executive hereby agrees at all times during the term of his employment and after termination, to hold in the strictest confidence, and not to use, except for the benefit of the Group, or to disclose to any person, corporation or other entity without written consent of the Company, any Confidential Information. The Executive understands that "Confidential Information" means any proprietary or confidential information of the Group, its affiliates, their clients, customers or partners, and the Group's licensors, including, without limitation, technical data, trade secrets, research and development information, product plans, services, customer lists and customers (including, but not limited to, customers of the Group on whom the Executive called or with whom the Executive became acquainted during the term of his employment), supplier lists and suppliers, software, developments, inventions, processes, formulas, technology, designs, drawings, engineering, hardware configuration information, personnel information, marketing, finances, information about the suppliers, joint ventures, licensors, licensees, distributors and other persons with whom the Group does business, information regarding the skills and compensation of other employees of the Group or other business information disclosed to the Executive by or obtained by the Executive from the Group, its affiliates, or their clients, customers or partners either directly or indirectly in writing, orally or by drawings or observation of parts or equipment, if specifically indicated to be confidential or reasonably expected to be confidential. Notwithstanding the foregoing, Confidential Information shall not include information that is generally available and known to the public through no fault of the Executive.
(b) Company Property. The Executive understands that all documents (including computer records, facsimile and e-mail) and materials created, received or transmitted in connection with his work or using the facilities of the Group are property of the Group and subject to inspection by the Group, at any time. Upon termination of the Executive's employment with the Company (or at any other time when requested by the Company), the Executive will promptly deliver to the Company all documents and materials of any nature pertaining to his work with the Company and will provide written certification of his compliance with this Agreement. Under no circumstances will the Executive have, following his termination, in his possession any property of the Group, or any documents or materials or copies thereof containing any Confidential Information.
employer, person or entity. The Executive will indemnify the Group and hold it harmless from and against all claims, liabilities, damages and expenses, including reasonable attorneys' fees and costs of suit, arising out of or in connection with any violation of the foregoing.
(d) Third Party Information. The Executive recognizes that the Group may have received, and in the future may receive, from third parties their confidential or proprietary information subject to a duty on the Group's part to maintain the confidentiality of such information and to use it only for certain limited purposes. The Executive agrees that the Executive owes the Group and such third parties, during the Executive's employment by the Company and thereafter, a duty to hold all such confidential or proprietary information in the strictest confidence and not to disclose it to any person or firm and to use it in a manner consistent with, and for the limited purposes permitted by, the Group's agreement with such third party.
This Section 9 shall survive the termination of this Agreement for any reason. In the event the Executive breaches this Section 9, the Company shall have right to seek remedies permissible under applicable law.
(a) Inventions Retained and Licensed. The Executive has attached hereto, as Schedule B, a list describing all inventions, ideas, improvements, designs and discoveries, whether or not patentable and whether or not reduced to practice, original works of authorship and trade secrets made or conceived by or belonging to the Executive (whether made solely by the Executive or jointly with others) that (i) were developed by Executive prior to the Executive's employment by the Company (collectively, "Prior Inventions"), (ii) relate to the Group's actual or proposed business, products or research and development, and (iii) are not assigned to the Group hereunder; or, if no such list is attached, the Executive represents that there are no such Prior Inventions. Except to the extent set forth in Schedule B, the Executive hereby acknowledges and represents that, if in the course of his service for the Group, the Executive incorporates into a Group product, process or machine a Prior Invention owned by the Executive or in which he has an interest, (a) the Group is hereby granted and shall have a nonexclusive, royalty-free, irrevocable, perpetual, worldwide right and license (which may be freely transferred by the Group to any other person or entity) to make, have made, modify, use, sell, sublicense and otherwise distribute such Prior Invention as part of or in connection with such product, process or machine, and (b) he has all necessary rights, powers and authorization to use such Prior Invention in the manner it is used and such use will not infringe any right of any company, entity or person. The Executive hereby agrees to indemnify the Group and hold it harmless from all claims, liabilities, damages and expenses, including reasonable legal fees and costs for resolving disputes arising out of or in connection with any violation or claimed violation of a third party's rights resulting from any use, sub-licensing, modification, transfer or sale by the Group of such Prior Invention.
