Buers/Hamburg. Getzner Werkstoffe would like to invite you to its "Vibration and vibration protection" seminar in Hamburg on 12th May 2016. Experts from various fields will use examples from current practice to discuss themes relating to vibration protection in the rail and construction industry – from the basic principles through case law to product innovation.
Construction projects close to railway lines require effective precautions to protect buildings and residents from vibrations and noise. In the "Vibration and vibration protection" seminar, experts from relevant disciplines will join Getzner vibration specialists to present themes on effective measures to decouple vibrations. "Professional vibration protection presents a puzzling challenge for managers in rail and residential construction projects, particularly in urban districts. This is an area that is gaining in significance, with many factors that need to be considered. The topics covered in our seminar will be beneficial in the planning of new buildings, as well as renovation projects," believes Thorsten Schroeter, manager of the Getzner subsidiary in Berlin.
The seminar will start with an introduction to the principles of vibration isolation. Presentations that draw on practice will give participants an overview of case law relating to vibration isolation and secondary airborne noise arising from railway traffic, as well as products and systems for vibration isolation and vibration protection. A case study – of elastic bedding directly above a metro line – will be used to demonstrate the challenges in practice. The closing discussion will give participants the opportunity to share experiences in this area and to put questions.
"The seminar is aimed at all those with an interest in this topic and who are confronted with issues relating to vibration protection in their professional life – including those who do not have much experience in this area," explains Thorsten Schroeter. This includes investors, developers and planners from the construction and railway sectors, project developers and professionals as well as transport authority employees or those working for building, planning and environmental agencies.


Mortgage Rates Are Falling: What Exactly Does That Mean?
Posted by West + Main Homes on Thursday, March 21st, 2019 at 5:57pm.
The Federal Reserve did not increase its benchmark rate Wednesday and signaled it would not hike rates this year, a sign the central bank is concerned about a slowing economy. The Fed's retreat comes amid a slowdown in Europe and China, the uncertain status of Brexit and indications of lower spending by U.S. consumers and businesses. The Fed does not set mortgage rates, but its decisions influence them.
If you have questions about this information and how it might impact your financial situation, or if you would like an introduction to a qualified mortgage advisor, please contact us.
When are Colorado ski resorts closing?


text:
Градешница () — село в Болгарии. Находится в Врачанской области, входит в общину Криводол. Население составляет 623 человека.

Политическая ситуация
В местном кметстве Градешница, в состав которого входит Градешница, должность кмета (старосты) исполняет Магдалин Лазаров Сылков (Граждане за европейское развитие Болгарии (ГЕРБ)) по результатам выборов.

Кмет (мэр) общины Криводол — Николай Георгиев Иванов (Болгарская социалистическая партия (БСП)) по результатам выборов.

Археология

Градешница является эпонимом для местного варианта археологической культуры Винча эпохи неолита. Близ Градешницы в 1969 году обнаружены таблички со знаками, напоминающими протописьменность.

Примечания

Ссылки
 Статистика населения

Сёла Врачанской области
Винча (культура)
Археология в Болгарии

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


If you're anything like me, your mind is already (and probably has been) on your turkey day menu.
Turkey might be the dinner's headliner, but we all know everyone secretly loves the mashed potatoes and gravy the best. I think a lot of people, for some odd reason, are intimidated at the thought of homemade mash and gravy; but they're both SUPER easy! And, you can play around with so many flavors, they never get boring.
Here's my classic take on buttery, creamy, potatoes. I'll throw in some fun variations in the end!
Put the cubed potatoes into a pot and cover completely with water. Salt liberally.
Bring water to a boil and continue to boil until potatoes are fork tender, about 20 minutes.
Once potatoes are done (when you pierce them with the fork they just about fall apart) drain thoroughly. Place them back into the pan and put the heat on LOW. Keep on low for about a minute to really get all of the moisture out of the potatoes. This is an important step!!
Add the butter and salt and pepper (be liberal with those seasonings! Potatoes can handle a LOT of salt without being oversalted) and mash with masher. *Note: if you're using a stand mixer, which I highly recommend, after you've heated the potatoes on low to remove moisture, transfer to your mixing bowl and add butter and seasonings. With the paddle attachment on, turn speed to low and mix til well combined.
Taste them for more salt or pepper.
Heat your whipping cream up in a pyrex with a couple cloves of peeled garlic. Strain and use the garlic-infused cream for a subtle garlic taste without the garlic-chunks!
Mix in room-temp blue or gorgonzola cheese for a richer, tart potato.
Swirl in prepared horseradish for potatoes with a bite! I have some horseradish cheese spread that works GREAT. It makes my potatoes creamy (because of the cheese) with a spicy horseradish flavor.
Cut in fresh chives or garlic chives for a flavor boost Bonus: it is aesthetically pleasing!
Dry out those potatoes after you drain them!
Try to keep them as hot as possible when mashing away–colder potatoes when mashing makes them gluey.
Salt, salt, and more salt. If you think you put too much salt in—-throw in a dash more!
Separate any fat from the pan drippings (I recommend getting a fat separator. Those things are awesome) If you don't quite have 2 cups worth of pan drippings, just add in some chicken stock until you've got 2 cups.
Slowly add in the flour, whisking constantly.
This will create a roux. It should look thick and goopy. Sometimes my roux balls up (that's ok, too!) Whisk it around over low heat for about a minute to "cook out" the flour taste. If you like your gravy dark, cook the roux until it turns dark brown.
Add the pan drippings/stock to the roux, whisking constantly to spread the roux throughout the liquid.
Simmer for about 20-30 minutes. This will "reduce" the liquid, making a more concentrated product. Sometimes it takes a bit longer to get it nice and thick, about 45 minutes! *To test: dip a spoon into the gravy. Turn the spoon over (so that it's convex side is up) and run a finger down the middle of it. If the liquid runs back together, it's too thin. If you can clearly see the line your finger it's thick enough!
After you add the liquid to the roux, add in a teaspoon of both grainy mustard and prepared horseradish!
Add a touch of cream at the very end, and off the heat, for a richer broth.
I know that some people use cornstarch and water for a healthier solution to thickening up the gravy. I've never done it this way (because of my love affair with butter), but it is common. Last year, something went awry with the cornstarch and it clumped up horribly, clearly never thickening the gravy. If this happens, you can ALWAYS add more roux! In a separate pan, make a roux and simply add it to the liquid. Whisk around and let simmer to thicken. Easy!


Where better to start a long walk than in the forest?
You can choose between numerous routes right from our doorstep, whether you want to go for one or two hours or for the whole day.
• A bottle of Mittelrhein Riesling from a multiple prize-winning vintner served in our restaurant in the evening.
We are fortunate to have three beautiful golf courses in the vicinity. They are amongst the best in Germany and offer a variety of challenges.
What could be better than our following offer?
• A three-course evening meal including a bottle of Riesling Spaetlese.


text:
import React, { PureComponent } from "react"
import PropTypes from "prop-types"
import { connect } from "react-redux"
import FontIcon from "material-ui/FontIcon"
import { Column, Cell } from "fixed-data-table-2"
import { NOMAD_UNWATCH_JOB_HEALTH, NOMAD_WATCH_JOB_HEALTH } from "../../sagas/event"
import { green, red, grey } from '@material-ui/core/colors';
const green500 = green['500'];
const red500 = red['500'];
const grey200 = grey['200'];

const JobHealthCell = ({ rowIndex, dispatch, jobHealth, data, ...props }) => (
  <Cell rowIndex={rowIndex} data={data} {...props}>
    <JobHealth dispatch={dispatch} job={data[rowIndex]} health={jobHealth} />
  </Cell>
)
export { JobHealthCell }

class JobHealth extends PureComponent {
  componentDidMount() {
    this.watch(this.props.jobID);
  }

  componentWillUnmount() {
    this.unwatch(this.props.jobID);
  }

  componentDidUpdate(prevProps) {
    if (prevProps.jobID !== this.props.jobID) {
      this.unwatch(prevProps.jobID);
      this.watch(this.props.jobID);
    }
  }

  unwatch = jobID => {
    this.props.dispatch({
      type: NOMAD_UNWATCH_JOB_HEALTH,
      payload: {
        id: jobID
      }
    })
  }

  watch = jobID => {
    this.props.dispatch({
      type: NOMAD_WATCH_JOB_HEALTH,
      payload: {
        id: jobID
      }
    })
  }

  render() {
    const health = this.props.health

    if (!health) {
      return (
        <FontIcon color={grey200} className="material-icons">
          help_outline
        </FontIcon>
      )
    }

    let icon = ""

    if (health.Missing == 0) {
      icon = (
        <FontIcon color={green500} className="material-icons">
          {health.Total > 1 ? "done_all" : "done"}
        </FontIcon>
      )
    }

    if (health.Missing != 0) {
      icon = (
        <FontIcon color={red500} className="material-icons">
          clear
        </FontIcon>
      )
    }

    return <span>{icon}</span>
  }
}

function mapStateToProps({ jobHealth }, { jobID }) {
  return { health: jobHealth[jobID] }
}

JobHealth.propTypes = {
  dispatch: PropTypes.func.isRequired,
  health: PropTypes.object,
  jobID: PropTypes.string.isRequired,
}

export default connect(mapStateToProps)(JobHealth)

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
Enzo Maiorca (Siracusa, Sicilia, 21 de junio de 1931-13 de noviembre de 2016) fue un político, autor y apneísta italiano, que cuenta con algunos récords del mundo.

Biografía
Aprendió a nadar a los 4 años y no tardó en comenzar sus actividades subacuáticas, a pesar de temerle al mar (como él mismo confesaría). Desde joven mostró una gran pasión por los deportes acuáticos como el buceo o el remo; incluso también incursionando en la gimnasia deportiva. Por aquella época, también le gustaba practicar la pesca submarina a profundidades de entre 3 y 4 m; no obstante su respeto por la naturaleza y los seres vivos lo llevaron a renunciar a ese tipo de actividades.
Uno de sus amigos le mostraría un artículo sobre el récord de profundidad de aquella época de 41 m; el cual había sido logrado por los campeones de pesca submarina Ennio Falco y Alberto Novelli, los cuales se lo habían arrebatado al entonces portador Raimundo Bucher. En el verano de 1956, Maiorca, motivado por aquel artículo, decide entrar en competiciones de apnea.

