text:
" Encouraging changes in government policy on education and refugees in Iraq. "
Institute for War and Peace Reporting | Giving Voice, Driving Change
IMF Refuses Loan Tranches To Georgia
A recent International Monetary Fund mission to Georgia has refused to authorise 32 million dollars in loan tranches to the country for the year 2000. IMF experts blame Tbilisi's budget imbalances and Georgia's widespread corruption.
By Otar Soselia
According to John Odling-Smee, the IMF's European II Department Director, Georgia made considerable headway in economic reforms during the period 1994-97.
But Odling-Smee, whose recent visit was his fourth to Georgia, believes that pace of reform in the years that followed had been too slow. Data for economic growth indicated a decline from 10 per cent to 2-3 per cent. Following a rise in gross income of five per cent in 1995 and nine per cent in 1997, there has been no increase since.
The IMF representatives point to corruption as the principal reason for this stagnation. Several dominant groups in the economic field are exploiting their financial and political influence to halt reform in the country.
It is anticipated that the IMF decision will have a knock on effect on the World Bank, leading to refusals on their loan tranches too. Hence, the Georgian government's renewed efforts to increase domestic revenue receipts.
Teimraz Basilia, President Eduard Shevardnadze's advisor on economic reform, believes, however, a compromise with the IMF is not out of the question. The IMF is scheduled to consider new forms of collaboration with Georgia in February 2000. These talks are expected to focus on social issues such as health care and education.
The question of corruption aside, the Georgian budget imbalance another obstacle facing the further disbursement of funds. The IMF has rejected the proposed budget for 2000. The estimated deficit for 1999 is 200-220 million lari (100-110 million dollars).
Odling-Smee said no new tranches would be forthcoming until Georgia implements a "targeted economic policy" that will enable the implementation of the budget. The IMF is insisting that Georgia presents a more realistic budget proposal, linked to realistic estimates of revenue and thorough improvements to the tax collection system. The 2000 budget is not now expected to pass before February 2000.
The people of Georgia now associate the IMF mission with their unpaid salaries and pensions, the lack of energy resources and the instability of the national currency.
The IMF has defined the main directions for economic reform - the expansion of the taxable base, the acceleration of privatisation in the communications and energy sectors and the modernisation of the agricultural sector.
The IMF is scheduled to visit Georgia once more before the presidential elections next year. Meanwhile the Georgian government will have to try and solve the nation's economic problems alone.
A vital component of any strategy must be the annihilation of the corrupt groupings blighting the Georgian economy. Without quashing this problem, Georgia faces being labeled "persona non grata" by international financial organisations.
The IMF council decision on further collaboration with Georgia will follow reports from the mission experts and is expected in early February 2000.
Otar Soselia is an economic analyst for EcoDigest newspaper in Tblisi.
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CRS Issue 11
http://tinyurl.com/y4xdvd5f
Face To Face With The Enemy
Armenia Goes From Bad To Worse
A Tale Of Two Chechen Wars
First Ignored, Now Damned
Azerbaijan's Local Elections Viewed As Flawed
IMPACT / BY TOPIC
More IWPR's Global Voices
Politicians turn their attention to the war-torn east.
Defending Media Freedom
IWPR Hosts Second School of Analytic Journalism
Rwanda: How Trade in Banned Alcohol Wrecks Lives
Investigation reveals that police collusion fuels lucrative smuggling industry.
Monitoring Malawi's Elections
Bringing Kenyan Journalists and Activists Together


Lat Pulldown: 10 to 12 reps is okay.
Standing Abduction: Do 15 to 20 reps.
Seated Abduction: Target 15 to 20 reps.
Lying Pullover: All you need is 8 to 10 reps.
A quick and safe way to do the resistance band tricep extension exercise is by keeping your arm steady while holding the resistance band right behind your back, then make sure your other arm is extending towards the ceiling work your biceps, shoulders, and triceps.
Above all, remember to switch sides to get maximum results.
When it comes to tricep exercises, I have to agree: it can rough to train. That said, training your triceps for optimal dimensions and strength is a rather straightforward approach.
Make sure that all 3 components of the triceps take part in elbow extension. Because building great triceps is similar to building any other portion of the body.
Your triceps will feel the impact of your workout while you're working the muscles. The triceps are a huge muscle located on the rear of the top arm.
These muscles make up some of the largest portion of the arm, therefore they are really the key to making your arms look larger and more defined.
Rather than futzing around with wimpy kickbacks, utilize an exercise that makes it possible to load heavy and hit the triceps from the ideal angles at the most suitable times.
Trust me, there are a lot of strategies to hit the triceps, but they're certainly not created equal. Getting strong on heavy compound presses is definitely one of the best strategies to come up with your triceps.
If you're serious about packing on muscles and receiving big muscular arms fast, then you want to concentrate on compound exercises that target multiple muscle groups at the exact same moment.
It's very important to squeeze the muscle which you are working in the present time of max compression. Your muscles grow outside the gym!
The triceps brachii muscle (better called triceps) is a huge muscle that runs along the full back of the top arm. Your muscles are going to thank you later if you stay focused.
Employing some logic when building a large amount of muscle as quickly as possible, so utilize movements which use the absolute most muscle.
Any time that you are attempting to build muscle, you must not forget that you need to take in more calories over and above maintenance requirements.
In order to construct muscle as effectively as possible, you truly are searching for a means to target the triceps muscle from a selection of angles and hit it as directly as possible.
All the exercises require you to be flexing your muscles the whole time, permitting you to set your own degree of challenge.
While tricep exercises might typically be related to gym equipment and cables, they can likewise be done as an excellent body-weight exercise.
Other tricep exercises should also be added together with the big 3 on a rotating basis to make sure your tricep workout allows you to acquire the enormous arms you desire.
You should know your arm is in fact working so you should think total variety of motion and use a rep tempo that enables a slower speed.
As a consequence, you are made to train each arm individually because it is extremely tough to perform both arms at the identical moment.
Whenever you have rowed both arms, that is 1 repetition. It is crucial to continue to keep your upper arm still and let the reduce arm do the job.
It's crucial to continue to keep your upper arm still and let the reduce arm do the job.
Please be aware that in all of the resistance band arm exercises you never move the top arm.
There are lots of tricep exercises to pick from. One tricep exercise won't be sufficient to work all 3 components of the tricep.
It's very important on several amounts. Seeking help from a fitness trainer or coach who's mindful of your fitness needs can aid you to identify the proper exercises for your exercise level.
"It's possible to drop some weight and get fit with any sort of training or activity," says Richard Leone.
You ought to use a weight that is readily manageable throughout the movement.
Most of the time, the weights we grab are too light to really make a difference. You are going to want to decrease the weight slowly.
Adding additional weight to your dips is an excellent way to boost the level of the exercise, break plateaus and create an extremely impressive strength to bodyweight ratio.
Also, strength is of utmost importance in regards to bulking up. You'll soon develop enough strength to begin doing full repetitions.
Each muscle has to be targeted equally to be certain that the muscles work together while they grow. At the time that your muscles become accustomed to the stretching, it'll be less difficult for you to carry out the other exercises.
By changing the total amount of weight that you use you are going to be keeping your muscles guessing and burning loads of additional calories.
It's excellent for tightening the muscles and eliminating arm fat also.
It's very important to squeeze the muscle that you're working in the present time of max compression.
Since there are actually 3 regions of the tricep muscle it's important to target all 3 to observe results in tightening the flab below your arms.
The triceps muscle in the rear of your arm is among the hardest to isolate, but nevertheless, it can be carried out.
Compound exercises are known over time to be useful in bulking up. The exact same exercise can be accomplished with your palms facing up the entire time to work out a different region of your triceps.
No single exercise can effectively target a particular subject of the biceps, which means that your keys to success are performing a number of exercises and utilizing a broad range of motion.
Triceps exercises can be split into basic and formative types. The exercises which help in building up the entire body together with the triceps are somewhat more beneficial as they will offer proportionality to your entire body.
Your workout need to last no longer than 1 hour. To put it differently, if you wish to acquire the very best tricep long head workout possible, you are going to want to place your principal focus on overhead extension exercises. All your exercises will be useless if you're not eating properly.
Muscle-strengthening exercises like lifting weights should be performed three times weekly and can be included in the 60-minute allotment.
If you are only starting to workout with your children or at home I have a good deal of amazing strategies and tips to create that happen for you.
Also, if you would like a rigorous workout, you may want to try working on your triceps more than twice weekly, but if that comes to pass, you need to vary your exercises.
In nearly every case in which someone complained to me they couldn't get a great triceps workout, their assortment of motion was the matter.
So whether you're working your tricep with resistance band or just interested in tricep kickbacks, I'm sure you have benefitted from this article. Thanks for reading.


