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Menstruation is the periodic discharge of blood and cells from the lining of a non-pregnant uterus in human females and some non-human primates, such as chimpanzees, gorillas, and orangutans. Menstruation begins at puberty and ends with menopause. The menstrual cycle is the entire, recurring cycle of physiological changes in females that is associated with reproductive fertility, while menstruation is the part of that cycle that involves the shedding of the uterine lining between ovulations.
2 The Normal Menstrual Cycle in Humans
2.1 Menstruation
2.2 Follicular Phase
2.3 Ovulation
2.4 Luteal Phase
3 Menstrual Symptoms
4 The Fertile Window
5 Hormonal Control
6 Hidden Ovulation
7 The Ovary as an Egg-Bank
8 The Anovulatory Menstrual Cycle
9 Cycle Abnormalities
9.1 Frequency
9.2 Flow
10 The Birth Control Pill
11 Etymology and the Lunar Month
12 Menstrual Products
12.1 Debate
13 Culture and Menstruation
13.1 Christianity
13.2 Islam
13.3 Judaism
13.4 Hinduism
13.5 Buddhism
13.6 Ayyavazhi tradition
13.7 Tribal societies
13.8 Mysticism
14 Menstruation in Other Mammals
Unlike many animals in which sexual activity is restricted to near the time of ovulation, the human menstrual cycle allows reproduction year round and lacks overt signs of the time of ovulation. Such a system fosters receptivity to sexual intimacy at any time, thus promoting pair bonding and allowing sex, considered by many religious traditions as ideally a holy act, to encourage and cement the bonds of love between husband and wife.
This article concentrates on the menstrual cycle as it occurs in human beings.
Human beings and the great apes (chimpanzees, gorillas, and orangutans) experience a true menstrual cycle. Old World Monkeys (baboons, macaques, etc.) are sometimes included as having a menstrual cycle depending on how terms are defined. However, most placental mammals—such as dogs, cats, elephants, and New World Monkeys (howler, capuchin, and spider monkeys, etc.)—experience estrus instead. One difference is that animals that have estrous cycles reabsorb the endometrium if conception does not occur during that cycle. Animals that have menstrual cycles shed the endometrium through menstruation instead. Another difference is sexual activity. In species with estrous cycles, females are generally only sexually active during the estrous phase of their cycle (near the time of ovulation). This is also referred to as being "in heat." In contrast, females of species with menstrual cycles can be sexually active at any time in their cycle, even when they are not about to ovulate. Humans, unlike some other species, do not have any external signs to signal receptivity at ovulation.
The menstrual cycle is under the control of the reproductive hormone system and is necessary for reproduction. In women, menstrual cycles occur typically on a monthly basis between puberty and menopause.
During the menstrual cycle, the sexually mature female body builds up the lining of the uterus with gradually increasing amounts of estrogen, and when this hormone reaches a critical level, estradiol is produced, and shortly thereafter there is the stimulation of the ovaries with follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), and luteinizing hormone (LH). Follicles (a group of cells) begin developing, and within a few days one "matures" into an ovum, or egg. The ovary then releases this egg, (or occasionally two, which might result in dizygotic, or non-identical, twins) at the time of ovulation. The lining of the uterus, called the endometrium, peaks shortly there afterward in a synchronized fashion. After ovulation, this lining changes to prepare for potential conception and implantation of the fertilized egg to establish a pregnancy. The hormone progesterone rises after ovulation, and peaks shortly afterwards.
If fertilization and pregnancy do not ensue, the uterus sheds the lining, culminating with menstruation, which marks the low point for estrogen activity. This manifests itself to the outer world in the form of the menses (also menstruum): essentially part of the endometrium and blood products that pass out of the body through the vagina. Although this is commonly referred to as blood, it differs in composition from venous blood. Menstrual cycles are counted from the beginning of menstruation because this is an outside sign that corresponds closely with the hormonal cycle. Menses, or bleeding, and other menstrual signs may end at different points in the new cycle.
Common terminology refers to menstruation and menses as a period. This bleeding serves as a sign that a woman has not become pregnant. However, this cannot be taken as certainty, as sometimes there is some bleeding in early pregnancy. During the reproductive years, failure to menstruate may provide the first indication to a woman that she may have become pregnant. A woman might say that her "period is late" when an expected menstruation has not started and she might have become pregnant.
Menstruation forms a normal part of a natural cyclic process occurring in healthy women between puberty and the end of the reproductive years. The onset of menstruation, known as menarche, occurs at an average age of 12, but is normal anywhere between the ages of eight and 16. Factors such as heredity, diet, and overall health can accelerate or delay the onset of menarche (Menstruation 2005).
The condition precocious puberty has caused menstruation to occur in girls as young as eight months old (Mikkelson 2004). Some women experience their first period in their late teens. The last period, menopause, usually occurs between the ages of 45 and 55. Deviations from this pattern deserve medical attention. Amenorrhea refers to a prolonged absence of menses during the reproductive years of a woman for reasons other than pregnancy. For example, women with very low body fat, such as athletes, may cease to menstruate. The presence of menstruation does not prove that ovulation took place; women who do not ovulate may have menstrual cycles. Those anovulatory cycles tend to take place less regularly and show greater variation in cycle length. In addition, the absence of menstruation also does not prove that ovulation did not take place since hormone disruptions in non-pregnant women can suppress bleeding on occasion.
The Normal Menstrual Cycle in Humans
Women show considerable variation in the lengths of their menstrual cycles. While cycle length may vary, 28 days is generally taken as representative of the average ovulatory cycle in women. Convention uses the onset of menstrual bleeding to mark the beginning of the cycle, so the first day of bleeding is called "cycle day one."
The menstrual cycle can be divided into four phases:
Eumenorrhea denotes normal, regular menstruation that lasts for a few days (usually three to five days, but anywhere from two to seven days is considered normal) (MedicineNet). The average blood loss during menstruation is 35 milliliters with 10-80 mL considered normal; many women also notice shed endometrium lining that appears as tissue mixed with the blood. An enzyme called plasmin—contained in the endometrium—inhibits the blood from clotting. Because of this blood loss, women have higher dietary requirements for iron than do males to prevent iron deficiency. Many women experience uterine cramps, also referred to as dysmenorrhea, during this time. A vast industry has grown to provide sanitary products to help women to manage their menses.
Follicular Phase
Through the influence of a rise in Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), five to seven tertiary-stage ovarian follicles are recruited for entry into the menstrual cycle. These follicles, which have been growing for the better part of a year in a process known as folliculogenesis, compete with each other for dominance. In a signal cascade kicked off by luteinizing hormone (LH), the follicles secrete estradiol, a steroid that acts to inhibit pituitary secretion of FSH. With diminished FSH supply comes a slowing in growth that eventually leads to follicle death, known as atresia. The largest follicle secretes inhibin that serves as a finishing blow to less competent follicles by further suppressing FSH. This dominant follicle continues growing, forms a bulge near the surface of the ovary, and soon becomes competent to ovulate.
The follicles also secrete estrogens (of which estradiol is a member). Estrogens initiate the formation of a new layer of endometrium in the uterus, histologically identified as the proliferative endometrium. If fertilized, the embryo will implant itself within this hospitable flesh.
The ovary about to release an egg
When the follicle has matured, it secretes enough estradiol to trigger the acute release of luteinizing hormone (LH). In the average cycle this LH surge starts around cycle day 12 and may last 48 hours. The release of LH matures the egg and weakens the wall of the follicle in the ovary. This process leads to ovulation: the release of the now mature ovum, the largest cell of the body (with a diameter of about 0.5 mm). Which of the two ovaries—left or right—ovulates appears essentially random; no known left/right co-ordination exists. The fallopian tubes, which connect the ovaries to the uterus, need to capture the egg and provide the site for fertilization. A characteristic clear and stringy mucus exhibiting spinnbarkeit develops at the cervix, ready to accept sperm from intercourse. Spinnbarkeit is a medical term and refers to the stringy and/or stretchy quality found to varying degrees in mucus, saliva, and similar fluids. In some women, ovulation features a characteristic pain called Mittelschmerz (German term meaning 'middle pain'), which lasts for several hours. The sudden change in hormones at the time of ovulation also causes light mid-cycle bleeding for some women. Many women perceive the vaginal and cervical mucus changes at ovulation, particularly if they are monitoring themselves for signs of fertility. An unfertilized egg will eventually disintegrate or dissolve in the uterus. Scientific investigations have indicated that the olfactory acuity, or the sense of smell, is greatest in women during ovulation (Navarrete-Palacios 2003).
Luteal Phase
The most apt time to become pregnant is when the egg is in the place where it can be fertilized easily. The corpus luteum is the solid body formed in the ovaries after the egg has been released from the fallopian tube and that continues to grow and divide for a while. After ovulation, the residual follicle transforms into thecorpus luteum under the support of the pituitary hormones. This corpus luteum will produce progesterone in addition to estrogens for approximately the next two weeks. Progesterone plays a vital role in converting the proliferative endometrium into a secretory lining receptive for implantation and supportive of the early pregnancy. It raises the body temperature by one-half to one whole degree Fahrenheit (one-quarter to one-half degree Celsius); thus, women who record their temperature on a daily basis will notice that they have entered the luteal phase.
If fertilization of an egg has occurred, it will travel as an early embryo through the fallopian tube to the uterine cavity and implant itself six to 12 days after ovulation. Shortly after implantation, the growing embryo will signal its existence to the maternal system. One very early signal consists of human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG), a hormone that pregnancy tests can measure. This signal has an important role in maintaining the corpus luteum and enabling it to continue to produce progesterone. In the absence of a pregnancy and without hCG, the corpus luteum demises and inhibin and progesterone levels fall. This will set the stage for the next cycle. Progesterone withdrawal leads to menstrual shedding (progesterone withdrawal bleeding), and falling inhibin levels allow FSH levels to rise to raise a new crop of follicles.
In many women, various unpleasant symptoms caused by the involved hormones and by cramping of the uterus can precede or accompany menstruation. More severe symptoms may include significant menstrual pain (dysmenorrhea), abdominal pain, migraine headaches, depression, and irritability. Some women encounter premenstrual stress syndrome (PMS or premenstrual syndrome), severe cases of which are clinically referred to as premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD). Other women are said to suffer from what some doctors call post-menstrual syndrome, where similar symptoms manifest themselves. This is rare and is usually not as severe or as long as pre-menstrual syndrome. Breast discomfort caused by premenstrual water retention is very common. The list of symptoms experienced varies from person to person. Furthermore, within an individual, the severity of the symptoms may vary from cycle to cycle. Pharmaceutical and herbal companies provide menstrual products designed to lessen or relieve some or all of these symptoms.
The Fertile Window
The length of the follicular phase—and consequently the length of the menstrual cycle—may vary widely. The luteal phase, however, almost always takes the same number of days. Some women have a luteal phase of ten days, others of 16 days (the average is 14 days), but for each individual woman, this length will remain constant. Sperm survive inside a woman for three days on average, with survival time up to five days considered normal. A pregnancy resulting from sperm life of eight days has been documented (Ball 1977, Sinha 1993).
The most fertile period (the time with the highest likelihood of sexual intercourse leading to pregnancy) covers the time from some five days before ovulation until 1-2 days after ovulation. In an average 28-day cycle with a 14-day luteal phase, this corresponds to the second and the beginning of the third week of the cycle.
Fertility awareness methods of birth control attempt to determine the precise time of ovulation in order to find the relatively fertile and the relatively infertile days in the cycle.
People who have heard about the menstrual cycle and ovulation may commonly and mistakenly assume, for contraceptive purposes, that menstrual cycles always take a regular 28 days, and that ovulation always occurs 14 days after beginning of the menses. This assumption may lead to unintended pregnancies. Note, too, that not every bleeding event counts as a menstruation, and this can mislead people in their calculation of the fertile window.
If a woman wants to conceive, the most fertile time occurs between 19 and 10 days prior to the expected menses. Many women use ovulation detection kits that detect the presence of the LH surge in the urine to indicate the most fertile time. Other ovulation detection systems rely on observation of one or more of the three primary fertility signs (basal body temperature, cervical fluid, and cervical position).
Among women living closely together, the onsets of menstruation may tend to synchronize somewhat, an apparent example of entrainment—an innate physiological process whereby connected systems with similar periods fall into synchrony. Such a process likewise is seen in the turning of plants toward sunlight and the matching of human sleep schedules with their circadian rhythm. This McClintock effect of menstruation was first described in 1971, and possibly explained by the action of pheromones in 1998 (Stern 1998). However, subsequent research has called this conclusion into question.
Hormonal Control
Extreme intricacies regulate the menstrual cycle. For many years, researchers have argued over which regulatory system has ultimate control: the hypothalamus, the pituitary gland, or the ovary with its growing follicle; but all three systems have to interact.
In any scenario, the growing follicle has a critical role: it matures the lining, provides the appropriate feedback to the hypothalamus and pituitary, and modifies the mucus changes at the cervix. Two sex hormones play a role in the control of the menstrual cycle: estradiol and progesterone. While estrogen peaks twice, during follicular growth and during the luteal phase, progesterone remains virtually absent prior to ovulation, but becomes critical in the luteal phase and during pregnancy. Many tests for ovulation check for the presence of progesterone. These sex hormones come under the influence of the pituitary gland, and both FSH and LH play necessary roles. FSH stimulates immature follicles in the ovaries to grow. LH triggers ovulation. The gonadotropin-releasing hormone of the hypothalamus controls the pituitary gland, yet both the pituitary and the hypothalamus receive feedback from the follicle. After ovulation the corpus luteum—which develops from the burst follicle and remains in the ovary—secretes both estradiol and progesterone. Only if pregnancy occurs do hormones appear in order to suspend the menstrual cycle, while production of estradiol and progesterone continues. Abnormal hormonal regulation leads to disturbance in the menstrual cycle.
Some women with neurological conditions experience increased activity of their conditions at about the same time every month. Eighty percent of women with epilepsy (tendency to have seizures) have more seizures than usual in the phase of their cycle when progesterone declines and estrogen increases.
Mice have been used as an experimental system to investigate possible mechanisms by which levels of sex steroid hormones might regulate nervous system function. During the part of the mouse estrous cycle when progesterone is highest, the level of nerve-cell GABA receptor subtype delta was high. Since these GABA receptors are inhibitory, nerve cells with more delta receptors are less likely to fire than cells with lower numbers of delta receptors. During the part of the mouse estrous cycle when estrogen levels are higher than progesterone levels, the number of delta receptors decrease, increasing nerve cell activity, in turn increasing anxiety and seizure susceptibility (Maguire 2005).
