The Flowers slot machine, brought to you by Net Entertainment software, will ensure that you'll feel like spring no matter what time of year it really is! There probably isn't a person out there who's not fond of flowers (ok, maybe except for those severely allergic to pollen), so the beautiful graphics and cute bunch of characters of this fruit machine will bring you to a serene and happy place in just one spin of the reels! Enjoy the miracle of nature while winning some real cash! This slot is similar to Viking's Treasure.
This blossom may not look beautiful, but it will give you high rewards! This video gamble comes from NetEnt and offers a satisfying experience with easy-to-understand rules. It also has another version called "Flowers: Christmas Edition," but this one here is original. It includes cheerful characters, high-quality graphics, and native mobile support for all types of mobile devices. You can play Flowers slot machine for free of charge; no download and registration needed.
The figures include letters, numbers, daisies, roses, and even nervous lilies! There are 5 reels and 30 pay lines. Like all other games in this category, you need to land 3 identical figures on a pay line by turning the reels to win a prize.
Wild: It is a smiling sun with a "Wild" sign on the bottom. It replaces all other icons except the scatter, and 5 of them pays 5,000 coins. Wilds also gain the "stacked" feature during the additional spins round.
Scatter: A smattering cloud image is used for the scatter, with "Free Spin" sign at the bottom. 4 scatters award you extra turns.
No download is needed to play the Flowers casino slot game, and it can be accessed instantly from your browser.
Stacked Wilds: As we mentioned above, Wilds become stacked during the free games round. In other words, they can stack on top of each other and fill an entire reel.
Free Spins: To start the round, you need to receive 4 scatters anywhere on the reels. The number of extra spins depends on to the number of figures you get and varies from 10 to 30. During the feature, multipliers also increase between 2 and 10.
Double Symbols: Each symbol can multiply itself during the main game and counted as 2 symbols in this case. Therefore, the payout value is also doubled. It is also possible to land 10 symbols together on the pay lines.
The coin value of the game ranges from 0.01 to 0.50. The maximum bet you can place is 150 coins. To place this bet, you can click the "Bet Max" button. To view the paytable, simply hit the button with the same name, on the bottom left.
Flowers slot machine can be played with real money too, and online casinos may offer extra bonuses & additional spins. Check all of these offers by hitting the "Play now" button. You are invited to a joyful, cheerful, and rewarding adventure – just keep off the grass, or the blossom will get very angry!


You have found the one, but you're not sure how to pop the question. The festive season is a magical time to propose.
The best time to make use of this proposal is to wait for the sun to set. Pour her a glass of wine and sit around the Christmas tree.
Make sure you've decorated the tree accordingly and place the diamond ring on top. Casually talk about your creative doing then ask her to place the star on top of the tree. As soon as she sees the sparkly ring, go down on one knee. No doubt she will be surprised.
This could be considered an extremely fun way to propose since your significant other will not expect a thing. Put the diamond ring inside a slightly bigger box and wrap the box. Repeat the method until you have a large gift box with her name on it under the tree. Wake her up early Christmas morning and ask her to unwrap her 'gift'.
Watch as she slowly gets frustrated with opening the boxes. As soon as she starts opening the second to last box get down on one knee. She will feel it was well worth the effort. For those who want to go the extra mile, place a special gift in each of the boxes she unwraps that remind her of your relationship together.
Nothing says I love you more than a homemade gift. So, don't be shy to be creative with this proposal. Give her a gift everyday up until Christmas day. Make it personal with gifts that remind her of your relationship together. And before she can't imagine you being anymore romantic and thoughtful give her the diamond ring wrapped in a box on Christmas Day. Now that's keeping the best for last!
This proposal will take a bit of dedication. Organise a Christmas party with friends and pretend as though Father Christmas is coming to drop off gifts for everyone. Make sure to rent a full-blown Father Christmas costume. The idea is for her to not recognise you at all while you deliver all the Christmas presents to the guests. When her time comes give her the engagement ring box and take off the costume while getting down on one knee. She will definitely feel surprised!
Place an imitation ring and a note that says, "Will you marry me?" inside a Christmas cracker. Ask your soon-to-be wife to open a few crackers with you before dinner. Then hand over the cracker with the note. As you crack open the cracker get down on one knee, take out the actual engagement ring and ask her to marry you.


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7 telling stats for the Bruins to address coming out of the bye week
(John Tlumacki/Globe Staff /Getty Images)
The Boston Bruins might have entered their bye week with a disappointing loss to the New York Rangers, but as a whole, you have to be pretty pleased with where the B's are currently situated in a competitive Eastern Conference. Still, even with a spot in third place in the Atlantic, there are plenty of areas for Boston to shore up as it prepares for a stretch run of 33 games over 68 days. Here's a look at seven stats that stand out when it comes to facets of the game for the B's to address, or at the very least, tweak.
32: Points out of a possible 50 against non-playoff clubs
The Eastern Conference standings are awfully tight right now, with just two points separating the second place team in the Atlantic (Toronto) with the club in the second Wild Card spot (Pittsburgh).
The road doesn't get any easier for the Bruins down the stretch, with 17 of their final 33 games coming against teams currently in the postseason — including three matchups against the Lightning, who are currently torching teams with a 37-10-2 record.
Considering what lies ahead, the Bruins have to be kicking themselves when it comes to leaving points on the board against clubs that they should be taking advantage of.
In 25 games against teams currently not in the playoff picture (a combined record of 292-308-88), Boston has managed to clinch just 32 points out of a possible 50 with a record of 14-8-3.
If you want to narrow it down to non-playoff teams in the East, Boston's record is just 8-7-1 — equaling out to just 17 points out of a possible 32. Not great.
"I don't want to be disrespectful to any team," Bruce Cassidy said of Boston's most recent loss to New York. "I think the Rangers are playing better hockey. If they have any intention of making the playoffs then they have to make up ground, so they have to be ready to go. Against the Flyers the other night, we got loose, so I'd like to think our guys believe we're the better team in these games, but you have to play like it.
"So, that's another thing that needs to be addressed. Are we playing down to the level of competition or are we going to play to our standard? I think that the message from us as a coaching staff over the last two, three years is we need to play to our standard. So, I guess that's the message we have to get back to and start measuring ourselves against our best selves, so to speak."
23: Goals surrendered within five minutes of a Bruins goal
How does an NHL team respond coming off a long break? Bruce Cassidy, Bruins, harp on more than just R&R
Bruins prospects: Ranking top 10 players in Boston's pipeline of young talent

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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It is that time of the year when the LTSDA are getting ready for the Christmas Fair on 7th December starting at 1pm till 3.30pm. The LTSDA would kindly ask for donations for the adult tombola and it would be most appreciated if as many pupil's as possible could bring in a Mystery Jam Jar/s which is to be filled with sweets/goodies and wrapped in Christmas paper for the Junior Department stall.
This day will also be a 'Christmas jumper' day to help bring Christmas cheer to the day!
We hope to see as many parents, grandparents and family members on the day as possible to support this fantastic event and the school.


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Unsplash | freestocks
Woman Tells Viewers Her Ex-Husband Had Nine Children Without Her Knowing
Sarah Kester
Although the show Cheaters is now defunct, the work of exposing cheaters isn't done!
We now have TikTok for that. See, if you go past the funny videos and make a sharp turn, you'll find yourself on #MessyTikTok.
This is where people are exposing cheaters, like this one woman who detailed how her ex-husband had nine kids without her knowing!
Get the popcorn out for this one!
So much relationship drama has been aired on the app.
TikTok | @alyssastalica2
One particular messy situation was when user, Alyssa Stalica, outed her boyfriend for already having a girlfriend. She discovered this when the guy's sister knocked on Stalica's door and told her that he was cheating.
Since he told Stalica his previous relationship was over and she believed him, they continued to see each other.
But the guy turned out to be a liar again when Stalica saw his girlfriend's car in his driveway overnight. To get her revenge, Stalica took to #MessyTikTok.
In her viral video, which has over 20 million views (!!), she posted footage from her doorbell camera that shows her and the cheater kissing on her porch.
"Welcome to messy tik tok, the vibes are immaculate," she captioned the video. She also posted the video of the sister outing her brother.
People were SHOOKETH.
"I can't believe I haven't heard of messy TikTok lol I'm here now," one wrote.
Many also threw shots at Stalica, accusing her of being a homewrecker. "Not a flex home wrecker," one commented. "Love how ur proud to be the other woman," another wrote.
If you thought that drama was messy, this next one is straight-up filfty.
It was shared by Hailey Mae, @haileymae93.
She's a mom of four who recently revealed that her ex-husband fathered NINE CHILDREN with other women in their small town of Arizona.
In her viral TikTok video, Hailey looked at the camera as she mouthed the words to the audio "what's your name, who's your daddy?""
TikTok | @haileymae93
"Seeing a kid that looks like my husband in the small town we live in," the text overlay on the screen read.
"Now ex-husband. He has confirmed nine kids. I had to leave, or my kids could have dated their own siblings," she captioned the video.
Unsplash | Ben Wicks
The drama got even more scandalous when she revealed in another video that one of her ex-husband's children is the daughter of her best friend.
Someone get Maury Povich in here, stat!
"I took her to her doctor's appointments, and when she was in labour she called me and I drove her to the hospital," Hailey said.
"I was with her when she got her epidural, I wore the daddy wristband, and I gave the baby her first bath."
Three days later, a hereditary birthmark on the newborn proved to be the smoking gun.
"I'm very familiar with because my oldest son has it – it's an extra piece of cartilage that grows out of the side of the neck – I knew exactly that that baby was my husband's."
People were deeply invested in Hailey's messy story.
"Sorry for you and your kids. Some people," one wrote. "Your maturity says a lot about you. Forgiveness is a hard thing to do," another wrote after Hailey admitted that she has forgiven her best friend for sleeping with her ex-husband.
Surprisingly, many people could relate to the mom's story.
"Mines got 6 and unconfirmed 7th one," one wrote. "My ex has 9 siblings. turns out step daughter was dating a cousin. a stop was put to that once we realized the family connection!" another added.
Clearly, Hailey did the right thing by moving!


