text:
Routes, Addresses, Handles, and Names in Networked Communications
(DRAFT 0.2)
Michael J. O'Donnell
Networked communications inherently depend on the ability of the sender of a message to indicate through some token how the message should be delivered to a particular recipient. The tokens that refer messages to recipients are variously known as routes, addresses, handles, and names, roughly according to their relative nearness to network topology vs. human meaning. All four sorts of token refer in some way to a recipient. Substantial confusion has arisen regarding which sorts of tokens are needed in various network operations and applications.
This article provides a conceptual overview of the function of routes, addresses, handles, and names in a communications network, with a rough description of the relevance to the global Internet. I find that all four sorts of tokens are important to maximizing the utility of the network. But the value in four levels of reference cannot be understood in terms of the network technicalities of efficient implementation of individual acts of communication. Rather, the value of such multilevel reference derives from administrative considerations based on the multiplicity of parties who should enjoy authority over, and bear responsibility for, different aspects of network operations and applications.
I think this first version is already fairly readable, but the target audience is not clear. At some point, different sections of this article may make more sense organized into different articles.
Added Figure 1, a bibliographical item, and fixed the STUB describing 0.1.
1 Criteria Driving Network Token Design
Realtors are reputed to claim that the three most important qualities of property are
location, location, and location
Software and protocol designers might use a similarly insightful, but unfortunately less catchy, phrase to describe the three most important considerations affecting their designs:
binding time, binding time, and binding time
``Binding'' refers particularly to the act of attaching a value to a variable, and more generally to establishing the value of any unit of information in a system. When only one computer or person or relatively coherent organized group makes bindings for some process, then the time at which it must make each binding is crucial to its ability to interact effectively with the rest of the process. For example, the utility of a system for discovering air fares may depend critically on the time order in which starting point, destination, flying time, class, price limit, etc. are bound by the user. When several separate parties interact with the same system, I interpret the word ``time'' in my slogan more generally. It includes all the conditions under which a binding is made--in particular, who has authority to make the binding, as well as when that authority may be exercised.
I find that the right criteria for designing the use of tokens to refer to recipients in a computer network have to do with matching the various authorities, responsibilities, and incentives associated with different parties to network operations against the operations supported on the various sorts of reference tokens.
2 Parties to Network Operations
I derive the need for the four different sorts of tokens that may be used in a network--routes, addresses, handles, and names--from the need to accommodate a number of different sorts of parties to network operations, each one assigned different authority and responsibility, and each one feeling different incentives. I derive my list of parties intuitively from my observations of the global Internet. A different list of parties might demand a different design.
In this article, an agent may be any entity in which we care to invest authority. That includes human beings, offices performed by human beings, corporations, departments within corporations, groups of human beings acting somewhat co-operatively, computer programs, and lots of other possibilities. A document may be thought of as a relatively passive agent, or the curator of a document may be treated as a different agent when acting as curator than when performing other roles. Essentially, something is an agent whenever it is convenient to think of it as an agent for the sake of our discussion.
Parties in network operations play different roles, including:
Routers:
Agents that read information in a message somehow indicating the desired recipient, and direct the message in order to reach that recipient. Today, the word ``router'' often refers to a particular sort of network hardware designed especially to serve as a router. But all ``hosts'' in Internet terminology are also routers. For the purpose of my conceptual overview, a router may also be a particular piece of software running on a computer host, or any other identifiable agent that participates in routing. A network system normally includes a large number of routers.
Network administration:
The unique collective agent that determines the rules by which a network system operates. Network administration is normally a loose organization comprising a variety of computers, individuals, and participating organizations with different detailed incentives. But to the extent that they all co-operate in the interest of effective network operation, I regard them as constituting a single collective agent.
All agents that send and receive messages across the network.
Humankind:
All human beings acting as a very loose sort of co-operating group. Actually, I don't like the speciesist restriction, but ``humankind'' will do for the present discussion.
A particular agent may participate in the network in more than one of the roles above, or as a member of a larger agent, but I derive my observations about reference tokens from the separate actions of agents in their different roles. Notice again that there are lots of routers and lots of members, each constituting an individual agent. There is only one network administration, and only one humankind, although each one is a large collective agent.