En 1960 logra romper el récord mundial, al alcanzar los 45 m de profundidad y batiendo al brasileño Amerigo Santarelli, quien en septiembre de ese mismo año vuelve a recuperar el título con una profundidad de 46 m. Para noviembre de ese mismo año Maiorca alcanza los 49 m. Comenzando una era que lo mantendría en la élite mundial durante 16 años, hasta 1976 cuando decide abandonar el deporte.
En 1988 impulsado por sus hijas Patrizia y Rossana (célebres en el mundo de la apnea debidos a una serie de récords mundiales), logra alcanzar su último récord de 101 m.

Durante su carrera como apneísta, Enzo Maiorca contó con algunos rivales históricos como Amerigo Santarelli (quien se retiró en 1963), luego Teteke Williams, Robert Croft y Jacques Mayol.

A su vez en 1978 participó en una expedición científica en el Triángulo de las Bermudas. En junio de 1990 participó en experimentos del centro de fisiología y patologías de las inmersiones de la Universidad de Buffalo en Estados Unidos, dirigido por el profesor Lungdreen.

Desde el año 1994 a 1996 fue además senador en las listas de Alianza Nacional.

En 1988 Luc Besson lleva a la pantalla la rivalidad entre Enzo Maiorca y Jacques Mayol con el rodaje de la película Le Grand Bleu.

Pocos meses antes de fallecer, graba en Barcelona, España, un anuncio para el iPhone 7 de Apple, saltando desde una plataforma de salto trampolín olímpico.
Enzo Maiorca era vegetariano. Fallece en Siracusa a los 85 años.

Récords

Peso variable

Peso constante

Reconocimientos
Gracias a su gran actividad deportiva, Maiorca ha recibido prestigiosos reconocimientos:
 Medalla de oro al valor atlético por el Presidente de la República (1964)
 Tridente de oro de Ustica
 Premio literario del C.O.N.I. por su libro "A capofitto nel turchino" (1976)
 Estrella de oro al mérito deportivo del C.O.N.I.
 Medalla de oro al mérito de marina (no solo por el deporte sino también por la defensa del medio ambiente, 2006)
 Al cumplir los 80 años se le confiere el premio de la fiesta de la Marinería

Obras
Como escritor y autor de algunos libros:
 A capofitto nel turchino: vita e imprese di un primatista mondiale. Milano, ed. Mursia, 1977.
 Sotto il segno di Tanit. Milano, Rizzoli, 1980.
 Scuola di apnea - Immergiamoci con il più grande subacqueo di tutti i tempi, fotografie e consulenza tecnica di Guido Picchetti. Roma, ed. La Cuba, 1982.
 Il Mare con la M maiuscola. Lights, 2001.
  Sotto il segno di Tanit, Milano, Mursia, 2011 ISBN 9788842548799

Referencias

Políticos de Italia del siglo XX
Apneístas de Italia
Escritores de Italia del siglo XX
Vegetarianos
Escritores en italiano
Nacidos en Siracusa
Fallecidos en Siracusa


text:
Q: Not able to display log level field into KIBANA I am not able to display log level field into KIBANA.
Logstash conf file

Kibana page

I want to display log level as field value in KIBANA so that we can easily filter all list of message who has level as error and warning.
Could some please help me to figure out my mistake ?

A: The problem is with the mutate{add_field => {"logfield" => %{LOGLEVEL:level}} }. This filter will add a field named logfield and try to give it the value of the field named LOGLEVEL:level. Since such field does not exist, logstash just put %{LOGLEVEL:level}.
If the grok filter works correctly (no tag _grokparsefailure), you should have a field level with your log level. To use it in your mutate/add_field:
mutate{add_field => {"logfield" => %{:level}} }

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
China just landed a spacecraft on the moon's far side. Here's what the probe will teach us.
An image from Chang'e 4's lunar probe
By Denise Chow and David Freeman with NBC News Tech and Science News • last updated: 04/01/2019
China's historic landing of a spacecraft on the far side of the moon spotlights the nation's growing abilities as a space power and sets the stage for new discoveries about this never-before-visited region of the lunar surface.
"This is a major accomplishment," said Carle Pieters, a planetary scientist at Brown University. "This really opens up a whole part of the moon that hasn't been explored in detail."
The robotic Chang'e 4 probe touched down at 10:26 a.m. local time in Beijing, landing within the South Pole-Aitken basin, a vast crater near the moon's south pole. Shortly after landing, the rover beamed back its first photo of the lunar surface and released a small rover that will roam the landing area.
In addition to cameras and the rover, Chang'e 4 is equipped with instruments to study the terrain and its mineral composition. It also holds fruit flies, yeast and several species of green plants, including cotton and potatoes — bringing the first life known to exist on the planet since the last Apollo astronauts departed in 1972.
"I could imagine this kind of experiment providing important information on how agriculture might work on the moon for future human colonies," Briony Horgan, an assistant professor of Earth, atmospheric and planetary sciences at Purdue University, told NBC News MACH in an email.
The Chang'e 4 landing was the first time a spacecraft had ever touched down on the moon's far side, though many have studied the region from lunar orbit. The far side isn't visible from Earth because our planet and the moon are tidally locked. That means the moon's rotation is synchronized with its orbit around Earth and thus the near side always faces the planet.
Humanity got its first glimpse of the moon's far side in 1959, when the Soviet Luna 3 probe photographed the region from lunar orbit. "Right away, we saw that the far side doesn't look like the near side," Pieters said. "Since then, we've been asking, Why is it so different?"
Scientists have long known that the far side has many more impact craters than the near side, evidence of a long, violent history of asteroid strikes. The moon's crust is also thicker on the far side, but it's not clear why these differences exist.
"Geologically, there is a great dichotomy on the moon," said Bradley Jolliff, a planetary scientist at Washington University in St. Louis. "This is a great mystery that has not been solved."
Scientists hope the Chang'e 4 mission — and a follow-up that China's space agency has scheduled for the end of the year — will help answer some of these questions. The planned Chang'e 5 mission will attempt to land on the moon and return to Earth with samples of its soil.
The South Pole-Aitken basin, one of the largest and oldest impact craters on the moon, is 1,500 miles wide and eight miles deep — so deep that the mantle, the region of the moon below the crust, is thought to be exposed.
"It's larger than anything we have on the near side and rivals any basin on other planetary bodies," Pieters said of the basin. "This really excites lunar scientists because it means we have the opportunity to obtain information about the interior of the moon and how it's constructed."
By probing the moon, Chang'e 4 could also yield information about how Earth formed and evolved.
"These very large basin-forming impacts were occurring on Earth as well," said Harrison Schmitt, a geologist-turned-astronaut who walked on the moon in 1972 as part of NASA's Apollo 17 mission. "One of the most fundamental things we've learned from the moon is the early history of Earth, when life was forming here on this planet. We can study the environment of the solar system when life was getting started."
In addition to shedding new light on our own neck of the solar system, the probe will be used to conduct astronomical observations that are difficult to do from the Earth's surface.
"The far side of the moon is one of the most radio-quiet environments in the solar system because it's protected from all the radio noise that we generate on Earth," Jolliff said. "This means we could make observations at wavelengths and frequencies that help fill in the gaps from the early times of the universe."
But for all the ways in which scientists expect the Chang'e 4 probe could advance our knowledge, they seem especially excited about unanticipated discoveries.
"When you haven't really seen half of the moon and haven't sampled it, there's a lot to learn," Schmitt said. "We haven't explored much of the moon, really. We've only had six [crewed] landings and samples from six different places, but that's not very much when you think about the size of the moon."
Want more stories about astronomy?
This is what the wind sounds like on Mars
China launches historic mission to the moon's far side
What's the difference between a comet and an asteroid?
FOLLOW NBC NEWS MACH ON TWITTER, FACEBOOK, AND INSTAGRAM.
Watch: China releases video showing probe landing on far side of the moon
Lunar eclipse 'Blood Moon' coming soon and is last one until 2021
Armed guards, secret location: Inside an illegal marijuana bazaar publicized on Instagram
Ask our Astronaut | What do astronauts fear most living in space?
Two iPhones or the privacy of billions: Why Apple vs. the FBI matters
Why hybrid 3D printer robots can offer a boost European manufacturing
Scientists say mushrooms are the superfood of the future

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Colton Haynes is proud of his sexuality, and your opinion doesn't matter
by Cailyn Cox
Cailyn Cox
Cailyn's Most Recent Stories
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May 6, 2016 at 10:47am AM EDT
Adriana M. Barraza/WENN.com
Colton Haynes' sexuality has been questioned ever since he responded to a fan's comment on Tumblr in January about his "secret gay past" — he questioned whether it was even a secret — and now Haynes has a message that he wants everyone to hear.
Related story The Hottest Sex Trends to Know About for 2023
More: Colton Haynes gets deeply personal as he shares his struggles
Speaking in an interview with Entertainment Weekly, Haynes put the rumors to rest with a powerful response.
"It was a complete shock," Haynes explained of the rumors that surfaced after his Tumblr comment, "I wasn't ready to be back in the headlines."
Fair enough, because no one should ever be made to feel pressured to talk about their sexuality, and we're glad Haynes only did so when he felt comfortable. Haynes has never tried to hide who he was, but he didn't want to publicly address it either. Until now.
More: Colton Haynes wins the Internet with brilliant Halloween costume (PHOTOS)
"I should have made a comment or a statement, but I just wasn't ready," he explained. "I didn't feel like I owed anyone anything. I think in due time, everyone has to make those decisions when they're ready, and I wasn't yet. But I felt like I was letting people down by not coming forward with the rest of what I should have said."
Living your life in the public eye can result in tremendous pressure, and this is something Haynes has experienced firsthand.
"People want you to be that GQ image that you put out, but people don't realize what it's like to act 24 hours a day," he confessed. "I'd go home and I was still acting. People who are so judgmental about those who are gay or different don't realize that acting 24 hours a day is the most exhausting thing in the world."
Regardless of the difficult decisions and the judgement that Haynes faced in the past, he now finds himself in a great place, a place that has him feeling incredibly content.
More: Empire's Jussie Smollett gets personal with Ellen about his sexuality (VIDEO)
"I'm happier than I've ever been, and healthier than I've ever been," he said, adding, "and that's what I care about."
Are you glad Colton Haynes is ready to open up about his sexuality, or is this a topic he should never have had to address publicly? Share your thoughts with us in the comments below.
Before you go, check out our slideshow below.
Michael Jackson's Upcoming Biopic Gets a Major Nod From His Family With This Intriguing Move


text:
Q: Avoid UIImaveView stretchs on different devices I need to set a background image in the storyboard in my iOS project, the problem is that I don't want image to stretch on different screens, for example, if I use an iPad I will see a stretched image, which is not really comfortable with the representation of the other components in the page.
Is there any way to use a set of images which will be load in base at the device the user is using, or simply, is there any way to set a single image for all the device and let her fit properly the view.
I already tried with aspect scale to fit or aspect fill, but this is not what I want to achieve.
//EDIT 1(Adding clarification example)
Take for example an Image( stored in xcassets) which has exported as png from photoshop.
The size of the image is like iphone X( height 812, width 373 I think).
What I want to achieve is that if I use an iPad or an iPhone 5 this image( which is a full screen background) the image has to be showed like in iPhone X.
I think it is impossible to use a single image for all the devices, but maybe exist a trick to load different images in base at the used device.

