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10 Movies Based on Terrifying Real-Life Cases of Demonic Possession
Blending a police procedural with real-life horror, Scott Derrickson's Deliver Us from Evil hit theaters this weekend. The film is based on the 2001 book Beware the Night, which details the true-life supernatural exploits of a New York City cop, Ralph Sarchie, who investigates frightening cases of demonic possession. Deliver Us from Evil is hardly the only film to take inspiration from the realm of real exorcists and the supernatural. Here are ten other terrifying true-life tales behind other films that deal with demonic possession.
An unassuming home in Culver City, California became the site of a vicious demonic attack during the early '70s. Doris Blither, a single mom with four children and a troubled past, claimed she was being violently raped by ghosts. The events were dismissed by doctors who suspected Doris' alcoholism and abusive history led the woman to injure herself. A team of paranormal researchers, Dr. Barry Taff and Kerry Gaynor, later investigated the claims. They were skeptical, but observed a series of strange phenomenon (bruising, orbs, unexplained activity) that became part of an extensive report. Author Frank De Felitta used Taff and Gaynor's findings as the basis for his book, The Entity . Barbara Hershey starred in the film adaptation of the same name in 1983. In 2009, Doris' son Brian Harris, who was 10 years old when the demonic activity was taking place, spoke about the attacks:
The whole rape thing was real. My room was right next door to my mother's. I would hear the attacks happening. Things being thrown, her screaming. Then she would come out of the bedroom and have all these bruises. On her legs, her inner thighs. Just like in the movie.
There were times were we would see it happen in front of us. It was like if a man was standing in front of my mother and would start to beat her. Imagine a woman being beaten. You could see her being picked up and thrown around. Sounds, slaps… but there was no one there to actually do it. We all felt it too. pulling, biting and scratching… we were all attacked.
Doris and her family eventually left the home. Future residents reported no strange activity, but Doris claimed the spectral rapist still haunted her, influencing her thoughts. She also believed she was impregnated by one of the invisible attackers.
One strange thing to note about the film: Doris' teenage son experienced an attack in which he was thrown, and his arm was broken. The actor playing the boy, David Labiosa, actually broke his arm while filming the same situation for the movie.
William Friedkin's 1973 horror classic The Exorcist, inspired by William Peter Blatty's novel of the same name, remains one of the most frightening films ever put to screen. The supernatural events in the story hailed from a real-life case of demonic possession in the late 1940s, centered on a boy (unlike the girl, played by Linda Blair, in the film) named Roland Doe (also known as Robbie Mannheim). Doe's aunt was a spiritualist, and it's believed she introduced him to a Ouija board when he was a teenager. Demonic activity started when Doe's aunt died, and the family started to report strange noises and objects levitating. The Lutheran church performed an exorcism, but things only seemed to get worse. Doe seemed to develop an aversion to sacred objects and holy water, and spoke in a demonic voice. Disturbing writings appeared on his body. Several exorcisms later, Doe came under the care of a Roman Catholic priest at Georgetown University Hospital. It was a violent battle, leaving one priest with a broken nose and the other with a wound from a mattress bedspring. The ritual was repeated 30 times, which seemed to free Doe from the demons. It's said he went on to live a normal and happy life, but skeptics started to dig into the wild claims. Some parties involved with Doe's case admitted facts might have been embellished. Several investigators insisted Doe was simply disturbed.
The Amityville Horror
The hotly debated Lutz case, about a family who moved into a home on 112 Ocean Avenue in Amityville, New York where a mass murder occurred a year prior, has inspired numerous films and documentaries about the reportedly paranormal events that took place there. The spooky house, with ocular quarter-round attic windows, previously belonged to the DeFeo family. In 1974, 23-year-old Ronald DeFeo, Jr. shot and killed his entire family, claiming strange voices made him do it. The house remained empty for 13 months after the murders, until the Lutzes moved in. Paranormal occurrences seemed to plague the family almost immediately. Unseen forces seemed to control their lives, emotions, and thoughts. Flies, cold spots, odors, and green slime reportedly appeared. George Lutz, the patriarch of the family who bore a resemblance to DeFeo, started behaving strangely. After being terrorized for 28 days, the Lutzes moved out. Jay Anson published The Amityville Horror in 1977, detailing the grisly murders and chilling phenomenon inflicted upon the Lutzes, which was adapted for a 1979 movie. Sensationalist marketing of the book led to deeper investigations. Many experts rejected claims about the haunted house and its possessed residents, but the Lutzes insisted they were telling the truth. Debates about the case's legitimacy continue to this day. Future residents of the home reported no strange occurrences. The documentary My Amityville Horror interviewed one of the Lutz children, Daniel, who restated the original claims of his mother and stepfather. He also stated his belief that he and George Lutz were both possessed, possibly due to George's dabbling in the occult.
The Exorcism of Emily Rose
Before directing Deliver Us From Evil, Sinister filmmaker Scott Derrickson tackled another true-life case of demonic possession in 2005's The Exorcism of Emily Rose, starring Dexter's Jennifer Carpenter. The film was loosely based on the story of a German woman who underwent an exorcism in 1975, Anneliese Michel. She died the following year due to lack of medical attention. Investigators proved she had been malnourished and dehydrated, which led to her parents and the priests involved being charged with negligent homicide. Michel, a devoted Catholic, suffered from epilepsy, depression, and suicidal thoughts, but she was convinced she was actually suffering from demonic possession. Treatment at a psychiatric hospital and medication seemed to worsen her symptoms, which convinced her family (also religious) of the possession claims. Michel's behavior became stranger. She took to eating insects, drank her own urine, screamed helplessly for hours, and aggressively attacked those around her. She performed hundreds of genuflections a day (tearing the ligaments in her knees) seeking salvation. Near the end of her life, she had endured 67 Catholic exorcisms over a period of ten months in an attempt to cure her. The state charged all parties involved after her death. The priests claimed Michel had six demons inside her, including Adolf Hitler, Judas Iscariot, and Nero. The case became part of a media frenzy, which led to the Catholic church putting a limit on the number of exorcisms performed in Germany. Michel became somewhat of a martyr. Believers continue to visit her grave, while others call the tragic case an incident of misdiagnosed mental illness.
The Haunting in Connecticut
The woefully underappreciated Elias Koteas starred as a clergyman who helps a family uncover the dark secrets behind the paranormal occurrences in their home in 2009's The Haunting of Connecticut. The tale is based on the real-life case of Carmen Snedeker and her family, detailed in Ray Garton's 1992 book, In a Dark Place: The Story of a True Haunting . The Snedekers moved into the Southington, Connecticut home to be near a hospital for their cancer-stricken son. They had no idea the house used to be a funeral parlor, until they discovered mortuary equipment in the basement. The family reportedly saw several demons wandering the halls and heard unexplained noises at night. Famed paranormal investigators Ed and Lorraine Warren looked into the claims, suggesting that the morticians who operated the funeral home engaged in necrophilia with the bodies and necromancy in an attempt to raise the dead. An exorcism was performed on the house and its residents, but the family wound up moving a short time after.
The Devils
Ken Russell's 1971 tale of lust and corruption set at a convent in a French commune was inspired by the provocative case of 17th-century Roman Catholic priest Urbain Grandier and the Loudun possessions. A wealthy, well-connected, and handsome figure, Grandier was convicted of sorcery and burned at the stake after claims that he bewitched a convent of Ursuline nuns. The women spoke in tongues, screamed, made obscene gestures toward men, and claimed they were pregnant and possessed. Thousands attended a public exorcism of the nuns. Grandier's trial and execution further amplified the spectacle. The priest insisted he was innocent until the end. It's possible that due to his reputation, stemming from several illicit relationships with women related to Loudun royalty, that Grandier was set up.
The Serpent and the Rainbow
Horror legend Wes Craven entered the world of zombies when he directed 1988's The Serpent and the Rainbow. A non-fiction book of the same name authored by ethnobotanist Wade Davis inspired the film. The true-life tome studied the case of a Haitian man by the name of Clairvius Narcisse, who allegedly rose from the dead and returned to his home almost two decades later. Davis' book supported the claim that Narcisse was poisoned (allegedly by his brother who he had fought with over land) with pufferfish and toad venom, which induced the appearance of death. He was buried, quickly dug up, and given Datura (a strong hallucinogen), which caused memory loss. He claimed he was forced to work on a sugar plantation like a slave and fed Datura to keep him docile. When his enslavers died, Narcisse's memory returned as he was no longer being drugged with Datura, and he went home. Vodou practitioners didn't question the incident, believing Narcisse's resurrection was a product of folk magic.
The Possession
The Sam Raimi-produced 2012 fright film The Possession centers on a young girl who falls under the control of a malevolent spirit that lives inside a cursed antique box. The story is based on an account of an allegedly haunted dybbuk box — a wine cabinet auctioned off on eBay that reportedly once belonged to a Polish Holocaust survivor named Havela. It contained two pennies from the 1020s, locks of hair, a statue engraved with the Hebrew word "Shalom" (peace), a wine goblet, a dried rose, and a candle holder. Various owners of the box have reported paranormal incidents, including uncontrollable nightmares, strange smells (jasmine and… cat urine), unexplained balding, health issues, burned out lights, and more. Believing the object contained a malicious Jewish mythology spirit, the dybbuk, the box was apparently sealed forever by Rabbis and hidden in a secret location. Also weird: The Possession director Ole Bornedal reported strange incidents during the making of the movie, including an unexplained fire that burned down the prop warehouse containing the movie's set, five days after filming wrapped.
Martin Scorsese called it one of the scariest horror films of all time. The Changeling, starring George C. Scott as a writer haunted by a troubled spirit at a secluded historical mansion, was actually based on real events. The script was written by Russell Hunter, inspired by his time living in the Henry Treat Rogers Mansion in Denver, Colorado. A noted playwright and musician, Hunter was drawn to the Rogers estate due to its impressive architecture and inexplicable low rent. Unexplained noises, poltergeist activity, and the discovery of a secret room and diary (penned by a young boy who was reportedly trapped there) convinced Hunter to seek the help of a medium. To tell the rest of the story would essentially give away the movie, but the details are public knowledge if you're curious. The home was demolished in the 1970s, during which time a bulldozer operator was reportedly killed in an explosion. It's said that the hauntings followed Hunter to another residence.