3 Routes, Addresses, Handles, and Names
3.1 Tokens
Routes, addresses, handles, and names, are all sorts of tokens that refer to destinations for messages in a network. But what is a token? In the design of software and protocols, it is often impossible, difficult, or at least undesirable to define something by what it is. Rather, we define things by what we can do with them--the operations on them and the relations that may hold between them. The abstraction of such definitions makes understanding more difficult, but once we understand such definitions, our minds may be opened to techniques that we missed before. In this article, I will give an abstract definition of token, along with a concrete discussion of typical tokens.
An object that we can copy, transmit, and test for equivalence against other copies of tokens.
Concretely, in a network system a token is typically represented by a sequence of binary bits. We know how to copy and transmit sequences of bits. Two copies of sequences of bits can be considered equivalent if the same bits occur in the same order. Sometimes we interpret sequences of bits, for example as strings of characters. In such cases we may liberalize the notion of equivalence, for example by considering different lengths of white space as equivalent (making ``Hi there'' equivalent to ``Hi there''), or considering different capitalizations to be equivalent (making ``Hi there'' equivalent to ``hI THerE''). For those who prefer numbers to sequences of bits, we may equally well think of tokens as integer numbers, as long as we don't take the numerical operations (addition, subtraction, multiplication, etc.) and inequality relations (less than, less than or equal, divisor, etc.) as part of their quality as tokens.
The concrete understanding of tokens as sequences of bits, or as integers, is sufficient for most discussions. But occasionally it may lead us to overlook really good ideas. In some cases it may be useful to let the act of copying a token from one context to another change the sequence of bits that represents it, and always send tokens into a common context to text equivalence. For example, if we let sequences of bits represent character strings, we may want to translate between different character representations, such as ASCII and Unicode.
Anyway, the ``concrete'' notion of sequence of bits is more abstract than we often think. When we copy a sequence of bits from one computer system to another, we often change the electrical form in which s and s are presented, the order in which bits are collected into bytes, words, and sequences of words, and perhaps other qualities. When we copy an integer from one computer system to another, we may change the way that it is presented as a sequence of bits. Some day, we might have to translate tokens represented with binary bits into a computer system that uses trinary notation (digits, or maybe they should be ``trits,'' , , and ). Whenever we are able to, we are better off keeping in mind that computation inherently deals with abstract representations, and real concrete meanings only arise when we interpret the inputs and outputs of computation in the external world.
3.2 The Four Types of Tokens
If you're still confused about the precise meaning of token, pretend that you're not, and just think of tokens as integer numbers, used like telephone numbers so that you fortunately don't have to remember how to add and subtract them, much less do long division.
Unfortunately, the definitions of routes, addresses, handles, and names introduce another source of confusion. I will define these four types of tokens in terms of the operations that we can perform on them. But you might notice that in most cases we can translate between the four types of tokens, so in principle whatever we can do to one we can do to the others. The real differences lie in which operations must be very efficient, and in who has the authority to determine the translations. When we translate from names to handles to addresses to routes, networking jargon says that we resolve a name to a handle, etc.
A token that we can attach to a message directing routers how to deliver that message.
A token associated with a particular target location in a network. At any location in the network (not just the target location), an address should resolve to a route leading to the target location.
A token associated with an agent participating in a network. A handle should resolve to an address at which we may communicate with that agent.
A token carrying some humanly understandable meaning. A name should resolve to the handle corresponding to its humanly understandable meaning.
I use the word ``should'' advisedly in these definitions. A network system is intended to support the resolution of names to handles to addresses to routes in a fashion that satisfies all of the ``should''s. But the requirements for resolution of names is inherently subjective, so the resolution cannot be perfectly reliable. As we go down the list from names toward routes, the objective quality and reliability of resolution improves, but it never becomes perfect. The success of the global Internet depends critically on our willingness to work with protocols that should produce a particular result, but that fail occasionally. We have found that it is better in many cases to guard against the consequences of occasional failures than to try to prevent them.
