text:
The IPCC's muddled definitions of climate change
In my first post, I criticised Peter Stott for muddling the IPCC's definition of climate change. It seems that I owe Stott an apology: it's not he who got the definitions confused, it's the IPCC itself.
I gave a link to the IPCC's definition of climate change, from the 2007 AR4 synthesis report. This states that
Climate change in IPCC usage refers to a change in the state of the climate that can be identified (e.g. using statistical tests) by changes in the mean and/or the variability of its properties, and that persists for an extended period, typically decades or longer. It refers to any change in climate over time, whether due to natural variability or as a result of human activity.
So it's quite clear that when the IPCC says climate change, it means either man-made or natural change. And this is what the IPCC studies, since of course CC = "climate change". The closest thing I can find to a definition in AR5 is Chapter 1 page 5, which again refers to any change, regardless of cause.
But hang on. There's another document called "Principles Governing IPCC Work". This says
The role of the IPCC is to assess on a comprehensive, objective, open and transparent basis the scientific, technical and socio-economic information relevant to understanding the scientific basis of risk of human-induced climate change, its potential impacts and options for adaptation and mitigation.
So now it appears that the IPCC is only concerned with man-made climate change! This was probably the statement Peter Stott was referring to.
Related confusion arose in a twitter conversation between Richard Tol, Andy Revkin and Roger Pielke Jr:
@RichardTol That note stressing that "climate change" ≠ "anthropogenic climate change" really muddles significance of many WGII findings.
— Andy Revkin (@Revkin) November 2, 2013
@Revkin That definition issue is a longstanding problem –>http://t.co/Icp02T1BCp @RichardTol
— Roger Pielke Jr. (@RogerPielkeJr) November 2, 2013
The link leads to a 2005 paper by Pielke, Misdefining ''climate change'': consequences for science and action, which draws attention to the confusion between the narrow definition used by the UNFCC and the broader one used by the IPCC, and also notes the "schizophrenic" internal inconsistency of definitions within the IPCC.
The reference here to WGII and a note refers to the recently leaked WGII report, see this Bishop Hill thread, where Hilary Ostrov comments on a footnote,
[2] Attribution of observed impacts in the WGII AR5 links responses of natural and human systems to climate change, not to anthropogenic climate change, unless explicitly indicated.
This of course is in contradiction with the second blockquote above, that says the IPCC's role is to assess the impacts of human-induced climate change.
What a shambles.
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10 thoughts on "The IPCC's muddled definitions of climate change"
How does the UK Department of Energy and Climate Change define climate change?
The process of changing weather patterns caused by the increased number of greenhouse gases in the global atmosphere as a result of human activity since the beginning of the Industrial Revolution."
from – 'A guide to carbon offsetting for the public sector' – Department of Energy and Climate Change
http://gps.cabinetoffice.gov.uk/sites/default/files/contracts/DECC%20guide%20to%20carbon%20offsetting.pdf
Thanks Barry. It would be interesting to see what definitions other organisations use.
As I had noted almost three years ago, Mike Hulme once wrote
… the idea of climate change is so plastic…
The conflation and confusion we see nowadays from the IPCC may (or may not) be what Hulme had in mind! But such "plasticity", IMHO, is certainly a distraction from the "bottom line": After 20+ years, there is no empirical evidence to support the claim that human-generated CO2 is the "primary cause" of whatever might (or might not!) be occurring.
All of the above aside, I believe there are other "factors" one needs to remind oneself to take into account.
From what I've seen over the last four years, an increase in "science by press release" compounds the problem (and perhaps deliberately so – she says, somewhat skeptically!)
Even if the underlying "adopted" – i.e. not necessarily examined – full monty WG reports were to be fault-free (well, at least 97% fault-free), the distillation of the "message(s)", i.e. Report–>SPM—>Press Release–>Media Churning is often so far removed from whatever might be the more measured and nuanced "assessment" of "the science" as to be virtually unrecognizable.
Not to mention the carefully crafted and culled "Headline" statements for lazy media communicators!
That's one side of this plastic coin. The other side is that while all of the above can be said to be "hidden in plain view", so to speak, the "negotiators" at the annual UNFCCC confabs are always working with a completely different (and very narrow) "definition" of climate change, i.e. only "human caused".
Whether these UNFCCC honchos and negotiators have taken the time to read (and understand!) even the relevant SPM(s) – let alone the full monty – doesn't seem to matter, does it?! "Climate change" can mean only one thing in their books: It is all human-caused and it's greatest threat to the future of the planet (unless we send megabucks).
I've read a fair number (well, far more than I could ever have dreamed of four years ago!) of UNFCCC (and its multitude of ever-growing acronymic offspring) drafts and papers and who knows what.
And I have yet to see a single one which acknowledges this (convenient – and perhaps even deliberate?!) definition discrepancy, which may (or may not!) derive from planned "plasticity"!
Hilary [stepping down from soapbox!]
Peter Hartley says:
I think there is reason to doubt this is "just" a bureaucratic oversight. Having two definitions is just too convenient. For example, when surveying to get "the consensus" they can use the broader definition to get wider agreement and then when referencing the agreement point to the narrow definition. Like an evolutionary system, there is reason these apparently non-adaptive mistakes survive.
Correction: Sorry, the IPCC specializes in triple-A confusion. So when I wrote:
Even if the underlying "adopted" …
I really should have written "Even if the underlying "accepted" …
For the record, in IPCC-speak, as I have noted in the past (e.g. here):
"acceptance" of IPCC Reports at a Session of the Working Group or Panel signifies that the material has not been subject to line by line discussion and agreement, but nevertheless presents a comprehensive, objective and balanced view of the subject matter.
How one can "accept" a document that requires no discussion (which strongly suggests that one might skip the reading thereof) is somewhat beyond my comprehension. But I digress …
"adoption" of IPCC Reports is a process of endorsement section by section (and not line by line) used for the longer report of the Synthesis Report as described in section 4.3 and for Overview Chapters of Methodology Reports.
"approval" of IPCC Summaries for Policymakers signifies that the material has been subjected to detailed, line by line discussion and agreement.
The source of the problem is the UN Framework Confention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) redefining "climate change" from the scientific/linguistic definitions to meaning only change due to anthropogenic causes. See:
Source: UNBIS Thesaurus
Term definition:
1. "Climate change" means a change of climate which is attributed directly or indirectly to human activity that alters the composition of the global atmosphere and which is in addition to natural climate variability observed over comparable time periods
2. Refers to a statistically significant variation in either the mean state of the climate or in its variability, persisting for an extended period (typically decades or longer). Climate change may be due to natural internal processes or external forcings, or to persistent anthropogenic changes in the composition of the atmosphere or in land use. Note that the Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), in its Article 1, defines "climate change" as: "a change of climate which is attributed directly or indirectly to human activity that alters the composition of the global atmosphere and which is in addition to natural climate variability observed over comparable time periods". The UNFCCC thus makes a distinction between "climate change" attributable to human activities altering the atmospheric composition, and "climate variability" attributable to natural causes
3. Any change in climate over time, whether due to natural variability or as a result of human activity. This usage differs from that in the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), which defines "climate change" as: "a change of climate which is attributed directly or indirectly to human activity that alters the composition of the global atmosphere and which is in addition to natural climate variability observed over comparable time periods"
4. The climate of a place or region is changed if over an extended period (typically decades or longer) there is a statistically significant change in measurements of either the mean state or variability of the climate for that place or region. (Changes in climate may be due to natural processes or to persistent anthropogenic changes in atmosphere or in land use. Note that the definition of climate change used in the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change is more restricted, as it includes only those changes which are attributable directly or indirectly to human activity.) (UN/ISDR, 2004)
Definition 1 taken from Convention, Article 1, para 2.
Definition 2 taken from Climate change 2001: the scientific basis: contribution of Working Group I to the third assessment report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Appendix I. Glossary. (http://www.grida.no/climate/ipcc_tar/wg1/518.htm)
Definition 3 taken from Climate change 2001: impacts, adaptation, and vulnerability: contribution of Working Group II to the third assessment report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Annex B. Glossary of Terms. (http://www.grida.no/climate/ipcc_tar/wg2/689.htm)
Pingback: Why and How the IPCC Demonized CO2 with Manufactured Information | Watts Up With That?
Coincidentally, an article by Tim Ball at WUWT also discusses the IPCC's muddled definition of climate change, calling it a "major deception", see Pingback above.
Shub Niggurath says:
David is correct. The IPCC's mandate comes from the UNFCCC, whose definitions, and whose concerns, are important. Confusion arises when scientists, including those inside the IPCC, think that IPCC activity is scientific and concerns scientific issues. For instance, McIntyre's longstanding calls to approach paleoclimate studies from an engineering perspective cannot be carried out by the IPCC because its objectives are not to do so. Which other scientific discipline requires a single, official, international, intergovernmental synthesis of science?
(Actually, some medical disciplines do. In histopathology, for instance, there are international disease-criteria defining expert compilations of existing evidence, carried out by … the World Health Organization. It has seen success to varying degrees in different disciplines. It has been a tremendous success in hematopathology, for instance, but not so in others. The larger benefits however, are from standardization of terminology and advancement of the 'cutting edge'.)
– And the undefined Consensus that unsurveyed scientists working in aspects of climate science are supposed to agree on ?
Surprising that warmists never seem to write one down, you'd think it'd belong on the front page of any report, but I can't find it written down anywhere.
– show me that definition.