The National Chairman of the APC, Adams Oshiomhole, had announced during the party's National Working Committee (NWC) meeting with House of Representatives members-elect on the platform of the APC that Ubah was currently with the ruling party.
Oshiomhole, nonetheless, added that other issues identified with Ubah's defection would be perfected on a later date.
@iykimo: "I hereby commend Ifeanyi Ubah for dumping Third Force YPP for APC. APC crumbled Ifeanyi's businesses. If you can't beat them, join them. The joke is on the people that voted him as a third force candidate.


text:
/* istanbul ignore file */
const MongoUnit = require('mongo-unit'),
      puppeteer = require('puppeteer'),
      libpath   = require('path'),
      assert    = require('assert'),
      fs        = require('fs');

let mongo_uri;

let test_script_path = libpath.resolve(__dirname, 'assets', 'scripts', 'test.js');

let navigations = 0,
    coverages = [];

// Make sure janeway doesn't start
process.env.DISABLE_JANEWAY = 1;

// Make MongoUnit a global
global.MongoUnit = MongoUnit;

global.do_coverage = !!global.__coverage__;

// Do not log load warnings
process.env.NO_ALCHEMY_LOAD_WARNING = 1;

// Require alchemymvc
require('../index.js');

async function loadBrowser() {
	global.browser = await puppeteer.launch();
	global.page = await browser.newPage();

	page.on('console', function(msg) {

		// Only needed when writing new tests
		return;

		let pieces = ['[BROWSER]'],
		    args = msg.args();

		for (arg of args) {
			let remote = arg._remoteObject;

			if (remote.type == 'string') {
				pieces.push(remote.value);
			} else if (remote.subtype == 'node') {
				pieces.push('\x1b[1m\x1b[36m<' + remote.description + '>\x1b[0m');
				//console.log(remote.preview);
			} else if (remote.className) {
				pieces.push('\x1b[1m\x1b[33m{' + remote.type + ' ' + remote.className + '}\x1b[0m');
			} else if (remote.value != null) {
				pieces.push(remote.value);
			} else {
				pieces.push(remote);
			}
		}

		console.log(...pieces);
	});
}

let console_log = console.log;
let console_error = console.error;

global.restoreConsole = function restoreConsole() {
	console.log = console_log;
	console.error = console_error;
};

global.silenceConsole = function silenceConsole() {
	console.log = () => {};
	console.error = () => {};
}

global.fetchCoverage = async function fetchCoverage() {

	if (!global.page) {
		return;
	}

	let temp = await page.evaluate(function getCoverage() {

		if (typeof window.__Protoblast == 'undefined') {
			return false;
		}

		return window.__coverage__;
	});

	if (temp) {
		coverages.push(temp);
	} else if (temp !== false) {
		console.log('Failed to get coverage from browser');
	}

	return coverages;
};

global.setLocation = async function setLocation(path) {

	let url;

	if (!global.page) {
		await loadBrowser();
	}

	if (navigations && do_coverage) {
		await fetchCoverage();
	}

	navigations++;

	if (alchemy) {
		// Force exposing the defaults each time,
		// because we add routes on-the-fly during testing
		alchemy.exposeDefaultStaticVariables();
	}

	if (path.indexOf('http') == -1) {
		url = 'http://127.0.0.1:' + alchemy.settings.port + path;
	} else {
		url = path;
	}

	let resource = await page.goto(url);

	let status = await resource.status();

	if (status >= 400) {
		throw new Error('Received a ' + status + ' error response for "' + path + '"')
	}
};

global.evalPage = function evalPage(fnc, ...args) {
	return page.evaluate(fnc, ...args);
};

global.despace = function despace(text) {
	return text.trim().replace(/\n/g, ' ').replace(/\s\s+/g, ' ');
};

global.getRouteUrl = function getRouteUrl(route, options) {

	let url = Router.getUrl(route, options);

	url.host = 'localhost';
	url.protocol = 'http';
	url.port = alchemy.settings.port;

	return String(url);
};

global.queryElementData = async function queryElementData(query) {

	let result = await evalPage(function(query) {
		let block = document.querySelector(query);

		let result = {
			html       : block.outerHTML,
			text       : block.textContent,
			location   : document.location.pathname,
			scroll_top : document.scrollingElement.scrollTop,
		};

		return result;
	}, query);

	return result;
};

global.openHeUrl = async function openHeUrl(path) {

	await evalPage(function(path) {
		return hawkejs.scene.openUrl(path);
	}, path);

	let result = await evalPage(function() {
		return {
			location : document.location.pathname,
		}
	});

	return result;
};

global.getBodyHtml = function getBodyHtml() {
	return global.evalPage(function() {
		return document.body.innerHTML;
	});
};

global.createModel = function createModel(creator) {

	let name = creator.name,
	    pledge = new Classes.Pledge();

	let fnc = Function.create(name, function model(options) {
		model.wrapper.super.call(this, options);
	});

	Function.inherits('Alchemy.Model', fnc);

	fnc.constitute(function() {
		creator.call(this);
		pledge.resolve();
	});

	return pledge;
};

describe('require(\'alchemymvc\')', function() {
	it('should create the global alchemy object', function() {
		assert.equal('object', typeof alchemy);
	});
});

describe('Mongo-unit setup', function() {
	this.timeout(150000)

	it('should create in-memory mongodb instance first', async function() {

		var url = await MongoUnit.start({verbose: false});

		mongo_uri = url;

		if (!url) {
			throw new Error('Failed to create mongo-unit instance');
		}
	});
});

describe('Alchemy', function() {

	describe('#start(callback)', function() {
		it('should start the server', function(done) {
			alchemy.start({silent: true}, function started() {

				setTimeout(function() {
					// Also create the mongodb datasource
					Datasource.create('mongo', 'default', {uri: mongo_uri});
				}, 50);

				done();
			});
		});
	});

	describe('#pathResolve(...path_to_dirs)', function() {
		it('resolves all arguments to a directory', function() {

			if (process.platform == 'win32') {
				assert.strictEqual(alchemy.pathResolve('/a', 'b', 'c'), 'C:\\a\\b\\c');
			} else {
				assert.strictEqual(alchemy.pathResolve('/a', 'b', 'c'), '/a/b/c');
				assert.strictEqual(alchemy.pathResolve('/a'), '/a');
			}
		});
	});

	describe('#addViewDirectory(path, weight = 10)', function() {
		it('adds a new view directory', function() {
			let test_views = alchemy.pathResolve(__filename, '..', 'view');
			alchemy.addViewDirectory(test_views);
			alchemy.hawkejs.load(__dirname + '/element/my_button.js');
			alchemy.hawkejs.load(__dirname + '/element/my_document_list.js');
		});
	});

	describe('#styleMiddleware(req, res, next)', function() {

		if (process.platform == 'win32') {
			// @TODO: Fix!
			return;
		}

		it('is the middleware that compiles & serves CSS, LESS & SCSS files', function(done) {
			var url = 'http://localhost:' + alchemy.settings.port + '/stylesheets/alchemy-info.css';

			Blast.fetch(url, function gotResponse(err, res, body) {

				if (err) {
					return done(err);
				}

				assert.strictEqual(res.statusCode, 200);
				assert.strictEqual(res.headers['content-type'], 'text/css; charset=utf-8');
				assert.strictEqual(body.length > 100, true);
				done();
			});
		});
	});

	describe('#scriptMiddleware(req, res, next)', function() {

		if (process.platform == 'win32') {
			// @TODO: Fix!
			return;
		}

		before(function() {
			// Add a new script directory
			alchemy.addScriptDirectory(libpath.resolve(__dirname, 'assets', 'scripts'));
		});

		// @TODO: There no longer is a simple alchemy.js script file,
		// should test with something else
		it('is the middleware that serves script files', function(done) {

			var url = 'http://localhost:' + alchemy.settings.port + '/scripts/test.js';

			Blast.fetch(url, function gotResponse(err, res, body) {

				if (err) {
					return done(err);
				}

				assert.strictEqual(res.statusCode, 200);
				assert.strictEqual(res.headers['content-type'], 'application/javascript; charset=utf-8');
				assert.strictEqual(body.length > 20, true);
				done();
			});
		});
	});

	describe('#getFileInfo(path, options, callback)', function() {
		it('should lookup file info', function(done) {

			alchemy.getFileInfo(test_script_path, function gotInfo(err, info) {

				if (err) {
					throw err;
				}

				assert.strictEqual(info.hash, 'd9ad8ceda0c6617b9166647772c50d72aa793521');
				assert.strictEqual(info.mimetype, 'text/plain');
				assert.strictEqual(info.size, 86);
				assert.strictEqual(info.name, 'test');
				assert.strictEqual(info.filename, 'test.js');

				done();
			});
		});
	});

	describe('#copyFile(source, path, callback)', function() {
		it('should copy a file', function(done) {
			var target_path = libpath.resolve(PATH_TEMP, '__test' + Date.now() + '.js');

			alchemy.copyFile(test_script_path, target_path, function copied(err) {

				if (err) {
					throw err;
				}

				done();
			});
		});

		it('should return an error when the source does not exist', function(done) {
			var target_path = libpath.resolve(PATH_TEMP, '__test' + Date.now() + '.js');

			alchemy.copyFile(libpath.resolve(__dirname, 'does_not_exist.js'), target_path, function copied(err) {
				assert.strictEqual(!!err, true);
				done();
			});
		});
	});

	describe('#downloadFile(url, options, callback)', function() {
		it('should download the file and return the filepath', function(done) {

			var url = 'http://localhost:' + alchemy.settings.port + '/scripts/test.js';

			alchemy.downloadFile(url, function downloaded(err, filepath, name) {

				if (err) {
					throw err;
				}

				if (!filepath) {
					throw new Error('File does not seem to have downloaded');
				}

				assert.strictEqual(name, 'test.js');

				var result = fs.readFileSync(test_script_path, 'utf8');

				if (result.indexOf('This is a test script') == -1) {
					throw new Error('Test script file does not contain expected content');
				}

				done();
			});
		});

		it('should return a 404 error when downloading non-existing path', function(done) {
			alchemy.downloadFile('http://localhost:' + alchemy.settings.port + '/scripts/does_not_exist.js', function downloaded(err, filepath, name) {

				assert.strictEqual(filepath, undefined);
				assert.strictEqual(name, undefined);
				assert.strictEqual(err.number, 404);
				done();
			});
		});
	});

	describe('#findPathToBinarySync(name)', function() {
		it('should find the path of a wanted binary', function() {

			var wanted,
			    result,
			    second;

			if (process.platform == 'win32') {
				// @TODO: Sole this in some way?
				return;
			} else {
				wanted = 'ls';
			}

			result = alchemy.findPathToBinarySync('ls');

			assert.notStrictEqual(result, false, 'The `ls` command was not found');