In this article, I am trying to show the value of including all four levels of reference, and all three resolution steps, in the design of a network. But many network designs reduce the number of levels to three, two, or even one (if there's only one, it must be routes) by omitting levels and/or conflating adjacent levels. I am not aware of any network design in serious use today that includes all four levels and keeps them clearly separate. When a level is missing, the tokens at a higher level (nearer to names) just skip over that level to the next lower one (nearer to routes) that is included in the design.
By composing the different resolution steps, all network reference tokens resolve down to routes. In many cases, we can also run resolution backwards (e.g., the current whois service maps IP addresses back to domain names that resolve to them). The relative ease with which each type of token may be mapped to each other type makes it hard to keep track of the differences. Whenever the support for a particular type of token is missing, we tend to use another type of token to approximate it. For example, the English phrase ``Editor of the Journal of Irreproducible Results'' is a name that works pretty well outside of the network as a handle, referring continuously to the abstract agent who edits JIR no matter how that role passes from person to person and how the people playing the role move from one address to another.
In the definitions above, I differentiated addresses, handles, and names according to the different objects that they should refer to consistently, even while the routes change. An address should always refer to the same location, a handle to the same agent, and a name to the same humanly understandable meaning. The meaning of a name is clearly subjective, but in fact the notions of location and agent are also fuzzy. Instead of refining the definitions of location and agent, which I am pretty sure can never be made satisfactorily objective, I will distinguish addresses, handles, and names more carefully according to where we invest the authority for their resolutions. In effect, this means that a location is whatever the party with authority over address resolution wants it to be, an agent is whatever the party with authority over handle resolution wants it to be, and meaning is whatever the party with authority over name resolution wants it to be.
Address to route:
Network administration has authority over all resolutions of addresses to routes. In practice, the network administration as a whole usually delegates some of this authority to smaller agents participating in the network administration.
Handle to address:
Each member of the network may become owner of one or more handles. The owner of a handle has authority over all resolutions of that handle to an address. Network administration may have authority to assign handles to owners.
Name to handle:
Humankind has collective authority over the resolution of names to handles.
The intention in the assignment of authority above is to make the authority over a resource, the responsibility for acceptable use of that resource, and the incentive to derive value from the resource, coincide as much as possible. If I have identified the types of parties well, and matched the resources to them well, then these authorities, responsibilities, and incentives will coincide well.
Did you notice the circularity of definition? An agent is whatever the owner of a handle wants it to be. The owner of a handle is a member of the network. Network members are agents that send and receive messages through the network. Strangely, this circularity is not a problem in practice. To put it whimsically, network agents invent themselves. More sensibly, the overall behavior of the network makes it valuable to use a handle in a certain way, and we think of the responses to messages to that handle as the behavior of an agent. New schemes for using the network will open our minds to new sorts of agents. Sometimes we may recognize an agent in the world outside of the network, and find that there is no effective way to associate a network handle with such an agent. This may stimulate us to improve the flexibility of our network tools to allow the association. Although it's ontologically circular, this sort of interplay generates useful progress in network operations and applications.
As one more exercise in thinking about the four types of reference and the three types of resolution, consider the ways in which each type of resolution can vary. All three vary over time, to deal with mobility on the network, changes in jargon, etc. But at a given time, they vary differently.
Resolution varies according to starting location in the network, so that the ending location is constant.
Resolution does not vary except over time.
Resolution varies according to context, local differences in language and culture, and anything that affects the way people think.
Roughly, address route resolution varies within the network, handle address resolution doesn't vary at all, and name handle resolution varies outside the network. OK, some of you know about tricks like multihosting and caching, particularly as Akamai uses them to improve Internet efficiency. These methods let the resolution of handles to IP addresses vary according to location in the network, and perhaps in other ways. What's really going on here is that certain agents are spread around more than one IP address. In CS jargon, these are distributed agents. For the discussion in this article, it is best to think of distributed agents as inhabiting distributed locations associated with distributed addresses. IP addresses are not the only sorts of addresses, and routes do not always lead in only one direction. The basic principles discussed in this article appear not to depend on whether agents are concentrated locally or distributed.