SeaWorld Orlando Quick Queue Ticket price is in addition to park admission, a separate entrance ticket to SeaWorld will still be required. Park admission is not included and is required.
The SeaWorld Orlando Quick Queue Ticket allows unlimited front of the line access on one visit date at Mako, Manta, Kraken, Antarctica: Empire of the Penguin, Journey to Atlantis, TurtleTrek and Wild Arctic. Ride height and safety restrictions apply.


Put the fun in functional with a colorful finish applied to this two drawer nightstand. Constructed of solid wood, we show it in royal blue but you can choose from any of over 40 paint finishes to match your décor; and you can request up to five sample paint chips to help you with your color decision.
Two deep drawers provide plenty of bedside storage for tissues, books, reading glasses and other items. Place two of these in your guestroom so both sides of the bed have plenty of room or use just one in your young son's room to encourage neatness. It can also be used as a side table in the family room or in a small foyer as a catchall for keys and mail. An optional bun foot style is also available.
Click the button below to add the 2-Drawer Nightstand to your wish list.


How long has Suite Talk been performing?
Katy and Zach met in high school and have been performing together ever since... that's over 18 years! We are professionally trained in both music performance and visual fine arts.
What type of events does Suite Talk perform?
What services does Suite Talk offer?
We are a string duo (violin/viola). We are also a DJ and creative lighting team. In addition, we offer sound reinforcement, custom string duo arrangements, and custom lighting design.
Does Suite Talk employ other musicians and DJs?
NO! It's just the two of us! To keep our music experiences consistently awesome, we NEVER farm out DJs and musicians.
Does Suite Talk provide DJ, String Duo, or Lighting a la carte?
YES... but with one exception... weddings. To keep our wedding experiences unique and exceptional, if you want us to DJ your reception, we MUST also perform as a string duo during the ceremony and/or cocktail hour portion of your wedding celebration. From time to time, we WILL perform only as a string duo without DJing, but we ask to perform both the ceremony and cocktail hour. Our DJ services for weddings include dance floor lighting, creating the perfect ambiance for a memorable celebration!
How many events does Suite Talk do per year?
Creating a memorable and incredible experience is at the core of every Suite Talk performance! Thus, given that it's just the two of us and we will not sacrifice quality, we do a total of about 30 events each year... 15 of which are weddings.
What is Suite Talk's price?
Our average event quotes range between $1800-$6000, however, our pricing truly depends on the magnitude of services being requested. While our wedding package prices are set in stone, for all other events, we create quotes on a case by case basis. For more info on event pricing and wedding packages, contact us.
What does Suite Talk need to hold an event date?
To save an event date we require a signed contract and a non-refundable deposit of half of the gross fee upfront.


Never send a recorded communication containing a statement of opinion or decision on an IP-related legal question to someone who is not a lawyer.
We conclude that we need to negotiate a license for Java under the terms we need.
Even though one of the addressees of the email was a lawyer, and even though the email said "Attorney Work Product" and "Google Confidential" at the top, the court ruled that it was not attorney-client privileged, and could be used by Oracle in court. Read why.


The caring memorial service directors at Parkview Mortuary provide specialised funeral solutions designed to satisfy the needs of every family. The professional, dedicated staff can help you in making burial service arrangements, funeral preparation, and assist you through cremation options. The funeral director can guide you through all aspects of the service; including funeral flowers, casket choices, suitable music selection, and local accommodations. Trust is certainly their top concern and so they specialize in custom funerals, basic cremation, grief support, urn selection, and military funeral service services which includes offering veteran burial flags.
The florists near Parkview Mortuary include a wonderful and diverse selection of wreaths, bouquets, and baskets to help share your sympathy for the family. If you are considering sending funeral flowers to a family who may have a loved one here}, you can send out funeral bouquets to Parkview Mortuary today. To be able to help you get hold of Parkview Mortuary or if you need the address intended for Parkview Mortuary, the information is listed above.
In case you are interested in preplanning your memorial, you can be sure your legacy will be secured and that you may have peace of mind. This location has proudly served the neighborhood with exceptional care for years and will help guide your family through funeral etiquette, individualize your tribute, funeral costs, directions to cemeteries, guestbook, online obituary creation, and telling your life story.
This business is found 2.5 miles out of downtown Delano, California which is in Kern County and serves surrounding neighborhoods of: Allensworth, Bakersfield, Poplar, Woodville, and Shafter.
Parkview Mortuary company profile in Delano, CA. Our free company profile report for Parkview Mortuary includes business information such as contact, sales and financial data.
Oct 8, 2007 ... Cemetery, funeral home, monuments, crematory, and mausoleums, general information and price lists.
Find a map, directions and more for Parkview Mortuary in Delano, CA.
BBB Business Reliability Report for Parkview Mortuary in Delano, CA. Business reviews, consumer complaints, and ratings for Parkview Mortuary a Funeral Director.
No Parkview Mortuary Obits are listed at this time but if you need to send memorial flowers or funeral flowers, you can do so by clicking this link.


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jared schmeck joe biden let's 'go brandon steve bannon video let's go brandon guy steve bannon
'Let's Go Brandon' Idiot Explains What 'Let's Go Brandon' Means To Him
Evan Hurst
Well golly gee, it turns out that Jared Schmeck, the Oregon dad who modeled fatherly behavior for his children when he armpit farted "Let's Go Brandon"-ed at the president during the NORAD Christmas Eve call, miiiiiiiiight not be exactly the "free-thinking American and follower of Jesus Christ" he said he was. We're sure he still thinks he is. He also said he wasn't a "Trumper."
It's just hard to square all that with how this loser has already done gone run off to cry to Steve Bannon about how he's put upon:
Jared Schmeck tells Steve Bannon: "Donald Trump is my president and he should still be president right now. The election was 100% stolen. So, I just want to make that clear."pic.twitter.com/YbyysPAIbH
— David Edwards (@David Edwards) 1640624684
Look at that nerd crying at old Grease-Grundle about how saying "Let's Go Brandon" to Joe Biden was actually a "very serious thing" he needed to do, as a patriotic American.
Here are some more words from this serious man who does serious things:
SCHMECK: For me, "Let's Go Brandon" is — and I've said it in other articles, I am a Christian man ...
Stop laughing, this serious man is explaining what "Let's Go Brandon" means to him. It's very personal, and it's important to be able to give your "Let's Go Brandon" testimony at a moment's notice.
SCHMECK: For me, it's God first and foremost, I don't follow any one man blindly, um, some of the media's run with that and said I don't support Donald Trump, that's absolutely false, Donald Trump is my president, and he should be president right now, the election was 100 percent stolen ...
Wait, which man does he not follow blindly? "Let's go Brandon" is God? Use your words, son.
SCHMECK: "Let's Go Brandon" is more than just F Joe Biden. "Let's Go Brandon" encompasses ...
It encompasses? Is that the word from the word-of-the-day calendar we were looking for?
SCHMECK: ... the entirety of our frustration with Joe Biden, the administration, the leftist mob, the cancel culture, the mainstream media ...
You'll be glad to know the gentleman also managed to remember the phrases "supply chain" and "inflation" and "abortion" and "border crisis" and "vaccine mandates." Because he knows things.
SCHMECK: We're able, as conservatives, we're able to find humor in this ...
With the "Let's Go Brandon" joke, which is now several hundred years old. But that one ancient joke is not just a joke, as it encompasses a multitude of things this guy heard on Fox News or Newsmax or maybe even on the podcast of the rotting carcass he was speaking to right then!
That's enough. It's too easy.
We would point out, though, that on Steve Bannon's chyron, where it would normally explain why Jared Schmeck is important and worthy of our time, it just says "Let's Go Brandon." In case we were confused about whether this was the extent of his accomplishments.
We touched on this before, but Schmeck, like all white conservatives with 15 minutes of fame and a victim complex, is out there bitching about how his "free speech" is now being attacked, because conservatives like him think "free speech" means they're allowed to say what they want without being criticized. It's important that we realize, however, that it's deeper than that.
It matters that one of the first places this superloser ran was headlong into the musk clouds of Steve Bannon's armpits, so he could blubber about how Donald Trump was the REAL winner of the election. People like this labor under the magical fantasy that they are the silent majority, that everybody is secretly thinking what they are thinking, and that when they do something "brave" like armpit-farting Let's Go Brandon-ing at the president during an innocent Christmastime call for children, said silent majority will show up and stand in solidarity with them.
Then they actually pull some shit, and the mockery from the actual majority is deafening. Everybody who's talking about it is making fun of it. Nobody of any consequence is saying how cool it was that this guy did what he did. This guy is getting his 15 minutes, to be sure, but if he gets any more attention than that from the actual culture of regular Americans, it'll be because somebody like Jimmy Kimmel decided to hold the guy up for some more mockery, like he did when he awarded "Cornhole Karen" his viral clip of the year award.
So yeah, we get it. Dude is screaming about "free speech," but what he's really saying is "stop making fun of me!" And whining about how Donald Trump won — which he probably truly believes in his very big boy adult brain — is just him begging for acceptance from the objects of national ridicule and scorn who think just like he does.
So he goes on Bannon, who's apparently the first stop on the circuit for new dead-end Trump heroes. What's next? Snorting horse paste at a Charlie Kirk conference? The sky's the limit, we guess. Or at least however high "sky" is when you're the type of person who thinks "Let's Go Brandon" is not only hilarious, but also a nuanced expression of a coherent political philosophy.
Oh, Brandon. Bless your heart.
Follow Evan Hurst on Twitter.
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Evan Hurst is the managing editor of Wonkette, which means he is the boss of you, unless you are Rebecca, who is boss of him. His dog Lula is judging you right now.
Follow him on Twitter RIGHT HERE.