text:
Child Abuse Child Abuse Reporting Describe Some&nbspEssay
Child Abuse: Child Abuse Reporting Describe Some&nbspEssay
Length: 8 pages Sources: 4 Subject: Children Type: Essay Paper: #42807381 Related Topics: Child Observation, Child Abuse, Spanking, Divorce And Children
Child Abuse: Child Abuse Reporting
Describe some questions or observations you might make to determine if a child abuse report is in order
The California Child Abuse Reporting Law imposes upon mandated reporters a duty to make immediate reports to the relevant agencies in case they suspect or are aware of a neglectful or abusive situation involving a child in their care or one that they interact with in the course of their work (McCulloch, 2012). In their report, the reporter is required to provide as much information as they possibly can about the affected child's situation including the extent and nature of their injuries, conditions in the child's home environment, their age, name, addresses, as well as the addresses and names of the person(s) responsible for the child (McCulloch, 2012). In the State of California, such a report must be filed at the sheriff's department, any police department, the county welfare department, or any probation department designated by the county to receive such reports (McCulloch, 2012).
There are a number of red flags/observations that a reporter could look out for if they suspect a case of child abuse and think that a child abuse report could be in order. First, if the child's home environment is within reach, they could look out for environmental indicators of abuse or neglect such as extreme filth or dirt; toxins, medications or dangerous weapons placed within the reach of children; hazardous conditions such as animal waste, faulty electrical features and broken windows; and choking hazards left within children's reach (McCulloch, 2012). These are obvious signs of neglect by the child's parent or caretaker, placing the child at a high risk of physical injury.
In addition to environmental indicators, the reporter could observe the parent's or caregiver's behavior or attitude towards the child. This would be the first step towards knowing whether the child's caretaker is the same person responsible for the abuse (McCulloch, 2012). Signs to look out for in this case would include an apparent lack of understanding for the child and what they are capable (or not capable) of doing at their age. The reporter could assess the caretaker's expectations of the child to determine whether or not they are realistic. Alternatively, they could take note of their attitude(s) towards childrearing, or the manner in which they refer to the child in public (McCulloch, 2012). Unrealistic expectations of a child, rigid attitudes about childrearing, constant belittling of a child (for instance constantly referring to them as 'beyond control', 'evil' or 'bad') could be red flags that the child is being abused by the very person to whom their care is entrusted; and the reporter is obliged to report the same to the relevant authorities as soon as possible (McCulloch, 2012).
Valuable information such as that touching on the punishment techniques used by the caretaker may be difficult to obtain through observation. In such a case, the reporter could establish a personal relationship with the affected child and then obtain the same through questioning and interviewing them (McCulloch, 2012). Extreme punishment techniques such as the use of whips or belts, withholding meals, and locking a child for prolonged periods in the closet are sufficient indicators that the child is being abused by their caretaker (McCulloch, 2012). In this case, physical indicators such as bruises and injuries on the child's body would also serve as positive indicators of abuse.
The kind of relationship that exists between the affected child and their parents could also help in establishing the risk of abuse (McCulloch, 2012). Coercive or limited child-parent interactions and instability issues such as divorce, separation or domestic abuse are all risk factors for child abuse (McCulloch, 2012).
Finally, the reporter could observe the child for physical and behavioral indicators of abuse (McCulloch, 2012). These indicators vary with the different forms of abuse and are, therefore, an efficient way of determining the specific kind of abuse to which a child has, or is being subjected.
For physical abuse, for instance, key physical indicators would include burns and scalds; unexplained bruises and broken bones; bruises with distinctive outlines or patterns; and injuries to the genitalia, face, ears, back, or buttocks (McCulloch, 2012). The likely behavioral indicators in this case would include fear of going home, fear of parents or caretakers, withdrawn behavior, wariness...
Behavioral red flags, on the other hand, could include sexualized behavior, extreme defiance or compliance, changes in sleeping, eating or toileting patterns (for instance fecal soiling or bedwetting), and withdrawn behavior (McCulloch, 2012).
For the case of neglect, the signs are more obvious -- physical indicators would include malnourishment, developmental delays, unattended dental or medical conditions, poor hygiene, and inappropriate dressing for the weather (McCulloch, 2012). Behavioral red flags, on the other hand, could include delinquent behavior and social maladjustment, low self-esteem, suicidal attempts, self-mutilation, depression, and anxiety (McCulloch, 2012).
These are all possible indicators of child abuse, and since the reporter's role is to report and not to investigate, they are required to file their reports once they make any observations that present a reasonable suspicion.
Question 1b: If you are unsure about whether or not to report, whom might you consult to help you decide?
At times, a mandated reporter may have a reasonable suspicion of abuse, but may be unsure about whether what they have heard or seen really qualifies as abuse based on the state's definition of the same. One of the greatest sources of the dilemma is the effect of culture. Culture is influenced by a variety of factors including language, nationality, religion, age, gender, race, and so on. In turn, culture influences people's ideas and attitudes about what constitutes child abuse. This may become evident in the different attitudes and perspectives that people hold about childrearing (McCulloch, 2012). Some families, for instance, may have a rather relaxed attitude towards nudity, family sleeping, and children upbringing, and a reporter may mistake this for child abuse. Other families may consider corporal punishment and spanking an acceptable way of disciplining children, yet a conservative reporter could mistake this for abuse. Rather than use their own pre-existing beliefs to judge others, a reporter could consult with other people who share the same culture, or with the child protective agency closest to them to determine whether their observations indeed qualify as child abuse (McCulloch, 2012).
They could also consult other mandated reporters within their reach to obtain different perspectives on whether what they have observed warrants reporting. Other mandatory reporters, preferably those who have served in the role of reporter for a considerably long period, could provide crucial insight based on whether they would report the same if they were in the reporter's situation. These reporters, according to the California Penal Code (PC) Section 11165.7, could include clergy members, any custodian of clergy records, educators (including teachers and teachers' aides) and law enforcement officers (including employees in welfare, probation, sheriff's and police departments) (McCulloch, 2012). The idea is that these may have handled similar cases in the past, and may even have vital information on the affected family's history in relation to child abuse.
A reporter may at times be unsure about whether a child's physical indicators of abuse are a cause for alarm (McCulloch, 2012). Young children spend most of their time playing, and accidental injuries in the form of bruises, grazes or burns may be almost inevitable. Medical professionals could be consulted in such cases to help the reporter decide whether the physical injuries present on a child's body are as a result of abuse (McCulloch, 2012). A practitioner will often conduct an examination to determine whether the injuries present follow a distinctive pattern or outline. Bruises, for instance, that have a clear outline of a hand, cord, or belt with no identifiable and obvious pattern are less likely to have resulted from accidental play (Corby, Shemmings & Wilkins, 2012). Moreover, injuries in areas such as the genitalia, the buttocks, the cheeks, the abdomen and the ears, which are not commonly bruised accidentally, could be indicators of abuse (Corby, Shemmings & Wilkins, 2012). Additionally, whereas skull fractures qualify as common accidental injuries, serious fractures such as those to the metaphyseal features and the ribs are more likely to have been inflicted (Corby, Shemmings & Wilkins, 2012). A medical practitioner would help a reporter understand this and decide on whether their observations warrant reporting.
Mental health professionals could also provide crucial insight, particularly in regard to whether a child's behavioral patterns ought to be taken as a cause for alarm. They could provide information on whether a child is suffering from abuse-related depression, or whether they just have an introverted personality. Further, they could provide insight on whether…
Child Welfare Information Gateway. (2013). Making and Screening Reports of Child Abuse and Neglect. The Child Welfare Information Gateway. Retrieved 20 June, 2015 from https://www.childwelfare.gov/pubPDFs/repproc.pdf
Corby, B., Shemmings, D. & Wilkins, D. (2012). Child Abuse: An Evidence Base for Confident Practice. (4th ed.). Berkshire, UK: McGraw Hill
DCFS. (2015). Resources for Parents. The Los Angeles County Department of Children and Family Services. Retrieved June 22, 2015 from http://lacdcfs.org/forparents/index.html
McCulloch, L. (2012). The California Child Abuse and Neglect Reporting Law: Issues and Answers for Mandated Reporters. Rady Children's Hospital, San Diego. Retrieved June 21, 2015 from http://mandatedreporterca.com/images/pub132.pdf
http://www.childsworld.ca.gov/res/pdf/CPSEmergNumbers.pdf
"Child Abuse Child Abuse Reporting Describe Some" (2015, June 25) Retrieved January 16, 2022, from
https://www.paperdue.com/essay/child-abuse-child-abuse-reporting-describe-2151464
"Child Abuse Child Abuse Reporting Describe Some" 25 June 2015. Web.16 January. 2022. <
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"Child Abuse Child Abuse Reporting Describe Some", 25 June 2015, Accessed.16 January. 2022,
Child Abuse: Child Abuse Reporting Who Are
Child Abuse: Child Abuse Reporting Who are some of the individuals who are mandated to report suspected child abuse? What are some of the conditions under which mandated reporters must report? The California Child Abuse and Reporting Act (CANRA) places upon community members the responsibility to report suspected cases of child abuse involving children in their care, or those with whom their interact in the course of their work (McCulloch, 2012). The
Child and Elder Abuse Child Abuse the
Child and Elder Abuse Child Abuse The American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) publishes a website called healthychildren.org. -- and the section called "What do I need to know about child abuse?" provides excellent information on the particulars of child abuse. The Healthy Children site points out that child abuse "…is common," and hence, with all the reports on television and in the newspapers about children being mistreated, it should cause parents, guardians,
Child Clinical Intervention
Child Clinical Intervention Part I Child Abuse Physical abuse of children occurs throughout every social strata, although there may be an increased incidence among those living in poverty. Abuse often occurs at moments of great stress, and the perpetrator strikes out in anger at the child. The perpetrator may also have been abused as a child and may have poor impulse control. Because of the relative size and strength difference between adults
Abused and Exploited Children Child Abuse Is
Abused and Exploited Children Child abuse is one of the most unfortunate realities of our society. In a world marked by progress, it is sad that there are still many households where young children are being subjected to violence both physical and otherwise. Child abuse is defined as any non-accidental harm or injury to a child caused by an adult. Despite the presence of numerous child protection services and agencies, children
Child Abuse Maltreatment Limited an Age Occur
Words: 816 Length: 2 Pages Topic: Children Paper #: 48382238
Child abuse maltreatment limited an age occur infant, toddler, preschool, school-age years. Choose age groups (infant, toddler, preschool, school age) discuss types abuse age. Discuss warning signs physical emotional assessment findings nurse child abuse. Reporting suspected child abuse: The nurses' dilemma Accusing a parent or other relative of child abuse is a serious allegation, and nurses are understandably often reluctant to take such a step. Common signs of child abuse in school-age
Child Abuse Case Study
Child Abuse Reporting The author of this report has been asked to create a report surrounding the subject of child abuse, what is legally required from an agency standpoint it comes to the same, confidentiality rules and so forth. The pertinent questions that will be asked are centered on a case study where an eleven-year-old boy reveals that he has been subject to words and behavior and the latter of those