There's an interesting symmetry in the three resolution steps. The outermost two--name handle and address route--are each controlled by a single collective agent: network administration holding collective authority over the network, and humankind holding collective authority over civilization outside of the network. Individuals control the middle step--handle address. I don't know exactly what to make of this symmetry, but I think there's something right about it.
Also notice that the outermost resolution steps vary, one according to network location and the other according to cultural context. The middle, individually controlled resolution does not vary, except over time. In effect, the location/context variation is all taken care of by the outermost two resolution steps, freeing the middle one of the need for such variation. From another point of view, handles are explicitly engineered to encode all required variation into their tokens.
4 The System of Parties and Reference Tokens
The considerations above suggest a system of parties and reference tokens with the structure shown in Figure 1.
Figure 1: System of parties, reference tokens, and referents.
Figure 1 works best in color, but black and white renditions should be comprehensible.
The items in blue rounded rectangular boxes on the top row represent the three types of parties with authority over resolution--a single network administration, any number of individual network members, and a single humankind. These parties are abstract agents who participate in the network, but the network design doesn't define them precisely and formally.
The items in black square boxes in the middle row represent the four types of reference tokens. These types of tokens must be given explicitly and formally in the network design.
The items in gold ovals in the bottom row represent the types of mental concepts that the four types of reference tokens are intended to capture. The act of message delivery in the network is rather precisely defined, but moving from left to right, the concepts become less objective and more ambiguous, as suggested by the fuzzier sorts of boundaries.
The red lines from the top to the middle row represent the authority of the three types of parties to control the three types of resolution. The multiple connections from individual members to arrows from handles to addresses indicate that each handle owner has separate authority over her handle(s). Although each sort of authority is exercised by controlling the contents of certain tables stored by network hosts and routers, the exercise of that authority is problematic when wielded collectively by all of humankind. The squiggly red lines from humankind to the name handle resolution suggest the complexity of humankind's collective exercise of authority.
The black right-left arrows in the middle row represent the three types of resolution. These methods of resolution are implemented through some sort of tables in various network hosts and routers.
The gold left-right arrows in the bottom row represent the conceptual connections that allow each of these concepts to determine one to its right. Each delivery leads to a particular location. Each location contains a particular agent. Each agent is responsible for data or services with a particular human meaning.
The green up-down arrows between the middle and bottom rows represent the intended associations of deliveries with routes, locations with addresses, agents with handles, and meanings with names. The association of routes with deliveries is determined precisely and formally by the network operations. From left to right, the associations become less objective and more ambiguous, and suggested by the fuzzier sorts of arrows.
Notice that there is generally more than one connection between each type of reference token in the middle row and the corresponding conceptual type in the bottom row. There is a direct green arrow, and possibly one or more connection following black arrows to the left, then a green arrow down, then gold arrows to the right. The design and implementation of a system of network reference tokens is intended to make all of those paths connect the same individual items. In particular, when we resolve a particular handle into an address and then into a route, then use that route to deliver a message to a location, the agent receiving the message at that location is intended to be the one associated conceptually with the given handle. As network architects and engineers, we can only control the mechanisms for the black arrows. A design and implementation are successful if they make the black resolution arrows work in such a way that it is possible (with high reliability, but not absolute perfection) to think up sensible conceptual interpretations of the green and gold arrows that make these different connections equivalent.
There are a lot of details involved in making such a system work efficiently. For example, although each party should keep a table of the resolutions directly under its authority, and that table should be the final resort to resolve tokens correctly, all sorts of routers and other agents should keep local tables, called caches, of the resolutions that they are using regularly, to save the traffic and the delay associated with sending to the authoritative source for each resolution. Furthermore, local caches don't necessarily correspond directly to address route, handle address, and name handle resolution. If a particular agent is concerned with the correspondence between names and addresses, it should cache a table of the direct resolution of names to addresses, derived by composing the name handle and handle address resolutions. With this sort of transitive caching, the cost of multilevel resolution is not much more than one-level resolution.