As we look back on 2018, we see that it has been a very difficult year in Palestine. It has been another year in which refugees were denied rights, and another year of occupation in Gaza, the West Bank, including East Jerusalem. There has been continued Jewish settler violence, home demolitions, arbitrary detention and arrests, deprivation of natural resources, and restriction of movement. While these are not new measures of occupation, the situation has been exacerbated by several political decisions. These include the ratification of the Nation State Law by the Israeli Parliament, the American decision to move their embassy to Jerusalem, and the defunding of UN operations designed to help Palestinian refugees.
Although we lament the loss of life and pray for all those wounded, we celebrate this Christmas with hope and joy. One source of hope is the mostly nonviolent Palestinian response in spite of the worsening situation. The March of Return has continued since the month of March, with Gazans of all ages demonstrating every Friday after noon prayers, seeking justice and the right to return to their villages. Various villages in Palestine and Israel also continue their regular nonviolent struggle against the harassment and oppression by Israeli forces. The Bedouins of Khan al-Ahmar (in occupied Palestine) and al-'Araqib (in Israel), along with fellow Palestinians, Israeli activists, and international supporters, have been steadfastly withstanding in the face of Israeli forces determined to remove them.
It also gives us hope to see that nonviolent resistance has become more of a commitment for both the Palestinian political leadership and, more importantly, the indigenous population. We are hopeful, even though the international community continues to fail in the implementation of its resolutions due to obstructionist US policies. We are hopeful, because we know God will not allow injustice and oppression to last forever. For this reason, we Palestinians will remain committed to nonviolent direct action. We continue to be steadfast in our land, in our beliefs, and in hope—this is the meaning of Sumud.
As Palestinian Christians, our hope and our joy stem from the story of Jesus Christ, born in Bethlehem. We know that two groups of people came to visit the Christ child after he was born. First, the shepherds came. These were local people coming from the Bethlehem-Beit Sahour area, and for us they represent the Palestinian people today, many of whom followed Christ and became his disciples.
The second group of visitors were foreigners from faraway lands. These Magi represent for us the many who continue to come to Bethlehem, from around the world, to pay homage to the one known as Wonderful Counselor, Mighty God, Everlasting Father, and Prince of Peace. In fact, this group includes you, our Sabeel family from around the globe, who continue to hope, to pray, and to take action with us for the sake of God's justice and peace in Palestine and Israel.
Of course, today it's not so easy to visit Bethlehem, whether you are coming from near or far. Bethlehem is under siege. It is an integral part of occupied Palestine. Palestine has been illegally occupied by the Israeli army for over half a century. In violation of international law, Israel has built a wall around the city. It has mounted checkpoints with Israeli soldiers in control of its entrances and exits which would keep out the Magi if they were attempting to visit Jesus today. And still, after a half century of illegal occupation, we Palestinians continue to cry out in hope for justice, peace, and liberation.
Even when the situation seems to be worsening, and the night seems too dark and too long, we remember that the Christmas story is about God's love for the world. It is a story of a love that is outgoing, outflowing, unconditional, and sacrificial. We see that same love for justice in the nonviolent resilience of the Great March of Return, and in the nonviolent resistance of Khan al-Ahmar. We see that same love in the direct action and prayer of so many of you around the world. We see that same love when countries are bold enough to speak up for Palestine and to administer justice. We know that where love is found, and justice is practiced, liberation and peace are not far behind.
The challenge of this Christmas is: For our Palestinian people to continue their nonviolent struggle. For the Israeli leadership and all Jews of conscience to hear the cry of the oppressed Palestinians and to work for their liberation on the basis of international law. For all our friends and people around the world to become actively engaged in building a just-peace in accordance with international law.


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4 November, 2013 - 11:14 aprilholloway
The mystery of the empty honeycomb tombs of Bohol
In the municipality of Dimiao in the province of Bohol, Philippines, lies an eerie and perplexing image – rows and rows of honeycomb-like tombs . The site would not be so strange if it were not for one unusual fact – they are all empty.
Empty tombs in Bohol. Photo source .
The old cemetery, known as the Ermita Ruins (meaning 'chapel in a lonely place'), dates back to the early 1800s and is protected by as a National Cultural Treasure. It is the only cemetery of its kind in the Philippines. It was commissioned by Fr. Enrique de Santo de Villanueva during the Spanish colonial period and built be a population that was willing to work for the church.
Side entrance of the ruins that looks like a chapel. Photo source .
Experts are baffled by the empty tombs, particularly considering archaeological teams have discovered a mass grave full of skeletons stacked on top of each other in the centre of the cemetery. Some historians have speculated that the area's residents died of an epidemic before the cemetery was completed or who were hastily buried to prevent the spread of illness.
The Bohol ruins. Photo source .
Other researchers believe that the absence of bones can be explained by the closure of the cemetery in 1844. It is thought that it was shut down before being extensively after it was discovered that it was too near to a church, which was considered 'unhealthy'.
By April Holloway<
Dimiao
April Holloway is a Co-Owner, Editor and Writer of Ancient Origins. For privacy reasons, she has previously written on Ancient Origins under the pen name April Holloway, but is now choosing to use her real name, Joanna Gillan.
Joanna... Read More


You want us (or someone else) to create a web site for your company.
You have some practice quizzes (or online quizzes) you want to sell.
You want the web site to do all the work and make you money while you sleep.
Not a problem – we do this all the time. That is what we do – help people get set up with their own online e-learning business. But when you are starting up, you will need to be realistic about how much time, and money it will take to get started.
In the years (and years) I have been doing this, the most common misconception I have found is that people starting up their online e-learning businesses do not know how much it takes to get the web site set up (money and time).
Be prepared to spend a lot of time, or a lot of money.
I don't say this to scare you off, but to make you understand that you will be spending either a lot of your time, or a lot of your money to do it right. Have lots of money? Great – we can do it all for you. Have lots of time? Great – save the money and do as much as you possibly can on your own, and just broker off to us the pieces you cannot do by yourself.
Draw a diagram/flow chart of your navigation so you understand where users will be able to get from each page.
By following the above steps, you could easily cut the development costs to less than 1/2 of what they would be if you had us do it all, and, you will learn a lot about the process along the way.
This entry was posted on Monday, May 7th, 2007 at 6:18 pm	and is filed under Anthony, ELearning Business. Both comments and pings are currently closed.


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Philosophy and Religion >
Christianity >
Roman Catholic Popes and Antipopes >
Damasus I, Saint
Damasus I, Saint dăm´əsəs [key], c.305–384, pope (366–84), a Spaniard; successor of Liberius. His election was opposed by the Arian Ursinus (antipope 366–67). The Roman emperor Valentinian I had Ursinus exiled and decreed that all religious cases must come before the pope. Damasus ruled with vigor, addressing the entire church with authority. He encouraged the papal secretary St. Jerome in his work on the Vulgate, and undertook to memorialize the early martyrs by placing inscriptions on their tombs. He was succeeded by St. Siricius. Feast: Dec. 11.
See more Encyclopedia articles on: Roman Catholic Popes and Antipopes


27-year old center Greg Smith (208-C-91) had a very impressive game in the last week for Bayamon and receives a Interperformances Player of the Week award for week 5.
He had a double-double of 24 points and 15 rebounds, while his team beat Fajardo (#5, 5-5) 93-88. Bayamon maintains the 7th position in Puerto Rican league. Bayamon is a typical solid league team placed somewhere in the middle or a little bit lower in the standings. They need more victories to improve their 4-5 record. Smith just recently signed at Bayamon, being already a very valuable addition to the team. Fresno State University graduate has very impressive stats this year. Smith is in league's top in points (2nd best: 20.5ppg), rebounds (3rd best: 9.9rpg) and averages solid 1.1bpg,2.4spg and 63.0% FGP.
Second best performed player last week was Robert Glenn (203-PF-88) of Fajardo. He is American forward in his first season at Fajardo. In the last game Glenn recorded impressive double-double of 29 points and 11 rebounds. Bad luck as Fajardo lost that game 88-93 to slightly lower-ranked Bayamon (#7, 4-5). Despite lost game Fajardo moved up to 5th position in the standings. His team lost some distance to top teams. But 5-5 record is not bad and everything may still change. Glenn is one of the most experienced players at Fajardo and has a reputation of one of team's most reliable players.
Third place about best performers goes to forward Adrian Uter (201-F/C-84, agency: BeoBasket) of Ponce (#4). Uter scored 24 points and grabbed eleven rebounds (!!!). He was a key player of Ponce, leading his team to a 99-89 win against the lower-ranked Mayaguez (#9, 2-7). Ponce needs these victories very badly if they think about getting closer to top teams. Their record at this point is 5 victories and 2 lost games. Uter has a great season in Puerto Rico. After only 7 games, he made it on the list of the league's leaders in rebounds with 7.9rpg (6th best). He also has 1.1bpg and FGP: 68.1%.


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Фёдор Миха́йлович Кулико́в (26 января 1925, Каменка, Пензенская губерния — 4 января 2015, Пенза) — советский и российский партийный, государственный и общественный деятель, первый секретарь Пензенского обкома КПСС (1979—1990).

Семья и образование
Родился 1925 году. Приемный сын в семье железнодорожника — осмотрщика вагонов. В семье было 8 детей.
В 1929 году его отца, как хорошего специалиста, перевели в Пензу, куда он переехал вместе с семьёй.

Окончил 7-летнюю школу в Пензе.
С сентября 1940 по февраль 1943 года — студент Пензенского механического техникума.
С февраля по июнь 1943 года — курсант Ульяновского пехотного училища.
В 1949 году окончил Пензенское ремесленное училище № 6 (Пензенский машиностроительный техникум). Техник-механик. В 1959 году — Пензенский государственный педагогический институт им. В. Г. Белинского. Учитель истории средней школы.

Великая Отечественная война
Участник трудового фронта (до 1943 года). Наряду с другими студентами Механического техникума был направлен на пензенский завод имени М.В. Фрунзе (ЗиФ). Работал на настольном сверлильном станке, делал взрыватели.

После достижения 18 лет был призван в ряды РККА. Участник Великой Отечественной войны 1941—1945 гг. С июня 1943 по февраль 1945 года — автоматчик 12 гвардейской воздушно-десантной бригады Карельского фронта. С февраля 1945 по февраль 1946 года — помощник старшины 305 полка внутренних войск МВД в г. Белгороде. С февраля по май 1946 года — командир отделения 334 полка пограничных войск МВД в г. Познань (Польша).