Hidden Ovulation
Unlike almost all other species, the external physical changes of a human female near ovulation are very subtle. A woman may sense her own ovulation while it may remain indiscernible to others; this is considered to have socio-biological significance. In contrast, other species often signal receptivity through heat. The great apes are the only other mammals to have hidden ovulation.
The Ovary as an Egg-Bank
Evidence suggests that eggs are formed from germ cells early in fetal life. The number is reduced to an estimated 400,000 to 450,000 immature eggs residing in each ovary at puberty. The menstrual cycle, as a biologic event, allows for ovulation of one egg typically each month. Thus, over her lifetime a woman will ovulate approximately 400 to 450 times. All the other eggs dissolve by a process called atresia. As a woman's total egg supply is formed in fetal life, to be ovulated decades later, it has been suggested that this long lifetime may make the chromatin of eggs more vulnerable to division problems, breakage, and mutation than the chromatin of sperm, which are produced continuously during a man's reproductive life. This possibility is supported by the observation that fetuses and infants of older mothers have higher rates of chromosome abnormalities than those of older fathers.
The Anovulatory Menstrual Cycle
Not all menstruations result from an ovulatory menstrual cycle (anovulatory cycle- literally 'an-' absence of 'ovulation'). In some women, follicular development may start but not complete. Nevertheless, estrogens will form and will stimulate the uterine lining. Sooner or later, the uterus will shed this lining. As no ovulation and no progesterone involvement occurs, doctors call this type of bleeding an "estrogen breakthrough bleeding" and cannot always predict its duration or frequency. Anovulatory bleeding commonly occurs prior to menopause or in women with polycystic ovary syndrome (hormonal reproductive problem most commonly found in women of childbearing age). Infrequent or irregular ovulation is called oligoovulation.
Cycle Abnormalities
The "normal menstrual cycle" occurs every 28 days ± 7 days.
The medical term for cycles with intervals of 21 days or fewer is polymenorrhea. On the other hand, the term for cycles with intervals exceeding 35 days is oligomenorrhea (or amenorrhea if intervals exceed 180 days).
The normal menstrual flow amounts to 50 ml ± 30 ml. It follows a "crescendo-decrescendo" pattern; that is, it starts at a moderate level, increases somewhat, and then slowly tapers. Sudden heavy flows or amounts in excess of 80 ml (hypermenorrhea or menorrhagia) may stem from hormonal disturbance, uterine abnormalities, including uterine leiomyoma (benign tumor) or cancer, and other causes. Doctors call the opposite phenomenon of bleeding very little hypomenorrhea.
The typical woman bleeds ("is on her period") for three to seven days out of each month.
Prolonged bleeding (metrorrhagia, also meno-metrorrhagia) no longer shows a clear interval pattern. Dysfunctional uterine bleeding refers to hormonally-caused bleeding abnormalities, typically anovulation.
All these bleeding abnormalities need medical attention; they may indicate hormone imbalances, uterine fibroids, or other problems. As pregnant patients may bleed, a pregnancy test forms part of the evaluation of abnormal bleeding.
Estrogens and progesterone-like hormones make up the main active ingredients of birth control pills. Typically, they tend to mimic a menstrual cycle in appearance, but suppress the critical event of the ovulatory cycle, namely ovulation. Normally, a woman takes hormone pills for 21 days, followed by seven days of non-functional placebo sugar pills or no pills at all. Then the cycle starts again. During the seven placebo days, a withdrawal bleeding occurs; this differs from ordinary menstruation, and skipping the placebos and continuing with the next batch of hormone pills may suppress it. (Two main versions of the pill exist: monophasic and triphasic. With triphasic pills, skipping of the placebos and continuing with the next month's dose can make a woman more likely to experience spotting or breakthrough bleeding.) In 2003, the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved low-dose monophasic birth control pills that induce withdrawal bleedings only every 3 months.
Etymology and the Lunar Month
The terms "menstruation" and "menses" come from the Latin mensis (month), which in turn relates to the Greek mene (moon) and to the roots of the English words month and moon—reflecting the fact that the moon also takes close to 28 days to revolve around the Earth (actually 27.32 days). The synodical lunar month, the period between two new moons (or full moons), is 29.53 days long.
A 1975 book by Louise Lacey documented the experience of herself and 27 of her friends, who found that when they removed all artificial night lighting their menstrual cycles began to occur in rhythm with the lunar cycle. She dubbed the technique Lunaception (Lacey 1975). Later studies in both humans (Singer 2004) and animals (Harder 2004) have found that artificial light at night does influence the menstrual cycle in humans and the estrus cycle in mice (usually making it more irregular), though none have duplicated the synchronization of women's menstrual cycles with the lunar cycle. One author has suggested that sensitivity of women's cycles to night lighting is caused by nutritional deficiencies of certain vitamins and minerals (Shannon 2001).
Some have suggested that the fact that other animals' menstrual cycles appear to be greatly different from lunar cycles (see Menstruation#Menstruation in Other Mammals below) supports the view that the average length of humans' cycle is likely a coincidence (Adams 1999, Cutler 1980).
While some women allow their menses to flow freely or learn to recognize when their menses will flow, most women prefer to use some artificial means to absorb or catch their menses to prevent soiling their clothes. There are a number of different methods used:
Sanitary towels, sanitary napkins, or pads—somewhat rectangular pieces of material worn in the underpants to absorb menstrual flow, often with "wings," pieces that fold around the panties, and/or an adhesive backing to hold the pad in place. Reusable cloth pads are made of cotton (often organic), terrycloth, or flannel, and may be hand-sewn (from material or reused old clothes and towels) or store bought. Disposable synthetic pads are made of wood pulp or synthetic products, usually with a plastic lining and bleached.
Tampons—Disposable wads of treated rayon/cotton blends or all-cotton fleece, usually bleached, that are inserted into the vagina to absorb menstrual flow.
Menstrual cups—A firm, flexible cup- or bell-shaped device worn inside the vagina to catch menstrual flow. Reusable versions include rubber or silicone cups. Disposable versions come in soft plastic cups.
Sea sponges—Reusable soft sponges from plant-like animals that grow on the ocean floor, worn internally to absorb blood.
Padettes—Disposable wads of treated rayon/cotton blend fleece that are placed within the inner labia (part of the external female genetilia) to absorb menstrual flow.
Padded panties—Reusable cloth (usually cotton) undergarment/underwear with extra absorbent layers sewn in to absorb flow.
Blanket, towel—Large reusable piece of cloth, most often used at night, placed between legs to absorb menstrual flow.
Pharmaceutical companies also provide products—commonly non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs)—to relieve menstrual cramps.
Much debate centers around which menstrual products to use. The main debate can be summarized as one between the convenience, availability, and general knowledge of disposables versus the environmental, monetary, and potential health benefits of reusables. A secondary aspect of this is commercial responsibility. Disposable menstrual products compose a large and powerful industry in the West, with a near monopoly on advertising, supermarket shelves, and menstrual education. This leads many people to believe that these corporate products are their only option. Many people object to the negative portrayal of menstruation in advertising; menstruation is portrayed as shameful, unnatural, smelly, and hindering. In contrast, the reusable menstrual products industry is composed mostly of small, independent, and often woman-owned businesses, and often a more positive view of the women's cycle.
A summary of the main issues of debate:
Environmental waste: Tampons, pads, disposable cups and their packaging generate tons of bulky waste per year, much of which is not biodegradable.
Cost: Many disposables have a cheaper upfront cost than reusables, but over time this cost may be recouped many times over from savings on reusables. Some reusables can be made for free from old clothes or other scraps of cloth.
Bleaching: Many women object to the chlorine bleaching of disposable menstrual products, which leaves trace amounts of dioxin, a carcinogen (cancer causing agent), in their bodies.
Scents and deodorizers: Chemical scents and deodorizers can cause rashes, irritation, and allergic reactions. They can upset the pH balance of the vagina and cause yeast infections.
Specific to tampons: Toxic Shock Syndrome is indirectly caused by staphylococcus aureus, which can thrive in the environment found in tampon fibers. TSS is very rare, with only approximately 40 cases per year in the United Kingdom. One or two out of 100,000 women in the United States are affected by TSS (age range of 15-44 years) (Cowart 2016). Tampon-associated TSS is not caused by the staphylococci invading into tissues, but rather as a result of the release of a protein called toxic shock syndrome toxin, or TSST (Staphylococcus 1996). TSST is absorbed into the body where it acts as a toxin. Toxic Shock Syndrome can, and does, cause death. TSS can be avoided by using the least absorbent tampon possible for one's flow, changing tampons at least every eight hours, and/or by avoiding tampons altogether. This may apply to sea sponges also, though no cases of TSS with sea sponge use have been reported.
Culture and Menstruation
Several religions have menstruation-related rituals.
Some Christian denominations, including some (but by no means all) authorities of the Orthodox Church, advise women not to receive communion during their menstrual period. Other denominations follow the rules laid out in the Holiness Code section of Leviticus, somewhat similar to the Jewish ritual of Niddah.
Most Christian denominations do not follow any specific rituals or rules related to menstruation.
The traditional Islamic interpretation of the Qur'an forbids intercourse, but not physical intimacy, during a woman's menstrual period. During menstrual periods, women are not allowed to perform prayers or fast.
A ritual exclusion applies to a woman while menstruating and for about a week thereafter, until she immerses herself in a mikvah, which is a ritual bath. During this time, a married couple has to avoid sexual intercourse and physical intimacy. While Orthodox Jews follow this exclusion, many Jews in other branches of the religion do not.
During the menses, many Hindu women, especially Brahmins, avoid routine work and do not enter the kitchen or pooja (altar) room. They do not touch members of their family or exchange clothes with them. They may even sleep on mats instead of their usual beds, or in special rooms or huts for this purpose. This is maintained for three days, with the starting day counted as one day. On the morning of the fourth day, they bathe and end the ritual. On the fifth day, they take an oil bath and go back to their regular routine.
As with menstrual regulations in many other religions, this is a rule followed more in orthodox homes than in households following other forms of Hinduism.
In Buddhism (Theravada or Hinayana) menstruation is viewed as "a natural physical excretion that women have to go through on a monthly basis, nothing more or less." However Hindu belief and practice carried over into Thai Buddhist culture.
Ayyavazhi tradition
Almost all the practices of women during their menses in Hindu culture were also practices in Ayyavazhi society. However, they did enter the kitchen and bathe on each day of their menses, in contrast to the Hindu tradition.
Tribal societies
Some tribal societies place restrictions and taboos on menstruating women. For example, Dogon women must stay in a special hut during their menstrual period.
Mystics have sometimes elaborated "equivalencies," analogizing the waxing and waning of the moon with influences on human menstruation. In this astrological context, some women call menstruation their "moon time." Some ancient views also regarded menstruation as a cleansing of the body and compare it to bloodletting as a major medical treatment of pre-modern times. Bloodletting refers to the removal of blood from a vein usually for therapeutic measures.
Menstruation in Other Mammals
A regular menstrual cycle as described here only occurs in the great apes. Menstrual cycles vary in length from an average of 29 days in orangutans to an average of 37 days in chimpanzees.
Females of other mammalian species go through certain episodes called "estrus," or "heat," in each breeding season. During these times, ovulation occurs and females become receptive to mating, a fact advertised to males in some way. If no fertilization takes place, the uterus reabsorbs the endometrium and no menstrual bleeding occurs. Significant differences exist between the estrus and the menstrual cycle. Some animals, such as domestic cats and dogs, do produce a very short and mild menstrual flow. However, due to its small amount (and personal cleanliness in cats) it passes largely unnoticed by pet owners.
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Abell, G. O. and B. Singer. 1983. Science and the Paranormal: Probing the Existence of the Supernatural. Scribner Book Company. ISBN 0684178206.
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Baron, S. 1996. "Staphylococcus—Damage to the host." In Medical Microbiology (Online book), 4th edition. University of Texas Medical Branch. ISBN 0963117211. Retrieved September 17, 2018.
Cowart, L. 2016. Women are still getting Toxic Shock Syndrome, and no one quite knows why. The Washington Post, March 21, 2016. Retrieved September 17, 2018.
Cutler, W. B. 1980. Lunar and menstrual phase locking. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 137(7):834-9. PMID 7405975
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Gangestad, S. W., J. A. Simpson, A. J. Cousins, C. E. Garver-Apgar, and P. N. Christensen. 2004. "Women's preferences for male behavioral displays change across the menstrual cycle." Psychol Sci 15 (3): 203-7. PMID 15016293
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Maguire, J. L., and I. Mody. 2005. "Ovarian cycle-linked changes in GABAA receptors mediating tonic inhibition alter seizure susceptibility and anxiety." Nature Neuroscience 8 (June): 797-804. Retrieved September 17, 2018.
MedicineNet. Menstruation (Menstrual Cycle) Retrieved September 17, 2018.
Mikkelson, B., and D. P. Mikkelson. 2004. "Youngest Mother." Retrieved September 17, 2018.
Navarrete-Palacios, E., R. Hudsonm, G. Reyes-Guerrero, and R. Guevara-Guzman. 2003. "Lower olfactory threshold during the ovulatory phase of the menstrual cycle." Biol Psychol 63 (3): 269-79. PMID 12853171
Shannon, M. 2001. Fertility, Cycles, and Nutrition. Cincinnati, Ohio: The Couple to Couple League International.
Silverthorn, D. 2004. Human Physiology, An Integrated Approach (3rd Edition). San Francisco: Benjamin Cummings. ISBN 013102153
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Sinha G, and A. Sinha. 1993. "A field trial of Billings' ovulation method for spacing and limitation of birth." J Indian Med Assoc. 91 (10): 255-6. PMID 8308307
Stern, K., and M. K. McClintock, 1998. "Regulation of ovulation by human pheromones." Nature 392 (6672): 177-9. PMID 9515961
Menstruation history
Spinnbarkeit history
Estrous_cycle history
Hominidae history
History of "Menstruation"
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Despite all the weddings I've shot over the years, the beginning of each new season brings with it a certain sense of apprehension, a desire to start well and get into the groove. So I was really fortunate and delighted to have had S & B's marriage celebration to shoot in May, at the wonderful historic Abbey of Saint Florent le Vieil and the nearby Chateau de Vair, halfway between Nantes and Angers.
Fortunate I say, because despite the inclement weather, the couple just exuded sunshine and joy.
S & B, a Franco-Danish bride and groom, living presently in Copenhagen, were not only wonderfully relaxed, but beautifully expressive in their love for each other. I've also rarely seen a couple laugh so much during the day, especially during the Church ceremony. Nor kiss each other as much, even allowing for the special Danish traditions which help encourage this. One of the other fun and quirky traditions is the way the circle of guests close steadily around the couple during their first waltz, with the males then lifting the groom, pulling off his shoes and cutting the end of his socks. All to be done before midnight, for good luck ! I'm a real fan of these cultural festive touches, they bring real warmth and sense of shared pleasure to the occasion.