4.1 Reference Tokens and Resolutions in the Current Internet
4.1.0.1 Routes.
In the current Internet, routes do not need to be written down in one place. address route resolution interleaves with the execution of a route, so that the route is implicit in the path by which a message is forwarded. The relationship between IP addresses and routes is a bit more complicated than this article suggests, since several different routes to the same address may be used at the same time, and messages may be broken up en route and reassembled at the end.
4.1.0.2 Addresses.
The IP routing protocol is described in a form that uses IP numbers as addresses. IP numbers are just 32-bit numbers (in the range 0 to 4,294,967,295). But IP numbers are not the only sorts of addresses used in the Internet. The UDP protocol uses the combination of an IP number and a port number as an extended address. IP numbers only allow a message to be addressed to an entire computer, called a host in Internet jargon (OK, some of you know that they actually address a particular network connection on a host, but that doesn't make much difference). UDP addresses allow a message to be addressed to a particular application running on a particular host, such as a particular sort of server, or a mail recipient. Other protocols have other notions of address--the HTTP protocol supporting the World Wide Web uses URLs as addresses. A URL essentially addresses a particular file on a particular host.
Although I'm not sure that they are recognized explicitly as addresses, networking efficiency sometimes requires distributed addresses for servers requiring the resources of several hosts. For example multihosted Web servers share the messages to a particular address among several different hosts. As far as I know, distributed addresses on the current Internet are simulated implicitly through some tricks with routing tables, but conceptually they are perfectly good addresses. Mobility and intermittent connection call for time-dependent addresses. For the future, we should open our minds to the possibility that any sort of instructions for contacting a particular agent may be thought of as an address.
5 A Pseudohistory of Network Reference
One way to understand the value of the four layers of reference to the effective use of a network is to consider a slightly fantastic, but realistic, history of network development as it might have happened. Real history happened sort of this way, but not exactly so. Put another way, ``it could'a happened.''
5.0.0.1 In the beginning, there were routes.
A network cannot deliver messages without routes. The UUCP system directed all messages by routes of the form host1!host2!host3...!hostn, describing the entire sequence of ``hosts'' (acting as routers in my terminology) on the route. Each host/router kept its own table of hosts/routers with which it communicated directly. System administration required little more than agreeing on the general format for describing routes--all operational routing details could be handled independently by hosts/routers.
Routes allowed great support for distributed routing, but they were not portable. If Sally at the host gargoyle discovered the route to a great online candy store run by Grampa, and wished to share it with her friend Paul at foghorn, she could not merely send the route token to Paul--someone had to translate the route. The only general and reliable way for Sally and Paul to translate the route was to append the route between foghorn and gargoyle, which they must have known in order to communicate. This led to nasty long routes with inefficient forwarding. Even if Sally were selfish, and kept the candy supply to herself, she had to translate the route when she moved from gargoyle to juniper. Worse, selfish Sally could rest immobile at gargoyle and still find that a change in network topology invalidated her treasured route to Grampa's candy.
5.0.0.2 Routes begat addresses.
In small local networks, with all participants connected rigidly and directly, routes are pretty much indistinguishable from addresses. The design of IP for ARPANet and the Internet made useful sense of globally meaningful addresses in a dynamically changing network with many different sorts of hops between particular communicating hosts. Addresses in IP were just 32-bit numbers (numbers from 0 to 4,294,967,295), but they were usually written in the form n1.n2.n3.n4, where n1, n2, n3, n4 are 8-bit numbers (numbers from 0 to 255) written in base . For example, 216.227.0.100 is a typical presentation of a numerical IP address, corresponding to the 32-bit binary number , and to the number 3,638,755,428 in base 10.
Network administration had authority to assign these numbers, but it could delegate the authority to assign numbers within a subrange. Each host/router kept track of its own address, the addresses of hosts/routers with which it communicated directly, and the direction in which to forward a message with each possible address. Since 4,294,967,296 was somewhat too large to allow each host/router to store a table with a separate entry for each possible address, routing tables held entries forwarding all addresses in some numerical range in the same direction, and providing a default direction for addresses not in the table.