Комсомол
С июня 1946 по февраль 1949 года — секретарь комитета ВЛКСМ Пензенского ремесленного училища № 6 .

С февраля по июль 1949 года — заведующий сектором учёта и статистики Пензенского городского комитета ВЛКСМ. С 1949 по 1951 год — первый секретарь Заводского районного комитета ВЛКСМ г. Пензы. В марте-сентябре 1951 года — второй секретарь Пензенского горкома ВЛКСМ. В 1951 по 1952 годах — первый секретарь Пензенского городского комитета ВЛКСМ.

С октября 1952 по июль 1954 года — второй секретарь Пензенского областного комитета ВЛКСМ. С 1954 по 1955 год — второй секретарь, заведующий отделом комсомольских организаций Пензенского областного комитета ВЛКСМ. С 1955 по 1958 год — первый секретарь Пензенского областного комитета ВЛКСМ.

Пензенский обком КПСС
Более 30 лет проработал в Пензенском областном комитете КПСС:
 1958—1960 гг. — заместитель заведующего отделом,
 1960—1962 гг. — заведующий особым сектором,
 1962—1963 гг. — заведующий отделом партийных органов Пензенского областного комитета КПСС,
 1963—1964 гг. — заведующий отделом партийных органов Пензенского сельского обкома КПСС,
 1964—1973 гг. — заведующий отделом организационно-партийной работы,
 1973—1979 гг. — секретарь Пензенского областного комитета КПСС.

В 1979—1990 годах — первый секретарь Пензенского областного комитета КПСС.

За время его руководства Пензенской областью в Пензе были построены и введены в эксплуатацию городской молочный комбинат, завод вычислительной техники, завод фотозатворов и другие объекты. На многих предприятиях было усовершенствовано технологическое оборудование, появились первые в области международные производственные объединения. Сохранялись сильные позиции в сельскохозяйственном производстве.

В начале 1980-х годов он добился выделения Пензенской области дополнительных средств на строительство жилья, дорог и других объектов. Это позволило завершить строительство всех автомагистралей, связывающих райцентры области с г. Пензой и добиться серьёзного увеличения темпов строительства жилых и административных зданий в сельской местности (в области ежегодно вводилось по 12-15 новых школ).

В марте 1990 года был освобожден от должности первого секретаря Пензенского областного комитета КПСС в связи с уходом на пенсию.

Советские выборные должности
 Депутат Пензенского областного Совета народных депутатов;
 Депутат и член Президиума Верховного Совета РСФСР (1980—1985);
 Депутат Верховного Совета СССР 11-го созыва;
 Народный депутат СССР (1989-1991);
 Делегат XXVI-го (1981) и XXVII-го (1986) съездов КПСС;
 Делегат XIX-й Всесоюзной партийной конференции;
 Член ЦК КПСС (1981—1990).

С апреля по ноябрь 1991 года работал в Москве в качестве члена Комитета Верховного Совета СССР по делам ветеранов и инвалидов.

Пензенские общественные организации
После выхода на пенсию принимал участие в деятельности ветеранских и других общественных организаций.

В 1992—1997 годах — председатель Фонда социальной поддержки населения Пензенской области.

С 1997 года — председатель общественной организации «Клуб людей старшего поколения "Ровесники" г. Пензы».

В 1999—2006 годах — председатель Общественного совета по делам ветеранов при Губернаторе Пензенской области.

Был членом Пензенского областного Совета ветеранов (пенсионеров) войны, труда, Вооруженных Сил и правоохранительных органов, членом Совета при Губернаторе Пензенской области по делам ветеранов.

Последние годы и смерть

Последние годы проживал в г. Пензе.

Скончался в 4 января 2015 года в г. Пензе на 90-м году жизни после продолжительной болезни.

В некрологе, опубликованном региональными властями, было отмечено, что Ф. М. Куликов «многое сделал для развития стратегических отраслей хозяйства и социальной сферы» Пензенской области, его работа «была отмечена глубоким знанием дела, умением находить наиболее эффективные решения сложных проблем».
Некролог был подписан губернатором Пензенской области Василием Бочкарёвым, председателем Законодательного Собрания Пензенской области Иваном Белозерцевым, председателем правительства Пензенской области Михаилом Косым, главой города Пензы Виктором Кувайцевым, главой администрации города Пензы Юрием Кривовым и другими официальными лицами.

Похоронен на Аллее славы на Новозападного кладбища г. Пензы с государственными почестями.

Награды и звания
 орден Ленина (25 января 1985) — за заслуги перед Коммунистической партией и Советским государством и в связи с шестидесятилетием со дня рождения;
 три ордена Трудового Красного Знамени;
 орден «Знак Почета»;
 орден Отечественной войны I степени;
 орден Отечественной войны II степени;
 медали;
 Почётное звание «Почетный гражданин Пензенской области» (21.01.2000);
 почетный знак Губернатора Пензенской области «Во славу земли Пензенской» (2007);
 Памятный знак «За заслуги в развитии города Пензы» (2009).

Примечания

Литература
 Темнов Л. Неугомонный первый секретарь обкома (интервью с Ф. М. Куликовым) // Живые памятники эпохи. Воспоминания знаменитых пензяков, записанные Леонидом Темновым. Историко-краеведческое издание. Вып. 1. Науч. ред. — к.ф.н. В. И. Мануйлов. — Пенза: Институт региональной политики, редакция газеты «Аргументы и факты в Пензе», 2001.
 Барашкина И. Бывший глава области Куликов готовится к юбилею. Почетному гражданину Пензенской области Федору Михайловичу Куликову исполнилось 79 лет // Пензенская правда, 2004. 27 января. № 3.

Ссылки
 Ф. М. Куликов на странице почётных граждан Пензенской области, официальный сайт Законодательного Собрания Пензенской области
 Барашкина И. Бывший глава области Куликов готовится к юбилею, Пензенская правда, № 3, 27.01.2004.
 Встреча с членами клуба «Ровесники», официальный сайт Министерства культуры Пензенской области, 26.10.2006.
 Ушел из жизни Почетный гражданин Пензенской области Федор Михайлович Куликов, официальный сайт Законодательного Собрания Пензенской области, 05.01.2014.

Политики XX века
Воздушные десантники Великой Отечественной войны
Выпускники Педагогического института имени В. Г. Белинского Пензенского государственного университета
Выпускники Пензенского университета
Первые секретари Пензенского обкома КПСС
Члены Президиума Верховного Совета РСФСР
Почётные граждане Пензенской области
Народные депутаты СССР от округов РСФСР
Руководители ветеранских организаций Пензенской области
Награждённые Памятным знаком «За заслуги в развитии города Пензы»
Депутаты Совета Союза 11-го созыва
Депутаты Совета Союза от округов РСФСР
Похороненные на Новозападном кладбище
Члены ЦК КПСС
Делегаты XXVI съезда КПСС
Делегаты XXVII съезда КПСС
Депутаты Верховного Совета РСФСР 10-го созыва
Первые секретари краевых, областных и окружных комитетов ВЛКСМ
Делегаты XIX конференции КПСС

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


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Canadian donors consider responsible action for Chiweshe community
December 6, 2012 , published in News ,
reprinted from Peterborough Examiner by Galen Eagle
After a decade of raising money, awareness and facilitating the travel of dozens of volunteers from Peterborough, Ontario (Canada) to Howard Hospital in Mashonaland Central Province, a grassroots group of Canadian supporters is at a crossroads.
Having raised close to $240,000 for the Salvation Army facility and its surrounding community, the group is faced with an uncertain future after the hospital's chief medical officer was removed from his post in late August.
Toronto-born Dr. Paul Thistle, who ran the hospital for 16 years, leveraged a massive network of Canadian donors to keep the hospital funded and equipped and helped pay for a plethora of services for the community such as sending orphans to school.
Regardless of the rationale behind Thistle's removal, it has put the Peterborough group in a difficult position. The group purchased $18,000 worth of building supplies for the hospital last year, which it says have gone missing in the wake of Thistle's departure. Without Thistle at the helm, the group has to decide whether it can still safely continue its work in the Chiweshe District.
But, as fundraiser Brian Nichols explains, you can't support a community for 10 years and just walk away. "We have created some dependency in the last 10 years," he said. "What is the responsible thing for the Peterborough community in honouring some of that, at least in the short term, even if we're not involved at Howard Hospital?"
The children have not been able to attend classes after international donations to the community halted when Thistle left in August. Because the schools run outside the purview of the Salvation Army, Nichols said his group can safely transfer the donations to the children using its connections within the country.
In the long-term, the group will take the next several months to decide how best to move forward, monitoring the situation at Howard closely, Nichols said.
Thistle and his wife Pedrinah remain in Zimbabwe and may have other opportunities to work within the same community, Nichols said. The Peterborough group would like to continue to support the Thistles if possible, Nichols added.
Despite the tough decisions facing the local donors, Nichols said Peterborough residents should be proud of the contributions they have made to date. "I think it has been incredible what we as a community have been able to do in supporting this place," he said.
Tags: Education, International charity, Salvation Army, social ministry
prophets Vapostori Harare Jesuits Elections 2013 International charity Robert Mugabe Nolbert Kunonga gospel music Roman Catholics Anglicans Methodists African traditional religion Emmanuel Makandiwa religion and media Zanu-PF Pentecostals Education Bulawayo social ministry