(b) Disclosure and Assignment of Inventions. The Executive understands that the Company engages in research and development and other activities in connection with its business and that, as an essential part of the Employment, the Executive is expected to make new contributions to and create inventions of value for the Company.
From and after the Effective Date, the Executive shall make full written disclosure in confidence to the Company all inventions, improvements, designs, original works of authorship, formulas, processes, compositions of matter, computer software programs, databases, mask works, concepts and trade secrets, whether or not patentable or registrable under patent, copyright, circuit layout design or similar laws in China or anywhere else in the world, which the Executive may solely or jointly conceive or develop or reduce to practice, or cause to be conceived or developed or reduced to practice, during the period of the Executive's Employment at the Company (whether or not during business hours) that are either related to the scope of his Employment at the Company or make use, in any manner, of the resources of the Group (collectively, the "Inventions")The Executive hereby acknowledges that the Company or the Group shall be the sole owner of all rights, title and interest in the Inventions created hereunder. In the event the foregoing assignment of Inventions to the Company or the Group is ineffective for any reason, each member of the Group is hereby granted and shall have a royalty-free, sub-licensable, transferable, irrevocable, perpetual, worldwide license to make, have made, modify, use, and sell such Inventions as part of or in connection with any product, process or machine. Such exclusive license shall continue in effect for the maximum term as may now or hereafter be permissible under applicable law. Upon expiration, such license, without further consent or action on the Executive's part, shall automatically be renewed for the maximum term as is then permissible under applicable law, unless, within the six-month period prior to such expiration, the Company and the Executive have agreed that such license will not be renewed. The Executive also hereby forever waives and agrees never to assert any and all rights he may have in or with respect to any Inventions even after termination of his employment with the Company. The Executive hereby further acknowledges that all Inventions created by him (solely or jointly with others) are, to the extent permitted by applicable law, "works made for hire" or "inventions made for hire," as those terms are defined in the People's Republic of China ("PRC") Copyright Law, the PRC Patent Law and the Regulations on Computer Software Protection, respectively, and all titles, rights and interests in or to such Inventions are or shall be vested in the Company.
beyond the termination of the Employment with the Company, provided that the Company will reasonably compensate the Executive after such termination for time or expenses actually spent by the Executive at the Company's request on such assistance. The Executive appoints the Company and its duly authorized officers and agents as the Executive's attorney-in-fact to execute documents on the Executive's behalf for this purpose.
(d) Remuneration. The Executive hereby agrees that the remuneration received by the Executive pursuant to this Agreement with the Company includes any remuneration which the Executive may be entitled to under applicable PRC law for any "works made for hire," "inventions made for hire" or other Inventions assigned to the Company pursuant to this Agreement.
(e) Return of Confidential Material. In the event of the Executive's termination of employment with the Company for any reason whatsoever, Executive agrees promptly to surrender and deliver to the Company all records, materials, equipment, drawings, documents and data of any nature pertaining to any confidential information or to his employment, and Executive will not retain or take with him any tangible materials or electronically stored data, containing or pertaining to any confidential information that Executive may produce, acquire or obtain access to during the course of his employment.
This Section 10 shall survive the termination of this Agreement for any reason. In the event the Executive breaches this Section 10, the Company shall have right to seek remedies permissible under applicable law.
The Executive hereby agrees that, during the term of his employment with the Company, he will not engage in any other employment, occupation, consulting or other business activity related to the business in which the Group is now involved or becomes involved during the term of the Executive's employment, nor will the Executive engage in any other activities that conflict with his obligations to the Company without the prior written consent of the Company.
(d) either on his own account or through any of his affiliates or in conjunction with or on behalf of any other person, in relation to any trade, business or company use a name including the words ["LandV", "Le Gaga"] or any other words hereafter used by the Group in its name or in the name of any of its products, services or their derivative terms, or the Chinese or English equivalent or any similar word in such a way as to be capable of or likely to be confused with the name of the Group or the product or services or any other products or services of the Group, and shall use all reasonable endeavors to procure that no such name shall be used by any of his affiliates or otherwise by any person with which he is connected.