			// Look for the preferred path first, but it should not be found now
			second = alchemy.findPathToBinarySync('ls', '/non/existing/binary/ls');

			assert.strictEqual(second, result);
		});
	});
});

// This will run after ALL the files have executed (not just this file)
after(async function() {
	if (global.browser) {
		await browser.close();
	}
});

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


Who loves lavender? I know I do I love almost everything about it and I definitely love products made with lavender. My favorite lavender products are bath ones like body scrubs, oils and creams. Seriously what's not to love about lavender?! It smells divine, helps you de-stress and it has many health uses, heck I even use lavender oil to clean my home! It can be used as a antiseptic, soothes burns and rashes, a household cleaner ans wonderful in bath salts, gels and more!
The Massage oil is made with active aromatherapy essential oils that soothe and relax body mind & spirit. Soothes & moisturizes overly dry skin. Even better I can totally align myself to Aromafloria's ethics as the product is 100% VeganNo Animal TestingSafe For the Planet BiodegradableSulfate FreeParabens FreePhthalate Free.
They use a custom blend of organic essential oils, therapeutic herbs, exotic botanical extracts, vitamins and minerals to deliver optimal health benefits. Not only that but their products are Aromafloria ae manufactured in a USDA Certified Organic facility that is 100% wind powered. Wow talk about reducing their carbon footprintGreat care is taken to ensure that our suppliers adhere to the highest ethical standards and that all organic plant based materials are harvested from renewable and ecologically sustainable growers. As I said this is a company whose values I can stand behind!
Not only do they have wonderful values the products themselves are amazing! I have been using all four products over the last week and love each one. The Body wash is lightly scented and cleans my skin without drying it. For added luxury I follow up with the scrub for smooth skin and when finished showering I use the body oil to add extra softness to my skin. I feel great afterwards and the subtle (yes not strong) of lavender and rosemary follows me helping to evoke relaxation.
I have some of the inhalation beads in a cotton bag next to my bed so that I can breathe it in at night to help me relax and go to sleep. Sometimes I have found some lavender products to have too strong of a scent, and a few of irritated my skin as the quality of the lavender was not up to par. However with the Aromafloria products that is not an issue my sensitive skin and my senses love them all.
One lucky reader will receive the following Aromafloria products to help them relax and stress less.
I would love to try their Sinus relief inhilation beads.
I really like the Stress Less Inhalation Beads!
I really like the Aroma Remedy Salt Glow Body Scrub; it has Eucalyptus in it which I love!
The stress less foaming salt glow polish.
The inhalation beads sound awesome!
I would love to try the stress less calming hand and body lotion. Looks like they have great products!
I could use some bath salts. We've got nothing for the tub at our house.
I also like their Sleep Ease Inhalation Beads….they look awesome.
I like the sinus help inhalation beads.
I like the inhalation beads.
Their Muscle Soak Ocean Mineral Bath Salts sound lovely!
love, love,love lavender. such a soothing scent!
Would love to try this, so nice! The body scrub sounds awesome!! Thanks!
I would like to try the For Fetes Sake intense repair. My feet could use some intense repair.
I would love the Sensory Fusion Whipped Body Butter with Shea and Aloe Kiwi Coconut, it sounds like it would smell amazing!
I would really like to try all of the Muscle Soak product line. I have problems with my back and neck and this sounds great. I would also like to try the Sinus Help Inhalation Beads.
Lavender is amazing. I found lavender scented epsom salt the other day and it is divine!
I like the stress-less inhalation beads. I bet they work and I'll try anything to reduce stress!
I'm seriously looking at the Sensory Fusion Foaming Body Wash with Shea Butter – Honey Papaya. That sounds absolutely heavenly!
I really like the Inhalation Beads formulas.
So far I like all of their products, but especially the muscle soak.
I also like the sinus inhalation beads. They'd be a big help during allergy season.
I'm a runner and a nursing student, so the muscle soak sounds just right!
I love bubble baths- the stress less and the muscle soak- sound great!
I love that they have Head Aid Relief Inhalation Beads. I get bad migraines, and if these could help I would be SO happy!!
I love Aromafloria. My favorite for when I have upper respiratory issues going on, is their Muscle Soak. The inhalation beeds are lovely too.
Whipped Body Butter with Shea and Aloe Honey Papaya.
I have always been partial to anything with the lavender aroma and LOVE any lavender-based product. I recently gave a friend of mine a collection of lavender products to help her with her stress. She wasn't the least bit grateful. Now, I'm sorry I didn't keep the products for myself.
I'd really like to try the Stress Less Foaming Salt Glow Polish…it sounds very interesting! Thank you for the giveaway!!
I'd love to try their muscle soaks. Sounds great for after gym.
Besides the lavender, I'd like to try the kiwi-coconut things.
I love anything lavender. The Stress Less Spa Rescue Kit sounds amazing!!
Sinus Help Inhalation Beads would be quite helpful.
I would like to try the Sinus Help.
I would like to try the body butter.
I like the healing waters and muscle soak. Should always keep these around.
Since I have lupus and fibro I would like to try the muscle soak.
I'd like to have the Muscle Soak Foaming Bubble Bath.
The Stress Less Inhalation Beads sound fascinating to me. If this works, I'll sniff it all day!!!!!!
This Lavender Product from Aromafloria Stress Less looks really special.
All the products on their Pintrest site look wonderful!
I am thrilled to enter! Thank you for the opportunity to enter! Thank You!
I like any of the Sensory Fusion Bath and Body Washes with Shea Butter, especially Kiwi Coconut!
The Healing Water products look interesting to me!
I love the muscle soak ocean mineral bath salts.
I have used the sinus help inhalation beads they are terrific!
Healing Waters Body Smoothing Treatment/Dry Body Oil – I love body oils!
I would like the Muscle Soak Ocean Mineral Bath Salts.
The Sinus Help Insulation Beads would rock…for I suffer mightily from the sinuses!
I would love to try the Mango Ginger body butter.
I would love the Sensory Fusion Foaming Body Wash with Shea Butter Kiwi Coconut. Thanks so much for hosting this giveaway!
Would love to try "Sinus Help"!
I like the Muscle Soak Foaming Bubble Bath and the For Feet's Sake Intense Repair Spa Foot Butter.
I love lavender. My favorite!


