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A set of rather clean Delaware & Hudson Alco C628's led by #609 are bringing an eastbound freight from Buffalo past an Erie Lackawanna General Electric U33C on the side track. The Alcos are coming off Erie Lackawanna main track 1 at QD and will be heading through Liberty St. yard to Bevier St. yard and thence northbound on the D&H main line to Albany. Photo by Jay Winn
Binghamton: A Railfan's Perspective
By Jay A. Winn/photos as noted
How it all started… My grandfather was a mechanical engineering professor and lover of all things mechanical, and near the top of his list were railroads. When I was about eight years old he started taking me with him when he went train watching. We spent a whole lot of time watching the New York Central near our home in Utica, N.Y., but occasionally we ventured further afield on day trips to see the Delaware & Hudson at Oneonta and Cobleskill. One day in 1956, when I was a bit older, he announced that we were going to take a trip to Binghamton because that was a very busy place with no less than four different railroads. On that trip I got my first look at the Erie, the Delaware, Lackawanna & Western, and the Lehigh Valley. I also got to see more of my favorite railroad, the Delaware & Hudson.
It was an overnight trip and we stayed in the Arlington Hotel just across the street from the Lackawanna station. We watched trains all day and then into the night and then part of the next day. It was a memorable couple of days spent watching all of the incredible action in and around the station area at Chenango Street. The location was a railfan's dream. It was an incredibly busy place with passenger stations for three different railroads and freight yards for two of them all located in close proximity to one another. There were so many trains that there was rarely a lull in the action. It seemed that there was always a train moving somewhere within that location. There were freight and passenger trains from both the Erie and the DL&W, a number of freights and a passenger train from the D&H and even the Lehigh Valley made an appearance. Even when there was no mainline action there was always some switching going on in the yards. I had become accustomed to the fact that a railfan had to have patience, since it was quite normal to wait a while for a train to show up, and then to wait even longer for another; four or five trains represented a good day. Binghamton was unlike anything I had ever experienced. I was so overwhelmed I didn't know where to look first.
The Sayre Turn arriving with two Lehigh Valley RS3's is seen entering the Liberty St. yard. Next to them is an Erie Lackawanna GP7 1206 working the former Erie QD yard. The tower housed the crossing gate watchman, as the Chenango Street viaduct was not built until 1900 and motorists had to contend with a number of busy crossings at grade. Notice the concrete milepost measuring 214 miles from Erie's terminal at Jersey City. Photo by Jay Winn
After that first trip to Binghamton watching the likes of the Phoebe Snow, the Erie Limited, D&H Train 205 (all-coach local to Albany) and countless other trains, not to mention the seemingly endless parade of different locomotive types and color schemes, I didn't want to ever leave. I had previously become a big fan of the D&H at Oneonta after the many trips there with grandfather, but Binghamton had now taken its place as my number one favorite train watching spot. It was even better than my grandfather had described.
Over the next few years I accompanied my grandfather to Binghamton quite a number of times on day trips, but by about 1959 my grandfather seemed to lose interest in Binghamton and preferred Oneonta, so there were no more Binghamton trips until I managed to get a car (and a 35mm camera) in 1964. When I started to explore on my own I realized, much to my amazement, that the station area where my grandfather and I had always spent our time was just the proverbial tip of the iceberg. I was soon to discover that there was so much more to see. Although the text will cover the era from 1956 through 1976, we'll include photos from the following ten years or so, in order to give you some perspective and appreciation of the many changes that Binghamton has seen…
Read the rest of this article in the 2018-4 issue of Trains & Railroads of the Past!
This article was posted on: November 15, 2018
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\section{Statement of the results}

In Euclidean space  $\mathbb E^3$, the plane and the catenoid are the only minimal rotational surfaces.
These surfaces are foliated by a uniparametric family of coaxial circles. We consider now a more general context
and we ask for those minimal surfaces foliated by a uniparametric family of circles in parallel planes, called  cyclic surfaces \cite{en,ni}.
A straightforward computation shows that, besides the rotational surfaces, the surface must be one of the classical family of minimal surfaces
discovered by Riemann \cite{ni,ri}. Similarly, the only cyclic surfaces in $\mathbb E^3$ with zero Gaussian curvature are rotational surfaces,
or generalized cones \cite{lo}.

The motivation of the present paper is to consider cyclic surfaces in Sol$_3$ space and to classify them under the assumptions of minimality and flatness.
This space  is a simply connected homogeneous $3$-manifold  and it belongs to one of the eight models of the geometry of Thurston \cite{th}.
As a Riemannian manifold, the space Sol$_3$  can be represented by $\mathbb R^3$ equipped with the metric
$$
\langle~,~\rangle=e^{2z}dx^2+e^{-2z}dy^2+dz^2,
$$
where $(x,y,z)$ are the canonical coordinates of $\mathbb R^3$. The space Sol$_3$ is a Lie group  with the group operation
$$
(x,y,z)\ast (x',y',z')=(x+e^{-z}x',y+e^{z}y',z+z'),
$$
and the metric $\langle~,~\rangle$ is  left-invariant. Recently, there is an activity on the study of submanifolds in Sol$_3$,
see for example \cite{dm,il,lo2,lm1,lm2,st}.

Recall that in Sol$_3$ there is not a group of rotations as in the Euclidean space $\mathbb E^3$,
that is, a uniparametric continuous group of direct isometries that leave pointwise a geodesic.
However, a rotational surface in $\mathbb E^3$ is also characterized as a surface foliated by the uniparametric circles $C_s$
all contained in planes $P_s$ whose centers form a straight line orthogonal to each $P_s$. In Sol$_3$ we have  all these concepts, such as
geodesic, totally geodesic surface, and distance. Under this viewpoint, we carry the next definition:

\begin{definition}
A circle in Sol$_3$ is a curve contained in a totally geodesic surface $P$ and equidistant from a fixed point of $P$, called the center of the circle.
\end{definition}

We point out that the distance in the circle is computed with the induced metric on $P$ by Sol$_3$,
which agrees with the one induced on the curve by the metric of the ambient space because $P$ is totally geodesic.

We recall that in  Sol$_3$ the totally geodesic surfaces are the vertical planes $P_s$ of equation $x=s$ and the planes $Q_s$ of equation $y=s$, where $s\in\mathbb R$.
Here we use the notion of 'vertical' and 'horizontal' in its usual affine concept of the set $\mathbb R^3$, where the space Sol$_3$ is modeled.

By analogy with what happens in Euclidean space, we give the next definition.

\begin{definition}
A cyclic surface in Sol$_3$ is a surface foliated by a uniparametric family of circles contained in the planes $P_s$ (resp. contained in the planes $Q_s$).
If the centers of these circles form a geodesic line orthogonal to each plane $P_s$ (resp. each plane $Q_s$), then we say that the surface is rotational.
\end{definition}

Motivated by the results of Euclidean space $\mathbb E^3$, we ask for those  cyclic surfaces in Sol$_3$ that are minimal (zero mean curvature)
or flat (zero Gaussian curvature). For example, we ask about the existence of rotational surfaces or surfaces with the same role as Riemann minimal examples.

Because the study of cyclic surfaces foliated by circles in the planes $P_s$ is analogous to the ones foliated by circles in the planes $Q_s$,
we will assume in this paper that the cyclic surfaces are always foliated by circles in the totally geodesic planes of type $P_s$.

In this sense, we obtain:

\begin{theorem}\label{t1}
 There are no  minimal cyclic surfaces in Sol$_3$.
\end{theorem}

\begin{theorem}\label{t2}
 There are no  flat cyclic surfaces in Sol$_3$.
 \end{theorem}

Both theorems will be proved in Section \ref{se-3}. On the other hand, recall that the planes $P_s$ are isometric to the hyperbolic plane $\mathbb H^2$ and the circles in
$P_s$ are curves with constant curvature $\kappa$, $\kappa>1$.  However, in the hyperbolic plane there are other curves with constant curvature $\kappa$, but
$0\leq \kappa\leq 1$. Indeed, these curves are geodesics, equidistant lines and horocycles. Therefore, we ask for minimal or flat cyclic surfaces
foliated by these curves. In this context, we obtain in Section \ref{se-4} all minimal or flat cyclic surfaces foliated by geodesics,
equidistant lines, or horocycles. See Theorems \ref{t3} and \ref{t4}.

