text:
You are here: Home / Fires/Accidents/Disasters / Poison control expert warns of dangers of glow sticks
Poison control expert warns of dangers of glow sticks
October 27, 2012 By Matt Kelley
Plastic tubes filled with luminous chemicals are popular with Iowa trick-or-treaters but they're also the subject of hundreds of calls to the Poison Control Center every fall. Spokeswoman Joan McVoy says while the glow sticks do help make children more visible in the dark, but they can also cause problems.
"They're plastic and little kids love to chew on them because it's soft and kind of like a teething ring and they break it open because it's not that hide," McVoy says. "Inside, there's a chemical that gets in their mouth and the parents panic and call us because their child's mouth is now glowing in the dark."
Last year, glow sticks were the subject of 282 calls to the poison center's hotline. Parents who realize their kid has managed to munch through a glow stick need to act — and quickly. "It that happens, give us a call," McVoy says.
"The nurse is going to be able to tell you whether it's going to be a problem or not. If it gets in the eyes, it may also cause some burning and stinging and the nurse will tell you what you're supposed to do." While getting that glow stick goo certainly isn't good for you, it's probably not going to be fatal to your child.
"It's poisonous because it can make them sick and cause some symptoms," McVoy says. "It's not something that we would send them to an emergency room, but a parent should give us a call and we'll give them instructions." The Regional Poison Center number is 800-222-1222.
Filed Under: Fires/Accidents/Disasters, Health / Medicine, News


"My good mate Tommy Putt (yes the one with the pink feather boa) has a few places left on his Cradle Mountain and Freycinet Workshops coming up in November.
days under their expert tuition with heaps of photography and tips.
me, he'll give you a copy of his latest book on Cradle Mountain.


text:
[monday, october 22, 2007]
CBS's Adult 18-49 Rating for the Second Week of the Season Improves More Than +9% Versus Live Plus Same Day Ratings, More Than Any Other Network
CBS spins the live plus seven day DVR playback numbers for the week of October 1-7.
Five-Time Emmy Award-Winning "The Amazing Race" Returns for Its 12th Edition on Sunday, NoV. 4, 8:00-9:00 PM
The Eye confirms our previous report and gives additional details about the new season.
Terry Pratchett's "Hogfather" Makes Its U.S. Television Debut
The mini-series will make its U.S. television debut during the RHI Movie Weekend on ION Television, Sunday, November 25 (7/6c).
Dane Cook Is About to Make HistorY... Again! on Tuesday, November 13 Comedy Central Records(R) Releases Dane Cook "Rough Around the Edges - Live from Madison Square Garden"
"Rough Around the Edges" comes out on the heels of his two successful platinum-selling albums "Retaliation" and "Harmful if Swallowed."
CBS Pulls the Trigger: 'Amazing Race' In, 'Viva' Out
The 12th season of the Emmy-award winning reality series is set to roll out on Sunday, November 4 at 8:00/7:00c.
Supermodels Niki Taylor and Tyson Beckford to Host Bravo's New Reality Competition Series "Make Me a Supermodel"
The series is scheduled to premiere in the first quarter of 2008.
Fast Facts for Sunday, October 21, 2007 (Fast Affiliate Live + Same Day Ratings)
ABC spins the numbers for Sunday, October 21.
Sci Fi's 2nd Annual Ghost Hunters Live! 6-Hour Live Halloween-Night Investigation to Feature Unprecedented "Interactive Headquarters"
"Destination Truth's" Josh Gates will host this year's special, which will be shot live from the Waverly Hills Sanatorium in Louisville, Kentucky.
Myspace Launches Its First Co-Developed Original Web Series with "Roommates"
The first of 45 episodes goes live today on MySpaceTV with new episodes debuting each weekday at 1:00 pm PT/ 4:00 pm ET.
Top 12 Bands Revealed on Tonight's Premiere of "The Next Great American Band"
Next week, the Top 12 bands will vie for America's vote as they perform before a live studio audience on Friday, Oct. 26 (8:00-10:00 PM ET/PT).
Development Update: Week of October 15-19
Updates include: Jorja Fox confirms her "CSI" exit, G4 renews its animated comedy "Code Monkeys," Benjamin Bratt to be A&E's "Cleaner" and Darren Star returns to HBO.
FOX Axes 'Nashville,' Doubles Up on 'Lyrics'
"Nashville," which has been on the sidelines since September 21, had tentatively been set to return on November 9.
Academy Award(R)-Nominated Actress Toni Collette Takes the Lead in Showtime's Comedy Pilot "The United States of Tara"
The pilot revolve around "an ordinary-seeming wife and mother of two teenage children (Collette), who also happens to suffer from dissociative identity (formerly multiple personality) disorder."
Cartoon Network Cooking Up Something Funny in Chowder
Cartoon Network's latest original series premieres with a special one-hour episode on Friday, Nov. 2, at 7:30 p.m. (ET, PT) during Fried Dynamite, the network's new primetime programming franchise.
Lmn (Lifetime Movie Network), the Hollywood Reporter, New York Women in Film & Television, William Morris Agency and Women in Film Los Angeles Announce First Ever Winners of the Lmn Student Filmmaker Competition
The first prize winner, Liliana Greenfield-Sanders of New York City, and the second prize winner, Jessica Marie Sutherland of Berea, Ohio, will have their films screened during a reception, honoring them and other women filmmakers, at the 2007 Hamptons International Film Festival.
Hallmark Channel Scores with C3 Ratings Results Earning 95.7% Prime Time Hh Audience Retention for First Week
The Hallmark Channel spins the Live+3 commercial ratings for the week of September 24-30.
Lawyer Moonlights as Criminal Mastermind
Robbie Coltrane stars in the BBC America original movie "The Planman," premiering Sunday, November 11, 8:00 p.m. ET/PT.
USA Network Gives a Series Order to Emmy Award-Winning "The Starter Wife"
Emmy Award-winner Debra Messing returns to star in THE STARTER WIFE and will serve as executive producer.
CBS and "Csi" Continue to Rule Thursday
CBS spins the numbers for Thursday, October 18.
Betty White to Guest Star on ABC's "Ugly Betty"
The beloved television actress will play herself in the episode entitled "Bananas for Betty."
James Blunt in Concert on "Control Room Presents" Mynetwork TV's Ongoing Music Series
"Being able to perform live with my band in such an intimate setting is such a great thrill," says Blunt.
CBS Gives Freshman Comedy "The Big Bang Theory" and Drama "The Unit" Full Season Orders
THE BIG BANG THEORY becomes the first new comedy to receive a full season pickup.
CBS to Broadcast the Finale of "Survivor: China" on a Special Night, Sunday, DeC. 16, 8:00-10:00 Pm, ET/PT
The finale will be immediately followed by SURVIVOR: CHINA REUNION, hosted by Jeff Probst live from Los Angeles (10:00-11:00 PM, live ET/delayed PT).
'Theory,' 'Practice' Reach Full Seasons
In addition, returning CBS drama "The Unit" has also received a back-nine order.
Janet Eliminated from "America's Next Top Model" on the Cw
The CW details the latest "America's Next Top Model" elimination.
The CW's Wednesday Attracts Young Women with "Top Model" and "Gossip Girl"
The CW spins the numbers for Wednesday, October 17.
Jon Stewart Extends Deal with Comedy Central(R) Keeping the Host of "The Daily Show with Jon Stewart" at the All-Comedy Network Through 2010
"I love doing this show. I feel like I work with and for the best in the business," said Stewart. "I look forward to using this extension to having great fun at President Colbert's expense."
Celebrities Tackle the Challenge of Their Careersin the New CMT Series "Gone Country"
Bobby Brown, Carnie Wilson, Dee Snider, Diana DeGarmo, Julio Iglesias Jr., Maureen McCormick and Sisqo will all compete to become "the next big country superstar."
Comedy Central(R) Launches ThedailyshoW.com the Ultimate Online Destination for the Emmy(R) and Peabody(R) Award-Winning Show
The new site features video clips from every episode dating back to 1999, the year Jon Stewart took over the reins of "The Daily Show," and will be expanded to include the show's entire video history, totaling well over 13,000 high-quality clips.
Specially Produced Mobisodes of Tyler Perry's House of Payne Now Available on TBS's Very Funny Channel on Verizon V Cast Video Service
To date, 10 HOUSE OF PAYNE mobisodes have been created.
Quick Take for Wednesday, October 17, 2007 (Fast Affiliate Live + Same Day Ratings)
ABC spins the numbers for Wednesday, October 17.
CBS Posts Its Highest Rated Wednesday of the Season in Viewers, Adults 18-49 and Adults 25-54
CBS spins the numbers for Wednesday, October 17.
Sci Fi Channel Greenlights New CBS Paramount Pilot Revolution from Writers/Executive Producers Ed Redlich and John Belucci and Executive Producer Simon West
The project is "the sweeping story of 'New America,' a distant colony on an Earth-like planet struggling for its independence from an increasingly hostile homeland."
FOX Adds to the Menu with a Second Season Helping of "Kitchen Nightmares"
FOX confirms the series will return for a second season as well as its ratings growth over the past few weeks.
24's Season Seven Clock Starts with Worldwide Sneak Peek at 24traileR.com and Live from Times Square Thursday, OcT. 25
The first promo for the new season is also scheduled to air during Game 2 of the World Series on Thursday, October 25 on FOX.
The CW's 'Online Nation' First to Get the Axe
Just 580,000 viewers tuned into "Nation's" October 14 broadcast, making it the least-watched program on network television last week.
Turner Issues Return Dates for 'Saving Grace,' 'Closer' & '10 Items'
A two-hour "The Closer" special, comprised of the final two installments from its third season, has been booked for Monday, December 3 at 8:00/7:00c.
VH1 Rock Doc 'Amazing Journey: The Story of the Who' Premieres Commercial Free on Vh1, Saturday, November 3 at 9pm*
The special will be simulcast on VH1 Classic and will run commercial free on MHD: Music High-Definition, MTV Network's high-definition music channel.
Hallmark Channel's Henry Schleiff Featured in Two New "Watch with Me" Spots to Air OcT. 23 and 29
Schleiff will be seen in two brief segments introducing two popular movies which have been designated "Watch With Me" events.
Hallmark Channel Signs Applebee's as First-Ever Sponsor of a "Watch with Me" Initiative
In addition, Hallmark Channel has teamed with Cable in the Classroom on a special "Watch With Me" multi-dimensional presentation of its original movie "You've Got A Friend."
The CW's "Reaper" Builds Momentum, Scoring Double-Digit Week-To-Week Gains
The CW spins the numbers for Tuesday, October 16.
Frank Lucas, the Real Life 'American Gangster,' Shares His Story for the First Time Ever on This Season of BET's Critically Acclaimed Series 'American Gangster' Premiering Wednesday, October 31 at 10pm*
"I wanted to be rich. I wanted to be Donald Trump rich," Lucas, 75, said during an interview for the episode. "And so help me God, I made it."
MTV's Crowns the "Celebrity Rap Superstar" During Season Finale on Thursday, October 18 at 10pm Et/PT... Will It Be Shar Jackson Or Kendra Wilkinson?
Plus: All celebrity contestants will be back on stage together to celebrate with one final rhyme.
Telemundo Novela Star Miguel Varoni Guest Stars on NBC's "My Name Is Earl"
The Colombian actor will appear in the episode titled "Creative Writing," where he takes on the role of Catalina's childhood sweetheart, Javier, who re-surfaces in her life in a very colorful way.
Quick Take for Tuesday, October 16, 2007 (Fast Affiliate Live + Same Day Ratings)
ABC spins the numbers for Tuesday, October 16.
More Star Power Added to "The 41st Annual Cma Awards"
Reba McEntire, LeAnn Rimes, Rodney Atkins, Miranda Lambert and Taylor Swift have been added to the list of performers.
The Most Exciting Watercooler Television from Your Favorite Bravo Shows Will Be Featured in "20 Most Outrageous Bravo Moments," a Special to Air in February
Viewers are invited to visit www.BravoTV.com to vote for their favorite Bravo moment.
Ncis and "The Unit" Hit Season Highs in Viewers and Adults 18-49
CBS spins the numbers for Tuesday, October 16.
The Trainers Leave the Gym in "Work Out: Trainer's Day Off"
The half-hour special, hosted by Andy Cohen, premieres Wednesday, October 24 at 9:30/8:30c on Bravo.
Terminator: The Sarah Connor Chronicles Premieres Monday, January 14, on Fox
Plus: FOX confirms "Prison Break" will air its "winter finale" on December 17 before returning on Monday, April 14.
Video: New Trailer for "The Red Sea Diving Resort" Starring Chris Evans and Michael K. Williams
Inspired by remarkable true life rescue missions, the film is the incredible story of a group of international agents and brave Ethiopians who in the early 80s used a deserted holiday retreat in Sudan as a front to smuggle thousands of refugees to Israel.
Netflix Orders Variety Sketch Series "Astronomy Club" from Khalabo Ink Society and Irony Point
As the group has done successfully with its improv and sketch performances, the series will use comedy to discuss complex and nuanced real-world topics.
Nickelodeon's "Henry Danger The Musical" to Make "Note"-worthy Debut on Saturday, July 27, at 8:00 PM (ET/PT)
The special, which features 26 original Broadway-style songs, marks the return of the villainous Frankini (Frankie Grande) who puts a musical curse over the town of Swellview, while Kid Danger and Captain Man are forced to find a way to stop him.
Watch the "WE Day" Special Friday, Aug. 9, Featuring Inspiring Change-Makers and Special Guests, on ABC
Mahershala Ali, Chance The Rapper, Selena Gomez, Joe Jonas, Bill Nye, Natalie Portman, Lilly Singh, Hailee Steinfeld, Pentatonix, Meghan Trainor, Eddie Vedder and host Neil Patrick Harris are all on tap.
71st Emmy(R) Awards Nominations Announcements
"Better Call Saul," "Bodyguard," "Game of Thrones," "Killing Eve," "Ozark," "Pose," "Succession" and "This Is Us" will compete for Outstanding Drama Series.
For the First Time, Animal Planet Goes Behind the Scenes at the San Diego Zoo and Safari Park in an All-New Series
Look for a special two-hour premiere on Saturday, August 10 at 8:00/7:00c.
The Stunning Conclusion to Hannah's Journey to Find Love Will Unfold Live Over a Two-Night, History-Making Finale Event, July 29 and 30, on ABC's "The Bachelorette"
Hannah will join Chris Harrison and a studio audience on both nights as America watches her gut-wrenching journey of love and self-discovery come to its unpredictable end.
Quibi Announces Partnership with NBC News to Produce Original Daily News Shows to Reach Millennial Audience
NBC News' morning and evening news shows for Quibi will each be under six minutes, seven days a week, and created only for mobile.
Zack Snyder's "Army of the Dead" Rounds Out Cast
Omari Hardwick, Chris D'Elia, Hiroyuki Sanada, Garret Dillahunt, Matthias Schweighöfer, Raúl Castillo, Nora Arnezeder, Samantha Win, and Rich Cetrone join the previously announced Dave Bautista, Ella Purnell, Ana De La Reguera, Theo Rossi and Huma Qureshi.
AMC Premiere Crosses the "Rubicon"
All 13 episodes of the critically acclaimed 2010 AMC suspense drama "Rubicon" are now available, commercial-free, to AMC Premiere subscribers.
"The Late Show with Stephen Colbert" to Air Live Following Both Nights of the Second Democratic Debate, Tuesday, July 30 and Wednesday, July 31
The most recent live broadcasts aired following the first Democratic candidate debate last month on June 26 and June 27.
Oliver Jackson-Cohen to Join Victoria Pedretti in "The Haunting of Bly Manor"
He will play Peter, a resident of Bly Manor, who makes life very difficult for everyone who lives there.
Video: Showtime(R) Debuts Trailer and Official Poster for "On Becoming a God in Central Florida"
Starring Emmy and Golden Globe nominee Kirsten Dunst, the 10-episode series is a story about the cult of free enterprise and one woman's relentless pursuit of the American Dream.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
def value_with_units(value, units, usage_factor)
  raise "Error: value must convert to an integer." unless value.to_i
  raise "Error: units must be k, m, g" unless units =~ /[KMG]/i
  factor = usage_factor.to_f
  raise "Error: usage_factor must be between 1.0 and 0.0. Value used: #{usage_factor}" if factor > 1.0 || factor <= 0.0
  (value * factor).to_i.to_s + units
end