Roger and Carolyn Perron purchased their dream home in 1970 — the Arnold Estate, an old Rhode Island farmhouse. The idyllic setting became a place of nightmares after a series of violent paranormal occurrences overwhelmed the family. They sought help from esteemed ghost hunters Ed and Lorraine Warren, who concluded that the estate was haunted by a murderous Satanist named Bathsheba Sherman who lived there during the early 19th century. The spirit of Bathsheba reportedly possessed Carolyn Perron, and the Warrens helped exorcise the demons. The Perron family eventually moved out. The eldest Perron daughter, Andrea, chronicled the terrifying experience in the book House of Darkness: House of Light — The True Story. James Wan transformed the true-life tale into the blockbuster horror film, The Conjuring, starring Vera Farmiga, Patrick Wilson, Ron Livingston, and Lili Taylor. The movie was 20 years in the works, prompted after Ed Warren played his recorded interview with Carolyn Perron for one of the producers. Lorraine Warren and Andrea Perron served as consultants on the film and still claim the strange events are true.


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Lady Gaga Is Last.Fm's Most Wanted Artist
Lady Gaga has topped the Last.fm most wanted's list – In fact, the first four tracks are all Lady Gaga – with 'Alejandro' in 'top' place – and there are seven Gaga tracks in the top ten. She is the most creative person in pop .Considering that she has 1.8 million fans on the site, and her songs have logged 85 million plays…
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Pounding meaning in English
pounding meaning: 1. a heavy attack or defeat: 2. a regular sound of something hitting something else or of a loud. Learn more bombardment, shelling, gunfire, artillery fire, barrage, battery, attack, pounding. 1.1. Rhythmical beating or throbbing. 'all she could hear was the pounding of her heart'. More example sentences. 'The pounding in his head kept in time with the worry over his son, preventing him from drifting off again.'. 'He listened for breathing. noun. 1 Repeated and heavy striking or hitting of someone or something. 'the pounding of the surf on a sandy beach'. More example sentences. 'As the storm passed through our area, these heavy winds took a pounding on the Atlantic coast.'. 'But certainly the area south of the city today, we're told, taking a very heavy pounding indeed.' 36 synonyms and near synonyms of pounding from the Merriam-Webster Thesaurus. Find another word for pounding
POUNDING definition in the Cambridge English Dictionar
Pound definition, to strike repeatedly with great force, as with an instrument, the fist, heavy missiles, etc. See more
pounding definition in English dictionary, pounding meaning, synonyms, see also 'poundage',pothunting',pound net',pending'. Enrich your vocabulary with the English Definition dictionar
Find 38 ways to say POUNDING, along with antonyms, related words, and example sentences at Thesaurus.com, the world's most trusted free thesaurus
POUNDING Definition of POUNDING by Oxford Dictionary on
Define pounded. pounded synonyms, pounded pronunciation, pounded translation, English dictionary definition of pounded. n. 1. Abbr. lb. a. A unit of weight equal to 16 ounces . b. A unit of apothecary weight equal to 12 ounces . See Table at measurement. [Old English pund, from Latin pondō pound; related to German Pfund pound, Latin pondus.
Several definitions: 1.Unit of weight 2.Money in England 3.To hit fists with your home dawgs 4.To have sex 5.To punch or beat someone u
Pound definition is - any of various units of mass and weight; specifically : a unit now in general use among English-speaking peoples equal to 16 avoirdupois ounces or 7000 grains or 0.4536 kilogram. How to use pound in a sentence
Pounding definition: If someone or something takes a pounding , they are severely injured or damaged . | Meaning, pronunciation, translations and example
Learner's definition of POUNDING. 1. [count] : the act of hitting someone or something with force again and again — usually singular. We could hear the pounding of waves against the shore. There was a pounding [= banging] on/at my door early the next morning. The boxer took a pounding [= took a beating] in the ring
Pounding is a ritual in Christianity in which a new priest or minister is given gifts by members of the congregation of that church at which he is assigned to preach. The practice can be traced back to at least the 19th century, when communicants of a church visited the parsonage and dropped off a pound of an item, such as coffee, sugar, flour or honey pounding definition in the English Cobuild dictionary for learners, pounding meaning explained, see also 'pound',pending',protruding',pond', English vocabular Definition of pounding noun in Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary. Meaning, pronunciation, picture, example sentences, grammar, usage notes, synonyms and more pounding in British English. (ˈpaʊndɪŋ) noun. 1. the act of striking something heavily and often. Then the pounding started up again on the front door. 2. heavy throbbing. the pounding of her heart
From Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English pounding pound‧ing / ˈpaʊndɪŋ / noun 1 [singular, uncountable] SOUND the action or the sound of something hitting a surface very hard many times pounding of the pounding of the waves on the rocks below 2 [singular, uncountable] the action or sound of your heart beating 3 → take a pounding. What does heart-pounding mean? Causing the heart to pound; dramatically exciting or shocking. (adjective pound - WordReference English dictionary, questions, discussion and forums. All Free pounding meaning, definition of pounding, pounding in english
Definitions and Meaning of pounding in English pounding noun. the act of pounding (delivering repeated heavy blows) Synonyms: hammer, hammering, pound Examples - the pounding of feet on the hallway - the sudden hammer of fists caught him off guard; an instance of rapid strong pulsation (of the heart) Synonyms: throb, throbbing Exampl Synonyms for pounding in Free Thesaurus. Antonyms for pounding. 6 synonyms for pounding: buffeting, throbbing, throb, hammering, hammer, pound. What are synonyms for pounding Meaning and definitions of pounding, translation of pounding in Telugu language with similar and opposite words. Spoken pronunciation of pounding in English and in Telugu. Tags for the entry pounding What pounding means in Telugu, pounding meaning in Telugu, pounding definition, explanation, pronunciations and examples of pounding in Telugu Learner's definition of POUND. [count] 1. : a place where dogs and cats that are found on the streets without an owner are kept until their owners come and get them. 2. : a place to which cars that have been parked illegally are towed and kept until their owners pay to get them back. — compare 1 pound, 3 pound
Pounding Synonyms, Pounding Antonyms Merriam-Webster
Dictionary entry overview: What does pounding mean? • POUNDING (noun) The noun POUNDING has 3 senses:. 1. repeated heavy blows 2. an instance of rapid strong pulsation (of the heart) 3. the act of pounding (delivering repeated heavy blows) Familiarity information: POUNDING used as a noun is uncommon
pound 3. (paʊnd) n. 1. an enclosure maintained by public authorities for confining stray or homeless animals. 2. an enclosure for sheltering, keeping, confining, or trapping animals. 3. an enclosure or trap for fish. 4. a place of confinement or imprisonment. 5. a place where illegally parked vehicles are impounded
pound. 1. slang To drink (something, especially alcohol) very quickly or all at once. You're going to make yourself sick if you keep pounding beers like that. I had to pound my coffee and race out the door in order to catch my bus. 2. slang To beat or assault (someone) very severely
Definition of heart-pounding in the Definitions.net dictionary. Meaning of heart-pounding. What does heart-pounding mean? Information and translations of heart-pounding in the most comprehensive dictionary definitions resource on the web
Adjective. pulse - pounding ( comparative more pulse-pounding, superlative most pulse-pounding ) That increases the heartbeat rate, especially as a result of excitement or fear . quotations . Synonyms: exciting, terrifying; see also Thesaurus:exciting, Thesaurus:frightening
Definition of pound the pavement in the Idioms Dictionary. pound the pavement phrase. What does pound the pavement expression mean? Definitions by the largest Idiom Dictionary
inch-pound - WordReference English dictionary, questions, discussion and forums. All Free Definition of Pound me Something sexual. English (US) French (France) German Italian Japanese Korean Polish Portuguese (Brazil) Portuguese (Portugal) Russian Simplified Chinese (China) Spanish (Mexico) Traditional Chinese (Taiwan) Turkish Vietnames
Pound Definition of Pound at Dictionary
pound: [verb - intransitive] of a car stereo system, to be loud. That car pounds . See more words with the same meaning: music (related to)
Pounding Meaning in Arabic: Searching meanings in Arabic can be beneficial for understanding the context in an efficient manner. You can get more than one meaning for one word in Arabic. You have searched the English word Pounding which meaning القصف in Arabic. Pounding meaning in Arabic has been searched 2254 times till 01 Jun, 2021
The word pound, when used as a verb, does not have an abbreviation. In Latin and medieval Italian, a pound of mass was referred to as libra pondo or a pound by weight, where pondo is an Italian word meaning weight and measures. Because the English word is ultimately descended from the ancient Roman word libra, we get the abbreviation lb
Please find below the link and list of all the idioms done so far: English idiom : To make a mountain out of a molehill https://youtu.be/x7QArVNFX6k English.