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


This is a great piece of kit if you are looking to set a cunning trap, making you completely in control of when and how you use it with the handy remote control. Messy wires that can give away your position are a thing of the past! The beauty of this package is it's simplicity and ease of use - just hold down the learn button for three seconds then press the desired trigger button on your transmitter and hey-presto you are set-up and ready to go. Now all you need to do is connect up the electric pyro of your choice and wait for that perfect moment to spring your trap from afar, and giggle to yourself as you watch them walking off to the dead zone! With the massive 12 pack, deploy traps and decoys all over the game site, or simply create one hell of an explosion!
Supplied in a Foam Lined Hard Case.
good bit of kit and reliable but could of done with a smaller transmitter like what you get with the 1q and 4q systems which will be resolved as im getting a 4q system any way and you can sync them to each other also sync more than 1 receiver to 1 channel , could also of done with the transmitter in black so if you plan on using it on paintball or airsoft sites you might want to paint it in a mat black finish or camo other than that really good e-matches work the best what you use for starting model rockets .
The system time now is 3:47:54.


New York-Blimpie International Inc., global franchisor of Blimpie Subs & Salads has introduced the Blimpie Carb-Counter Menu to its Long Island, New York, stores as the first step in a national rollout of its new lower carb menu offerings.
The Blimpie Carb-Counter Menu features new menu items from Blimpie, Atkins and SoBe as well as current menu items featuring lower net carbs. Items from the Blimpie Carb-Counter Menu are available individually or as part of new Carb-Counter Combo meals, which include choice of sandwich, Atkins chips and a beverage. The menu also includes nutritional information for select current Blimpie sauces, toppings and salad dressings.
The new Blimpie Carb-Counter Menu has been introduced to Blimpie Subs & Salads locations in Suffolk and Nassau counties on Long Island, New York. The menu will next expand to New Jersey and Connecticut locations with full national implementation by March 30, 2004. -Blimpie International Inc.


text:
Q: ¿Cómo poner varios id de un modelo en una sola cadena de texto separada por ; o cualquier otro simbolo en PHP? Tengo un array del cual tengo que obtener todos los id y llevarlos a una sola cadena de caracteres, por ejemplo, tengo los siguientes id:
$array = [25671, 25672, 25673, 25674];

Y necesito esto:
$ids = "25671;25672;25673;25674";

Esto porque estoy usando una API que nos ofrece una empresa y así debo enviar los id de los recursos. He intentado de varias formas, en js ya lo hice, pero desconozco un poco las funciones básicas que trae PHP. Estaría agradecido si alguien me orienta un poco.

A: Lo más simple que se me ocurre, es concatenar al recorrer ese array...
En este caso, recorro leyendo el array, y lo concateno a un string
Para luego agregar el valor del array, pero como es int, hay que pasarlo a string, sino saldrá el error de NAN.
Finalmente, el punto y coma.
$array = [25671, 25672, 25673, 25674];
$ids = "";
foreach ($array as $a) {
    $ids.= strval($a) . ";";
}

var_dump($ids); //string(24) "25671;25672;25673;25674;"

El uso de implode() mencionado por Triby en los comentarios, seria lo siguiente para tu caso.
implode() lo que hace, es unir los elementos de un array, a un string, agregando un separador entre ellos.
$array = [25671, 25672, 25673, 25674];
$ids = implode(";", $array);
var_dump($ids);

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


Ebene Art is the expression of San diego based artist and designer Ben Kramer. He is a multimedia artist and designer specializing in acrylic paint and colored pencil, working primarily on dark backgrounds to pull color and light from the shadows. His work combines trance experiences with stream of consciousness techniques, focusing on themes of mysticism, and the mind. He sees art as a powerful tool to connect people and create a greater understanding of each other and the world around us.


text:
Q: How to find data of wma at the open position? I have this plot:
WMA_point = wma(close, 9)

plot(WMA_point, title='WMA', color=#000000)

It makes a line on the chart. When the price goes up, the line moves up, and vice versa, when the price goes down, it moves down.
I know that it depends on the "close" data.
I would like to find the price data of this wma when (close == open)
EDIT:
I mean: I want to get the first data of the close line wma(close, 9), when the new candle appears, when the (close == open) . I dont need the data of the open line wma(open, 9)

A: Try using open as your source:
WMA_point = wma(open, 9)

plot(WMA_point, title='WMA', color=#000000)

Cheers, and best of luck with your trading and coding

A: So, you need to store the price in a var when your condition is true.
var float p = na
WMA_point = wma(close, 9)

if (open == close)
    p := WMA_point  // This will have the wma value of the last time open == close

plot(WMA_point, title='WMA', color=#000000)

A: You can either use WMA_point[1], which is generally where the price value of the current bar will open at. If you want to take into consideration gapping, you'll need to calculate the wma using n-1 historical close values and with the nth value the current bar's open.
//@version=5
indicator("wma open", overlay = true)

len = input.int(10)

float wtd_close_sum = 0.0
int denom = 0

for i = 1 to len - 1
    wt = len - i
    wtd_close_sum += close[i] * wt
    denom += wt

wtd_close_sum += open * len
denom += len

wma_open = wtd_close_sum / denom

plot(wma_open)

as a function :
f_wma_open(_open, _close, _len) =>
    float _wtd_close_sum = 0.0
    int _denom = 0

    for i = 1 to _len - 1
        _wt = _len - i
        _wtd_close_sum += _close[i] * _wt
        _denom += _wt