A: Use asset catalog (with accurate resources @2x/@3x / or some xcode supported vector format PDF )

A: In Xcode 8 and above, you can add an image as pdf instead of png, create a new Image Set, and in the Attributes Inspector, set the Scales to Single Scale option.

A: You need to understand the screen resolutions and the image/png file proportion for different screen resolutions.
Here is a useful link regarding your query. Also I suggest you to read the Apple official documentation about human interface guideline.
If its is a static image in which you don't care about the screen resolution that is a fixed width height you can avoid having 1x,2x and 3x resolutions, other then that you need all three resolution for almost every image either it is App icon, Launch Screen or custom image.
Note: for custom image you can have modified 1x,2x and 3x image resolutions or scale property for image or as per you container/need.

A: Create two images with maximum resolutions for iPhone and iPad - 1242×2208(for iPhone) and 2048 x 2048(for iPad)
In your assets, add image set for background, select that and configure the attributes inspector like in the image.

*

*Select Scales as Single Scale

*Check iPhone and iPad under Devices

And in the storyboard, add UIImageView to the controller, set its mode to "Aspect Fill" and set all the outlets


text:
En informatique théorique, et notamment en théorie des automates, un automate à file (en anglais ) est un automate fini doté d'une mémoire auxiliaire infinie organisée en file. C'est un modèle de calcul qui est équivalent aux machines de Turing, et accepte donc la même classe de langages. En cela, ce modèle diffère des automates à pile qui ne reconnaissent que les langages algébriques. Autant les automates à pile opèrent en mode last in, first out (LIFO), un automate à file travaille en mode first in, first out (FIFO).

Description formelle
Un automate à file  est composé des données suivantes :
  est un ensemble fini détats ;
  est l'alphabet d'entrée ;
  est l'alphabet de pile, avec ; l'alphabet est fini ;
  est un symbole spécial appelé symbole de file initial ;
   est l' état initial ;
  la fonction de transition (où  est l'ensemble des mots finis sur , c'est-à-dire l'étoile de Kleene de ).

Une configuration de l'automate est un couple  composé de son état  et du contenu  de la file. La configuration initiale avec un mot d'entrée donné  est définie par , et la relation de transition  d'une configuration à une autre est définie par:

où  est un symbole de l'alphabet de pile, , et . Dans cette relation, la propriété « first-in-first-out » est visible par le fait que le symbole  est retiré en tête, et le mot  est ajouté en queue..

La machine accepte le mot d'entré   si, après un nombre fini de transitions, la machine atteint une configuration où la file est vide, soit si

Exemple
L'ensemble des carrés  des mots sur un alphabet donné est accepté par un automate à file.

Complétude au sens de Turing

On peut prouver que les automates à file sont équivalents aux machines de Turing. Pour simuler une machine de Turing par un automate à file, on construit un automate qui conserve à tout moment dans sa file le contenu de la bande de la machine de Turing, avec deux marqueurs particuliers, l'un pour la position de la tête de lecture-écriture de la machine, l'autre pour la fin de la bande. Les transitions de l'automate à file simulent celles de la machine de Turing en parcourant toute la file, supprimant les symboles en tête de file et les rajoutant en fin de file, tout en réalisant, autour de la tête de lecture-écriture de la machine de Turing, une de ses transitions.

Réciproquement, on peut simuler un automate à file par une machine de Turing à deux bandes, l'une pour la donnée d'entrée, l'autre pour la file, avec les transitions correspondantes.  Une preuve formelle est parfois un exercice d'un cours en informatique théorique.

Applications
Les automates à file fournissent un modèle simple sur lequel peut être fondée l'architecture matérielle d'un ordinateur, certains langages de programmation, ou des algorithmes.

Articles liés
 Calculabilité

 Automate fini déterministe
 Automate à pile
 Système de tague
 Système de Post

Notes et références

Théorie des automates
Modèles de calcul


Loving Reminders: Make Everything New!
I see with new eyes a new vision of a better world.
I release the shadows of the past and see a new light.
My forgiveness erases all that is not love and I recreate with Love.
When you are able to see with respect and forgiveness, you see it all new.
When you awaken with the Spirit of Love, you see with new vision.
When you are willing to let go of the past, you will see what really is.
When you allow the mistakes of yesterday to be erased, you see it all with Love.
Relationships are often seen with the history of past errors of omission and commission.
Our lives may be reflected by thoughts of what didn't work, the hurts and failures.
We often judge ourselves and others based on what trials and tribulations occurred.
Consider what would be if you were willing to flush yesterdays indigestion away.
We seem to think today is a composite of yesterday's experiences.
We seem to grade ourselves and others on what is remembered.
We seem to gravitate toward the drama and trauma rather than peace.
We seem to believe that we cannot be new again and still again.
When you wake up in the morning, you do not know who you really are.
When you wake up with your spouse or children, you can never tell what mood will be.
When you start the day anew, be aware that you can release your judgment and pain.
You can experience transformation of every relationship by simply erasing the past with Love.
Why would we want to hang on to the pain?
Why seek revenge and blame another?
Why hold on to the pain of the past?
Do we really believe this protects us?
When we defend ourselves from loving and trusting again, we are denying ourselves.
When we hold animosity and hate, we are keeping ourselves from happiness and peace.
When we live life in grief and regret, are we not making ourselves unhappy and unhealthy?
Can we do better, think better, feel better and act better than this?
Life can be a series of mistakes, misperceptions, and rejection.
Life can also be a series of amazing creations, happy experiences and miracles of love.
Which do you really prefer: something that hurts or something that heals?
I love myself enough to keep on forgiving and start all over again with an open mind.
Some people cling to the old and familiar.
It feels comfortable and safe because you know it well.
You can keep the old memories, but why not choose the kind and beautiful ones?
I notice when I release them all with forgiveness, the remembered ones are beautiful, good and healing.
You choose what you keep in the album of your heart.
You have what you have selected to give attention to.
You can claim what you name to be your legacy.
You feel what you really want to feel with what you hold dear.
I hold all that is good, healthy and loving and therefore create more of the same.
I forgive everything no longer has value and fill the space with Love, only Love.
This is my life to choose what I value, and so more comes to me to be valued.
Holding you dear in my heart and mind.


Among the best Le Verre Francais vases are ones with animals. This lovely example has snails and is referred to in French as Escargots. It has very good color and contrast and is nicely sized at 9½". Signed "Le Verre Francais" on the foot. Mint condition.
This is a wonderful example of a Le Verre Francais pitcher. The shape is standard for Le Verre, but it's special, nonetheless, because of the great applied snake handle. The design is moderately rare and is known as Spirales. Nice size at 12½" tall. Red-rubbed, acid-etched signature, near the foot rim. Mint condition.
What's so nice about this example of Le Verre Francais Daturas (angel's trumpets) pattern is the color. It's vivid, with a lot of pink (one of the best colors you can ask for). The shape is graceful and the size is wonderful at 16" tall. Signed. Mint condition.
Another lovely example of Le Verre Francais Daturas (angel's trumpets) pattern. Vivid color with a lot of pink (one of the best colors you can ask for). Petite vase at 6½" tall. Signed. Mint condition.
I haven't owned this moderately rare pattern before. This is a beautiful example with bright coloration and a nice size at 11½". Signed. Mint condition.
Animals of any kind are very desirable subject matter for Le Verre Francais. This Papillons example with butterflies, has stunning color, but also an applied handle. Nice size at 8" tall and bulbous. Signed. Mint condition.
Primerolles is a decoration I've never owned before, which makes it slightly rare. The color is vivid and the contrast is excellent. Couple that with a desirable shape and you have a lovely vase. Nice size at 8¾" tall. Signed. Mint condition.
Nice color, nice form. Just a lovely vase. 7" tall. Signed. Mint condition.
The Bégonias decoration comes in different color combinations. This variation is the most colorful with great contrast. Another interesting variation is that the deep blue glass at the top is matte finish, then becoming glossy below. The decorated stem is another very nice touch. All in all, a very handsome example. Nice size at 11¼". Signed. Mint condition.
The Le Verre Francais Bonsaï tree vase is so rare that this is the first time I've owned one in 40 years. This is all you can ask for in Le Verre -- rare decoration, great color, good shape and big size at 8¼" tall x 9" diameter. Signed. Mint condition.
The Cerises pattern is moderately rare. This fine example is monumental in size, 17" tall and bulbous. It's hard to find examples that are both this high quality and this size. Signed. Mint condition.
This lovely vase is quintessential Le Verre, with beautiful earth tones. Nice size at 12¼". Signed. Mint contion.
This Le Verre Francais night light has a dual function -- it is both a night light and a perfume burner. In the top, there is a well to add perfume. As the bulb warms the glass, the perfume evaporates into the room. The design is lovely, in the somewhat rare Cocotiers pattern. The original wrought iron base has been professionally rewired for American electricity. Signed. Mint condition.
Lovely example of the Coprins decoration. Strong color, great shape and an applied handle. 7 1/2" tall. Signed. Mint condition.
Fine example of the Coprins decoration with excellent color. 7½" tall. Signed. Mint condition.
Dahlia is not a rare decoration but the color, quality and shape do vary. This is the best quality, color and shape, especially with the applied foot. Very nice size at 13". Signed. Mint condition.
A very pretty Dahlia vase in a diminutive size, 4½". Very good color and nice shape. Signed. Mint condition.
Exceptional example of the Dahlias pattern on a really great shape with very fancy applied snake handle. Nice big size at 13". Signed. Mint condition.
Very nice example of the Dahlias pattern in a diminutive size - 6½". Signed. Mint condition.
Perfume burners have an indentation in the top for a small amount of perfume. The heat of the light bulb warms the liquid and perfumes the air. At least that's the theory. I wouldn't suggest it. It sounds like the smell would be too strong and something could go wrong. Treat it like a night light, with beautiful color. The pattern is Digitales and the color is great. 6¾" tall. Signed. Mint condition.
Nice bright color in a good design. Very nice shape and good size at 11¾". Signed. Mint condition.
Nice bright color with good pink. Attractive footed shape and good size at 10¼". Signed. Mint condition.
Nice color and size. Signed. Mint condition.
A lovely small vase in the Fougères pattern with excellent color. Very attractively priced. 4¼" tall x 6" diameter. Signed both "Charder" and Le Verre Francais". Mint condition.
I've always liked Le Verre's Fougères decoration. It's cheerful with fern fronds unfurling. This is a wonderful, bright example with a great shape and an applied foot of deep purple mottled glass, which contrasts beautifully with the body of the vase. 7" tall. Signed. Mint condition.
Wonderful shape with beautiful, vivid fuchsia flower decoration. 11½" tall. Signed. Perfect condition.
Pretty example in the Glycines pattern -- nice bright colors with excellent mottling and contrast. 8½" tall. Signed. Mint condition.
Any animal is good subject matter for Le Verre and geese are no exception. This Halbrans vase with geese is especially nice together with its really good big size at 17½". A wonderful addition to any Le Verre collection. Signed. Mint condition.
Animals are very desirable in Le Verre Francais. This diminutive example of the Halbrans pattern with geese, is very attractive with two handles. 6" tall. Signed. Mint condition. Very attractively priced.
A rare decoration that I haven't owned before. Bright and colorful with a great form and applied handle. 8¼" tall. Signed. Mint condition.