Compound definition, composed of two or more parts, elements, or ingredients: Soap is a compound substance. See more
Find 41 ways to say POUND, along with antonyms, related words, and example sentences at Thesaurus.com, the world's most trusted free thesaurus
al, hooligan, gangster, gangsta. Last edited on Jan 18 2000. Submitted by Derek D. from Astoria, NY, USA on Jan 18 2000. to hang out.I was banging with my peeps.This definition is questionable and is pending deletion
Conjugate the English verb pound: indicative, past tense, participle, present perfect, gerund, conjugation models and irregular verbs. Translate pound in context, with examples of use and definition Blood was pounding in his ears... is a way of saying that someone's heart is beating faster and their blood pressure is high. It can be from anger, or fear, or excitement. One side effect is that it is hard to hear other people when your blood is pounding in your ears, so there is a sense of being overwhelmed by emotion Definition and synonyms of take a pounding from the online English dictionary from Macmillan Education.. This is the British English definition of take a pounding.View American English definition of take a pounding.. Change your default dictionary to American English One pound. A £1 coin was called a Sovereign and was made of gold.. A paper pound often was called a quid.. More than a pound (£) 1 guinea and a £5.0.0 note. 1 guinea = £1-1s-0d ( £1/1/- ) = one pound and one shilling = 21 shillings or 21/- (which is £1.05 in todays money). 1 guinea could be written as '1g' or '1gn'.. A guinea was considered a more gentlemanly amount than £1
pounding definition English definition dictionary Revers
Pound Meaning in Arabic: Searching meanings in Arabic can be beneficial for understanding the context in an efficient manner. You can get more than one meaning for one word in Arabic. You have searched the English word Pound which meaning الباون in Arabic. Pound meaning in Arabic has been searched 6585 times till 03 Jul, 2021
pound (n.2) enclosed place for animals, especially an enclosure maintained by authorities for confining cattle or other beasts when at large or trespassing, late 14c., from a late Old English word attested in compounds (such as pundfald penfold, pound), related to pyndan to dam up, enclose (water), and thus from the same root as pond.Ultimate origin unknown
Definition and synonyms of pound from the online English dictionary from Macmillan Education.. This is the British English definition of pound.View American English definition of pound.. Change your default dictionary to American English
From Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English Related topics: Measurement, Motor vehicles pound pound 1 / paʊnd / S1 W2 noun 1 weight [countable] (written abbreviation lb) TM a unit for measuring weight, equal to 16 ounce s or 0.454 kilograms pound of a pound of apples Moira weighs about 130 pounds
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pound is a verb form of to pound here. It is the same construct as I felt a bee sting me. The core part means He felt a fury pound through his body, a fury that was not his own. I'd use rush instead of pound here maybe, because furies tend not to move in one's body in much of a pounding manner Your best source for quality San Antonio Spurs news, rumors, analysis, stats and scores from the fan perspective
Onomatopoeia is the use of words that imitate the sounds associated with the objects or actions they refer to (such as hiss or murmur ). It can also include made-up words or simply a series of letters, such as zzzzzz to represent a person sleeping or snoring. The adjective is onomatopoeic or onomatopoetic Brexit is an abbreviation for British exit, referring to the UK's decision in a June 23, 2016 referendum to leave the European Union (EU) . The vote's result defied expectations and roiled.
POUNDING Synonyms: 38 Synonyms & Antonyms for POUNDING
pound (. paund. ) A noun is a word referring to a person, animal, place, thing, feeling or idea (e.g. man, dog, house). noun. 1. (unit of measurement) a. la libra. (f) means that a noun is feminine. Spanish nouns have a gender, which is either feminine (like la mujer or la luna) or masculine (like el hombre or el sol) POUND meaning in tamil, POUND pictures, POUND pronunciation, POUND translation,POUND definition are included in the result of POUND meaning in tamil at kitkatwords.com, a free online English tamil Picture dictionary It rains and ruins our clothes, And how the wind howls! Sing: Goddamm. Buses slide and spray us with dirty snow, And my legs shiver. The river freezes, I am sick to my stomach, Damn you, sing: Goddamm. Goddamm, Goddamm, it is why I am, Goddamm, So 'gainst the winter's weather Go Pound Salt Posted by Dlg97003 on February 25, 2005. PPl that are concerned about the go pound salt phrase are looking into it too deeply. It means to Go get lost which is a pointless thing to do, so you are basically saying to someone, get out of here in an angry sort of way (sometimes pound after numerals) ; A unit of mass equal to 16 avoirdupois ounces (= 453.592 37 g). Today this value is the most common meaning of pound as a unit of weight. A unit of mass equal to 12 troy ounces (≈ 373.242 g). Today, this is a common unit of weight when measuring precious metals, and is little used elsewhere
Pounded - definition of pounded by The Free Dictionar
Rankings were generated by a voting panel made up of media members. The media members were asked to vote for who they feel are the top fighters in the UFC by weight-class and pound-for-pound
101 Money Idioms And Phrases (Meaning & Examples) A bad debt. Meaning: When someone is owed money, but it is not likely to be paid. Example Sentence: Matt said he got into a bad debt with Mark and does not expect to be paid back. A blank check. Meaning: To have as much money that is wanted or needed to spend. Example Sentence: The manager seems to think he has a blank check for this project.
Definition of: pound party. A social gathering to which each guest brings a pound of something, usually food, to be given to an individual or a charitable cause
The English system of measures is a collection of measures for length, volume, weight, area, etc. that have their roots in hundreds of years of history. They were standardized somewhat by the.
Ezra Pound is widely considered one of the most influential poets of the 20th century; his contributions to modernist poetry were enormous. He was an early champion of a number of avant-garde and modernist poets; developed important channels of intellectual and aesthetic exchange between the United States and Europe; and contributed to important literary movements such as Imagism and Vorticism
In for a penny, in for a pound (idiom): If something is worth doing then it is a case of in for a penny, in for a pound, which means that when gambling or taking a chance, you might as well go the whole way and take all the risks, not just some. Americanized form: In for a dime, in for a dollar. It's an idiom for indicating that you might. Many are reporting experiencing more vivid dreams than usual. Cath Pound asks psychotherapist Philippa Perry how art can help us understand them - and ourselves Check 'pounding' translations into Domari. Look through examples of pounding translation in sentences, listen to pronunciation and learn grammar
Check 'pound' translations into Estonian. Look through examples of pound translation in sentences, listen to pronunciation and learn grammar Check 'pound' translations into Malagasy. Look through examples of pound translation in sentences, listen to pronunciation and learn grammar The pound sterling (GBP; £ or ₤), also called just the pound, is the official currency used in the United Kingdom.It is also used in British overseas territories, Isle of Man, Bailiwicks of Guernsey and Jersey.The pound is divided into 100 pence.. Today's coins are 1 penny, 2 pence, 5 pence, 10 pence, 20 pence, 50 pence, £1 and £2. The notes are £5, £10, £20 and £50 Note: The pound sterling was in Saxon times, about a. d. 671, a pound troy of silver, and a shilling was its twentieth part; consequently the latter was three times as large as it is at present. --Peacham. From The Collaborative International Dictionary of English v.0.48 [gcide]: Pound \Pound\ , verb (used with an object) [imp. & p. p. ; p The primary meaning of libra was balance or scales meaning a pound by weight. We got the word pound in English from the pondo part of the libra pondo but our abbreviation comes from the libra
The British pound has its origins in continental Europe under the Roman era. Its name derives from the Latin word poundus meaning weight. The £ symbol comes from an ornate L in Libra. Anglo-Saxon era. The pound was a unit of currency as early as 775AD in Anglo-Saxon England, equivalent to 1 pound weight of silver Definition of TEN POUND POM in the Definitions.net dictionary. Meaning of TEN POUND POM. What does TEN POUND POM mean? Information and translations of TEN POUND POM in the most comprehensive dictionary definitions resource on the web
Urban Dictionary: poun
Unit of volume. Normally taken as a quarter of a pint, it can also be a third or a half pint, especially in conversation. The legal definition is a 1/4 of a pint. The word Gill is pronouced with a hard G (as Jill). Grain The basic unit of weight in the imperial system. There are 5760 grains to the Troy pound, and 7000 to the avoirdupois pound. Han Americans: blame the English. English: blame the Americans. The 'pound' sign: In the days of teletypes/teleprinters/telex machines, British keyboards used the same position for the £ (pound currency) sign as US keyboards used for the # (hash) and,.. In order of appearance: * Tilde- Used to compare two similar ideas or means around (e.g. ~3 hours) * Backtick/Back quote- Accent marks (normally not used in English) * Hashtag/Pound- Used in place of Number (e.g. We are #1) * Power sign (math).. Ingrese el código y presione la tecla (#) numeral. (the pound key follows the code). thanks a lot. enter the code followed by the pound (#) key. followed by means that you enter the # key afterward. following would mean the other way around. Catherine Norton: also, you don't pound the key, you press the pound key Here are 650 English proverbs, with their meanings and origins. Phrases coined by William Shakespeare. The Bard added more new words, idioms and expressions to the English language than any other writer. Here's a list of phrases from Shakespeare. Phrases first found in the Bible
A great expression for that kind of behavior is, An ounce of prevention is worth a pound of cure.. This saying comes to us from Benjamin Franklin. In addition to being a writer, Franklin was. In its current form, pound dates back to Middle English (1066-late 1400s), and was used to refer to a pound in weight. Looking further back, the word pund was used in Old English to mean the same. The Pound Sterling is the currency of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland since the Anglo-Saxon era. The name pound derives from Latin pondus, meaning 'weight'. The Old English pound was a unit of weight, initially equated with the Ancient Roman weight called libra, which explains why the monetary sign in English is.
Here is a little video about British or English money. Here is a little video about British or English money Smackers (1920s) and smackeroos (1940s) are probably US extensions of the earlier English slang smack/smacks (1800s) meaning a pound note/notes, which Cassells slang dictionary suggests might be derived from the notion of smacking notes down onto a table. sobs = pounds. Mispronunciation of sovs, short for sovereigns Difference Between Pound and Quid Pound vs Quid A pound is a currency in Britain and in other areas of Europe. Sometimes people refer to it as quid. Instead of saying '100 pounds,' people would say '100 quids.' The term 'quid' has been used a long time ago already; however, these days people are getting confused as to when and how [ What pound means. Pound symbol £ is a currency sign used in UK. It derives from a capital L, representing libra, the basic unit of weight in the Roman Empire, which in turn is derived from the Latin name for scales or a balance. The pound became an English unit of weight and was so named because it originally had the value of one tower pound. The form lb is actually an abbreviation of the Latin word libra, which could mean a pound, itself a shortened form of the full expression, libra pondo, pound weight. The second word of this phrase, by the way, is the origin of the English pound. You will also know Libra as the astrological sign, the seventh sign of the zodiac
The Merchant of Venice is the story of a Jewish moneylender who demands that an antisemitic Christian offer a pound of flesh as collateral against a loan.First performed in 1598, Shakespeare's study of religious difference remains controversial. Read The Merchant of Venice here, with side-by-side No Fear translations into modern English Translation of pound (32 results) English Azerbaijani Part Of Speech Terminology; half-pound yarım girvənkə noun general half-pound yarım girvənkə ağırlığında olan şey noun general pound funt noun general half a pound yarımgirvənk� This currency rates table lets you compare an amount in British Pound to all other currencies English soldiers adopted the reference to what they heard as quid, to mean the pound. Richard Thompson, Allerod Denmark. Perhaps as in quid pro quo. Just as notes offer the statement promise to.