\section{Preliminaries}\label{se-2}

The isometry group of Sol$_3$ has dimension $3$ and the component of the identity is generated by the following families of isometries:
\begin{eqnarray*}
& &T_{1,c}(x,y,z):=(x+c,y,z),\\
& &T_{2,c}(x,y,z):=(x,y+c,z),\\
& &T_{3,c}(x,y,z):=(e^{-c}x,e^{c}y,z+c),
\end{eqnarray*}
where $c\in\mathbb R$ is a real parameter. These isometries are left multiplications by elements of Sol$_3$ and so,
they are left-translations with respect to the structure of the Lie group. The Sol$_3$ space has  the next three foliations:
\begin{eqnarray*}
& &\mathcal{ F}_1: \{P_s=\{(s,y,z);y,z\in\mathbb R\};s\in\mathbb R\}\\
& &\mathcal{F}_2: \{Q_s=\{(x,s,z);x,z\in\mathbb R\};s\in\mathbb R\}\\
& &\mathcal{F}_3: \{R_s=\{(x,y,s);x,y\in\mathbb R\};s\in\mathbb R\}.
\end{eqnarray*}
The foliations $\mathcal{F}_1$ and $\mathcal{F}_2$  are determined by the isometry groups $\{T_{1,c};c\in\mathbb R\}$ and $\{T_{2,c};c\in\mathbb R\}$ respectively, and they
describe the (only) totally geodesic surfaces of Sol$_3$, each leaf of the foliation being isometric to a hyperbolic plane.
The foliations $\mathcal{F}_3$ are minimal surfaces, all of them being isometric to the Euclidean plane.

With respect to the metric $\langle~,~\rangle$, an orthonormal basis of left-invariant vector fields is given by
$$E_1=e^{-z}\frac{\partial}{\partial x},\hspace*{.5cm}  E_2=e^{z}\frac{\partial}{\partial y},\hspace*{.5cm}  E_3=\frac{\partial}{\partial z}.$$

The Riemannian connection ${\nabla}$ of Sol$_3$ with respect to $\{E_1,E_2,E_3\}$  is
$$\begin{array}{lll}
{\nabla}_{E_1} E_1=-E_3 & {\nabla}_{E_1}E_2=0&{\nabla}_{E_1}E_3=E_1\\
{\nabla}_{E_2} E_1=0 & {\nabla}_{E_2}E_2=E_3&{\nabla}_{E_2}E_3=-E_2\\
{\nabla}_{E_3} E_1=0 & {\nabla}_{E_3}E_2=0&{\nabla}_{E_3}E_3=0.\\
\end{array}
$$

For a surface in Sol$_3$ parameterized in local coordinates by $X=X(s,t)$ and endowed with the unit normal $N$, the formulas
of the mean curvature and Gaussian curvature are, respectively,
$$H =\frac{1}{2}\frac{En- 2Fm +Gl}{EG-F^2},\ \ K=\frac{ln-m^2}{EG-F^2},$$
with
\begin{eqnarray*}
&&E=\langle X_s,X_s\rangle,\ F=\langle X_s,X_t\rangle,\ G=\langle X_t,X_t\rangle,\\
&&l=\langle \nabla_{X_s} X_s, N\rangle,\ m=\langle \nabla_{X_s} X_t, N\rangle = \langle \nabla_{X_t} X_s, N\rangle,
\ n=\langle \nabla_{X_t} X_t, N\rangle .
\end{eqnarray*}

Each plane $P_s$ has  constant curvature $-1$ and it is isometric to  $\mathbb H^2$.
For an explicit isometry between both spaces, we consider $\mathbb H^2$ modeled by the upper half-plane model,
that is, $\mathbb H^2$ is the upper half-plane $\mathbb R^2_{+}=\{(x,y)\in\mathbb R^2;y>0\}$ endowed with the metric $ds^2=((dx)^2+(dy)^2)/y^2$.
The isometry between $P_s$ and $\mathbb H^2$ is  given by
$$
\Phi_s:P_s\rightarrow\mathbb H^2, \ \ \Phi_s(y,z)=(y,e^z).
$$
In the upper half-plane model, a circle in $\mathbb H^2$ is viewed as an Euclidean circle strictly contained  in $\mathbb R^2_+$, which it is parameterized by
$\beta(t)=(a,b)+r(\cos(t),\sin(t))$, $a,b\in\mathbb R$, $r>0$ and $b-r>0$.
The center of the circle $\beta$ is the point $c_\beta=(a,\sqrt{b^2-r^2})$ and the hyperbolic radius is $r_\beta=\log((b+r)/\sqrt{b^2-r^2})$.
Therefore the circle $\beta$ is viewed in Sol$_3$  as $C_s:=\Phi_s^{-1}(\beta)$ and its parametrization is then
\begin{equation}\label{excircle}
\alpha_s(t)=(s,a+r\cos(t),\log{(b+r\sin(t))}),\ t\in\mathbb R,
\end{equation}
see Figure \ref{fig1}. On the other hand, we consider the foliation ${\cal F}_1=\{P_s;s\in\mathbb R\}$ of the ambient space.
The geodesics of Sol$_3$ intersecting orthogonally each plane   of ${\cal F}_1$ are the horizontal lines of equation $y=a, z=b$, where $a, b\in\mathbb R$.

\begin{figure}[htbp]\begin{center}
\includegraphics[width=.5\textwidth]{fig1.eps}
\end{center} \caption{The circle $\Phi_s^{-1}(\beta)$ in a plane $P_s$, where $\beta(t)=(0,2)+(\cos(t),\sin(t))$}
\label{fig1}
\end{figure}

A parametrization of a rotational surface in Sol$_3$ is
$$X(s,t)=(s,a+r(s)\cos(t),\log{(b+r(s)\sin(t))}),$$
where $a,b\in\mathbb R$, $r(s)>0$ and $b-r>0$.  The line of centers is $s\longmapsto (s,a,\sqrt{b^2-r(s)^2})$.

We obtain a cyclic surface by considering the constants $a$ and $b$ as functions of the variable $s$. The
parametrization of the surface is then
\begin{equation}\label{cyclicx}
X(s,t)=(s,a(s)+r(s)\cos(t),\log{(b(s)+r(s)\sin(t))}), s\in I, t\in\mathbb R,
\end{equation}
and $I\subset \mathbb R$ is an open interval.

\begin{remark} Because our results are local, we only need to compute  $H$ and $K$ when the  variable $t$ is defined in some open interval of $\mathbb R$,
that is, when we have an arc of a circle. Thus we can consider in the parametrizations
\eqref{excircle} and \eqref{cyclicx} that $t\in J$, where $J\subset\mathbb R$ is an open interval. Then in the statements of the results we change
'foliated by circles' by 'foliated by arcs of circles'.
\end{remark}

Since in this paper we study surfaces with zero mean curvature or zero Gaussian curvature, the equations $H=0$ and $K=0$ are, respectively,  equivalent to
\begin{equation}\label{fh0}
E \langle \nabla_{X_t} X_t, \tilde{N}\rangle -  2F \langle \nabla_{X_s} X_t, \tilde{N}\rangle + G \langle \nabla_{X_s} X_s, \tilde{N}\rangle=0,
\end{equation}
and
\begin{equation}\label{fk0}
 \langle \nabla_{X_t} X_t, \tilde{N}\rangle  \langle \nabla_{X_s} X_s, \tilde{N}\rangle  -   \langle \nabla_{X_s} X_t, \tilde{N}\rangle^2=0
\end{equation}
where $\tilde{N}$ is a normal vector field to the surface but no necessarily unitary.
It will be with both equations as we will obtain our results.

The proof of our results consists in substituting parametrization \eqref{cyclicx} into \eqref{fh0} and \eqref{fk0}, obtaining a polynomial of type
\begin{equation}\label{fstrategy}
\sum_{n=0}^k (A_n(s) \cos{(nt)}+B_n(s)\sin{(nt)})=0, \ s\in I, t\in J,
\end{equation}
for some natural number $k\in\mathbb N$. For each fixed $s\in I$,
we view this expression as a polynomial in $t$; recall that $t$ belongs to an interval of $\mathbb R$.
Because the functions $\{ \cos{(nt)}, \sin{(nt)};n\in\mathbb N\}$ are linearly independent,
all coefficients $A_n(s)$ and $B_n(s)$ vanish. The explicit computations of \eqref{fh0} and \eqref{fk0} are straightforward, but complicated.
We use a symbolic program as Mathematica to check these computations.

In \eqref{fstrategy} the simplest expressions correspond to the leader coefficients $A_k$ and $B_k$. Using the equations $A_{k}=0$ and $B_k=0$,
we get information that will be used in determining the next coefficients $A_{k-1}$ and $B_{k-1}$ and we repeat the process until we find our results.

\section{Proof of Theorems \ref{t1} and \ref{t2}}\label{se-3}

\begin{proof}(of Theorem \ref{t1})
Using parametrization \eqref{cyclicx} of a cyclic surface in Sol$_3$ we compute
\begin{eqnarray*}
&&X_s = (b(s) + r(s)\sin(t))E_1+\frac{a'(s) + r'(s)\cos(t)}{b(s) + r(s)\sin(t)}E_2+ \frac{b'(s) + r'(s)\sin(t)}{b(s) + r(s)\sin(t)}E_3,\\
&&X_t =\frac{r(s)}{b(s) + r(s)\sin(t)}(-\sin(t) E_2+ \cos(t) E_3),
\end{eqnarray*}
and we choose the normal vector
$$
\tilde{N} =\frac{r'(s) + a'(s)\cos(t) + b'(s)\sin(t)}{(b(s) + r(s)\sin(t))^2}E_1 -\cos(t)E_2 -\sin(t)E_3.
$$
After some manipulations, the minimality condition yields an expression of type \eqref{fstrategy} with $k=5$ where
$$A_5=0,\ \ B_5=\frac{r(s)^6}{16}.$$
Because $B_5=0$, we conclude $r(s)=0$, which is a contradiction.