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At Aventura Family Office, our team specializes in helping affluent families, individuals and executives manage the business of life. As your go-to family office, here you will find a deliberate focus on highly personal planning, a multigenerational perspective, and a bespoke level of client service. It's where to go today when you have big plans for tomorrow.
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Investment advisory services offered through Raymond James Financial Services Advisors, Inc. Aventura Family Office is not a registered broker/dealer, nor is it affiliated with Raymond James Financial Services.


text:
Government saddened by passing of communication pioneer Sidwell Medupe
The GCIS is deeply saddened to hear about the untimely passing away of one of government's communication foot soldier, Mr Sidwell Medupe, the Spokesperson and Head of Communication at the Department of Trade, Industry and Competition. He passed away this morning due to COVID-19 complications.
The GCIS Director General, Phumla Williams, said "Sidwell was a diligent and seasoned communicator of note. He became the source of content for members of the media and the public in general. Sidwell coached and motivated a number of young and upcoming communicators. He worked closely with GCIS in communicating the work of his department. We send our deepest condolences to his family, friends and colleagues."
Reflecting on Sidwell's interaction with the GCIS, Williams further said: "he was a true public servant who understood the principles of Batho Pele. He went beyond the call of servicing members of the media. As his department was also responsible for providing support funding to small and medium size businesses, he served with dedication in providing members of the public with information on how to access these services".
Ironically, Sidwell died from Covid 19, to which he continued to form part of the team within GCIS that was educating South Africans about the seriousness of the virus.
In his honor, we continue as government communicators to spread the message that continues to urge the public to mask up, wash up and social distance. The vaccine registration system is open allowing people aged 35 and above to register for the COVID-19 vaccine. Register for vaccination, whether online, via WhatsApp or by dialling *134*832#, by calling the toll-free number on 0800 029 999 or by visiting your nearest vaccination site.
William Baloyi
Issued by: Government Communication and Information System


Squeegees are an important and integral component of a successful print process. ASM Assembly Systems leaves nothing to accident when it comes to solder paste application. Components made of high-quality materials with high precision ensure maximum process stability. Optimized for the respective stencil and paste properties, original DEK squeegees are designed for functionality and longevity.


text:
Novacane (Explicit Version)
New Year's Eve - NYE 2018/2019
No One Ever Really Dies
Stadium Music
Sir Foster
Stadium Music (Clean)
About Frank Ocean
Frank Ocean is one of the most brilliant songwriters of his era. His work not only draws from influences past and present, whether it's modern-day ratchet R&B, ambient music or '70s piano pop, it also addresses highly personal issues such as race, class and sexual identity. His name is a pseudonym for Christopher Breaux, a young musician from New Orleans who moved to Los Angeles after Hurricane Katrina. By his late teens, he had begun securing work composing songs for John Legend, Brandy and Justin Bieber, and joined the rising hip-hop collective Odd Future. The release of his debut project, the 2011 mixtape Nostalgia, Ultra, led to a chorus of critical and commercial acclaim that has yet to subside. In addition to solo albums like 2012's channel ORANGE and 2016's Blonde, he has also worked with Kanye West, Beyonce, Alicia Keys and many others. --Mosi Reeves Bebop Digital
Earl Sweatshirt, Khalid, MellowHype, The Internet, The Weeknd, Tyler, The Creator
Frank Ocean is one of the most brilliant songwriters of his era. His work not only draws from influences past and present, whether it's modern-day ratchet R&B, ambient music or '70s piano pop, it also addresses highly personal issues such as race, class and sexual identity. His name is a pseudonym for Christopher Breaux, a young musician from New Orleans who moved to Los Angeles after Hurricane Katrina. By his late teens, he had begun securing work composing songs for John Legend, Brandy and Justin Bieber, and joined the rising hip-hop collective Odd Future. The release of his debut project, the 2011 mixtape Nostalgia, Ultra, led to a chorus of critical and commercial acclaim that has yet to subside. In addition to solo albums like 2012's channel ORANGE and 2016's Blonde, he has also worked with Kanye West, Beyonce, Alicia Keys and many others. --Mosi Reeves
Bebop Digital
BRIT Awards Best Male
C H A N E L
Sonny Somers
Classic Def Jam
Swim Decent
Thomas DaVinci


text:
BBC One releases Small Axe trailer marking 50 years since Mangrove Protest
By Caitlin Danaher
Letitia Wright in Mangrove (credit: BBC)
With Sunday 9th August marking 50 years since the Mangrove march in Notting Hill, BBC One has released a trailer for their Small Axe film dramatizing the event.
From the Oscar-winning director Steve McQueen (12 Years a Slave), Mangrove follows the events which led to the arrest of nine innocent Black women and men for protesting against police brutality in Notting Hill in 1970, and the highly publicised trial which followed.
The group, who later became known as the Mangrove 9, were arrested and charged with incitement to riot: Frank Crichlow, Darcus Howe, Altheia Jones-leCointe, Barbara Beese, Rupert Boyce, Rhodan Gordon, Anthony Innis, Rothewell Kentish and Godfrey Millet.
The trial saw the first judicial acknowledgement of the Metropolitan Police's racist behaviour.
The cast is led by Letitia Wright (Black Panther), Shaun Parkes (Lost In Space) and Malachi Kirby (Curfew).
(credit: BBC)
Mangrove will also star Rochenda Sandall (Line of Duty), Jack Lowden (The Long Song) and Sam Spruell (Snow White and the Huntsman).
Steve McQueen commented: "Sunday, August 9th, is 50 years since the Mangrove March, which led to nine innocent Black women and men being arrested. It was a march necessitated by relentless police brutality in Notting Hill.
"To commemorate the bravery of these community activists and the nine who went on to be acquitted of incitement to riot with the judge citing 'evidence of racial hatred', I am sharing the trailer of Mangrove, one of five films to be released under the banner Small Axe".
Co-written by McQueen and Alistair Siddons, Mangrove is one of five films comprising the Small Axe drama anthology. The films will each tell a different story involving London's West Indian community between the late 1960s to the mid-1980s, and their fight against the racism and discrimination they faced.
Small Axe will premiere on BBC One and iPlayer this autumn.
TV Picks: 23rd November - 30th November
BBC One confirms autumn premiere for Little Mix: The Search
Production begins for Killing Eve season three
Killing Eve release air date for series two
The cast and creators of The Mallorca Files discuss what's in store for series two
TV Picks: New Year's Eve
Casting announced for Stephen Merchant's The Offenders
Cillian Murphy to narrate new documentary series on esports scene for BBC Three


Now on until 9 February. Portrayals of femininity and masculinity are, without doubt, central to a number of art forms, photography not being an exception.
The past few decades have given rise to – often heated – discussions and criticisms of past, recent, and current photographic practices for their lack of reflection on the assumptions, stereotypes, and prejudices surrounding photographic approaches to femininity and masculinity.
Fine art and commercial works alike have been critiqued for the potential consequences of their approach and presentation. Historically femininity and masculinity have been conceived, among others, as oppositions, as complements of each other, or as positions on a continuum.
There are hardly any ways of portraying femininity and masculinity that would or could not be considered trivial, conservative, pretentious, demeaning, distasteful, clichéd or even offensive by some.
It often seems that everything has been both said and photographed about this subject, and yet, it is not possible to ignore the persistence of the theme in our visual culture.
What is it that we can still value and possibly revive from the rich history of photography; are there any novel ways left to approach this subject with a fresh critical eye?
1093 Budapest, Ráday u. 55.
Now on until 19 May at Robert Capa Center. In a world of millions of news pictures and articles, which create a maze that is often hard to navigate, this exhibition serves as a compass and provides an accurate glimpse of what went down last year.
From the organizers: International Book Festival Budapest, held for the 26th time in 2019, is a recognized event of the international world of books, as one of the important professional and intellectual forums of the region.