Buenos Aires has some excellent daily journals, but the tone of the press in general is sensational.
He also edited Captain Cook's Journals, and Clarendon's Diary and Letters (1763).
His journals, which were written for his family and intimate friends, give a singularly interesting and vivid picture of life in Paris in the time of the directory.
See M'Crie's Life of Alexander Henderson (1846); Aiton's Life and Times of Alexander Henderson (1836); The Letters and Journals of Robert Baillie (1841-1842) (an exceedingly valuable work, from an historical point of view); J.
His Journals (3 vols., New York, 1852), apart from their importance as a history of his life work, constitute a valuable commentary on the social and industrial history of the United States during the first forty years of their existence.
4 Coming to the Iberian peninsula,we must, i n default of separate works depart from our rule of not mentioning contributions to journals, for of the former there are only Colonel Irby's Ornithology of the Straits of Gibraltar (8vo, 1875) and Mr A.
Some of these seem only to have appeared in journals, but many have certainly been issued separately.
He entered upon his great work by a systematic publication of pamphlets and articles in journals and magazines in behalf of his reform, but for some years he met with a discouraging lack of interest.
Since 1871 abstracts of papers appearing in the other journals have been printed.
Our Dogs, The Kennel Magazine, and The Illustrated Kennel News are the remaining canine journals in England.
Several weekly papers published on the continent of Europe devote a considerable portion of their space to dogs, and canine journals have been started in America, South Africa and even India: while apart from Lee's volumes and other carefully compiled works treating on the dog in general, the various breeds have been written about, and the books or monographs have large sales.
Other works which may usefully be consulted are the Journals of John Woolman, Stephen Grellet and Elizabeth Fry; also The First Publishers of Truth, a reprint of contemporary accounts of the rise of Quakerism in various districts.
3rd ed., London, 1832); and Memoirs, Journals and Correspondence of Thomas Moore, edited by Lord John Russell (8 vols., London, 1853-1856).
See also Blue Book, journals, &c., (Nares) Expedition, 1875-1876 (London, 1877).
It was now recognized that he was to be an author, and he contributed many essays, tales and fantasies to various journals and magazines.
Jones, Journals and Sieges in Spain, 1811-12 (London, 1814); and Account of the War in Spain, Portugal and South of France, 1808-14 (London, 1821); Sir J.
Hutchinson, Operations in the Peninsula, 1808-9 (London, 1905); The Dickson MSS., being Journals of Major-General Sir Alexander Dickson during the Peninsular War (Woolwich, 1907).
There are various journals and periodicals, five languages being represented.
Several journals are published specially to deal with physical chemistry, of which electrochemistry forms an important part.
It was openly suggested in the journals to reform the constitution by turning Brazil into independent federal provinces, governed by authorities popularly elected, as in the United States.
Pernter in various contributions to scientific journals and in his Meteorologische Optik (1905-9).
He is remembered through the Creevey Papers, published in 1903 under the editorship of Sir Herbert Maxwell, which, consisting partly of Creevey's own journals and partly of correspondence, give a lively and valuable picture of the political and social life of the late Georgian era, and are characterized by an almost Pepysian outspokenness.
H~ retained a knowledge of spoken Japanese, but the ideographic script was a sealed book to him, and his editorial part was limited to ora translations from American journals which the editor committee to writing.
The KOko Shimbun was suppressed; Fukuchi was thrust into prison, arid all journals or periodicals except those having official sanction were vetoed.
In I87othe country possessed only two quasi-journals, both under official auspices.
Both of these journals devoted space to social news, a radical departure from the austere restrictions observed by their aristocratic contemporaries.
The Political journals, while fighting continuously against each Parties.
Tokyo journals were all - on a literary or political basis, but the Osaka Asahi Commerch, Shimbun (Osaka Rising Sun News) was purely a Journailsa business undertaking.
A new law, passed by both houses and confirmed by the emperor, took from the executive all power over journals, except in cases of lse majest, and nothing now remains of the former arbitrary system except that any periodical having a political complexion is required to deposit security varying from 175 to 1000 yen.
A much more moderate tone pervades the writings of the press since restrictions were entirely removed, and although there are now 1 775 journals and periodicals published throughout the empire, with a total annual circulation of some 700 million copies, intemperance of language, such as in former times would, have provoked official interference, is practically unknown to-day.
The chief feature in the new venture at first consisted of the analysis of the journals, which Cave undertook personally.
In 1846 fourteen penny and three half-penny magazines, twelve social journals, and thirty-seven book-serials were produced every week in London.
Adoption of similar departments in a great number of newspapers and periodicals, and, besides several imitators in England, there are now parallel journals in Holland, France, and Italy.
P. 53; " Account of Periodical Literary Journals from 1681 to 1749," by S.
During that period thirty-one journals of the first class proceeded from these sources.
We have already noticed several journals specially devoted to one or other foreign literature.
By a decree of the 17th of January 1800 the consulate reduced the number of Parisian journals to thirteen, of which the Decade was one; all the others, with the exception of those dealing solely with science, art, commerce and advertisements, were suppressed.
Periodicals had a new opening; in 1836 there were published sixteen journals devoted to science and art.
He seems to have performed the same not very honourable office in the case of two other journals - Dormer's Letter and the Mercurius Politicus; and to have written in these and other papers until nearly the end of his life.


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Is the father of Dark Souls ready to close the book on the series?
Keith Mitchell
Gaming News, News
While it was rumored sometime ago that Dark Souls 3 would be the end of the Dark Souls series, that rumor was squashed. Or was it more than a rumor? In a recent Gamespot article, Hidetaka Miyazaki, the father of Dark Souls and head of FROMSOFTWARE, has discussed that perhaps Dark Souls 3 is in fact the end of the series after all.
Hidetaka Miyazaki says he's ready to close the book on Dark Souls. In an industry where it's commonplace to stretch the popularity of franchises across annual iterations, that may be hard to believe, but he thinks it's critical to the future of his studio, From Software.
When asked if he felt that the release of multiple Dark Souls games, in addition of Bloodborne and now the eventual release of Dark Souls 3, would over-exposure gamers to the similar types of games in the franchise, Miyazaki replied that he isn't sure but is considering Dark Souls 3 as being the end. To that regard it isn't a definite but it would a decision that would ultimately shape the future for him and the future of FROMSOFTWARE.
It'd be a lie if I said I have no concerns about that. I don't think it'd be the right choice to continue indefinitely creating Souls and Bloodborne games. I'm considering Dark Souls 3 to be the big closure on the series. That's not just limited to me, but From Software and myself together want to aggressively make new things in the future. Dark Souls 3 will mark the last game where the development project began before I became president. The next title will be a game that was conceived while I was president. I believe that From Software has to create new things. There will be new types of games coming from us, and Dark Souls 3 is an important marker in the evolution of From Software.
As a huge fan of the Souls series, though at first I couldn't stand Demon's Souls after my countless death after death, I eventually learned to love the series. Sure there was the factor of memorization, but it was also the pacing of the game, the caution of not running head first into a situation without being prepared or the satisfaction of not dying or battling a boss, many of which seemed later than life. There's a lot to love and learn from the Souls games, something that the fans enjoy and something that many companies have either tried to emulate, put their on spin or or model their entire game after. So while I can understand Miyakazi's fears and concerns, I would hope that he's also seen that play-style that the Soul games have flourish, a genre that had gone stale until Demon's Souls came around, which is now the leader of the rogue-like genre. Just look at how many games promise to "Souls-like game-play", if that doesn't say much then I don't know what does.
And while it would be a shame if the Dark Souls series would stop, i suppose it wouldn't be so bad if FROMSOFTWARE would go back and revisit some of it's other titles such as Armored Core, Otogi or some other new game, whatever the mind of Miyazaki can conjure up.
But if that does indeed happen and Dark Souls does finally ride off in the sunset horizon and the Soul series gets hung up for good, could we please get a Demon's Souls 2 or a Demon's Souls remake before you go? That is if you have it go.
How's that sound Miyazaki.
Meanwhile Dark Souls 3 releases for the PC, PlayStation 4 and Xbox One on March 26, 2016. Which system are you picking up, what may the last of the series, on?
Check out the full interview over at Gamespot.
Editor-in-chief and all-around good guy!
Keith Mitchell is the Founder and Editor in Chief of The Outerhaven. A grizzled IT professional during the day, but a passionate lover of video games after his 9-5 grid. Loves playing the Dark Souls series and has been gaming since he was 6 years old. Available for podcasts upon request.
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What's Your Earliest Childhood Memory, You Big Fat Liar?
Last week, my friend Heather of, Awesome Portraits, and creator of my shiny new cartoon avatar (featuring my face, but also not my face), linked to a rather interesting piece in The Guardian about first memories. A new study suggests that most of our first memories aren't actually real and are, more likely, built around family stories or photographs we've seen of our childhood. The article also asked readers for accounts of their first childhood memories and whether these recollections differ from, or were informed by, their families.
31. From now on, I am always 31.
Freelance features writer, isn't it (I didn't really write isn't it).
When I was about three or four years old, I was attacked by our dog, Sheba (she was a queen, you see). I went to pet her in the garden one day and she knocked me down, overpowered me, and went to bite me before a family member, thankfully, intervened.
My memory of the incident doesn't contain violence or her ferocity. Rather, it's in fragments. The feeling of falling to the floor and my puffy coat hitting the ground. The pressure of her weight on my chest. A snippet of a large animal standing over me and barking nose to nose, but my mind has edited this quite heavily. Then a swinging sensation as I was gathered up and rushed inside and the grit and dirt were being washed away from my tiny hands under, what seemed like, enormous taps. Then I remember calm and ease and being carried back into the garden, because I wanted to be outside again, and being gently placed on top of our car in my puffy coat and one of my parents holding me as I ate a box of mini Smarties.
I remember the colours splayed across the palm of my hand, dimpled by gravel and scuffed all over, and thinking how lucky I was to be eating so much chocolate before dinner.
DO YOU THINK IT REALLY HAPPENED LIKE THIS? HAVE YOU SPOKEN TO FAMILY ABOUT IT?
I have spoken with family, my mother in particular. Her recollection of the event is a great deal more jarring and frenzied. The reality of it must have been, especially with a loud barking animal in the midst of things. My parents have spoken about this incident over the years but my memory of it appears to have focused more on snatches of physical sensation and colours, as opposed to the violence or trauma of the event itself. My version is also, notably rather silent which it, obviously, wasn't in reality.
Yah. it's up there ya binch. (I didn't write this. I just uploaded the photo and submitted the form. Well, I actually uploaded a current photo of my face because I'm an idiot. So, I resubmitted with a correct photo of my past-tense-face and my apologies for said idiocy).
I don't remember which house we were in, or the colour of the car, or even who it was that whisked me up and out of harm's way. Rather, my memory of this incident is rooted in protection and care giving, where I am swooped up deftly and feel completely safe. But, of course, that's very far from the shouty, woof woof circus that everyone else who was present that day recalls.
Right, that's all from me today. I'm off to nestle into a puffy coat and eat a thousand Smarties.