Each and every obligation under Section 12 shall be treated as a separate obligation and shall be severally enforceable as such and in the event of any obligation or obligations being or becoming unenforceable in whole or in part, such part or parts which are unenforceable shall be deleted from such section and any such deletion shall not affect the enforceability of the remainder parts of such section.
The Executive agrees that in light of the circumstances, the restrictive covenants contained in Section 12 are reasonable and necessary for the protection of the Group, and further agrees that having regard to those circumstances the said covenants and are not excessive or unduly onerous upon the Executive. However, it is recognized that restrictions of the nature in question may fail for technical reasons currently unforeseen and accordingly it is hereby agreed and declared that if any of such restrictions shall be adjudged to be void as going beyond what is reasonable, in light of the circumstances, for the protection of the Group, but would be valid if part of the wording thereof were deleted or the periods thereof reduced or the range of activities or area dealt with thereby reduced in scope, the said restriction shall apply with such modification as may be necessary to make it valid and effective.
(including monetary damages if appropriate). In any event, the Company shall have right to seek all remedies permissible under applicable law.
In the event that the Executive leaves the employ of the Company, the Executive hereby grants consent to notification by the Company to his or her new employer about his or her rights and obligations under this Agreement.
This Agreement is personal in its nature and neither of the parties hereto shall, without the consent of the other, assign or transfer this Agreement or any rights or obligations hereunder; provided, however, that (i) the Company may assign or transfer this Agreement or any rights or obligations hereunder to any member of the Group without such consent, and (ii) in the event of a merger, consolidation, or transfer or sale of all or substantially all of the assets of the company with or to any other individual(s) or entity, this Agreement shall, subject to the provisions hereof, be binding upon and inure to the benefit of such successor and such successor shall discharge and perform all the promises, covenants, duties, and obligations of the Company hereunder.
This Agreement constitutes the entire agreement and understanding between the Executive and the Company regarding the terms of the Employment and supersedes all prior or contemporaneous oral or written agreements concerning such subject matter. The Executive acknowledges that he has not entered into this Agreement in reliance upon any representation, warranty or undertaking which is not set forth in this Agreement. Any amendment to this Agreement must be in writing and signed by the Executive and the Company.
The Executive hereby agrees to execute any proper oath or verify any proper document required to carry out the terms of this Agreement. The Executive hereby represents that the Executive's performance of all the terms of this Agreement will not breach any agreement to keep in confidence proprietary information acquired by the Executive in confidence or in trust prior to his or her employment by the Company. The Executive has not entered into, and hereby agrees that he or she will not enter into, any oral or written agreement in conflict with this Section 18.
This Agreement shall be governed by and construed in accordance with the law of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region.
into it freely and voluntarily, and has been advised to seek counsel prior to entering into this Agreement and has ample opportunity to do so.


text:
NETGEAR LAUNCHES SIX AND EIGHT BAY READYNAS BUSINESS-CLASS DESKTOP STORAGE POWERED BY LATEST READYNAS OS
ReadyNAS OS 6.7 offers infinite possibilities for best-in-class 6- and 8-bay desktop NAS to address data protection, sharing and sync for up to 40 employees
SAN JOSE, Calif. — May 23rd, 2017 — NETGEAR®, Inc. (NASDAQ: NTGR), the leading provider of networking devices that power today's smart home and small and medium-sized businesses (SMBs), is announcing the latest version of the ReadyNAS operating system — the innovative ReadyNAS OS 6.7 — safeguarding data through five levels of unrivaled defense, ReadyCLOUD® flexible file sharing, and ReadyDR® block-level backup and disaster recovery. Concurrent with the roll out of the powerful new capabilities of the ReadyNAS OS, NETGEAR is expanding the ReadyNAS® 420 Series in its industry-leading1 ReadyNAS Networked Attached Storage (NAS) product family. A unified storage platform for seamless file sharing, the new 6-bay ReadyNAS 426 and the new 8-bay ReadyNAS 428 extend the performance and scalability of our current 2- and 4- bay configurations.