#
# Set tuning parameters in the my.cnf file.
#

# Shared servers get %50 of the resources allocated to a dedicated server.
set_unless[:db_mysql][:server_usage] = "dedicated"  # or "shared"
usage = 1 # Dedicated server
usage = 0.5 if db_mysql[:server_usage] == :shared

# Ohai returns total in KB.  Set GB so X*GB can be used in conditional
GB=1024*1024

mem = memory[:total].to_i/1024
Chef::Log.info("Auto-tuning MySQL parameters.  Total memory: #{mem}M")
one_percent_mem = (mem*0.01).to_i
one_percent_str=value_with_units(one_percent_mem,"M",usage)
eighty_percent_mem = (mem*0.80).to_i
eighty_percent_str=value_with_units(eighty_percent_mem,"M",usage)

#
# Fixed parameters, common value for all instance sizes
#
# These parameters may be to large for verry small instance sizes with < 1gb memory.
#
set_unless[:db_mysql][:tunable][:thread_cache_size]                 = 50 * usage
set_unless[:db_mysql][:tunable][:max_connections]                   = 800 * usage
set_unless[:db_mysql][:tunable][:wait_timeout]                      = 28800 * usage
set_unless[:db_mysql][:tunable][:net_read_timeout]                  = 30 * usage
set_unless[:db_mysql][:tunable][:net_write_timeout]                 = 30 * usage
set_unless[:db_mysql][:tunable][:back_log]                          = 128 * usage
set_unless[:db_mysql][:tunable][:max_heap_table_size]               = value_with_units(32,"M",usage)
set_unless[:db_mysql][:tunable][:net_buffer_length]                 = value_with_units(16,"K",usage)
set_unless[:db_mysql][:tunable][:read_buffer_size]                  = value_with_units(1,"M",usage)
set_unless[:db_mysql][:tunable][:read_rnd_buffer_size]              = value_with_units(4,"M",usage)
set_unless[:db_mysql][:tunable][:log_slow_queries]                  = "log_slow_queries = /var/log/mysqlslow.log"
set_unless[:db_mysql][:tunable][:long_query_time]                   = "long_query_time = 5"
set_unless[:db_mysql][:tunable][:expire_logs_days]                  = 2

#
# Adjust based on memory range.
#
# The memory ranges used are < 1GB, 1GB - 3GB, 3GB - 10GB, 10GB - 25GB, 25GB - 50GB, > 50GB.
if mem < 1*GB
  #
  # Override buffer sizes for really small servers
  #
  set_unless[:db_mysql][:tunable][:key_buffer]                      = value_with_units(16,"M",usage)
  set_unless[:db_mysql][:tunable][:isamchk][:key_buffer]            = value_with_units(20,"M",usage)
  set_unless[:db_mysql][:tunable][:isamchk][:sort_buffer_size]      = value_with_units(20,"M",usage)
  set_unless[:db_mysql][:tunable][:myisamchk][:key_buffer]          = value_with_units(20,"M",usage)
  set_unless[:db_mysql][:tunable][:myisamchk][:sort_buffer_size]    = value_with_units(20,"M",usage)
  set_unless[:db_mysql][:tunable][:innodb_log_file_size]            = value_with_units(4,"M",usage)
  set_unless[:db_mysql][:tunable][:innodb_log_buffer_size]          = value_with_units(16,"M",usage)
else
  set_unless[:db_mysql][:tunable][:key_buffer]                      = value_with_units(128,"M",usage)
  set_unless[:db_mysql][:tunable][:isamchk][:key_buffer]            = value_with_units(128,"M",usage)
  set_unless[:db_mysql][:tunable][:isamchk][:sort_buffer_size]      = value_with_units(128,"M",usage)
  set_unless[:db_mysql][:tunable][:myisamchk][:key_buffer]          = value_with_units(128,"M",usage)
  set_unless[:db_mysql][:tunable][:myisamchk][:sort_buffer_size]    = value_with_units(128,"M",usage)
  set_unless[:db_mysql][:tunable][:innodb_log_file_size]            = value_with_units(64,"M",usage)
  set_unless[:db_mysql][:tunable][:innodb_log_buffer_size]          = value_with_units(8,"M",usage)
end

if mem < 3*GB
  set_unless[:db_mysql][:tunable][:table_cache]                     = 256 * usage
  set_unless[:db_mysql][:tunable][:sort_buffer_size]                = value_with_units(2,"M",usage)
  set_unless[:db_mysql][:tunable][:myisam_sort_buffer_size]         = value_with_units(64,"M",usage)
  set_unless[:db_mysql][:tunable][:innodb_additional_mem_pool_size] = value_with_units(50,"M",usage)
  set_unless[:db_mysql][:tunable][:myisam_sort_buffer_size]         = value_with_units(96,"M",usage)
  set_unless[:db_mysql][:init_timeout]                              = 600 * usage
elsif mem < 10*GB
  set_unless[:db_mysql][:tunable][:table_cache]                     = 512 * usage
  set_unless[:db_mysql][:tunable][:sort_buffer_size]                = value_with_units(4,"M",usage)
  set_unless[:db_mysql][:tunable][:innodb_additional_mem_pool_size] = value_with_units(200,"M",usage)
  set_unless[:db_mysql][:tunable][:myisam_sort_buffer_size]         = value_with_units(96,"M",usage)
  set_unless[:db_mysql][:init_timeout]                              = 1200 * usage
elsif mem < 25*GB
  set_unless[:db_mysql][:tunable][:table_cache]                     = 1024 * usage
  set_unless[:db_mysql][:tunable][:sort_buffer_size]                = value_with_units(8,"M",usage)
  set_unless[:db_mysql][:tunable][:innodb_additional_mem_pool_size] = value_with_units(300,"M",usage)
  set_unless[:db_mysql][:tunable][:myisam_sort_buffer_size]         = value_with_units(128,"M",usage)
  set_unless[:db_mysql][:init_timeout]                              = 1800 * usage
elsif mem < 50*GB
  set_unless[:db_mysql][:tunable][:table_cache]                     = 2048 * usage
  set_unless[:db_mysql][:tunable][:sort_buffer_size]                = value_with_units(16,"M",usage)
  set_unless[:db_mysql][:tunable][:innodb_additional_mem_pool_size] = value_with_units(400,"M",usage)
  set_unless[:db_mysql][:tunable][:myisam_sort_buffer_size]         = value_with_units(256,"M",usage)
  set_unless[:db_mysql][:init_timeout]                              = 2400 * usage
else
  set_unless[:db_mysql][:tunable][:table_cache]                     = 4096 * usage
  set_unless[:db_mysql][:tunable][:sort_buffer_size]                = value_with_units(32,"M",usage)
  set_unless[:db_mysql][:tunable][:innodb_additional_mem_pool_size] = value_with_units(500,"M",usage)
  set_unless[:db_mysql][:tunable][:myisam_sort_buffer_size]         = value_with_units(512,"M",usage)
  set_unless[:db_mysql][:init_timeout]                              = 3000 * usage
end