Dr. Hallet's statement seems to be speculative, and there is really no data to support such a claim in the original article. The study was conducted by Jessica Schafer (a PhD Student), Dr. Bill Johnson and Dr. Hallet. I've been watching this line of research since it was first reported at the North Central Weed Science Society meetings, as my PhD work also dealt with common lambsquarters and glyphosate. The recently-accepted article by Schafer et al. describes the response of three different weed species to glyphosate when grown in sterile and unsterile soil. The results of the study are very interesting; when some weed species are grown in field soil (with all the associated soil critters) they appear to be more susceptible to glyphosate compared to weeds grown in sterilized field soil (with all the soil critters removed). This is an important finding for many of us working in weed science, because it illustrates the importance of using proper growth media when trying to confirm glyphosate resistance under greenhouse conditions. If we use sterile potting mix, our results may not be indicative of what we will see in the field.
But the headline for the press release (and all the associated twitter activity) seems to indicate that the glyphosate resistant weeds are also more resistant to disease. As I read through the article, I couldn't really find much evidence to support the claim that glyphosate-resistant weeds are less susceptible to disease. In order to confirm this, the researchers would need to isolate the causal pathogen responsible for altering glyphosate efficacy, then re-infect the glyphosate-resistant and -susceptible biotypes to see how they respond in the absence of glyphosate. Without this type of work, there is not much evidence to support the idea that a herbicide could simultaneously select for herbicide and disease resistance. Is it possible? Sure. It is a plausible (and quite interesting) hypothesis that I'm sure the Purdue researchers are currently investigating. But there is still quite a bit of work to be done to confirm whether or not it is actually happening.
Glyphosate (like all effective herbicides) injures weeds. It is not surprising that a weed sprayed with glyphosate would be less able to fight off disease. There's a pretty large body of research on this topic. So a plant growing without soil pathogens would be more likely to survive for a longer period of time after spraying (plants in the Schafer study were only allowed to grow 14 to 21 days after herbicide treatment; mortality was not directly measured, only plant dry weight). But the combined effect of the herbicide and pathogen would kill the plant far faster than either could alone. A weed that has evolved resistance to the herbicide would act more similar to an unsprayed plant: it could fight off disease like a healthy plant since the herbicide is not causing the desired effect. While interesting, it is not at all unexpected that herbicide resistant weeds are better able to fight disease when treated with the herbicide compared to susceptible plants. This really tells us nothing about the weed's ability to fight disease in the absence of the herbicide.
I mean no disrespect to the authors of this study, and I'm not even being critical of the research that has been conducted. In fact, I think it was a well-done and important study, and a very interesting line of research. However, the press release headline and related tweets seem to imply far more than the research can support. I think a more appropriate headline for this press release would have been "Weeds grown in sterile soil show increased tolerance to glyphosate." But I suppose that's a little too boring to get many re-tweets.