    _wtd_close_sum += _open * _len
    _denom += _len

    _wma_open = _wtd_close_sum / _denom
    _wma_open


Neil Gaiman's American Gods was well poised for prominence when it was first published by William Morrow in 2001. Gaiman's best-selling and award-winning graphic novel – or, as he prefers, comic book – Sandman, published by DC Comics' Vertigo imprint between 1989 and 1996, had been instrumental in pushing the medium toward mainstream respectability. His next major work, the text novel Stardust (William Morrow, 1999), sold successfully and received a Locus Award nomination and a Mythopoeic Fantasy Award. American Gods sold even more successfully and collected Bram Stoker, Hugo, Locus, Nebula, and SFX Magazine awards. The Starz network will be releasing a televised adaptation under the direction of Bryan Fuller in 2017. Anyone in religious studies who has not read the book has probably been asked why at least a few times. Even if the Starz's series does not achieve Game of Thrones-level popularity, I would venture that its likely audience, including the new readers it brings to the book, overlaps considerably with the pool of undergraduates enrolling in religious studies courses.
The reason American Gods is effective in communicating its many ideas about religion is that it's worth reading in its own right: an engaging story about interesting characters. The finer points of those are best left to literature specialists – or to general readers with no particular interest in religion, many of whom seem to have enjoyed the book very much. (I would note that American Gods' ideas are as much about race and colonization as about religion as a "separate" subject, although for the moment I will limit the discussion to the "primarily religious.") Although I will be avoiding spoilers, I think it is safe to summarize the premise as follows: A man who has found himself in some hard circumstances receives an unsolicited job offer from a stranger, a grey-haired man with a missing eye who wears a silver ash-tree pin and who asks the protagonist, since the day on which they meet "certainly is my day," to call him Mr. Wednesday. Intrigue ensues.
None of this can actually be happening. If it makes you more comfortable, you could simply think of it as metaphor. Religions are, by definition, metaphors, after all . . . [They are] places to stand and look and act, vantage points from which to view the word . . . So, none of this is happening. Such things could not occur in this day and age. Never a word of it is literally true, although it all happened, and the next thing that happened, happened like this.
The irony inherent in the text emphasizes the importance of another common answer to "What is 'religion'?" namely that it involves sacred narratives, i.e., myths. The field of religious studies has paid this subject less attention in the past two decades or so than it did previously – not due to any oversight in the discipline, I think, but more owing to the abundance of earlier work on myth and the imperative to consider long-neglected issues related to the vital contexts of myths (e.g., social locations). The point, though, is so foundational that it can become lost in the layers of specialization that sometimes distance students from their instructors: Religious narratives have power. Their potency comes not only from what they mean but also from what they say. We often remind students that the content of a religious narrative is inextricable from its socio-historical matrices. American Gods gently but memorably reminds us that the reverse is equally true – were it not, the narratives themselves would have no resonance in their contexts.
Another common answer to "What is 'religion'?" that has retreated lately from the scholarly limelight and that American Gods re-engages is that of belief. Gaiman introduces the theme even before he introduces Mr. Wednesday. Shadow has the first of a series of recurring dreams that find him in a subterranean space with a buffalo-headed man who tells him, "If you are to survive, you must believe . . . Believe everything." The buffalo-headed man's advice holds for religious studies as much as it does for Shadow. For too long, the discipline operated on a religion-as-sincere-belief model that filtered the totality of religion through the lens of Western Protestantism. (This tended to be true regardless of whether the scholars in question were themselves Western Protestants!) As anyone in the field now acknowledges, of course, religion is "about" social location, routine, liturgy, sensory experience, materiality, ethics, culture, etc. just as often as it is "about" belief or myth. Trying to identify any single controlling factor as the controlling one is usually a fool's errand. Nonetheless, religious studies is no less prone to overcorrection than any other discipline: Belief is often an important part of religion, although not always in the same way. Adherents do not maintain or adapt religious practices, interpret experiences as religious, etc., either arbitrarily or as socially programmed automatons. What it means to "believe in" something varies as much as the object of that belief, the motivations for it, and the enactment of it, but in addition to being performed, communicated, enforced, enacted, tasted, contested, embodied, and legislated, religion is narrated and believed in.
Questions of method and approach aside, American Gods provides another point of entry at which to meet students: its gentle amusement not only at the tropes of the discipline, but the foibles of those in it. The novel features periodic "Coming to America" interludes, stories of how many of its titular characters wound up so far away from their original soil. Gaiman presents these interludes as the compositions of one these characters, an undertaker called Mr. Ibis who "[speaks] in explanations: a gentle, earnest lecturing that put Shadow in mind of a college professor who used to [know Shadow] and who could not talk, could only discourse, expound, explain." I suspect that even most first-year students will share their instructors' laughter of recognition. I also suspect that I am in good company among instructors who find Mr. Ibis a reminder of what we fear becoming – and find in American Gods an affectionate tribute to the Mr. Ibises we have met along the way.
 Neil Gaiman, American Gods: The Tenth Anniversary Edition (Author's Preferred Text). New York: William Morrow, 2016, 31. (In all editions: chapter 1, section 2).
 Ibid, 643; chapter 18, section 1.
 Ibid, 22–23; chapter 1, section 2.
 Ibid, 243–244; chapter 8, section 1.
This entry was posted in Pedagogy, Politics and Religion, Religion and Popular Culture, Religion and Theory, Theory and Method and tagged American Gods, Eliza Rosenberg, Neil Gaiman, William Morrow. Bookmark the permalink.


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IT-Sideways - technology social media
Juniper Networks and IXIA Announce Telecom Energy Efficiency Metric
Juniper Networks, the leader in high-performance networking, and IXIA, a leading, global provider of IP performance test systems, today announced the formation of the Energy Consumption Rating (ECR) Initiative — a framework for measuring the energy efficiency of network and telecom devices. Juniper, Ixia and Lawrence Berkeley National Labs collaborated to develop the energy efficiency metric in response to increasing requirements from service providers, enterprise businesses and government agencies for better methods to estimate, project and regulate energy efficiency of telecom and network equipment.
The vendor-neutral ECR framework and methodology offers a turnkey solution for reporting, measuring and regulating network component energy efficiency. The ECR draft specification 1.02 establishes a framework for classifying network equipment and a methodology for measuring energy efficiency. The final "performance-per-energy unit" rating, expressed in (watts) / (Gigabit per second) can be reported as a peak (scalar) or synthetic (weighted) metric that takes dynamic energy management capabilities into account.
"Energy efficiency is an increasingly important factor in customers' decision and evaluation process, but to-date there has been no reliable, standardized method for testing the efficiency of networking equipment. The ECR Initiative is an important step toward making energy efficiency ratings for telecommunications a reality," said Wan Ahmad Kamal, Juniper Networks Malaysia Country Manager. "Our service provider customers are focused on energy efficiency for maximum operational savings, service quality, reliability and the environmental impact of their networks, and our products are designed to help them meet these objectives. By participating in the launch of the ECR Initiative, Juniper is not only helping advance the industry towards its efficiency goals, but is also validating the advantage Juniper's platforms such as the T1600 have in this area.""
The Juniper Networks T1600 Core Router was the first system to be tested (today) under the ECR, and has been verified as the industry's most energy-efficient core router, with a performance-per-energy unit rating of 9.1 watts per Gpbs. The tests were performed at Ixia's iSimCity in Santa Clara, California using its IxGreen energy measurement solution. The Juniper Networks T1600 is a core router that can deliver 25 percent more routing capacity at half the footprint and with up to 40 percent less power than competing solutions.
MALAYSIA – October 29, 2008 -- Juniper Networks, Inc. (NASDAQ: JNPR), the leader in high-performance networking, and IXIA (NASDAQ: XXIA), a leading, global provider of IP performance test systems, today announced the formation of the Energy Consumption Rating (ECR) Initiative — a framework for measuring the energy efficiency of network and telecom devices. In an event hosted by Ixia, key definitions and methodology of the ECR initiative were unveiled to the public, alongside a live technology demonstration.
In response to the increasing requirement from service providers, enterprise businesses and government agencies for better methods to estimate, project and regulate energy efficiency of telecom and network equipment, Juniper Networks, Ixia and Lawrence Berkeley National Labs collaborated to develop a vendor-neutral energy efficiency metric.
The ECR metric creates a common energy denominator between different network and telecom systems operating within a single class. The ECR methodology defines the procedures and conditions for measurements and calculations, and can be readily implemented with industry-standard test equipment.
Check out here for full press release.
Networking Telecommunication
williams said…
1)This company stock (ROKE) is set to take off. Worldwide client base in the mobile communications space. See the details at
www.icoft.com/roke.html
Nov 17, 2008, 7:49:00 PM
DragonSoft Research Developed New Techniques For Interactive Games
DragonSoft Research . Check out the videos. In this videos, it demonstrated proof of concept for interactive football game. The presents a new methodology of developing application. Sensors are being used to create an "invisible" line of sight. Once that line of sight is disrupted it sends an action command to the application. In this instance, the ball is kicked.
System.Threading.Timer Sample Code (VB.NET)
I consider this to be best practice. This sample codes requires the knowledge of multi-threading. 1.) It examines two models. 1.1.) Single timer multiple tasks model. 1.2.) Multiple timer objects model. 2.) Reentrancy Issues: For both model, reentrancy will still happen. In fact, reentrancy cannot be avoided, it can only be mitigated. 2.1.) Try to use system.threading.timers and asynchronous processing. System.timers.timer are more for synchronous processing. 2.2.) Design the program in such that if previous scheduled task is not yet completed, ignore current task schedule and come back later. 3.) CPU Utilization: Both models have the about the same CPU utilization, with single timer model suffers slightly higher CPU. The bottleneck is happening at refreshing text at 'System.Windows.Forms.Label' The more GUI refreshes is made, the high CPU utilization and the slower data gets to be displayed real time. 4.) Benefits of Single Timer Multiple Tasks Mod
CLR20r3 InvalidOperationException ClickOnce
The deployed machine is:Windows Server 2008 32 Bit (VM Ware) The symptom is that ClickOnce deployed application suddenly doesn't work and triggered this exception. It was working previously for many months. Description: * Stopped working Problem signature: * Problem Event Name: CLR20r3 * Problem Signature 01: svacs_v2_2.exe * Problem Signature 02: 1.0.0.0 * Problem Signature 03: 4e040aee * Problem Signature 04: SVACS_v2_2 * Problem Signature 05: 1.0.0.0 * Problem Signature 06: 4e040aee * Problem Signature 07: ac * Problem Signature 08: e9 * Problem Signature 09: InvalidOperationException? ? * OS Version: 6.0.6001.2.1.0.274.10 * Locale ID: 1033 Read our privacy statement: * http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?linkid=50163&clcid=0x0409 Reinstalling using ClickOnce method didn't help, same issue remains. It seems that the application couldn't even get started before this exception is triggered. The problem (for my case), is actually due to ClickOnce deploy