#
# Calculate as a percentage of memory
#
Chef::Log.info("Setting query_cache_size to: #{one_percent_str}")
set_unless[:db_mysql][:tunable][:query_cache_size]                  = one_percent_str
Chef::Log.info("Setting query_cache_size to: #{eighty_percent_str}")
set_unless[:db_mysql][:tunable][:innodb_buffer_pool_size]           = eighty_percent_str

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


Connect your PHP applications to resources on your IBM i (evolved from AS/400, iSeries) using the open source (free!) PHP Toolkit for IBM i.
Supported by Zend and IBM and co-developed by Alan Seiden and IBM's Tony Cairns, the toolkit is also known as the XML Toolkit because the PHP front end and the XMLSERVICE RPG back end communicate via XML.
Get the most complete, accurate information about the PHP Toolkit by reading Alan's presentation Bring RPG/COBOL Business Logic to the Web with the PHP Toolkit (PDF format).
This download link takes you to the Zend web site, where the Toolkit is included with all Zend Server downloads, Releases 5.6 and higher. Just scroll down the page to download older versions of Zend Server.
The official documentation can be found on the Zend web site.
Hello Alan, last year I attended one of your presentations on PHP on IBM i. Very interesting. I now have a problem with the API Toolkit, and so farI didn't find any answers. Is there a way to declare parameters für the PgmCall method by way of using PCML? A short answer would be appreciated.
I'm working on a toolkit update to support PCML with PgmCall. Do you use PCML heavily?
PCML is currently supported only by the compatibility wrapper [CW], but because new projects should use the new toolkit API (PgmCall, etc.) instead of CW, I intend to add PCML support for PgmCall.
Tell me more about your requirements if you would like, perhaps through my contact page.
Full support for PCML was added as of toolkit 1.6.
I am trying to connect ibm iseries using zend framework 2 through localhost. I have configured database details in global.php now need to call stored procedure using database object. I have gone through the questions answered by you on stackoverflow but I am unable to do anything and I have blocked.
Praveen, are you connecting from a PC?
If You have problems with passing parameters, just write to database file, and the target program will read it. Just as simple as that.
I tried xml toolkit but it seems it doesn't support large query, i tried to fetch 10000 records and it generate an error on AS400, is there some limitation that you are aware of?
Alessandro, no limitations. You probably need to set a higher plugSize.


Second son of the hereditary governorship of the planet, Garron's Reach, Navarre was given to paladin orders of The Six Peers immediately upon his birth so that he may never lay claim to his elder brother's birthright. Placed with the Order of the Shattered Sword, life as a paladin is all he has ever known. It was his privilege to train the young Relic Knight, Sebastian Cross, even as it is an honor to fight by his side today. Navarre exemplifies the title of paladin and his rugged, pragmatic approach to battle has carried his order to victory against every type of threat imaginable. As the Dark Space Calamity grows and a terrified populace looks increasingly to the paladin orders for protection, Navarre's steadfast guidance will help guide them to the path of safety.
Sculpted by Reed Casey. This blister includes a complete model for the Order of the Shattered Sword, unique character, Navarre. Navarre is a 32mm 'heroic' scale, high quality, metal cast miniature. A 40mm premium round base is included. Model is supplied unpainted. Assembly required.


text:
set +ex

mkdir -p .build # for the junit.xml file
./IntegrationTests/run-tests.sh --junit-xml .build/junit-sh-tests.xml -i $@


text:
cask 'rclone-browser' do
  version '1.2,a1156a0'
  sha256 '542cd23eea128736999a7e512a9f2ff89be081c688d1581e6c78ab3d3ca118dd'

  # github.com/mmozeiko/RcloneBrowser was verified as official when first introduced to the cask
  url "https://github.com/mmozeiko/RcloneBrowser/releases/download/#{version.before_comma}/rclone-browser-#{version.before_comma}-#{version.after_comma}-macOS.zip"
  appcast 'https://github.com/mmozeiko/RcloneBrowser/releases.atom',
          checkpoint: '6c70233b86022aaa670af000d633ff4b2038037599511bfdfb1809c6ab863ff0'
  name 'Rclone Browser'
  homepage 'https://mmozeiko.github.io/RcloneBrowser/'

  depends_on formula: 'rclone'

  app "rclone-browser-#{version.before_comma}-#{version.after_comma}-macOS/Rclone Browser.app"

  zap delete: [
                '~/Library/Preferences/Rclone Browser.plist',
                '~/Library/Preferences/com.rclone-browser.rclone-browser.plist',
              ]
end


text:
Obama's Picks for Commerce, USTR Revive Reorganization Talk
Pritzker and Froman would figure in a new business department.
Charles S. Clark
Senior Correspondent
President Obama's announcement of nominations to run the Commerce Department and the Office of the U.S. Trade Representative set in motion new speculation about prospects for Obama's 2012 plan to seek authority from Congress to consolidate agencies.
Before departing for Mexico, Obama on Thursday said he planned to send the Senate the name of Penny Pritzker, a hotel magnate and Obama campaign donor, to be Commerce Secretary, and the name of Michael Froman, a White House international economics adviser, to be USTR.
Both positions are currently vacant. Commerce has been run on an acting basis by Rebecca Blank and USTR by Demetrios Marantis.
Both agencies would figure in an Obama administration proposal -- first introduced in January 2012 -- to create a department of business by combining such agencies as Commerce, USTR, the Small Business Administration and the Export-Import Bank. The consolidation would require Congress to revive authority past presidents enjoyed until the 1980s.
Though Congress expressed some interest, the plan made little headway, with objections coming from environmental groups seeking to shield regulations from business, trade lobbies seeking to preserve USTR's Cabinet status and lawmakers protective of their committee turf.
Steve Posner, a spokesman for the Office of Management and Budget, said on Friday that "the president continues to support his proposal to reorganize business-related agencies into a single department. The proposal was included again in his FY 2014 budget." Rep. Darrell Issa, R-Calif., chairman of the House Oversight and Government Reform Committee, said, "We're still waiting. I'm disappointed the president has not proposed a detailed plan, but if he does a restructuring could still happen." Last year, Issa expressed disappointment that the White House had "not embraced earlier bipartisan congressional efforts seeking collaborative engagement on proposals to reorganize government."
On the Senate side, Mark Warner, D-Va., in the past Congress introduced a bill to give the president reorganization authority. An aide said he plans to reintroduce the legislation, but that details are not firm.
NEXT STORY: How Can Leaders Be Better Listeners?


text:
Visit H.I.G. Capital
H.I.G. Benefits
Alphabetical Sector
H.I.G. Team
Current and historical news, press releases, and announcements.
H.I.G. Capital News
Keval Patel
kpatel@higcapital.com
H.I.G. Capital
www.higcapital.com
USALCO Completes Acquisition of AlChem and CalCHEM
MIAMI – January 5, 2021 – H.I.G. Capital ("H.I.G."), a leading global alternative investment firm with $42 billion of equity capital under management, announced today that its portfolio company, USALCO, LLC ("USALCO" or the "Company"), has acquired Al Chem Specialties, LLC ("AlChem") and CalChem, LLC ("CalCHEM"). USALCO is a leading provider of specialty chemicals used primarily in the water and wastewater treatment processes and for the manufacturing of refinery catalysts.
Operating as a unified business under common leadership, AlChem / CalCHEM is a leading manufacturer of high-quality specialty chemicals for municipal water treatment and industrial applications and operates premier manufacturing plants in Mentor, Ohio and Modesto, California. AlChem / CalCHEM was founded in 2004 and has grown significantly under the leadership of Founder and CEO Scott Williams over the past two decades. Mr. Williams will join the USALCO leadership team following the acquisition.
"AlChem / CalCHEM builds our presence in Ohio and establishes a base of operations on the West Coast," said USALCO CEO Ken Gayer. "The combined business is a leading manufacturer of specialty chemicals used in water and wastewater treatment, refinery catalysts, food production and other industrial applications with the ability to serve customers anywhere in the continental U.S."
Scott Williams, Founder and CEO of AlChem / CalCHEM, noted the synergistic benefit of joining USALCO. "We see tremendous commercial opportunity in the combined platform given our complementary product set and go-to-market strategy," he said. "We look forward to partnering with Ken and his team to continue serving our customers and expanding our offering across the United States."
"We are pleased to partner with Scott and the AlChem / CalCHEM team," said Keval Patel, Managing Director at H.I.G. "The transaction fits squarely into our strategy of further expanding our geographic reach within the U.S. and acquiring best-in-class companies that produce significant value creation opportunities."
About USALCO
USALCO is a leading provider of high-quality aluminum chemicals used in water and wastewater treatment, refinery catalysts and other industrial end market applications in the United States. Headquartered in Baltimore, MD, USALCO operates 11 manufacturing facilities throughout the United States. For more information, visit https://www.usalco.com/.
About H.I.G. Capital
H.I.G. is a leading global private equity and alternative assets investment firm with $42 billion of equity capital under management.* Based in Miami, and with offices in New York, Boston, Chicago, Dallas, Los Angeles, San Francisco, and Atlanta in the U.S., as well as international affiliate offices in London, Hamburg, Madrid, Milan, Paris, Bogotá, Rio de Janeiro and São Paulo, H.I.G. specializes in providing both debt and equity capital to small and mid-sized companies, utilizing a flexible and operationally focused/ value-added approach. Since its founding in 1993, H.I.G. has invested in and managed more than 300 companies worldwide. The firm's current portfolio includes more than 100 companies with combined sales in excess of $30 billion. For more information, please refer to the H.I.G. website at www.higcapital.com.
* Based on total capital commitments managed by H.I.G. Capital and affiliates
* Based on total capital commitments managed by H.I.G. Capital and affiliates.
Terms and Conditions. All material on this site Copyright © 2021 H.I.G. Capital, LLC
By continuing to browse or by clicking 'Accept', you agree to the storing of cookies on your device to enhance your site experience and for analytical purposes. To learn more about how we use the cookies, please see our privacy policy.