I have a suggestion in this board if they can put Personal Note Pad in the menu, lined up with My Controls, New Messages, View New Posts and My Assistant. As much as possible can be minimized same as My Assistant so that it's accessible to the user.
This is more accessible if they will approve because you're already in. And you don't have to open another note pad outside the forum.


Obtaining a truly representative fluid sample from your equipment or machine is the most critical part of a successful fluid analysis program. Without a true, accurate representation of what is going on inside your equipment, the analysis conducted may prove to be of little value in determining the condition of the machine at the time of sampling.
The particles and elements of wear, corrosion, fluid degradation and contamination provide the necessary diagnostic information concerning both the fluid and the machine. These particles can settle or separate out from the fluid, causing an uneven distribution throughout the system. So, choosing the right sampling point is very critical. Below are five tips to follow to ensure you collect the best sample possible.
Take the sample from a point that provides plenty of turbulence in the fluid to ensure the particles are well mixed.
If you're sampling from a filtering device, samples should be taken upstream.
For trending, it is best to take the sample from the same location, depth etc. on the equipment – every time.
Where possible, take the sample while the equipment is in operation or within 30 minutes of shut-down.
To achieve a successful, effective fluid analysis program, the sample has to be truly representative of the equipment or fluid condition. This can only be accomplished if samples are taken from the same proper sampling points each time – this also helps to establish maintenance trends. To ensure you get the most value from your fluid analysis program – and to experience increased uptime and cost savings – follow these easy sampling tips.


Latest News: Download Your FREE Sneak-peek Copy Of "Prayers For Your Future Seed"
My name is Hephzibah Frances and I am so glad to e-meet you! I am a minister unto the Lord and a scribe for Him. He calls me Hephzibah - the Lord's delight. I am His as He is mine. I hope that you find something on the blog that will make you delight yourself in Him. I Love you!


British Navy ship HMS Echo arrived Sunday in the area in the southern Indian Ocean where a Chinese ship detected "pulse signals" that could be from the black box of the Malaysian Boeing 777-200 jet that has been missing since March 8.
The HMS Echo, deployed to where the crew of the Chinese vessel Jaixun 01 detected pulses last week, is "capable of collecting an array of military hydrographic and oceanographic data," according to Britain's Ministry of Defense.
The Australian Navy's Ocean Shield, which is carrying high-tech sound detectors from the U.S. Navy, will first investigate also deploy to the location, but will first investigate other sounds it picked up 300 nautical miles away from the Chinese ship.
Flight 370 disappeared from radar and broke all communication during a trip from Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, to Beijing with 239 people on board on March 8.
Crews are racing to recover the aircraft's black box. No signal has been detected from the box since last week, and searchers fear the box's battery may be dead. Black boxes hold flight data and emit signals so that they can easily be found, but the battery typically lasts only about a month.
"We're now into Day 37 of this tragedy," said aviation expert Geoffrey Thomas on Sunday.
Despite having no new transmissions from the black boxes to track, air and sea crews continued their search on Sunday for debris and any sounds that may be emanating from the boxes.


America has become sick of politicians on the extremes of each party who are unwilling to talk and unwilling to compromise. The formula for governing has become shockingly repetitive throughout the past decade, tribalism and obstruction. Constituents of both of our parties have become disillusioned as partisan bickering has overshadowed governing and what is good for us as citizens.
We have a President that constantly lies to the people, shows fealty to dictators, insults our allies, fills the swamp with corruption, explodes the deficit and relentlessly assaults the rule of law.
There is nothing Conservative in that, yet we have had GOP leadership that has lost its way, cowering in fear and led a Congress that failed to do its job and conduct oversight. No wonder the voters sent them a message last year.
As Constitutional Conservatives, it is imperative for us to stand up for the Constitution, whether it is a Republican President or a Democrat President.
The election fraud that occurred in NC 09, resulting in the need for a new election, is yet another example of our extreme partisan culture poisoning the trust that Americans have in our government.
The persistent attacks on the checks and balances of our democracy, occurring on both the federal and state level motivated me to run for the North Carolina Supreme Court. Our campaign successfully stood up for the rule of law and against the Legislature's attempts at making the judiciary its subdivision. This provided a voice to disgruntled voters who felt their politicians had left them.
Today, in a continuing effort to return our Party back to the values it once stood for, I announce my Candidacy for Congress in the Ninth District. I am running as a Constitutional Conservative who will stand up for the rule of law, free and fair trade, fiscal responsibility, opportunity for all, science, our environment and for democracy around the world.
I will support the President and his policies when they help our constituents, but I will not hesitate to ask questions and hold the Administration to account when appropriate.
Trade and open markets have traditionally benefitted our nation, which in turn, strengthened democracy around the world. It makes no sense to start unnecessary trade wars, raise tariffs and then borrow billions of dollars from foreign nations to subsidize farmers hurt by the tariffs. That certainly isn't conservative, not to mention it has led to the largest trade deficit in our nation's history, which is the polar opposite of its intent.
I strongly believe in immigration reform and securing our borders. I will support funding initiatives and changes to our current immigration policies that will help to achieve this goal. However, I also believe in science and listening to experts. There is nothing conservative about spending billions of dollars on a vanity project to fulfill a broken promise that will not do the job it is intended to do. Nor is it conservative to manufacture a national emergency to subvert the will of Congress.
There is nothing conservative about exploding trillion dollar annual deficits and I will do what is needed to get our fiscal house in order.
Some may question whether I'm a Republican, as the leadership of the State Republican Party did last year. Despite their insults, I have remained a Republican. I voted for George Bush and Pat McCrory. I know what a rational, conservative governing party looks like. This is not it.
This special election provides a 'special' opportunity to send a strong message that the US is still capable of living up to its values of support for the rule of law, opportunity for all and for freedom and democracy here at home and abroad. It is important to have a Republican Party and nation which is guided by rationality and that does not operate purely out of fear.
America is and will forever be great, while always striving to be greater. As a Party and country, we can and must do better. Ronald Reagan said, "If history teaches us anything, it teaches that self-delusion in the place of unpleasant facts is folly." Please join me in returning the Republican Party to its conservative roots of having a belief in the rule of law and respect for our shared Democratic principles.