This is a great introduction to collecting Canadian coins. After brief opening chapters on grading, the history of money and money in the New World, the author delves into Canadian Colonial and Decimal Coins. This discussion is followed by chapters on special sets, patterns & trial pieces, currency, tokens and the Royal Canadian Mint. The appendices include a basic glossary of numismatic terms, a listing of rare and scarce date Canadian coins, numismatic associations and public collections. There is a lot of information packed into this short volume. [softbound, 95 pages, b&w photos, c. 2000].


The sweat dripping down my back this morning was not because of the exertion, but entirely due to the serious and extraordinarily large intake of beer last night. I'd gone out to meet a friend at the local for a 'quick drink' that saw me leaving approximately 4 hours later. Today, the living hell of a nauseous stomach was compounded by a hot day. This meant I could hardly run up the hills, let along down them without stabbing pains. You can see why I walked… oh well at least I got out.
"So how many kms do you run a week?" I asked innocently, "er", he said calculating roughly in his head "240". WTF? Last week I did 92km, like quoi?, I compose myself and add to my now shriveling running ego, "right, ah… and so how many days do you train?", "five" he replies. I do the maths – that is 48km average a day. THAT IS 6KM MORE THAN A MARATHON, just think of that when you roll out of bed and lace up your running shoes. "WTF" I say in my head again. WTF indeed. Meet Zondwa, one of our club's elite men. Zondwa's dream is to run Comrades in under 6 hours which will place him in the top 50, yes that is a finish in front of 23,600 other people, at least 12,000 runners and four hours ahead of me.
Zondwa lives in Khayelitsha – a notorious township to the south east of the city, he leaves home at 3:30am, catches an overcrowded taxi and travels an hour into town, he changes at work and runs for two hours. He works a full day at a government printing company and then changes back into his running kit at 5:30pm and runs for another two hours. He goes back to work, changes and takes the taxi home at 8pm. He does this four times a week and then each weekend he runs 70km/43 miles straight. His weekend run takes him from Khayelitsha up Sir Lowry's Pass and into Grabouw and back. Now believe me when I say that is a mother of all runs. Sir Lowry's Pass is the highest mountain pass in the Cape, from sea level it rises 420m/1735 feet to the top, and this is no mean feat running half a kilometre into the sky with four lanes of traffic on every hairpin bend.
Zondwa is a true hero, he demonstrates a superhuman level of commitment in the face of adversity and disadvantage that I can't even remotely imagine.
Yes, its really now that boring. I deliberated for 30 minutes about whether or not to do a short run of 7km, which after dithering decided wasn't worth doing. So ran Buitengracht, Kloof Nek and Signal Hill for the second time in just over 24 hours. Lucky me. Least I didn't get rained on.
And it hasn't stop hurting all day. I felt more broken running 39km this morning than I did running 56km two weeks ago. How is this possible? I mean by now this should be 'easy' and whilst I'll be tired at the end, I should feel pretty fresh. Today I could feel every sinew and muscle from my hips to my ankles, I could barely sit down. I suppose running for 4 hours with no Gu, a diet of 4 beers and pizza last night, as well as not completing a full week last week from injury laid the foundation for a terrible training run. Yep, you can't just roll out of bed on a Saturday morning, lace up the shoes and then expect your body to run (almost) a marathon. Rubbish in, rubbish out.
Route: Sea Point pool to Greenpoint, up Buitengracht to Kloof Nek. Kloof Nek to the end of the tar on Tafelberg Road, back to Kloof Nek, up and back along Signal Hill, back to Kloof Nek, down Camps Bay drive through Camps Bay, Clifton and back to the pool.
So if you've run up Bellevue Road in front of a bunch of gawping builders ten times I wouldn't recommend attempting the last repeat as fast as humanly possible. In fact the end was in sight when I had to stop to swallow down something evil bubbling up from my stomach. Not a good look.
Today's session in the gym hit the big one. Now all I've got is another 393km and I'll get to Joburg.
So if you've been reading my posts you'll notice a trend, a little problem that I have in staying vertical. Today stupid went trail running, had an disagreement with a rock and now my foot is purple. Can't walk let alone run. Idiot.


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Q: White noise vs. black noise In this excellent lecture ("2d Percolation Revisited") Stanislav Smirnov mentioned the connection of the theory of percolation with the notion of the so called black noise—see at 29:42 (the notion introduced by Boris Tsirelson).
I would like to understand various claims which were made in this lecture, in particular:

Black noise is a noise where there is no spectrum at all […] it is a random field, so it is Fock space and all of that, so it an object from quantum mechanics but which you cannot detect by any linear functional—so harmonic oscilator does not see this.

And also the following:

Now suppose that you look at percolation as a model where you have some information at every side and you look at connection probabilities—so that's your sigma algebra of events is connection probabilities. So the question is: can you pass to the limit? On a lattice you can do it but is there an object on a plane where at every point you have a bit of information and in the end you end up storing only connection probabilities?

As I understood correctly the answer is YES and the relevant object is the scaling limit of planar percolation which is a black noise.
So to summarize: my question is rather vague so what kind of answer I am expecting? Any comments and remarks clarifying the above two quotes, maybe an explanation "how to think about black noise correctly" and justification of the use of the term "noise" in this context (for example: white noise (for example on the line) is some sort of random function which is a derivative of a random continuous function (Brownian motion): in fact this derivative should be understood as a distribution due to the lack of differentiability of Brownian motion—nevertheless it is a (generalized) stochastic process. However for the black noise, as I understood correctly, it is defined only as a family of sigma fields not a family of random variables which is somehow weaker—is this lack of random variables related to the fact that "there is no spectrum at all"?).

A: Percolation 'noise' is generated by a perfectly good family of random variables, the 'quad-crossing' events. Basically, for every diffeomorphic image of the unit square, this random variable is $1$ if one can cross from the left to the right face traversing only open bonds and $0$ otherwise. Let's call this random variable $X_\phi$ where $\phi$ is the diffeomorphism in question. Now, for any open set $U$, we have a $\sigma$-algebra $F_U$ which is generated by all the $X_\phi$ such that $\phi([0,1]^2) \subset U$. This is a 'noise' in the sense that $F_U$ and $F_V$ are independent if $U \cap V = \emptyset$.
In this context, a 'linear' random variable is a random variable $Y$ such that, for every smooth enough closed curve $\Gamma$, writing $\Gamma_i$ and $\Gamma_e$ for its interior and exterior respectively, one has
$$Y = \mathbf{E}(Y\,|\, F_{\Gamma_i}) + \mathbf{E}(Y\,|\, F_{\Gamma_e})\;.$$
The claim is that $0$ is the only linear random variable, which is the definition of 'black noise'.
This is in stark contrast to 'white noise', for which the space of linear random variables is sufficiently rich to generate the full $\sigma$-algebra.