The Error.stackTraceLimit property gets or sets the stack trace limit, which is equivalent to the number of error frames to display. The default limit is 10.
You can set the stackTraceLimit property to any positive value between 0 and Infinity. If the stackTraceLimit property is set to 0 at the time an error is thrown, no stack trace is shown. If the property is set to a negative value or a non-numeric value, the value is converted to 0. If the stackTraceLimit is set to Infinity, the entire stack is shown. Otherwise, ToUint32 is used to convert the value.
The following example shows how to set and then get the stack trace limit.
Supported in Internet Explorer 10 and in Windows 8.x Store apps.


text:
from django.db import models

from .brain.base_ai import RandomMover
from .brain.rule_based import EasyRuleBasedAI, HardRuleBasedAI

class Game(models.Model):
    """
    Holds game data needed by the backend to process flow, also useful info such
    as who won and who was playing.
    """
    player1 = models.CharField(max_length=2)
    player2 = models.CharField(max_length=2)
    winner = models.IntegerField(null=True)

    def get_ai(self, player_num):
        player = self.player1 if player_num == 1 else self.player2

        if player == 'HU':
            raise TypeError('ai cannot be human')

        ai_lookup = {
            'RM': RandomMover,
            'ER': EasyRuleBasedAI,
            'HR': HardRuleBasedAI,
        }

        return ai_lookup[player]

class Position(models.Model):
    """
    This is the game data stored in DB for training neural network with. To get
    the winner of the game you check against the Game stored as foreign key.
    """
    square1 = models.IntegerField()
    square2 = models.IntegerField()
    square3 = models.IntegerField()
    square4 = models.IntegerField()
    square5 = models.IntegerField()
    square6 = models.IntegerField()
    square7 = models.IntegerField()
    square8 = models.IntegerField()
    square9 = models.IntegerField()
    game = models.ForeignKey(Game)