So, finally you've made a decision to visit Orlando during your coming holidays, but having trouble finalizing the best vacation rental services. Well, you aren't alone as it's a problem with everyone wanting to spend their holidays with the ultimate comfort and style. With this in mind, we are up with a blog post featuring some handy tips that can surely help you select the best vacation rental in Orlando.
You need to decide what kinds of facilities you're looking for. Write down all of your requirements to shortlist all those meeting your criteria. You should be clear on everything prior to making things final with any vacation rental service provider.
That's biggie when it comes choosing the right service provider. If you are on a tight budget and can't afford expensive packages, consider availing services from those offering affordable rates. There's no dearth of quality vacation rental service providers but you may have trouble finding them. Browsing with following search queries could help you save a lot of time and energy. Orlando Vacation Rentals, Orlando Vacation Homes, Vacation Rental in Orlando or something like that.
If you want to have a complete info about any service provider, it's better that you should go through some reviews to get an idea of the quality of their services. You may go to their Social Networking profiles to notice any negative review from a customer who has already tried them.
You also need to make sure that you will get your desired facilities. It's better that you should make things final and clear everything to avoid any blunder.
How you look at this story? Please let us know your valuable feedbacks using the comment section below. We love hearing back from you!


text:
\section{Introduction}
Radiation transport is of decisive importance in the modeling of a wide variety of high energy density plasmas as those encountered in stellar interior as well as in terrestrial laboratories, such as high power laser and Z-pinch facilities. The radiative opacity is a key quantity describing the coupling between radiation and matter which entails a sophisticated interplay of plasma and atomic physics.

Over the past decade, an outstanding open problem in solar physics has emerged, as solar photospheric abundances of metallic elements have been significantly revised downward (\cite{asplund2009chemical}). Standard solar models  cannot reproduce helioseismic measurements, such as the convection zone radius, the surface helium abundance and the sound speed profile, when using these revised abundances. This gave rise to the \textit{solar composition problem}, motivating a rapid growth of research efforts in the field (\cite{serenelli2009new,Bergemann2014,serenelli2016alive,vinyoles2016new}). The implications of this problem on astrophysical science are very large since stellar evolution theory, which is routinely used to interpret any star or stellar population,  is calibrated on the Sun. Therefore, the knowledge about stars and galaxies is nowhere better than the current understanding of the Sun. In addition, the Sun has been extensively  used for setting constraints on the properties of dark matter candidates (\cite{schlattl1999helioseismological}).

Photon absorption by metallic elements is a major source of opacity in the solar interior. It is widely believed that in order for solar models to  reproduce  helioseismic observations, opacities of mid and high-Z elements, which are the most complicated to model theoretically and for which there is no experimental validation, should be revised upward to compensate for the decreased  abundances.  It has been shown (\cite{christensen2009opacity,villante2014chemical}) that a smooth increase of the solar opacity from $ \sim 5\% $ near the core to $ \sim 20\% $ near the convection zone boundary (CZB), reproduces helioseismic and neutrino observations, as demonstrated in \autoref{fig:dk_intro}. Differences between first principles state of the art opacity models
(\cite{seaton1994opacities,iglesias1996updated,iglesias2015iron,blancard2012solar,krief2016solar,colgan2016new})
are too small to account for the \textit{missing opacity}, giving rise to a \textit{solar opacity problem} (\cite{serenelli2016implications,vinyoles2017new}). Otherwise, assuming that opacities used currently in solar models are accurate, other parts of solar models must be altered, such as stellar atmosphere and spectroscopic models, mixing mechanisms (\cite{haxton2008cn}) and enhanced gravitational settling, or even non standard solar models (\cite{serenelli2011solar}) incorporating rotation and magnetic fields, which are completely prohibitive with present day computational capabilities.

Recent laboratory measurements (\cite{bailey2015higher}) of the monochromatic opacity of iron, a major photon absorber throughout the solar interior, were performed at the Sandia Z machine. The temperatures reached at these experiments match those found near the CZB, while the electron densities are about a factor of $ 2.5 $ lower. The measured spectra is larger than calculations of all available atomic models by $ 30\%-400\% $. No satisfactory explanation for this discrepancy is yet known (\cite{blancard2016comment}). The observed upward revision of iron opacity supports the revised solar abundances and the missing opacity in solar physics, although at different plasma conditions than those found at the CZB.

Taking into account the complicated many-body interaction  of a photon emitting/absorbing ion with the adjacent hot dense plasma in atomic calculations is a very important yet extremely challenging task in the field.  Opacity models frequently approximate the ionic structure in the framework of the rather crude Ion-Sphere (IS) model (\cite{liberman1979self}), in which the ionic structure is completely smeared out. The sensitivity of solar opacity calculations to the IS approximation was never analyzed in the context of the solar opacity problem.

In this work, plasma correlation effects are pointed out as a significant source of uncertainty in the calculation of solar opacities. The effects of plasma correlations beyond the IS model are studied by using the Ion-Correlation (IC) model by Rozsnyai (\cite{rozsnyai1991photoabsorption,rozsnyai1992solar,rozsnyai2014equation}).
 Detailed opacity calculations of the solar mixture

  were preformed in order to  compare the IS and IC models. We report a $ \sim 10\% $ increase in the Rosseland opacity near the CZB.

  The effect was also examined at the conditions of the recent Sandia experiment.

Finally, we highlight and analyze the possibility to measure Rosseland opacities via terrestrial radiation flow experiments.
The range of temperature and density that can be achieved in such experiments, if performed at the NIF (\cite{moore2015characterization}), cover the conditions of the solar plasma at solar radii  ranging from the CZB ($ R/R_{\odot}=0.72 $) and deeper, up to $ R/R_{\odot}\approx 0.55 $, which were never achieved in laboratory experiments.

These experiments are  promising candidates for an experimental study of Rosseland opacities, and can be used to infer directly the uncertainty in calculations of Rosseland opacities at stellar interior conditions, and most importantly, may finally point out weather the use of inaccurate opacities in solar models are the source of the solar abundance problem.

\begin{figure}[]
	\resizebox{0.5\textwidth}{!}{\includegraphics{figure1.pdf}}
	\caption{\textbf{An illustration of the solar opacity problem}.
		The shaded area represents the range of required opacity variation across the solar interior, in order for helioseismic and neutrino observations to agree with solar model predictions.
		The solid curves represent
		relative differences in the Rosseland opacity $ \kappa_{R}/\kappa^{OP}_{R}-1 $, between the OP opacity model (\cite{seaton1994opacities})
		and the OPAL model (\cite{iglesias1996updated}, in black), the OPAS model (\cite{blancard2012solar,mondet2015opacity}, in red) and the STAR model (\cite{krief2016solar,krief2016line}, in blue). The small discrepancies between opacity models cannot explain the missing opacity that is constrained by observations.
	}
	\label{fig:dk_intro}
\end{figure}

\section{The effect of ion correlation in the solar radiative zone}

The complicated interactions between an ion and its environment give rise to important phenomena such as collisional line broadening (\cite{dimitrijevic1987simple,krief2016line}) and ionization potential depression (\cite{ciricosta2016measurements}). In addition, the plasma environment affects the local atomic potential and the boundary conditions of atomic wavefunctions. In order to calculate the latter effect properly, the ionic structure of the plasma, which is given by the ion-ion pair correlation function must be known. However, it is very challenging to calculate ionic correlations from first principles (\cite{daligault2016ionic}) and approximate models, which were never tested experimentally at stellar interior conditions, must be used.

We have employed the opacity code STAR (\cite{krief2015effect,krief2015variance,krief2016solar,krief2016line}) to study the ion-correlation effects on the opacity of a 24-element solar mixture along a thermodynamic path obtained from a solar model implemented by Villante et al. (\cite{villante2014chemical}) which is calibrated with the recent AGSS09 set of chemical abundances (\cite{asplund2009chemical}). Bound-bound and bound-free atomic calculations are performed in the STA framework (\cite{BarShalom1989}) and based on a fully relativistic quantum mechanical theory via the Dirac equation, while inverse bremsstrahlung is calculated via a screened hydrogenic approximation with a degeneracy correction (\cite{krief2016solar}). Calculations were performed in the IS and IC approximation. In the IS model each ion is enclosed within a spherical volume whose radius $ r_{IS} $ is the Wigner-Seitz radius of the plasma. In addition, the ionic distribution vanishes inside the sphere while it is smeared out completely outside of it, so that the ion-ion pair correlation function $ g(r) $ takes the form of a step function and due to overall charge neutrality the central potential vanishes outside the sphere. Such a model neglects the possibility for ionic charge to penetrate into the ion sphere and screen the central potential seen by atomic wavefunctions, as illustrated in \autoref{fig:pot_g}. On the other hand, the IC model of Rozsnyai (\cite{rozsnyai1991photoabsorption,rozsnyai1992solar,rozsnyai2014equation}) includes a more realistic treatment of ionic structure which is solved self-consistently with the electronic structure and which screens the central potential. For strongly coupled plasmas (lower temperatures and higher densities) the ionic structure features the well known short range order, whereas for more weakly coupled plasmas, such as the solar mixture, it is smeared out while ions penetrate within the ion-sphere, as described in \autoref{fig:pot_g}. The longer range of the central potential in the IC model slightly widens the spatial range of bound orbitals. This causes an increase of the spatial overlap between bound and continuum states which in turn increase the photoionization cross section, enabling a non-negligible increase of the Rosseland opacity. In addition, the longer range of the potential slightly lowers the average ionization. We note that solar opacity calculations in the IC framework were performed in the past by \cite{rozsnyai1992solar}, using the older solar abundances of \cite{grevesse1993cosmic}.
Since our goal in this work is to estimate sensitivities, the IC calculations were performed in the Debye-Huckel approximation (see Equations 2.16-2.8 in \cite{rozsnyai1992solar}). This approximation results from the more accurate HNC approximation (which was used by \cite{rozsnyai1992solar}) in the limit of low plasma coupling.