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Amara suffering has continued unabated (By Mekuria Gize)
"The tragedy of life is often not in our failure, but rather in our complacency; not in our doing too much, but rather in our doing too little; not in our living above our ability, but rather in our living below our capacities." Benjamin E. Mays
By Mekuria Gize
PM Abiy's early days
When Abiy came to the helm of power in the 100% EPRDF controlled Ethiopian government, we witnessed many positive developments which were not imaginable in Ethiopia, even by the most optimistic people. Gossip spread across the country that PM Abiy is going to be a lame Prime Mister, and he was taken to be no better than Hailemariam Desalegn. Many reasons were cited: EPRDF's political business is democratic centralism, the military and security apparatus and the economy are controlled by TPLF, and so on kind of excuses. Albeit this, few including myself had faith in him citing his personality is different from Hailemariam and many other opportunists within EPRDF. Hailemariam is a very shameful person who was more TPLF than the TPLF (even the much respected ESAT people have crocodile tears for him – often heard of them saying he is not in charge as if he has the desire to be in charge). Many Oromos and Amaras died under his direct command of the military. Worst than that he comes out regularly to the international media and proclaims that democracy is not luxury to Ethiopia but a matter of survival. This is a sickening statement. Anyhow, against all odds, PM Abiy brought fundamental changes in curbing the power of TPLF to nothing. My hats off!! He chased out the prominent old TPLF guards like Seyoum Mesfin, Abay Tehaye, Sebhat Nega, Samora Yenus, Getachew Assefa, Getachew Reda, Bereket Simon and etc with a stroke of a pen. This brought self imposition of the TPLFites to hide in the state of Tigray, in Makelle to be specific. Makelle became the new Dedebit cave for many TPLF criminals.
Abiy's Complacency
As time passes however, PM Abiy seems to be immersed in self satisfaction, and as a result bypassed many serious law transgressions in the country. It started out first by village warriors in Awassa who displaced thousands of Wolayita people; PM Abiy's response was a carrot instead of a carrot and a stick. The lawless Somali leader, Abdi Ille who noticed nothing happening to criminals decided to expel and kill those non-Somali Ethiopians living in his capital Gigjiga. Many churches and businesses were burned or robbed as a result of this irresponsible action. PM Abiy took action only after two weeks and after the death of 90 innocent civilians. The excuse given by PM Abiy's apologists was, "the Somali region, that committed the crime, did not invite the Federal Government to interfere; doing so will be breaking the constitution" according to the apologists. Come on!!! What constitution are we talking about? The constitution is broken by the regional state when life is lost and when huge property damage resulted in. Following the action of Abdi Ille, Benishangule warlords displaced over 100, 000 non-Benishangule Ethiopians. PM Abiy's response was – people who lost power did that. No serious action was undertaken until very recently against Benishangule warlords. Also OLF die-hard supporters, motivated by Jawar Mohammed's speech all over Oromia brought unimaginable damage both in life and property as near as to the nation's capital. Jawar is now an invincible warlord of Oromia that he says he will change loss in election to victory by Fiticha or confrontation, to a party he likes (the law does not matter to him because he is the law).
Subsequent to this chaos, the OLF who observed PM Abiy's inaction changed western Ethiopia to a war field. For the first time in the 50 years of OLF history, it managed to rob hundreds of millions of birr from 17 banks in just two hours, the first-large scale security failure in a functioning society. The manner the problem temporarily resolved was a mere reconciliation without bringing crime instigators to justice.
Another area of PM Abiy's hesitation is lack of taking any major action against the TPLF economic interests, and to the day to day disturbance of TPLF. TPLF has decided to harbour criminals and the response from PM Abiy is appeasement. Tigray continue to get its 80% budget from PM Abiy's government. There is no good days ahead we can think of PM Abiy will use his power to stop instability in Amara region. We do not see him recruiting decisive defenders to the reform. He has kept putting previous corrupt TPLF officials in high positions. This is despite his consistent and unwavering stand to push the reform ahead which many of us still have a high regard.
PM Abiy's unorthodox leadership
Whereas PM Abiy has made tremendous progress as far as the reform goes, from choosing the president of the Justice system to the head of Election commissioner and many other notable undertakings, he is not without faults. He committed serious errors from electing personnel in his government cabinet to the newly constituted institutions such as the Boundary Commission and the Peace and Reconciliation Commissions. PM Abiy has kept symbols of TPLF atrocities such as Shiferaw Shigutie, Workineh Gebeyehu, Siraj Fegessa, Redan Hussien, Getachew Ambaye, Alemneh mekonen, General Abiyu Geleta, Asmelash Weldeselassie, Hailemariam Desalegn and other prominent human right abusers. PM Abiy has given a normal courts systems (with 14 days appointments), a privilege that should not have been given for criminals. A special court should be established in a way the Derg officials were tried.
The immediate task now is to push the reform ahead vigorously; not even democracy is a matter of such urgency in today's Ethiopia. In this context he is expected to bring determined change agents around him, clean from TPLF in any form. As a trained military, PM Abiy is expected to seal the border between the so called western Tigray (confiscated Amara lands) in order to control the flow of armaments. TPLF is going to use this route to import military hardware to the interior of Tigray. It has a good long-time connection with corrupted Sudanese military personnel including the president of Sudan. The federal government has the legal right to do that without getting permission from anybody. Not acting against TPLF is allowing TPLF to capture the gates of Addis Ababa, and eventually Abiy's own government.
Peace and Reconciliation, and Boundary Commissions
PM Abiy has selected members to the newly formed commissions. The inclusion of Hailemariam Desalegn in the Reconciliation Commission is worrying. Who would think our prime minister will choose Hailemariam, the very symbol of the TPLF suppression in such kind of commission. More than the nomination, I am amused by the muted response of opposition parties, victims and Ethiopian human right activists. Amara parties Amaras who suffered the most under Hailemariam premiership should automatically reject Hailemariam's nomination if he does not withdraw from the Commission. The other area of concern is the nomination of the members of the Boundary Commission composition. For instance Tigray is more represented in this commission than its ethnic percentage. Whether we like it or not everything in today's Ethiopia is evaluated along ethnic thinking. An Amara grieves about the loss of his/her land, a Tigre insist they own the land. I would expect an Amara party would detail such overrepresentation and reject as it sees fit.
Threat from fundamentalist Oromos and Tigray's ethnocentrism
The Oromo fundamentalists ring leader Jawar restlessly campaigns he is determined to take the people's vote if the party he supports is not elected. He has publicly made statements after statements in his media, OMN saying that he will send qeerro to do his dirty job to realize his goals. Contrary to the practice and culture of the civilized world, and any descent country, Jawar is determined to create an Oromia where other Ethiopians will be reduced to second class citizens. This Oromo activist, and an American by citizenship, has been treated in America like any American without discrimination. Yet he wants Ethiopians in their own country to own only leftovers after the Oromo fundamentalists have everything. Having come 600 km from near the foot of Bale highlands, he wants to chase an Amaras that came to Addis just from within 50 km radius merely because they do not speak Afan Oromo or the land does not belong to them. Fundamentalist Oromos, be it activists like Jawar, Tsegaye Ararsa and prof Eskial Gabissa and some from the Oromo Federalist Congress (OFC) are not interested to play by the rule of the game – accept the will of the people through election. They tell us Addis Ababa is their sole ownership without getting the votes from the people.
One of the avenues used by Oromo fundamentalists to suffocate Amara is to bring the issue of Minilik, who happen to be the ruler of Ethiopia 150 years ago. The Oromo fundamentalists are still obsessed with the story of Minilik cutting breasts in Arsi. It is true King Minilik expanded to the south to prevent European colonialists from advancing to his kingdom. He was determined to get back old Ethiopia territories once ruled by his ancestors. He sent his army in every direction to ask small kingdoms to get unified under his authority. Kingdoms who agreed were spared (e.g. King Aba Jiffar of Jimma). Those who resisted were made to surrender through militarily action. This was the practice of the days King Minilik lived in. Arsi was one region that resisted and there was heavy return from Minilik's army mostly composed of Shewa Oromos. Minilik himself was not a part of the battle. The battle was made between male soldiers and not with women. In this regard, the story of breast cutting was an invented story. Moreover it was not a practice to cut human organs in Minilik's Christian kingdom. Minilik had a battle with the Gojam Kingdom. Gojam Amaras are not hateful of Minilik for one thing local rulers were more harsh than Minilik; second they understand it was made to unify the country. It was Minilik who prevented Aba Jiffar (who used to sell his own people) not to do slave trade. Prior to Minilik, King Tewodros came to Shewa and cut hands but no Shewa Amaras are hateful of Tewodros or Gonderes by extension. King Yohannes killed thousands of Amaras in Gojam and Wello and no Amaras are hateful of Yohannes or Tigray people for this reason. Minilik on the other hand after defeating every local king, put them back to their throne only asking their loyalty (e.g., Negus Tona and Negus Tekle Haymanot can be cited). He was a 21st century politician in 19th century so to speak.
The Amaras are being blamed by Tigray and Oromo activists for all faults under the skies. The irony of the matter is they blame Amara kings in today's mentality. They think their issue should have been answered in a round table during the time such things are unknown. When Abba Jiffar was selling slaves Minilik is blamed for not introducing democracy to Ethiopia. When France, Italy and England were encroaching Ethiopia, they blame Minilik for not establishing today's type of kilils. For instance the Oromia people would have been divided into three parts, Sudan, Somalia and Kenya were it not due to the resistance of King Minilik. This constant barrage of Ethiopian past kings is not merely to chastise the dead bodies but to undermine the proud people of Amara. The extension of this day to day blaming is to deprive Amaras of their rights as members of the federal system.
How did we remove TPLF? The chief mechanism for the removal of TPLF as state actor is through the determination of President Lemma to correct political mistakes, mistakes that portray Amaras as enemies. Lemma Megerssa learned this quickly after observing the displacement of his one million people from Somali region. His travel to Bahir Dar, and announcement of fraternity with Gedu cemented the first sign of the death of TPLF dictatorship. Are we to continue this legacy or fall into unnecessary friction? Unrestricted Oromo fundamentalist's propaganda for sure is heading toward that direction. They defy every democratic principle and are prisoners of past perceived grievance. Amara people paid their fair share for the right of the oppressed since the King's days. Over 80% of the red terror victims (assumed 500, 000) during the Derg time were Amaras. What are Oromo fundamentalists demanding from Amara? It was Me-eson, dominated by Oromos elites, in support of the Derg. Amaras interests are democracy and rule of law, nothing more nothing less.
One of the invented stories by Tigray elites is Minilik did not want to fight Italians and he only went to Adwa because he was forced by his wife, Tayitu. They lie as far as saying he never participated in the battle and was in the church praying. According to Tigray elites Alula's soldiers, and the master spy Awalom defeated Italy at Adwa. Contrary to their bravery bragging, Tigray elites accuse King Minilik for going to Mereb river and ordering his soldiers not to cross into Eritrea and chase the Italians because he had a sinister motive of weakening Tigray people albeit the lack of logistics to furthering the war and the imminent famine of that year. If The Tigray soldiers were the one that defeated Italy, who prevented them from following Italy and decisively conquering Italy out of Eritrea? Today's Tigray elites are such self contradictory and blatant liars (not withstanding ordinary Tigres have no axe to grind with Minilik, according to the late Sebhat Gebre-Egziabher, a famous writer of Tigrian origin).
Failures of Amara regional government and the suffering of Amaras
In All this political drama, the Amaras were the most who suffered from PM Abiy's failure to keep law and order in many regional states. Now the security breakdown has come to the Amara kilil itself. In all this suffering of the Amara people, Gedu's leadership has been one of in action and opted for a cowardly approach. To the eminent problem, Gedu chose to come out with day to day political statements that read out – certain people in other regions whose advantage has been curbed by the reform have hands in the security problem of the Amara region. Over 80,000 Amaras are now internally displaced despite the fact that no single person displaced internally in Tigray, the state that became the scapegoat for Amara displacement. The region that lost land would be expected to run proxy war in Tigray region but ironically this happed in the victim Amara region, all as a result of Gedu's cowardly leadership in the face of vivid Tigray's readiness for a war against Amara.