Imagist, any of a group of American and English poets whose poetic program was formulated about 1912 by Ezra Pound —in conjunction with fellow poets Hilda Doolittle (H.D.), Richard Aldington, and F.S. Flint—and was inspired by the critical views of T.E. Hulme, in revolt against the careless thinking and Romantic optimism he saw prevailing Definition of British pound in the AudioEnglish.org Dictionary. Meaning of British pound. What does British pound mean? Proper usage and audio pronunciation (plus IPA phonetic transcription) of the word British pound. Information about British pound in the AudioEnglish.org dictionary, synonyms and antonyms One part of a compound word is usually clearly its head, in a general way able to represent the meaning of the whole compound. The heads of the various types of compound word are [in capital letters] in this list: bellBOY, spin-DRY, red HOT, inTO, and/OR. It can be seen that in English, the head of a compound word is always the last element. The word sterling is believed to come from the Old Norman French esterlin (meaning little star) transformed in stiere in Old English (strong, firm, immovable). The currency sign is the pound sign, originally ₤ with two cross-bars, then later more commonly £ with a single cross-bar Channel your inner rockstar with this full body cardio-jam session inspired by the infectious, energizing, and sweat-dripping fun of playing the drums. POUND® is currently taught by over 25,000 instructors in 100+ countries to hundreds of thousands of participants a week, making an active, supportive and passionate community
Pound Definition of Pound by Merriam-Webste
A penny is a small amount of money and a pound is a larger amount. Penny-wise, pound-foolish is to be cautious (wise) with small amounts of money but wasteful (foolish) with larger amounts.Example: We've worked so hard to save money that if we took a vacation now it would be penny-wise, pound-foolish.. People sometimes worry about spending small amounts of money; then they carelessly spend. Quid is a slang term for the pound sterling, or the British pound, the currency of the United Kingdom. A quid is equivalent to 100 pence, and it is thought to come from the Latin phrase quid pro. What does shilling mean? A coin formerly used in the United Kingdom, worth one twentieth of a pound, 5 new pence, or 12 old pence prior to 1971..
Pounding definition and meaning Collins English Dictionar
Start from the pound avoirdupois, the usual unit of mass and weight in the English system. SI dominates the world now and the English pound mass is now defined in terms of the kilogram. pound mass = 0.45359237 kg. This value is exact by definition. It is not measured or calculated. From here we move on to the first unit of force in the English. A Pound of Flesh: This phrase comes from Shakespeare's Merchant of Venice.In this play, Shylock, a moneylender, agrees to finance a fleet of ships for a young merchant, Antonio. In the contract, Shylock demands a pound of flesh as payment should anything happen to the ships ABOUT. HTML Arrows offers all the html symbol codes you need to simplify your site design. HTML Arrows is shared by Toptal Designers, the marketplace for hiring elite UI, UX, and Visual designers, along with top developer and finance talent.Discover why top companies and start-ups turn to Toptal to hire freelance designers for their mission-critical projects
Pounding - Definition for English-Language Learners from
The pound or pound force (symbol: lb, lbf, lbf, lbF) is a unit of force in some systems of measurement including English engineering units and British gravitational units.1 1 Definitions 2 Conversion to other units 3 Foot-pound-second systems of units 4 See also 5 Notes and references The pound-force is equal to the gravitational force exerted on a mass of one avoirdupois pound on the surface. PSI indicates the amount of pressure in a volume. Pounds per square inch, or psi, is the English unit of measure for pressure. The pound serves as the measure of weight or force, and the square inch is a measure of area. Therefore, psi measures the amount of force in a given area, and force and area have an inverse relationship—as the force. Quid vs Pounds (Sterling Pounds) • Pound is the official currency of Great Britain though the formal name of the currency is Pound Sterling. • Quid is a casual term for money in Britain as there is 'bucks for dollars' in US. • You can say one Quid or 1000 Quid and all you have to do is to replace pounds with Quid The wool pound was of 6992 grains, and was (of course) used for weighing wool. The clove, stone and tod mentioned above were also used. The tower pound was used for weighing coins, and was of 5400 grains. I believe the name tower comes from Tower Hill, the site of the royal mint. This number of grains comes from the traditional weight of an English silver penny of 22½ grains (Troy, or grains.
Pounding - Wikipedi
2. (unit of measurement) a. pound. Mi hermana adelgazó cinco libras. My sister lost five pounds. This means that the noun can be masculine or feminine, depending on the gender of person it refers to (e.g. el doctor, la doctora). masculine or feminine noun. 3. (person born under the sign of Libra) a. Libra A run on the pound would mean a blow to the UK economy, leading to inflation (Picture: Getty) Repercussions of a weaker sterling might include a rise in price of imported goods and raw materials The Prime Minister, Harold Wilson, has defended his decision to devalue the pound saying it will tackle the root cause of Britain's economic problems. The government announced last night it was lowering the exchange rate so the pound is now worth $2.40, down from $2.80, a cut of just over 14%. The decision came after weeks of increasingly. INCORRECT. lb or lbs (pound or pounds) refers to a unit of force or weight, not mass. I told you it would be confusing! If a man who weighs 200 pounds hangs from a rope, the rope tension is 200 lbs, a force unit. A person who weighs 200 bls on Earth would weigh 33 lbs on the Moon, so lbs is a unit of weight, not mass
Ezra Pound, in full Ezra Loomis Pound, (born October 30, 1885, Hailey, Idaho, U.S.—died November 1, 1972, Venice, Italy), American poet and critic, a supremely discerning and energetic entrepreneur of the arts who did more than any other single figure to advance a modern movement in English and American literature.Pound promoted, and also occasionally helped to shape, the work of such. The pound (lb) is the basic unit of weight (which is proportional to mass). Within the English units of measurement there are three different systems of weights. In the avoirdupois system, the most widely used of the three, the pound is divided into 16 ounces (oz) and the ounce into 16 drams A compound sentence is made by joining two independent clauses together with a conjunction. 5 Examples of Compound Sentences; 1. Mary doesn't like cartoons because they are loud, so she doesn't watch them. 2. I want to lose weight, yet I eat chocolate daily. 3. Michael did not like to read. She was not very good at it. 4. Dr. Mark said I could come to his office on Friday or Saturday of. Currency Exchange Rates - International Money Transfer | X Butcher: Our special feature is chicken legs 99 cent a pound, or $2.19 a kilo, and blade chop-steaks are $1.69 a pound or $3.73 a kilo. What does Our special feature mean foot-pound meaning in Estonian » DictZone English-Estonian dictionary
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text:
Photo, Print, Drawing National Home for Disabled Volunteer Soldiers, Marion Branch, Building No. 49, 1700 East 38th Street, Marion, Grant County, IN
Enlarge View 2 images in sequence.
[ Photos from Survey HABS IN-306-T ]
JPEG (30.1 KB) JPEG (112.5 KB) JPEG (206.1 KB) TIFF (33.3 MB)
[ Data Pages from Survey HABS IN-306-T ]
[ Photo Captions from Survey HABS IN-306-T ]
National Home for Disabled Volunteer Soldiers, Marion Branch, Building No. 49, 1700 East 38th Street, Marion, Grant County, IN
Historic American Buildings Survey, creator
Documentation compiled after 1933
- soldiers' homes
- Indiana -- Grant County -- Marion
- Survey number: HABS IN-306-T
- National Register of Historic Places NRIS Number: 99000833
Photo(s): 2
Photo Caption Page(s): 1
HABS IN-306-T
Historic American Buildings Survey (Library of Congress)
Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division Washington, D.C. 20540 USA http://hdl.loc.gov/loc.pnp/pp.print
Control Number
No known restrictions on images made by the U.S. Government; images copied from other sources may be restricted. http://www.loc.gov/rr/print/res/114_habs.html
Photo(s): 2 | Photo Caption Page(s): 1
Historic American Buildings Survey/Historic American Engineering Record/Historic American Landscapes Survey (44,397)
Historic American Buildings Survey
Soldiers' Homes
For information about reproducing, publishing, and citing material from this collection, as well as access to the original items, see: Historic American Buildings Survey/Historic American Engineering Record/Historic American Landscape Survey (HABS/HAER/HALS) Collection - Rights and Restrictions Information
Rights Advisory: No known restrictions on images made by the U.S. Government; images copied from other sources may be restricted. http://www.loc.gov/rr/print/res/114_habs.html
Reproduction Number: ---
Call Number: HABS IN-306-T
If Digital Images Are Displaying
You can download online images yourself. Alternatively, you can purchase copies of various types through Library of Congress Duplication Services.
HABS/HAER/HALS materials have generally been scanned at high resolution that is suitable for most publication purposes (see Digitizing the Collection for further details about the digital images).
Photographs--All photographs are printed from digital files to preserve the fragile originals.
Make note of the Call Number and Item Number that appear under the photograph in the multiple-image display (e.g., HAER, NY,52-BRIG,4-2).
If possible, include a printout of the photograph.
Drawings--All drawings are printed from digital files to preserve the fragile originals.
Make note of the Survey Number (e.g., HAER NY - 143) and Sheet Number (e.g., "Sheet 1 of 4"), which appear on the edge of the drawing. (NOTE: These numbers are visible in the Tiff "Reference Image" display.)
If possible, include a printout of the drawing.
Data Pages
Make note of the Call Number in the catalog record.
If Digital Images Are Not Displaying
In the rare case that a digital image for HABS/HAER/HALS documentation is not displaying online, select images for reproduction through one of these methods:
Visit the Prints & Photographs Reading Room and request to view the group (general information about service in the reading room is available at: http://www.loc.gov/rr/print/info/001_ref.html). It is best to contact reference staff in advance (see: http://www.loc.gov/rr/print/address.html) to make sure the material is on site. OR
P&P reading room staff can provide up to 15 quick copies of items per calendar year (many original items in the holdings are too old or fragile to make such copies, but generally HABS/HAER/HALS materials are in good enough condition to be placed on photocopy machines). For assistance, see our Ask a Librarian page OR
Hire a freelance researcher to do further selection for you (a list of researchers in available at: http://www.loc.gov/rr/print/resource/013_pic.html).
You can purchase copies of various types, including quick copies, through Library of Congress Duplication Services (price lists, contact information, and order forms for Library of Congress Duplication Services are available on the Duplication Services Web site):
Make note of the Call Number listed above.
Look at the Medium field above. If it lists more than one item:
The entire group can be ordered as photocopies or high-quality copies.