\begin{figure}[]
	\resizebox{0.5\textwidth}{!}{\includegraphics{figure2.pdf}}
	\caption{
		\textbf{Models for the plasma surrounding an atom.}
		Shown are the central atomic potentials $ V(r) $  (left axis)
		in the IS (red) and IC (blue) model, as well as the ion-ion pair correlation functions $ g(r) $ (right axis) in the IS model (step function, in black) and IC model (magenta). The radial wavefunctions of the first four "s" orbitals are given in green (arbitrary units) where the vertical positions represent the orbital energies (on the left axis).
		The calculation was performed for iron near the convection zone boundary at $ R/R_{\odot}=0.72$, temperature $ T=180\text{eV} $ and electron density $ n_{e} =8\cdot 10^{22}\text{cm}^{-3}$.
	}
	\label{fig:pot_g}
\end{figure}

The resulting variation of the Rosseland opacity of the solar mixture throughout the solar interior, between IC and IS as calculated by STAR, is shown in \autoref{fig:dk_ic}.
These opacity variations are also shown in \autoref{fig:dk_ic_op}, relative to the OP.

\begin{figure}[]
	\resizebox{0.5\textwidth}{!}{\includegraphics{isic_nobound.pdf}}
	\caption{
		Relative differences in the Rosseland opacity of the solar mixture throughout the solar interior, between Ion-Sphere and Ion-Correlation models calculated by STAR.
	}
	\label{fig:dk_ic}
\end{figure}
\begin{figure}[]
	\resizebox{0.5\textwidth}{!}{\includegraphics{dkrads.pdf}}
	\caption{
		The effect of plasma correlations on the solar opacity, as calculated by STAR,  relative to the OP. The differences with other models are also shown (as in \autoref{fig:dk_intro}).
	}
	\label{fig:dk_ic_op}
\end{figure}

\section{The effect of ion correlation in the Sandia Z-pinch experiment}
In \autoref{fig:specs_bailey}, the monochromatic opacities of iron calculated by STAR, at the conditions reached in the recent Sandia experiment (\cite{bailey2015higher})  are shown. Similar results were obtained by using the CRSTA atomic code (\cite{hazak2012configurationally,kurzweil2013inclusion}). The resulting Rosseland opacity in the IC model is larger by $ \sim 15\% $ than in the IS model, due to a significant increase of the M-shell photoionization cross-section, which results from the larger overlap of the M-shell bound orbital with the continuum states in the IC calculation. We note that despite having a significant contribution to the Rosseland opacity, which peaks at a photon energy of $ 3.8k_{B}T $, the M-shell is currently not accessible in the $ 5.5-9.5k_{B}T $ spectral range reached in opacity experiments at the Sandia Z machine, which includes only the L-shell spectra.
We  note that such required soft X-ray spectrometers are currently being developed (\cite{benstead2016new}).
It is seen from \autoref{fig:specs_bailey} that the plasma correlation has a smaller effect on the more strongly bound L-shell orbitals, and therefore cannot explain the "higher than predicted" iron opacity (\cite{bailey2015higher}), which is found in the L-shell spectral range. Hence, the correlation effect for iron cannot be measured currently in such a monochromatic experiment.

\section{Measurements of Rosseland opacities in radiation flow experiments}
The aforementioned monochromatic Z experiments give detailed information on opacity spectra, but have several drawbacks: (i) the inability to access the more important spectral range closer to the Rosseland peak, (ii) only electron densities smaller by a factor of $ \sim 2.5 $ than those  found near the CZB can be reached due to hydrodynamic expansion of the sample (\cite{nagayama2016calibrated}), (iii) the measured electron densities in such experiments are uncertain by  $ 20-30\% $ (\cite{nagayama2016model}) since they are inferred from crude line broadening models for Mg K-shell lines, and (iv) higher temperatures found in deeper regions in the Sun cannot be reached.

A complementary approach to the direct spectral measurements of solar opacities is via radiation flow experiments (\cite{back2000diffusive,fryer2016uncertainties}) in high energy density facilities,
such as the National Ignition Facility (NIF) (\cite{moore2015characterization}), Laser-Megajoule (\cite{fleurot2005laser}, OMEGA (\cite{decker1997hohlraum}) and Sandia Z-machine (\cite{bailey2015higher}). In such experiments,  illustrated in \autoref{fig:expr}a, a high temperature thermal x-ray source is coupled to a foam, inducing a supersonic radiative x-ray wave crossing that foam. A common measurement is of the breakout time. This is an integral quantity which depends upon a combination of the equation of state of the foam used in the experiment and its opacity.
Doping the foam with permilles of dominant photon absorbers in the Sun, such as oxygen, magnesium and iron, and comparing the measurements to those of a clean foam experiment, the Rosseland opacity can be studied experimentally at solar interior conditions that were never achieved in the past. The solar radius probed in the experiment is dictated by the foam initial density and the temperature of the heat wave. For example, recent results at the NIF show that a drive temperature of up to $ \sim 300 $eV can be reached (\cite{moore2015characterization}), which
covers the temperatures in the Sun ranging from the CZB ($ R/R_{\odot}=0.72 $) and deeper, up to $ R/R_{\odot}\approx 0.55 $. By using low-Z foams, electron densities prevailing in the latter region of the Sun can also be achieved.

As an example, in \autoref{tab:expr} we list the properties of the CH, CH$_{2}  $ and CH$ _{4} $ plastic foams, doped with oxygen, neon, magnesium and iron with a number concentration of $ 0.25\%  $ each,
at conditions found in the Sun at four different locations: $ R/R_{\odot}=0.72,0.64,0.58 $ and $ 0.55 $.
The foam densities corresponding to conditions at the solar interior  are in the range of $ 0.3-1.3 \text{g/cm}^{3} $.
Plastic foams can be easily manufactured with various hydrogen to carbon ratios and with densities of up to $ \sim 1\text{g/cm}^{3} $, which corresponds to $ R/R_{\odot}=0.58 $, where the temperature is $ 280 $eV.

Thus, radiation flow experiments introduce a few advantages: (i) Only Rosseland opacities are measured, (ii) plastic foams can be manufactured at densities corresponding to the solar plasma in the range $ R/R_{\odot} =0.72-0.58$ and  there is no hydrodynamic expansion of the foam since the radiative heat wave is supersonic, (iii) the foam density, which is known to a high precision, determines the electron density and (iv)  temperatures of up to $ 300 $eV can be reached (\cite{moore2015characterization}). Moreover, since the suggested doping level is very low, the equation of state of the foam is unaffected by the doping, as the chemical potential is dictated by the foam constituents, thus a comparative study disentangles the effects of the equation of state and the opacity in the velocity of the heat wave in the foam.

However, such experiments are plagued with systematic effects, as recently explained in \cite{fryer2016uncertainties}. The schematic experiments proposed here are of comparative nature, since it is only the effect of the doping elements which needs to be characterized. This reduces the sensitivity of the inferred opacities on the main sources of uncertainties.  In particular, the characterization of the x-ray source, which is essential for inferring the temperature of the supersonic wave, is a source of uncertainty, as it is not measured directly, but inferred from measurements without the foam, implicitly assuming repeatability in the operation of the x-ray source, and relying on theory to take into account the effect of the foam.
For example, Rosseland opacity fractions of test elements can be easily measured by comparing the results of foams with and without the tested element. We note that calibration and comparison of measurements with different foam setups is easily achieved, as shown in \autoref{fig:expr}b, by aligning the foams together, so that they would experience the same radiation drive.

This approach can also be used to pinpoint the ion-correlation effect, as it amounts to $ 5-10 \% $ in the Rosseland opacity (see \autoref{tab:expr}), and therefore, can be validated experimentally (\cite{fryer2016uncertainties}).
The small amount of doping does not affect thermodynamic properties of the plasma such as the chemical potential, average ionization and electron density, while it significantly affects radiative properties. In \autoref{fig:expr}c we list the contributions of the different elements in the doped CH foam to its Rosseland opacity. It is evident that the majority of the opacity ($ \gtrsim 60\%$) is due to the doped elements, with iron having the largest contribution ($ \sim 40 \% $), similar to the solar plasma.

Hence, radiation flow experiments consist an ideal method for an experimental study of Rosseland opacities of the solar plasma, complementary and advantageous to monochromatic Z experiments. The experiments described here schematically should
be planned in detail using a dynamic code, for the specific machine. We postpone this
to a different publication.