As we speak now, two rounds of soldier recruits are ready for the war. A region like Amara that has immense manpower and motivated youth to defend the public's security has been useless due to lack of organisers. As a result even sacred worship institutions are being burned down and people are now running for shelter elsewhere, a very shameful situation. The talk of the town now in Mekelle by the Tegaru elites is "Gedu's untrained and inexperienced army, which is defeated by Kimant, is no match to battle hardened TPLF army, and if Gedu mistakenly starts the first bullet, we will catch his hands from his comfortable palace in Bahir Dar." Mind you, Amaras and Kimant are genetically the same except minor cultural changes through time.
Abin (NAMA) a very young inexperienced political organization neither is seen trying to mobilize the young to defend itself and the public. It can create the link within the military wing of the Amara state and look for alternatives to stop the unending suffering of the Amara people if it is serious enough. The Amara people's option is now to organise in the form of ye gobez aleka to quote Achameleh Tamiru directly . Once they organise themselves in this manner they can request training from military personnel in order to be a more potent force. Amara intellectuals must avoid unnecessary squabble whether on social media or otherwise with other ethnic groups and avoid to be the guardian of Ethiopian unity. It undermines Amara's cause, detracts us from the main goal, – creating a self sufficient proud people. Our people are the most impoverished by any standard. Look at their faces in TV screens. Let us understand that Amara has a unique geographic position to continue as a self-sustaining and a functioning state if we are resolute enough, and know what we are doing from A to Z.
Right now, Gedu's leadership is failing Amaras. One of the reasons for this is his regional state has no adequate representation in the central government to take action against the TPLF. Amara regional state has no significant leaders in the military. Much of the leadership is either still occupied by the TPLF or few Oromo generals. PM Abiy's government may be accountable to this, but primarily Gedu's party takes the blame since it is less enthusiastic for power sharing. For decades, Amara regional state has been a victim of inequality both in the political and economic fronts. There are many Amara villages within 50-70 km distance from Addis Ababa that can easily be developed, and Gedu's party has got no idea how to get the share of Addis Ababa's wealth by virtue of being close to it. If such villages and towns are developed, Oromo fundamentalist like Jawar Mohammed, Tsegaye Ararsa and Prof. Eskial Gabissa would not dare to come out on OMN and irresponsibly brag that they can easily strangle Addis Ababa to death.
Option for Amaras
The first and foremost concern of the Amara people is to regain the lost territories like Metekel of Gojam Wolkayit-Tegede-Setit Humera of Gonder, and Raya of Wello. The criterion to reclaim these lost territories is historical ownership. Language has nothing to do in this equation. As Oromos of Kenya are not part of Ethiopia's Oromia, As Tigrigna speakers of Eritrea are not part of Ethiopia's Tigray; and as Gumuz, Agnuak, Neur of Sudan are not part of Gambella or Benishangule, so are other ethnic groups within Amara. They have been part of Amara administration since thousands of years. Ethiopian kilils are not merely administrative regions as PM Abiy often cites. They have the right to secede from the federal government as they wish. In this context they can take somebody's land under the disguise of ethnicity and go. It seems they also have the right to expel or kill (almost there is no accountability) other Ethiopians they do not like, without any consequences from the central government. These are manifestations of rights of sovereignty empowered by the crazy Ethiopian constitution.
Abin (NAMA) leaders must be polished, carefully choose their words, when they come out to national media and must use their best and articulate speakers such as Gashaw Goshu and the head of Abin's political strategy and research unit. They must pay less attention to propaganda on social and completely desist from fanatic Amaras engaged in racial slur on social media. They should keep on exposing the TPLF atrocities on Amara in the economic and socio-political fronts. The self confidence seen in the president, vice president and public relation head of Abin is admirable. They are the kind of leaders who walk the talk. There are still rooms for improvement. They must focus as the brain of the party giving priority to organizational tasks, party plans and programs. They must do the diplomacy work with the rest of the Ethiopian people. It has to start its work by meeting with well respected people from Oromia, Afar and the South, starting with the Gurages. Addis Ababa is a rallying point for any well intentioned Ethiopian and Abin should use this common interest to advance relationships by working with people of the South, Afar, and with well respected Oromo community leaders in order to annihilate the threat coming from Oromo fundamentalists such as Jawar Mohammed, Tsegaye Ararsa and Prof Eskial Gabissa. Finally Abin (NAMA) has to transform itself to a new more inclusive party like Semien Ethiopia Democratic Party (SEDP)
PM Abiy is a descent and well-respected leader in Ethiopia that still enjoys enormous support from all Ethiopians in general, and from Amaras including myself. But his complacency and unorthodox leadership is endangering the change he helped to advance. Amaras suffering has continued day by day. This is largely due to Abiy's government refusal to resist TPLF in any form. This is not ordinary time to sleep for Amara people. When a party like the TPLF should have been banned in Ethiopia, it continued to enjoy appeasement from Abiy's government. There is no punishment despite it harbours criminals needed by the country's justice system.
The Amara people have lost confidence in Gedu's party. It has no appetite or the courage to face the TPLF. The solution is for Gedu's party is to call for an early election or pass power to a transitional local government, and negotiate their exit (maybe remain as advisers). This is a double win for both the Amara people and Gedu's party. Since the current form of ethnic politics (not a preferred venue for political organization) is to remain for some time in Ethiopia, Abin must be more proactive and take the lead in mobilizing the youth to defend Amara region interests as well at stop TPLF attacks. Teach the people.
When Amaras and Oromos make alliance they can move the mountains, and make the enemy trembling from afar. This has been witnessed in Adwa, Ogaden and all over Ethiopia in 1896, 1977, and 2018 respectively. Somalia's Siad Barre claimed the whole of present-day eastern Oromia up to Nazret and he nearly realized that dream until the joint Oromo-Amara militia's response decisively annihilated his forces. If Oromo and Amara elites are keen to maintaining the interest of their people, it makes sense to work closely as brothers and sisters. Fundamentalist Oromos attitude, not heeding to the obvious cooperation that gave us victory, is not in any way useful to the Oromo people. The Oromos share border with 20 ethnic groups and are going to face unrelenting war in every direction. The Amaras will not live in peace either. Ethiopia will not attract foreign capital if there is no harmony between people. So the middle ground (cooperation) is in the footsteps of Lemma Megerssa et al. The choice ahead is either to reject or to listen to Oromo fundamentalist who continue to scare Amaras. Amaras hope the scaring tactics will be rejected and the two people will live side by side with respect and peacefully. I challenge both Oromo and Amara governing parties and elites alike, if they care about their people to recognise the right to property including land by changing the constitution. That is the best instrument to keep the interest of farmers and other property owners alike. Both ANDM and OPDO were the principal tools for TPLF who displaced poor Addis Ababa residents and Oromo farmers; fundamentalist should know this better. Finally I recommend Oromia (not Oromo) Democratic Party and Semien Ethiopia Democratic Party (ODP & SEDP) for any two leading parties in Oromia and Amara regions respectively, instead of using ethnic names which isolate other ethnic groups living in the two regions. These two parties can form a coalition, and eventually convert the coalition to a pan-Ethiopian party.
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One Response to "Amara suffering has continued unabated (By Mekuria Gize)"
Alinur jama February 19, 2019 at 9:10 am
Mr. Mekuria I appreciate the way explained your opinion. But it seems that you are a victim of ethnic mentality. Under TPLF, all Ethiopians have suffered a lot. Many died under this authoritarian regime in the last 27 years. When we talk about the blight of our people, it is very important not to explain it by ethnic profiling way. Otherwise we play to TPLF tune which in fact was their grand aim( creating ethnic hostility among Ethiopian people), and to some degree they were able to inject us with this horrible social decease, the Ethnic mentality.
May God help our people|
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text:
As Saudi Arabia and Allies Continue Airstrikes, Sorrow and Rage in Yemen
By Jon Queally
Theme: US NATO War Agenda
People carry the body of a woman covered with a blanket from under the rubble of houses destroyed by Saudi airstrikes near Sanaa Airport, Yemen, Thursday, March 26, 2015. Saudi Arabia launched airstrikes Thursday targeting military installations in Yemen held by Shiite rebels who were taking over a key port city in the country's south and had driven the embattled president to flee by sea, security officials said. (Photo: AP/Hani Mohammed)
Saudi Arabia discusses deploying as many as 150,000 troops and 100 warplanes in operation receiving coordination from the Pentagon and supported by Egypt, Morocco, Jordan, Sudan, Kuwait, the United Arab Emirates, Qatar and Bahrain.
Airstrikes led by Saudi Arabia, and supported by other members of Gulf Cooperating Council and the U.S. government, continued to hit Yemen on Thursday as the situation in one of the world's most impoverished, yet strategically important countries continues to unravel amid what can only be described now as all-out war.
Reports indicates that a first wave of bombings overnight which resulted in a number of civilian deaths—including entire families trapped in flattened houses—have spurred widespread anger in Sanaa and other targeted cities, even among members of the population opposed to the Houthi rebels who have now wrested control of much of the country from President Abd-Rabbu Mansour Hadi, whose whereabouts remain hard to establish.
The White House, reports Reuters, has said it is actively supporting the operation and President Obama has authorized U.S. "logistical and intelligence support" for the bombing campaign. However, according National Security Council spokeswoman, U.S. forces are not involved in direct military action in Yemen.
The Houthi-controlled ministry of health said that at least 18 civilians were killed and 24 were injured after airstrikes pummeled the capital city of Sanaa. According to Al-Jazeera English, strikes were also reported on targets in the Malaheez and Hafr Sufyan regions of Saada province, a main Houthi stronghold on the border with Saudi Arabia.
RT.com was hosting a livestream of a rally by Houthi supporters taking place in the Sanaa on Thursday which showed thousands of Yemeni citizens angrily condemning Saudia Arabia, the U.S., and the other members of the GCC who are backing the military campaign dubbed 'Operation Decisive Storm':
Journalist Tom Finn, who is maintaining a live-blog for Middle East Eye on the ongoing situation in Yemen, provided this round-up of overnight developments:
Global oil prices rise by 6 percent as Saudi Arabia and Gulf allies launch sweeping military operation
Saudi officials considering deploying as many as 150,000 troops and 100 warplanes to operation that includes Egypt, Morocco, Jordan, Sudan, Kuwait, the United Arab Emirates, Qatar and Bahrain
US providing "logistical and intelligence support" to the Saudi-led forces
The Associated Press reports:
[Houthi leaders] were calling on their supporters to protest in the streets of Sanaa on Thursday afternoon, Yemen's Houthi-controlled state news agency SABA reported. TV stations affiliated with the rebels and their ally, former President Ali Abdullah Saleh, showed the aftermath of the strikes Thursday morning in what appeared to be a residential area.
Al-Masirah TV, affiliated with the Houthis, quoted the ministry of health as saying that 18 civilians were killed and 24 were injured.
Yemen Today, a TV station affiliated with Saleh, showed hundreds of residents congregating around a number of flattened houses, some chanting "Death to Al-Saud", in reference to the kingdom's royal family. The civilians were sifting through the rubble, pulling out mattresses, bricks and shrapnel.
An Associated Press reporter on the scene in the Sanaa neighborhood near the international airport saw people searching for loved ones in the debris of flattened homes. Residents said at least three bodies were pulled from the rubble. There were traces of blood between the bricks.
Ahmed al-Sumaini said an entire alley close to the airport was wiped out in the strikes overnight. He said people ran out from their homes in the middle of the night. "This was a surprise. I was asleep and I was jolted out of my bed," he said, waving a piece of shrapnel.
Speaking to Al Jazeera from Sanaa, Houthi spokesman Mohammed Al Bukhaiti called the military action a declaration of war on Yemen, adding that reports alledging that Houthi leader Mohamed Ali Al Houthi had been injured were false.
Meanwhile, Iran's Foreign Minister Mohammad Javad Zarif demanded an immediate halt to the airstrikes which he called a form of "US-backed aggression" which would only make matters worse in the region.
"Military action from outside of Yemen against its territorial integrity and its people will have no other result than more bloodshed and more deaths," Zarif told the state-owned Al-Alam television station.
The original source of this article is Common Dreams
Copyright © Jon Queally, Common Dreams, 2015
Articles by: Jon Queally