text:
Thank you, Stefani Rozen!
by mrollins | Nov 18, 2019 | Camps & NFTY, From the Blog, Lifecycle, Uncategorized, Youth & Family
Dear Camp Community,
With each new year, we are all faced with new celebrations and new beginnings. We look back on everything that we have experienced together, we appreciate the lessons that we have learned, and we look toward the future with the confidence that we have become better individuals because of the guidance and support that we have received from our leaders and from our friends.
As we approach the end of the year, we have so much to be grateful for in our camp community. Most notably, we want to thank Stefani Rozen for everything that she has given to our Greene Camp family over the last 13 years on our full-time team. Stefani began her camp career as a camper and grew with camp as an assistant director then camp director. Beginning in January, Stefani will start a new professional journey as the Children, Youth and Camping Director for the Evelyn Rubenstein Jewish Community Center of Houston.
A staff search will begin in the coming weeks, and while I will be here through the year and the summer, I will so miss Stefani's experience and wisdom. We are all sad to see Stefani depart her position at GFC, but we are all very happy that she will remain close to home and a part of our community.
Please join the GFC Full-Time Team in celebrating Stefani, the legacy that she has left on camp, and the impact that she has made on all of our lives.
B'Shalom,
Loui Dobin, Executive Director
A message from Stefani:
Working at Greene Family Camp has always been more than just work. Here, where 'family' is our middle name, we truly become family. When I moved back to Texas to begin as an assistant director at GFC, I never would have guessed where the path would lead. It has been a privilege to be part of this community through so much mutual growth. When I look back at all that has been accomplished, I am in awe. I am extremely grateful for the opportunities to learn, grow, and lead, and I look forward to continuing my involvement through the local community in Houston.
Thank you all for your ongoing support and partnership through the years. The laughter, fun, and friendship are something I'll always hold close. I'm excited to begin a new chapter in my journey and bring everything I've learned with me.
Assistant Camp Director
Sports Director
Tennis Specialist
Roller Hockey Specialist


Bioderma Cicabio Drying Repairing Lotion 40 ml order online.
Cicabio Lotion dries out irritations prone to maceration through the combination of zinc oxide and silicates and targets every stage of skin reconstruction to promote perfectly restored skin.
The Copper-Zinc complex prevents bacterial proliferation.
The Antalgicine Complex, a BIODERMA innovation, rapidly relieves the sensation of discomfort and reduces the urge to scratch.
The synergetic combination of Resveratrol and Copper promotes high-quality skin regeneration.
The patented natural D.A.F. complex (Dermatological Advanced Formulation) raises the skin's tolerance threshold.
Fragrance-free formula, colourant-free. The beige colouring is natural and comes from the active ingredients. Prevents the bacterial proliferation, hypoallergenic.
Cicabio Lotion is suitable for adults and children.
Shake the bottle of Cicabio Lotion well before using. Break the protective seal. Turn the top until it clicks to open and close it.
Apply Cicabio Lotion with a sterile gauze or use the tip to apply direct onto the damaged skin, after cleansing.
Use Cicabio Lotion twice a day until the skin is completely repaired.
Cicabio Lotion can be used on both face and body.
Cicabio Lotion should not be used on internal mucous membranes or on bleeding lesions.
Cover you whole face at night, like you do with a face mask and when you wake up your skin will be amazing! this lotion is great for oily skin and for spots.


Using a separate tracker for bugs and issues? Make sure that information is seamlessly conveyed to your tech team, without entering issues by hand. After you set up this automation, whenever a task is updated within Teamwork Projects the associated issue within in Jira will be updated also.
If your organisation uses Teamwork PM for overall task management and JIRA is your development team's issue management app, Zapier can automatically create a task on a Teamwork PM project task list when new JIRA issues are created. All new JIRA issues raised after you set up this integration will create a task on a Teamwork PM project task list.
Note: This Zapier integration will not generate Teamwork PM tasks for existing issues in your JIRA account, only new issues raised after you've set it up.
If Teamwork PM is your organization's project management app and JIRA is used by the software development team, Zapier can link the two to make it easy to post new issues to JIRA. After this integration is set up, new Teamwork PM tasks added to a project task list from that point forward will be saved as new issues in JIRA.
Note: This Zapier integration doesn't import existing Teamwork PM tasks into JIRA, only new tasks after you've set it up.
It's easy to connect Jira + Teamwork Projects and requires absolutely zero coding experience—the only limit is your own imagination.


text:
Journal of The American Society for Mass Spectrometry
June 2017 , Volume 28, Issue 6, pp 1048–1059 | Cite as
Analytical Validation of a Portable Mass Spectrometer Featuring Interchangeable, Ambient Ionization Sources for High Throughput Forensic Evidence Screening
Zachary E. Lawton
Angelica Traub
William L. Fatigante
Jose Mancias
Adam E. O'Leary
Seth E. Hall
Jamie R. Wieland
Herbert Oberacher
Michael C. Gizzi
Christopher C. Mulligan
Focus: Honoring R. G. Cooks' Election to the National Academy of Sciences: Research Article
First Online: 20 December 2016
Forensic evidentiary backlogs are indicative of the growing need for cost-effective, high-throughput instrumental methods. One such emerging technology that shows high promise in meeting this demand while also allowing on-site forensic investigation is portable mass spectrometric (MS) instrumentation, particularly that which enables the coupling to ambient ionization techniques. While the benefits of rapid, on-site screening of contraband can be anticipated, the inherent legal implications of field-collected data necessitates that the analytical performance of technology employed be commensurate with accepted techniques. To this end, comprehensive analytical validation studies are required before broad incorporation by forensic practitioners can be considered, and are the focus of this work. Pertinent performance characteristics such as throughput, selectivity, accuracy/precision, method robustness, and ruggedness have been investigated. Reliability in the form of false positive/negative response rates is also assessed, examining the effect of variables such as user training and experience level. To provide flexibility toward broad chemical evidence analysis, a suite of rapidly-interchangeable ion sources has been developed and characterized through the analysis of common illicit chemicals and emerging threats like substituted phenethylamines.

Analytical validation Ambient ionization Portable mass spectrometer Forensics Forensic evidence Desorption electrospray ionization Paper spray ionization Atmospheric pressure chemical ionization SWGDRUG
Controlled substance analysis plays a major role in both the typical workload and the substantial evidence backlog that burdens the public forensic laboratory system and impedes ongoing criminal investigations and judicial processing [1, 2]. A review of the 2009 Census for Publicly Funded Forensic Labs from the Bureau of Justice Statistics [3] shows that controlled substance requests were second only to forensic biology (e.g., serological screening, DNA analysis) in magnitude, accounting for 33% of all work requests. For county and municipal labs, drug evidence attributed to the highest workload, highlighting the burden of this routine casework at the local level. Of the overall backlog of evidence reported (i.e., ~ 1.2 million requests), forensic biology accounted for ~75%, with controlled substance attributing to a more modest 12%. Though novel training [4] and funding initiatives [5] have helped to contend with the demand, forensic biology has proven to be indispensable for suspect identification, leading to a significant level of outsourcing to private labs [6, 7]. While the development of higher performance analytical methods is seen as a means of accommodating the increasing number of these requests [8, 9], so too are techniques that reduce the impact of other types of forensic evidence [5, 10], allowing the reallocation of resources towards the more laborious biological analyses.
Given its implications on the typical lab workload, increasing the throughput of routine drug evidence analysis is of interest. While established laboratory-based methods for drug investigation (e.g., hyphenated mass spectrometric (MS), spectroscopy, etc.) are known for their accuracy, broad applicability, and court admissibility [8, 11, 12], throughput is hindered by the required preparative steps and overall duty cycle. Ambient MS techniques [13, 14], which increase sample throughput by forgoing extensive sample preparations, have shown proficiency in forensic chemical analysis [15, 16, 17], with recent reports involving the analysis of biofluids [18, 19], explosives [20], adulterated foodstuffs [21], mind-altering plant-based evidence [22], and simultaneous molecular/elemental composition [23]. Specific techniques like desorption electrospray ionization (DESI) [24], direct analysis in real time (DART) [25], and paper spray ionization (PSI) [26, 27] have shown utility in both trace and bulk drug evidence analysis, particularly in combatting the rise of "designer drugs" evidence and accommodating associated paraphernalia [28].
Field testing offers an inherent increase in throughput by alleviating the need for evidence transport to off-site forensic laboratories, while also providing timely information to law enforcement and forensic practitioners for establishing criminal intent and expediting investigations. Field-based processing of chemical evidence has been mostly relegated to presumptive colorimetric testing [29, 30], and while stalwart examples like the Scott (cocaine) and Marquis (opiates, amphetamines) tests are commonly implemented, they have elevated false positive rates due to circumstantial ambiguity in observed color changes [31], and lack of overall chemical specificity [32]. Several portable detection technologies have been recently investigated for forensic analysis, including Raman spectroscopy [33], near infrared spectroscopy (NIR) [34], and X-ray fluorescence microscopy (XRF). Several portable MS systems featuring membrane introduction or GC separations have been reported [35, 36], including the novel application of vehicle-mounted systems for spatial location of clandestine methamphetamine labs via volatile effluent mapping by Verbeck and co-workers [37], and although commercial products are available [38], they have yet to be broadly incorporated into forensic investigation and have preparative constraints similar to their lab-based counterparts.
The pursuit of the high throughput drug analysis has led to the coupling of ambient ionization methods to field-portable MS instrumentation [39, 40], allowing rapid and flexible screening of controlled substances and other contraband while enjoying the discriminating power of MS analysis. Reported applications demonstrate the utility of specific ambient MS techniques in this arena, allowing the direct analysis of utilized surface swabs [24], trace residues [41], bulk evidence [42], and highly complex sample matrices [26, 43]. Furthermore, implementing automated spectral library searching and chemical identification on said systems can alleviate the need for field-based data interpretation, allowing the use by nontechnical operators [44].
While the benefit of rapid, on-site screening of contraband via can be anticipated (e.g., expedited criminal investigations, decreased chain-of-custody and sample degradation issues, reduced evidence load on off-site laboratories), adoption of this technology will be contingent on its overall analytical performance given the inherent legal ramifications of collected data. To this end, validation studies that follow standard practices [45] and recommendations from gatekeepers like the Scientific Working Group for the Analysis of Seized Drugs (SWGDRUG) [46] are required to ensure subsequent court admissibility. While broad validation efforts have been undertaken for ambient ionization methods conducted on lab-scale MS instrumentation, such as the work of Gurdak and co-workers at National Physical Laboratory (NPL) in assessing inter-laboratory repeatability and constancy of DESI-MS [47], similar efforts utilizing portable MS systems for forensic applications have been limited to categorical assessments like limits of detection (LOD) and linearity [48, 49]. Cooks and co-workers have assessed LODs for explosives residues [50, 51] and drugs of abuse [52] using their lineage of miniaturized MS systems, as well as demonstrated quantitative toxicological analysis of biofluids [53, 54]. Other reports have evaluated selectivity and throughput of drug evidence screening using commercially available systems [24, 42].
Herein, we report an extensive analytical validation of a portable MS system featuring interchangeable, ambient ionization sources for on-site drug evidence screening. Following SWGDRUG recommendations [46], specific performance characteristics assessed included selectivity, accuracy/precision, method robustness, ruggedness, and detection limit. Reliability in the form of false positive/negative response rates determined from large datasets are reported, examining the effect of user training, experience level, and environmental factors stemming from field usage. Furthermore, the utility and throughput afforded from the implementation of rapidly interchangeable, ambient ionization sources is investigated as a means to combat the rigor and variable nature of crime scene processing
Samples and Sample Preparation
For these studies, analytical standards of target analytes were purchased from Cerilliant Corp. (Round Rock, TX, USA) in 1000 ppm (1.0 mg/mL) concentrations, and stock solutions of known concentration were prepared via serial dilution in methanol. To produce surface residues of known mass, 1 μL aliquots of these known composition solutions were spotted onto substrates of interest and allowed to dry. Limit of detection (LOD) studies were performed from four substrates of forensic interest: glass (e.g., microscope slide), a brass key, a plastic bag (polyethylene), and textured laminate countertop purchased from local distributors.
Solutions were analyzed as-is for ESI-MS analysis or spotted onto porous Teflon well slides (Prosolia Inc., Indianapolis IN, USA), dried, and subsequently analyzed for DESI-MS. For PSI analysis, MQuant paper-based testing strips (EMD Millipore Corp., Billerica, MA, USA) with one end cut into an isosceles triangle served as the ionization substrate. These testing strips feature a plastic backing behind the paper substrate, which provides rigidity for direct, dip sampling of condensed phases or surface swabbing with minimal deformation of the triangular shape, which is critical for spray quality and duration during analysis. For surface swabbing, the PSI substrate is pre-wetted with 2 μL of methanol to enhance recovery, used to probe the surface of interest, and then directly analyzed. All spray-based ionization sources utilized a spray solvent of 1:1 methanol/water with 0.1% formic acid.
Portable MS System and "Plug and Play" Style Ionization Sources
For these studies, a FLIR Systems AI-MS 1.2 cylindrical ion trap (CIT) mass spectrometer (FLIR Mass Spectrometry, West Lafayette, IN, USA) ruggedized for field use was implemented for all data collection and validation studies. As previously reported [24, 26, 44], this system features a capillary-based atmospheric pressure inlet for coupling to ambient ionization methods, while providing analyte confirmation via MS/MS. Cartridge-based helium CID damping gas, syringe pump solvent delivery, and the high voltage supply needed for all investigated ionization sources are incorporated into the instrumental design. Nebulizing gas for ESI and DESI is supplied by a small self-contained breath apparatus (SCBA) tank during field use. Dimensions (60 × 50 × 40 cm, L × W × H) and weight (~45 kg) of this field-ready system are well-suited for on-site criminal investigations and CSI applications.
For maximum flexibility towards the broad forensic evidence screening, a centralized mounting/positioning system that allows rapid interchangeability of a suite of traditional and ambient ionization sources was constructed for use on the AI-MS 1.2; further detail on the design and construction of the rail system and associated ionization sources can be found in the Supplementary Material. Each modular ionization source was designed for quick coupling/disconnection to instrumental voltage and solvent lines and minimal user manipulation to simplify overall operation for nontechnical users. Ion sources were selected to enable the rapid screening of condensed phases, residues, and gas-phase species, including ESI and DESI via a factory-mounted, dual function spray chamber, PSI, paper cone spray ionization (PCSI) [55], and direct air sampling-atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI). The included sources required no external power requirements other than that built-in to AI-MS 1.2 system. For brevity, explicit experimental detail for each ionization method can be found in the Supplemental Material.
Comparison to a Standard Mass Spectral Reference Library
To assess selectivity of the AI-MS 1.2 in identifying forensic analytes, base MS and MS/MS spectra data were compared with both recent literature and a widely accepted reference library, the 'Wiley Registry of Tandem Mass Spectral Data, MSforID' (Wiley: Hoboken, NJ, USA) [56]. The library was developed on QqTOF instrumentation (Qstar XL; AB Sciex) using ESI in positive and negative ion mode, with the detailed instrumental parameters utilized reported previously [57, 58]. To date, the published version of the library contains 12,122 spectra of 1208 compounds. The library version used in this publication covered more than 1700 entries.
Pertinent MS/MS spectral information (i.e., precursor ion m/z, fragment ion(s) m/z, relative ion intensities) was submitted for compound identification with the MSforID library search program [58, 59]. The search algorithm determines the degree of similarity between a sample spectrum and library spectra, expressed as a 'relative average match probability' (ramp). High compound-specific ramp-values indicate high similarity between the unknown and the reference compound, and the substance with the highest ramp-values is considered to represent the unknown compound. The correctness of each putatively positive match was then checked by expert reviewing.
The validation plan implemented for the FLIR AI-MS 1.2 was constructed to include performance characteristics delineated in recent SWGDRUG recommendations [46] for seized drug analysis methodologies. Specific categories incorporated were throughput, selectivity of analyte identification, accuracy/precision (i.e., repeatability, inter-user reproducibility, and error rate), method robustness, environmental ruggedness, and detection limit. Further description of each validation category can be found in Figure S-1 of the Supplemental Materials.
Throughput and Utility of "Plug and Play" Style Ionization Sources
Ambient MS methods reported to date are diverse in terms of the analyte desorption and ionization mechanisms and minor preparative steps that are employed [60]; therefore, certain techniques are inherently better suited for specific analysis scenarios (e.g., analytes present, complexity and phase of matrix, surface geometry). For instance, the paper substrate employed in PSI-MS makes it naturally applicable to surface swabbing [26], and flexibility of positioning for DART-MS is convenient for rapid introduction of solid samples [42]. To maximize the utility of portable MS screening of forensic evidence, a centralized mounting/positioning system that allows rapid interchanging and operation of a suite of traditional and ambient ion sources (i.e., ESI, DESI, PSI, PCSI, and APCI) was developed and assessed in terms of utility and throughput; the mounting system and constructed ion sources are detailed in Supplementary Figure S-1. The interchangeable aspect of these sources allows the user to select the optimal ionization method for the evidence in question, while allowing broad coverage of solid, liquid, and gas-phase evidence types.