\begin{figure}[]
	\resizebox{0.5\textwidth}{!}{\includegraphics{figure4.pdf}}
	\caption{
				\textbf{The effect of plasma correlations in the recent Sandia experiment.} The spectral opacity of iron (right axis) calculated by the IS (solid line, in red) and IC models (dashed line, in blue) at typical conditions reached by the recent Z-machine experiment (\cite{bailey2015higher})
				(temperature $ T=182\text{eV} $, free electron density $ n_{e}=3.1\times 10^{22}\text{cm}^{-3} $). The Rosseland weight function (right axis) is shown in the solid black line.  The experimentally accessible spectral range is indicated by a horizontal arrow. The Rosseland mean opacities are given in the legend.
	}
	\label{fig:specs_bailey}
\end{figure}

\begin{figure}[]
	\resizebox{0.5\textwidth}{!}{\includegraphics{figure5ab.pdf}}
		\resizebox{0.5\textwidth}{!}{\includegraphics{figure5c.pdf}}
	\caption{\textbf{Illustration of a terrestrial radiation flow experiment to simulate the hot dense solar plasma.} (\textbf{a}) The side view shows a thermal x-ray source, coupled to a plastic foam such as CH, CH$ _{2} $ and  CH$ _{4} $. An x-ray drive with a typical  temperature of $ 180-300 $eV, which can be produced at high energy density facilities, generates a supersonic radiative heat wave through the foam. The Rosseland opacity of the foam is inferred directly from the measured breakout time of the radiative wave through the foam. By doping the foam with permilles of strong photon absorbers in the Sun, such as oxygen and iron, the Rosseland opacity of a mixture with plasma parameters identical to those prevailing in the solar interior can be studied experimentally.
	(\textbf{b}) Same as (a), with a foam setup consisting pure and doped plastic foams. In this setup, Rosseland opacity fractions can be measured directly, while the experimental error is reduced significantly, since both foams see the same x-ray drive.
	(\textbf{c}) The charts represent Rosseland opacity fractions of the CH  foam due to hydrogen, carbon and the doped elements, O, Ne, Mg, and Fe (with doping of $ 0.25\% $ each, see text) at three thermodynamic conditions representing  different positions in the Sun:
	$R/R_{\odot}=0.72 $ (left panel, $ T=180 $eV, $ n_{e}=8\times 10 ^{22}\text{cm}^{-3} $), $R/R_{\odot}=0.64 $ (middle panel, $ T=235 $eV, $ n_{e}=1.7\times 10 ^{23}\text{cm}^{-3} $) and $R/R_{\odot}=0.58 $ (right panel, $ T=280 $eV, $ n_{e}=3.1\times 10 ^{23}\text{cm}^{-3} $). Additional properties of the CH foam under these conditions are listed in \autoref{tab:expr}
	}
	\label{fig:expr}
\end{figure}

\begin{table}[]
	\centering
	\caption{\textbf{Properties of doped plastic foams at terrestrial radiation flow experiments at solar interior conditions}. The average ionization $ \bar{Z} $, required mass density $ \rho $, Rosseland mean free path $ l_{R} $ and the relative difference in the Rosseland opacity between IC and IS, $ \Delta\kappa _{R}$, are listed for doped  CH, CH$ _{2} $ and CH$ _{4} $ (see text), with thermodynamic conditions (temperature $ T $ and electron density $ n_{e} $), prevailing at the listed locations $ R/R_{\odot} $ in the Sun. At $ R/R_{\odot}=0.58 $ the required foam densities approach the maximal available density of $ \sim 1 \text{g/cm}^{3}$  and at $ R/R_{\odot}=0.55 $ the temperature of $ 300 $eV is the maximal temperature which is currently achievable in terrestrial laboratories.}

	\label{tab:expr}
	\begin{tabular}{clccc}
		\hline & & CH  & CH$ _{2} $& CH$ _{4} $
		\\ \hline
		\multicolumn{1}{c|}{\begin{tabular}[c]{@{}c@{}}$ R/R_{\odot}=0.72 $\\ $ T=180 $eV\\ $ n_{e}=8\times 10 ^{22}\text{cm}^{-3} $\end{tabular}} & \begin{tabular}[c]{@{}l@{}}
			$ \bar{Z}  $\\ $ \rho\left[ \text{g/cm}^{3}\right]  $\\  $ l_{R}\left[ \text{mm}\right]  $\\ $ \Delta \kappa_{R}(\text{IC/IS}) $
		\end{tabular}
		& \begin{tabular}[c]{@{}c@{}} 3.25 \\ 0.27\\ 0.13\\ 6.8$ \% $\end{tabular} & \begin{tabular}[c]{@{}c@{}}2.53\\ 0.26\\ 0.12\\ 7.2$ \% $\end{tabular} & \begin{tabular}[c]{@{}c@{}}1.94\\ 0.24\\ 0.12\\ 10.2$ \% $\end{tabular} \\ \hline
		\multicolumn{1}{c|}{\begin{tabular}[c]{@{}c@{}}$ R/R_{\odot}=0.64 $\\ $ T=235 $eV\\ $ n_{e}=1.7\times 10 ^{23} \text{cm}^{-3} $\end{tabular}} &
		\begin{tabular}[c]{@{}l@{}}$ \bar{Z}  $\\$ \rho\left[ \text{g/cm}^{3}\right]  $\\  $ l_{R}\left[ \text{mm}\right]  $\\ $ \Delta \kappa_{R}(\text{IC/IS}) $ \end{tabular}
		& \begin{tabular}[c]{@{}c@{}}3.29\\ 0.58\\ 0.12\\ 5.1$ \% $\end{tabular} & \begin{tabular}[c]{@{}c@{}}2.55\\ 0.54\\ 0.11\\ 6.6$ \% $\end{tabular} & \begin{tabular}[c]{@{}c@{}}1.96\\ 0.5\\ 0.1\\ 7.1$ \% $\end{tabular}
		\\ \hline
		\multicolumn{1}{c|}{\begin{tabular}[c]{@{}c@{}}$ R/R_{\odot}=0.58 $\\ $ T=280 $eV\\ $ n_{e}=3.1\times 10 ^{23} \text{cm}^{-3} $\end{tabular}} &
		\begin{tabular}[c]{@{}l@{}}$ \bar{Z}  $\\$ \rho\left[ \text{g/cm}^{3}\right]  $\\  $ l_{R}\left[ \text{mm}\right]  $\\ $ \Delta \kappa_{R}(\text{IC/IS}) $ \end{tabular}
		& \begin{tabular}[c]{@{}c@{}}3.29\\ 1.05\\ 0.1\\ 4.8$ \% $\end{tabular} & \begin{tabular}[c]{@{}c@{}}2.55\\ 0.99\\ 0.09\\ 4.9$ \% $\end{tabular} & \begin{tabular}[c]{@{}c@{}}1.96\\ 0.91\\ 0.08\\ 7.2$ \% $\end{tabular}
		\\ \hline
		\multicolumn{1}{c|}{\begin{tabular}[c]{@{}c@{}}$ R/R_{\odot}=0.55 $\\ $ T=300 $eV\\ $ n_{e}=4.2\times 10 ^{23} \text{cm}^{-3} $\end{tabular}} &
		\begin{tabular}[c]{@{}l@{}}$ \bar{Z}  $\\$ \rho\left[ \text{g/cm}^{3}\right]  $\\  $ l_{R}\left[ \text{mm}\right]  $\\ $ \Delta \kappa_{R}(\text{IC/IS}) $ \end{tabular}
		& \begin{tabular}[c]{@{}c@{}}3.29\\ 1.42\\ 0.09\\ 5.3$ \% $\end{tabular} & \begin{tabular}[c]{@{}c@{}}2.55\\ 1.34\\ 0.08\\ 5.6$ \% $\end{tabular} & \begin{tabular}[c]{@{}c@{}}1.96\\ 1.23\\ 0.07\\ 5.8$ \% $\end{tabular}
		\\ \hline
	\end{tabular}
\end{table}

\section{Summary}
A significant increase to solar opacity calculations is required to solve the decade old disagreement between helioseismology and solar models. The small \textit{discrepancy} in the solar mixture opacity between all existing atomic models is not a measure of the \textit{accuracy} of these calculations, since similar physical models and approximations are used. An experimental validation of opacity calculations at stellar interior conditions, which has never been performed in the past, should aid significantly in understanding the source of the missing opacity.

Following the work of
\cite{rozsnyai1991photoabsorption,rozsnyai1992solar},
the effect of ion-ion correlations which results from the extremely complex interaction between ions in a plasma, was examined as a source of uncertainty in the calculation of solar opacities.
 The effect was studied by using the Ion-Correlation model
 which includes a more realistic treatment of ionic structure and was not previously analyzed, in the context of the solar opacity problem. We found a significant difference between the Ion-Sphere and Ion-Correlation models of $ \sim 10\% $ in the Rosseland opacity near the CZB. Both these models include uncontrolled approximations, and thus the difference between them should be considered as a measure of the uncertainty stemming in the microscopic ionic structure of the solar plasma.

This calls for a detailed examination of the effect with more advanced plasma models (\cite{daligault2016ionic}).
In a recent work (\cite{krief2016line}) we have shown that uncertainties in line-broadening models, another plasma effect, have a significant contribution to the missing opacity, and in fact, can account for all of the missing opacity, if the line-width uncertainty is of a factor of about $ \sim 100 $. The uncertainties in line broadening models which are used in opacity codes are unknown, as they were never tested experimentally at stellar interior conditions. We note that differences between line-width models are typically factors of $ 2-50$. Changing artificially the width of the lines enabled a broad study of the effect of this phenomenon, in contrast to ionic-correlations, where we to rely upon the differences between specific models to estimate uncertainties. Thus, a
 detailed analysis which includes a sound theoretical or experimental quantification of the uncertainties due the various plasma effects, which depends solely on the temperature and free electron density, is called for.

We thus suggest an experimental path to study Rosseland opacities of the solar plasma via radiation flow experiments,
by using plastic foams doped with permilles of dominant photon absorbers in the Sun. We have shown that it is possible to cover the temperatures and densities of the solar plasma at solar radii  ranging from the CZB ($ R/R_{\odot}=0.72 $) and deeper, up to $ R/R_{\odot}\approx 0.58 $ which were never achieved in laboratory experiments. The analysis we have presented shows that doping materials contribute about half of the Rosseland opacity of the foam, even when the doping level is below $1\%$. Thus, we suggested that comparative measurements of clean and doped foam, with changing doping levels and various thermodynamic conditions, can aid in pin-pointing the opacity contribution of the different doping materials. Ion-correlations have a 5-10\% effect in the suggested setups, depending on the average ionization in the foam. By changing the carbon to hydrogen ratio one can try to isolate this effect in the experiments. A detailed analysis of these suggested experiments should include radiative-hydrodynamic simulation, to study possible systematic effects, such as wave front structure originating in boundary effects

Finally, we stress out that by comparing the results of such experiments with theoretical predictions, the uncertainty in Rosseland opacity calculations at stellar interior conditions can be inferred for the first time.  If experimental results at the CZB conditions will deviate from calculations by more than $ 10-20\% $, the solar abundance problem will be solved, as the uncertainty in opacity calculations will be large enough for solar models to agree with helioseismology. Otherwise, it will be proven that the problem with solar models is not due to the opacities.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaArXiv