This post is part of The Historical Cooking Project's special series Booze, Brews, and Drinks, which speaks to the confluence and the divergence of the histories of booze and food.
To artfully misquote Catherine Parr Traill, there is nothing a doctoral candidate, estranged from the wonders of the Quebec microbrew industry, in far-flung Winnipeg "complains more feelingly of than the want of good beer and ale." (Parr Traill, 136) While the dearth of microbrews is indeed dire, Parr Traill is incorrect in her 1854 assertion that "[n]obody brews beer in their own homes in Canada" (Ibid.) as 160 years later, home brewing is *ahem* hopping along just fine! While my usual brew is in the style of an English bitter, due the mid-19th century shortage of "maltsters," Parr Traill suggests that a nice substitute for barley-based beer is treacle beer.
Treacle is a sugar syrup made in the production of refined sugar, and it comes in a three shades. The darkest, black treacle, is molasses. The two lighter shades are dark treacle and golden syrup. Given the strong flavour of molasses, I opted for golden syrup. According to The Daily Colonist (Victoria), Lyle's Golden Syrup could be obtained for twenty cents for two pounds in 1907, thanks to the 'Progressive Grocers' at Dixi H. Ross and Co. According to the Bank of Canada's inflation calculator, twenty cents in 1914 would be worth $4.11 today. I paid roughly double that for my treacle: Bulk Barn, watch out, the Progressive Grocers of Dixi H. Ross and Co. will undercut your margins!
According to explorer W. Boyd Dawkins's 1885 report to the Manchester Historical Society, "Winnipeg is famous not just for its rapid growth [...] but also for its mud. The mud is so extraordinarily tenacious that the railway engineers have invented the special name of 'gumbo' for it. It is a material which sticks as fast to the spade as so much treacle.'' (Boyd-Dawkins, 92) The stuff I purchased is definitely viscous - it takes over thirty seconds for the air bubble at the top of the jar to reach the other end after turning the small jar upside-down. I don't know how that compares with the mud around here, but I've no desire to try.
If you happen to be in Winnipeg in 1865, however, Messrs. Weide and Bro., next door above R. H. Biggs, druggist, keep golden syrup "constantly on hand.'' (The Nor'Wester, Oct. 13, 1865, p. 4) Very good, then.
To a five-gallon cask allow four pounds treacle : boil a large handful of hops in a gallon of water, for an hour : strain the liquor off the hops into your cask : add the treacle : fill up with water, to which put one pint of yeast : in two days bottle it, but do not cork till the third : it will be fit to drink in two days after corking.
The theory of brewing is relatively straightforward. Mix together some sort of sugar, water, and yeast. The yeast converts the sugar into mostly alcohol and carbon dioxide. As we generally prefer beer and things like beer to be carbonated, we want some of that process to occur after bottling, so that the carbon dioxide builds up, saturates the liquid, and makes it fizzy. If there is too much sugar in the liquid at bottling, then too much carbon dioxide will be produced, and the pressure could build up to the point where the bottle explodes. The usual solution to this is to ferment the liquid until it is "dry," that is, until nearly all the sugar is gone. Then, a carefully specified amount of corn sugar, a fermentable that converts entirely, is added to the liquid prior to bottling, so that one can guarantee a safe and sufficient level of carbonation.
The pleasant flavours of various alcoholic beverages come from several different sources. The variety of sugar used, for example, malt sugars in beer, or fruit sugars in wine, could come along with other molecules that are not fermentable, or not fully so. Those other molecules provide the taste differentiation. In the case of many wines and of hard liquors (which are also distilled), interesting flavours also come from the wood that the beverage is aged in. To almost all beer, you add hops, a flower, which A) taste good, and B) discourage some types of bacteria from reproducing.
Catherine Parr Trail does not instruct the brewer to ferment to dry. After three days of fermentation (at some arbitrary temperature), she says to cork the bottle. Essentially, you hope that there is enough sugar remaining unconverted to carbonate and that there isn't so much that the bottle explodes. I have a hydrometer, which measures the specific gravity of the liquid. From this I may calculate the amount of sugar remaining, so hopefully I'll be better off than Parr Trail - I am able to predict, using the magic of science, that my bottles won't explode.
I didn't wish to do a full five-gallon batch of treacle beer, so I targeted the recipe to something more like two gallons. I have a 2.5 gallon carboy (glass fermenting jar), so I can do primary fermentation in the carboy and not worry about it blowing the lid out. For the hop boil, I used one ounce of vacuum packed hops. As they recovered their shape in the water, it became apparent that I used a fair bit more than two-fifths of a "medium handful." This makes it taste more hoppy, which is just fine with me.
After the hop boil, I added in approximately 725g of the light treacle, and then filled the carboy up to approximately 9.1 litres. The yeast was a vacuum-packed English ale variety, which I activated with warm water and treacle prior to pitching. Initial specific gravity was 1.05 (a ratio of density over the density of water).
After two-and-a-half days, the specific gravity had reduced to 1.02, less than the initial 1.05. This means that sugar, which has a higher density than water, was being converted into alcohol, which has a lower density than water. Operating under the assumption no other peculiar substances have found their way into the liquid, this can be used to estimate the amount of sugar remaining in the liquid.
A cloudy, yeasty, and hoppy treacle-beer concoction.
I was in a bit of a rush to determine if I could safely bottle, as I'd be leaving for a research trip the next day. Floundering about through tables of alcohol measurement equivalents, it seems that a specific gravity of 1.02 is equivalent to 5.1 degrees Plato, which should, when bottled, yield a carbonation pressure of about five atmospheres. Carbonation can be determined from the number of grams of unconverted sugar in the liquid plus the saturation of the liquid with CO2 - determined by temperature. Roughly four grams of pure sugar per litre of the liquid prior to bottling should give one atmosphere of pressure.
Five atmospheres pressure isn't entirely absurd. Champagne is pressurized to over six atmospheres, and espresso machines put out nine atmospheres of pressure. But ordinary beer is generally in the 1.5 - 3.5 atmosphere range. And I have ordinary beer bottles with ordinary caps. While my long-suffering spouse puts up with a lot during my beer-making shenanigans, I didn't think it would be quite cricket to leave her with exploding beer bottles as I perused archives half-a-country away. I decided to let the treacle beer ferment to dry.
After a bit over two weeks, I bottled the treacle beer. It was at a specific gravity of 1.009. To the nine litres of liquid, I added 72 grams of corn sugar, which should (if I'm doing this right) add two atmospheres of pressure to the one it already had, for a final pressure of roughly three atmospheres. This is higher than my favourite beers - in the 1.5 range - but lower than some others. So, fizzy, but not too fizzy. With the 1.05 to 1.009 difference in specific gravity, the alcohol level should be about 5.4% plus the alcohol generated by in-bottle fermentation. At bottling, the liquid was a beautiful golden colour with a hint of green, and tasted kind of sweet and alcoholic with a strong and pleasant taste of hops.
After a bit more than three weeks of bottle conditioning, in the interests of a "scientific" evaluation of the treacle beer, I invited over an "expert" panel of taste-testers. Thanks to a beer evaluation sheet provided by the fabulous Marlies Tibbs of Kenaston Wine Market, our panel of tasters had a solid rubric to approach the tasting process. I also promised them homemade pizza. I think that's why they came.
Some tasters were unfamiliar with treacle, and in one case the name of the beer was rendered on the sheet as "trickle bear" - a name that I think I'll try to stick with.
The panel was nearly unanimous on the colour of the beer, "straw" - on the far left of the beer colour spectrum. It is also a bit greener than one usually sees amongst beers. The treacle beer was rated somewhere between dull and brilliant on the clarity scale, and poor on the head scale. The last is a bit generous, as it was entirely devoid of head. The aroma was faint and sweet, comments included: vaguely fruity - apple?; pear; aroma reminiscent of cider / notes of apricot; smells sweet.
The tasters felt that the mouth-feel was medium to light and the carbonation was faint. I was a bit frustrated by this, as I had wanted it to be fizzier. I have suspicions that absent the minerals provided by more complex sugar bases - that is, malt - the yeast wasn't able to operate as long and thus build up a higher pressure; it may also be a temperature issue as the corner of the house where I kept the bottles is a bit chilly. I have experienced this problem making gluten-free beer before.
Generally, the tasters thought that the treacle beer was fine, but certainly not amazing. One taster, who often has occasion to drink gluten-free beers, rated it as "excellent." I wouldn't go quite that far, but I thought it was fine. Another taster observed that it would be much better if fizzier, and I agree fully with that. Parr Trail's recipe suggests that the drink is quite fizzy, so in that respect my version is off the mark. Another taster, damning the beer with faint praise, remarked "this is the best gluten-free beer I've ever had," but also noted that "the sugar flavour is overly present in the finish."
I have a sneaky suspicion that the panel preferred the pizza, made with the Lahey 24-hour slow-rise dough recipe. One friend, who couldn't make it, has a gluten allergy, and if he likes the stuff, I may very well be making it again.
In any case, cheers to Catherine Parr Traill and her treacle beer!
Boyd-Dawkins, W. "Canada and the Great North-West." The Journal of the Manchester Geographical Society (1885).
Traill, Catherine Parr. The female emigrant's guide, and hints on Canadian housekeeping. Toronto: Maclear, 1854.
The Daily Colonist (Victoria). https://archive.org/stream/dailycolonist19070129uvic/19070129. 1907-01-29, p. 1.
The Nor'Wester (Winnipeg). 1865-10-13, p.4.
This is a guest post by Daniel Simeone. Daniel is a late-stage PhD student at McGill University. His dissertation research focuses on bankruptcy in 19th century Canada and Quebec. In his spare time, he like to brew beer, bake bread, make yogourt, roast coffee, and eat beautiful food. What better to do when it is 35 below in Winnipeg?
wow great post This is higher than my most loved brews - in the 1.5 territory - yet lower than some others. Along these lines, fizzy yet not very fizzy. With the 1.05 to 1.009 distinction in particular gravity, the liquor level ought to be around 5.4% or more the liquor created by in-jug maturation. At packaging, the fluid was a delightful brilliant shading with an indication of green, and tasted sort of sweet and alcoholic with a solid and lovely taste of bounces. After more than three weeks of jug molding, in light of a legitimate concern for a logical assessment of the treacle brew, I welcomed over a "specialist" board of taste-analyzers.
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If you placed your holiday gift order in the last few months, then this article is not for you. And if you are starting to shop just now, is it even still possible? The answer of course, is yes, and hopefully these Top 10 tips will help to give a meaningful gift that arrives on time, while avoiding some stress.


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Creative & Content
July 10, 2018|In Blogs|11 Minutes
What the GDPR Means to Australian Businesses
By talkagency
Hear from leaders of their industry!
Hear from leaders of industries about their businesses. Listen today on the TALKs Podcast.
GDPR stands for General Data Protection Regulation. And as of May 2018, it's the European Union's (EU) new regulation governing privacy protection and consumer personal data.
The GDPR was created to protect consumer privacy.
But putting the highest levels of protection around personal data might mean increased obligations for many Australian businesses that collect or process the personal data of EU citizens and residents.
What is considered personal data?
Personal Data. According to the GDPR, it can be just about any unique personal identifier at all. Names, ID numbers, device IP and location information are obvious examples of personal data. But the new GDPR definition is far more inclusive.
It's been expanded to include, "any information relating to an identified or identifiable natural person'.
And the expanded definition is quite comprehensive.
According to the GDPR, personal data can now include any online identifier or factor specific to a natural person's mental, physical, genetic, physiological, cultural, economic or social identity.
This includes any information that could reveal a natural person's
race or ethnic origin
political affiliations
trade union memberships
pre existing health conditions
religious or philosophical beliefs
Who will be affected by the GDPR?
The GDPR does not discriminate. No matter the size of your business, new EU data protection laws can affect any Australian business that offers goods or services to natural persons in the EU. Whether a transaction is made or not.
Or any business that monitors the behaviour of natural persons in the EU. Whether that behaviour is taking place in the EU or not.
Ask yourself these questions
Does my business allow EU customers to make purchases in a language other than English?
Does my business use tracking to collect data from natural persons in the EU?
Does my business have an office location in the EU?
Does my business use data processing to profile, analyse or predict the behaviour, preference or attitude of natural persons in the EU?
Does my business accept payment in euros?
Does my business specifically target EU customers?
If you answered yes any of these, there's a good chance your business is now covered by the GDPR.
How collecting data will change?
The most significant changes for most businesses covered by the GDPR will have to do with the way data is collected.
Prior to the GDPR, business sites often relied on a simple, pre-checked box in order to collect consumer consent for marketing communication.
Under the GDPR, the simple pre-checked box is no longer considered an acceptable means of collecting personal data.
More deliberate ways of opting customers in will become the norm as the GDPR now requires that consumer consent be, "freely given, specific, informed and unambiguous".
Consent requirements
The new GDPR will make "clear consent" more transparent than ever before.
In the past, generic, catch-all statements like, "we may process your personal data to improve our services," were often vague, yet officious sounding enough to get by on.
But for consent to be considered valid under new data protection laws, businesses must clearly indicate
What kind of personal data is to be collected
How this personal data will be processed
Who will be processing the personal data
What purpose(s) will the personal data serve
Important Note: The GDPR applies to both new and existing data.
The GDPR clearly states, "Consent is not freely given if the individual has no genuine or free choice or is unable to refuse or withdraw consent at any time."
So business must now ensure that withdrawal of consent be as easy as giving consent.
Proving consent
Under GDPR, businesses must now provide proof of consent before sending any communications to contacts.
And consent applies to all data collection practices. These could be offline methods too. Like snail mail or telephone.
When collecting data, it will now become critical to capture and store
Date and time of consent
A reference copy of completed sign up form (including exact wording)
The GDPR is an unprecedented piece of legislation. It's by far the most sweeping and aggressive parliamentary measure of its kind the EU has ever designed.
Their charter states: "The protection of natural persons in relation to the processing of personal data is a fundamental right."
And the GDPR is proof they mean business. Backed by fines that are equally unprecedented.
Failure to comply with the GDPR can result in fines of up to 4% of a non-compliant business' total global revenue. In other words, enough to destroy many companies should they be found in breach of the new data consent regulation.
The GDPR was designed to protect the privacy rights of consumers in the EU.
And it's going to require some fundamental changes to the way your business collects and processes personal data from the EU.
In an economy that's become increasingly global, it's more important than ever to keep the doors to your business open to the largest customer base possible.
Partnering with digital experts that fully understand GDPR compliance ensures that you can continue on with business as usual.
Let TALK update your digital services to satisfy the latest EU regulations. And let the world see what you have to offer.
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Pope Francis Praises Thailand's Openness to Immigrants
Paula Bronstein/Getty Images
Thomas D. Williams, Ph.D.
ROME — Pope Francis praised Thailand's multiculturalism and diversity as well as their openness to immigrants Thursday on the first day of his six-day Asia tour.
"As a multi-ethnic and diverse nation, Thailand has long known the importance of building harmony and peaceful coexistence between its numerous ethnic groups, while showing respect and appreciation for different cultures, religious groups, thoughts and ideas," the pope told politicians and members of the diplomatic corps in an address in Bangkok Thursday.
The pontiff said that the modern age tends to focus too much on the economic dimension of globalization, missing the more important aspect of cultural globalization.
The experience "of a unity that respects and makes room for diversity serves as an inspiration and incentive for all those concerned about the kind of world we wish to leave to our children," he said.
Francis expressed his happiness at being able to meet with the Supreme Buddhist Patriarch "as a sign of the importance and urgency of promoting friendship and interreligious dialogue, also in the service of social harmony and the building of just, responsive and inclusive societies."
The pope also took advantage of this address to touch on a favorite topic of his: immigration, calling it one of the chief moral issues of the day.
"I would like to dwell briefly on the movements of migration that are one of the defining signs of our time," he said. "Not so much for the movements in themselves, as for the conditions in which they take place, a phenomenon that represents one of the principal moral issues facing our generation."
"The global crisis of migration cannot be ignored," he continued. "Thailand itself, known for the welcome it has given to migrants and refugees, has experienced this crisis as a result of the tragic flight of refugees from nearby countries."
While urging the "international community" to work to resolve the issues leading to this exodus, but reminded his hearers that the endgame he seeks is the promotion of "safe, orderly and regulated migration."
"May every nation devise effective means for protecting the dignity and rights of migrants and refugees, who face dangers, uncertainty and exploitation in their quest for freedom and a decent life for their families," he said. "It is not just about migrants; it is also about the face we want to give to our societies."
On other occasions, the pope has made it clear that he sees migration not as a simple phenomenon to be dealt with or as a necessary evil, but rather as a positive trend to be encouraged and promoted, since it facilitates the mixing of ethnicities and races.
"There are those who want to stop this very important process of mingling cultures, which gives life to people," Francis told members of his Jesuit order in Mozambique last September. "Mixing makes you grow, it gives you new life. It develops racial mixing, change and gives originality."
"The mixing of identities is what we have experienced, for example, in Latin America. There we have everything: Spanish and Indian, the missionary and the conqueror, the Spanish lineage, people's mixed heritage," he said.
"Building walls means condemning yourself to death," he said. "We can't live asphyxiated by a culture as clean and pure as an operating theater, aseptic and not microbial."
Follow @tdwilliamsrome
AsiaFaithImmigrationCatholic ChurchdiversityimmigrationMulticulturalismPope FrancisThailandVatican


AM5891 is a domestic flight operated by Aeromexico. AM5891 is departing from Philadelphia (PHL), United States and arriving at Atlanta (ATL), United States. The flight distance is about 1,073 km or 667 miles and flight time is 2 hours 22 minutes. Get the latest status of AM5891 / AMX5891 here.
Update on Dec. 16, 2018, 9:01 a.m.
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Anthony Nelson has branded Charlie Edwards 'full of himself' and has vowed to punish his over-confident opponent when they clash for the WBA Continental Flyweight title at the Metro Radio Arena in Newcastle on Saturday night.
Nelson's clash with Edwards is part of a night of action in Newcastle where local star Lewis Ritson can win the British Lightweight title outright against unbeaten Belfast man Paul Hyland Jnr. and Sunderland's talented Rio Olympian Josh Kelly challenges Commonwealth Welterweight champion Kris George.
Gavin McDonnell defends his WBC International Super-Bantamweight title against Stuart Hall in a must-win clash for both men, Arfan Iqbal defends his English Cruiserweight belt against Simon Vallily and former three-weight World champion Ricky Burns fights for the 50thtime as a pro.


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Wikiversity:Cite sources
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Citing the sources of information added to Wikiversity pages is mandated by Wikiversity:Verifiability. Any information on a page that is challenged and has no reliable sources may be removed to the corresponding talk page for discussion.
Attribution is especially needed for direct quotes, information that is contentious or likely to be challenged, and superlatives and absolutes (such as statements that something is the best, first or only one of its kind). If you don't know how to format the citation, others will fix it for you; simply provide the source information as plain text.
1 Why sources should be cited
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2.1 When you quote someone
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Why sources should be cited[edit]
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Think ahead. Try to imagine whether people might doubt what you wrote, or need more information about it. Supporting what is written in Wikiversity by referring to a clear and reliable source will add stability to your contribution. When in doubt about whether something might be disputed, provide a specific citation.
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how did africans resist colonial rule
Chimurenga Resistance (Zimbabwe)
Battle of Isandhlawana.
Maji-Maji Uprising (Tanganyika)
Battle of Adowa (Ethiopia)
Asante Resistance (Ghana)
Samori Ture.
Libyan Resistance.
Why did Africans failed in their resistance to European colonialism?
However, military resistance played a large role in helping the cause of the native people of Africa. It had success such as Ethiopia's ability to remain independent and the Chilembwe insurrection; it also had its failures such as lack of technology and lack of unity.
How was colonial rule resisted by Nigeria?
A major historic act of resistance to colonial power occurred with the Aba Women's Riots of 1929, which marked a key turning point in Anglo-Nigerian relations and ultimately led to the reformation of local government organisation in the Southern Protectorate of Nigeria.
How did Ghana resist colonialism?
But resistance also took many other forms. Ultimately, boycotts, strikes, marches, and diplomacy did a lot of the work that ended formal empires. In this video, we look at some episodes of resistance from Ghana—the British Gold Coast Colony— under the leadership of Yaa Asantewaa and later Kwame Nkrumah.
How did Kenya resist colonization?
When the livelihoods of people were threatened, the people's resistance with their collective action became a strong force against colonialism. The women in the Mau Mau movement played a key role, particularly in the transportation of arms and food to the various camps throughout the country.
What were some examples of African resistance to European imperial expansion?
Describe two examples of African resistance to European imperialism. Ethiopia was able to resist European imperialism by modernizing its nation. Along with that, a well-trained and powerful military was put together, which helped fend off invading forces such as the Italians.
How did colonial rule cause a breakdown of traditional African culture?
How did colonial rule cause a breakdown in traditional African culture? Traditional authority was replaced, men were forced to leave their villages to find work, and society was undermined by contempt for traditional culture.
Who resisted imperialism in Africa and what were the results?
2. Who resisted imperialism in Africa, and what were the results? Some African Tribes resisted imperialism such as Algerians and Ethiopians. Ethiopians succeeded by maintaining its central position by using a cunning dialogue.
What is African resistance to colonialism?
The conditions that led African peoples to resist colonial rule often emerged from longstanding grievances against colonial labor exploitation, taxation, racist and paternalist practices, arbitrary violence, and political illegitimacy.
How did Colonisation affect Africa?
Colonialism made African colonies dependent by introducing a mono- cultural economy for the territories. It also dehumanized African labour force and traders. It forced Africans to work in colonial plantations at very low wages and displaced them from their lands.
Why do you think that Ethiopia was the only African country to resist European imperialism?
how did ethiopia successfully resist European rule? it was because of Menilik 2nd. he played the italians, frech and british against each other, all of who wee striving to bring Ethiopia into their sphere of influence. why were european nations interested in contoling muslim lands?
Why was a lot of anti colonial resistance aimed at chiefs and kings?
A lot of anti-colonial resistance actually aimed at chiefs and kings because the orders were done by chiefs and kings and you were able to kick chiefs out. … The UGCC organized a boycott to fight against the Colonialism and a march by Ghanaian veterans who fought in the war.
What was colonialism in Africa?
Colonialism is the act by which a country or state exerts control and domination over another country or state. … During a period lasting from 1881 to 1914 in what was known as the Scramble for Africa, several European nations took control over areas of the African continent.
What causes the Asante resistance?
The war started on the pretext of failure to pay the fines of 50,000 ounces of gold levied on the Asantahene, the Ashanti emperor, by the Treaty of Fomena. Colonel Sir Francis Scott left Cape Coast along with the British and Indian Troops in December 1895 and arrived in Kumasi in January 1896.
How was Africa colonized?
By 1900 much of Africa had been colonized by seven European powers—Britain, France, Germany, Belgium, Spain, Portugal, and Italy. … The colonial state was the machinery of administrative domination established to facilitate effective control and exploitation of the colonized societies.
What was the Mau Mau resistance?
The Mau Mau (origin of the name is uncertain) advocated violent resistance to British domination in Kenya; the movement was especially associated with the ritual oaths employed by leaders of the Kikuyu Central Association to promote unity in the independence movement.
Was the Mau Mau rebellion successful?
Although there had been previous instances of violent resistance to colonialism, the Mau Mau revolt was the most prolonged and violent anti-colonial warfare in the British Kenya colony. … None of the armed uprisings during the beginning of British colonialism in Kenya were successful.
How did Africans react to the scramble of Africa?
Most Africans outside of South Africa were confronted only late in the 19th C; however, in this later period because of the frenzy of the Scramble, intrusion was often sudden, unexpected and overwhelming. … As a result, some African responses were undoubtedly naive.
How did Ethiopia resist imperialism?
On the first day of March 124 years ago, traditional warriors, farmers and pastoralists as well as women defeated a well-armed Italian army in the northern town of Adwa in Ethiopia. The outcome of this battle ensured Ethiopia's independence, making it the only African country never to be colonized.
How did Africa react to European imperialism?
Colonialism had a huge impact on the lives of Africans. Economic policies were adopted by Europeans who destroyed the colonies, rather than help them. Africa was damaged economically, politically, and culturally. Africa's traditional lifestyles and culture were destroyed.
Why were African resistance movements usually unsuccessful?
African resistance movements usually unsuccessful because of the Europeans' superior arms. The contest between African states and European powers was never equal. … Guns and other weapons had already been invented, and the Europeans were far more advanced than the Africans were at this point in time.
How did colonialism affect African art?
African art can be said to have moved away from traditional styles and values because of the effects of colonialism. … These art has shown the history of their culture and people. Abstract art was also very common during those days but the coming of Europeans has given way to conceptual art and was on the rise.
What African groups resisted against imperialism?
Many Africans resisted colonialism through non-military means as well, such as the Igbo women of Nigeria, who organized a massive protest against the British-installed Igbo chief for failing to protect their interests.
What African countries resisted colonization?
Key Takeaways. Ethiopia and Liberia are widely believed to be the only two African countries to have never been colonized. Their location, economic viability, and unity helped Ethiopia and Liberia avoid colonization.
Who resisted colonial rule in Kenya?
The Nandi Resistance was a military conflict that took place in present-day Kenya between 1890 and 1906. It involved members of the Kalenjin ethnic group, mainly from the Nandi section, and elements of the British Army.
What happened when Africa tried to resist imperialism?
Some Africans tried to resist Imperialism. … In German East Africa thousands died when they used spiritual power to fight German machine guns. In Ethiopia, resistance succeeded as they played one European country against another and they used European weapons to defeat the Italian army.
What was early resistance to colonial rule?
early resistance to colonial rule was based on… anger at bad treatment
Britain bought Egypt's share in the Suez canal because it would connect Britain with its interests in India. TRUE
Which country in East Africa had effectively resisted European colonial control?
Which country was the only one who resisted and successfully defended itself? Why was Ethiopia able to successfully resist European rule?
How did colonialism affect the African economy?
The policies of colonialism forced the demise of African industry and created a reliance on imported goods from Europe. Had native industry been encouraged and cultivated by the colonizing powers, Africa would probably be in a much better economic and technological position today.
Which was a major effect of European rule in Africa?
decreased dependence of African nations on imports. development of subsistence agriculture. improved transportation and communication systems. increased use of barter as a basis of their economies.
In what way did colonialism affect Europe?
The consequence was economic growth. … In consequence colonialism drove economic development in some parts of Europe and retarded it in others. Colonialism did not, however, merely impact the development of those societies that did the colonising. Most obviously, it also affected the societies that were colonised.
How did Ethiopia successfully resist?
How did Ethiopia resist European rule so successfully? – Menelik II, emperor of Ethiopia, built up a large arsenal of modern weapons purchased from Russia and France. He played three outside forces against each other. He beat the Italians in the battle of Adowa and maintained their independence.
Which two African nations successfully resisted European imperialism?
Age of Imperialism
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The 2018 senior class officers, with the help of the Senior Class Council, will host the annual Senior Faculty Basketball game on March, 30th, 2018, the last Friday before Spring Break. Be sure to buy your ticket to see the ultimate test of strength and agility in the battle between the senior class and the school staff.
Tickets will be sold for $3 at lunches on March 28th, 29th, and 30th.
The energy and the thrill of the game will keep you on the edge of your seats, and you cannot miss performances by Midlothian's very own senior class talents. Enter the raffle to win an Amazon Echo Dot or a pound of candy.
Come join us for some basketball, music, and prizes!


text:
Q: How to show spinner dropdown full screen? I want to show spinner full screen..I reached i didnot get proper solution.
XML
<Spinner
        android:layout_width="match_parent"
        android:layout_height="wrap_content"
        style="@style/spinner_style"
        android:layout_below="@+id/appbarlayouts"
        android:overlapAnchor="false"
        android:id="@+id/task_spinner"></Spinner>

Java
ArrayAdapter<String> dataAdapter = new ArrayAdapter<String>(this,android.R.layout.simple_spinner_dropdown_item, categories) {

            @Override
            public View getDropDownView(int position, View convertView, ViewGroup parent)
            {
                View v = null;
                v = super.getDropDownView(position, null, parent);
                // If this is the selected item position

                if (position == selectedItem) {
                    v.setBackgroundColor(getResources().getColor(R.color.colorPrimaryDark));
                }
                else {
                    // for other views
                    v.setBackgroundColor(Color.WHITE);
                   // ((TextView) parent.getChildAt(position)).setTextColor(Color.BLACK);
                }

                return v;
            }
        };  // Drop down layout style - list view with radio button
        dataAdapter.setDropDownViewResource(android.R.layout.simple_spinner_dropdown_item);
        task_spinner.setAdapter(dataAdapter);

My output
 I want to show drop down upto bottom view but currently it's not showing

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


SKU: 210.0045B. Categories: All Products, Head Covers, Mob Cap, Single-Use Clothing.
Mob Cap With elastic edge.
Covers the hair 100%, made from soft and comfortable polypropylene fibre with an encapsulated elastic edge.
Double elastic for extra comfort (latex-free).


The Eastern System Upgrade project is a critical expansion of the existing Millennium Pipeline in New York. The project will add nearly 8 miles of looped pipeline in Orange County, provide needed upgrades to a compressor station in Delaware County and construction of a new compressor station in Sullivan County. The Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC) issued a favorable environmental assessment (EA) in March 2017, indicating the project is on track for a final approval by the end of the year. Timely approval will keep the project on track to begin service in fall 2018.


text:
B-grade celebrities don't use ladders - they use Australia.
Alish Wilson
By ALISH WILSON
Australian TV is now the place for fading celebrities to come for a career tune-up.
Mel B, Ronan Keating, Brian McFadden, Joel Madden, Seal, David Hasselhoff… All of these B/C/D grader international celebs have made the trip down under in an effort to bump themselves up a notch on the Super-star-dom alphabet.
Private Sydney columnist Andrew Hornery wrote about this phenomenon earlier this week, taking on the celebrities who have attempted a Down Under Career Make-Over. You can read his musings here.
But Andrew's piece got me thinking – why here?
What is it about Australia that fills the eyes of not-quite-celebrities-anymore with the stars of years past? In a nut shell? We are to the world what Tasmania is to us: that quiet little place down below that's so far off the radar, nobody who matters will ever know what you did there for a quick buck (sorry Tasmanians).
Also, we lose our sh*t over famous people. Lose. Our. Shit.
That has to be a good feeling when you've gone unrecognised at the supermarket for years. (And when I say 'famous people', obviously Aussie-only celebrities aren't included.
I can't really explain this phenomenon except to say that unless they have managed to 'make-it' overseas, no Australian is ever considered a 'real' celebrity when standing next to an international star, no matter how D-grade that star may be.)
So a lack of cash and/or a fragile ego pretty much guarantee we'll be getting ourselves a new celebrity judge on Australia's Still Got Some People Who Haven't Won A Talent Contest Yet.
Hitched
Introducing What I Eat When...
But I don't want to pretend that these celebs are all one and the same. There are definitely some celebrity levels. And Australians' excitement only increases the higher up that greasy pole that you climb.
Let's look at the levels shall we?
Level One: Here's where you've got formerly non-American small scale stars who've apparently made some inroads in LA and are therefore photographed 'unawares' at the shops (which they thoroughly enjoy). Also in this category are reality TV stars that not everybody will know about. These people love doing the rounds of the morning shows because it makes them feel super legitimate.
Level Two: This level has your aforementioned talent show judges. Bigger than your minor celeb, but certainly not A-List anymore, Australia is just the confidence booster they need. I mean really, what did you know about Seal before he got here except for Kissed by a Rose and Heidi Klum?
And Mel B had fallen off the radar completely until she cottoned on to the fact there were paparazzi here who actually wanted to take her picture. Stars on this level are hoping to use Oz as a stepping-stone back to their old status. And we have no problem helping them with that (Spice up your life!)
Level Three: Actual, bonafide A-Listers. When an actual, real-life, no-question-about-it star comes to Australia, we LOSE OUR FREAKING MINDS. We renamed the Opera House for Oprah. The hosts of The Project turned into giggling school kids around Brad Pitt. Ellen Degeneres was adopted as our own because she married an Australian who doesn't particularly like coming back here…
We talk about Cate Blanchett like she might actually be God (actually, she might be… so maybe that's okay). We just cannot believe that they've bothered to come all the way down here, where our sad equivalent of going on David Letterman is an 8am spot with David Koch.
It's an odd relationship that us Aussies share with the career-boosting celebs in particular.
Because, you see – we know they're B-grade. We know they're just here because they think appearing on Australian TV is the same as appearing in a Japanese energy drink commercial or a Bollywood based mini-series (an embarrassing but well-paid secret).
But we get so dang excited that any celebrity of note is willing to sit through an hours-long plane ride to get here that we just don't care. Look! Famous people!! Over there!!
However. Just like the pimply faced teenage boy who is head over heels in love with the popular girl who only bothers to talk to him every fourth Tuesday – are we just being used? Why do Aussies keep embracing these semi-stars with such fever?
I think we're coming on a little strong, and it's not doing us any favours. Let's just relax. Play it cool. Maybe then we'll get more visits from the higher end of the alphabet.
Check out this gallery of alphabet-jumping judges:
The Voice team - some sneaky alphabet jumpers?
The new Australia's Got Talent team. Hmmm...
The X Factor panels - two alphabet jumpers
Brian McFadden on Australia's Got Talent
Joel Madden
Dawn French
Alish Wilson is a young mum from Melbourne who loves writing, pop culture and pie. When she's not chasing around her twin boys she's working on that YA novel that she plans to publish. One day…
So what do you think? Is it fair to say Australia is the ultimate career destination for fading stars?
entertainment-2
Scarlett Harris 8 years ago
You've hit the nail on the head with this one. I touch on this in an article I wrote earlier this year about the reality singing competition: http://earlybirdcatchesthew...
Anonymous 8 years ago
We are not the only country to do it. Britain and Irelands next top model is judged by 2 Australians (Danni Minogue and Elle) and an american male model, and Keith Urban judged American Idol, Heidi Klum host project runway instead of an american model or designer. Dawn French was a bloody fantastic judge on superstar (hilarious), and although the spice girls were crap they do know a thing or two about survival in the pop industry so I think as long as the people they are choosing are qualified to pass on their life experience from a variety of different backgrounds than it is fine.


Dhiraj Mukherjee co-founded Shazam, one of the top 20 most downloaded apps of all time which has become so successful it has been bought by Apple. He has also been Head of Banking Innovation at Virgin Money, where he was responsible for developing and implementing disruptive new digital banking products, propositions and partnerships. Dhiraj is an experienced digital business entrepreneur, with a proven track record in both corporate and start-up environments.
He has a wealth of valuable experience and knowledge around driving innovation within emerging technologies, raising investment, managing product and delivering revenues. Dhiraj is a regular speaker at major conferences on entrepreneurship, FinTech and emerging technologies. He was elected to the Digital Banking Club's "Power 50" influencer in Financial Services in 2016 and selected for Smith & Williamson's "Power 100" in 2017 for supporting innovation and entrepreneurship in the UK.


(March 24): Candidates vying for the four available Asian Football Confederation (AFC) seats on the FIFA council have been cleared to stand for election by the world governing body, the AFC said on Friday.
The four successful candidates at May's AFC congress in Bahrain will represent Asia on the body along with Bahraini vice president Sheikh Salman Bin Ebrahim Al Khalifa, also the head of the AFC, and members from Japan and Malaysia.
The four spots include one reserved for women.
Australian Moya Dodd, formerly a co-opted member of the old FIFA Executive Committee, will take on Mahfuza Ahkter of Bangladesh, Han Un-gyong of North Korea and Susan R. A. Shalabi of Palestine.
Chinese Football Association general secretary Zhang Jian, South Korea's Mong Gyu Chung, Sheikh Ahmad Al-Fahad Al-Sabah of Kuwait and Mariano V. Araneta Jr. of Philippines will contest for the other three spots.
Olympic Council of Asia President Sheikh Ahmad, who heads the Association of National Olympic committees and is an influential International Olympic Committee (IOC) member, has a FIFA Council seat currently, the term of which ends in May.
The FIFA Council replaced the largely discredited Executive Committee as FIFA's decision-making body under reforms instituted in the wake of the 2015 corruption scandal in soccer's world governing body.
Last September, the AFC extraordinary congress, called to conduct the elections for the FIFA Council, was postponed over the disqualification of a Qatari candidate.


Saute celery, onion, and garlic in 1.5 T extra virgin olive oil and add a pinch of sea salt or regular salt, black pepper and crushed red pepper flakes (optional) to taste. Add tomatoes and paste and brown sugar and simmer to blend flavors. Add Ring pasta after the meatballs have been cooked.
Mix all ingredients together using your hands to blend well. Make small ping pong size balls and drop them into the soup base to cook. Cover and cook for 30 minutes. Add Ring pasta to soup and let cook 20 minutes more or until pasta is tender. Serve with shredded fresh parmesan and basil in each bowl.


Here at SeatGeek, it's our goal to give you, the fan, the best possible experience. To do this, we gather incredible amounts of data on sports and concert tickets, analyzing them for price trends and patterns. Then, when you come to look for tickets for your favorite team or artist, we can help you decide which tickets will give you the best deal. You can also sign up for a SeatGeek account and then let us know which teams and artists you like the most, allowing us to tell you when you can snag some great deals to see those performers in person. To try this out you can use our search bar to find your favorite team or artist or just browse around from our home, concert, or league main pages.
Along with helping you find the best deals for all your tickets, our massive amounts of data lets us find cool, informative facts about everything from ticket prices to Justin Bieber tweets. We like to use infographics to make all of this information easily accessible, comprehensible, and, most of all, enjoyable. These infographics have also been featured on other sites, such as CBS and NBC Sports. Even though all these infographics are great, they weren't always easy to find, so we decided to bring them all together. To check out all of the awesome infographics we've done so far, just head on over to the hub page for either our music or sports infographics.


Ever wonder what makes a beautiful photograph? Whether you have an iPhone for Instagram photography or own a dslr with hopes to make your photos beautiful on your website, creating eye-catching photographs is possible! In this class you'll learn different elements of photography from styling to lighting. Students are encouraged to bring your iPhones or cameras for practicing!
Jaime Smialek is an all-around badass. From her business Our Ampersand Photography to her blog She Wore it Anyways, she has taken Chattanooga by storm. She has a bachelor's degree in film photography and has been shooting digitally as a professional for five years.


We all need a space set aside where we can stop and breathe. A place we can release our tense shoulders, a place of calm, of acceptance, of rest. A place we can at last be stilled and quieted enough to hear from within and listen deeply. A sacred hour where we can come to realize once more we are deeply loved by the Creator of all things. The Great Energy Force who is always up to good in us, through us, and for us. Who is delighted we have just shown up to sit together, to prayerfully listen together, and to grow together. Often it is helpful to have a companion in such a time. Someone to be in prayer, silence, and conversation with us as we seek to discover and deepen this mysterious relationship with the One many call God. Being such a companion, is my role. Engaging in such a time is Spiritual Direction.
Come, if you are seeking rest and restoration in your spiritual life. Come, if you desire to deepen or explore your relationship with God. Come, if you are struggling in your faith. Come, if you need a listening ear and compassionate presence. Come, if you need a companion on your journey. Come if you desire to explore or nurture your prayer life. Come if you need discernment in life decisions. Come, if you are simply curious. Come and see how God is desiring to show up for you.
Typically I meet with directees for an hour, in person or virtually, and on a monthly basis. Together we open ourselves to hearing how God, who is the true Director, is speaking and moving in your life. This may come through your sharing, through sitting in silence, though conversation, prayer, a reading, engaging art, or any number of ways. If you are at all curious I encourage you to try it out and see if spiritual direction might be just what you need at this time. Spiritual direction helps you tell your sacred story, or perhaps discover its sacredness for the first time. Spiritual direction is one of those great mysteries that cannot quite be understood through explanation, but simply needs to be explored, much like God, who is the one gently ushering you to Godself all the time. When experienced, there is a good chance spiritual direction just might change your life and make all the difference in the world.
Our journeys vary, as do our budgets, so I offer a sliding scale of $40-$60/per session. If you have additional questions or concerns please contact me and I would be glad to speak with you further.


Classic reworking of the Nike logo and slogan. This design uses trading candles to form the distinctive logo and is accompanied with the 'Just HODL it' call in place of the 'Just do it' slogan.
Also available as a T-shirt or Hoodie without coin logo.
This version features the Litecoin logo on the back. Also available in a Bitcoin version.
One size fits all - this style has an adjustable strap with buckle.


text:
HomeNewsUS And Israel Sign $38 Billion Military Aid Deal
US And Israel Sign $38 Billion Military Aid Deal
September 15, 2016 Niamh Harris News, US 1
The US will give Israel $38 billion in military aid over the next ten years under a landmark agreement which was signed on Wednesday.
The deal, the largest military aid package in U.S. history, was signed as planned by Israel's national security advisor and a senior US diplomat.
The Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu released a statement after the signing, calling the deal "historic."
The deal will require Israel to buy all weapons from US manufacturers, unlike previous aid packages which partially went to Israeli companies.
Middle East Eye reports:
Israel's acting national security adviser Jacob Nagel and US Under-Secretary of State Tom Shannon signed the deal at the State Department, bringing to an end months of wrangling over the details of the package.
The deal prevents Israel from requesting additional aid from Congress over the next 10 years, and will also remove the previous arrangement which had allowed Israel to use up to 25 percent of the aid money on its own defence industry, instead requiring that all the aid is spent with US arms manufacturers.
"Prime Minister Netanyahu and I are confident that the new MOU will make a significant contribution to Israel's security in what remains a dangerous neighbourhood," US President Barack Obama said in a written statement.
"For as long as the state of Israel has existed, the United States has been Israel's greatest friend and partner, a fact underscored again today," Obama said.
"This commitment to Israel's security has been unwavering and is based on a genuine and abiding concern for the welfare of the Israeli people and the future of the State of Israel."
Obama has not had the warmest of relations with Israel's Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu, and Washington in recent weeks stepped up its criticism of Israeli settlement-building on occupied Palestinian land.
The deal covers the period from 2019 to 2028 and will see Israel receive about $3.3bn per year in foreign military financing – up from $3.1bn currently – and $500,000 in funding for missile defence.
Israel is already the biggest single recipient of US military aid from the State Department's foreign military financing budget, and also receives some direct support from Pentagon funds for specific projects.
Niamh Harris
Writer at Your News Wire
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text:
The Hon Michael McCormack MP Deputy Prime Minister Minister for Infrastructure, Transport and Regional Development
McCormack
The Hon Michael McCormack MP
National Freight Data Hub Options Paper released
Today's release of an Options Paper for the National Freight Data Hub is the next step in improving national freight data.
The Options Paper builds on the Federal Government's $5.2 million investment to settle the design of the Hub and create a prototype website.
Deputy Prime Minister and Minister for Infrastructure, Transport and Regional Development Michael McCormack said the Hub would help businesses and governments make better operational and investment decisions.
"The Options Paper sets out the design of the Hub and we encourage feedback from industry to inform its development," the Deputy Prime Minister said.
"Freight is an essential service and during the pandemic, we've seen just how much we rely on our freight sector to keep shelves stocked and local economies running.
"The freight and logistics sector is the vital link across our supply chains and the Hub will play an important role in supporting the sector.
"The Hub is another example of how the Australian Government is working closely with and listening to the needs of industry.
"Industry input will ensure the design is responsive to users' needs, leading to improvements across transport and infrastructure planning."
Assistant Minister for Road Safety and Freight Transport Scott Buchholz said the Hub's full design and business case would link in with industry feedback.
"The Hub will demonstrate how collaboration benefits everyone, building on the Federal Government's strong track-record in supporting the sector," Assistant Minister Buchholz said.
"This is an opportunity for Australia to pioneer the journey towards freight data transparency and exchange.
"The Hub is another one of many concrete steps we have taken to support Australian jobs and productivity, by facilitating innovation and freight efficiency."
Submissions to the National Freight Data Hub Options Paper close on Friday, 11 September 2020">Friday, 11 September 2020.
To view the Discussion Paper and for more information about the National Freight Data Hub, visit https://www.infrastructure.gov.au/transport/freight/national-freight-data-hub/index.aspx.
Deputy Prime Minister – Dean Shachar 0418 202 860
Assistant Minister Buchholz – Scott O'Connell 0413 424 384
Joint Release with
The Hon Scott Buchholz MP
Assistant Minister for Road Safety and Freight Transport


text:
'I want to build something important with the club' – Conte responded to Bergwijn Ajax links
Antonio Conte has responded to speculation that winger Steven Bergwijn could join Ajax in the January transfer window, writes the 90min.
The Netherlands international joined Tottenham midway through the 2019/20 season, and endeared himself to his new fans when he scored a phenomenal goal against Manchester City on his debut.
But since then, Bergwijn has grabbed just three goals in a further 59 games for Spurs in all competitions.
He has been strongly linked with a return to his home country with Ajax in recent weeks, and Conte was asked what the future holds for Bergwijn in a press conference on Wednesday.
"We are talking about a player that has important skills," he said. "It was a pity for me but not for the national team that he scored [during the November international break]. I would have liked to have had him during the two weeks of the international break to know him much better.
"But he has great quality – he's great one-vs-one, very fast, great quality to beat the man and score.
"Now we are working, he is understanding what I want from him. For me he's one of the three strikers, he can play in every three position for the strikers.
"He is a player I have to make an important evaluation but he is in our squad and I count on him. [Against Brentford on Thursday] he's ready and available. Against Mura he had a problem and otherwise he should have played, but tomorrow he's available."
While Conte was bullish about the idea of selling players in January, he was similarly reluctant to even discuss the notion of signing players next month.
"Honestly, when I decided to become Tottenham manager, I didn't speak about this aspect," he said regarding transfers.
"Also because I think that when you take a job, you have to make your evaluation. You have to feel your sensation and honestly I felt that Tottenham was the right club to work, to bring my idea of football, my philosophy.
"For that reason I accepted the job, but I didn't talk about January or ways to improve the team. I repeat – I'm here because I have great enthusiasm, I have great passion to start new work with Tottenham.
"If I'm here, [it means] I want to build something important with the club. I know in this moment we are a bit far from [being] a top club but we need to work to improve the situation.
"To create a good base, and then you build. We can do this and our fans have to support us because the moment is not simple. But I have great enthusiasm, great passion and I believe here we can build something important. We need time and patience but I have great desire to do something great in this club."


text:
Choi Chae-heung gives the Lions something to roar about
Samsung Lions pitcher Choi Chae-heung celebrates after tossing a complete shutout during a game against the LG Twins at Jamsil Baseball Stadium in southern Seoul on Sept. 13. [NEWS1]
Samsung Lions starter Choi Chae-heung may be pitching for a struggling team, but it doesn't seem to be holding him back much.
At least not all the time. Although Choi has made headlines for his strong performance this season, it hasn't all been plain sailing.
In fact, Choi may have a claim on the worst game of the season. Back on Aug. 12, during the Lions' game against the Doosan Bears, Choi gave up 17 hits and 11 runs throughout five innings, making the worst kind of history in the process.
Giving up 17 hits in a single game ties the KBO record in terms of the most number of hits. Since Choi was having a pretty good season, his historically bad result came as a big surprise. Due to that one game, his ERA shot up from 3.42 to 4.52.
Luckily, that game seems to be an anomaly. Choi doesn't appear to have been shaken up and quickly returned to form.
Although Choi's ERA for the season is still pretty high at 4.16 with seven wins and six losses, he still has at least one performance that's especially memorable for a good reason. During a game against the LG Twins on Sept. 13, Choi tossed a complete shutout. Throughout nine innings, he gave up four hits while striking out 10 and giving up no runs.
This was Choi's first-ever shutout.
As he is slowly getting better with the end of the season approaching, Choi has become the starter that Lions manager Heo Sam-young can rely on. Looking at the team's starting rotation, Baek Jung-hyun has been sent down to the Futures League due to injury while Won Tae-in has started to fall apart.
But with Choi's performance, the Lions still have some balance to their starting rotation, led by Choi and foreign pitcher David Buchanan. Having fully earned his spot in the Lions' rotation in only his third season in the KBO, Choi has one goal, to fulfill the regulated innings for a starting pitcher this season.
Below are edited excerpts from an interview with Choi.
Q. You made quite an impact with a complete shutout against the LG Twins on Sept. 13. Did anything feel different ahead of that game?
A. For some reason, I did feel good that day, better than usual. My control of my fastball was good. That's how I got to strike out so many batters. As the weather cools down I think my pace is picking up.
Q. Before the complete game, your worst game was against the Doosan Bears on Aug. 12. What changed since then?
A. Rather than doing something differently, I told myself to continue doing what I've been doing. I started to think that the main role of a starter is to be consistent. Although I played badly that day, I continued pitching with the thought that "I'll do well if I do it consistently." As I started telling myself that, I feel like my performance is also getting better.
Q. Your performance this season has improved compared to last year. What changed?
A. I think I've gained more confidence compared to last season. Since spring training, my control of my pitches were all right. Since I wanted to play as a full-time starter, I've done a lot of weight training to build my strength and I think that worked out well.
Q. Your batting average against right-handed batters went down. What changes did you make?
A. My batting average against right-handed batters was lower [than against lefty batters] last year too.
This season, my changeup is working well. When I was pitching against left-handed batters last year, I had a hard time pitching inside, more toward their body. Due to this, I made it easier for the batters to hit, which is why my batting average against [vs. left-handed batter] was higher [at 0.316].
This season, by pitching more toward the inside of the body, I'm improving on my weakness. But by throwing more pitches like that, I'm also hitting the batters more as well.
Q. What is the biggest success behind lowering your batting average compared to last year?
A. I think being able to throw pitches toward the batter's body with more confidence is the [biggest] reason. Since I'm being more confident [with my pitches] I can feel that my pitches have gotten a lot better than last year. For pitchers, routine is important and I'm in the process of figuring it out.
Q. After you attended Hanyang University, you switched your position from being a batter to a pitcher. What triggered you to change your mind?
A. I saw a limit in my development as a batter. I had more fun as a pitcher and I wanted to challenge myself with a new position. I requested a meeting with my manager regarding a position change and at the time, our manager accepted it by telling me that "I thought of you as a pitcher."
Since the training for a pitcher and batter is different, the process was tough in the beginning. I was able to adjust quickly and saw good results.
Q. For the first time since you made your KBO debut with the Lions, you're on track to fulfill the regulated innings. How do you feel about that?
A. My goal is to fulfill the regulated innings. It'll be hard but I really want to achieve it. If I can get through the rotation without an injury, then I want to exceed the number of innings. I want to achieve this more than I want to pick up 10 wins. It can be a motivation for me to go one step further.
BY BAE JUNG-HUNE, KANG YOO-RIM [kang.yoorim@joongang.co.kr]
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About FOB
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Home / About the Federation of Bakers / Useful links
British Dietetic Association
Professional association and trade body for dieticians. You can find out how to get in touch with a registered dietician or nutritionist. Site also includes a comprehensive range of Food Factsheets on a range of nutrition topics which are not only used by the profession but also by the wider public and media too. Their news section is also a good source of up to date views and news.
www.bda.uk.com
British Nutrition Foundation (BNF)
Site with a large amount of resources related to nutrition, including comprehensive details of their education programmes and resources for schools, nutrition facts and news. Publications and events are also listed as well as details of BNF activities.
www.nutrition.org.uk
Change4Life is a society-wide movement that aims to prevent people from becoming overweight by encouraging them to eat better and move more. Lots of excellent resources to use with families and children
www.nhs.uk/Change4Life
Coeliac Society
Run by the charity, the site provides information and advice on Coeliac disease. It covers areas such as medical information, news, information specifically for youth, research, local interest groups and relevant links for more information.
www.coeliac.org.uk
Flour Advisory Bureau
Great site with lots of information relating to flour and bread including a blog, step by step cooking guides, great recipes, tips for successful baking, nutritional information and flour and bread facts. You can also find out more about all of the difference types of bread and flour available in the UK.
www.fabflour.co.uk
Institute of Food Science and Technology
The IFST site provides information about their Special Interest Groups and gives position statements on current food-related topics.
www.ifst.org
NHS Choices – Live Well
Website with hundreds of articles on dozens of topics, full of tips and information on keeping yourself and your family healthy.
www.nhs.uk/livewell
Whole Grain Goodness is an independent, not-for-profit campaign. Here you'll find everything you need to know about whole grains, including how they're beneficial to your health and delicious recipe ideas.Launched in 2004 by AHDB Cereals & Oilseeds, this campaign about whole grains aims to increase awareness of the culinary and nutritional benefits of whole grains (e.g. whole wheat and oats) as part of a healthy balanced diet, and to inspire people to eat them every day.
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info@fob.uk.com
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We have 9 member companies who are all large-scale bakers of sliced and wrapped bread. Our members run 34 bakeries throughout the UK supplying the majority of the UK's bread.
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text:
Lightning Returns: Final Fantasy XIII preview: time for change
By moving to a new "Amazing ATB" battle system, Lightning Returns may represent the boldest change for a mainline Final Fantasy game ever.
Andrew Yoon
Square Enix has been oft criticized for its abundance of Final Fantasy games. However, even as we reach the third Final Fantasy XIII game, it's clear that the company never rests on its laurels. Lightning Returns: Final Fantasy XIII is a radical departure from the previous two games in the Fabula Nova Crystallis series. In fact, by moving to a new "Amazing ATB" battle system, Lightning Returns may represent the boldest change for a mainline Final Fantasy game ever. Producer Yoshinori Kitase, who has worked on the franchise since FFV, introduced the game by setting up our expectations. The first game in the XIII trilogy was "story-driven," he said. It was a game very much driven by the vision of its creators. However, XIII-2 evolved to be "player-driven," after tepid fan response had the team go back to the drawing board. For the oddly-numbered sequel, players had far more flexibility in how they wanted to approach the story, jumping into time periods in whatever way they fit. Lightning Returns further evolves the game with a "world-driven" approach, which features a "living" world that evolves as players impact it. The end result is an open-world game that harkens back to the N64 classic, The Legend of Zelda: Majora's Mask. The game places a great deal of emphasis on time, with a persistent clock appearing not only on your HUD, but throughout the world. In the hands-off demo we saw, Lightning was exploring a train station, looking for clues on how to infiltrate an enemy base. At 6am, the town was quiet and easy to move through. However, as the clock continued to move, the town became noticeably more lively. NPCs will have their own lives and schedules: they'll commute to work, go out to eat, head back home, etc. And like in Majora's Mask, certain missions are time-critical, and will only be available at certain spots in the day. The flow of time not only introduces a "living world" to the franchise, but also adds a sense of urgency to the game. The world is ending, and it's up to Lightning to try and save as many souls as she can before the world comes to an end. A timer on the HUD constantly reminds you how much time is left before the apocalypse: in our demo, it said "2 Days." Having a persistent countdown clock to what seems to be a Game Over screen certainly raises the stakes and ups the tension. It's clear that the Final Fantasy team is struggling on exactly how "hardcore" to make the game. "To be honest with you, [playtesters] did seem to experience a lot of stress," game director Motomu Toriyama told us. "We've modified the system a bit so that it's more about valuing each day, and to maximize how [Lightning] spends the time that is available." Toriyama tells us there will be multiple ways to extend the amount of time available to the player, whether it be through fighting certain enemies or progressing to specific points in the story. In fact, he hopes that most players will be able to beat the game on their first try. However, Toriyama says there's plenty of reason to play through multiple times, regardless of success or failure. "We do encourage multiple playthroughs," he told us. "Time is constantly changing in the game, and there are different elements you can experience depending on what time it is." A "New Game+" feature should also make subsequent playthroughs more revealing.
Lightning has a new arsenal of moves, both in and out of battle
While having a persistent clock already marks a significant change for Lightning Returns, Square Enix has also returned to the drawing board for the battle system. Players have direct control of Lightning throughout the entire game, whether exploring the environment or fighting an enemy. Even outside of battle, players have significantly more control over their character: Lightning can jump, take cover, and dash even when exploring the town. This opens up brand new mission types for the game, like a stealth mission that has you stalking a key NPC through the map. Combat looks more like a traditional action RPG, with players mapping different abilities to the face buttons. You can customize three loadouts. For example, you may want a magic-oriented loadout, with different spells assigned to the different buttons. You may want a physical loadout with brawling moves, or a defensive loadout with status-changing spells. You'll have access to all three loadouts and will be able to switch between them freely; it's essentially Lightning Returns' take on "Paradigm Shifts." When in battle, Lightning can move around with the analog stick and, for the first time ever in the Final Fantasy franchise, will be able to dodge attacks. However, it is a Final Fantasy game, so you can't really button-mash your way to success. You'll have to manage the ATB gauge for each of your different loadouts. For example, if you focus entirely on magic, you may find yourself needing to switch to physical attacks as that gauge replenishes. "It is a lot more action based... [but] we believe it has kept the goodness and strategy of conventional Final Fantasy ATB battles," Toriyama said to us. When grilled if this is too much like other action JRPGs (specifically Tales), he told us that "we feel like it isn't much like that of Tales." Customizing Lightning will also play a big role in the game. Toriyama's directorial debut at Square Enix was with FFX-2, and I was amused to see how much emphasis has been placed on Lightning's outfit. You can equip new swords, shields, and more on the character--in fact, you can have one for each loadout. Lightning can become quite the formidable Barbie (and selling costume parts as DLC should prove to be quite lucrative, no?).
Battles involve far more player control than before
Lightning Returns: Final Fantasy XIII certainly has a lot of interesting ideas. However, one can't help but wonder if may be coming too late. Given its late 2013 release, a new generation of consoles are likely to launch near this game's release--will players want to see how the FFXIII trilogy ends? And the shift to an open world design has clearly affected the visuals, which even Kitase admits are not yet up to "conventional standards." (It's something that will undoubtedly improve as the game gets closer to release.) Lightning Returns will release on PS3 and Xbox 360 this fall.
Final Fantasy Series
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Andrew Yoon posted a new article, Lightning Returns: Final Fantasy XIII preview: time for change.
SunnyTelight
I am glad they are giving the combat a bit of a revamp. I enjoyed it in the first two games but by the end of XIII-2 I was starting to grow tired of it.
I doubt that new console launches will hurt sals too much. I remember FF12 coming out just before the PS3 and it did well.
I thought the second one was the perfect length. I played just enough to grind two monsters up and unlock all endings before I felt "done" and by that point in the game, I actually was.
The length of the second game was pretty good. My problem was I played the first and second too close together (about 6 months apart). The combat system between 1 and 2 were just too similar, I am just glad that the third doesn't sound like it is going to be more of the same.
lokithhh
Didn't like either 13 or 13-2, why must they make a trilogy of the one final fantasy world I despise.


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Colombia will safeguard Monómeros: Ex-chair
By Patricia Garip / Argus
Colombia's intervention of Venezuelan fertilizer company Monómeros will protect the strategic state-owned asset and ensure supply to Colombian farmers, the company's former board chair Carmen Elisa Hernandez told Argus.
Barranquilla-based Monómeros Colombo-Venezolanos has been administered by Venezuela's US-backed interim government since April 2019. But the company has come under severe financial strain, mainly because of a lack of access to credit from Colombian and foreign banks wary of breaching US sanctions on Venezuela, despite a license from the US Treasury's Office of Foreign Assets Control (Ofac) that administers the sanctions. As a result, Monómeros
has been forced to tap more costly credit lines from international raw material suppliers such as Mosaic and Nitron, said Hernandez.
Although the firm has not fallen into default, the debts have become more difficult to service because of the depreciation of the Colombian peso. Some creditors were starting to demand upfront payment to continue supplies, she said.
Hernandez resigned on 12 September after Monómeros management and other board members resisted the intervention by Colombian corporate regulator Supersociedades, taking a "confrontational" approach with which the Venezuelan engineer fiercely disagreed.
While Supersociedades was already reviewing Monómeros' books, the decision to assume control of the company for a second time since 2019 was accelerated by Venezuelan president Nicolas Maduro's public demand to return the company to his government's hands. As delicate Venezuelan political negotiations unfolded in Mexico, Maduro's remarks rippled through the fertilizer industry, casting doubt on who controlled the company and making it even harder for Monómeros to operate.
"I saw that (intervention) resolution of Supersociedades as protection, because while the control is in place, the shareholder cannot sell or do anything with the company," Hernandez said, adding that suppliers and distributors were reassured by the regulatory action.
Other Monomeros executives saw the Colombian move as a threat, putting the opposition leadership in an awkward position with respect to its steadfast political ally in Bogota.
Vulnerable asset
Hernandez noted that Monómeros is more vulnerable than Venezuela's biggest state-owned overseas asset, US refiner Citgo that is also controlled by the opposition, while its parent, Venezuela's national oil company PdV, is held by Maduro. Houston-based Citgo, which is the target of myriad creditors kept at bay by the US government, sits below Delaware-based Citgo Holding and PdV Holding, plus the opposition-appointed "ad hoc" PdV legal board in the US.
In contrast, Monómeros is controlled by Venezuelan state-owned petrochemical company Pequiven in Caracas, but an "ad hoc" Pequiven board was never registered in Colombia. Monómeros has a "more fragile political presence that is only protected by the Colombian government," Hernandez said.
After reluctantly accepting the resignation of another key technocrat in his thinning ranks, opposition leader and interim government head Juan Guaido committed to an external audit and restructuring of Monómeros in coordination with Colombia.
Hernandez asserts that Monómeros is too big to fail for Venezuela as well as for Colombia, where it accounts for 40pc of the local market. The company is especially important for small farmers and for Colombia's potato, coffee and oil palm growers, she said.
Senior opposition figures have told Argus that aside from the credit challenges, Monómeros has been exploited for political patronage from within their ranks, challenging Guaido's claim to responsible stewardship of Venezuela's international assets. Hernandez said she was never subject to political pressure during her more than two-year tenure.
"I don't want to engage in hearsay. We are in a country of laws, and the institutions will investigate and determine what is the truth," she said. "I was never pressured by Juan Guaido or (Voluntad Popular party leader) Leopoldo Lopez," she said.
Guaido's administration and Voluntad Popular both issued statements of support today for a fresh audit and restructuring of the company.
By Patricia Garip from Argus Media
argusmedia.com 09 15 2021


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Traffic signs used, including signs giving orders, warning signs, direction signs, information signs and road works signs.
Although The Highway Code shows many of the signs commonly in use, a comprehensive explanation of our signing system is given in the Department's booklet Know Your Traffic Signs, which is on sale at booksellers. The booklet also illustrates and explains the vast majority of signs the road user is likely to encounter.
The signs illustrated in The Highway Code are not all drawn to the same scale. In Wales, bilingual versions of some signs are used including Welsh and English versions of place names. Some older designs of signs may still be seen on the roads.
Signs with red circles are mostly prohibitive. Plates below signs qualify their message.
Signs with blue circles but no red border mostly give positive instruction.
The priority through route is indicated by the broader line.
Downward pointing arrows mean 'Get in lane' The left-hand lane leads to a different destination from the other lanes.
Blue panels indicate that the motorway starts at the junction ahead. Motorways shown in brackets can also be reached along the route indicated. White panels indicate local or non-primary routes leading from the junction ahead. Brown panels show the route to tourist attractions. The name of the junction may be shown at the top of the sign. The aircraft symbol indicates the route to an airport. A symbol may be included to warn of a hazard or restriction along that route.
Green panels indicate that the primary route starts at the junction ahead. Route numbers on a blue background show the direction to a motorway. Route numbers on a green background show the direction to a primary route.
'Countdown' markers at exit from motorway (each bar represents 100 yards to the exit). Green-backed markers may be used on primary routes and white-backed markers with black bars on other routes. At approaches to concealed level crossings white-backed markers with red bars may be used. Although these will be erected at equal distances the bars do not represent 100 yard intervals.


Don't live close to Chapel Hill? Let us bring a little bit of the University to you. Listen to three recent lectures by distinguished UNC faculty as part of Carolina College for Lifelong Learning's spring semester.
Lecturer: Peter A. Coclanis is Albert R. Newsome Distinguished Professor of history and director of the Global Research Institute at UNC.
Lecturer: Michael Lienesch is professor of political science at UNC.


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