Figure 1a depicts the throughput of interchanging between the simplified ion sources in order to process differing evidence types. Increases in the total ion count denote the usage of each ion source for a minimum of 30 s, and a return to baseline depicts the time required for source switching, coupling of solvent and voltage connections, and needed positioning. Overall, five distinct sample/source combinations were able to be processed in less than 6 min total, generating characteristic spectral data for each scenario, as seen in Figure 1b through f. Ambient MS data collected upon the FLIR AI-MS 1.2 commonly exhibits significant in-source fragmentation (i.e., inadvertent fragmentation prior to initiating MS/MS scan modes) [24, 44], similar to other portable [61] and lab-scale MS instrumentation [62] capable of sampling externally-generated ions. This in-source fragmentation can be varied, but rarely eliminated, by manipulating ion optic potentials in the high pressure regions of the vacuum system (e.g., tube lens/skimmer assembly) [63] and minimizing thermal dissociation (e.g., inlet capillary temperature) [64]. Specific detail regarding the in-source fragmentation pathways observed can be seen in the Supplemental Materials. Of note, the high spectral intensity for the PSI analysis required a 30× demagnification to scale correspondingly with the other data. The higher sensitivity of PSI-MS is attributed to more efficient collection of analyte ions due to its coaxial positioning relative to the MS inlet capillary; this is further supported by the comparative detection limit studies summarized in Table 4. Given the rigor and variable nature of crime scene processing, the throughput and applicability demonstrated could be well suited for rapidly establishing probative value of evidence at hand.
(a) Total ion chromatogram depicting five successive, yet discrete, ion source/sample combinations, with the rise in ion signal corresponding to the onset and duration of said analysis. A return to baseline represents the time needed to physically interchange between sources, including reattachment of voltage and solvent lines, if needed. Completing five diverse experiments in less than 6 min eludes to the throughput and utility of the instrumental platform; (b)–(f) corresponding MS data collected during said analyses
Selectivity of Analyte Identification
The FLIR AI-MS 1.2 and other trap-based portable MS systems [41, 42] have demonstrated high spectral congruency when compared with lab-grade instrumentation for most traditional forensic chemicals [24] and, so, enjoy the selectivity afforded to MS analysis. Incorporation of tandem MS data in analyte identification even allows discernment from complex matrices [26, 43]. Previous work towards establishing spectral congruence and selectivity compared blind portable MS/MS data to a widely accepted reference library, the 'Wiley Registry of Tandem Mass Spectral Data, MSforID', returning the correct identification for over 30 forensic analytes and evidentiary samples [44]. While this shows selectivity towards traditional drugs of abuse, extension towards novel psychoactive substances (NPS) [28], particularly those that are structurally similar and even isomeric, must be assessed.
To determine spectral congruence and selectivity towards novel illicit drugs, MS/MS spectra for a selection of substituted phenethylamines and N-(2-methoxy)benzyl (NBOMe) derivatives was compared to reference spectra contained in the MSforID database. Library search results returned the most probable identification, reported in Table 1, and a representative visual comparison of sample and reference spectra for 2C-T2 can be seen in Supplementary Figure S-7. Although a majority of analytes were correctly identified, a few discrepancies are observed that serve to exemplify potential issues with NPS analysis and the comparison of spectral data between mass analyzer types. The incorrect matches for both 2C-D (Supplementary Figure S-8A) and 2C-T4 (Supplementary Figure S-8B) are other isomeric psychoactive compounds that have proven difficult to discern even on high performance LC-MS instrumentation [65], as they yield simplistic MS/MS data that is distinguishable only by minor differences in relative abundance. For instance, MS/MS for chain isomers 2C-T4 and 2C-T7 is marked only by the loss of an amidogen radical (17 Da).
Summary of Library Searching Results Obtained for FLIR AI-MS 1.2 MS/MS Data
Ion trap instrumentation is known to produce a low number of compound-specific fragments, as resonant excitation-collision induced dissociation (CID) commonly produces product ions too cool to undergo further fragmentation and low-mass fragment ions are inefficiently trapped [66]. The combination of inter-analyzer differences, variable CID energies and a low number of compound-specific transitions has been shown to hinder accurate identification via library searching [67], which led to the misidentification of 25I-NBOMe.
Of note, MS/MS spectra obtained from NBOMe derivatives using the CIT of the AI-MS 1.2 demonstrated much higher complexity compared to that contained in the Wiley Registry of Tandem MS Data (Supplementary Figure S-8C), although there have been similar reports in recent literature [28, 68, 69]. It has been asserted that the addition of the N-(2-methoxy)benzyl group to the 2C-phenethylamine structure (another electron donating aromatic ring, as seen in Supplementary Figure S-8C) creates more favorable sites for dissociation that can occur along the –C-C-N-C- linkage chain, specifically C–C bond cleavage between the α- and β-carbon atoms on the ethylene bridge [68, 69]. The complexity and intensity to which these fragmentation patterns are seen is highly dependent on the MS/MS conditions utilized [44], which leads to the inter-instrument variations reported [66, 70]. While NBOMe derivatives may represent a special case due to the number of low abundance transitions seen, instrument-specific spectral databases [71] may be more prudent in scenarios where automated chemical identification is needed, but variability is a concern.
Assessment of Accuracy and Precision
Overall Instrument and User-Specific Error Rates
To ensure a statistically-relevant population of data for determination of error rate, a dataset consisting of over 1400 replicates of both positive and negative control samples was collected and analyzed. For these studies, cocaine was selected as the analyte of interest; "positive" control samples were comprised of 200 ng of cocaine, deposited directly onto a MQuant testing strip (for PSI analysis) or a glass slide (for DESI analysis) and directly analyzed, whereas "negative" control samples involved the same substrate with no cocaine present. A blank sample (identical substrate) was tested between each control to assess carryover and hygiene. In these studies, a cocaine "detection" signified the presence of both the precursor ion for cocaine, [M + H]+ (m/z 304), in base MS spectra and characteristic fragment (m/z 182) in subsequent MS/MS spectra observed at an intensity of at least three times the signal-to-noise level. The m/z 182 fragment, although characteristic, was the only transition observed for the cocaine precursor, serving as the identifying ion signature. Table 2 provides the detection and false positive rates attained in this study, controlling for the ionization source utilized. PSI was selected for a more intensive study, as its source design incorporates flexibility in user positioning and, consequently, has a higher susceptibility for user error over the static nature of the DESI source.
FLIR AI-MS 1.2 Error Rates, Controlling for Ion Source, User Experience, and Education Level
Detection rate (%)a
False positive rate (%)b
Overall FLIR AI-MS
98.87 (1412)
PSI-MS
DESI-MS
Breakdown of PSI-MS error rate
Trained user operation
During training period
Undergraduate and High School students
Other users (untrained)
Ph.D. candidate (Analytical Chemistry)
100.00 (10)
Undergraduate w/o AC coursework
Police Academy graduate
Breakdown of DESI-MS error rate
aDetection rate = percentage of positive samples analyzed that were accurately detected (i.e., true positive rate).
bFalse positive rate = percentage of negative samples that returned an incorrect detection.
Sample size, n, given in the parentheses.
User-specific variables are also of interest, as educational background and level of on-instrument training could vary depending on which first responder groups utilize said instrumentation. An educationally diverse selection of users was chosen for this study, including M.S. in Chemistry candidates, B.S. in Chemistry undergraduates (with and without formal analytical chemistry coursework), Ph.D. (Analytical Chemistry) candidates, high school students with only introductory chemistry knowledge, and a recent police academy graduate with little coursework in the general physical sciences. Instrument-specific experience was controlled by examining error rates during and after the initial training period.
When examining the error rate breakdowns shown in Table 2, better outcomes can be realized by users following the formal training period and after instrument-specific experience is gained. This can be observed in Figure 2a and b, which depict the average and range of maximum peak heights observed for replicate experiments obtained during and after formal training sessions, as well as the daily sample throughput (i.e., min/sample); for this, the observed datapoint represents the average value from replicate analyses, with the provided bar depicting the maximum and minimum intensity observed for that day, and daily sample throughput (min/sample) is indicated above each range. The effect of cumulative experience can be seen herein, particularly in regards to sample throughput, but also to a lesser extent for the daily average and maximum spectral intensity obtained. As seen in Figure 2a, the high school student user struggled to reproducibly acquire high intensity data shortly after the training period, but did trend to better outcomes after several days of continued usage. The benefit of past experience with chemical instrumentation through pertinent coursework and hands-on usage is seen by the comparable data obtained during and after training for an undergraduate Chemistry major user (Figure 2b). This data, in contrast, is marked by fairly reproducible average and maximum signal intensities obtained directly after formal training; similar observations were made for other users in this demographic. Sample throughput can also be considered as a metric of overall comfort with the methodology, and both user groups exhibited higher throughputs as the level of method-specific experience increased. Further comparison of user experience is presented in Figure 2c, which compares the performance of a graduate student highly experienced with the AI-MS 1.2 platform (i.e., over 1000 uses) and an undergraduate in the post-training phase. The performance of other untrained users seen in Table 2 does show that decent outcomes can still be realized without rigorous training experiences, though, alluding to the overall simplicity of ambient MS methods. Of note, even when relatively low signal intensities are acquired (as observed in Figure 2a and c), a positive detection of cocaine was still obtained.
Inter-day repeatability plots for (a) high school and (b) undergraduate chemistry major users showing PSI-MS results obtained during training (shaded blue) and post-training. Each date-stamped datapoint expresses the average of the maximum peak heights obtained from multiple analyses of cocaine positive controls, and bars visualizing the range of peak heights obtained on that day are included. Average throughput (in min/sample) for each period of operation is included above each datapoint. (c) Intra-day reproducibility plot assessed between two users (graduate versus undergraduate), plotting the maximum peak height obtained for all cocaine positive standards analyzed. Zones corresponding to historically low, medium, and high intensity are denoted by dashed red lines, and the number of samples falling within for each user is reported. Of note, even when relatively low signal intensities are obtained, a positive detection of cocaine was still obtained
The PSI-MS methodology produced a true positive detection rate of 99.01% and false positive detection rate of 0.17%. Although the samples investigated in this study were simplistic in nature compared to traditional forensic evidence, the error rates obtained suggest that reliable field-based chemical evidence screening can be accomplished even when operated by nontechnical users. Overall system reliability, incorporating all PSI and DESI-MS error rate investigations, modestly alters these rates to 98.87% and 0.14%, respectively. Specific errors observed throughout the study for each user are reported in Supplementary Table S-2, with a majority pertaining to rectifiable systematic errors (e.g., improper positioning/sample loading, poor preparation of the PSI substrate, neglecting hygiene protocols and method blanks), suggesting that even better outcomes could be realized after extensive experience is gained.
Repeatability, Inter-User Reproducibility, and Ion Source Comparison
Figure 3 depicts average and range trends for all cocaine positive controls analyzed by trained users (n = 1070), broken down by date of analysis and user (color-coded for visualization) in order to examine both inter-day and intra-user trends. While data collected via PSI-MS is marked by substantial variation in spectral intensity, even for highly experienced users (i.e., graduate students A and B), some trends can be observed. In examining the user-specific plots found in Supplementary Table S-9, maximum signals obtained and repeatability (i.e., test-retest variability of a single user) are lower for users with minimal instrument-specific experience. The effect of experience level, in terms of education, instrument familiarity, and training, on user-to-user reproducibility can be insinuated from Figure 2c and Figure 3. Ultimately, while repeatability is modest and user-to-user reproducibility can be impacted by experience and training, there is only a minor effect of overall reliability of qualitative assessments. Source-specific variability was also examined, reported in Figure S-10. While overall signal was shown to be highly variable for both DESI and PSI, average and maximum signals obtained by PSI are markedly higher. This is attributed to the desorption/ionization mechanism employed by DESI-MS, which requires the collection of secondary analyte ions liberated from a surface of interest [60]. Portable MS systems commonly employ miniaturized vacuum systems, and the reduced conductance of the inlet capillary makes efficient collection of non-proximity ion plumes desorbed from surfaces more problematic compared with PSI and traditional ESI sources that employ coaxial alignment.