If it worked, IP routing would clearly provide global addresses, whose meanings would not change according to the location from which they are used. This allowed Sally to keep track of Grampa's candy store, and share it with Paul at will. It takes some thought to make sure that the routing could work. In fact, with a very feasible amount of communication to update routing tables, Internet network administration was very successful at supporting correct IP routing. Essentially, network administration had to make sure that every host/router had tables that were sufficient to send each message one step closer to the recipient address, or one step closer to a router that knew where to send it.
With IP addresses to pass around, Sally, Paul, and Grampa were all quite happy, until the candy store's address changed. The address changed once because Grampa moved his server from space rented on a shared computer to his own computer, once because he moved the store to another state with lower business taxes, and several other times because network topology changed. Even though IP numerical addresses were not tied rigidly to routes, they had to be assigned so that the routing tables could keep information on a limited number of numerical ranges, forwarding all addresses within such a range in the same direction. Both the candy store's own mobility, and the requirement to maintain efficient routing through a change in network topology, prevented Grampa's IP address from sticking reliably to the candy store.
IP routing never required anyone to resolve an address into an explicitly written token presenting the route. Routes were implicit in the joint distributed actions of all of the hosts/routers. In effect, the resolution of an address to a route was interleaved with the actual performance of the route. But routes were still there. Those who really wanted to write them down could generally get them from the traceroute program.
5.0.0.3 Addresses begat handlenames.
The designers of the Internet realized very early that effective use of the network required the ability to refer permanently and reliably to an agent whose address might change. So, they invented domain names of the form bottomdomain.subdomain....subdomain1.topdomain to serve as permanent handles. Network administration had authority to assign domain names, but it could delegate that authority hierarchically even more flexibly than the authority over IP addresses. Network administration maintained tables translating domains to addresses. But only the translation of top-level domains (edu, com, etc.), which appear at the right-hand end of complete domain names, needed to be available globally. Each top-level domain name could resolve to the address of a server keeping tables for that domain only, and so on down the hierarchy. Furthermore, each individual host could maintain its own local cache of recently or frequently used domain name translations, avoiding repeated appeal to the authoritative name servers. This worked really well in practice.
With domain names, Grampa could acquire the domain name candy.com, and subdivide the business into chocolate.candy.com, halvah.candy.com, etc. at will. Sally could keep track of candy.com, and perhaps her favorite subdomains, use these domain names from any host on the network, communicate them to Paul at will. Furthermore, whenever his own mobility, or a change in network topology, caused the address of the candy store to change, Grampa could merely update the entry for candy.com in the appropriate authoritative table, and let it spread around to all of the local caches. This also worked really well.
In the story so far, domain names have served as handles, providing permanent reference to an agent through changes of address. But Grampa, and all of his actual and potential customers, got a big bonus as well. The domain name candy.com served as a humanly-meaningful name. Sally and Paul found candy.com fairly easy to remember, type in their emails to one another, spell out over the telephone, and even to guess at before they knew of the candy store or whenever they lost their record of its name. Even had it been permanent, a numerical IP address would not have been so convenient.
5.0.0.4 The fall: names slew handles.
Unfortunately, the very knowledge of the humanly-meaningful semantics associated with candy.com, giving it value as a name, became incompatible with its function as a handle. A number of larger and more powerful candy companies, as well as the multinational corporation C and Y, all claimed rights to candy.com, and it was taken away from Grampa. The bonus value of candy.com as a name led to administrative action violating its use as a handle.
It is tempting to blame those nasty big companies for stomping on Grampa, but in fact, humanly meaningful names are inherently subject to forces beyond the authority of an individual handle owner. Human meaning, by definition, is determined by humankind. Due to the distributed fashion in which humankind wields its collective authority, an individual may determine the human meaning of a name among a circle of friends who accept his influence. But it is fundamentally infeasible to keep human meaning in line with the arbitrary exercise of authority that we would like to invest in the owner of a handle. No matter how cleverly we assign names to start with, some change in society will ruin the scheme.
We have arrived about at the present time, around the turn of the millennium 1999-2000 or 2000-2001 or whatever. We can invest a lot of effort into improving the fairness with which conflict over domain names is resolved, and supply more and more domain names to trade off mnemonic quality against cost. But Grampa's ownership of candy.com is inherently a lucky and unsustainable windfall, which we cannot provide to everybody who wants it. Whatever contest we set up, only the winner of that contest may have it.