text:
Writing Guidelines for Attorney At Work
Reprint Policy and Copyright
Book Proposal Form
You At Work
Lawyer Time Management
Legal Career Development
Practice Skills
Digital Marketing for Law Firms
Law Firm Websites
SEO for Lawyers
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Offline: Coronavirus Outbreak Has Become a Referendum on Remote Work
How should your law firm respond to the crisis?
By Jared Correia
I'm not a doctor; but, I did stay at a Holiday Inn Express last night.
But seriously, I have no medical experience or public health perspective to offer on the novel coronavirus pandemic. Anything I could offer on that front would be another malformed opinion delivered by a non-expert. Risk management, when it comes down to it, becomes a very personal thing. As large public gatherings are shut down across the cultural landscape, individuals who decide to leave their homes or huddle inside of them are both right. You might as well do you, as society crumbles, right?
Only, society isn't really crumbling — it's just pausing, as "social distancing" becomes the norm. Hopefully, that only lasts for a couple of weeks or a month. At some point (hopefully, soon), the spread of the virus will become blunted, controlled.
Of course, that does nothing for you right now. As a business owner, you're likely scrambling to come up with a plan of action until everyone regains their chill.
So, let's talk about the two scenarios law firms must address as they cope with crafting a coronavirus response plan.
Home Run: Does Your Office Stay Open?
Several law firms have reached out to me about how to implement coronavirus-related policies. And, as you might imagine, law firms that struggle to put together a "bring your own device" policy also struggle to implement a "global pandemic response" policy on the fly. Shocker, I know.
One question I've consistently received is whether a law firm coronavirus response plan is a disaster recovery program. My answer: No. At least not yet. We're not talking about a zombie apocalypse here. At this time, we're really looking at asking another question: What happens if you have to ask your staff to work from home for an extended period?
So, let's break out each potential scenario, in turn.
1. Business As Unusual: What It Means to Be At Work Now
If you're not asking your staff to stay home, that also means that you're likely continuing to offer your office space for meetings with clients and colleagues. If that's the case, it makes sense to send out an email notification about your policies respecting the virus. What do you do to keep your office hygienic, and what do you expect incoming guests to do? (For example: wash hands before entering the workspace, keep in-person meetings to a maximum number of persons, wipe down shared devices after use … you know, wear a hazmat suit.) You've likely received a similar notice from other businesses you frequent. (In the past hour of drafting this article, I've received notifications like these from my day care provider, my daughter's gymnastics academy, a law firm and a travel agency.) What that means is that you have ample sources from which to draw examples to draft your own notice.
That outward-facing notification, of course, should be accompanied by an internal effort to inform your staff of expectations for this period during which the outbreak continues to spread.
So, if you have a personal hygiene policy, now would be the time to reiterate its contents, or revise it. If you have special requests, make them:
Maybe you're banning handshaking.
Maybe you want people to let you (or someone else) know if their children are sick so that you can make a call on whether they should self-quarantine.
Maybe you're buying marked-up hand sanitizer that you want your staff to use more regularly than usual.
Whatever it is, make those asks clear, and implement those policies as soon as possible.
You may get pushback on certain requests, and you should address each of those issues with the persons bringing them to light.
All of the above assumes that you have healthy workers in your office and that your plan of action will help (as much as possible) to keep them that way. For employees who are sick, your standing order should be: If you are sick, do not come to work. That's the advice of pretty much every public health care official there is, and it's good advice. If that isn't already built into your sick leave policy, it's time to amend it. That's the golden rule, after all, even during periods with less heightened awareness.
I've also heard of companies, including law firms, coming up with a group strategy, so that businesses in a particular area can deliver a coherent, coordinated response. So, reach out to your colleagues, and potentially your local bar association, to build out guidelines.
Related: Here's advice on crisis communications do's and don'ts from law firm PR expert Gina Rubel.
2. Stress Testing Virtual Practice: What Happens When Everybody Stays Home?
If you're asking your staff to stay home, and also telling your clients and colleagues to stay away, notification is also important.
Let your staff and clients know that you're shuttering your physical location, and for how long. If the situation is fluid, and you are truly not sure how long the quarantine will last, say so. This is not the time for spin. Deliver your messaging and address the situation in the present tense; if circumstances cause that messaging to change, alert your staff, colleagues and clients of the changes you make.
Everyone knows this situation is in flux; no one will think less of you for communicating more. The message, of course, is simpler for colleagues and clients. It's basically: You don't have to go home, but you can't stay here.
For your staff, there is much more to it. It's pretty easy to work from home for a day, or two. Even in a traditional law office, lawyers and staff do that all the time — they simply pick up a stack of papers and bring them home. It happens during power outages or snowstorms. Big whoop. However, this time you may be asking staff to work from home for an extended period, maybe weeks at a time, potentially with no clear end in sight. That's not only an entirely different thing; it may be a completely new business model for your law firm.
What the coronavirus outbreak is forcing lawyers across the world to ask is whether their practices are truly virtual, or even fully mobile. In most cases, those lawyers are answering: "Not really."
So it is that for law firms, the coronavirus outbreak is creating a referendum on the value of the virtual law office and remote work policies. Before this, the virtual law office was an abstract idea; now, it's a necessity. And, if your firm was not ready to go completely virtual before coronavirus, you're going to spend the next long while muddling through, and praying hard that this is not a modern version of the 1918 "Spanish" flu epidemic, 100 years in the making.
For the past 15 years, I've been talking myself hoarse about law firms adopting the cloud. It's long past time to do so. If you're reading this, and your law firm has not yet embraced the notion and concept of virtual practice, you need no more stark example of why you should do so than the quarantines taking place around the world … right now.
If the ability to work remotely from anywhere was previously "only" useful for cost savings and flexibility, it's now clearly the mechanism for business continuity when health crises strike. If you need another reason to get all your law firm data online, this has to be the third straight X on your tic-tac-toe board.
It's time for law firms to adopt modern technology platforms, as well as the concurrent policies required to manage that infrastructure.
And let's hope, next month, these are the only coronas we'll be talking about.
Illustration ©iStockPhoto.com
You might like these related articles:
"Is Your Crisis Communication Plan Ready for a Pandemic?" by Gina Rubel
"The Coronavirus Could Force Teams to Work Remotely" (Harvard Business Review)
Making Your Move to the Cloud – Tech Tips from the Practice Management Experts
"The Truth About Remote Working"
"Tech Tips for Teams: Collaboration Tools"
"Working from Home: Use the Right Tools"
"Remote Work: How to Make It Work for Your Law Firm"
"Working from Home? Five Productivity Hacks"
"When Are You Too Sick to Lawyer?"
Keep Updated With Local Webinars
Many state or local bar association are preparing online programs to help you navigate the coronavirus crisis. The American Bar Association is offering these webinars, free to members:
COVID-19 Top 10: What GCs Need to Know About Coronavirus, Monday, March 16, 2 p.m. EDT
COVID-19: Legal Strategies for Nonprofit Meetings, Tuesday, March 17, 1 p.m. EDT
Remote Working in a Time of COVID-19: Cybersecurity Issues You Need to Know, Thursday, March 19, 12 p.m. EDT
Categories: Attorney Client Relations, COVID-19, Lawyer Health, Legal Technology, Managing a Law Firm, Managing Law Firms, News and Trends, Remote Work, Virtual Law Practice, Work from Home
Originally published March 13, 2020
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Jared Correia
Jared D. Correia is CEO of Red Cave Law Firm Consulting, which offers subscription-based law firm business management consulting services, and works with legal vendors to develop programming and content. Jared is also COO of Gideon Software, Inc., which offers intelligent messaging and predictive analytics software built exclusively for law firms. A former practicing attorney, Jared is the host of the Legal Toolkit podcast and speaks frequently at industry events. In addition to his Attorney at Work column, Managing, he writes an advice column for Lawyerist and on tech startups for Above the Law. Follow him @JaredCorreia.
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


In the weaving market, when the one-meter cloth is looting, the dyeing fee has risen again since the beginning of the year. However, really, the recent dyeing is really crazy. The original immovable dyeing fee was even rising several times in just one month.
Taking Wujiang Tianhong Printing and Dyeing Factory as an example, the dyeing fee was increased by 3% on March 8th, and on April 1st, the dyeing fee was increased by 3% again. Only one month later, the dyeing fee will be raised again. Up to now, after the year, a total of 6% of dyeing fees have been raised, ranging from approximately 0.03 yuan per meter.
The number of printing and dyeing factories that raised dyeing fees several times during the month was not small, and it is reported that the dyeing fees of printing and dyeing enterprises have generally risen by more than 5% in 2017. It can be seen from the notice that the reason for the increase in dyeing costs was due to the rise in raw materials such as dyes. Not only dyeing costs rose twice in January, but the list was also discharged to the nearest month. More printing and dyeing plants stopped picking up the billet, and the billet was signed by the plant manager. It can be seen that at present, printing and dyeing factories are at peak times in the peak season, and shipping has become a chronic problem.
A certain fabric merchant Wang always told the author: "I have a batch of Bra to the dyeing factory for twenty days, and I haven't moved anything yet. I'm really anxious. There is a small cylinder with more than 200 meters, and I waited for 20 days. I can't wait, I can't wait, add 2,000 yuan, let them hurry to do it for me. This batch of cloth sales price is not 2000 yuan, this kind of loss can only eat by oneself!" During the busy season, the printing and dyeing plants are shipped congested to the fabric manufacturer. There are many follow-up questions. For example, problems such as Wang's small tanks and urgent expenses, payment of delays, delays in canceling orders due to delivery delays, etc. may all occur due to the speed of shipment of dyeing plants.
Under the high pressure of environmental protection, non-standard printing and dyeing companies have stopped production and rectification. Limited printing and dyeing capacity, sudden increase in downstream demand, destruction of supply and demand environment, leading to the emergence of such "domineering" regulations. "Checking environmental protection, prices increase" is the practice of printing and dyeing industry in the past. Nowadays, not only the price of dyeing is rising, cash customers are no longer "appreciating", and customers who have owed money have been exempt from paying respects. Delivery of fabrics for 40 days will allow the fabric manufacturers to live. . . .


If you love the hustle & bustle of the city but prefer a more elegant & refined living space, you will find yourself SMITTEN w/this unique corner unit! This quiet abode offers 2,484 sq ft of well-designed space w/approximately 12 feet of lofty ceiling height. Experience the expansive living & entertaining space, bathed in lots of natural light which streams thru the stunning oversized custom windows. The gourmet kitchen offers a spacious elevated layout w/granite island bar w/seating for 4-6, premier stone/wood finishes & premium stainless appliance package. The master suite offers more luxury w/ensuite spa shower for two, dual vanities, enclosed laundry room & private commode. Take in the city sights on your private balcony or up on the community rooftop terrace overlooking the city skyline. Located in close proximity to Midtown's fine dining, boutique shops, jazz bars, art galleries, Q-Line, LCA & Downtown Detroit. Unparalleled urban elegance awaits you. Schedule a showing today.


Eli Baumann is the founder and owner of Elite Finisher. He grew up in a family of contractors and learned at a very young age the skills that were necassary to be successful in the construction industry. Eli started his first drywall and painting company at the young age of 19 years old. He then changed the name in 2008 to Elite Finisher, Inc.
Eli has been a licensed general contractor since 2010, and has a degree in electrical construction. He specializes his skills however in painting, drywall and carpentry. Eli has been lead certified with the EPA since 2009, and brings over 15 years of experience in painting and drywall services to the company.
Your projects are professionally driven and managed by Eli's vision.


text:
Q: Sequence of random variables depending on another random variable I am working on the following problem:

Suppose that $U\sim\rm Unif[0,1]$ and consider a sequence of random variables $X_i$ (which are iid when the value of $U$ is given) with $X_i \sim \rm Ber(U)$ (i.e., the Bernoulli distribution). Let $\mathcal{F}_n = \sigma(X_1,...,X_n)$.