All the items in a particular medium (e.g., all drawings, all photographs) can be ordered as photocopies or high-quality copies.
Historic American Buildings Survey, Creator, and U.S. Department Of Veterans Affairs. National Home for Disabled Volunteer Soldiers, Marion Branch, Building No. 49,East 38th Street, Marion, Grant County, IN . Grant County Indiana Marion, 1933. Documentation Compiled After. Photograph. https://www.loc.gov/item/in0494/.
Historic American Buildings Survey, C. & U.S. Department Of Veterans Affairs. (1933) National Home for Disabled Volunteer Soldiers, Marion Branch, Building No. 49,East 38th Street, Marion, Grant County, IN . Grant County Indiana Marion, 1933. Documentation Compiled After. [Photograph] Retrieved from the Library of Congress, https://www.loc.gov/item/in0494/.
Historic American Buildings Survey, Creator, and U.S. Department Of Veterans Affairs. National Home for Disabled Volunteer Soldiers, Marion Branch, Building No. 49,East 38th Street, Marion, Grant County, IN . Documentation Compiled After. Photograph. Retrieved from the Library of Congress, <www.loc.gov/item/in0494/>.
National Home for Disabled Volunteer Soldiers, Marion Branch, Building No. 65, 1700 East 38th Street, Marion, ... Photo(s): 9 | Color Transparencies: 1 | Photo Caption Page(s): 1
Contributor: Historic American Buildings Survey - U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs
National Home for Disabled Volunteer Soldiers, Marion Branch, Building No. 2, 1700 East 38th Street, Marion, ... Photo(s): 3 | Photo Caption Page(s): 1
National Home for Disabled Volunteer Soldiers, Marion Branch, Building No. 97, 1700 East 38th Street, Marion, ... Photo(s): 2 | Photo Caption Page(s): 1
Sanborn Fire Insurance Map from Marion, Grant County, Indiana. Oct 1887. 7 Sheet(s).
Sanborn Fire Insurance Map from Marion, Grant County, Indiana. Nov 1890. 15 Sheet(s).
Sanborn Fire Insurance Map from Marion, Grant County, Indiana. Aug 1893. 18 Sheet(s).
Sanborn Fire Insurance Map from Marion, Grant County, Indiana. May 1896. 23 Sheet(s).
Map of Grant County, Indiana LC Land ownership maps, 147 Includes 1860 population table, business directories, list of county officers, views of public, residential, and commercial buildings. Insets: Map of Marion -- Map of Jonesboro -- Fairmont...
Contributor: Neal, Wm. (William) - Middleton, Strobridge & Co. - Neal, Wm.


text:
John Krasinski, Angela Kinsey and Brian Baumgartner tease the second half of season 7
Published on February 2, 2011 February 2, 2011 by AngelaKinseyFans
From GiveMeMyRemote.com:
"Michael Scott, Hollywood filmmaker?
It's a scary thought, but "The Office" will reveal in an upcoming episode that Michael has finally made his beloved script, "Threat Level Midnight."
When I recently caught up with series stars John Krasinski (Jim), Angela Kinsey (Angela) and Brian Baumgartner (Kevin), they dished on that, potential babies, the return of Roy and Karen and the possibility of Krasinski's wife, Emily Blunt, appearing on the show."
Read full interview: The Office: John Krasinski, Angela Kinsey and Brian Baumgartner tease the second half of season 7
Categories Interview, The Office
Previous 17th Annual SAG Awards
Next Interview with Angela at SAG Awards


ExpeER (Experimentation in Ecosystem Research) is an European project which aimed to bring together the major observational, experimental, analytical and modelling facilities in ecosystem science in Europe.
By uniting these highly instrumented ecosystem research facilities under the same umbrella and with a common vision, ExpeER intended to contribute to structuring the still fragmented research community on terrestrial ecosystems within the European Research Area. ExpeER was improving quality and performance of these infrastructure components in a sustainable manner and stimulating their international use.
developing a "model toolbox" allowing the scientific community within and outside the ExpeER network to better use modelling platforms. This will allow easy access to models for experimentalists and improve forecasting of ecosystem function and ser-vices under different future climate scenarios.
Scientists involved in the project consortium ranged from physiologists to environmental scientists, with a large number of participants involved in agronomy, ecology and biochemistry. This range of disciplines is essential to the long-term development of ecosystem science, in that detailed studies of small, rapid processes need to be embedded in longer term, larger scale experiments in order to develop a true systems approach, resulting in models that transfer information across scales. Much progress in environ-mental research has been the result of disciplinary and reductionist attempts to analyse separate compartments of the environmental system. However, the complexity of problems created by global change, land use changes, ecosystem services, food security issues, etc. needs an integrated interdisciplinary approach to solve environ-mental problems raised by today's society.
ExpeER concerned 19 countries across Europe. Refer here to know ExpeER participants.


The Department of Homeland Security has denied it is aware of any credible terrorist plots against shopping centers on US soil after their chief advised shoppers, particularly in the Mall of America, to be careful following threats from Somali extremists.
Earlier on Sunday, Homeland Security Secretary Jeh Johnson spoke on CNN's State of the Union about the threat made in a video attributed to Somalia's Al-Shabaab radical group.
"Anytime a terrorist organization calls for an attack on a specific place, we've got to take that seriously," he said, calling for caution by those visiting US malls, particularly one of the world's largest – the Mall of America.
"This latest statement from Al-Shabaab reflects the new phase we've evolved to in the global terrorist threat, in that you have groups such as Al-Shabaab and ISIL publicly calling for independent actors in their homelands to carry out attacks," Johnson said.
Al-Shabaab was responsible for the deadly 2013 attack on a Westgate shopping mall in Nairobi, Kenya, which resulted in over 60 civilian deaths and sparked fears of similar attacks being carried out around the world.
In a video, attributed to the group, an unidentified militant names the Mall of America, West Edmonton Mall in Canada and London's Oxford Street as possible targets. Both the Mall of America and West Edmonton Mall said they were implementing additional security measures following the threat.
The new threat issued in the video, however, does not add much to the persistent threat of "lone wolf" attacks, which US security officials are prepared for, one source told Reuters. The Royal Canadian Mounted Police said there was no evidence of any specific "imminent threat." London police for their part said they were assessing the information.


Garlic is a well known herb used in a variety of dishes all over the world.
You don't need to buy questionable garlic that's possibly an irradiated imported product... stick some in every spare corner of your own garden.
The time to start considering harvesting is when about ¾ of the plant has turned yellow or you see the leaves closest to the ground turn brown.


Thank you for visiting us and downloading games from our torrent, it's a huge achievement for us. Youll enjoy flinging fireballs as a warlock or driving tractors as a farmer, and youll uncover entire total another environments. Race, fly, zoom, and ride upon a variety of vehicles and creatures from diggers and helicopters to horses and dragons. Because the movie franchise series began back in 2005, the family-friendly Lego games have become an unfortunate pattern: several names feel into the attractions like B films. They are brought together by Sensei Wu to form a team to stop the evil Lord Garmadon and his skeleton army.
Gleeson entrusts Chase bring him to justice and to locate him. There are no scratch-scenes or tutorials to ease you in, just a choice of procedurally generated worlds and two characters to scrutinize them also than. Chase goes to rescue Frank from a team of thugs and b-ring again a police truck to the police station and later learns Kung-Fu having a guy. Recuerda que en elitetorrent somos parte de todos de la misma familia, si deseas alguna otra pelicula o serie solo debes contactarnos y pedirnos para que se publique y puedas disfrutarla. Annabelle: Creation is Horror movie with duration of 1 hour 50 minutes, directed by David F. A new animated experience in Warner Bros.
One way Lego Worlds differentiates itself from Minecraft is in its greater emphasis more or less mounts and vehicles. Once un-locked other figures might be playable, however they will still speak with the voice of Chase. After dealing having a road-block and arresting the clowns, Chase bumps in to Natalia, who announces her in Tent before driving a way of promptly leaving Lego Town. Players will enter a futuristic city and enter the war on crime with the help of the unique supernormal abilities of family members. The combo of action and humor functions, though the Lego game version is currently beginning to creak at the bases. Although it is much limited than the original version, It can be funny for many hours. The left arm is adorned with a dragon tattoo and a black wristband which look appropriate for your character.
Dragons have always been a significant part of Ninjago. The first trailerdelivered on this, but this one serves as a reminder that this remains a Lego film, also, which suggests jokes flying in a mile a minute and some genuinely bonkers spectacle. It is a formula if it works and which developer Traveller's Tales has strayed from, it works. At the same time, something new is promised, in addition to the familiar elements of the construction platform and solving puzzles: as you open new locations, you will be able to fight new manifestations of crime. With a narrative that unifies both Incredibles pictures into a story that is tortured, this is Lego by amounts.
. And, with new battle modes, friends and family can play against each other in a series of themed challenges and battle arenas! At the next, Jackie Chan, that voices Master Wu, provides you with a look at producing stunts for the movie. Chase wakes up to locate that the father of Natalia went lacking. Start the game from the desktop shortcut we created or you can manually start from the game executable 4. As taking into account most Early Access releases, this is a slice of a added game in a mostly unfinished heavens. Interactive Entertainment and released in 2015.
Although it does not compare with what you will see in Lego Marvel Super Heroes 2 -- Municiberg's town includes a vibe that is retro-futuristic, and gives a place for gamers to explore and participate with mini-quests and crimefighting diversions. The Lego Ninjago Film is set to launch on September 22nd. Now straightforward via Steam Early Access, its conveniently not the finished article. From the Comic-Con trailer for your film, we know just a little bit more about Lloyd that the Green Ninja and his loved ones. The kitty's pretty good, as is the disclosure of the way primary character Lloyd's mother met his dad, the evil warlord Garmadon. Select yes, and let the download start.