ReadyNAS OS 6.7 Enhances Desktop NAS
Designed with your business in mind, the latest version (6.7) of the industry-leading ReadyNAS OS —based on Linux 4 — enables a complete, reliable and cost-effective backup platform for company files, databases, and virtual machines.
Public Cloud Sync: The new ReadyNAS OS 6.7 offers new enterprise-level capabilities such as automatic bi-directional synchronization between any ReadyNAS model and public cloud storage services including Amazon AWS, Amazon Cloud Drive, Dropbox and Google Drive. The ideal hybrid cloud solution for small businesses to back up and synchronize on-site storage to the cloud storage, and vice-versa.
Secure Private Cloud: In addition to supporting connections to popular public cloud services, ReadyNAS offers NETGEAR ReadyCLOUD® for an instant, secure VPN-based personal cloud for local and remote data access for file sharing and synchronization, without additional costs.
All-inclusive backup and recovery: ReadyNAS OS automatically installs ReadyDR™ (Disaster Recovery) to ensure business continuity with minimal downtime in any catastrophic event. ReadyDR performs incremental and scheduled block-level backup and restore to a second compatible ReadyNAS, ensuring LAN replication of even the largest backup files and databases.
NETGEAR has designed the ReadyNAS 420 Series for outstanding performance, versatility and scalability. With small business needs in mind, the ReadyNAS 420 Series NAS provides high performance, all-in-one file server and automatic backup for Windows®, Mac®, and Linux®-based computers and remote or cloud locations, at amazing price-performance levels. Already available in 2- and 4-bay configurations, the new 6-bay model (RN426) supports up to 60TB of storage and the new 8-bay model (RN428) up to 80TB of storage. Compared to the successful ReadyNAS 316, the ReadyNAS 426 and ReadyNAS 428 offer twice the data throughput, 50% faster data encryption and a significantly improved business class industrial design.
"ReadyNAS 426 and 428 are the latest in a long line of NETGEAR storage products to uphold our mission to provide the strongest data protection in the industry," said Richard Jonker, vice president of SMB Product Line Management for NETGEAR. "Businesses manage several pieces of valuable data that must be maintained secure, such as confidential customer information, transaction records, payroll, marketing data and product development. Protect all your data against both physical and human errors, malicious attacks, and natural disasters through our easy-to-manage desktop NAS solution with unmatched performance and warranty."
ReadyNAS is the only NAS in the industry designed for small and medium businesses to offer RAID 50 (RN426) and RAID 60 (RN428) configurations, which enhance both performance and protection against system failure. This is thanks to the new ReadyNAS OS, which enables unprecedented, flexible RAID 0, 1, 10, 5, 6, 50 and 60 options for performance, reliability and capacity optimization. The updated Ready NAS OS also includes a new 3D visual configuration tool, which has been designed to help better optimize the storage settings to meet the specific needs of your business.
These new ReadyNAS models are powered by the new Intel® Atom™ Processor C3000 with 4GB DDR4 memory for high levels of networking throughput, enabling enterprise-grade file sharing and data backup for small businesses, workgroups, and branch offices supporting up to 40 employees.
Both ReadyNAS 426 and 428 include four Gigabit copper Ethernet (GbE) network interfaces with link aggregation for high-performance throughput and failover protection. Their two USB 3.0 ports enable ultra-fast data retrieval and easy camera and smartphone media backup. Its industrial design offers improved usability features, better thermal control, and quieter operation. ReadyNAS is also supremely easy to set up, monitor and manage through the NETGEAR Insight mobile app for iOS and Android™ mobile devices.
Unmatched BTRFS File System with 5 levels of data protection:
Automatic XRAID protection against disk failure while maximizing drive capacity utilization, (up to RAID 50 for ReadyNAS 426 and RAID 60 for ReadyNAS 428)
Snapshot technology that restores data from any point in time
Free, built-in, real-time anti-virus and anti-malware software without performance degradation
Bit rot protection against media degradation; and
Easy-to-set up backup based on Block Level Replication technology
The ReadyNAS 420 Series including the new 6- and 8-bay models is available now worldwide through authorized NETGEAR partners and other reseller channels and ecommerce sites. ReadyNAS comes in populated configurations of various hard disk drive capacities. Prices shown are MSRP in the U.S.
RN422, 2-bay Dual GbE Desktop NAS, diskless — $449.99
RN426, 6-bay Quad GbE Desktop NAS, diskless — $849.99 - NEW
NETGEAR backs its ReadyNAS business-class products with the industry best-in-class 5-Year Limited Hardware Warranty, 5-Year Next Business Day Shipping for part replacement, and multiple support options to provide peace of mind for years to come.
Learn more about NETGEAR ReadyNAS desktop and rackmount series to determine the right solution for your business.
NETGEAR (NASDAQ: NTGR) is a global networking company that delivers innovative products to consumers, businesses and service providers. The Company's products are built on a variety of proven technologies such as wireless (WiFi and LTE), Ethernet and powerline, with a focus on reliability and ease-of-use. The product line consists of wired and wireless devices that enable networking, broadband access and network connectivity. These products are available in multiple configurations to address the needs of the end-users in each geographic region in which the Company's products are sold. NETGEAR products are sold in approximately 31,000 retail locations around the globe, and through approximately 28,000 value-added resellers, as well as multiple major cable, mobile and wireline service providers around the world. The company's headquarters are in San Jose, Calif., with additional offices in approximately 25 countries. More information is available from the NETGEAR investor page or by calling (408) 907-8000. Connect with NETGEAR on Twitter, Facebook and our blog.
©2017 NETGEAR, Inc. NETGEAR, the NETGEAR logo, and ReadyNAS, ReadyCLOUD and ReadyDR are trademarks and/or registered trademarks of NETGEAR, Inc. and/or its affiliates in the United States and/or other countries. Other brand and product names are for identification purposes only and may be trademarks or registered trademarks of their respective holder(s). The information contained herein is subject to change without notice. NETGEAR shall not be liable for technical or editorial errors or omissions contained herein. All rights reserved.
Safe Harbor Statement under the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995 for NETGEAR, Inc.: This press release contains forward-looking statements within the meaning of the U.S. Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995. Specifically, statements concerning NETGEAR's business and the expected performance characteristics, specifications, reliability, market acceptance, market growth, specific uses, user feedback and market position of NETGEAR's products and technology are forward-looking statements within the meaning of the Safe Harbor. These statements are based on management's current expectations and are subject to certain risks and uncertainties, including, without limitation, the following: the actual price, performance and ease-of-use of NETGEAR's products may not meet the price, performance and ease-of-use requirements of customers; product performance may be adversely affected by real world operating conditions; failure of products may under certain circumstances cause permanent loss of end user data; new viruses or Internet threats may develop that challenge the effectiveness of security features in NETGEAR's products; the ability of NETGEAR to market and sell its products and technology; the impact and pricing of competing products; and the introduction of alternative technological solutions. Further information on potential risk factors that could affect NETGEAR and its business are detailed in the Company's periodic filings with the Securities and Exchange Commission. NETGEAR undertakes no obligation to release publicly any revisions to any forward-looking statements contained herein to reflect events or circumstances after the date hereof or to reflect the occurrence of unanticipated events.
Source: NETGEAR-G
NETGEAR contacts:
U.S. Media Contact: Nathan Papadopulos, (408) 890-3889, NPapadopulos@netgear.com


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'Mrs. Doubtfire' Review: An Unmemorable Broadway Musical Banks on Familiar Material
Naveen Kumar
A face smothered in banana cream has already sprung out from behind a refrigerator door. A silicone breast plate has been scorched over a stovetop. A man dressed like Margaret Thatcher on her day off has boogied with a vacuum cleaner.
"Mrs. Doubtfire," a polished and pandering new musical from Wayne and Karey Kirkpatrick and John O'Farrell, has been dutifully trotting the bases of its source material (the 1993 film starring Robin Williams) for two hours by the time an aggrieved daughter pleads with her dad: "Please tell me you have a plan to end all of this."