\end{proof}

\begin{proof}(of Theorem \ref{t2})
Following the same reasoning as in the proof of the previous theorem, the flatness condition is equivalent to an expression of type \eqref{fstrategy}
with $k=5$ again. Here
$$
A_5=0,\ \ B_5=\frac{1}{16}b(s)r(s)^5.
$$
From $B_5=0$, we have $b(s)=0$. However this is a contradiction with the fact that a circle $\Phi_s^{-1}(\beta(t))$
in $P_s$ must satisfy the condition $b-r>0$, see \eqref{excircle}.

\end{proof}

\section{Surfaces foliated by geodesics, equidistant lines and horocycles} \label{se-4}

The curvature  $\kappa$ of a circle   in Sol$_3$ satisfies $\kappa>1$ because it is isometric to a circle of $\mathbb H^2$.
In fact, if $C_s$ is parameterized as \eqref{excircle}, its curvature  is $\kappa_\beta=b/r$, computed with the orientation pointing inside.
In the hyperbolic plane  $\mathbb H^2$, the definition of a circle is equivalent to a curve with   constant curvature $\kappa$, $\kappa>1$. However,
in $\mathbb H^2$ there are other curves with constant curvature $\kappa$ with $0\leq \kappa\leq 1$. Indeed, if $\kappa=0$, the curve is a geodesic;
if $0<\kappa<1$, the curve is an equidistant line; and if $\kappa=1$, the curve is a horocycle.
In these cases, the curves are not closed such as it occurs for  a circle. In the upper half-plane model of $\mathbb H^2$,
the three types of curves are viewed as  the intersection of circles and straight-lines with $\mathbb R_+^2$. Exactly:
\begin{enumerate}
\item If $\beta$ is a geodesic, then $\beta$ is a half-circle intersecting orthogonally the line $y=0$ or it is a vertical straight-line
$\beta(t)=(a,t)$, $a\in\mathbb R$, $t>0$.
\item If $\beta$ is an equidistant line, then $\beta$ is the intersection of a circle of $\mathbb R^2$ with points above
$y=0$ with $\mathbb R^2_+$,
or $\beta$ is a straight-line of $\mathbb R^2_+$ that intersects not orthogonally the line $y=0$, which parametrizes as
$\beta(t)=(t,at+b)$, $a,b\in\mathbb R$, $a\not=0$, $t>-b/a$.
\item If $\beta$ is a horocycle, then $\beta$ is the intersection of a circle of $\mathbb R^2$ tangent to the line $y=0$  with $\mathbb R^2_+$,
or $\beta$ is a horizontal line of $\mathbb R^2_+$, that is, $\beta(t)=(t,a)$, $a>0$, $t\in\mathbb R$.
\end{enumerate}

By the isometry $\phi_s^{-1}$, we can carry all these curves to the plane $P_s$ and we call them geodesic, equidistant line and horocycle again.
Following this motivation, we generalize the concept of circle in Sol$_3$ assuming that the curvature of the curve is constant.

\begin{definition}
A cyclic surface in Sol$_3$  by geodesics (resp. equidistant lines, horocycles) is a surface foliated by a uniparametric family of geodesics
(resp. equidistant lines, horocycles)  contained in the planes $P_s$.
\end{definition}

In this section, we study cyclic surfaces in Sol$_3$ foliated by these curves and we ask if there are minimal examples or with vanishing Gaussian curvature.

If the curve $\beta$ is a part of an Euclidean circle of $\mathbb R^2_+$, by the isometry $\Phi_s^{-1}$ this curve goes to a curve in $P_s$
with the same  expression \eqref{excircle} with the difference that the condition now is $b+r\sin(t)>0$.
In fact, we have that $\alpha_s=\Phi_s^{-1}(\beta)$ is  geodesic if $b=0$, an equidistant line if $0<b<r$ and a horocycle if $0<b=r$. See Figure \ref{fig2}.
However, the expression of the parametrization of a cyclic  surface is \eqref{cyclicx}, again except the above conditions on $b$ and $r$.
Therefore, the same local computations as in Theorem \ref{t1} and \ref{t2} hold to compute the expressions of $H$ and $K$.

From the proof of Theorem \ref{t1} we obtain that there are no minimal surfaces.

Concerning the flatness, from the proof of Theorem \ref{t2}, we obtained $b(s)=0$.
In such a case, the coefficient $A_4$ is $A_4=-r(s)^2a'(s)^2/2$ and since $A_4$ must vanish, we have that $a(s)$ is a constant function $a(s)=a_0$,
$a_0\in\mathbb R$. Furthermore, $A_2=-8r(s)^2r'(s)^2$, concluding that $r(s)$ is a constant function too.

These results for surfaces parameterized by \eqref{cyclicx} will appear in the statements of Theorems \ref{t3} and \ref{t4}.

\begin{figure}[hbtp]\begin{center}
\includegraphics[width=.3\textwidth]{fig21.eps}\ \includegraphics[width=.3\textwidth]{fig22.eps}\ \includegraphics[width=.3\textwidth]{fig23.eps}
\end{center} \caption{A geodesic, an equidistant line and a horocycle in a plane $P_s$.
The curves are obtained by $\Phi_s^{-1}(\beta)$ and $\beta(t)=(a,b)+r(\cos(t),\sin(t))$.
For a geodesic, $b=0$; for an equidistant line, $0<b<r$; and for a horocycle, $b=r>0$.}
\label{fig2}
\end{figure}

As a consequence, the  only cases that we have to study are when the curve $\beta$ is a straight-line in $\mathbb H^2$.
By the isometry $\Phi_s^{-1}$, these curves transform into:
\begin{enumerate}
\item If $\beta$ is a geodesic, $\Phi_s^{-1}(\beta(t))=(s,a,\log{(t)})$, $t>0$.
\item If $\beta$ is a equidistant line, $\Phi_s^{-1}(\beta(t))=(s,t,\log{(at+b)})$.
\item If $\beta$ is a horocycle, $\Phi_s^{-1}(\beta(t))=(s,t,\log{(a)})$, $a>0$.
\end{enumerate}

Using these parametrizations, we prove:

\begin{theorem}\label{t3}
Consider a cyclic surface in Sol$_3$ with $H=0$.
\begin{enumerate}
\item  If it is foliated by geodesics, the surface is a vertical plane $X(s,t) = (s,\lambda s+\mu,\ t)$, $\lambda,\mu\in\mathbb R$.
\item  If it is foliated by equidistant lines, the surface is $\displaystyle X(s,t)=\left(s,t,\log{\left|\frac{b_0}{s+b_1}\right|}\right)$
or  $\displaystyle X(s,t)=\left(s,t,\log{\left|\frac{a_0 t}{s+a_1}\right|}\right)$, where $a_0,a_1, b_0, b_1\in\mathbb R$.
\item  If it is foliated by horocycles, the surface is $X(s,t) =(s,t,\lambda+\log{|s+\mu|})$, $\lambda,\mu\in\mathbb{R}$.
\end{enumerate}
\end{theorem}

\begin{proof} We distinguish the three cases.

\begin{enumerate}

\item The surface is foliated by geodesics. The parametrization of the surface is given by
$X(s,t)=(s,a(s),t)$, for some smooth function $a(s)$, $t\in\mathbb R$. Now we have
$$
X_s=e^t E_1+a'(s)e^{-t}E_2,\ \ X_t=E_3,\ \ \tilde{N}=a'(s)e^{-t}E_1-e^t E_2.
$$
The minimality condition is equivalent to $a''(s)=0$.
Thus $a(s)=\lambda s+\mu$ for some constants $\lambda,\mu\in\mathbb R$. In this case, the surface is a vertical plane.

\item The surface is foliated by equidistant lines. The parametrization of the surface is
$X(s,t)=(s,t,\log{(a(s) t+b(s))})$, with $a(s) t+b(s)>0$. Here
$$
X_s=(a(s)t+b(s))E_1+\frac{a'(s)t+b'(s)}{a(s)t+b(s)}E_3,\ \ X_t=\frac{E_2+a(s)E_3}{a(s)t+b(s)},
$$
$$
\tilde{N}=-\frac{a'(s)t+b'(s)}{(a(s)t+b(s))^2}E_1-a(s)E_2+E_3.
$$
We compute the equation $H=0$ obtaining a $2$-degree polynomial in $t$ in the form $\sum\limits_{n=0}^2 A_n(s) t^n=0$.
Therefore, the coefficients $A_n(s)$ vanish on its domain.
The vanishing coefficient $A_2=(1 + a(s)^2) (-2a'(s)^2+a(s) a''(s)) $ yields $a(s)=a_0/(s+a_1)$, for some constants $a_0, a_1\in\mathbb R$.
Using this information we get
\begin{eqnarray}\displaystyle
A_1=& \frac{a_0}{(a_1+s)^4}\left(2(a_1+s)b(s)+2(2 a_1^2+a_0^2+4 a_1 s+2 s^2)b'(s)+\right.\nonumber \\
&\left.(a_1+s)(a_1^2+a_0^2+2a_1s+s^2)b''(s) \right).\nonumber
\end{eqnarray}
When $A_1$ vanishes identically, $a_0=0$ or $b(s)=0$.
The first case yields $a(s)=0$. Then, the minimality condition $H=0$ writes as $-2b'(s)^2+b(s)b''(s)=0$, with the solution $b(s)=b_0/(s+b_1)$,
$b_0, b_1\in\mathbb R$.\\
In the second case, if $b(s)=0$ then the surface is always minimal because now the expression $H=0$ is trivial.

\item The surface is foliated by horocycles. The parametrization of the surface is given by
$X(s,t)=(s,t,a(s))$, where $a(s)$ is a smooth function. We compute
$$
X_s=e^{a(s)}E_1+a'(s) E_3,\ \ X_t=e^{-a(s)}E_2,\ \ \tilde{N}=a'(s)e^{-a(s)}E_1-E_3.
$$
Here the condition $H=0$ is equivalent to $a''(s)-a'(s)^2=0$, and the solution is $a(s)=\lambda+\log{|s+\mu|}$, with $\lambda,\mu\in\mathbb R$.
\end{enumerate}
\end{proof}

\begin{remark}
Part of the surfaces obtained in Theorem \ref{t3} are invariant by the families $\{T_{1,c}\}$ or $\{T_{2,c}\}$. Indeed,
the first surface foliated by equidistant lines is $T_2$-invariant and the second one is $T_1$-invariant.
The surfaces foliated by horocycles are $T_2$-invariant. All these surfaces appeared in \cite{lm2}.
\end{remark}

In a similar manner, we   study flat cyclic surfaces foliated by geodesics, equidistant lines or horocycles.

\begin{theorem}\label{t4}
Consider a cyclic surface in Sol$_3$ with $K=0$.
\begin{enumerate}
\item If it is foliated by geodesics, then the surface is given by
\begin{itemize}
\item[(1.a)] a plane $Q_s$, $s\in\mathbb R$,
\item [(1.b)] or $X(s,t)=(s,a+r\cos(t),\log{(r\sin(t))})$, with $a,r\in\mathbb R$, $r>0$.
\end{itemize}
\item  If it is foliated by equidistant lines, then the surface is
$$X(s,t) =\left(s,t,\log{\left|\frac{1}{\sqrt{-s^2+\lambda s+\mu}}\right|}\right), \lambda,\mu\in\mathbb{R}.$$
\item   If it is foliated by horocycles, then the parametrization of the surface is
$$X(s,t) =\left(s,t,-\frac{1}{2}\log{\left|-s^2+\lambda s+\mu\right|}\right), \lambda,\mu\in\mathbb{R}.$$
\end{enumerate}
\end{theorem}
\begin{proof}
Following the same steps as in the proof of the previous theorem, we discuss the three cases.
\begin{enumerate}

\item
The condition $K=0$ for a cyclic surface foliated by geodesics is equivalent to $ a'(s)^2 = 0$, which yields $a(s)=a_0$. Thus, case (1.a) of the
first item of the theorem is proved.

Case (1.b) corresponds to a flat surface parameterized by \eqref{cyclicx}.

\item The flatness condition for surfaces foliated by equidistant lines is equivalent to a vanishing 4-degree polynomial, $\sum\limits_{n=0}^4 A_n(s) t^n=0$.
Thus, all the coefficients must be zero. The leader coefficient is $A_4=-a(s)^4(1+a(s)^2)$, which implies  $a(s)=0$. Now $K=0$ simply writes as
$b(s)^4+3b'(s)^2-b(s)b''(s)=0$. The solution is
$\displaystyle b(s)=\frac{\pm 1}{\sqrt{-s^2+\lambda s+\mu}}$, and it yields the parametrization from the second item of the theorem.
\item The condition $K=0$ for a cyclic surface foliated by horocycles is equivalent to $a''(s) - 2 a'(s)^2- e^{2a(s)}=0$. The solution is given by
$a(s) = -\frac{1}{2}\log{\left|-s^2+\lambda s+\mu\right|}$, $\lambda,\mu\in\mathbb{R}$, and the last item of the theorem is proved.
\end{enumerate}
\end{proof}
The surfaces foliated by equidistant lines and by horocycles obtained in Theorem \ref{t4} are now $T_2$-invariant. On the other hand, the surface foliated by geodesics is $T_1$-invariant. Again, these surfaces appeared in \cite{lm2}.

\begin{corollary}  Any minimal or flat cyclic surface in Sol$_3$ foliated by geodesics, equidistant lines or horocycles is invariant by the family of translations $\{T_{1,c}\}_{c\in\mathbb R}$ or $\{T_{2,c}\}_{c\in\mathbb R}$.
\end{corollary}

\section{Surfaces foliated by circles in the $z$-planes}\label{se-5}

The space Sol$_3$ is foliated by the surfaces $R_s$ of equation $z=s$. Each surface $R_s$ is isometric to the Euclidean plane $\mathbb E^2$
and they are minimal surfaces in Sol$_3$. We consider in $R_s$ curves equidistant from a fixed point of $R_s$. We call these curves \emph{circles} in $R_s$.
Here the distance is computed as the intrinsic distance on the surface $R_s$.
The induced metric on $R_s$ is $e^{2s}(dx)^2+e^{-2s}(dy)^2$ and an isometry $\Psi:R_s\rightarrow \mathbb E^2$ is
$\Psi(s,x,y)=(e^s x,e^{-s}y)$. Therefore, a circle in $R_s$ is the inverse image of an Euclidean circle of $\mathbb E^2$ and this circle is parametrized as
$\alpha_s(t)=(a+re^{-s}\cos(t),b+re^s\sin(t),s)$. Thus we can consider  surfaces in Sol$_3$  foliated by circles at the horizontal planes $R_s$,
which will be called cyclic surfaces. Again, we ask for those surfaces with zero mean curvature or zero Gaussian curvature.
A local parametrization of such a surface is
\begin{equation}\label{zplanes}
X(s,t)=(a(s)+r(s)e^{-s}\cos(t),b(s)+r(s)e^s\sin(t),s),\ s\in I, t\in J,
\end{equation}
where $I, J\subset \mathbb R$ are open intervals.

\begin{theorem}
There are no minimal or flat cyclic surfaces foliated by a uniparametric family of circles in the planes $R_s$.
\end{theorem}

\begin{proof}
A parametrization of such a cyclic surface is given by \eqref{zplanes}.
We have
\begin{eqnarray*}
&&X_s=(a'e^s+(r'-r)\cos(t))E_1+(b'e^{-s}+(r'+r)\sin(t))E_2+E_3,\\
&&X_t=-r\sin(t) E_1+r\cos(t)E_2.
\end{eqnarray*}
We choose the normal vector to the surface
$$\tilde{N}=\cos(t)E_1+\sin(t)E_2+(r\cos(2t)-a'e^s\cos(t)-b'e^{-s}\sin(t)-r')E_3.$$
\begin{enumerate}
\item Assume that the surface is minimal.
The equation \eqref{fh0} writes as an expression of type \eqref{fstrategy} with $k=4$. In fact, $A_4=-r(s)^3/2$ and $B_4=0$. Because $A_4=0$, then $r=0$, obtaining a contradiction.
\item If the surface is flat, the expression \eqref{fk0} is a polynomial equation \eqref{fstrategy} with $k=8$. Here $A_8=-r(s)^6/8$ and $B_8=0$. Again, we obtain  a contradiction.
\end{enumerate}
\end{proof}

{\bf Acknowledgements.}
The second author wishes to thank the Geometry Section of KU Leuven and FWO for the travel
grant K207212N to visit Universidad de Granada where the paper was initiated. This work was partially supported by the MEC-FEDER grant no. MTM2011-22547,
Junta de Andaluc\'\i a grant no. P09-FQM-5088 and CNCS-UEFISCDI (Romania) PN-II-RU-TE-2011-3-0017/2011-2014.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaArXiv


text:
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Originally published on RE/MAX of Nanaimo.
While there are many more reasons why Nanaimo is a terrific place to live, these are a few to get you started. When you're ready to make the jump to island life, call Alvin Tan at RE/MAX of Nanaimo at (250) 751-1223.


…it should be that of your inner self, the unfading beauty of a gentle and quiet spirit, which is of great worth in God's sight.
Run ye with eager footsteps vieing!
Worship the Saviour born today.
Find your Redeemer haste away.
Stealing our senses. Overwhelmed by the songs of glory. Like the scent of a flowery field of fragrance in the middle of May, or the brightest light breaking apart the darkest night.Running, not walking, to meet the Redeemer. This is what it was like for the shepherds and the magi. This is what it is still like for us. Our Day-Star awakens and we, our senses stolen by glory, are overjoyed.
She wrapped him in cloths and placed him in a manger, because there was no guest room available for them.
I know a fair amount about animals and their feed troughs, having daily encounters with them in our barn. This is "stable rude" –no fanfare and no grandiosity, just basic sustenance– every day needs fulfilled in the most simple and plain way. Our wooden troughs are so old, they have been filled with fodder thousands of times over the decades. The wood has been worn smooth and shiny from years of being sanded by cows' rough tongues, and over the last two decades, our horses' smoother tongues, as they lick up every last morsel, extracting every bit of flavor and nourishment from what has been offered there. No matter how tired, how hungry, there is comfort offered at those troughs. The horses know it, anticipate it, depend on it, thrive because of it.
The shepherds in the hills that night were starving too. They had so little, yet became the first invited to the feast at the trough. They must have been overwhelmed, having never known such plenty before. Overcome with the immensity of what was laid before them, they certainly could not contain themselves, and told everyone they could about what they had seen.
His mother listened to the excitement of the visiting shepherds and that she "treasured up all these things and pondered them in her heart". Whenever I'm getting caught up in the frenetic overblown commercialism of modern Christmas, I go out to the barn and look at our rough hewn feed troughs and think about what courage it took to entrust an infant to such a bed. She knew in her heart, indeed she had been told, that her son was to feed the hungry souls of human kind and He became fodder Himself.
Now I am at the trough, starving, sometimes stamping in impatience, often anxious and weary, at times hopeless and helpless. He was placed there for good reason: a kind and good treasure to be shared plain and simple, nurture without end for all.
I grew up knowing this bittersweet melody as an Easter hymn, "Now the Green Blade Riseth" and later was surprised to find it was actually a Christmas carol.
I find the Easter words even more meaningful, and the imagery fits for Advent as well, as we wait expectantly for the call back to life again from the fields of our dead hearts.
Love is come again. Indeed.


The profession of nursing requires a person to do multiple tasks and work for long hours. Effective time management can help nurses excel in their jobs and keep up a good balance. So, let us discuss more about the importance of time management for nurses.
Nursing is definitely one of the most challenging jobs in the field of medicine and healthcare. Nurses have to work throughout the day and at odd hours to cater to the needs of patients. The intensity of their work is such that there is almost no time to sit and think, as they are always on the move.
Though most nurses have dedication, the human body is bound to get tired at some point. Nurses do experience emotional and physical stress because of their hectic schedule, and this can take a toll on their personal lives also. Here is when the techniques for time management for nurses prove to be very useful.
Time management is making maximum possible productive use of the available time to complete one's work in the best possible way. Since the hours we have for work are limited, we can excel only by using them fruitfully by giving our hundred percent to the job every day.
Time management for healthcare professionals like nurses includes fixing schedule for meeting with doctors, carrying out important tests of patients, assisting during surgical procedures, counseling etc. Listed below are time management strategies which the nurses can work upon.
Planning your day in advance will help you avoid last-minute confusion at the work place and avoid wastage of time and effort. Proper planning will help nurses deliver their services in a professional way.
At your work place, some tasks are bound to be much more important than others. Your focus should be on completing these important tasks first and then do the less important ones. In this way, prioritizing your tasks will help you get maximum job satisfaction.
Working in a setting such as hospital or clinic is never easy. The work pressure is high and the nurses have to deal with all kinds of situations every day. There will be many interruptions in work, and the challenge before nurses is to keep their cool and not allow the disturbances affect their quality of work.
The benefits of time management for nurses are many and so, let us get acquainted with them.
By organizing their work properly and concentrating on the most important tasks, nurses will be able to considerably lower their stress levels and use their energy to learn something which they have always liked. They can spend the saved time with their family to develop a stronger bond with the family members.
Time management theories suggest that working as per a set schedule helps us improve overall efficiency of work. This is also applicable in case of nurses. A well-planned time-table can help nurses to be efficient in their work, and this will in turn be good for the nurse and the hospital.
Work-life balance is essential for all working professionals, and especially for nurses, whose working conditions are tough and very challenging. By doing things as decided, and on time, nurses can take a few days off to get some much-needed recreation with their family.
This helps break the monotony and stress from every day's schedule, and come back fresh to work with the same level of energy and dedication. Maintaining a good work-home balance will ensure a long and successful career, and help nurses avoid health troubles and family disputes.
So, these were our suggestions on time management for nurses. Nursing can be one of the best paying careers if you have a passion for the field and a wish to help the needy. So, think of these points before you opt for a career in this rewarding field.


True style springs from passion, and passion is ingrained in every Bugatchi collection. From the start, Bugatchi embraced innovation, elegance, and resilience, customizing and designing masculine fashion with an unwavering commitment to style and sophistication. They offer wardrobe essentials in time-honored designs that reflect Bugatchi's commitment to functional, fashionable style so you look good at work, on weekends, and every event in between.


text:
Q: SearchView in expanded mode doesn't hide all action bar icons starting from Marshmallow SearchView looks fine on Lollipop devices (Android 21):

But on Android 23-28 it doesn't hide all icons on the right side:

<item android:id="@+id/action_search"
      android:title="@string/search"
      app:actionViewClass="androidx.appcompat.widget.SearchView"
      app:showAsAction="ifRoom"/>

<item android:id="@+id/action_sort"
      android:title="@string/sorting"
      android:icon="@drawable/sort"
      app:showAsAction="ifRoom"/>

How can I fix it?
Update
Seems Android 23 and higher don't hide icons anymore on the right (because there is enough space)
But it only works fine if you don't have home button or hamburger menu on the left:

But I have an icon on the left and that's why my action bar looks ugly when SearchView is expanded:

Should be a bug in newest Android ActionBar design...
I add menu button like this:
supportActionBar?.let {
    it.setDisplayHomeAsUpEnabled(true)
    it.setHomeAsUpIndicator(R.drawable.ic_menu)
}

A: My solution is to hide the button on the left (home/menu) programmatically when SearchView is expanded:
val searchItem = menu.findItem(R.id.action_search)

val searchView = searchItem.actionView as SearchView

searchView?.setOnSearchClickListener {
    supportActionBar?.setDisplayHomeAsUpEnabled(false)
}
searchView?.setOnCloseListener {
    supportActionBar?.setDisplayHomeAsUpEnabled(true)
    false
}

p.s. the next method didn't work for me because it works only if your SearchView is always expanded (marked as collapseActionView) but I don't want such weird thing in my app (it's not a search app, search function is just an additional feature):
searchItem.setOnActionExpandListener(object: MenuItem.OnActionExpandListener {
    override fun onMenuItemActionExpand(item: MenuItem?): Boolean {
        supportActionBar?.setDisplayHomeAsUpEnabled(false)
        return true
    }

    override fun onMenuItemActionCollapse(item: MenuItem?): Boolean {
        supportActionBar?.setDisplayHomeAsUpEnabled(true)
        return true
    }
})

Closed:

Expanded:

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text:
Q: Change data source encoding in QGIS 3.0.x? Changing Data source encoding through layer Properties worked well for me until version 3.0.x - now, the field is grayed out and shows only UTF-8. Our Data sources are quite mixed and I get spades, question marks etc. instead of East European characters when labelling. Is this feature broken in Early Adopter release or am I missing something?
Checking or unchecking value in Settings/Options/Data Sources/Data source handling - "Ignore shapefile encoding declaration" returns error "Wrong value for parameter "GRASS7 folder - Specified path does not exist".

A: After checking/unchecking value in Settings > Options > Data Sources > Data source handling > Ignore shape file encoding declaration, you should restart QGIS, and then Data source encoding (grayed out) field will be active.
And the error Wrong value for parameter "GRASS7 folder - Specified path does not exist is not about encoding. Just change Settings > Options > Processing > Providers > GRASS > 'Grass7 folder' and 'Location of GRASS docs' into actual GRASS folder. (probably C:/OSGeo4W64/apps/grass/grass-x.x.x folder)


Bihar BJP leader Manoj Baitha, who is accused in the Muzaffarpur hit-and-run case, has surrendered.
He has been shifted to Patna Medical College and Hospital from Muzaffarpur's Sri Krishna Medical College and Hospital for treatment of the injuries he suffered during the accident, news agency ANI reported.
Nine children were killed and many others injured after his car mowed into a crowd on Saturday afternoon. The children were reportedly aged between 8 and 10 years.
Baitha, a BJP leader from Sitamarhi district, has since been suspended by the BJP for six years.
Baitha's car had lost control and ploughed through the group of children outside the Dharmpur Government School building in Bihar's Muzaffarpur district. The children were returning from the school when the accident happened.
He had gone into hiding after the accident, sparking protests from the opposition RJD on Tuesday. The RJD alleged that Baitha was drunk and driving the car when the accident happened. It had also attacked Bihar Chief Minister Nitish Kumar, who is in power in alliance with the BJP, over Baitha's alleged drunkenness, since it was the Nitish Kumar government that had imposed prohibition in the state.
RJD leader Tejashwi Yadav had accused the Nitish government of shielding Baitha since he was a member of the BJP.
BJP leader and Bihar Deputy Chief Minister Sushil Kumar Modi had however rubbished this allegation, saying political affiliation would have nothing to do with how Baitha is treated for his alleged crime. He said he had directed the police to take the sternest possible action against Baitha.
The BJP and CM Nitish Kumar also anounced that they would not celebrate Holi to mourn for the children killed in the accident.
The accident sparked rage in the area. Local residents had vandalised the school, beat up teachers and set fire to the chairs and benches.
Bihar Chief Minister Nitish Kumar had expressed sorrow and grief over the incident. The state government has announced a compensation of Rs 4 lakh to the next of kin of each victim.


text:
Abu Dhabi status: Ferrari means nothing unless it has a multi-million dollar license plate
Home » Automotive Reviews » Luxury cars
By James Raia
Luxury cars, The Weekly Driver (News Service)
The third most expensive license plate in the world has been sold in Abu Dhabi, cementing the United Arab Emirates as a vanity-plate record holder. The license bearing solely the digit "7" was sold for 17 million dirhams ($4.6 million) in a government auction.
[ad#post]
In all, 72 specialized plates were sold in the auction for a total of 50 million dirhams ($13 million).
According to the Guinness Book of Records, the most expensive plate with the digit 1 was sold to Emirati businessman Said Khouri in 2008 for 52.2 million dirhams ($14.2 million).
The second most expensive plate "5" was also sold in Abu Dhabi for 25.2 million dirhams, ($6.86 million) during a special number-plate auction organized by the Emirates Auction Company in 2007.
"I think it's a matter of recognition," said Muhammad Kashif, owner of the UAE Number Plates Company. "Just having a Ferrari isn't much these days. People want a nice number to go with the car. It makes them just that much more popular than the other Ferrari drivers."
Kashif said the trend for personalized and distinctive number plates is so popular in the Emirates those with a flare for the fanciful and a few dollars to spare will settle for something unique, if a little less glamorous.
As number plates in the UAE come by default with five digits, the fewer digits on the plate, the higher the price. A number plate with four digits can cost around 5,000 dirhams, ($1,300) but prices are pushed up for numbers that are memorable, in sequence (4567) or all identical (4444).
To view new car reviews, videos or other automotive content, visit: dev.theweeklydriver.com.
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


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Communicating Planetary Health
Black Sand and Plastic
Planetary Health Alliance
Feb 15, 2018 · 4 min read
By: Erika Veidis
Out in the middle of the Pacific, after driving down hours of peaceful, winding jungle road, we found ourselves watching the sun rise on a black sand beach. The waves were powerful. Save a few stray cats and campers and the groundskeeper's warm-faced pit bull, we were alone. And we felt humbled, facing the ocean's force, blasting up through craggy volcanic rock, set against the backdrop of a slowly blue-ing sky. Our small lenses desperately tried to encapsulate the moment, if only to show that we were here.
They say that it's bad luck to take rocks from Hawaii. The rocks hold souls. And so they stay on the beach, one shiny black body buried by another. With each footstep, they shift, sounding like a crashing wave, but quieter, subtler. As we tried to tread lightly, we forewent the souvenirs, remembering with memory (and photos) alone.
I sat in silence, leaving my two brothers to explore a cave, and watched the waves, letting their unsettling power wash over me. I wondered how such violence could be peaceful. Maybe because it could take what was rough and make it soft, make what seemed permanent, transitory.
As I mused, I glimpsed a white shard poking out from the rocks. It was weathered, softened by the waves, smooth around the edges. Sea plastic. Somehow it seemed pretty in its contrast, albeit strange. I picked it up and played with it. I pondered an artsy iPhone shot.
And then there was another — a white bottle cap, also worn by days at sea. And a twisted thread of faded plastic rope. And what looked to be a piece of a comb. I gathered this small pile and settled it on the tip of a rock. Here's something, I thought, that could tell a story. Out in this relatively remote, beautifully humbling place were some painful signs of human mistakes. How would I caption this on Instagram?
As my small pile outgrew its quaintness, my thoughts (thankfully) expanded beyond social media, and it became a game. And as soon as I started, I couldn't stop. What once seemed like a smooth spread of glossy black sand suddenly brimmed with tiny colors, greens and blues and grays and whites too matte to be natural. I started gathering more pieces, piling them on a washed up coconut husk until the husk spilled over. And then there were more. How had I not noticed? With each shard I picked up, my eyes recognized a new shade of imposter, and the pieces seemed to exponentially grow until the entire beach no longer seemed black at all.
Supposedly, hundreds of years ago, the native North Americans couldn't see European ships rolling in to shore, their brains not recognizing something so foreign. And here, I wondered if it was the same. The unexpectedness of the pollution blinded me to it. All I had seen was untouched nature. And now that the picture was rapidly coming into greater focus, I wanted to cry.
As I grew more frantic, my inner perfectionist was complemented — or eclipsed — by a raw grief, and I crawled around the beach, doggedly collecting everything not black and shiny. Action figure heads and water bottle caps and broken straws and strings and unidentifiable quadrangles, ranging from the size of my arm to the size of a pinky toenail and smaller. The most heartbreaking were disintegrating styrofoam balls, whose pieces blew away and buried themselves deep between rocks beyond my reach. And the most bittersweet were what looked like bits of coral or shell but were featherlight and sometimes had evidence of labels on the back — the ocean's earnest attempt to assimilate our waste.
As we collected, as we cleaned, we debated a string of classic arguments:
1) "It's all [insert country name], not us." (refusing responsibility)
2) "Don't we have landfills?" (overconfidence in technology)
3) "Someone else will clean it." (free-rider problem)
4) "Let's just go enjoy the beauty while we can." (defeatism)
We fell silent, words quelled by our eyes and emotions, but differently than before, when we had eagerly awaited the first glimpse of golden rays. Peaceful solemnness turned to a grieved one, and the waves maybe seemed a little louder.
Here we were, in the early hours of the morning, building mountains on coconut husks. Each new wave coughed up more pieces, spitting out what it had churned in its belly for who knows how many hundreds and thousands of miles. It was an endless battle. As the sun began to move overhead, our six hands desperately tried to erase the waste from the black sand, suddenly trying to show that we were never here.
Disclaimer: The views and opinions expressed in this article are those of the author and do not necessarily reflect the position of the Planetary Health Alliance or its members.
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Company / Technology
How Leo Radvinsky Helps Open Source Professionals Get the Financial Aid They Need
- September 4, 2021September 3, 2021 - douglasjbird
The open source movement is one that pushes the very boundaries of technology, and few people understand this better than visionary Leonid Radvisnky. It's why he's funded a number of projects and created a foundation to give developers the means to give these programs the attention they deserve.
Key Open Source Projects for Radvinsky
Leo Radvinsky has helped expand the applications of Elixir, a flexible language that can be used across a number of platforms. He's also been an angel investor in BX4, a platform that he believes could be key to getting budding developers the education they need to excel in a tech-driven world.
The LR Foundation at Work
The LR Foundation encourages tech professionals to keep their projects going by providing funding to fuel their passions. Its official mission is to promote and advance open source technology on a global scale, so everyone can benefit from the collaborative process. In practice, it gives a new generation of developers the opportunity to pursue their dreams of accessible technology.
What Is Open Source Technology?
The term open source refers to any technology that is not proprietary. With public programs and code, people from anywhere in the world can change and improve its structure and features, opening up new benefits that would have once been considered impossible.
About Leonid Radvinsky
Leonid Radvinsky has been involved in the tech world from a young age and has long seen how cooperation between developers can result in better software. As a visionary, he's able to see where trends are headed and why certain programs succeed where others fail. He supports open source not only because of its potential profit margins, but also because it makes technology easier to use
Funding Open Source: How Leonid Radvinsky Is Using His Assets to Support This Movement
Leonid Radvinsky gravitated to open source for a number of reasons, including its flexibility and profit potential. Driven by the creativity of countless professionals around the world, the results have been undeniably promising. It's why Radvinsky is taking steps to ensure people have the means to keep working and expanding the realm of open source.
Marketing Insights by Eduardo Sonoda
Buy Whatever You Want Within a Video Through Shopatainment and DroppTV


I am Nicole BonJour and so far I've enjoyed nearly six years with Sun Tan City. I started out as a seasonal Tanning Consultant and immediately fell in love with the environment, the clients, and the huge potential for growth. I quickly became a Salon Director in Training (SDIT) after the season ended and had taken over my own salon within a year of joining the company.
Working for Sun Tan City has been, by far, my most favorite job. While each day is structurally the same when I go in because I'm always tanning clients, cleaning, and discussing the different products and options we have; at the same time, no day is the same. I love that each day I get to help all different kinds of clients reach a range of goals for their own tanning needs. I also love how easy Sun Tan City makes that for us by constantly updating us with new products, great specials, and incentives for providing great client service.
I also love that Sun Tan City has provided me with a second family. My fellow Salon Directors and District Manager are some of my best friends and favorite people. My Tanning Consultants are like my children in all the best ways and it is amazing to see them develop into future key holders, managers, or even to just gaining new skills they will use in their future careers.