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2023 Elections: Oyo Govt Trains Monarchs, Others On Peaceful Co-Existence
The Oyo state government yesterday concluded a two-day training on peace-building and conflict management for traditional rulers, politicians and other stakeholders in Oyo State.
This is part of the government's efforts to further promote harmony between the Traditional Rulers and Political functionaries, for accelerated development across the state.
The training which was organized by the Ministry of Local Government and Chieftaincy Matters, was held in Ibadan, the State capital.
While declaring the training open, the State Commissioner for Local Government and Chieftaincy Matters, Barrister Olasunkanmi Olaleye, said the timing of the event was apt considering the forthcoming election in the Country.
He maintained that the role and relevance of the traditional institution in good governance and democratic processes cannot be underestimated.
Barrister Olaleye, who was represented by his Permanent Secretary, Mr. Joel Ajagbe, commended the monarchs, saying the training was aimed at stemming the tide of rising conflicts in some parts of the State and further promote peace.
"One of the Ministry's major functions was to ensure harmony between the Local Government Political functionaries and Traditional Rulers which has been abandoned for decades, hence the present government under the leadership of Engr. Seyi Makinde's approval of the training for the local governments in the state to experience reasonable development", he said.
He added, "Traditional Leaders are the custodians of cultural values, norms, informal rules, code of conduct and conventional practices that established governance before the colonial era, therefore the relationship between them and political functionaries has to be cordial for any development to take place at the grassroot".
The Commissioner further noted that the concept of the training was in line with the state government's initiative for enhancing peace in the State.
Speaking on behalf of the political functionaries, the State ALGON Chairman, Hon. Sikiru Sanda said the strategic training will engender potentials for peace between monarchs and political functionaries.
Also in his remarks, the Okere of Saki, HRM Khalid Olabisi thanked Governor Seyi Makinde for approving such a remarkable programme in a time when Nigeria is preparing for general elections.
Tags: Khalid OlabisiOkere of Sakioyo state news
Controversy As Multi-million Naira Constituency Projects Collapse in Ibadan School
Oyo PDP Demands Arrest Of Folarin By Police For Interrogation, Prosecution
InsideOyo
InsideOyo is an independent news medium for up-to-date events and happenings within and around Oyo state, Nigeria.
In the bid to ensure adequate maintenance and proper use of the Scale-Up Hygiene Promotion Project III and hand washing...
The Independent Corrupt Practices and other related offences Commission, ICPC, on Thursday, re-arrested Prof. Dibu Ojerinde, former Registrar, Joint Admissions...

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Double ratchet drive cable puller. Cable limiter keeps two wraps of cable on the ratchet wheel. Releases load one notch at a time. Features a laminated steel ratchet wheel. Plated steel body for rust resistance and drop forged safety hooks. Meets OSHA (Occupational Safety and Health Administration) and ASME (American Society of Mechanical Engineers) specifications.


Her Majesty the Queen is Head of the Commonwealth of two billion people, in fifty-four nations over five Continents. As Her Majesty the Queen celebrates her Diamond Jubilee she does so as the second longest serving Monarch in a thousand years of British history.
The establishment of the Queen Elizabeth Diamond Jubilee Trust, is to honour Her Majesty's lifetime of duty over the years. The investments in the Trust aim to make a real and enduring impact on the lives of those who live within the Commonwealth, across all generations and geographical boundaries. The Trust will work with carefully chosen partner charities and organisations to deliver iconic projects within its five year life span. that are a fitting and enduring tribute to Her Majesty the Queen.
On his appointment Dr. Chris Nonis said, "I feel privileged to have been appointed, and His Excellency the President and people of Sri Lanka look forward to welcoming Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth II and the Heads of Government of all Commonwealth Nations for the Commonwealth Heads of Government meeting in 2013 in Sri Lanka. The Queen Elizabeth Diamond Jubilee Trust will be a lasting legacy for Her Majesty's sixty years of service, and is a reflection of her devotion to duty, dedication and commitment to all Commonwealth Nations including Sri Lanka."


I thought this was a pretty good video of the break down of military decisions.
I think that's one reason the movie bugged me so much, just so much of it made no sense from the military perspective.
One of the things I found really odd was that the First Order has apparently overrun the Republic in The Last Jedi.
Yet we see the scene with Luke taking the lightsaber and throwing it away. Which mean The Last Jedi carries on from literally minutes after the end of The Force Awakens.
So that means the First Order overran the Republic literally in a matter of a few hours...? Basically as long as it took Rey to fly to Luke's island.
Graham Kennedy wrote: One of the things I found really odd was that the First Order has apparently overrun the Republic in The Last Jedi.
The First Order effectively won the war with a single shot - the destruction of the Hosnian system along with, apparently, the entire New Republic Starfleet. Why exactly the entire fleet would be concentrated in the system is anyone's guess, but that's what was stated without contradiction at the resistance commanders' meeting in TFA. With the NR fleet gone they would have complete freedom of operation, and actually taking possession of the galaxy would be a simple matter of troop movements.
Well the obvious answer is that it wouldn't be.
but that's what was stated without contradiction at the resistance commanders' meeting in TFA.
Huh? I don't remember anybody saying anything like that. I just looked at the script and don't see anything like that there, either.
With the NR fleet gone they would have complete freedom of operation, and actually taking possession of the galaxy would be a simple matter of troop movements.
Occupy the entire galaxy in as much time as it took the fastest ship around to move from one section of the galaxy to another? Yeah, I don't think so.
Oh. I read, which I now guess was fan speculation, that the New Republic never had a fleet. It was something about how Palpatine's rise occurred because he had a fleet to command, so the NR decided to have no fleet. I thought this was stupid but, it's Star Wars. Glad to know this isn't true.


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Live Well San Diego Annual Impact Report
Regional organizations are consistently delivering programs that offer youth and young adults the opportunity to acquire hands-on, practical experience, gain knowledge and be supported as they work toward their educational and career goals. Innovative programs promote STEM (Science, Technology, Engineering, Mathematics) based learning and provide academic and life-skills mentoring to improve student achievement and overall graduation rates. Organizations are investing in new facilities and providing financial support to learners of all ages to ensure that everyone has the opportunity for a quality education. Programs like these are having a positive influence on the Live Well San Diego Education Indicator leading to economic, social and psychological factors that, over time, can also influence overall health and wellbeing.
Access Youth Academy has plans for a new facility in southeastern San Diego that will have the ability to serve over 1,300 students per year, like Djulia and Joyce who share their experiences as current students at the Academy.
Youth talk about how programming and coding with The League of Amazing Programmers have inspired them for careers in technology and engineering.
The Annual Super STEM Saturday held in April 2019 was hosted by California State University San Marcos in partnership with The Classical Academies and welcomed 18,000 attendees to the CSUSM campus to discover science, re-imagine technology, create engineering, and explore math.
SGD&E partnered with the City of Chula Vista and the Chula Vista Elementary School District to guide and inspire students to pursue STEM careers through an immersive experience they created known as the Energy Station.
SUCCESS STORIES INFLUENCING KNOWLEDGE
Over 850 young adults and allies came together to discuss ways to connect disconnected youth to educational and employment opportunities at the 2019 Opportunity Summit hosted by San Diego Workforce Partnership in partnership with representatives from 2-1-1- San Diego, Cajon Valley Union School District , San Diego Unified School District , DETOUR , RISE San Diego and others.
Grossmont-Cuyamaca Community College District awarded 5,652 degrees and certificates to 2,699 graduates in 2019, the largest graduating class in the college district's history.
San Diego State University welcomed 300 high school students from 14 partner schools in San Diego to participate in a day to explore labs and experience hands-on Science Technology Engineering and Mathematics.
San Diego Community College District, which includes San Diego City College, offers more than 2,000 students a debt-free education through the San Diego Promise program.
Escondido Union School District received nearly $32,000 in grants from the Escondido Education Foundation to support school innovation projects, including robotics, environmental science, performing arts, reading, maker spaces, and more.
San Diego Oasis is an educational program for adults 50+ who want to continue to learn and be productive throughout life with stimulating classes and service opportunities they engage over 5,300 older adults each year.
"The Urban League of San Diego County understands that by openly acknowledging our youth in a public forum, we make it clear to them and the community that we believe in and support their achievements"
- Ray King, President and CEO regarding the 196 students honored at their 28th Annual Golden Pyramid Scholars Award Ceremony.
"The new graduation rates (86.6% 2017) are proof that a culture of academic excellence is taking hold in San Diego Unified. The national report card on education also showed our students made the strongest academic gains of any large district at key elementary and middle school years."
- Kevin Beiser, Board President, San Diego Unified School District
"This partnership with Girls, Inc. has been one of our most meaningful partnerships to date and has made Girls Mentoring Groups at Pro Kids a possibility. It is only through our partnerships that we can offer this weekly mentoring programming to over 50 Pro Kids girls throughout San Diego County."
- Alison Aragon, Director of Development
and Communications, Pro Kids | The First Tee of San Diego
MAKING IMPACT PERSONAL
MiraCosta College's Inclusive Approach for Students Pays off
MiraCosta College students Carlos Castro and Rita Viland are great examples of overcoming obstacles and taking advantage of programs offered by community colleges.
Castro, just a few years ago, was expelled from high school, sidetracked by substance abuse, and had little interest in education. Thanks to MiraCosta College, the PUENTE Program, and Castro's involvement with the MiraCosta College soccer team, he earned an Associate of Arts degree in liberal arts with an emphasis in social and behavioral sciences.
"Being involved in school, being engaged in class, it just made me feel like I belonged, it made me feel good about myself," Castro said.
Viland, born in the Transylvanian city of Oradea, originally came to MiraCosta College for its English Language Institute that offers international students the opportunity to improve their proficiency in English. That led to her enrolling in MiraCosta College's Global Studies program that was launched last fall. Viland graduated in May with a certificate in Global Studies.
"The people who work at MiraCosta have gone out of their way to try to help me navigate the challenges that you can find when you're here on a student visa," said Viland. "I feel like I'm being supported by everybody."
San Diego Workforce Partnership Supports Student Entrepreneurial Dream
Growing up, Jesus Gama was fascinated by the mobile phone market, so Jesus brought on investors and started his own design and phone repair business, GamaTech.
As a student at Lincoln High School, Jesus Gama participated in a resume workshop lead by the San Diego Workforce Partnership's CONNECT2Careers (C2C) program. He had positive memories about the trainers' enthusiasm and he even put together his first resume during the workshop. "They had everything pretty much set up for you. I enjoyed working with them and they were very helpful. Help like that is unforgettable," says Gama.
Recently, Gama got in touch with his C2C peer job coach and focused on creating a resume suited to his job interests. He worked to integrate specific edits to his resume that highlighted relevant experiences and skills he obtained since attending that first C2C resume workshop.
"CONNECT2Careers helped me create a great updated resume…I decided to take the resume they helped me create and went out searching for a job," says Gama.
Gama used the C2C portal to explore employment opportunities and apply for jobs. Eventually, Gama accepted a position at a local restaurant, which best suited his work needs and helped him pay back investors of GamaTech.
READ MORE STORIES INFLUENCING KNOWLEDGE
San Diego Oasis Helps Older Adults Embrace Technology
MiraCosta College Students Each Share Stories of Triumph
San Diego Promise Provides Free Education for College Students
Escondido Union School District Innovation Awards
San Diego State University's STEM Exploration Day
Opportunity Summit Aims to Connect Youth to Educational and Employment Opportunities


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REVIEW: Ostalgia | New Museum | ArtReview
Erik Bulatov House, 1992; Seva's Blue, 1979; Russian XX Century, 1998-99; from The New Museum
Erik Bulatov's House (Dom), completed in 1992, just months after the collapse of the Soviet Union, could serve as an emblem of the kind of time slip that is everywhere present in Ostalgia, New Museum Director of Exhibitions Massimiliano Gioni's love letter to the art and artists of the former eastern bloc and the contemporary artists who remain fascinated by the latter. Running vertically down a background of photo-based, faded Kodachrome colored sky cracking with Baroque rays of light one 'reads' the three large block letters of the Russian word for 'house': 'дом'. The painting as a whole mobilizes familiar pictorial tropes, such as tensions between surface and depth, image and text, form and content, but there is something more to House than this. It recalls, rather, those kitschy credits from 1970s science fiction movies—think Zardoz (1974), or Logan's Run (1976), or Solaris (1972)—with their equal mixtures of techno-utopianism and environmento-Wagnerian romanticism.
The point here is not to saddle Bulatov's work with some particular iconographic resource but rather to note that those films themselves, their aesthetic and their narratives, were, like Bulatov's paintings and much of the best work in Ostalgia, products of the cold war, which was everywhere itself a product of collective fantasies and fears and desires. The future, back then, was a contest played out on the field of the present with the weapons of history, both personal and political; and SF offered some of the most compelling diagnoses and representations of that contest, precisely because the horizon of time that formed SF's core orientation was also the horizon that organized the two super powers' dueling collective projects. And as with capitalism (but notably not democracy) the modern nation state was for socialism merely an exit vehicle, one that could eventually be discarded when the working class or consumer, as the subject and so the inevitability of history, traversed the globe…
Download the rest here.


MERS, which is equivalent to SARS, swept through Korea.
It resulted in a total of 186 patients and 36 death tolls.
the Middle East, the initial place of origin of MERS.
There are no camels in Korea.
so they should keep visiting Korea to travel.
Korea is also planning and running Korea Grand Sale to revitalize shopping.
It is similar to Black Friday.
during off season in the winter, from August 21st to October 31st.
It is because to increase the tourism sales that was reduced due to MERS.
raised in Korea to receive the discounts.
Korean politics in a black way, not an actual Black Friday.


The :borg: must have devised this one... apparently, they :assimilate: ArMod II - I modified the Akira Class to shoot quantums instead of photons, and now Akira Class ships don't have names!!!
IT MAKES ME :mad: !!!!
Yuck! I hate :beer: !
BTW I could use some help... can you find a ship editor that's easier to use than AssimView?
i install by hand, it takes more time, but it's less of a hassle.
i don't use any mod installers or any of that kind of stuff. I'm a bit of a modder, so tell me what you need, and i'll do it, like adding the Quantum torpedos to the akira class.


Assets like fine jewelry and gemstones can be invaluable to your net worth. They contribute to a large degree to your overall wealth. They also can be used as collateral if or when you need to secure a bank loan.
Because of their importance in your monetary standing, they may need to be appraised on a regular basis. You can have their values determined by taking them to a qualified jeweler, having them professionally appraised, or using jewelry appraisal software to determine what they are worth.
You might wonder when you should have your gemstones and fine jewelry appraised. It could be recommended that you have their values determined immediately after you receive or buy them if not sooner. In fact, some people like to have diamonds, gemstones, and fine jewelry appraised even before they purchase them for themselves or others.
This initial appraisal will determine the value of the asset you plan to include in your jewelry collection. You will have an initial dollar amount that ideally should be close to the amount for which it has been sold. You can then expect that amount to rise as the asset appreciates in value.
As your fine jewelry, gemstones, and diamonds age, they typically will increase in value as long as they have been well-kept. If they are not damaged or significantly altered, they may become even more valuable to you.
You can have them appraised after a few years of owning them to determine if they are increasing in value. Depending on the price that they are worth now, you might even decide to sell them to a jeweler or to someone else who wants to own fine assets like yours.
You may not have the time to walk into a jewelry store and have your fine jewelry appraised. You may need to make an appointment that will fit your busy schedule.
The website lets you schedule a time that accommodates your calendar. You can then have your gemstones, diamonds, gold, and other fine jewelry appraised so you can know its exact dollar value.


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DAPs Magic News, Disney, Pixar
Disney & Pixar's 'Finding Dory' Team with 13 Brands for Upcoming Promotional Campaign
In honor of Disney and Pixar's upcoming release, Finding Dory, some of your favorite brands are teaming up in support of the new film. According to Thursday's press release, 13 brands in total are to launch various promotional campaigns alongside the film.
Companies involved include Aussie, BAND-AID Brand, Bounty, Coppertone, Ice Chips, Juicy Juice, Kellogg's, KRAFT Macaroni & Cheese, Nature's Harvest Bread, Pirate's Booty, Quaker, Subway and Yoplait GoGurt.
Don Gross from the Walt Disney Company said, "We all fell in love with Dory and her friends 13 years ago and can't wait for their new adventure. The caliber and creativity of the brands that have come to the table for this film are extraordinary. This is one of the most fun and robust campaigns this team has put together, reaching fans of all ages. We are thrilled to be working with this remarkable group of brands."
Be sure to keep an eye out for all things Finding Dory on various products in stores near you.
Disney•Pixar's "Finding Dory" welcomes back to the big screen everyone's favorite forgetful blue tang Dory (voice of Ellen DeGeneres), who's living happily in the reef with Nemo (voice of Hayden Rolence) and Marlin (voice of Albert Brooks). When Dory suddenly remembers that she has a family out there who may be looking for her, the trio takes off on a life-changing adventure across the ocean to California's prestigious Marine Life Institute, a rehabilitation center and aquarium. In an effort to find her mom (voice of Diane Keaton) and dad (voice of Eugene Levy), Dory enlists the help of three of the MLI's most intriguing residents: Hank (voice of Ed O'Neill), a cantankerous octopus who frequently gives employees the slip; Bailey (voice of Ty Burrell), a beluga whale who is convinced his biological sonar skills are on the fritz; and Destiny (voice of Kaitlin Olson), a nearsighted whale shark. Deftly navigating the complex innerworkings of the MLI, Dory and her friends discover the magic within their flaws, friendships and family. Directed by Andrew Stanton ("Finding Nemo," "WALL•E"), co-directed by Angus MacLane ("Toy Story OF TERROR!"), and produced by Lindsey Collins (co-producer "WALL•E"), "Finding Dory" swims into theaters June 17, 2016.
amandaalva
Hello there, my name is Amanda Alva and I love all things Disney. Here on DAPs Magic I enjoy sharing tips on Disney Parks dining, Disney news and so much more. In addition to writing, I contribute to the DAPs Magic Instagram account. See you in the parks!


More activity with rats in the ship as Tim Peake and other crewmembers continued with their tests on 15 rodents, this day completing specific operations before transferring them to the Microgravity Science Glovebox. The research seeks to identify rthe level of musculoskeletal effects of long duration flight and to monitor overall physical changes.
Rodent Research-3 (RR-3) Operations: The crew has completed operations on 15 rodents. They are scheduled to perform operations on 5 rodents today and 5 more tomorrow which will conclude this session of RR activities. The crew will perform bone densitometry measurements and then transfer the rodents to the Microgravity Science Glovebox (MSG) for sample processing. This investigation studies the molecular and physical changes to the musculoskeletal system that occur in space. Results will expand scientists' understanding of muscle atrophy and bone loss in space while testing an antibody that has been known to prevent muscle wasting in mice on Earth.
Thermolab Deinstrumentation for Circadian Rhythms: Following completion of a 36-hour measurement, the crew removed the double sensors and the Thermolab Unit before cleaning and stowing the equipment for European Space Agency's (ESA's) Circadian Rhythm experiment. The objective of the experiment is to get a better understanding of alterations in circadian rhythms in humans during long-term space flights. Such knowledge will provide important insights into the adaptations of the human autonomic nervous system in space over time as well as significant practical implications by helping to improve physical exercise, rest and work shifts and ensuring adequate workplace illumination.
Habitability Human Factors Directed Observations: The crew recorded and submitted a walk-through video documenting observations of an area or activity providing insight related to human factors and habitability. The Habitability investigation collects observations about the relationship between crew members and their environment on the ISS. Observations will help spacecraft designers understand how much habitable volume is required, and whether a mission's duration impacts how much space crew members need.
Advanced Resistive Exercise Device (ARED) Status: Following yesterday's crew report of a loud noise during cable exercise, the ARED remains no-go for cable exercise but is go for bar exercise. Engineering teams met today and will recommend actions to restore full functionality.


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In complete bliss however second day was colts finals
13lip 2021 by
Once Lombardi took over as coach in 1959, Gregg became personalized baseball jersey fixture at right tackle except when needed in a pinch elsewhere.
Los Angeles Rams Community Service Team Members along with Rampage and Rams Cheerleaders join the activities.
In high school at Altoona, Wis., which is located just outside Eau Claire, Thurston had played basketball because the school didn't have a football team.
Lewis gives the Packers an experienced, in-line option at tight end who's renowned for his blocking.
His five career games with 50-plus attempts zero INTs are the only ones in franchise history.
On offense, we don't want to turn it over; we want to protect the football.
For us, just go out there and be ready, be an open jersey design online and be ready to make plays with the ball in our hands.
-Philadelphia would not quit despite their offense being totally ineffective in the second half, putting together one final drive, moving from their own six-yard-line all the way to the New England 26.
Thanks to the generous support of Pechanga Resort Casino, 200 children received shiny new bicycles, bike helmets and locks this past Friday.
Four Patriots have finished with at least a 5-yard average in a single season.
7: cheap custom football jerseys 32, Packers 6 – The loss left the Packers winless at Lambeau for the first time since it opened in 1957, not counting strike-shortened 1982 when they played only one game there.
Thanks to https://www.aitrony.com/ of your support, the Patriots Foundation will continue to expand its reach in our New England communities..
1 overall pick in the 2012 draft, replaced Peyton Manning as the Colts' franchise quarterback.
I do, as it currently stands, but I'm not focusing the first picks on specific positions if the best guys at those spots are gone and there are better offensive tackles or cornerbacks available.
Based on my research, at least seven papers in Wisconsin published Calhoun's release, where he actually claimed that the team had been in existence since 1917.
2014: Appeared in the final two games of the season after being a gameday inactive for the first 14 contests… Vs.
I don't know what it was, but I had a great manifesting party New Year's Eve, going into the new year.
Seven years ago when we first started dating he never would have thought that, Megan said.
No, although I have to imagine the team will be looking long and hard at this position and how it can be improved – even if that means bringing in someone else, be it a youngster or a veteran.
Potential fit with Packers: The Packers didn't draft a receiver from last year's highly touted class when everyone expected they would.
The Bucs also snapped a 10-game losing streak, dating to a victory at Milwaukee's County Stadium a year earlier.
Always looking to do a better job.
Also, if you can to have the respect of the players you played against and the coaches you played against.
Grover Stewart was up and down while Hassan Ridgeway and Jihad Ward had some flashes, but overall the position group needs an infusion of talent.
It should have worked.
As for Donald, the goal remains to find ways to scheme on-on-one matchups for him.


text:
Chorizopes khanjanes är en spindelart som beskrevs av Benoy Krishna Tikader 1965. Chorizopes khanjanes ingår i släktet Chorizopes och familjen hjulspindlar. Inga underarter finns listade i Catalogue of Life.

Källor

Hjulspindlar
khanjanes

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


Cheerful & bright in coveted Windshire! Just the right amount of space in this two-story home. With southern exposure, natural light is abundant. Spacious kitchen complete w/ center island & ample cabinet space. Whether relaxing or entertaining the back yard offers endless opportunities. Backing to greenbelt & on a corner lot, it's the perfect balance of space & separation. Oversized garage is ideal for storage, tools & toys. Get ready for summer fun - Windshire pool is just up the street!


From all of us at Sport Calgary, our hearts go out to the family and friends of Frank King. Mr. King's extensive community involvement, including as leader of the 1988 Calgary Olympics, helped lay the foundation for Calgary as modern, world-class city.
Murray Sigler, Sport Calgary CEO, was quoted on his thoughts on Mr. King in the Globe and Mail, as well as on Sportsnet The FAN 960.


Welcome to Steppingstones Partnership, Inc., a business and Internet technology consulting company. Established in April of 1989 in Edmonton, Alberta Canada, Steppingstones provides a variety of business consulting, research, Internet technology and human resources development services.
We offer the following business consulting services to assist you to start up and/or expand your business, and/or to improve your organization's effectiveness and productivity.
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text:
77th Livestock Show & Rodeo Returns to Katy
The 77th annual Katy ISD FFA Livestock Show and Rodeo starts this week. The event provides opportunities for the students to develop and showcase their talents in a diverse range of events. Enjoy a carnival, livestock, and support students as they compete for scholarship opportunities in a historic Katy pastime.
Katy FFA Hosts Several Attractions
This year, the Katy ISD FFA Livestock Show & Katy Rodeo will host a number of attractions including the Special Rodeo, animal shows, rodeo performances, a carnival and auction sales. The events take place at the Gerald D. Young Agricultural Sciences Center at 5825 Katy Hockley Cut Off Road. This will mark the third year at the newest FFA complex.
"For an entire year, our Katy ISD FFA students have worked tirelessly in perfecting their projects and now it's time to showcase their hard work before the community," says Director of Career & Technical Education Dr. Sarah Martin.
For 77 years the surrounding Katy community has supported the FFA students in their hard work by spending money at the auction and barn sale, plus add-on donations.
"Events such as the Katy ISD Annual Livestock Show become the building blocks for students aspiring to grow into future veterinarians, engineers, agricultural teachers among other industry professions," says Martin.
Katy FFA Livestock Show and Katy Rodeo Schedule
4 p.m. Swine Weigh-in
5 p.m. Rabbit Show
9 a.m. Special Rodeo
3 – 4 p.m Steer, Goats and Lambs Weigh-in
5 p.m. Broiler Show
8 a.m. Swine Show
1 p.m. Steer Show
7 p.m. Rodeo Performance
7:30 a.m. Goat Show
10 a.m. Lamb Show
1 p.m. Auction Sale Meeting
7 a.m. Barn Sale
9:30 a.m. Parade
11 a.m. Buyer's Luncheon (by invitation only)
1 p.m. Auction
A Historic Katy Tradition
In 1942, the director of the Texas Education Agency, J.D. Marshall, hired L.D. Robinson to take over as the vocational agriculture teacher and FFA advisory in Katy. At the time, the program was in danger of being discontinued by the state, and Marshall knew that immediate action needed to be taken. When Robinson got there, he saw an opportunity to make Katy's agriculture science program great. To most, it seemed like an impossible dream. What no one realized was that it was destined to become the first program of its kind in the United States, and arguably the best in the country to date.
A Katy Man's Vision Robinson's plan for the program was grandiose by all accounts, and included an FFA chapter agricultural science farm, local livestock show and rodeo, and a lighted arena; which at the time, wasn't known to exist anywhere else in the country.
With the help of some of his students, he built a scale model replica of an FFA chapter farm, livestock barns, a show barn, feedlots and pens, and a lighted rodeo arena. He presented the model at the first Katy FFA Father and Son Banquet, to the Katy ISD school board, and State officials including J.D. Marshall. It was emphasized that the program would be self-supporting and would not cost the school district one cent - another long shot. The district gave him the go-ahead.
Katy ISD FFA Today Robinson's dedication paved the way for the continued success and growth of Katy's FFA program. Today, the Katy ISD FFA programs have grown from one to eight and are in each of the high schools with more than 1000 active student participants and growing. Robinson, who was the only agriculture teacher and FFA Adviser until he retired, has been replaced by over twenty Ag teachers.
The rodeo is still one of the largest local rodeos in the country. Each year, approximately $20,000 or more of rodeo proceeds is returned to the FFA program, students and charitable civic groups.
Adult tickets for ages 11 and up are $10 a night and children's tickets are $5 a night. Visit the Katy Rodeo website for more information.
#CRRG #LairdOrtho


text:
package org.apache.hadoop.hbase.client;

import java.io.IOException;
import java.util.concurrent.ExecutorService;

import org.apache.hadoop.conf.Configuration;
import org.apache.hadoop.hbase.security.User;

/**
 * HBase 1.0 specific implementation of {@link AbstractBigtableConnection}.
 *
 * @see com.google.cloud.bigtable.hbase1_0.BigtableConnection which is now the cannonical
 *  implementation.
 */
@Deprecated
public class BigtableConnection extends com.google.cloud.bigtable.hbase1_0.BigtableConnection {

  public BigtableConnection(Configuration conf) throws IOException {
    super(conf);
  }

  BigtableConnection(Configuration conf, boolean managed, ExecutorService pool, User user)
      throws IOException {
    super(conf, managed, pool, user);
  }
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
Writing for soul searching
Community Library hosts John Rember talk series
A series of lectures by acclaimed Sawtooth Valley author John Rember, entitled "Writing to Save Your Life in a Postmodern, Post-Literate and Post-Publishing World," will include meditations on writing that are as unique as the writer himself.
In his attempt to define his relationship with writing and the world around him, Rember will offer his personal insight and observations on both reading and writing. Through his wry and very witty sense of humor, as well as discerning remarks, this respected scribe delivers truths and misgivings about writing that are well worth your time, especially if you write.
Rember is perhaps one of the very few who can say that he was born in Sun Valley when the hospital inhabited a wing on the third floor of the Sun Valley Lodge. He is a fourth-generation Idahoan, a distinction that is not only reflected in his writing but an integral part of his existence. His award winning memoir, "Traplines: Coming Home to Sawtooth Valley," has distinguished him as an important writer of the West but more significantly as a voice in a region that is rapidly changing.
As a child growing up in the valley he spent a great deal of time at The Community Library in Ketchum. Rember attended school in Ketchum, and his home away from home was the library when it was located where The Gold Mine thrift store is today.
At the end of the school day at 3 p.m., Rember would make his way to the library to read.
"I read like crazy from first grade on," he said. "The librarian, Lucille Connelly, would ask me if I was sure my parents would want me to read books like 'The World of Suzy Wong.' It was a book about a prostitute, and I was in the fifth grade."
This lecture series is Rember's in-kind gratitude for the support he has been given by the community and the library.
He began his series on the opening night of the Hemingway festival, and that also happened to be the same evening his Harvard classmate, Christopher Durang, had an opening of his play, "Laughing Wild," just down the street at the nexStage Theatre.
With all the competition for events, it was only fitting that Rember discussed how is easy it is to be disheartened about writing. He pointed out that there are so many talented writers out there, but they are all discouraged.
"Writing is one of those things that moves you deeper into life," said Rember. "If your life does not have meaning, you are not living."
Rember described a dream he had about finding Hemingway drowned in a river and continued to discuss a zombie Hemingway wondering if he should have learned to play guitar. He could have started a punk rock band called "The Dead Hemingways," and the band could whip out fly rods into the audience.
All joking aside, the real reason for this semi-nightmare was a fear of writing and the harsh reality that one always has the ability to put out more work no matter their existence.
Although he was in no way connected to the Hemingway festival, his meditation on Hemingway was inspiring, bewildering and very entertaining. Rember referred to the critique of one's writing similar to entering Hades and abandoning all hope.
"Writing is good and healthy and it does not have to be published for it to feel this way," said Rember. "If you are a writer, you have the potential to feed some starving souls out there, and our culture is full of starving souls."
Rember discussed how it's tough to manage two worlds as a professor and published author admitting that some do it much better than he at putting out books every year. Nonetheless, he manages to be a core faculty member of the Pacific University MFA program in Forest Grove, Ore., a writer-at-large for Albertson College of Idaho in Caldwell and a contributor of numerous articles to magazines and newspapers while working on his next book.
Free and open to the public, part two of four in Rember's talk series will be held the Community Library on Thursday, Oct. 26, at 6 p.m. For more information, call 726-3493.


text:
SEC Enforcement Matters
AOC Securities LLC
Mosaic Enterprises, Inc
Premium Point Investments L.P.
SEC - Securities and Exchange Commission
SEC Division of Enforcement
Ronaldo Gonzalez
Frank Dinucci Jr.
Purchase a Reprint of This Article
SEC Takes Action Against Broker-Dealer Implicated in Premium Point Valuation Scheme
Vincent Pitaro
Hedge Fund Law Report
In May 2018, the SEC filed a civil enforcement action against Premium Point Investments L.P. (PPI) and three of its principals, accusing them of fraudulently mismarking certain mortgage-backed securities to boost the performance of their flagging hedge funds. The repercussions of PPI's alleged fraud continue to be felt. The SEC recently settled enforcement proceedings against a broker-dealer and its CEO for allegedly failing to supervise an associate who provided inflated marks to PPI, and this article examines the terms of the settlement orders. See our three-part series on the duty to supervise: "Recent SEC Enforcement Actions Claim Violations by Broker-Dealers and Investment Advisers" (Sep. 6, 2018); "Conducting Proper Trade and Electronic Communications Surveillance" (Sep. 13, 2018); and "Responding to Red Flags; Implementing Reasonable Policies and Procedures; and Conducting Adequate Training" (Sep. 20, 2018). The SEC Office of Compliance Inspections and Examinations has also been focusing on oversight by investment advisers, which must likewise supervise employees with a view to preventing violations of the federal securities laws. See "OCIE Issues Risk Alert on Advisers' Oversight of Employees With a History of Disciplinary Events" (Aug. 29, 2019).
Continue reading your article with a HFLR subscription.
Start your trial subscription today
Other Broker-Dealers Articles
SEC Accuses Broker-Dealer of "Rubber Stamping" Certifications in Violation of Its Gatekeeper Duties
SEC Adopts Enhanced Order Routing Disclosures: Understanding Rule 606(a) and Rule 606(b)(3) Reports (Part Two of Three)
The SEC's Enhanced Order Routing Disclosures: How New Disclosures Shed Light on Rebates Paid to Broker-Dealers (Part One of Three)
FINRA Report Highlights Common Broker-Dealer Compliance Shortcomings
-Million Enforcement Action Against Merrill Lynch Demonstrates SEC's Continued Pursuit of Misleading Broker Sales Talk and Excessive Markups in Mortgage-Backed Securities Trading


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text:
Q: ReadXml method fails when xml file has attributes Working with this XML Sample
It will read and merge this file when there is no service attribute in elements
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
<NewDataSet>
  <Polling>
    <TimeStamp>6/7/2016 1:38:31 PM</TimeStamp>
    <successfulPackets>1</successfulPackets>
    <UnsuccessfulPackets>0</UnsuccessfulPackets>
    <ClientID>4af00c0d-51e0-44e4-8096-954b5f857948</ClientID>
    <Holder>Aetos-RemoteServices</Holder>
    <Nid>07987c6-c553-4033-b1ad-0ac63ac6f8fd</Nid>
    <Grid>8f85e55a-3928-4621-a9d6-69179e33bbd1</Grid>
    <Job>RemoteTestClient</Job>
    <DataPriv>1000000000</DataPriv>
    <DataUse>36</DataUse>
    <Clients>1</Clients>
  </Polling>
  <Polling>
    <TimeStamp>6/7/2016 1:38:13 PM</TimeStamp>
    <successfulPackets>1</successfulPackets>
    <UnsuccessfulPackets>0</UnsuccessfulPackets>
    <ClientID>4af00c0d-51e0-44e4-8096-954b5f857948</ClientID>
    <Holder>Aetos-RemoteServices</Holder>
    <Nid>07987c6-c553-4033-b1ad-0ac63ac6f8fd</Nid>
    <Grid>8f85e55a-3928-4621-a9d6-69179e33bbd1</Grid>
    <Job>RemoteTestClient</Job>
    <DataPriv>1000000000</DataPriv>
    <DataUse>36</DataUse>
    <Clients>1</Clients>
  </Polling>
</NewDataSet>

Non Working XML File Sample
  It will not read and merge these files but it will when there is no attribute
 <?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
     <NewDataSet>
      <Polling>
        <TimeStamp service"1111">6/7/2016 1:38:31 PM</TimeStamp>
        <successfulPackets service"1111">1</successfulPackets>
        <UnsuccessfulPackets service"1111">0</UnsuccessfulPackets>
        <ClientID service"1111">4af00c0d-51e0-44e4-8096-954b5f857948</ClientID>
        <Holder service"1111">Aetos-RemoteServices</Holder>
        <Nid service"1111">07987c6-c553-4033-b1ad-0ac63ac6f8fd</Nid>
        <Grid service"1111">8f85e55a-3928-4621-a9d6-69179e33bbd1</Grid>
        <Job service"1111">RemoteTestClient</Job>
        <DataPriv service"1111">1000000000</DataPriv>
        <DataUse service"1111">36</DataUse>
        <Clients service"1111">1</Clients>
      </Polling>
   </NewDataSet>

The XML Desired Output
  <?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
    <NewDataSet>
      <Polling>
        <TimeStamp service"1111">6/7/2016 1:38:31 PM</TimeStamp>
        <successfulPackets service"1111">1</successfulPackets>
        <UnsuccessfulPackets service"1111">0</UnsuccessfulPackets>
        <ClientID service"1111">4af00c0d-51e0-44e4-8096-954b5f857948</ClientID>
        <Holder service"1111">Aetos-RemoteServices</Holder>
        <Nid service"1111">07987c6-c553-4033-b1ad-0ac63ac6f8fd</Nid>
        <Grid service"1111">8f85e55a-3928-4621-a9d6-69179e33bbd1</Grid>
        <Job service"1111">RemoteTestClient</Job>
        <DataPriv service"1111">1000000000</DataPriv>
        <DataUse service"1111">36</DataUse>
        <Clients service"1111">1</Clients>
      </Polling>
      <Polling>
        <TimeStamp service"2222">6/7/2016 1:38:13 PM</TimeStamp>
        <successfulPackets service"2222">1</successfulPackets>
        <UnsuccessfulPackets service"2222">0</UnsuccessfulPackets>
        <ClientID service"2222">4af00c0d-51e0-44e4-8096-954b5f857948</ClientID>
        <Holder service"2222">Aetos-RemoteServices</Holder>
        <Nid service"2222">07987c6-c553-4033-b1ad-0ac63ac6f8fd</Nid>
        <Grid service"2222">8f85e55a-3928-4621-a9d6-69179e33bbd1</Grid>
        <Job service"2222">RemoteTestClient</Job>
        <DataPriv service"2222">1000000000</DataPriv>
        <DataUse service"2222">36</DataUse>
        <Clients service"2222">1</Clients>
      </Polling>
    </NewDataSet>

I am trying to read and merge xml file. it works with the xml files that do not have the attribute service="1111", but when I add an xml file with attributes service="1111" it will not work, it fails to read and merge from the Data sets.
string filename = @"C:\Users\srhea_000\Documents\Visual Studio 2013\Projects\DashBoard\Server.Config\Polling\polling.xml";

// Reading and Writing Data for Merge: Also include current files from the xml in the data set by reading and current
// if the file exists, read
// Modify the polling file
if (File.Exists(filename))
  {
      ReadMerge.ReadXml(filename); //This is a data set
      //Propergate the data by merging the current with the previouse loaded data
      ds.Merge(ReadMerge); //this is another dataset
      //Write XML after existing file and current data is merged into the new Dataset Scheme
      ds.WriteXml(filename);
  }
  else
  {
      //Just write xml data if the current file does not exist - Starts the polling file
      ds.WriteXml(filename);
  }

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


The Children of Abraham Institute ("CHAI") is dedicated to bringing indigenous religious interests back on the map as essential components of peace negotiations between peoples with a history of intense religiosity. The Institute focuses specifically on the three Abrahamic Religions - Judaism, Christianity, and Islam - and on the conflicts that divide peoples who otherwise share allegiance to the same God. The most urgent of these conflicts are, of course, violent ones, but CHAI also focuses on non-violent but socially significant political disagreements among religious groups.
To learn more about the overall work and structure of the Children of Abraham Instutute, visit the links under The Institute. To read about the work being done in existing CHAI Centers, or information about starting a new center, visit the CHAI Centers links.
Also be sure to visit the site of The Student Journal of Scriptural Reasoning. This journal, written and edited by undergraduate and graduate students at the University of Virginia, highlights reading- and reasoning-in-dialogue among scholars of the three Abrahamic traditions.