5.0.0.5 Handles lie down by names.
At this point, our story ceases to be mangled history and becomes futuristic science fiction. Unless and until we reach the real millennium, when everyone will live together in peace, names are very likely to attract conflict because of their insidious impact on behavior. Long before highways were super, much less informational, Cyrus Avery recognized the importance of naming when he promoted the development of Route 66 through his hometown of Tulsa Oklahoma. Even after the Road Designation Committee had agreed to construct pavement connecting Chicago, Tulsa, and Los Angeles, Avery fought to have that route given a single name, and the highly mnemonic name of Route 60. He settled for 66, which was at least more mnemonic than 64 or 68. This naming coup established the notion that people would travel from Chicago to Los Angeles through Tulsa, enticed songwriters and television producers to advertise that notion for free, and brought lots of tourist money to Oklahoma that would otherwise have landed elsewhere [1]. The conflict over Internet domain names is the natural successor to the conflict over road names, and it will not be resolved as long as domain names have an impact on commercially valuable behavior.
If we cannot avoid conflict over network names, perhaps we can at least provide conflict-free permanent handles. By locating a system of handles without human meaning at a level of abstraction between names and addresses, we can provide Sally, Paul, and other lovers of grandfatherly candy with a permanent token by which they may reach Grampa as long as he cares to respond to it. We can't help Grampa and his customers hold on to the wonderful mnemonic value of candy.com, but they can't keep that anyway, and it's better to keep the handle than to fight a losing battle for the name and keep nothing. candy.com is inherently one of a very small number of short memorable names that naturally suggest online acquisition of sweets to all English-speaking Internet users, and we can't give everyone with an interest in candy full authority over it--we should expect it to go to the strongest contender.
Without candy.com, how will Grampa attract attention to his business? The same way he always did before his unsustainable domain-name windfall. Although Grampa's candy handle is opaque and unmemorable, friends and satisfied customers will pass copies of it around, using Web browsers and other software that will cater to users' needs to keep track of unmemorable handles. In a pinch, they will read it off to one another as, say, a 12-digit decimal number (somewhere between a 10-digit telephone number and a 16-digit credit card number). The handle will appear behind the scenes in pointers, such as the links in Web pages and their technical successors. People will keep personal directories that resolve ``My favorite candy store'' to Grampa's candy handle. Grampa will advertise in venues that match his natural clientele and advertising budget, and those venues will associate his handle locally with humanly meaningful words, pictures, and other tokens, since he can't afford to acquire and defend a global association. Aggressive indexing services, such as the current Yahoo and Google, will organize Grampa's candy handle into their own presentations of the informational structure of the Web and its technical successors. And, as long as global domain names last, Grampa can fight for candy.com, or make a strategic retreat to grampascandy.com, or fall back further to grampascandyonmainstreetintinytownusaearthsolarsystem.com, or .... But I think that, in the long run, he will get more satisfaction from the alternatives.
Quinta Scott and Susan Croce Kelly. Route 66: the highway and its people. University of Oklahoma Press, Norman OK and London, 1988.
About this document ...
This document was generated using the LaTeX2HTML translator Version 99.2beta6 (1.42)
Copyright © 1993, 1994, 1995, 1996, Nikos Drakos, Computer Based Learning Unit, University of Leeds.
Copyright © 1997, 1998, 1999, Ross Moore, Mathematics Department, Macquarie University, Sydney.
latex2html -split 0 -show_section_numbers -no_navigation -no_white conceptual_overview
The translation was initiated by Mike O'Donnell on 2002-08-17
Mike O'Donnell 2002-08-17


Brazilian knickers from Yamamay's Vitality underwear line in pale pink tulle. The contrasting black trim and straps at the hips add a sultry touch to this romantic piece, perfect for women who seduce with style. Pair it with the matching bras.


text:
Johns Hopkins University (Medicine) is host to the Center for Psychedelic and Consciousness Research, which is one of the leading research institutes into psychedelics. The center is led by Roland Griffiths and Matthew Johnson.