*

*Find $\mathbb{E}[X_{n+1}|\mathcal{F}_n]$.

*Let $S_n = \sum_1^n X_i$. Show that $(S_n + 1)/(n + 2)$ is a martingale w.r.t. the filtration $\mathcal{F}_n$.

I got stuck on question 1 and below is my attempt:

For a fixed value $U = u$ and a specific sequence $(x_i)_{i=1}^n\in \{0, 1\}^n$ with $m < n$ zeros and $(n-m)$ ones, $\mathbb{P}((X_i)_i = (x_i)_i) = u^m(1-u)^{n-m}$. Thus
\begin{align*}
\mathbb{E}[X_{n+1} | \mathcal{F}_n]
&= \mathbb{E}[X_{n+1}|X_1,...,X_n] = \mathbb{E}[X_{n+1} | (X_i)_{i=1}^n = (x_i)_{i=1}^n]\\
&= \mathbb{P}(X_{n+1} = 1 | (X_i)_{i=1}^{n} = (x_i)_{i=1}^n) = \frac{\mathbb{P}((X_1,..., X_n, X_{n+1}) = (x_1,...,x_n, 1))}{\mathbb{P}((X_1,..., X_n) = (x_1,...,x_n))}.
\end{align*}

But it was at this step that I realized my computation would simply give $u$, for any particular $U = u$. I am confused because generally, $X_i$'s are not independent. Did I make any mistake in my attempt? If so, what is a proper scheme to deal with such questions? Any of your help will be greatly appreciated! :)

A: Conditioning on $U$ along with $\mathcal{F}_n$ yields $$E[X_{n+1} \mid X_1, \ldots, X_n, U] = E[X_{n+1} \mid U] = U$$ where the first equality is due to $X_{n+1}$ being conditionally independent of $X_1, \ldots, X_n$ given $U$. I'm guessing this is your "my computation would simply give $u$ for any particular $U=u$."

However, the question is really asking for $E[X_{n+1} \mid X_1=x_1, \ldots, X_n=x_n] = \frac{P(X_1=x_1, \ldots, X_n=x_n, X_{n+1}=1)}{P(X_1=x_1, \ldots, X_n=x_n)}$. You've written down this expression correctly but computed it incorrectly. The mistake is that you need to integrate over $U$ rather than considering some fixed value of $U$.
For instance, the denominator is
$$P(X_1=x_1, \ldots, X_n=x_n)
= \int_0^1 P(X_1=x_1, \ldots, X_n=x_n, U=u) \, du
= \int_0^1 u^{s_n} (1-u)^{n-s_n} \, du
= \frac{s_n! (n-s_n)!}{(n+1)!},$$
where $s_n = \sum_{i=1}^n x_i$.
You can compute the numerator similarly.
See if you can then arrive at the final result $E[X_{n+1} \mid X_1=x_1, \ldots, X_n=x_n] = \frac{s_n+1}{n+2}$, i.e. $E[X_{n+1} \mid X_1, \ldots, X_n] = \frac{S_n+1}{n+2}$.

From here, question 2 is simple, since
$$E[(S_{n+1}+1)/(n+3) \mid \mathcal{F}_n]
= \frac{1}{n+3} \left(S_n + 1 + E[X_{n+1} \mid\mathcal{F}_n]\right) = \cdots.$$

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
<appengine-web-app xmlns="http://appengine.google.com/ns/1.0">
  <application>guestbook</application>
  <version>1</version>
  <threadsafe>true</threadsafe>

  <!--
       We do not specify the module name so this is the default module.
       There is only 1 default module per application.
  -->
  <!--module>guestbook</module-->
  <system-properties>
    <property name="java.util.logging.config.file" value="WEB-INF/logging.properties"/>
  </system-properties>
</appengine-web-app>


Adoss Evaline is an "any and all dogs" lover hailing from Austin, Texas. As the sole sister in a family with three brothers, she holds her own, swinging from trees, cliff jumping, sharp shooting, and generally tearing up the countryside, rough and tumble, bruised, dirty, and smiling.
Adoss has many interests. Aside from slacklining, she enjoys acro yoga and climbing, climbing competetively for Team ATX. Daughter to a YogaSlacker mom, Adoss has grown up around slacklines, yoga, adventure, and physical conditioning. In 2013 she traveled to Bend, OR and participated in the All Girls Slackline Festival and had the experience of walking her first highline. She was immediately taken in by a supportive community of strong female role models and has been on the path to becoming one herself ever since. As such, no one at all was surprised when she made it known, at the tender age of nine, that she wished to apply for teacher training and become the youngest YogaSlackers teacher ever- a goal which she completed in May 2015.
Adoss brings a fierce yet gentle spirit to her teaching practice and loves to share her knowledge of skills.
Best of all, she's a full-time child so she is always ready for play!
Adoss is available to teach workshops and festivals, groups, and individuals. She enjoys working with people of all ages and skill levels. Warning: her smile is absolutely infectious!


text:
package org.openehealth.ipf.platform.camel.ihe.xacml20.chppq1;

import lombok.extern.slf4j.Slf4j;
import org.openehealth.ipf.commons.ihe.xacml20.chppq1.ChPpq1PortType;
import org.openehealth.ipf.commons.ihe.xacml20.model.PpqConstants;
import org.openehealth.ipf.commons.ihe.xacml20.stub.UnknownPolicySetIdFaultMessage;
import org.openehealth.ipf.commons.ihe.xacml20.stub.ehealthswiss.*;
import org.openehealth.ipf.platform.camel.core.util.Exchanges;
import org.openehealth.ipf.platform.camel.ihe.ws.AbstractWebService;

/**
 * @since 3.5.1
 * @author Dmytro Rud
 */
@Slf4j
public class ChPpq1Service extends AbstractWebService implements ChPpq1PortType {

    @Override
    public EprPolicyRepositoryResponse addPolicy(AddPolicyRequest request) {
        try {
            return processPolicyRequest(request);
        } catch (UnknownPolicySetIdFaultMessage unknownPolicySetIdFaultMessage) {
            return errorResponse();
        }
    }

    @Override
    public EprPolicyRepositoryResponse updatePolicy(UpdatePolicyRequest request) throws UnknownPolicySetIdFaultMessage {
        return processPolicyRequest(request);
    }

    @Override
    public EprPolicyRepositoryResponse deletePolicy(DeletePolicyRequest request) throws UnknownPolicySetIdFaultMessage {
        return processPolicyRequest(request);
    }

    private static EprPolicyRepositoryResponse errorResponse() {
        var repositoryResponse = new EprPolicyRepositoryResponse();
        repositoryResponse.setStatus(PpqConstants.StatusCode.FAILURE);
        return repositoryResponse;
    }

    private <T extends AssertionBasedRequestType> EprPolicyRepositoryResponse processPolicyRequest(T request) throws UnknownPolicySetIdFaultMessage {
        var result = process(request);
        var exception = Exchanges.extractException(result);
        if (exception != null) {
            log.debug(getClass().getSimpleName() + " service failed", exception);
            if (exception instanceof UnknownPolicySetIdFaultMessage) {
                throw (UnknownPolicySetIdFaultMessage) exception;
            }
            return errorResponse();
        }
        return result.getMessage().getBody(EprPolicyRepositoryResponse.class);
    }