text:
Home/Inclusion/MUDRA Scheme: A Game Changer Initiative on Job Creation
InclusionPolicyWhat Economists Do Not Get?
MUDRA Scheme: A Game Changer Initiative on Job Creation
Team Inclusion Follow on Twitter 1 October, 2017
Why This Report?
Methodology for Deriving Job Data
Brief Overview Of Mudra Scheme
Mudra: The Journey So Far
Indirect Jobs
Jobs Generated in Various Social Segments
Mudra Outreach In States
Incremental Jobs Created
Methodology Adopted For Incremental Datax
Challenges & Recommendations
Total number of jobs generated due to <10L MUDRA loans are 5,44,79,763.
Sum total of incremental, direct and indirect jobs generated through acceleration provided by Pradhan Mantri MUDRA Yojana: 16,843,070.
Out of the total jobs created, 47.77 per cent were created under the SC, ST and OBC sections.
Job creation, unarguably, is one of the most critical issues facing not only the Indian economy but also the world as a whole. Job creation is critically important not only from an economic point of view but it also has a wider impact on social indicators such as health and education, and even law and order. Several governments have been voted in on the promise of jobs and voted out of the power if this promise is not met. The Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) led NDA alliance also won the 2014 Indian general election with a thumping majority on the promise of according a high priority to job creation. Prime Minister Narendra Modi's government has been working on several fronts to create employment opportunities, as has been the case with previous governments.
However, the Pradhan Mantri MUDRA (Micro Units Development and Refinance Agency) Yojana, introduced in April 2015, is proving to be a game changer. Why do we call it a game changer? This is because the impact it has had on promoting entrepreneurship and job creation is impressive.
As there is no official data available on the impact of the MUDRA scheme on the job market, Skoch Group decided to conduct a ground level study. We have analysed primary data collected from Micro Units Development and Refinance Agency (MUDRA), banks, financial institutions and also beneficiaries of the scheme. The findings show interesting results.
"As there is no official data on MUDRA scheme's impact on job market, SKOCH Group decided to do a ground level work on it. We have analysed the primary data collected from Micro Units Development and Refinance Agency (MUDRA), banks and financial institutions and also from the beneficiary of the scheme."
The MUDRA Yojana has really been the biggest, and one of the most cost effective tools, for job creation. Our research and ground level analysis show that around 5.5 crore jobs have been created in the two years which have passed since the initiation of the scheme. This should be music to the ears of all policymakers' as there have been huge debates on whether India is witnessing a jobless growth. Traditional data on unemployment indicates that the Modi government has not been able to make any headway in job creation. As per the 5th Annual Employment-Unemployment Survey Report published by Ministry of Labour, the unemployment rate in India stood at 5 per cent in 2015-16, marginally higher than the 4.9 per cent recorded in 2013-14. The survey includes data both from formal and informal parts of the economy, as well as those working as casual workers in public works programmes.
However, are we getting a correct picture of the employment scenario through this data? We need to look beyond! Small entrepreneurs, notably at the village level, who have been the biggest beneficiaries of the MUDRA Yojana, create jobs which laregely go unnoticed in traditional economic analysis and surveys. Moreover, employment doesn't necessarily mean holding a formal job. Self-employment is equally important, if not more. The MUDRA Yojana is focused on creating and helping small entrepreneurs. This scheme has successfully created an ecosystem of entrepreneurs at the ground level. Moreover, the disbursement of loans to small entrepreneurs through this scheme has had a multiplier effect on job creation. So far, Rs 3.42 lakh crore of MUDRA loans have been provided to over 8 crore people, most of whom are small entrepreneurs. A majority of these people were not previously involved in any business activity. MUDRA loans are available for non-agricultural activities upto Rs 10 lakh. Activities allied to agriculture such as dairy, poultry, bee keeping etc, are also covered. So the beneficiaries are not from agriculture sector.
Another noteworthy thing about the MUDRA scheme is that it is inclusive. Its focus has been on the underprivileged section of the society. Nearly half of the beneficiaries under the scheme belong to underprivileged class. This includes 20 per cent from Scheduled Caste category, 5 per cent from Scheduled Tribe category and 35 per cent from Other Backward Classes. Over 70 per cent beneficiaries are women. This clearly indicates that the scheme is well targeted. Lending under MUDRA scheme has been higher than the government targets and projections. Beating targets is an achievement and bodes well sign for any scheme, as is the case with MUDRA. However, it also poses a challenge. High disbursements have been made by government-run banks and financial institutions. This might have been done to meet targets. As the loans are collateral free, a proper risk evaluation is crucially important. The success of the scheme in the longrun will largely depend on proper risk evaluation and management.
There are various estimates and multiple sources of statistical data available on jobs and unemployment in India. Even different government departments present different estimates of the country's unemployment scenario. The Labour Bureau of the Ministry of Labour and Employment releases job related data through its Annual Employment- Unemployment Survey. The Census of India – conducted every 10 years – also releases data on unemployment. We also get similar data through the National Sample Survey Office (NSSO) and the annual Economic Survey reports of the Ministry of Finance. Industry lobby groups and several private and non-government institutions also independently release data on jobs. But there are significant gaps in all of these as none of them present a comprehensive picture in a timely manner.
The problems are on both fronts. One, the data is not released in a timely manner and the second, they are not comprehensive and thus do not present a true picture. Most of the data released by the government has a time lag of two-three years, or even more. For instance, the 4th Annual Employment-Unemployment Survey report released in early 2016 was based on a survey conducted by the Labour Bureau during the period of January 2014 to July 2014. The field work for the latest Fifth Annual Employment- Unemployment Survey was done between April 2015 and December 2015. Therefore, there is a time lag in these reports of around two years. Census data on the other hand takes even longer.
"MUDRA scheme is focused on creating small entrepreneurs. The scheme has successfully created an ecosystem of entrepreneurs at the ground level. Moreover, it is having very impactful multiplier effect on job creation. So far Rs 3.42 lakh crore MUDRA loan have been provided to over 8 crore people, mostly small entrepreneurs."
Moreover, there is no consistency in the data released by even various government departments, let alone other sources. As per the 4th Annual Employment-Unemployment Survey report of the Labour Bureau, the unemployment rate stood at 4.9 per cent nationally with a rate of 4.7 per cent recorded in rural areas, and 5.5 per cent in urban areas. As per the 5th Annual Employment-Unemployment Survey the unemployment rate rose to 5 per cent nationally with rural sector unemployment at 5.1 per cent and urban sector unemployment at 4.9 per cent.
According to the NSSO on the other hand, the unemployment rate stood at 2.7 per cent. This included 2.3 per cent for rural areas and 3.8 per cent for urban areas. (http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=136875)
According to the latest International Labour Organisation (ILO) report, unemployment rate in India stood at 3.5 per cent in 2016 and it is expected to decline marginally to 3.4 per cent in 2017. However, in absolute terms the number of unemployed people is expected to rise to 18 million by 2018 from 17.7 million in 2016. As per the ILO's World Employment and Social Outlook report released in May 2017, the global unemployment rate is expected to rise modestly from 5.7 to 5.8 per cent in 2017 as the pace of labour force growth outstrips job creation.
There are several gaps and inconsistencies in these unemployment estimates. The Fifth Annual Employment-Unemployment Survey report is based on a total sample of 156,563 households. It includes 88,783 households from rural India and 67,780 households from urban India. Persons aged 15 years and above who are willing to work are covered in this survey. The current methodology is unsuitable for measuring underemployment, disguised employment, and the seasonality of labour force. Likewise, it also does not capture the effects of migration on employment.
The government has also admitted that the available data on employment generated through different sources is not timely and reliable. In fact, the Modi government has set up a task force headed by NITI Aayog Vice-Chairman to formulate a methodology to generate timely and reliable employment data.
SKOCH Group has been studying financial inclusion from its very inception and has concluded several times that Public Sector Banks (PSBs) have focused on bigger ticket lending to a small number of customers.The MUDRA Yojana has brought about the first major change by including MFIs and NBFC MFIs in its fold – and their outstanding performance at the bottom of the pyramid under this scheme is a testimony to that fact. Whichever box you tick, the fact is that there has been an enormous focus brought in on livelihood-linked credit—irrespective of who the lender is. Rather than the absolute amount disbursed, a better way to analyse the success of MUDRA is to look at the number of beneficiaries. No scheme since independence has been able to benefit so many people in such a small amount of time.
This report by SKOCH Group is an attempt to fill gaps in the timely and reliable reporting of data on employment. True, the task is humongous. So, we are not claiming that this is going to fill all the gaps. This report focuses on job linkages to a specific scheme – MUDRA. There is no official data on it. So, this report is definitely going to a trailblazer as far as the MUDRA scheme's linkage to job creation is concerned.
This report is based on primary data collected from Micro Units Development and Refinance Agency Ltd (MUDRA Ltd), banks, financial institutions and beneficiaries of the scheme. Data available with MUDRA, banks and financial institutions primarily pertains to the opening of accounts and the quantum of loan disbursal. They do not capture any numbers on employment generation.
SKOCH conducted a survey amongst beneficiaries to gauge the impact of MUDRA loans on job creation. We took into consideration direct employment as well as indirect employment generated with a particular amount of disbursed loan.
We approached various stakeholders, especially Public Sector Banks (PSBs) to collect data on job creation. While PSBs worked in conjunction with their zonal heads and respective branches to collect this data, SKOCH worked simultaneously, following the expert route and with Community Based Organisations (CBOs) conducting field surveys and holding focus group discussions to assess the impact. The effort was to go down to the bottom most layer and contact direct beneficiaries to understand the real situation on the ground. The data thus gathered by five major PSBs, namely State Bank of India, Punjab National Bank, Vijaya Bank, Corporation Bank and Union Bank of India, in addition to SKOCH's own research and survey, provided us with real-time data. These major banks hold a 5.76 per cent share of total MUDRA accounts opened between April 2015-June 2017.
In addition to this, SKOCH's own time-line research and data, collected as a result of conducting periodic financial and digital literacy awareness programmes for Village Level Entrepreneurs (VLEs), enabled feedback through a reliable fieldbased mechanism. Collaboration with CBOs provided a grassroots level input to re-assess the data as much as the whetting and insight from experts at every level of research.
SKOCH has therefore attempted to explore this very crucial aspect of the MUDRA Yojana, which has paved the way for creation of jobs that the country desperately needs. This exercise hopes to provide answers to questions such as where are the jobs in India? Why is there so much hype given to MUDRA? How many jobs have really been created under this scheme? It is to be noted that SKOCH has been actively studying the impact of the MUDRA Yojana right from its inception and has already published several reports on its success.
The overall data on the number of bank accounts opened, under MUDRA scheme, between April 2015 and June 2017 is segregated on the basis of performance by States and Financial Institutions. The data on job generation that we have gathered from 5 major PSB's was analysed and segregated on the basis of jobs generated per scheme between the period of April 2015-June 2017. To reach a final number of jobs created nationwide through MUDRA in the same timeframe, we applied the conversion rate of jobs created per 100 accounts. We applied this on national MUDRA data for accounts opened.
MUDRA Ltd was approached to obtain overall performance data of PMMY.
Public sector banks were approached to provide data on their MUDRA performance and jobs generated.
Banks spoke to their divisions who in turn spoke to a cross section of branches. The branches approached a number of loan beneficiaries to estimate jobs created across each category of loan.
Based on loans and category-wise job averages, banks submitted their national job generation figures to us.
The participating banks were:
Punjab National Bank
Union Bank of India
Vijaya Bank
Together they represent 5.76 per cent of total accounts opened nationally and a 19.19 per cent share of amount disbursed.
Extrapolating their average job generation category-wise to cumulative category-wise accounts opened nationally, we arrived at the number of direct jobs created nationally.
Through direct discussions with field based organisations, bankers and loan beneficiaries, we arrived at the multiplier for indirect jobs created per direct job category-wise. The multipliers are as follows:
Scheme Indirect jobs per Direct job
a. Shishu 0.25
b. Kishore 1
c. Tarun 2
Prime Minister Narendra Modi launched Pradhan Mantri MUDRA Yojana (PMMY) on 8 April 2015 with an objective to provide access to institutional finance to small business units and entrepreneurs in the country. The Micro Units Development and Refinance Agency Ltd (MUDRA) was set up through a statutory enactment. It is responsible for developing and refinancing through PMMY, all MFIs, which are in the business of lending to micro/small business entities engaged in manufacturing, trading and service activities. MUDRA has partnered with State/Regional level coordinators to provide finance to last-mile financiers of small/micro business enterprises. Further, the approach goes beyond credit only approach and offers a credit – plus solution for these enterprises spread across the country. (http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=118005)
We have to be very clear that MUDRA is not a government grant. This is a scheme run on commercial considerations. The PMMY is a demand driven scheme, and all loans proposals are considered on commercial merits.
The loans are extended under the MUDRA scheme by banks and Micro-Finance Institutions (MFIs) in three categories:
Shishu (loans upto Rs 50,000);
Kishore (loans from Rs 50001 to Rs 5 lakh);
Tarun (loans from Rs 5 lakh to Rs 10 lakh)