Variability plot of all PSI-MS analyses of cocaine positive control samples completed by trained users (n = 1070), showing inter-day and intra-user trends. Each date-stamped datapoint expresses the average of the maximum peak heights obtained from multiple analyses, color-coded to identify the specific user. Bars visualizing the range of peak heights obtained on that day are included. Although the inherent variability of PSI-MS is apparent, the effect of education level and cumulative experience on average and maximum peak height can be seen
Method Robustness for PSI-MS
Although PSI-MS is a flexible technique, several variables have been identified as affecting the quality of spectral data collected and subsequent instrumental hygiene, including substrate positioning in reference to the inlet capillary, paper imperfections stemming from manual cutting of the triangular tip, and, to a lesser extent, the amount of solvent and voltage applied to induce spray ionization. To assess the robustness of these method-specific variables, a systematic study of spatial positioning and ionization parameters was undertaken. Figure 4 provides a graphical representation of the three-dimensional positioning of variables examined in reference to the inlet capillary of the AI-MS 1.2.
Graphical depictions of spatial positioning variables examined for PSI-MS method robustness. (a) 3-Dimensional representation of the spatial (X, Y, Z) axes in relation to MS inlet capillary. (b) Positioning increments (in mm) for the X- and Y-axis. (c) Side view representation of Z-axis PSI substrate positioning in relation to the MS inlet
For this study, maximum ion signal, signal duration, and sample-to-sample hygiene was determined for triplicate analyses of 200 ng cocaine samples at each variable increment. Table 3 provides both the operational and optimal values subsequently established for PSI analysis; "operational" values represent those that can hinder spectral characteristics, but still provide data that is satisfactory for analyte detection/identification. Supplementary Figure S-11 and the corresponding Supplemental Material show representative experimental data regarding the effect of X, Y, Z positioning on spray duration, as well as a detailed experimental design. Given the variability of spectral intensity observed via PSI-MS (as seen in Figure 2 and Figure 3), spray duration served as a better indicator of proper positioning.
Method Robustness for PSI-MS Positioning and Ionization Variables
Positioning parameters (mm)
X - axis
0.00 ± 0.40
Y - axis
– 0.40 to 0.00
Z - axis
Ionization parameters
Voltage (kV)
Solvent (μL)
Spatial positioning studies showed that satisfactory spectral data can be collected as long as the pinnacle of the PSI substrate aligns within the outer diameter of the inlet capillary (Figure 4b), with more optimal signals stemming from alignment within the boundaries of the inner diameter. The only exception observed arises during horizontal positioning (Y-axis), as the plastic backing of the PSI substrate interferes with the generation of an effective Taylor cone when it resides in the line of sight between the paper triangle and inlet capillary (0.4 to 0.8 mm). Placement outside of the capillary face (i.e., past 0.80 mm on X, Y axes) did not produce reliable signals and, so, is not recommended for operation.
Optimization of voltage applied to induce ionization provided values that coincide well with those reported in literature [60]. Interestingly, spray solvent volume was shown to highly influence experimental outcomes, which is of note given that PSI in the current embodiment requires user deposition of solvent. Small volumes (e.g., 1.50 μL) provided successful detection, but with markedly lower spray duration and higher spray instability due to incomplete saturation of the paper substrate. This, in turn, could increase the frequency of false negative errors in the field setting. Aliquots greater than 2.50 μL produced considerable solvent build-up on the paper substrate, which had the predilection to sputter larger droplets directly into the inlet capillary, increasing the chance of sample carryover from condensed phases like bulk powder and false positives errors. An optimal value of 2.00 μL was found to provide reliable spray duration and ion intensity for routine experimentation.
The factory ESI/DESI combination source employed on the AI-MS 1.2 has been previously characterized in terms of method variables and reported elsewhere [24], and its static nature mostly alleviates source positioning issues. Sample positioning, however, still remains critical to effectively desorb and subsequently sample analyte ions into capillary-based inlet systems.
Ruggedness Towards Field Implementation
Ruggedness towards external factors naturally entails the consideration of field implementation, which is especially pertinent for application to routine law enforcement (e.g., traffic control stops) and crime scene processing. An initial assessment of environmental factors affecting on-site analysis was conducted during late Spring/Summer 2016, tracking meteorological data (i.e., ambient temperature and humidity) with an AcuRite weather station (model VN1TXCA2; Chaney Instrument Co., Lake Geneva, WI, USA) in tandem with the analysis of positive cocaine control samples (n = 140). Although only a modest range of seasonally-dependent temperatures was examined, data collected was marked by slight reductions in both minimum and average durations obtained as temperature increased, as shown in Supplementary Figure S-12. Of note, a significant portion of the false negative errors obtained on the AI-MS 1.2 (S-2) coincided with the increased temperatures, potentially stemming from poor spray characteristics. The overall effect of humidity was inconclusive. Given that PSI-MS is commonly operated as an open-air source, other factors such as wind direction/speed and dew point (for night operations) may be found relevant upon further investigation.
Detection Limit Comparisons
While both DESI and PSI have been shown to be capable of attaining low-level detection limits using portable instrumentation, source-to-source comparisons could prove useful in selecting the appropriate method for the trace evidence of interest. Using a selection of forensically-relevant chemicals, LODs were established using PSI (surface swabbing) and direct DESI analysis for residues deposited onto surfaces of evidentiary value (shown in Supplementary Figure S-13). As seen in Table 4, PSI LODs ranged in the low to mid-nanogram (ng) range, with DESI limits determined to be an order of magnitude or higher in most cases. Mild surface and ionization efficiency effects across both sources can be seen, particularly for surfaces with more geometric complexity or those prone to movement during analysis. Particularly for DESI, the static nature of the ion source can hinder the investigation of non-flat surfaces, making surface swabbing PSI more appealing. Representative LODs stemming from APCI analysis of low concentration vapors of flammable organic solvents were also collected (Supplementary Table S-3), demonstrating trace gas analysis capability of the AI-MS 1.2 system.
LODs for PSI and DESI-MS Analysis of Surface-Bound Residues
Glass slide
Brass key
Polyethylene bag
25B-NBOMe
In the present work, the novelty of an ambient sampling, field-portable mass spectrometer featuring interchangeable, ambient ionization sources for high throughput forensic investigation was demonstrated, while addressing the practical obstacles that surround field-based forensic evidence screening (e.g., applicability to diverse sample matrices and emerging threats, quality and reliability of evidentiary data collected, and data collection by nontechnical operators). While recent advances in the fields of ambient and portable mass spectrometry have intrinsic value in combatting the growing forensic evidentiary backlog, this work represents the first multi-category analytical validation of a field-ready system. Validation categories examined, particularly selectivity, error rate, and ruggedness, will assist in meeting the demands of the Daubert standard for future admissibility of field-collected MS data.
While collected data exhibited variability in regards to the spectral intensity observed, the reliability of detection was shown to be relatively unaffected when investigating low-complexity samples. Although previous reports have shown the AI-MS 1.2 platform to be capable of accurately identifying street drugs [24] and clandestine drug manufacturing paraphernalia [26], further work involving associated error rate is pertinent. Interestingly, user-specific variables, such as education and training, were shown to affect experimental outcomes. It is anticipated that the categorical breakdown of user-specific error rates presented will prove to be beneficial in determining the most effective approach and duration of training for nontechnical operators. Incorporation of internal quality control standards into the needed spray solvent and monitoring of ion source spray current could enhance outcomes for novice users. Initial ruggedness studies regarding field usage scenarios suggest that meteorological variables could be of interest, such as ambient temperature. Future investigations controlling for daily meteorological phenomenon (i.e., dew point), extreme weather, harsh environments, and the potential of operator duress in unsafe usage scenarios could be of value to the first response community.
This project was supported by Award nos. 2011-DN-BX-K552 and 2015-IJ-CX-K011, awarded by the National Institute of Justice, Office of Justice Programs, U.S. Department of Justice. The opinions, findings, and conclusions or recommendations expressed in this publication are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect those of the Department of Justice. Molecular assignments for fragmentation spectra were made for select compounds with assistance from high resolution MS instrumentation acquired through support by the National Science Foundation MRI Program under Grant no. CHE 1337497. The authors would also like to thank Cerilliant Corp. for supplying the substituted phenethylamine and NBOMe derivative standards utilized in this work.
13361_2016_1562_MOESM1_ESM.pdf (1.2 mb)
ESM 1 (PDF 1253 kb)
Strom, K.J., Hickman, M.J.: Unanalyzed evidence in law-enforcement agencies. Criminol. Public Policy 9, 381–404 (2010)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Peterson, J.L., Hickman, M.J., Strom, K.J., Johnson, D.J.: Effect of forensic evidence on criminal justice case processing. J. Forensic Sci. 58, S78–S90 (2013)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Durose, M.R., Walsh, K.A., Burch, A.M.: Census of publicly funded forensic crime laboratories, 2009. U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs, National Institute of Justice, Washington DC (2012)Google Scholar
Lodhi, K.M., Grier, R.L., Speaker, P.J.: A novel approach to forensic molecular biology education and training: it's impact on the criminal justice system. Aust. J. Forensic Sci. 47, 182–193 (2015)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sceince, N.A.: Strengthening forensic science in the United States: a path forward. National Academies Press, Washington DC (2009)Google Scholar
Maguire, C., Houck, M.M., Williams, R., Speaker, P.J.: Efficiency and the cost-effective delivery of forensic science services: insourcing, outsourcing, and privatization. Forensic Sci. Policy Manage. - Int. J. 3, 62–69 (2012)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ludwig, A.: E "value" ating forensic science. Forensic Sci. Policy Manage. - Int. J. 7, 66–77 (2016)Google Scholar
Brettell, T.A., Butler, J.M., Almirall, J.R.: Forensic science. Anal. Chem. 83, 4539–4556 (2011)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Butler, J.M.: The future of forensic DNA analysis. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. Ser. B Biol. Sci. 370, 577–579 (2015)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Policy, W.H.O. of S. and T.: Strengthening forensic science: a progress report, February 2014. Available at: http://www.whitehouse.gov/sites/default/files/microsites/ostp/forensic_science_progress_2-14-14. Accessed 15 Aug 2016
Sampat, A., Lopatka, M., Sjerps, M., Vivo-Truyols, G., Schoenmakers, P., van Asten, A.: Forensic potential of comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography. TrAC Trends Anal. Chem. 80, 345–363 (2016)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Meyer, M.R., Maurer, H.H.: Review: LC coupled to low- and high-resolution mass spectrometry for new psychoactive substance screening in biological matrices – where do we stand today? Anal. Chim. Acta 927, 13–20 (2016)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cooks, R.G., Ouyang, Z., Takats, Z., Wiseman, J.M.: Detection technologies. Ambient Mass Spectrometry. Science 311, 1566–1570 (2006)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Monge, M.E., Harris, G.A., Dwivedi, P., Fernández, F.M.: Mass spectrometry: recent advances in direct open air surface sampling/ionization. Chem. Rev. 113, 2269–2308 (2013)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Correa, D.N., Santos, J.M., Eberlin, L.S., Eberlin, M.N., Teunissen, S.F.: Forensic chemistry and ambient mass spectrometry: a perfect couple destined for a happy marriage? Anal. Chem. 88, 2515–2526 (2016)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hoffmann, W.D., Jackson, G.P.: Forensic mass spectrometry. Annu. Rev. Anal. Chem. 8, 419–440 (2015)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ifa, D.R., Jackson, A.U., Paglia, G., Cooks, R.G.: Forensic applications of ambient ionization mass spectrometry. Anal. Bioanal. Chem. 394, 1995–2008 (2009)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Manicke, N.E., Bills, B.J., Zhang, C.: Analysis of biofluids by paper spray MS: advances and challenges. Bioanalysis 8, 589–606 (2016)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Damon, D.E., Davis, K.M., Moreira, C.R., Capone, P., Cruttenden, R., Badu-Tawiah, A.K.: Direct biofluid analysis using hydrophobic paper spray mass spectrometry. Anal. Chem. 88, 1878–1884 (2016)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kauppila, T.J., Flink, A., Pukkila, J., Ketola, R.A.: Analysis of nitrogen-based explosives with desorption atmospheric pressure photoionization mass spectrometry. Rapid Commun. Mass Spectrom. 30, 467–475 (2016)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Black, C., Chevallier, O.P., Elliott, C.T.: The current and potential applications of ambient mass spectrometry in detecting food fraud. TrAC Trends Anal. Chem. 82, 268–278 (2016)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lesiak, A.D., Cody, R.B., Ubukata, M., Musah, R.A.: Direct analysis in real time high resolution mass spectrometry as a tool for rapid characterization of mind-altering plant materials and revelation of supplement adulteration – the case of Kanna. Forensic Sci. Int. 260, 66–73 (2016)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Evans-Nguyen, K.M., Gerling, J., Brown, H., Miranda, M., Windom, A., Speer, J.: Towards universal ambient ionization: direct elemental analysis of solid substrates using microwave plasma ionization. Analyst 141, 3811–3820 (2016)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Vircks, K.E., Mulligan, C.C.: Rapid screening of synthetic cathinones as trace residues and in authentic seizures using a portable mass spectrometer equipped with desorption electrospray ionization. Rapid Commun. Mass Spectrom. 26, 2665–2672 (2012)Google Scholar