Soon after the election of Hamas in 2006, Israel developed and implemented a policy it called "isolation" of Gaza to convince the Palestinian people that they had made a very bad choice. The basic idea was that Gaza would be cut off from the world under the guise of a military blockade, which was certainly justified, but moreover Gaza was essentially sealed off to the world.
In the years before the takeover of Egypt by President Abdel Fattah Sisi, the Gazan economy survived because of about 1,000 tunnels that enabled everything imaginable to get into the strip. Since Sisi came to power, the tunnels have been destroyed, the legal crossing point between Sinai and Gaza has been closed almost all the time, and the Israeli crossings into Gaza have been one-way only – going into Gaza.
While during the first years of the isolation policy there were very strict limitations on what got into and out of Gaza, in recent years the type and quantity of goods getting into Gaza has greatly increased, but still almost nothing gets out. The result of this policy is a destroyed Gazan economy, with over 40% unemployment (Over 60% in the under-30 age bracket), more than 100,000 university graduates with no jobs and no future, closed factories and broken dreams. The policy of isolation has not created a public revolt against Hamas mainly because the people of Gaza see no other viable option – especially when there is also no hope of a political settlement in the West Bank where the Palestinian Authority cooperates with Israel on security issues, including the battle against Hamas.
Imagine living in a place which is so small and so densely populated, where you live in a large cage, closed on all sides, with no hope for any kind of decent future. Do you blame your leaders who stand up to your enemy, or do you blame those who hold the keys to the gates – those you believe stole your home and destroyed your future? In a reality where there is no viable peace process, no negotiations and continued foreign control of your economy, including water and electricity, as well as total control over movement and access – what would you do? I imagine you would not surrender.
To me the Israeli policy of isolation of Gaza makes no sense whatsoever. The military blockade that is preventing weapons from entering Gaza does makes sense and is also legal under international law, but the disconnection of Gaza from the world is senseless and only strengthens the most extreme elements within Gaza – as we continue to see. Israel controls not only what gets into Gaza, they also what gets out. There is no real security problem in allowing convoys of trucks to be inspected at the Gaza-Israel crossings and then escorted to the West Bank, or to the Allenby bridge for transit to Jordan. There is also no real security problem involved in allowing goods produced in Gaza to be sold in Israel, because every truck and box can be securely checked by Israel.
At the time of disengagement there were more than a million pieces of garments being sewed in Gaza for Israeli companies to be exported to Europe. There are many possibilities for enabling the Gaza economy to be reconnected with Israel, the West Bank and the rest of the world. This would help in rebuilding a moderate middle class, which has been totally destroyed in Gaza since the implementation of the isolation policy.
Gaza agricultural products used to flow freely into Israel and Gazan farmers bought Israeli seeds, fertilizers, irrigation equipment and used to export their goods via the Israeli export company Agrexco. Beit Hanun and Beit Lahiya in the north of Gaza were described in the past as villages of peace. My organization, IPCRI, conducted many joint training sessions for Gaza farmers together with the Israeli Volcani Agricultural Institute. We also conducted hundreds of meetings between Gazan businessmen and their Israeli counterparts. This can all be renewed, if the Israeli policy of isolation is reversed.
Last evening I spent a long time on the phone with a young woman university graduate from Gaza who wants to continue her studies in the West Bank. It is against the policy of isolation to allow this woman to study in the West Bank. Why? How does this convince her and her family to being against Hamas? It doesn't – but as she said to me, "I support peace with Israel, but does Israel support peace with me?" There are many, many people like this one young woman from Gaza who never met an Israeli before, never visited Israel and is taught to see Israel as the wall, the fence and closed gate standing between her and her future.
If the situation in Gaza remains based on the same isolation policy, it will continue to deteriorate. If that is the case, then the next Gaza war really is a question of when and not if. From previous experiences we should know that the one unifying factor that increases support for Hamas in Gaza, the West Bank and throughout the Muslim world, is when Israel goes to war against Gaza. Three times since 2008 should provide us with enough knowledge to understand that the surest way to support Hamas is to wage war against it.
Hamas has less support today amongst Gazans than at any point since the summer war of 2014. Prior to that war Hamas was at a low point in public support as well. The people in Gaza need to understand that there are viable alternatives to Hamas, they need to know that moderation is worthwhile.
Israel needs an intelligent policy on Gaza that takes into account the fact that the people of Gaza will always be our neighbors, they are not going into the sea and they are not going to disappear. Their welfare and their future is an Israeli concern and Israel should use its power to enable the best possible future for those people, without having to take direct responsibility for them. It is time to dump the policy of isolation and to allow the people of Gaza to once again exercise their rights to freedom and a better life.


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11-Year-Old Creates 'Books N Bros' Reading Club To Restore Literacy Rate
Now This is What We Call Taking Matters Into Your Own Hands.
Photo credit:Photo: Sidney Keys III Instagram
Blavity Team
| November 01 2017,
11-year-old Sidney Keys III's desire to see positive images of African-American characters in literature led him to organize his own club called Books N Bros, a reading club created to help evolve the literacy rate among his peers and to underline making reading a fun activity.
His clever idea for this book club developed after paying a visit to EyeSeeMe, a bookstore in University City, Missouri that carries a wide selection of African-American children's literature. After some thorough research, Sidney along with his mother decided to target young boys between ages eight through ten, since this appears to be the age where boys begin to fall behind their counterparts in literature.
"Every time I go to the library at my school, there aren't many African-American literature books there" Sidney expressed to the radio program "St. Louis on the Air."
Books N Bros meet up monthly to discuss a book they all vote on beforehand. With a $20 membership fee, these young boys receive a book, worksheets pertaining to the book and some light refreshments. They have been meeting up since September, and so far some of their favorite books include "Danny Dollar," "Hidden Figures" and "Supah Dupah Kid."
The group also aims to invite speakers that are successful male role models to attend their monthly meetings for fellowship and to instill in these young boys some valuable advice.
Photo: Books N Bros
A local organization called that works to restore trust between police forces and community called Serving the Badge donated about 200 books to Books N Bros in order for members to add books to their personal book collections.
Through his immediate efforts, Sidney has already shown us tremendous black excellence, and we're excited to see what else Books N Bros will have in store for the community.


The 41st annual Simplot Games will be held February 14-16, 2019 at Idaho State University's Holt Arena.
The annual J.R. Simplot Company-sponsored event has become one of the nation's premier high school indoor track and field events.
2,000 athletes from 20 different states, Canada, New Zealand and Australia travel to Pocatello to shine under Holt Arena's bright lights, the Simplot Games weekend itself is an opportunity to see high school track athletes.
Bonus, admission to the Games is free.


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Iran War Watch: Oscar Night Edition
Wikimedia Commons
Are the United States and Iran on a collision course over the Middle Eastern country's controversial nuclear program? We'll be regularly posting the latest news on Iran-war fever—the intel, the media frenzy, and the rhetoric.
The last few days have been a bit tense: The International Atomic Energy Agency reported that Iran is beefing up its production of higher-grade enriched uranium. The Pentagon recently strengthened sea and land defenses in the Persian Gulf. And the American Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences just aided the Iranian regime in dealing a death blow to Zionist warmongering.
At least that's how Iran's state media is spinning Oscar night. After the highly acclaimed Iranian film A Separation scored the Best Foreign-Language Film award for 2011 (beating out Israeli art film Footnote), state-run TV touted the win as a victory over the "Zionist regime" and the Israel lobby. Similarly, Javad Shamaghdari, head of Iran's Cinematic Agency, declared the moment the "beginning of the collapse" of a pro-Israel movement in the United States that "beats the drum of war." (This did not, however, change the fact that hardliners in the Iranian government are still actually rather pissed at the film's "liberal" slant.)
During his acceptance speech on Sunday night, director Asghar Farhadi spoke of Iran's "glorious culture" that has been "hidden under the heavy dust of politics." He dedicated the award to the Iranian people—a people who "respect all cultures and civilizations, and despise hostility and resentment."
The vagueness of his words (Is the referenced "hostility and resentment" that of American, Israeli, or Iranian aggression?) was likely a careful hedge on Farhadi's part. In September 2010, as Farhadi was putting the finishing touches on A Separation, Iranian authorities revoked the director's industry permits due to comments he made that were perceived as supportive of dissident filmmakers and the Green Movement. A week later, he submitted an apology to the country's Culture Ministry, and his license was reissued. (Iran's culture minister Mohammad Hosseini later commented that he felt that Farhadi "had realized his mistakes.")
Iran War Watch: New Senate Resolution a Step Toward War?
Chart: Iran Easily Tops America's "Enemies" List
Tracking the Secret War on Iran
Hamed Aleaziz


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Pricing Partners, the world leader in OTC derivatives pricing analytics, mathematical models and independent valuations, announced today that its award winning Price-it© has been upgraded to provide analytical tools to compute large volatility surfaces from option data provided by Thomson Reuters 3000 Xtra© or Eikon© solution.
Indeed, one of the difficulties when pricing structured products is a lack of large volatility surfaces on equity, fx or commodity products. Leveraging the Gatheral smoothing method, Pricing Partners solution enables its end-users to generate reliable and large volatility surfaces. The firm benchmarked successfully its 'synthetic' market data with real market data. These new analytical tools are shipped with Price-it© Excel and allow creating volatility surfaces from strikes 10% to 200% and maturities up to 30 years.