Other characters in the Incredibles and broader Pixar world provides fans of the movies more to look forward to -- you can also unlock Dory from Finding Nemo, that floats surreally at just a tiny ball of water. The surprise is, even without a nostalgic-powered handcuff fastening you to these stories, the seamless co-op and clever puzzles should be enough to draw even the Indy ignorant into the experience. Travel across lands — from Ancient Egypt to The Old West, Sakaar and New York City in 2099 — and transport objects or characters through the centuries! Burn or mount the image 3. There will be thousands of items to be built. As you explore, you will find many, many, many different things. Within this big-screen Ninjago experience, the struggle for Ninjago City requires to act youthful Master Builder Lloyd, aka the Green Ninja, together with his pals, who are all key ninja warriors. Spectacle enjoy, state, a live-action kitty stampeding through a Lego town.
Chase use free bricks to construct different objects, and can pilot automobiles, including helicopters and cars. It will be engaging to see how the creative process goes then to as soon as Minecraft fans, and whether it evolves subsequently grow primeval and feedback. Lego Worlds isnt without echoes of existing Lego titles. Meanwhile, Lloyd Garmadon, the team's Green Ninja and chief, starts asking his mum questions regarding his dad, and soon finds himself unable to take the fact that Lord Garmadon is his own dad, as a brand new danger shortly appears to undermine Ninjago. There are Props such as flowers, bushes, and other such items are littered throughout the landscapes, and in a lot of different varieties. A diamond pattern continues the red detail on the thighs but the figure lacks armour printing that's a bit disappointing. You yet sum Lego studs by smashing objects and discovering chests, and youll need these to obtain the various people and props you conflict and unlock.
Once purchased, you can call these in at any era. Hunt urban villains can be either alone or in a cooperative with a friend on the local network or online. It depends on your interests to choose some of them. Still, if any franchise is a natural fit for a Minecraft makeover, also Lego is the one, and this particular homage is already looking great. Pero se están produciendo cambios en Gotham, y si quiere salvar a la ciudad de la hostil conquista de El Joker, puede que tenga que dejar de actuar en solitario, intentar trabajar con otros y, tal vez, aprender a relajarse. The back is printed with matching symbols and two stylised hearts decorate the spring yellow green and medium blue boots.


Zhidk. krist. ikh prakt. ispol'z. = Liq. Cryst. and their Appl., 2012, 3, 31—36.
Ivanovo State University, Nanomaterials Research Institute 153025 Ivanovo, Ermak Str., 39.
The data on the molecular design of porphyrin and phthalocyanine derivatives are presented. Construction of molecular models and their optimization using the HyperChem program were performed by MM+ method and the method of molecular dynamics. The prog-nosis of mesomorphism characteristic for discotic mesogens was implemented. As predicted by both methods, octacarboxypyrazinoporphyrazine (1), -pyridinoporphyrazine (2) and octa-carboxyphthalocyanine (3) should not possess mesomorphism, whereas 5-(4'-carboxyphenyl)-10,15,20-tris(4'-hexadecyloxyphenyl)porphin (4) is inclined to form columnar mesophases. The data obtained by two different methods are in good agreement with each other and corre-lated with the experimental results.


text:
Schrader expands TPMS plant
DENVER (July 21, 2014) — Schrader International Inc. has expanded capacity at its Springfield, Tenn., tire pressure monitoring system (TPMS) sensors plant by more than 50 percent to meet growing global demand for TPMS technology.
The $15 million investment went toward equipment and expansion of factory space and will create 100 jobs at the plant. Schrader did not say how many employees it has at Springfield overall.
Schrader said the move is in response to the adoption of TPMS legislation in Europe, Russia and in several Asia-Pacific countries and growth among U.S. vehicle manufacturers.
Schrader held a ceremony July 18 to mark the expansion with several federal and state government officials in attendance, including U.S. Representative Diane Black (R-Tenn.).
Schrader also announced it recently produced its 300 millionth TPMS sensor.
"Schrader's continued success is the result of our technology leadership and the global adoption of TPMS legislation, specifically for its proven safety, fuel economy and environmental benefits," said Schrader President and CEO Hugh Charvat.
According to the company, its sensors are fitted on more than half of all vehicle platforms equipped with direct TPMS technology worldwide.
This is the second multi-million-dollar investment in Springfield in the past 15 months. Schrader commissioned a $10 million expansion there in April 2013.


Imagine a Nicholas Sparks' vehicle (without the earnest charm) combined with Skins, and a bad LSD trip and you get some indication of the erratic and sprawling, cliché-ridden mess that is Love, Rosie.
Adapted from Cecelia Ahern's 2004 bestseller Where Rainbows End, Love, Rosie follows lifelong best friends Rosie (Lily Collins) and Alex (Sam Claflin) over the course of twelve years. We see the ups-and-downs of their friendship chronicled, as well as the potential for romance between the pair continually unfulfilled.
Spanning such a vast time frame, screenwriter Juliette Towhidi crams the narrative of Love, Rosie full, in her best attempt to give a detailed insight into both the lives of Rosie and Alex. By jumping erratically between the two character's lives over the course of twelve years - we are left with a chaotic, headache-inducing amalgamation of romantic-comedy clichés. From high school years to employment, family births to bereavements and a multitude of new romances - Love, Rosie stows its borderline unwatchable run-time with every genre trapping and potentially human ritual imaginable. However, there remains a frustrating simplicity in these characters and their lives: they easily fall into their dream jobs and fall in love (albeit out of it, also) with complete ease.
Director Christian Ditter's visual style, pacing and tone also verge on unwatchable. The director comprises his feature of countless erratically shifting sequences that are so abrupt and unpredictable that we have no chance to immerse ourselves in the world and characters of Love, Rosie. These scenes are often soundtracked by loud, overbearing pop music and cliché-ridden romantic imagery from sun-stroked parks (on either side of the Atlantic) to sleek apartments.
Equally as frustrating as its sprawling structure, is its narrative repetition. Love, Rosie is driven by a will-they, won't-they dynamic that becomes infuriatingly overbearing - there are only so many times that we can watch Alex and Rosie meet up, only to be driven apart by varying circumstances. However, we have to endure twelve years worth of potential hook-ups which lack any poignancy or subtlety.
One of the few saving graces of Love, Rosie is the excellent Lily Collins - the actress's consistency is one of the few elements that grounds the chaos of Ditter's film. Showcasing an emotional vulnerability and endearing spirit, Collins is excellent from start-to-finish. Sam Claflin, who impressed in the likes of The Quiet Ones and The Riot Club, suffers from blandness of character here - with the actor struggling to inject any life or charisma into this unfortunate role. In a surprise turn out for the books, Jaime Winstone is excellent as the comic-value best-friend with the actress bringing a gutsy charm to the fold, whilst a continually shirtless Christian Cook helps perk up the film at its lowest moments.
Love, Rosie is perhaps the worst British film of the year. Its chaotic, sprawling narrative, combined with an erratic directorial style and a multitude of genre clichés make it an almost unwatchable experience.


Grade determination and awarding of a final grade in a course is clearly the responsibility of the instructor. Final grade reports should be available to the student within a reasonable time following the end of the course.
When a student becomes aware of a final grade that is believed to be incorrect, the student may appeal the final grade received in a course. The appeal process shall be initiated by the student as soon as possible following the receipt of the grade, but shall be initiated no later than 30 calendar days after grades are posted, and must be resolved within 120 calendar days following the initiation of the appeal.
The student and instructor shall discuss in private consultation the grade that the student believes is incorrect. At this meeting, only the grades on tests, projects, reports, etc., and the grading system listed in the syllabus will be discussed and recalculated as necessary. Whenever possible, the matter should be resolved at this meeting. If the instructor cannot resolve the problem immediately, the student will be notified of the availability of a copy of the grade appeal procedures in the office of the appropriate dean or the provost. If, upon receipt of the instructor';s written decision, the student is dissatisfied with the decision, the student may request a meeting with the department chair to appeal the decision of the instructor. (NOTE: In the event there is no department chair, the student may request a meeting with the dean who will conduct the meeting in accordance with steps No. 1 and No. 2 of this procedure.) The student must make the appeal within five (5) working days after notification by the instructor.
If, in the opinion of the department chair, the student did provide sufficient evidence of discrepancies or errors in the grades, the instructor will be notified within five (5) working days of the meeting. At the same time, the department chair will notify the student in writing of this decision.
The instructor will, in turn, inform the department chair in writing within five (5) working days whether he/she will change the grade. If the instructor changes the grade, the instructor notifies the student in writing, and the matter is closed.
If the instructor chooses not to change the grade, the department chair will be notified of the decision in writing within five (5) working days after having received the recommendation from the department chair. Within five (5) working days after being informed of the instructor's decision to deny the grade change, the department chair will notify the student that the appeal is denied and inform the student of further rights to appeal and the procedure for doing so.
All time limits stated are in working days. All time limits may be extended by mutual consent.
Within five (5) working days after receiving notification from the department chair that the appeal has been denied, a student may request a meeting with the dean who will take either action A or action B as described above.
Within five (5) working days after receiving notification from the dean that the appeal has been denied, a student appealing a grade in a course may request a hearing before an Academic Appeals Committee. This request will be in writing to the provost. The committee will consist of one (1) full-time instructor to be named by the student, one (1) full-time instructor to be named by the instructor and one (1) full-time instructor to be named by the provost. The provost will request that the student and instructor submit the name of their nominees within five (5) working days after notification of all parties involved. Upon receiving the names of those nominees and appointing a third instructor to the committee, the provost will set the time, date and place of the closed hearing and notify all parties. This will be done within five (5) working days after having received the names of both nominees. A student may present written evidence relevant to the grade appeal and may be advised at the hearing by one or more persons of his/her own choice. The student may have a maximum of two (2) persons in the room at a time. The Academic Appeals Committee may request information from the instructor and/or persons familiar with the case.
A grade change is justified and will be made.
A grade change is not justified and will not be made.
If the decision of the Academic Appeals Committee is to change the grade, the vice president for learning will have five (5) working days to make the grade change. The decision of the Academic Appeals Committee will be final.
The same appeal process will be followed when the instructor is not accessible or no longer employed by San Jacinto College by excluding step No. 1 involving the instructor.


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I've only tried a few recipes from this book so far, but they are phenomenal.