}


text:
Master's degree in Linguistics
Orientation and tutoring
24 CFU - for teaching
Academic calendar Teaching staff Modules Additional learning activities Career prospects News Area riservata studenti Orientation and tutoring Gestione carriere Linguistic training CLA 24 CFU - for teaching Graduation Orientation and Tutoring Further services
Semestrino IA Sep 28, 2015 Nov 14, 2015
Semestrino IB Nov 16, 2015 Jan 16, 2016
Semestrino IIA Feb 22, 2016 Apr 16, 2016
Semestrino IIB Apr 18, 2016 Jun 4, 2016
Sessione estiva Jun 6, 2016 Jul 30, 2016
Sessione autunnale Sep 1, 2016 Sep 30, 2016
Sessione estiva Jul 5, 2016 Jul 6, 2016
Sessione autunnale Nov 22, 2016 Nov 23, 2016
Festa dell'Immacolata Dec 8, 2015 Dec 8, 2015
Vancanze di Pasqua Mar 24, 2016 Mar 29, 2016
Festa dei Lavoratori May 1, 2016 May 1, 2016
Festa del S. Patrono S. Zeno May 21, 2016 May 21, 2016
A B C D F G M P S T V Z
Alber Birgit
birgit.alber@univr.it
Babbi Anna Maria
annamaria.babbi@univr.it +39 045 802 8325
Bigliazzi Silvia
silvia.bigliazzi@univr.it +39 045802 8477
Calvi Lisanna
lisanna.calvi@univr.it +39 045 802 8673
Castellani Umberto
umberto.castellani@univr.it +39 045 802 7988
Cipolla Maria Adele
adele.cipolla@univr.it +39 045802 8314
Delfitto Denis
denis.delfitto@univr.it +39 045802 8114
Donadi Francesco
francesco.donadi@univr.it +39 045802 8379
Graffi Giorgio
giorgio.graffi@univr.it
Marcolungo Ferdinando Luigi
ferdinando.marcolungo@univr.it +39 045 802 8389
Melloni Chiara
chiara.melloni@univr.it +39 045802 8119
Siedina Giovanna
giovanna.siedina@univr.it +39 045802 8405
Tomaselli Alessandra
alessandra.tomaselli@univr.it +39 045802 8315
Tuppini Tommaso
tommaso.tuppini@univr.it 045 802 8142
Zaccarello Michelangelo
michelangelo.zaccarello@univr.it +39 045 802 8330
Theories of language learning
Linguistic categories and models of analysis
English linguistics LM with an introduction to Corpus Linguistics
French linguistics LM
German linguistics LM
Russian linguistics LM
Spanish linguistics LM
Psicologia Generale
(M-PSI/01)
Theoretical philosophy
Germanic philology lm
History of Italian Language
Romance Philology LM
Slavic Philology LM
Textual studies and editorial technique
Classic philology
Further linguistic competences
A course chosen by the student, other than the one taken in year 1
Germanic philology lm (2015/2016)
Maria Adele Cipolla
L-FIL-LET/15 - GERMANIC PHILOLOGY
Semestrino IIA, Semestrino IIB
The Rebirth of a Germanic Vernacular in Britain After the Norman Conquest
New Interpretations of the Origins of Middle and Modern English
The course will discuss a new hypothesis (Emonds and Faarlund 2014) connecting Middle English (the immediate antecedent of Modern English) with Scandinavian languages (with which it shares striking similarities, above all in syntax) instead of the so-called Anglo-Saxon, traditionally reputed to be genealogically linked with Middle English.
According to this up-to-date theory, standard English should therefore be assigned to the North Germanic group (with modern Scandinavian varieties) instead of belonging to the West Germanic one (made up of Old English, German and Dutch).
Based on Edmonds and Faarlund's hypothesis the analysis will focus on historical syntax and dialectology: their results will be assessed by the specific philological method, consisting of evaluating linguistic data in the light of the text critical analysis of considered documents.
After the Norman Conquest (in 1066) and the collapse of the military aristocracy of Angle, Saxon and Jutish descent in Britain, the dialects commonly labelled either as 'Anglo-Saxon' or 'Old English' (witnessed in written records from the end of the 7th to the 1st half of the 11th centuries,) disappeared, except for the unique Peterborough Chronicle, which continues to use Old English up to the accession to the throne of Henry II Plantagenet in 1154. Old English varieties are normally assigned to the so-called Western group of Germanic languages (along with German and Netherlandish dialects), with which they shared some common features.
The Normans introduced Old French in the court and administration usage (while Latin was the language of the church as it was everywhere in the West); about two hundred years later, however, new 'English' varieties reappeared on the British soil, representing the so-called 'Middle English', the direct ancestor of the standard language of today. Middle English was strongly affected by Old French interferences (still discernible, mainly in lexis), so that one can say that English shows Germanic structure and mainly Romance vocabulary.
Nevertheless the new emerging literary language that linguists call Middle English reveals also striking similarities with Scandinavian languages: this is normally reputed to be the consequence of the long-lasting military dominance of Viking groups (mainly of Danish and Norwegian descent), whose appropriation of large areas of Britain (the so-called 'Danelaw') had begun in the midst of the Anglo-Saxon period (from the end of the 8th century). At that time, Scandinavians are still illiterate (their first literary language, the so-called Old Norse, started to be written down in Iceland and Norway only from the end of the 11th century).
The peculiarity of this Nordic influence upon English is its way of affecting the profound structures of the language, instead of the 'surface' elements of lexis (as usually happens in case of contact languages, with borrowings and calques): this odd feature claims for an explanation and, during the development of historical linguistics, different solutions have been argued, all however accepting that Middle English (and its modern development) is the derivative of Old English (in compliance with a tripartite classification model, as acknowledged within the history of High German language) and therefore belonging to the West Germanic group.
Recently, new researches by Emonds and Faarlund (2014) have questioned this theory claiming that Middle English (and subsequently modern English) is in fact a descendant of the unwitnessed Scandinavian dialects spoken by the Vikings: on the British soil, those northern dialects should have been 'anglicized' (that is melded with the native tongue of Anglo-Saxon people), producing Middle English, which therefore should be assigned to the North Germanic group of languages. In fact, East Midlands, the main area where Middle English developed, had been part of the relatively densely populated southern portion of Danelaw. On its side, Old English (temporarily survived in south-western dialects) eventually died out within the 15th century.
The results of Emonds and Faarlund's researches, however, will be assessed by the specific philological method, evaluating linguistic data in the light of the text critical analysis of considered documents of both Old Norse and Middle English textual traditions.
Our course will have a bipartite structure.
The 1st part (= 5 weeks, = 20 hours) will investigate developments and trends within scholarship (Bibliography: 2) and sketch the linguistic data concerning the history of English, from Indo-European and Germanic precedents (Bibliography: 1 and 7), to a description of Old and Middle English and their witnessed dialects (Bibliography: 3, 8, 9, 10, 11)
The 2nd part (= 4 weeks, = 16 hours) will focus on the new hypothesis by Emonds and Faarlund, explaining in detail the similarities between Middle English and Old Norse syntax (Bibliography; 4, 5, 6)
1. Baldi, Philip, 2008. English as an Indo-European Language, in Momma, Haruko, and Michael Matto, eds. A Companion to the History of the English Language, Oxford, Blackwell-Wiley, pp. 127–141
2. Cable, Thomas, 2008. History of the History of the English Language: How Has the Subject Been Studied?, in Momma, Haruko, and Michael Matto, eds. A Companion to the History of the English Language, Oxford, Blackwell-Wiley, pp. 11–17
3. Donoghue, Daniel, 2008. Early Old English (up to 899), in Momma, Haruko, and Michael Matto, eds. A Companion to the History of the English Language, Oxford, Blackwell-Wiley, pp. 156–164
4. Emonds, Joseph Embley, and Jan Terje Faarlund. 2014. English: The Language of the Vikings, Palacký University, Olomouc
https://www.academia.edu/10360982/English_The_Language_of_the_Vikings
5. Faarlund, Jan Terje, 2004. The Syntax of Old Norse. With a survey of inflectional morphology and a complete bibliography, Oxford, University Press
6. Fischer, Olga, 2008. History of English Syntax, in Momma, Haruko, and Michael Matto, eds. A Companion to the History of the English Language, Oxford, Blackwell-Wiley, pp. 57–68
7. Fulk, R. D., 2008. English as a Germanic Language, in Momma, Haruko, and Michael Matto, eds. A Companion to the History of the English Language, Oxford, Blackwell-Wiley, pp. 142–149
8. Gretsch, Mechthild, 2008. Late Old English (899–1066), in Momma, Haruko, and Michael Matto, eds. A Companion to the History of the English Language, Oxford, Blackwell-Wiley, pp. 165–171
9. Kornexl, Lucia, 2008. Topics in Old English Dialects, in Momma, Haruko, and Michael Matto, eds. A Companion to the History of the English Language, Oxford, Blackwell-Wiley, pp. 172–179
10. Smith, Jeremy J., 2008. Varieties of Middle English, in Momma, Haruko, and Michael Matto, eds. A Companion to the History of the English Language, Oxford, Blackwell-Wiley, pp. 198–206
11. Turville-Petre, Thorlac, 2008. Early Middle English (1066–ca. 1350), in Momma, Haruko, and Michael Matto, eds. A Companion to the History of the English Language, Oxford, Blackwell-Wiley, pp. 184–190
The volume: Momma, Haruko, and Michael Matto, eds. 2008. A Companion to the History of the English Language, Oxford, Blackwell-Wiley, is housed in the Biblioteca Frinzi (Cataloguing: BF 160 C 352)
Oral exam; midterm test (after the 5th week of the course) on the first group of lessons and on the related bibliography.
Suggestions for further readings and other bibliographical materials will be published on the e-learning page.
1. What makes this program worth attending?
The master's degree program in Linguistics of the University of Verona offers a unique educational opportunity on the national scene for various reasons, shortly listed below:
a fully international program in Linguistics, one of the two international programs in Linguistics offered in Italy;
a rich array of modules, some compulsory and others to be chosen by the students, who can thus customize their academic experience according to their interests;
guest teachers from the most important European and extra-European academic institutions;
lessons taught in English for all the compulsory modules and in other languages for the modules to be chosen by the students, so to guarantee an authentic multilingual experience;
a stimulating multicultural environment, with students coming from several world countries;
a teaching board composed of high-profile researchers, teaching their topics of investigation;
a careful tutorship aimed at assisting the students with administrative issues and preparation to the exam and/or final thesis.
2. Do I need to know other languages besides English and my mother tongue?
No. Although an intermediate-level competence in another language (among French, German, Spanish or Russian) is welcome due to the presence of language-specific modules to be chosen by the students, there is no strict requirement of a level certificate in other languages besides English, since an English option is always available among those modules the students have to choose and add to their study plan.
The study of Italian as a second language is strongly encouraged among the international students, who can get credits for language skill certificates in L2 Italian (starting for the B1 level).
3. Do I need any previous knowledge of Linguistics?
Yes. Admission to the master's degree program is possible for those students who took some preliminary modules in Linguistics during their Bachelor's degree program. The curricula of the international students are evaluated by a Committee which checks for basic competence in linguistics on the basis of the students' transcripts of records. For the Italian students, in particular, the requirement is to have gained at least 6 CFU in Linguistics in their Bachelor's (with exams pertaining to SSD L-LIN/01).
4. Do I need a minimum Bachelor's degree grade to be accepted for this master's degree program?
For international (extra-EU) students: grades (CGPA) and academic curriculum are important for obtaining one of the 3 scholarships reserved to the extra-EU candidates. The call usually specifies a minimum average grade (7/10 on a normalized scale); preadmission is subject to evaluation of the candidate's titles (CV, transcripts of records, language certificates, etc.). For furthe info, look here.
For Italian students with Bachelor's degree grade below 100/110, a preliminary interview is compulsory. For further info, look here.
5. Is there a test that I need to pass, in order to be accepted for this master's degree program? What about an English language test?
For International Students: No interview/test is required, because you are evaluated in a preliminary phase for preadmission to the degree program on the grounds of your CV, transcript of records, language skill certificates, reference letters, etc.
For the Italian students or International students with Permesso di soggiorno: an interview is compulsory if you did NOT graduate in the following degree programs:
Corsi di laurea in Lettere quadriennale dell'ordinamento ante D.M. 509/99 e di Laurea di primo livello L-05 ex D.M. 509/99 o L-10 D.M. 270/04; Lingue e Letterature straniere quadriennale dell'ordinamento ante D.M. 509/99, e di Laurea di primo livello L-11 ex D.M. 509/99 o L-11 D.M. 270/0); Laurea di primo livello L-14 ex D.M. 509/99 o L-20 D.M. 270/04.
Further, students holding a degree in the above-mentioned bachelor's programs are also required to pass a preliminary interview if they got a final grade below 100/110.
An English language test is required if you do not hold a B2 level certificate in English.
6. I don't know anything about the Italian university system. Who will help me? Is there an international desk for this reason?
The Welcome Office is at your disposal for queries about the university system:
http://www.univr.it/en/our-services/public/welcome-office
For queries about the program, you may refer to the Chairperson of the degree program (Chiara Melloni) or to the members of the Didactic Committee: Paola Cotticelli, Serena Dal Maso.
…ABOUT COURSES AND CLASSES
7. How can I sign up for courses?
There is no need to sign up for courses. As you access the degree program you will be directly signed up for the mandatory courses of the study plan. As for the courses to be chosen, it is important to select them and complete the "piano di studi" (study plan) in order to take part in the exams. To do this, you should use the ESSE3 portal (https://univr.esse3.cineca.it/Home.do?cod_lingua=eng).
Regarding the modules offered by other degree programs, you could introduce yourself to the teacher and ask for Linguistics' student specific instructions, if any, concerning attendance, program and exam.