text:
Saras Sarasvathy
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Professor Saras D. Sarasvathy is a faculty member at the UVA Darden School of Business in the Strategy, Entrepreneurship and Ethics area. In addition to MBA and doctoral courses in entrepreneurship at Darden, she teaches in doctoral programs in Europe, Asia, Latin America and Africa. Sarasvathy is the recipient of the 2022 Global Award for Entrepreneurship Research, the highest recognition for research in the field of entrepreneurship, awarded by the Swedish Entrepreneurship Forum (Entreprenörskapsforum) and the Research Institute of Industrial Economics (IFN). In addition, she holds many other recognitions for her contributions to teaching and practice and she has been awarded professorships and honorary doctorates from universities around the world for her contributions to entrepreneurship research and education. The research program based on effectuation involves over a hundred scholars from around the world whose published and working papers can be found at www.effectuation.org. Sarasvathy has also developed several cases and other instructional materials to teach effectuation. Her co-authored textbook, Effectual Entrepreneurship won the Gold Medal in the 2012 Axiom Business Book Awards. Sarasvathy serves on the board of Lending Tree, Upekkha, a SaaS accelerator in Bangalore, India, as well as on advisory boards for academic institutions in Europe and Asia. In addition to a master's degree in industrial administration, Sarasvathy received her Ph.D. in information systems from Carnegie Mellon University. Her thesis on entrepreneurial expertise was supervised by Herbert Simon, 1978 Nobel Laureate in Economics.
Effectuation: Lessons From Expert Entrepreneurs


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