Having lived in Sicily for two years, I loved the stories of food and culture and the flavors that came out of the recipes. I have some mixed feelings about the book - I dislike the elitist aspects of the slow food movement and this book has them in spades, but the author is very aware of it and I think that helps. A number of the recipes are also so simple as to not really be recipes, but they capture the simplicity of Sicilian cooking and the primacy of good, local ingredients eaten fresh. Lik Having lived in Sicily for two years, I loved the stories of food and culture and the flavors that came out of the recipes. I have some mixed feelings about the book - I dislike the elitist aspects of the slow food movement and this book has them in spades, but the author is very aware of it and I think that helps. A number of the recipes are also so simple as to not really be recipes, but they capture the simplicity of Sicilian cooking and the primacy of good, local ingredients eaten fresh. Like I said, mixed feelings.
Food defines the rhythm of life in Sicily. There are beautiful photographs & interesting anecdotes to go with the recipes. But these recipes are not for the beginner. One senses there is a bit of wizardry in the kitchen at Case Vecchie.
History + recipes both complicated and rustic and some with hard-to-source ingredients--right up my alley!
I really enjoyed the back story. Case Vecchie is a place I would visit in a heartbeat and Fabrizia now seems like an "old friend". I will find my way to Regaleali one of these days.


text:
exhibitions, pastel
The evolution of taste in pastels
To accompany the new exhibition of nineteenth century pastels currently at the Petit Palais, L'Art du pastel de Degas à Redon, a two-day seminar Le Pastel: regards croisés sur une technique singulière was held in Paris on Monday and Tuesday. I gave two talks yesterday morning, of which the first is in this post. The second will appear later. My theme concerned two different aspects of pastel exhibitions. You can easily find full references, bibliographies etc. for the talk in the online Dictionary of pastellists, and in particular in the Prolegomena.
Let me first of all say a few words about the scope of my talk. I am discussing only pastels made before 1800. I consider nineteenth century pastels to be completely different objects which just happen to use a similar medium. Degas and his contemporaries did not revive the dix-huitième: they may have been inspired by it, to some degree, but they were led to something far removed visually and aesthetically.
But the history of connoisseurial appreciation of the dix-huitième pastel does of course go back before 1908, and we must start with that general revival of interest in 18th century art which is so often associated with the Goncourts.
Our understanding of this has advanced considerably thanks to the excellent La Caze exhibition 10 years ago, and the subsequent colloquium at The Wallace Collection in London entitled Delicious Decadence. I'm going to assume that you are familiar with both publications. But it may surprise you to learn that the word "pastel" hardly occurs at all in the proceedings: only one pastel is actually mentioned, and that in passing.
Carole Blumenfeld's excellent article in the La Caze catalogue discussed a number of the pioneers in this rediscovery: Daniel Saint, His de La Salle, baron d'Ivry, baron de Beurnonville, Laurent Laperlier – although Henry de Chennevières subordinated their roles to just three figures: François Marcille, Louis La Caze and Hippolyte Walferdin. To these Blumenfeld judiciously added the marquis de Cypierre and Paul Barroilhet. But how far did their interest extend to pastel?
If we look at the collections they and others formed – and exclude groups of portraits in museums or still belonging to descendants of the sitters, as well as the stock of dealers – surprisingly few people acquired pastels systematically. My figures indicate only about 120 collectors owning more than four 18th century pastels, and of these fewer than 30 owned more than a dozen. Topping the list was indeed François Marcille, with more than 50 pastels, Camille Groult a close second. Among Blumenfeld's figures, the only others with more than half a dozen pastels were Laperlier and Cypierre, of which Laperlier's collection was more important. The other great collections – Doucet stands out – were formed a little later, when the revival had taken hold. But in almost all these cases, the substantial pastel holdings were matched – or rather trumped – by prodigious holdings of oil paintings or drawings. Marcille's 55 pastels for example were part of a collection numbering at least 2700 works.
I don't have the time to offer biographies of each of these figures. What I can say is that they had surprisingly little in common: there were painters and financiers, nobles and nouveaux. Some were prodigiously wealthy, some were not. Some were politically ultra, others progressive. Curieux indeed.
There is a further aspect to this: many of these nineteenth collections included pastels only by certain big names: La Tour, Perronneau, Chardin, Greuze, Boucher, Prud'hon, Fragonard. To these were added Rosalba, and by the turn of the century the English artist John Russell, invariably misspelt. Apart from those two and Perronneau, the others were all the subjects of the Goncourts' essays in L'Art du xviiie siecle, which started to appear in 1859. And we have to ask how deep was their understanding of pastel – indeed how many of those late 19th century records of pastels by La Tour, listed but not confirmed in B&W and now disappeared without trace – were actually correctly attributed? This was an era when ludicrous misattributions and misidentifications were endemic.
In 1863, the Goncourt brothers visited princesse Mathilde and were shown into her painting studio, which was "encombré de ces choses qui ne sont des objets d'art que pour les femmes, un faux pastel de Boucher, de faux pastels de Chardin." Just a year later, this pastel entered the Goncourt apartment in the rue Saint-Georges:
They had seen it in a sale where, like all other competent pastels, it was catalogued as by La Tour, a description they recognised as false. The brothers were excited to find it on their return from a fencing lesson:
Un commissionnaire nous apporte des Commissaires-Priseurs un magnifique pastel de Perroneau, pour lequel nous avions donné commission, dimanche, à une vente de tableaux de l'École française. Nous nous habillons, mettons des cravates blanches, allons dîner chez la Princesse, revenons et fumons une pipe, en adoration devant notre Perronneau, posé sur la table de notre chambre.
The magic took its effect: the entry for New Year's Eve is:
En regardant le Perroneau et nos tapisseries de Beauvais, je songe que le xviiie siècle a eu, dans son ameublement d'art, le velouté.
But of course the pastel they had bought was not by Perronneau either, despite the label they affixed to the frame. They paid Fr 330 francs in 1863; at their sale 34 years later it fetched ten times as much, Fr 3000 – still only about €15,000 after inflation in today's money. It is in fact by Vigée Le Brun.
Remember too Reynaldo Hahn's account of the Goncourt view on Perronneau's superiority to La Tour and Chardin – the "other two pastellists"; and that travel to find out more about other schools was quite unnecessary. Was this based on deep understanding – or rather social bluster, claiming an exquisite sensibility denied to lesser mortals? This was 1895: although the Louvre had recently acquired its third Perronneau, Hahn and Proust had only seen La Tour and Chardin on their visit the day before this dinner. Proust wrote his unpublished essay about Chardin at this time, but he mentions Perronneau in his novel only after visiting Cent pastels in 1908.
It's a sobering thought, but perhaps one that should not surprise us. Because quite simply the opportunity to see pastels in public collections was very limited in the mid-19th century. The collection at Saint-Quentin was barely accessible until it was placed in the Palais de Fervacques in 1856, and only moved to the present musée Antoine-Lécuyer in 1886.
The collection at the Louvre was of course the most important, and certainly well copied by the end of the 19th century. We can begin to glimpse the evolution of taste by looking at the holdings in the Louvre from its inception in 1793 when it took over the royal collections and those of the Académie royale. Excluding sheets with touches of pastel, the Louvre now owns about 200 pre-1800 pastels, representing the work of approximately 70 pastellists of whom these are the top dozen:
These names probably won't surprise you, although the exclusions are remarkable. There was no Liotard pastel until 1982, and there is still only one. Apart from a handful of Russells, the neglect of non-French pastellists is systematic: nothing by Copley, Cotes, Gainsborough, Gardner, Hamilton, Hoare, Mengs, Rotari, Schröder or Tiepolo.
But we should also look at the date of acquisition of these holdings.
The peak in the 1820s is probably a glitch in the inventories, and should probably be added to the ancien régime endowment representing one-third of today's holdings. That in the 1940s includes wartime recuperation. But the peaks in the 1860s, the 1910s and the last 15 years do represent waves of real interest. Of the 27 La Tours, a dozen were there at the start, another ten were added around 1910, while the 3 additions since 1950 have all taken place in the last 12 years.
Over the years numerous pastels were offered to the Louvre: there have been some astonishing refusals – among them the président de Rieux now in the Getty, as well as the abbé Nollet in Munich. Even the full length Mme de Pompadour was initially refused before the Louvre changed its mind. Mme Roslin's self-portrait was offered but rejected in 1847. As we shall see that was a mistake with sad repercussions.
One might expect that museum acquisitions worldwide would provide a valuable chart of leading taste across all schools. Sadly that seems not to be the case. Only a handful of museums have both the funds and the skills to set trends in taste. For others the pastels they acquire have been through legacies or random acts that reflect specific interests (for example when the sitter in a portrait has a connection with the museum) rather than a planned programme of acquisition. I have records of some 6500 pastels in public collections worldwide, so to sift these I made an arbitrary decision to look at acquisitions only in the last 30 years. I can't say I pursued this with 100% accuracy, but I found details of some 300 pastels acquired in that period by 104 institutions. But when you exclude those acquiring only a single or couple of works, the number reduces to just 20 institutions worldwide:
Even here, I'm including the V&A which received two wonderful Nattier pastels by legacy 30 years ago which have never, and probably never will, come out of storage: they are an exception to the general rule that British institutions dislike all pastels, and hate French in particular. But the names topping the list will surprise no one here.
Equally there are no surprises when we analyse the acquisitions by the names of the artist, where perennial favourites dominate:
Among the 85 pastellists, only two dozen were represented by 4 or more works, and even these numbers are distorted by special interests. Thus Guildford House and Geneva respectively collect Russell and Liotard. Perhaps the most curious phenomenon was the interest shown by a number of minor US galleries in acquiring single heads by Luti from a group that appeared at auction some years ago. Many of these acquisitions were driven by skilful dealers.
Their influence can be followed in the saleroom. You can find more detail on all this on my website, and I don't want to get bogged down in dry statistics or arguments about inflation. But here is a summary of the pastels which sold for more than $100,000: there are 89 pastels by 29 artists.
Prices for pastels collapsed at the end of the eighteenth century and only really revived with the second wave of interest towards the end of the nineteenth century, reaching a zenith in the first quarter of the twentieth century.
We can see this clearly in individual cases, such as that of a Perronneau pastel (left) which belonged to Laurent Laperlier, but fetched a mere 48 francs (about €200 in today's money) in his 1867 sale. Auction prices are made by two competing bids, and a sole enthusiast does not represent a market revival. The purchaser was the other enthusiast, the baron de Beurnonville. In 1925 it sold for a more respectable 17,000 francs. Marius Paulme bought, and at his sale four years later it went for 70,000 francs (€175,000) – about 1000 times more than at the Laperlier sale. Today it would be worth rather less.