8. Is it mandatory to be present in class?
In general, attendance is not compulsory. However, for some modules (laboratories or courses comprising exercises in class) attendance is either compulsory or strongly advised.
9. How can I find the study materials for the courses I have taken?
Study materials are indicated at the webpages of each module.
For most modules, materials are:
- either available at one or more of the University libraries;
- or made available by the teacher through the e-learning platform (Moodle) of the course (there is a direct link to it on the webpage of the modules).
In absence of clear indications or issues with the study materials, you should contact the teacher of the course, especially if you are a non-attending student.
10. What courses can I take to get the credits needed for "further language skills"?
For further language skills, you should attend lessons and get (foreign) language skill certificates in Italian as L2, English (C1 or C2), German, Spanish, French and English at the Center for Foreign Languages (Centro Linguistico di Ateneo, CLA): please visit CLA website here.
Credits can be obtained starting from the B1 level in various language skills, comprising Italian as a second language for the International Students (for instance, 3 ECTS/CFU for a B1, and further 3 ECTS/CFU for the B2). For English, credits will be given for C1 and C2 only, being B2 the minimum level for admission.
11. What about the credits dedicated to "activities to be chosen by the students"?
There are 12 credits of type D in the program to be gained upon your choice among various modules/activities: these may be obtained passing master's level exams in disciplines related to the main scientific areas of the course (linguistics, philology, psychology, pedagogy, etc.), to be chosen among those available in the "piano di studi" (study plan) section in ESSE3.
For instance, you may choose two 6-credit-modules, obtaining 12 ECTS/CFU. Otherwise, up to 6 of these type D credits may be obtained thorough:
• acquisition of competence in further language skills (language skills certifications higher than B1), within a limit of 6 ECTS/CFU;
• certification of a training activity carried out both inside and outside the Department, within a limit of 6 ECTS/CFU (i.e. TOEFL Exam, Teacher trainings, or other courses). These training activities must be pre-approved by the Collegio Didattico.
12. How is the Thesis process organized? When can I start working on my thesis? How can I choose a topic to work on? Which professors can I work with?
The final exam for the achievement of the title consists in the discussion of a written thesis/dissertation, to which 24 ECTS/CFU are awarded, which focuses on topics related to the course of studies.
The topic should be proposed either by yourself or by your supervisor and should be agreed by both taking into consideration: your previous knowledge on the topic, your interest/enthusiasm for it, the overall feasibility of the project, the time requested and, in case of experimental projects, the availability of current experimental activity in the research area of your interest.
You may request the assignment of a topic for the thesis after having acquired at least 50 ECTS/CFU credits. The thesis should consist indicatively in about 80-120 folders and must be written in English or Italian (Italian is encouraged for the international students); it may be written in one of the languages of the language-specific linguistics modules (for instance, French or German), subject to approval by the supervisor and the Collegio Didattico. The defense can be conducted in English or Italian.
Any professor of the University of Verona may act as supervisor for the attainment of the master's degree in Linguistics, provided that you passed at least one exam in a discipline of his/her scientific sector and/or provided that this professor is a member of the Collegio Didattico of the degree program in Linguistics or of a Collegio Didattico for which s/he holds a course ('corso in mutuazione').
… ABOUT EXAMS
13. When and how should I apply for the exams?Is there a deadline for the exam registration?
You should apply after completion of the course, starting from the first session available.
Registration for the exams can be done by using ESSE3 platform:
https://univr.esse3.cineca.it/Home.do?cod_lingua=eng
The deadline for registration is indicated for each exam. Generally, you can sign up for the exam or cancel your registration by four working days before the date of the exam.
14. Are books and exams all in English?
Bibliographic references and exams are in English for the compulsory courses and for other courses among those you have to choose that are taught in English. In this degree program, there are also modules in Italian, German, French, Spanish, Russian: for these modules, materials and exams are in the respective languages.
15. In cases where "alternatives" are offered will there always be an exam in English?
Yes, the program has been devised so to guarantee an English option among the alternatives.
16. What is an "appello"?
An "appello" is the exam itself. It can be oral or written or both. During the session of exams (which are 3 per academic year), there are two 'appelli' for each module, i.e. two opportunities to take the exam, set at a time distance of at least 15 days from each other. Therefore, students have 6 overall chances per year to pass the exam of a module.
17. What if I fail an exam? How many choices do I have to re-take it?
You can re-take the exam in one future opportunity, during the same session or in the next one. There is no limit to the chances of passing an exam.
Students who fail the exam are encouraged to contact the teacher of the module and the didactic tutors for guidance and tutorship (for further info, look here )
18. How can I find out the results of my exams?
For oral examinations, the grade is communicated to the student at the end of the exam.
For written texts, the results:
may be published as "Avvisi" (Announcements) of the module and/or on the e-learning (Moodle) platform (visit the website of the module and the Moodle platform, if activated). The results are anonymous: only enrollment number and associated grade are published.
may be communicated privately to the student by the teacher, either by e-mail or during the office hours.
If you are not satisfied with your grade and you'd rather re-take the exam, you have to inform the professor about it suddenly after the results are published, and then you may sign up for and sit the exam again in the next "appelli".
… ABOUT SCHOLARSHIP/ERASMUS
19. Who could I talk to if I had questions about my scholarship?
You may write to the International Office at
admissions@ateneo.univr.it
20. Can I apply for Erasmus+ in this master's degree program? Which places I can choose from?
Yes, of course! Students are strongly encouraged to have an educational experience abroad through Erasmus+, Worldwide, Short Term Mobility or through any of the international mobility programs promoted by our University.
All information about Erasmus+ and further programs are available at this link:
http://www.univr.it/en/our-services/public/international-relations/study-abroad/study-abroad-erasmus-and-other-opportunities
As for Erasmus+, the partner institutions that you may choose are the ones holding student exchange agreements at the master's level with our University.
QUESTIONS ABOUT FUTURE CAREER
21. What can I do next as a person graduated in Linguistics?
As a graduate in Linguistics, you will hold a a high level of knowledge of the theories, methodologies and techniques of language investigation and you will be able to apply them in various areas of work for research, teaching and counseling in the analysis of written and/or spoken materials.
Career opportunities for graduates in linguistics, also projected in international dimension, concern linguistic counselling in several areas, from the drafting and editing of texts to international cooperation activities, to the policies of linguistic integration for immigrants, to the management of multilingualism and finally to the design and evaluation of IT tools for the treatment of linguistic corpora and of verbal communication.
As a graduate in Linguistics, you may of course decide to continue your education applying for a PhD program in Linguistics or related areas in Italy or abroad (your profile is going to be perfect for the international scene) or with a (professional) short-Master.
22. After finishing my master's degree program successfully, in what organizations do I have the chance to work?
As a researcher or collaborator with expertise in language science and philology, or as a language-expert collaborator in research institutes and universities:
Public or private research centers, Universities, cultural institutes (in Italy or abroad).
As a linguistic consultant and text drafter/compiler:
Publishing houses, public or private educational institutions operating in a multilingual context, libraries and archives, advertising agencies, insurance agencies.
As a linguistic consultant and text editor:
Italian or foreign institutional foundations, universities and research centers, publishing houses, communication and advertising companies.
As a linguist and philologist:
Italian and foreign academic and research institutes, cultural centers and foundations, cultural institutes in Italy and abroad, libraries.
Indicazioni sugli insegnamenti della laurea magistrale in Linguistics riconoscibili per i 24 CFU obbligatori per l'accesso al concorso docenti
Per accedere al concorso ordinario docenti scuola secondaria, nonché per iscriversi nelle graduatorie di Terza Fascia, è necessario acquisire 24 CFU in discipline antropo-psico-pedagogiche e nelle metodologie e tecnologie didattiche (D.M. 616/2017), suddivisi in 4 ambiti:
AMBITO A: pedagogia, pedagogia speciale e didattica dell'inclusione;
AMBITO B: psicologia;
AMBITO C: antropologia;
AMBITO D: metodologie e tecnologie didattiche generali.
NB: si devono possedere almeno 6 CFU in almeno tre dei quattro ambiti.
Questi CFU possono essere acquisiti attraverso il Percorso Formativo 24 CFU (per il PF 24 CFU si rimanda a https://www.univr.it/it/i-nostri-servizi/post-laurea/formazione-degli-insegnanti), ma anche in forma curricolare.
In particolare, il piano di studi del Corso di Laurea Magistrale in Linguistics comprende alcuni insegnamenti automaticamente riconoscibili ai fini dei 24 CFU, di seguito elencati:
Per l'ambito B: 6 CFU Psychology and Cognitive Sciences (M-PSI/01)
Per l'ambito D (specifico per ogni classe di concorso): 12 CFU Language Learning (L-LIN/02), 6 CFU Historical Linguistics (L-LIN/01), 6 CFU Semantics and Pragmatics (L-LIN/01), 9 CFU Lingüística española lm (L-LIN/07), 9 CFU Linguistique Française lm (L-LIN/04), 6 CFU Semiotica (L-LIN/01).
Inoltre, è possibile integrare I CFU mancanti selezionando esami da altri corsi di laurea magistrale dell'area umanistica e inserendoli nei 12 CFU di tipologia D presenti nel piano di studi di Linguistics. La lista degli insegnamenti automaticamente riconoscibili di tutti i corsi di laurea è consultabile al link https://www.univr.it/it/i-nostri-servizi/post-laurea/formazione-degli-insegnanti. ATTENZIONE: i 24 CFU acquisti in forma curricolare devono essere certificati dall'università nel corso di apposite finestre temporali, le quali vengono pubblicate al link sopracitato.
Oltre ai 24 CFU in discipline antropo-psico-pedagogiche e metodologie e tecnologie didattiche, è richiesto il possesso di specifici CFU per ogni classe di concorso, consultabili nella tabella A del D.M. 259/17.
Il piano di studi del Corso di Laurea Magistrale in Linguistics comprende vari esami spendibili per l'accesso a diverse classi di concorso, come riportato di seguito.
Esami spendibili per cdc A-11 (Discipline letterarie e latino), A-12 (Discipline letterarie negli istituti di istruzione secondaria di II grado), A-13 (Discipline letterarie, latino e greco), A-22 (Italiano, storia, geografia nella scuola secondaria di I grado): Semantics and Pragmatics (L-LIN/01), Morpho-Syntax (L-LIN/01), Levels of Linguistic Analysis (L-LIN/01), Historical Linguistics (L-LIN/01), Linguistica Italiana (L-FIL-LET/12).
Esami spendibili per cdc A-23 (Lingua italiana per discenti di lingua straniera): Semantics and Pragmatics (L-LIN/01), Morpho-Syntax (L-LIN/01), Levels of Linguistic Analysis (L-LIN/01), Historical Linguistics (L-LIN/01), Language Learning (L-LIN/02), Linguistica Italiana (L-FIL-LET/12).
Esami spendibili per cdc A-24 (Lingue e culture straniere negli istituti di istruzione secondaria di II grado) e A-25 (Lingua inglese e seconda lingua comunitaria nella scuola secondaria di primo grado): Semantics and Pragmatics (L-LIN/01), Morpho-Syntax (L-LIN/01), Levels of Linguistic Analysis (L-LIN/01), Historical Linguistics (L-LIN/01), Language Learning (L-LIN/02), Linguistique Française lm (L-LIN/04), English Linguistics lm (L-LIN/12); Russian Linguistics lm (L-LIN/21), Lingüística española lm (L-LIN/07), Sprachwissenschaft des Deutschen lm (L-LIN/14).
The Master's Program in Linguistics offers a tutoring service to all the students, who can take advantage of a careful support in orientation and organization of their study plan, preparation for exams and drafting of the final thesis, and in all other situations in which guidance may be useful.
Students can apply to one of the following Academic Tutors:
Paola Cotticelli (paola.cotticelli@univr.it), Serena Dal Maso (serena.dalmaso@univr.it) and Chiara Melloni (chiara.melloni@univr.it).
The following Junior Tutors are also available to international and Italian students in the academic year 2021/22:
for University guidance: 2 second-year students of the Master's course in Linguistics, aiming to provide students with orientation and practical support, for instance, in the definition of the study plan, registration for exams, etc.:
Andrea Nardon
Angelica Zordan
for study support: 2 PhD Students in Linguistics, aiming to assist students in the preparation of the exams and thesis writing:
Arianna Compostella
Greta Viale
The Junior Tutors will plan individual meetings and tutorials for small groups of students on days and times to be set.
For tutoring on the statistical processing of experimental data for the final thesis, students can contact:
Francesco Tommasi (francesco.tommasi@univr.it) PhD student in Psychology at the University of Verona.
⇒ All students, and in particular international students, are invited to an informal event of welcome and orientation - "Welcome Day" which will be held online via Zoom. Below link and passcode to access the online meeting:
t.b.a.
On this occasion, the main aspects of the master's degree program in Linguistics will be presented, you will become familiar with the administrative Junior Tutors, and we will answer your questions about topics related to the course.
ATTIVITÀ ACCREDITATE, bandi e altre iniziative, per gli studenti dell'area di Lingue e letterature straniere
Attività ambito D e F