The names 'Shishu', 'Kishore' and 'Tarun' signify the stage of growth/development and funding needs of a micro business unit and entrepreneur. It also provides a reference point for the next phase of graduation/growth for the entrepreneur to aspire for. The type of businesses covered under the scheme is quite comprehensive. It includes proprietorship/partnership firms running as small manufacturing units, shopkeepers, fruits/vegetable sellers, hair cutting saloon, beauty parlours, transporters, truck operators, hawkers, co-operatives or body of individuals, food service units, repair shops, machine operators, small industries, artisans, food processors, Self Help Groups (SHGs), professionals and service providers etc in rural and urban areas with financing requirements upto Rs 10 lakh.
The three primary factors, which led to the introduction of PMMY are:
The favourable climate of MSME sector;
The financial inclusion of the vulnerable groups; and,
Setting up a catalyst, which will drive both direct and indirect employment generation.
"Another noteworthy thing about the MUDRA scheme is that it is inclusive. Its focus has been on the underprivileged section of the society. Nearly half of the beneficiaries under the scheme belongs to underprivileged class."
The informal sector constitutes nearly 93 per cent of the Indian work force and is mostly unorganised, where a majority works in pitiable conditions, lacking basic labour standards, absence of written job contract, paid leave, social security with little or no access to trade unions. Before 1991, there were two kinds of industries that existed in India, i.e., large and small (largely unorganised). In the case of small scale Industries, they were not required to register mandatorily. For instance, according to the MSME census, out of 36.17 million MSMEs, the registered MSME segment comprises of merely 1.54 million units, whereas the remaining 96 per cent of the MSMEs were found to be unregistered informal sector. In addition, of these 1.54 million MSMEs almost 95 per cent are 'micro', 4.8 per cent are 'small' and 0.2 per cent are 'medium'. On the other hand, if both the registered and unregistered MSME are taken into account, the 'micro' units engaged in manufacturing, processing, trading and services make the broad base providing employment outside agriculture and collectively referred to as the Non-Corporate Small Business Sector (NCSBS). More importantly, 94 per cent of these 'micro' enterprises, are Own Account Enterprises (OAEs) run by individuals belonging to financially weaker segment comprising of SCs, STs or OBCs. The loans to start or continue their business comes mostly from the local moneylenders, friends and relatives and they face enormous challenges to access formal credit system, despite having maximum job potential. Therefore, it became imperative to provide access to credit for these vulnerable groups and entrepreneurs who had zero or little access to formal sources of funding.
The achievements of the MUDRA scheme have gone beyond expectations and made a substantial difference at the ground. The total number of loans advanced under the scheme has reached 8.7 crore till August 13th, 2017. Small women entrepreneurs and business units run by women are the biggest beneficiaries of the scheme.
Under the Mudra Yojana, since inception till August 13th, 2017 – out of the total 8.7 crore loans distributed, 6.56 crore were given to women. A total amount of Rs 3.75 lakh crore amount was sanctioned under the scheme, out of which Rs 1.88 lakh crore went to women. Total sanctioned amount under the scheme stood at Rs 3.63 lakh crore, out of which Rs 1.66 lakh crore was loaned to women. The target for the financial year 2016-17 was Rs 180,000 crore, while the actual sanctioned amount exceed the target rising to Rs 180,528 crore, which indicate the success of the scheme.
Under the MUDRA scheme banks have been mandated by the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) not to insist for collateral security in the case of loans of up to Rs 10 lakh extended to the units in the MSME sector.This has enabled persons from humble and poor backgrounds to avail MUDRA loans. For enabling smooth functioning in the budget for FY2015- 16, a separate Credit Guarantee Fund was created for MUDRA loans, with an initial corpus of Rs 3,000 crore. The National Credit Guarantee Trustee Company (NCGTC), a subsidiary of SIDBI managing various credit guarantee funds, is the implementing agency for MUDRA Credit Guarantee Scheme. Moreover, a rigorous credit appraisal, which ensures that loss does not fully fall on the lender but only 50 per cent is borne by the lender and the rest varies on the lender's rating and NPA performance. Through periodic awareness campaigns and stakeholder meetings, MUDRA imparts customer literacy on the demand-side and advocates use of technology on the supply-side.
A total of 27 Public Sector Banks, 17 Private Sector Banks, 31 Regional Rural Banks, 4 Co-Operative Banks, 36 Micro-Finance Institutions and 25 Non-Banking Financial Institutions have currently been allowed to disburse MUDRA loans. Nearly 60 per cent of the loans under this scheme are set to be offered through the 'Shishu' option and the rest 40 per cent are to be done through 'Kishore' and 'Tarun' schemes.
Figure 1 depicts loan-wise details where during the year 2015-16, the total number of MUDRA accounts opened was 3,48,80,924, out of which, Shishu loans were availed by 3,24,01,046. In the year 2016-17, the total number of MUDRA accounts opened was 3,97,01,047, out of which Shishu's share was 3,64,97,813. During April-June 2017 (FY2017-18) a total of 79,97,654 accounts were opened out of which 73,77,121 were Shishu accounts.
The second year 2016-17 saw certain pertinent changes such as the focus of the Central Government towards scaling MUDRA loans in backward districts to reach the unreached and mainstreaming the micro-enterprises involved in activities allied with agriculture within the ambit of PMMY loans. Moreover, the overdraft amount of Rs 5,000 sanctioned under PMJDY is also treated as part of MUDRA loans under PMMY.
Figure 2 depicts the major categorywise accounts opened from 2015 till June 30, 2017. A total of 8,25,79,625 accounts were opened cumulatively, out of which 4,59,21,086 belong to vulnerable groups comprising of SCs, STs and OBCs, which is more than 50 per cent. Although the figures for 2017 are for a quarter, the trend seems to be relatively good and is expected to move higher in the coming months as the budget earmarked for the current fiscal is Rs 60 lakh higher in comparison to the last fiscal.
Two of the important sections within the vulnerable groups are women and minorities. It is to be noted that India has one of the lowest female labour force participation rates in the world, ranking 120th among the 131 countries and only 27 per cent of women, 15 years or older, are working or actively looking for a job. Therefore, a scheme, which pays special attention to job creation among women and promotes entrepreneurship is of extreme eminence. MUDRA is one of the schemes where so far 6,17,08,198 accounts have been opened for women, which is nearly 75 per cent of the total accounts opened so far under MUDRA scheme. This is one of the remarkable achievements of MUDRA. Even for accounts belonging to minorities the number stood at an impressive 1,00,47,235.
The magnitude of bank loans disbursed to unfunded and underfunded segments is an indicator of the emergence of this category of borrowers as a key driver of demand for credit. It is important to glance the overall account opening under the three different categories bankwise since 2015. For 2015-17, the total number of bank accounts has shown a steady increase especially in the Shishu category. The total number of bank accounts opened so far under Shishu stands at 7,62,75,980, whereas for Kishore and Tarun it is 52,51,183 and 10,52,462 respectively. Shishu contributes to 92 per cent of the total accounts opened in all the banks under the MUDRA scheme, out of which, the NBFC-MFI constitutes 59 per cent of Shishu accounts.
The total amount disbursed by banks up to June 2017 across the three loan categories amounts to Rs 3,42,010 crore with Shishu loans having the highest share. From amongst different lenders, i.e., PSBs, MFIs, NBFCs etc, the PSBs have the largest share at Rs 13,076 crore. NBFCMFIs are the second highest with Rs 12,542 crore and also top in Shishu loans, which denote the importance of these institutions in the microcredit and small loans. Private sector banks and RRBs figuring in third and fourth places have also contributed in the development of the scheme.
MUDRA Yojana has led to the creation of a total number of 54,479,763 jobs. This includes 37,753,217 direct jobs and 16,726,545 indirect jobs. Out of the total jobs created, 47.77 per cent were created under the Scheduled Castes, Scheduled Tribes and Other Backward Class categories.
To reach a final number of jobs created nationwide through MUDRA over the same timeframe we applied the conversion rate of jobs created per 100 accounts. We applied this on national MUDRA data for accounts opened. It concluded that 3.77 crore Direct Jobs were generated through MUDRA till June end 2017. Figure 3 shows number of direct jobs created across all MUDRA schemes.
The following Methodology was adopted to derive the number of indirect jobs, we gathered information from CBOs, VLEs, direct beneficiaries and experts. In addition, reference was also made to the literature available on job creation in the MSME sector. It was concluded that under the Shishu scheme 1 direct job leads to the creation of 0.25 indirect jobs. For Kishore, 1 direct job creates 1 indirect job and under Tarun, 1 direct job creates 2 indirect jobs. Figure 4 shows the impact of MUDRA on job creation—1.67 crore indirect jobs; 5.44 crore total jobs (direct+indirect).
Scheme Direct Jobs Created Amount Disbursed (Crore) Amount Disbured per direct job created (in Rupees)
Shishu 30263088 162596 53727
Kishore 5819487 101690 174742
Tarun 1670643 77724 465237
Total 37753218 342011 90591
Table 1: Number of jobs vis-a-vis disbursement
The amount of disbursement allotted to generate one direct job, after data analysis came out to be Rs 90,591. This number was substantiated bycomparing the total amount disbursed in three years by the total number of direct jobs created in three years. This amount allotted to generate employment in the MSME sector is very good since the sector is in a progressive stage and has got a lot of potential to excel. This will further push the financial inclusion dream that the government expects to realise sooner than later. Table 1 explains the number of jobs created against disbursements.
Scheme A/C's open Jobs per 100 A/Cs open Direct Jobs Created
Shishu 76275980 39.6 30263088
Kishore 5251183 110.8 5819487
Tarun 1052462 158.7 1670643
Total 82579625 66 37753217.93
Table 2: Jobs generated across various schemes
the loan-wise accounts opened. It can be seen that Shishu has the maximum number of jobs of 3,02,63,087 followed by Kishore and Tarun with a direct job figures of 58,19,486 and 16,70,643. On the whole, the cumulative number of direct jobs in all the three loan types under MUDRA is 3,77,53,217.
Scheme Direct Jobs Created Indirect Jobs Created Total Jobs
Shishu 30263088 7565772 37828860
Kishore 5819487 5819487 11638974
Tarun 1670643 3341287 5011930
Total 37753218 16726546 54479763
Table 3: Total number of employment created across various schemes
In case of the indirect jobs as seen in Table 3, the number of indirect jobs created is high amongst Shishu with 75,65,771, whereas the number of jobs created for Kishore and Tarun are 58,19,486 and 33,41,286 respectively and the total number of indirect jobs is 1,67,26,545.
SKOCH endeavours that the data secured from banks should be utilised to derive the overall employment figures of MUDRA, which will serve the purpose of analysing how the MUDRA Yojana has benefited the vulnerable and needy sections of society in availing loans and generating jobs. Therefore, Figure 5 shows the importance of Shishu category loans, which generated a significant number of jobs totalling to 3,78,28,859. Kishore and Tarun have a total of 1,16,38,973 and 50,11,930 respectively. On the whole, the MUDRA scheme has generated 5,44,79,763 credible jobs. By creating these jobs, PMMY is estimated to have benefitted more than 7.45 crore small businesses.
One of the observations, which is pertinent here, concerning job creation under MUDRA scheme, is the number of jobs created per 100 accounts opened. It is seen that 158 jobs are created for every 100 accounts opened in the Tarun category, whereas in the case of Kishore and Shishu it is 110 and 39 respectively. Tarun is higher in terms of job average because the loan amount ranges from Rs 5,00,000 to 10,00,000, which can generate more direct as well as indirect jobs. Shishu, on the other hand, is a loan ranging below Rs 50,000 and therefore has a smaller average in job creation.
Figure 6 pertains to the direct jobs created. It can be seen that the jobs created in total are 3,77,43,039. In the general category it is 1,82,70,280, while in the vulnerable groups—SC, ST and OBC—it is 60,78,918; 16,46,052; and, 1,17,47,787 respectively totalling to 1,94,72,758, which is more than 50 per cent of the total jobs.
In case of indirect jobs shown in Figure 7, the total jobs created are 1,67,15,075, whereas it is 1,01,70,115 in the general category while for the vulnerable groups—SCs, STs and OBCs—it is 18,62,579; 5,64,612; and 41,17,767 respectively totalling to 1,67,15,075 in direct jobs.
Figure 8 depicts the total number jobs, which includes direct and indirect jobs created by MUDRA for all the categories which is 5,44,79,763. Amongst the vulnerable groups, OBC tops with 1,58,65,555, while SC and ST with 79,41,498 and 22,10,665 comes at second and third spot respectively.
It is also important to understand the development of MUDRA loans state-wise, which reveals the amount of loans availed by each state and quantum of loans sanctioned by the Central Government and the subsequent disbursement of funds, which has yielded a considerable number of job creation supporting the national growth.
State-wise sanctioned amount can be inferred from Figure 9, where Tamil Nadu tops with Rs 23,014 crore followed by Karnataka and Maharashtra with Rs 21,954 and Rs 19,966.
In case of state-wise MUDRA loan disbursement, again the three states namely Tamil Nadu (Rs 38,138 crore), Karnataka (Rs 37,541 crore) and Maharashtra (Rs 32,890 crore), as seen in Figure 10, are much higher than the sanctioned amount and shows the pro-activeness of the state in garnering the MUDRA funds amounting to a total of 31.74 per cent from the overall disbursal to states. The other two states which follow these are Uttar Pradesh and West Bengal.
The number of direct jobs created at state-level is given in Figure 11, which indicates that Tamil Nadu has generated more direct jobs than any other state with a total of 48,57,598. Karnataka with jobs numbering 41,01,236 and Maharashtra with 31,90,131 have secured the second and third positions in creating the highest number of direct jobs in this category. The total number of direct jobs created stood at 3,56,70,709.
Figure 12 shows the the comparative state-wise details of the number of indirect jobs generated under the MUDRA scheme. Like in direct jobs, the three states, i.e., Tamil Nadu, Karnataka and Maharashtra have generated the highest number of indirect jobs too, with 19,11,334; 18,63,704; and, 14,73,272 respectively. The overall indirect jobs created for all the states combined totals to 1,61,93,054.
The cumulative number of both direct and indirect jobs for all states comes to 5,44,79,763 as seen in Figure 13 below. Out of the total of number of jobs it is seen that Tamil Nadu, Karnataka and Maharashtra ranks the first three places with total jobs of 67,68,932; 59,64,941; and, 46,63,404 respectively contributing to 33 per cent of the total jobs created by the states.