The Perronneau known as the comte de Bastard in the Louvre was sold in 1881 for 5000 francs (about €23,000). Seventeen years later it was still only worth €40,000 in today's money. But at the Jacques Doucet sale in 1912, it fetched 128,000 francs, equivalent to nearly €600,000 today.
The Jacques Doucet sale in 1912 marked the high point in French pastels, with La Tour's Duval de l'Épinoy (right) reaching about €3 million today, double the estimate. Writing in the Burlington magazine, Robert Dell, its first editor, revealed typically British fury: "Is it in accordance with common sense that a masterpiece by Fragonard [le songe du mendiant] should fetch 137,500 francs, and a masterpiece by Latour, who can hardly be counted the equal of Fragonard, 660,000? The truth is that prices have no sort of relation to artistic value." But they do tell us about taste.
This revolution in saleroom prices, which lagged some way behind the development of individual enthusiasms, occurred simultaneously in London and Paris, and applied to English as well as to French pastellists. At the Angerstein sale at Christie's in 1896, the 1000 guineas (€130,000 today) achieved by a Lawrence (one which had taken him all of three weeks to complete) was the highest price ever paid at auction for a pastel. It was soon exceeded by Russell's Persian Sibyl, for which Charles Wertheimer paid 1100 gns (Christie's, 1899; about €150,000 today). The 1908 sale of the Gardner portrait of Lady Fawkener for 1250 gns (again about €150,000 today) brought the artist out of obscurity, and created a self-fuelling dealers' bonanza – although in fact a Gardner had been sold four years previously, at the Townshend Heirlooms sale, when it was miscatalogued as by Reynolds.
There it fetched 35 times as much as a Rosalba, while the unattributed pastel by Katherine Read still went for four times the price of the Rosalba.
These relativities are evidently unstable, and these prices were not sustained. It was not until 1993 that a British pastel reached a level equivalent to six figures today. Since then Hugh Douglas Hamilton and chalk drawings by Gainsborough and Wright of Derby have become popular.
Perhaps the most surprising performer has been Liotard. Although known for high prices when he was working, his masterpiece, Le Petit Déjeuner des Mlle Lavergne, sold in 1801 for £89 (about €8000); in 1835 for £31 (€4000); in 1916 for £1260 (€130,000); and in 1918 for £1450 (€100,000). No other published price for a Liotard reached that level until the 1986 purchase by the Museum of Fine Arts in Houston for a reported SwFr 2 million (€2,400,000) – but that was a response to the Getty's purchase of the little girl, Frederica van Reede, for an undisclosed sum a few years before. Thereafter some 15 Liotards have sold for over £100,000, dominating the tables by number and value.
Liotard's market value coincides with the burgeoning literature devoted to him. But it cannot be said that academia has played a significant role in the taste for or even in the study of pastels. There is almost no appetite for object led research. So we need to turn to public exhibitions,
The salons of the Académie royale have of course been the subject of much academic research – although those of the Académie de Saint-Luc, far more important for pastel portraits, have been largely overlooked. But these were shows of contemporary art. Pastels were mixed with paintings, arranged by size and format.
During the 19th century, the neglect of 18th century pastels in loan exhibitions reflects that in the saleroom.
If we look at loan exhibitions including more than ten 18th century pastels, worldwide, I can find only 15; of these, the six in Paris all took place after 1874. These too were heavily dominated by pastels supposed to be by La Tour. There may have been one or two by Coypel, Rosalba or Perronneau, but no pastel by Vivien, Valade, either Vigée, Labille-Guiard, Lenoir, Loir, Lundberg, Boze, Ducreux, Glain, Nattier: these were all unknown as pastellists.
The Exposition de Cent pastels represents the start of attention on the 18th century pastel in its own terms. It changed a great deal:
It made collecting pastel socially acceptable
It introduced the medium to a broader audience
It introduced them to minor pastellists such as Jean Chevalier, Duplessis, Frey, Guérin, Hall, Hoin, Labille-Guiard, Mérelle
It even made English pastellists such as Cotes and Gardner acceptable.
Standards of scholarship however left much to be desired, as anyone can see by comparing the livret with the commemorative catalogue, where at least two dozen new "identifications" were supplied by Roger-Milès's fevered imagination. But perfectly good works (such as La Tour's princesse de Rohan,
now in Stockholm) were rejected as anonymes, in favour of copies and misattributions. As a quick tally, of the 118 pastels in the livret, only 102 made it into the final catalogue, not all of which are known today; I reckon that some 25 were given imaginary identities, perhaps ten were given to completely incorrect artists (Vigée Le Brun to Carmontelle or Perronneau; Valade to La Tour; Gardner to Reynolds etc.), while a dozen (mostly given to La Tour) were simply copies. The point was made by Maurice Tourneux at the time, and more recently by Xavier Salmon in the context of the 2004 La Tour exhibition. I make it again in the broader context of "not every pastellist is La Tour".
But Cent pastels was a start. It was rapidly followed by the even larger Exposition des pastellistes anglais du xviiie siècle – but this was a dealers' show, riddled with error and diluted with watercolour. The First World War intervened, but by 1920 there was a return of interest led initially by dealers' shows but culminating in a re-run of Cent pastels, but with sounder scholarship: the 1927 Exposition de pastels français des xviie et xviiie siècles.
Again a livret and a full souvenir catalogue, and this time as well as including further unknowns, such as Allais, Berjon, Davesne and Frédou, an attempt was made to cover the earlier period, with pastels by Nanteuil, Vaillant and Vivien. The English interlopers – indeed all foreign pastellists – were excluded. There remained some errors: among nearly 150 pastels, about a dozen were wrongly identified and a similar number misattributed. Despite the inclusion of many smaller names, it reinforced the perception of La Tour and Perronneau as the only ones who matter. In general it established a strong level of interest in 18th century French pastel, and led to the inclusion of pastels in a series of loan exhibitions in Paris, Amsterdam, London, Vienna and Venice in the 1930s.
Paul Ratouis de Limay finally published his survey of French 18th century pastellists in 1946, but it was largely based on work done before the war (he was 65 when it appeared). And while there were similar, but even less accurate, summaries of German (Brieger, 1913) and English pastellists (Sée, deeply flawed) there remained no comprehensive study of the field until far later.
The next war cast a pall over the dix-huitième which lasted through the 1980s. You can see too what happened in terms of cross-border movement: although a couple of dealer-led shows in Paris and London like the Pastellistes anglais distorted the statistics for the 1910s, the transport of pastels for international loan exhibitions was very rare until very recently. This is a point I shall come back to.
Of course it's not correct to say that pastel shows ended in 1939. Pastels continued to appear in more general exhibitions. The huge Marie-Antoinette show in Versailles in 1955, with over 1000 exhibits, included some 30 pastels. (In contrast the 2008 Marie-Antoinette exhibition included only 6 pastels.) A similar number and ratio for the Royal Academy exhibition of British portraits in London in 1956. But pastels in larger shows took a lower and lower profile. The Royal Academy's winter exhibition of 1968, France in the eighteenth century, had 1035 exhibits, but only 5 were genuine pastels. Portraits publics, portraits privés at the Grand Palais in 2006 and the Royal Academy the following year included no pastel.
Apart from a few commercial shows pastel exhibitions were rare in the post-war period. Special shows of the Louvre and Saint-Quentin collections were held in the 1950s; the next exhibition with more than a dozen pastels was that of the Carnavalet's permanent collection in 1984. After that you had to wait 13 years for the Versailles exhibition, again of its own holdings. In 2001 the Hermitage did the same.
By far the largest was the Warsaw exhibition of 2015 with some 250 of its own pastels from all periods.
2004 saw the tercentenary celebrations for La Tour with 50 pastels from public and private collections travelling to Versailles and exhibitions of permanent collections at Chantilly, the Louvre etc. with a joint catalogue: the simultaneous hub idea which never really caught on. But the event gave a huge fillip to pastel exhibitions.
Recent years have seen a number of monographic exhibitions: Rosalba, Tiepolo, Liotard, Perronneau.
The Vigée Le Brun show had some 32 pastels in Paris, although only 5 made it to the US leg. But a feature of this and the Liotard and Perronneau shows which may be termed "availability bias" is that for these artists, the relative strength of their œuvre in pastel compared with their oil paintings may have been distorted by the difficulty of borrowing their best work in the more fragile medium. Some people left the Liotard exhibition thinking he was a far better miniaturist, painter and draughtsman than pastellist.
The most important recent shows devoted exclusively to the eighteenth century pastel by multiple artists was held by the Met in New York in 2011: 44 pastels of its own and local collections, mainly focused on big names, but mixing pastels from all schools.
But the need has remained for loan exhibitions so as to extend knowledge beyond domestic boundaries and the inner circle of the big names.
This survey prompts questions:
Should French pastels be mixed with British, Italian, German and other schools?
Should 18th century works hang with later ones?
Should pastels hang among oil paintings, drawings or miniatures?
Should they be hung sparsely in single rows, or in dense multi-level displays?
How should they be lit (ambient or directional), and against what colour walls? Should there be shows with different levels of illumination: one night a month reserved for pensioners, or fifteen minutes each hour at general low levels?
Let me try to draw some conclusions.
Taste is influenced but not formed by individual enthusiasts. Whether they are ahead of their time or remain disregarded is, like treason, a question of dates.
Museum purchases, saleroom prices and social acceptability are all driven to a far greater extent by dealers and perhaps increasingly by auction houses.
Taste has been and remains strongly name-driven. A Gardner or even a Liotard is nowhere until someone pays a spectacular price.
European collections largely remain national. Only from America is Europe viewed as a single country.
Neglect and ignorance persist, and exhibitions are crucial in breaking this down.
But fragility remains the big barrier to those shows…my next talk.
Carol Lois Haywood permalink
Reblogged this on Silicon Valley Types and commented:
A scholarly taste for pastels will find this a marvelous blog. Others may pass–but do enjoy all the pastel portraits displayed before you go!
Thank you for your generosity. Tomorrow's blog won't be quite so happy!
Identifying Russell's petite fille aux cerises | Neil Jeffares
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