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The paper aims to seek the effects of tourism on biodiversity (Variety of plants and animals life in a particular habitat) of Northern Areas of Pakistan considered as visitor's paradise filled with colors of nature. It is believed that tourism leads to economic growth of a specific region, with spillover effect on national economy. Tourist industry needs massive arrangements like housing, transportation and infrastructural development; with a negative bearing on environment in form deforestation, air pollution, water pollution, land erosion and other ecological losses. An obvious consequence of tourist movement is influx of consumer goods produced in industrial towns; that will act as catalyst for polluting environment in form of plastic, heavy metals (A metal of relatively high density) and CFC's (Chlorofluorocarbons: hazardous materials for nature). Furthermore inclusion in net of national economy serves as a detriment of local small scale village based industries. The paper aims to analyze the impacts generated by a boom in tourist industry on natural, social and economic ecology of northern areas of Pakistan through SWOT analysis and suggest remedies to cure environmental degradation by establishing environment friendly local economies of Hunza Valley of Pakistan.


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I am Lecturer at the School of Government and International Relations at Griffith University.
I study how citizens organize to effect political change and under which conditions they are successful. In particular, I am interested in the interface between political organizations (such as interest groups, NGOs and parties), the media, and policy outcomes under different political regime types. My research has been published in leading international journals such as Political Communication, Governance, Party Politics, Democratization, or Policy Sciences. Here you can find a sneak peek at my book "Lobbying the Autocrat", co-edited with Jessica C. Teets, and forthcoming in 2022 with University of Michigan Press.
Together with Darren R. Halpin, I lead the Australian Research Council-funded Discovery Project "Public Interest Advocacy in Australian Policymaking". In this project we develop innovative text-analytical methods and elite experiments to evaluate the impact and effectiveness of public interest advocacy, via the media, in elevating the responsiveness of elected political elites.
I am Associate Editor of the journal Democratization, member of the Electoral Integrity Project's International Advisory Board, and member of the the Political Organisations and Participation standing group of the Australian Political Studies Association. I have been a co-publisher of the Perceptions of Electoral Integrity (PEI) dataset, and also helped develop the Secure and Fair Elections (SAFE) Model Curriculum for the United Nations Development Program (UNDP). Occasionally, I write for the Washington Post's Monkey Cage, The Conversation, New Mandala, and other online outlets.
Previously, I worked as Lecturer at the Institute for Political Science at Heidelberg University, Research Associate at the Electoral Integrity Project (University of Sydney), and Instructor in International Relations at the Faculty of Political Science of Thammasat University. I have also been visiting Research Fellow at the Department of Democracy and Democratization of the Social Science Center Berlin (WZB) in 2016/17.
Get in touch on Twitter via @maxgroemping.