It is equally important to understand the jobs created per 100 A/Cs, which will also give the performance of each state pertaining to jobs created. It can be inferred from Figure 14 that Jammu & Kashmir tops the list with 94 average. But it is to be noted that the number of MUDRA accounts opened was just 1,67,116, whereas in the case of Tamil Nadu it is 1,17,41,814, averaging to 44 jobs created per 100 accounts opened. But the absolute value of jobs created in Tamil Nadu is highest depicting the successful efforts of the state.
"This report focuses on job linkages to a specific scheme MUDRA. There is no official data on it. So, this report is definitely going to a trailblaser so far as the MUDRA scheme's linkage to job creation is concerned."
Banks and financial institutions were providing loans to small businesses even before MUDRA. Now all the small lending in that category is put under MUDRA scheme. So it is desirable to see what exactly has changed due to MUDRA. The scheme has given a substantial push to small lending to businesses. The findings reveal that the total number of incremental direct jobs created due to MUDRA scheme in the past two years stood at 11,696,576. It also led to generation of 5,146,494 indirect jobs. Thus the total number of incremental jobs generated in two years stood at 16,843,070.
Methodology Adopted For Incremental Data
Little or no public data available on performance of <10 Lakh MUDRA equivalent loans before launch of the scheme.
In April-June 2016, we conducted interviews with senior bankers and got disbursement numbers for PSBs over 2012-13, 2013-14 & 2014-15. Numbers for 2014-15, i.e., Rs 33,300 crore were published in INCLUSION April-June 2016.
These numbers showed an average growth of 14.57 per cent.
For 2015-16, MUDRA Ltd had published a disbursement figure of Rs 59,674 crore by PSBs, which meant an 80 per cent growth due to introduction of PMMY.
In INCLUSION issue of April-June 2016, we mentioned this number as inflated due to double counting of some assets between NBFC/MFI and PSBs.
Later, MUDRA Ltd revised this figure down to Rs 56,127 crore meaning a growth of 69 per cent.
Based on this Delta on disbursements and taking the value of Rs 90,591 credit/direct job we have calculated the number of incremental direct and indirect jobs created due to introduction of PMMY.
PSB Performance on <10L MUDRA Equivalent Loans Disbursement (crores) % Growth Average Growth
2012-13 25400
2013-14 30100 18.5
2014-15 33300 10.63 14.57
2015-16 56127 68.55
Table 4: PSBs Performance on <10 lakh MUDRA equivalent loans
Incremental Jobs created:
Total number of incremental direct jobs (from 8 April 2015 to 31 March 2017) generated: 11,696,576 (Table 6).
Total number of incremental indirect jobs (from 8 April 2015 to 31 March 2017) generated: 5,146,494 (Table 6).
Sum total of incremental direct and indirect jobs generated through MUDRA scheme: 16,843,070
PSB Performance on <10L Loans (Without MUDRA Push) Disbursement (crores) % Growth Average Growth
2015-16 38148 14.56 Assumed
Table 5: PSB Performance on <10L Loans (Without MUDRA Push)
We have analysed the loan disbursal trends of PSBs in the MUDRA scheme equivalent category, i.e., loan amount of less than Rs 10 lakh. Table 4 explains the trends in the loan disbursal in the category of less than Rs 10 lakh. We have analysed the data from financial year 2012-13 to 2016-17. In this category the loan disbursal stood at Rs 25,400 crore during the financial year 2012- 13. It rose to Rs 30,100 crore in the financial year 2013-14, registering a growth of 18.5 per cent.
Years Total Disbursement % Delta Total Delta Disbursement
2015-16 132954 32.03 42585
Table 6: Total incremental jobs
In 2014-15 the growth in the amount disbursal slowed to 10.63 per cent taking the total amount to Rs 33,300 crore. In the year 2015- 16, when the MUDRA scheme was launched, the total loan disbursal in the category surged to Rs 56,127 crore, registering an annual jump of 68.55 per cent. MUDRA Yojana was launch on 8 April 2015, almost at the beginning of the financial year 2015-16. This surge in lending was clearly due to the MUDRA scheme. In financial year 2016-17, loan disbursal rose further to Rs 68,448 crore, posting an annual growth of 21.95 per cent. This table explains the incremental growth registered due to MUDRA scheme.
Even before MUDRA scheme, banks and financial institutions were extending loans to small businesses, albeit at a slower pace. Table 5 shows that had the MUDRA scheme not been introduced the total loans extended in the financial year 2015-16 would have been Rs 38,148 crore, while due to MUDRA scheme this amount surged to Rs 56,127 crore (Table 4). Similarly, for the financial year 2016-17, the total disbursal of loan in the category would have been Rs 43,703 crore, while due to MUDRA scheme push it rose to Rs 68,448 crore.
RISK EVALUATION: Lending under MUDRA scheme has been higher than the government targets and projections. Beating the targets is an achievement and good sign for any scheme, so is the case with the MUDRA. However, it poses a challenge. High disbursements have been done by government-run banks and financial institutions. This might have been done to meet targets. As the loans are collateral free, a proper risk evaluation is crucially important. The success of the scheme in the long-run will largely depend on proper risk evaluation and management.
"Total number of incremental direct jobs created due to MUDRA scheme in the past two years stood at 11,696,576. It also led to generation of 5,146,494 indirect jobs. Thus the total number of incremental jobs generated in two years stood at 16,843,070."
NPAs: Banks, especially some of the PSBs, are already under severe strain due to high Non-Performing Assets. NPAs of some of the banks have reached an alarming stage. Any further strain would be really disastrous for them. So they must be extra careful and ensure that the new scheme is not making their balance sheets worse. However, this needs to be highlighted that the banks' financial stress today is not due to the defaults on small lending, but because of the big defaulters. Several big companies and corporate leaders have defaulted on loans worth billions of dollars while the track record of small borrowers such as SHGs has been far better. Nonetheless, banks need to be careful and ensure that the loans given under the MUDRA scheme do not turn into bad loans.
CREDIT ASSESSMENT: Assessment of credit worthiness is a complex and challenging job. In the case of small businesses and traders this is even more challenging as they normally don't have a credit history. The RBI should create a single platform to assess the creditworthiness of small businesses and entrepreneurs. This will reduce the risks of the lending banks and financial institutions and make the process hassle free.
GEOGREPHICAL SPREAD: Over 70 per cent of the total disbursal under the MUDRA scheme is concentrated in 10 states. Traditionally, industrially advanced states like Tamil Nadu, Karnataka and Maharashtra have got the lion's share, while backward states, especially north eastern states lag far behind. Economically backward states need such schemes the most. Some mechanism must be devised to access areas, which are hard to reach.
SIMPLIFICATION: Dealing with banks has been a cumbersome process. This has been one of the reasons for the small businesses and entrepreneurs to remain outside the institutional financing system. Schemes such as the Pradhan Mantri Jan Dhan Yojana (PMJDY) and MUDRA scheme have made the process simpler. However, there is scope for much more simplification. Further simplification of forms and processes and an intensive publicity campaign would go a long way in making the scheme more effective and popular.
CREDIT RECOVERY: As per current estimates, the extent of bad loans under the MUDRA Yojana is low. It is estimated to be only around 2 per cent. This is too good a number to believe. However, we have to understand that the scheme is in a nascent stage. NPAs may go up sharply if proper credit management is not done.
GRIEVANCE REDRESSAL: During our interaction with the targeted beneficiaries, one of the major challenges and concerns that emerged was grievance redressal system. This is a new scheme covering a huge and diverse section of the society. Crores of new people have been brought under the institutional financing system. However, nothing much has been done to improve the grievance redressal system. There is a need for substantial improvement within grievance redressal mechanism.
FOCUS ON RURAL INDIA: Access to institutional financing through MUDRA could be a harbinger for alleviating rural distress. Life for those living in rural India is full of uncertainties. They often get hit by droughts or floods. This makes them vulnerable. The MUDRA Yojana is playing an important role in making the rural youth look for employment opportunities in sectors other than agriculture where underemployment is high. This is very important not only from an economic point of view but also from a social and law and order perspective. Rise in unemployment often leads to social unrest. MUDRA could play a pivotal role in bringing prosperity in rural India and curbing potential social unrest
The basic stated objective of the MUDRA Yojana is to "fund the unfunded". Small businesses not only in India but across the world find it difficult to raise money. While the Non-Corporate Small Business Sector, is one of the largest disaggregated business ecosystems in the world sustaining around 50 crore lives, these hard-working entrepreneurs find it difficult to access institutional finance. These entrepreneurs are largely self-financed or rely on personal networks or moneylenders. According to the NSSO Survey of 2013, there are nearly 5.77 crore small business units in India. MUDRA has succeeded not only in providing access to institutional finance to these 5.77 crore small business units but has also provided a fillip to entrepreneurship across the country. This is evident from the number of new loan accounts opened under the scheme.
SKOCH has been studying financial inclusion from its very inception and has concluded several times that the PSBs have focused on bigger ticket lending to a fewer number of customers. PMMY has brought about the first major change by including MFIs and NBFC MFIs within its fold, and their outstanding performance at the bottom of the pyramid under this scheme is a testimony to this fact. Whichever box you tick, the fact is that there has been an enormous focus brought in on livelihood-linked credit—irrespective of who the lender is. Rather than the absolute amount disbursed, a better way to analyse the success of MUDRA is to look at the number of beneficiaries. No scheme since independence has been able to benefit so many and so fast. Given the trend as analysed above in the report, it is expected that the number of jobs created will substantially increase from 5.44 crore today where it stands today.
The MUDRA Yojana has been found to be the best performing scheme till date undoubtedly even from the perspective of creating entrepreneurship and providing institutional working capital—which small entrepreneurs as well as enterprises in the unorganised sector never had access to. Still, there are certain areas, which need to be taken care of. For instance, approximately 70 percent of disbursals are concentrated in 10 states and efforts must be taken to really penetrate into the 'hardto- reach-areas' since the segment of population, which is targeted has vast untapped potential but needs funding support to match its aspirations. In addition, SKOCH believes that stabilisation of Cloud, Aadhar and Mobile (CAM) is expected to improve MUDRA loans in a big way. One of the areas where MUDRA has been criticized initially is slow progress of RuPay cards for easy transactions of loan money. This has to be taken care of at present to match the number of accounts and corresponding disbursal of funds. There are laudable efforts in terms of expanding MUDRA's reach by sector and one such effort by the government is formulating a new model under the MUDRA Yojana for providing credit to the handloom sector—benefiting 5 lakh weavers— which can be emulated by other relevant ministries.
From the perspective of social as well as financial inclusion, MUDRA can be termed as a successful initiative. Its focus has been on the underprivileged sections of society. Nearly half of the beneficiaries under the scheme belong to underprivileged class. This includes 20 per cent of the SCs, 5 per cent STs and 35 per cent from Other Backward Classes. Over 70 per cent beneficiaries are women. This clearly indicates that the scheme is well targeted.
The MUDRA Yojana has had a very positive impact on the rural economy. This has led to an upswing in the rural consumption in the past two years. Our study reveals that there is around 30-40 per cent increase in rural consumption driven by MUDRA loan scheme. Increase in jobs and improved economic activity has had to a positive socio-economic impact.
Overall, PMMY has been a success so far, in creating new jobs and entrepreneurs across the country and is expected to become one of the fastest vehicles to carry financial and social inclusion supported by policy and technology tools.
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FireFall Dev Diary: Game Starts With 10 Square Miles, Features An Entire Planet
By Will Usher
Talk about an ambitious open-world project...Red 5's CEO and CCO, Mark Kern, revealed that the game will start with 10 square miles of content to unlock, but eventually if players work together they can unlock an entire planet worth of content. Is that not insane or what?
FireFall is a third or first-person shooter that enables gamers to experience all the role-playing and leveling qualities of a standard MMO. By all accounts, it's an MMOFPS or an MMOTPS. Regardless of its classification, the game sports some fascinating features such as town raids, guilds, clan tournaments, PvP, PvE and open-world exploration and vehicle transports.
In the following dev diary Kern talks about how the game will grow with the growth of the players. How players will ultimately shape and determine how fast the world of FireFall expands. Which is kind of cool.
I knew that the game had an expansive world but an entire planet? Yikes. That just makes me all the more excited to play the game.
Regardless of what you think of free-to-play titles or MMOs, you have to admit that FireFall is at least an intriguing attempt to revolutionize the genre and move it forward. I'm glad it's not just some cheap cash-in title like some licensed MMOs out there.
You can sign-up for the beta right now or learn more about the game as it readies for launch by paying a visit to the Official Website.
Will Usher
Staff Writer at CinemaBlend.
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text:
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/**
 * The interface for response builder
 *
 * @category   Interface
 * @package    EnliteFiles
 * @author     Vladimir Struc <Sysaninster@gmail.com>
 * @license    LICENSE.txt
 * @date       31.10.13
 */

namespace EnliteFiles\ResponseBuilder;

use EnliteFiles\File\FileInterface;
use Zend\Http\Request;
use Zend\Http\Response;

interface ResponseBuilderInterface {

    /**
     * @param Request $request
     * @param FileInterface $file
     * @return Response
     */
    public function buildResponse(Request $request, FileInterface $file);

}


text:
Q: Query return error (Room Dao) while retrieving boolean data I am trying to fetch a set of data from room dao. And the query is
 @Query("select * from inventory_tags_list where isDiscover = :true")
public List<InventoryTags> getNewTags();

and I get this error:

Error:(26, 32) error: Each bind variable in the query must have a matching method parameter. Cannot find method parameters for :true.

isDiscover is a boolean parameter.

A: Mapping in Room of True to 1 and False to 0. Try this
 @Query("select * from inventory_tags_list where isDiscover = 1")
 public List<InventoryTags> getNewTags();

A: You don't need bind variables. This one must work.
@Query("select * from inventory_tags_list where isDiscover = 1")
public List<InventoryTags> getNewTags();