Pavlovich, M.J., Musselman, B., Hall, A.B.: Direct analysis in real time-mass spectrometry (DART-MS) in forensic and security applications. Mass Spectrom Rev. (2016). doi: 10.1002/mas.21509.
O'Leary, A.E., Hall, S.E., Vircks, K.E., Mulligan, C.C.: Monitoring the clandestine synthesis of methamphetamine in real-time with ambient sampling, portable mass spectrometry. Anal. Methods 7, 7156–7163 (2015)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Damon, D.E., Maher, Y.S., Yin, M., Jjunju, F.P.M., Young, I.S., Taylor, S., Maher, S., Badu-Tawiah, A.K.: 2D wax-printed paper substrates with extended solvent supply capabilities allow enhanced ion signal in paper spray ionization. Analyst 141, 3866–3873 (2016)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Carvalho, T.C., Oliveira, I.F., Tose, L.V., Vanini, G., Kill, J.B., Neto, A.C., Machado, L.F., Ambrosio, J.C.L., Lacerda, V., Vaz, B.G., Romão, W.: Qualitative analysis of designer drugs by paper spray ionization mass spectrometry (PSI-MS). Anal. Methods 8, 614–620 (2016)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Namera, A., Nakamoto, A., Saito, T., Nagao, M.: Colorimetric detection and chromatographic analyses of designer drugs in biological materials: a comprehensive review. Forensic Toxicol. 29, 1–24 (2011)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Philp, M., Shimmon, R., Tahtouh, M., Fu, S.: Development and validation of a presumptive color spot test method for the detection of synthetic cathinones in seized illicit materials. Forensic Chem. 1, 39–50 (2016)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tsumura, Y., Mitome, T., Kimoto, S.: False positives and false negatives with a cocaine-specific field test and modification of test protocol to reduce false decision. Forensic Sci. Int. 155, 158–164 (2005)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Krauss, S.T., Remcho, T.P., Lipes, S.M., Aranda, R., Maynard, H.P., Shukla, N., Li, J., Tontarski, R.E., Landers, J.P.: Objective method for presumptive field-testing of illicit drug possession using centrifugal microdevices and smartphone analysis. Anal. Chem. A–H (2016)Google Scholar
Vandenabeele, P., Edwards, H.G.M., Jehlička, J.: The role of mobile instrumentation in novel applications of Raman spectroscopy: archaeometry, geosciences, and forensics. Chem. Soc. Rev. 43, 2628–2649 (2014)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tsujikawa, K., Yamamuro, T., Kuwayama, K., Kanamori, T., Iwata, Y.T., Miyamoto, K., Kasuya, F., Inoue, H.: Application of a portable near infrared spectrometer for presumptive identification of psychoactive drugs. Forensic Sci. Int. 242, 162–171 (2014)Google Scholar
Eckenrode, B.: Environmental and forensic applications of field-portable GC-MS: an overview. J. Am. Soc. Mass Spectrom. 12, 683–693 (2001)Google Scholar
Leary, P.E., Dobson, G.S., Reffner, J.A.: Development and applications of portable gas chromatography-mass spectrometry for emergency responders, the military, and law-enforcement organizations. Appl. Spectrosc. 70, 888–896 (2016)Google Scholar
Mach, P.M., McBride, E.M., Sasiene, Z.J., Brigance, K.R., Kennard, S.K., Wright, K.C., Verbeck, G.F.: Vehicle-mounted portable mass spectrometry system for the covert detection via spatial analysis of clandestine methamphetamine laboratories. Anal. Chem. 87, 11501–11508 (2015)Google Scholar
Giannoukos, S., Brkić, B., Taylor, S., Marshall, A., Verbeck, G.F.: Chemical sniffing instrumentation for security applications. Chem. Rev. 116, 8146–8172 (2016)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chen, C.-H.H., Chen, T.-C.C., Zhou, X., Kline-Schoder, R., Sorensen, P., Cooks, R.G., Ouyang, Z.: Design of portable mass spectrometers with handheld probes: aspects of the sampling and miniature pumping systems. J. Am. Soc. Mass Spectrom. 26, 240–247 (2015)Google Scholar
Ma, X., Ouyang, Z.: Ambient ionization and miniature mass spectrometry system for chemical and biological analysis. TrAC Trends Anal. Chem. 1–10 (2016)Google Scholar
Snyder, D.T., Pulliam, C.J., Ouyang, Z., Cooks, R.G.: Miniature and fieldable mass spectrometers: recent advances. Anal. Chem. 88, 2–29 (2016)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brown, H., Oktem, B., Windom, A., Doroshenko, V., Evans-Nguyen, K.: Direct analysis in real time (DART) and a portable mass spectrometer for rapid identification of common and designer drugs on-site. Forensic Chem. 1, 66–73 (2016)Google Scholar
Ma, Q., Bai, H., Li, W., Wang, C., Li, X., Cooks, R.G., Ouyang, Z.: Direct identification of prohibited substances in cosmetics and foodstuffs using ambient ionization on a miniature mass spectrometry system. Anal. Chim. Acta 912, 65–73 (2016)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
O'Leary, A.E., Oberacher, H., Hall, S.E., Mulligan, C.C.: Combining a portable, tandem mass spectrometer with automated library searching—an important step towards streamlined, on-site identification of forensic evidence. Anal. Methods 7, 3331–3339 (2015)Google Scholar
ASTM E2549-14: Standard practice for validation of seized-drug analytical methods. ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA (2014)Google Scholar
Scientific Working Group for the Analysis of Seized Drugs (SWGDRUG) Recommendations. United States Department of Justice, Drug Enforcement Administration, Washington DC (2011)Google Scholar
Gurdak, E., Green, F.M., Rakowska, P.D., Seah, M.P., Salter, T.L., Gilmore, I.S.: VAMAS interlaboratory study for desorption electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (DESI MS) intensity repeatability and constancy. Anal. Chem. 86, 9603–9611 (2014)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wells, J.M., Roth, M.J., Keil, A.D., Grossenbacher, J.W., Justes, D.R., Patterson, G.E., Barket, D.J.: Implementation of DART and DESI ionization on a fieldable mass spectrometer. J. Am. Soc. Mass Spectrom. 19, 1419–1424 (2008)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wolf, J.-C., Etter, R., Schaer, M., Siegenthaler, P., Zenobi, R.: Direct and sensitive detection of CWA simulants by active capillary plasma ionization coupled to a handheld ion trap mass spectrometer. J. Am. Soc. Mass Spectrom. 27, 1197–1202 (2016)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sanders, N.L., Kothari, S., Huang, G., Salazar, G., Cooks, R.G.: Detection of explosives as negative ions directly from surfaces using a miniature mass spectrometer. Anal. Chem. 82, 5313–5316 (2010)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wiley, J.S., Shelley, J.T., Cooks, R.G.: Handheld low-temperature plasma probe for portable "point-and-shoot" ambient ionization mass spectrometry. Anal. Chem. 85, 6545–6552 (2013)Google Scholar
Mulligan, C.C., Talaty, N., Cooks, R.G.: Desorption electrospray ionization with a portable mass spectrometer: in situ analysis of ambient surfaces. Chem. Commun. 74, 1709 (2006)Google Scholar
Cooks, R.G., Manicke, N.E., Dill, A.L., Ifa, D.R., Eberlin, L.S., Costa, A.B., Wang, H., Huang, G., Ouyang, Z.: New ionization methods and miniature mass spectrometers for biomedicine: DESI imaging for cancer diagnostics and paper spray ionization for therapeutic drug monitoring. Faraday Discuss. 149(247), 67–56 (2011)Google Scholar
Li, L., Chen, T.-C., Ren, Y., Hendricks, P.I., Cooks, R.G., Ouyang, Z.: Mini 12, Miniature mass spectrometer for clinical and other applications—introduction and characterization. Anal. Chem. 86, 2909–2916 (2014)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kim, P., Cha, S.: Paper cone spray ionization mass spectrometry (PCSI MS) for simple and rapid analysis of raw solid samples. Analyst 140, 5868–5872 (2015)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Oberacher, H.M.: Wiley registry of tandem mass spectral data. Wiley, Hoboken (2011)Google Scholar
Pavlic, M., Libiseller, K., Oberacher, H.: Combined use of ESI–QqTOF-MS and ESI–QqTOF-MS/MS with mass-spectral library search for qualitative analysis of drugs. Anal. Bioanal. Chem. 386, 69–82 (2006)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pavlic, M., Schubert, B., Libiseller, K., Oberacher, H.: Comprehensive identification of active compounds in ts by flow-injection data-dependent tandem mass spectrometry combined with library search. Forensic Sci. Int. 197, 40–47 (2010)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Oberacher, H., Pavlic, M., Libiseller, K., Schubert, B., Sulyok, M., Schuhmacher, R., Csaszar, E., Köfeler, H.C.: On the inter-instrument and the inter-laboratory transferability of a tandem mass spectral reference library: 2. Optimization and characterization of the search algorithm. J. Mass Spectrom. 44, 494–502 (2009)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Venter, A.R., Douglass, K.A., Shelley, J.T., Hasman, G., Honarvar, E.: Mechanisms of real-time, proximal sample processing during ambient ionization mass spectrometry. Anal. Chem. 86, 233–249 (2014)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Laughlin, B.C., Mulligan, C.C., Cooks, R.G.: Atmospheric pressure ionization in a miniature mass spectrometer. Anal. Chem. 77, 2928–2939 (2005)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nyadong, L., Hohenstein, E.G., Johnson, K., Sherrill, C.D., Green, M.D., Fernández, F.M.: Desorption electrospray ionization reactions between host crown ethers and the influenza neuraminidase inhibitor oseltamivir for the rapid screening of Tamiflu. Analyst 133, 1513–1522 (2008)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nefliu, M., Smith, J.N., Venter, A., Cooks, R.G.: Internal energy distributions in desorption electrospray ionization (DESI). J. Am. Soc. Mass Spectrom. 19, 420–427 (2008)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chen, H., Eberlin, L.S., Cooks, R.G.: Neutral fragment mass spectra via ambient thermal dissociation of peptide and protein ions. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 18, 5880–5886 (2007)Google Scholar
Burrai, L., Nieddu, M., Carta, A., Trignano, C., Sanna, R., Boatto, G.: Validated LC-MS-MS method for multiresidual analysis of 13 illicit phenethylamines in amniotic fluid. J. Anal. Toxicol. 3, 194–200 (2016)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Oberacher, H., Pitterl, F., Siapi, E., Steele, B.R., Letzel, T., Grosse, S., Poschner, B., Tagliaro, F., Gottardo, R., Chacko, S.A., Josephs, J.L.: On the inter-instrument and the inter-laboratory transferability of a tandem mass spectral reference library. 3. Focus on ion irap and upfront CID. J. Mass Spectrom. 47, 263–270 (2012)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Würtinger, P., Oberacher, H.: Evaluation of the performance of a tandem mass spectral library with mass spectral data extracted from literature. Drug Test. Anal. 4, 235–241 (2012)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zuba, D., Sekuła, K.: Analytical characterization of three hallucinogenic N -(2-methoxy)benzyl derivatives of the 2C-series of phenethylamine drugs. Drug Test. Anal. 5, 634–645 (2013)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zuba, D., Sekuła, K., Buczek, A.: 25C-NBOMe—new potent hallucinogenic substance identified on the drug market. Forensic Sci. Int. 227, 7–14 (2013)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Oberacher, H., Pavlic, M., Libiseller, K., Schubert, B., Sulyok, M., Schuhmacher, R., Csaszar, E., Köfeler, H.C.: On the Inter-instrument and inter-laboratory transferability of a tandem mass spectral reference library: 1. Results of an Austrian multicenter study. J. Mass Spectrom. 44, 485–493 (2009)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mulligan, C.C., O'Leary, A.E.: Accessing the probative value of physical evidence at crime scenes with ambient mass spectrometry and instrumentation. National Criminal Justice Reference Service, Washington, DC (2015)Google Scholar
© American Society for Mass Spectrometry 2016
1.Department of ChemistryIllinois State UniversityNormalUSA
2.Department of Management and Quantitative MethodsIllinois State UniversityNormalUSA
3.Institute of Legal Medicine and Core Facility MetabolomicsInnsbruck Medical UniversityInnsbruckAustria
4.Department of Criminal Justice SciencesIllinois State UniversityNormalUSA
Lawton, Z.E., Traub, A., Fatigante, W.L. et al. J. Am. Soc. Mass Spectrom. (2017) 28: 1048. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13361-016-1562-2
Revised 14 November 2016
the American Society for Mass Spectrometry


If you are looking for Motorsport Recovery Services on your event, please have a look at the FIND A MEMBER page which has a searchable list of operators in the UK.
AMRO members form part of the mandatory "Safety Triangle" (Doctor, Rescue & Recovery) of services present on Motorsport events and our role extends to Rescue Assistance, Incident Management, Communications and Recovery duties.
Our members are trained and assessed several times a year to the Motorsport UK requirements.
Membership of AMRO is open to all Motorsport UK Recovery License holders including trainees. Joining AMRO gives you access to the clubs resources, including the web forum where discussion with other members and sharing of Motorsport information takes place. It also gives you access to the committee members who sit on the Motorsport UK safety panels and assistance with various funding schemes offered by Motorsport UK.


Brewing loose leaf tea is simple when you have a tea ball infuser.
The 5cm one is perfect for any teapot or mug and is ideal for brewing small or medium sized leaves from our black, green, rooibos and flavoured collections.
Check the diameter of your teapot lid to make sure it'll fit.
It's made from stainless steel and is dishwasher safe.