Therefore, to fulfill the need with regard to the summer season the forest officials require to put various kinds of tubs, saucers pits and cottages in the forest and wildlife sanctuaries.
The forest authorities are now making saucer pits in the middle of the forest and pouring water through the water tanks twice a week to quench the thirst of animals.
According to officials, during the summer season due to shortage of water and food, the wild animals leaving forest venture into nearby villages in search of victual and water and they are killed by hunters there.
Then the wild animals leave the forest, they are trapped by hunters who by setting up electric shocks along with traps kill them. In the past, hunters killed tigers, deer, blue bulls and many other animals.
The Kavval Tiger Reserve zone spreads over 89000 hectares in four districts there are two wild life sanctuaries. In Jaipur zone, crocodile sanctuary and Krishna deer sanctuary in Kotapalli mandal are located. In these sanctuaries, many carnivores and herbivorous animals live. Except the rainy season, due to lack of drinking water and food in the forest animals will leave their place in search of food and water and enter into nearby villages.
At present in Kavval tiger zone there are 20 leopards, 249 race dogs, 73 wolves, 158 wild cats, 303 bears and many carnivorous animals. Also there are 54 Krishna deer, 710 spotted deer, 33 antelopes, 42 wild bulls, 155 monkeys, 626 blue bulls, 40 peacocks and 676 wild pigs, according to official records. To save these animals from the hunters the forest officials will have to make proper arrangements for food and water otherwise, the hunters in the sly will get a chance to eliminate the precious animals.


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Judy processes all insurance claims, is the office manager, office outing planner, and is in charge of philanthropy. Her goal is to maximize your insurance benefits. She enjoys the challenges of the office and intervenes with any problems. Judy has served on 2 boards of education, and is currently on the board of directors at Congregation Beth El. She lives with her husband, and their three children.
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Q: Linq Using Contains On An Array Im trying to query a datatable using linq, ideally what I would like to do is compare a column of strings to an array of strings, returning those that match.
Any ideas?
Cheers in advance
CM

A: You need to use one of the Field<T> methods of DataRowExtensions.
var foo = from r in dt.AsEnumerable()
          where bar.Contains(r.Field<string>("barColumn"))
          select r;

A: myDB.Where(x=> array.Contains(x));


These toddler projects and play recipes are fun ways to foster creativity in young children. Here you'll find a large variety of different creative activities for young children.
Introducing your toddler to art may seem like a daunting prospect, but I believe that the benefits of toddler art are totally worth the clean up. Find out which types of art supplies for little ones are most creative.
Here are toddler craft activities that explore different techniques, which are great preschool ideas too. These toddler projects create perfect cards and presents for family and friends.
For some family gift and card ideas suited to particular times of the year, peruse our seasonal toddler activities section to find celebratory craft ideas that will help your toddler have fun and learn about cultural events along the way.
Home made musical instruments are especially good activities for 2 years olds and above. These creative activities for young children introduce the concept of making things to use, rather than just to look at.
Dancing to and making music is not only fun, it is yet another way to express emotions and creativity in young children. Showing your little one ways to channel their negative feelings into positive outcomes will help your toddler's behaviour.
Parenting Tip for your toddler: Would you love to keep all your toddler's craft but don't have the space to store them? Take photos of his master pieces and keep them tucked away in your computer. It's easier to take a trip down memory lane and see their progress this way even if you do have the space.
These creative activities for young children can be a lovely bonding time while you join in the fun and create lasting memories together. These art and craft activities provide the important benefits of creativity to little ones, which are listed above.
These toddler cooking activities ignite creativity in young children. They also teach children many practical skills and often encourage those fussy eaters to try healthier meals and snacks.
Encouraging imaginative play promotes creativity in young children. Here's some ideas of things to do with toddlers that spark imaginative play.
Sensory activities also encourage creativity in young children. There are so many options of what could be included as well as how children can choose to use them.
Natural free toddler games can be great creative outlets and tools for imaginative play.
These toddler activities use safe equipment that is available in many kitchens. As in many of the activities on this site, they also empower little ones to express their preferences about how the items are used.
Our pages on constructive playthings and easy home made toys share creative and proven ways in which everyday items can become creative early childhood activities.
So, go ahead, choose your favourite toddler projects and play recipes then inspire creativity in the young children in your life. I hope you also enjoy doing these toddlers activities with your little one.


Ryan Woods, Stoke City's new midfield hope, is recommending that fans turn a blind eye to the current Championship table following the club's poor start to the season.
It makes for worrying reading after just one win and two draws from the first six games back in the second tier has left Stoke languishing in 18th spot, six points off the top six and just one off the bottom three.
But Woods, a £6.5m signing from Brentford a fortnight ago, points to the fact that barely one eighth of the season has been played heading into the current two-week international break.
And after becoming the club's ninth summer signing - he is on loan until January when the deal will become permanent - Woods says time is needed for so many players to dovetail into a new environment at the bet365 Stadium.
"It would be silly to look at the table at the moment," cautions the 25-year-old midfielder, who made his debut as a second-half substitute at West Brom last weekend.
Woods has joined the likes of Tom Ince, James McClean, Ashley Williams and Sam Clucas in the arrivals' lounge this summer, and he is impressed by what he's seen when sizing up his new team-mates.
"You only have to look around the dressing room to know the amount of quality in the squad," he observes enthusiastically.
"It's about bringing that together and taking it out there on a Saturday, Tuesday or Wednesday or whatever it is in this league.
Woods, who is widely expected to start his first Stoke game when they return to action at Sheffield Wednesday on September 15, is seen by manager Gary Rowett as the man to build from the back because of his composure and the range and accuracy of his passing.
"I'd like that to happen of course, but first and foremost it's about results for the team," he says modestly.
"We've had two good results and a bad one, so now we are looking forward to the next chance to put that right.


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It had been, let's see here, five months since Jenny and Ted had done a podcast. Five months. Is that right? Damn. They had some catching up to do. And they did, hitting on Master of None, New Girl, The People v. O.J. Simpson, Black-ish, The Grinder, The Mindy Project, Full Frontal With Samantha Bee, and Downton Abbey. Plus season 2 of the podcast Serial. All in under 35 minutes. Don't try that at home.


I've been experimenting with adding keyboard accelerators to some of the Clojure programs I've written with JavaFX-based user interfaces. As part of that investigation, I tried to translate the Java program here(Broken Link) to Clojure. The program just puts up a window with a menu bar containing only a "File" menu which itself contains one item, "Exit". Most programs provide a keyboard shortcut or accelerator to close the program with a Ctrl-X (on Windows). Figuring out how to add that functionality was a bit of an issue for me.
It turns out that the constructor for a KeyCodeCombination accepts a variable length argument array. In a few cases, you can get lucky and simply provide a Clojure vector of the arguments. This wasn't one of those happy coincidences. Instead, you need to use the canonical method of packing all of those arguments into a Java array using Clojure's into-array function. You need to do it even if you have only one argument, as was the case for me. That isn't usually so bad, but this time I had a little trouble figuring out the type of array to create. Turns out you have to specify that the list of modifiers expected by the constructor are KeyCombination.Modifier arguments in Java are KeyCombination$Modifier in Clojure.
Looking back, it's a little embarrassing that it took so long to figure out since the clue was right there in the error messages. But at least it's figured out now.


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Office 365 refers to subscription plans that include access to Office applications plus other productivity services that are enabled over the Internet (cloud services), such as Skype for Business web conferencing and Exchange Online hosted email for business, and additional online storage with OneDrive for Business and Skype minutes for home.
Many Office 365 plans also include the desktop version of the latest Office applications, which users can install across multiple computers and devices. The full, installed applications include: Word, Excel, PowerPoint, OneNote, Outlook, Publisher, and Access. (Publisher and Access are available on PC only.) And you can install them across multiple devices, including PCs, Macs, Android tablets, Android phones, iPad, and iPhone. When you have an active Office 365 subscription that includes the desktop version of Office, you always have the most up-to-date version of the applications.


Showing results by author "Merrick Badger"
Peter Wells was 26, his partner was 18. Because this was England in 1974, when the gay age of consent was 21, Wells was sentenced to two and a half years in jail. There, he was assaulted and abused by guards and inmates alike. On release from prison, he was interviewed by Gay News just as songwriter Tom Robinson was composing "Glad to Be Gay". He devoted a verse to Wells' case, and that inspired this biography. As a generation comes of age who are incredulous that homosexuality was ever illegal, it is important to remember our social history.