Director Jerry Zaks Is Bringing Laughs Back to Broadway After 18-Month Shutdown Due to the Pandemic
'Mrs. Doubtfire' Director Confirms Existence of R-Rated Cut
Despite Digital Entertainment, Show Business Still Relies on Human Interaction
Lydia (played by young standout Analise Scarpaci) may be referring to the drawn-out and predictable comedy of disguise in which she has been woefully caught. But her weary impatience could just as easily apply to the rote and persistent assembly line of commercial Broadway musicals fabricated from VHS favorites. Bemoaning their unoriginality, stale perpetuation of nostalgia and money-grabbing impetus has become a cliché pastime all its own.
But even in the belabored tradition of screen-to-stage musical adaptations, "Mrs. Doubtfire" is doggedly risk-averse, opting for handsomely outfitted, faithful simulacrum over reinvention or surprise. "Hairspray" it is not.
Yes, there is a dream-sequence chorus line of many Mrs. Doubtfires, swishing their brooms this way and that (the choreography is by Lorin Latarro). Rachael Ray and Paula Deen lookalikes break free from YouTube to conduct the hapless nanny's famously disastrous dinner prep — in a tap number featuring a rubber chicken. Mrs. Doubtfire dances the worm.
But between mildly amusing bits of stagecraft from director Jerry Zaks, the writing team, Tony-nominated for the shamelessly silly Elizabethan romp "Something Rotten!," bring little ingenuity or panache to musicalizing familiar material. Lines — and line readings — lifted directly from the movie are spoon-fed to fans throughout. ("The whole time!," in fact.)
The Kirkpatricks' score seems bent on making up for its lack of distinct point of view with at least some measure of variety — a bit of rock 'n' roll (benign), a couple of beatboxing puppets (impressive) and a lot of genre non-specific songs in the style of contemporary musical theater (inoffensive). If the score has a unifying principle, it's duly resisting catchiness or memorability.
Rob McClure, who broke out on Broadway 15 years ago stepping into the shoes of another legendary comedian in "Chaplin," delivers an undeniably charming and virtuosic performance. Showcasing his extreme vocal gymnastics and expert slapstick seems to be the production's most convincing creative defense. His batty brogue is a facsimile of Williams' — the musical scrupulously avoids fixing anything that isn't broken (or breaking any sort of ground at all) — but McClure otherwise owns this resurrection, seizing the part for his own.
There is a curious vacancy, though, to Jenn Gambatese in the role (originated by Sally Field) of the comic fool's warm but exasperated ex-wife. Indeed, with the notable added exception of Charity Angél Dawson, as the court-ordered child-custody liaison who nearly absconds with the show in a fiery second-act ambush, much of the company seem like resigned figurines on a carousel, unsure of where this is all headed. They raise their voices when they have something to hide (which is often). They smile and hit their marks. They clear the way for their wily and wisecracking matron.
If the production has another star, it's the meticulously detailed, almost lavish set by David Korins, impeccably lit by Philip S. Rosenberg. The pristine suburban affluence of present-day San Francisco may not lend the domestic story much accessibility or intimacy, but at least it's pretty to look at. The costumes by Catherine Zuber telegraph a "Scooby Doo" vibe and don't feel entirely in sync.
Crossdressing in pursuit of love is a centuries-old theatrical device; even Viola, Shakespeare's noblest heroine, costumed herself like a man to woo one, albeit with significantly more poetry. But the politics of gender performance — particularly on major stages, where gender-diverse representation remains scarce to non-existent — have long favored dudes donning dresses for yuks. "Mrs. Doubtfire" has little if anything to say about what it means to be a man or a woman, which may be a blessing. (A small army of queer stylists whip up the persona as a drag challenge.) But in the context of rapidly evolving conversations about gender diversity, with real stakes for trans and non-binary people, the musical's central maneuver feels cheap, retrograde and like little more than a gimmick.
There's a case to be made that people just want to be reminded of childhood, coddled by stories they remember fondly, and held to a sympathetic breast that smells of mothballs and banana cream. Never mind about art — even popular entertainment ought to pack more of a punch than brandy on the gums. Besides, "Mrs. Doubtfire" the movie is streaming on Disney+.
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