Center for Psychedelic and Consciousness Research
The center, launched in 2019, originates from the research that has been ongoing at Johns Hopkins Medicine since 2000 (Johns Hopkins Center for Study of Psychedelics). The research group was the first to start studying psychedelics (psilocybin) in healthy volunteers (since the 1960s). The research has been a catalyst for many other universities and recently private companies to see the possible (long-sustained) benefits psychedelics may provide.
"At the Center for Psychedelic and Consciousness Research, researchers will focus on how psychedelics affect behavior, mood, cognition, brain function, and biological markers of health. Upcoming studies will determine the effectiveness of psilocybin as a new therapy for opioid addiction, Alzheimer's disease, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), post-treatment Lyme disease syndrome (formerly known as chronic Lyme disease), anorexia nervosa and alcohol use in people with major depression. The researchers hope to create precision medicine treatments tailored to the specific needs of individual patients."
The current center is funded by philanthropists with $17 million given to support their research.
"The center's operational expenses for the first five years will be covered by private funding from the Steven & Alexandra Cohen Foundation and four philanthropists: Tim Ferriss (author and technology investor), Matt Mullenweg (co-founder of WordPress), Blake Mycoskie (founder of TOMS, a shoe and accessory brand) and Craig Nerenberg (investor)."
The center works together with Unlimited Sciences, Imperial College London, and many other researcher around the world.
Roland Griffiths – Professor & Center Director
Matthew Johnson – Professor & Associate Center Director
Frederick Barrett – Assistant Professor & Director of Neurophysiological Mechanism & Biomarker Assessment
Albert Garcia-Romeu – Assistant Professor
Alan Davis – Adjunct Assistant Professor
Mary Cosimano – Director of Guide / Facilitator Services
William Richards – Psychologist
The center's website lists its most notable achievements and academic publications. You can find more at the specific staff member pages or using the academic paper page of this website.
First-of-Its Kind Psychedelic Research Center Debuts at Johns Hopkins (January 2020)
Johns Hopkins Scientists Give Psychedelics the Serious Treatment (Scientific American, January 2020)
Johns Hopkins launches new Center for Psychedelic Research (September 2019)
Johns Hopkins Opens New Center for Psychedelic Research (NYT, September 2019)
UAB researcher granted federal funding for psilocybin and smoking study (	UAB News, 22 January 2022)
Researchers at the University of Alabama at Birmingham, Johns Hopkins University and New York University were awarded nearly $4 million in funding to study the efficacy of psilocybin.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


MARLENKA products are crafted from the finest natural ingredients and complies with the strictest global food hygiene and safety standards. For all personal orders visit our online Cake Shop. If you have a business, discover more at the Wholesale Section or Contact us directly.
+ Great Taste Awards winning products with unique taste and universal appeal.
+ Free From any preservatives and artificial colouring. Gluten-Free version available.


http://www.thefeather.org is the website for the rehabilitation center in New London.
Everyone is fascinated with owls. Some think they are wise, some think they are spooky and I think they are beautiful. This year we plan to put up an owl house to attract them, and perhaps they will raise a family in one of our trees. We have plans and have one nearly done, however putting it up will have to wait until the snow melts a little. The houses are supposed to be installed by February 1, but that is impossible this year with trees full of snow and the ice. We will get it up when we can and hopefully at some point have a family of owls move in.
The tall trees are still full of snow.
I will have to watch the webcam to keep track of the progress of Ms Harvey, a Great Horned Owl.
She laid her first egg of 2013 on January 30th.
Here is Ms Harvey's story from the website.
"Ms Harvey, the great horned owl, came to the Feather Wildlife Rehabilitation center in May 1997 as a bird taken in illegal activity. She was raised by humans and we did not think she would make a release when she was able to fly. But she proved us wrong and flew and killed and was released in fall of 1997. She wears a US Fish and Wildlife band on her right leg, #599-10043.
She continued to stay in the area of where she was released and showed up on occasion. We put food out for her so she would stay here to get a good start. That was the start of our "perk" with a great horned female owl.
In 2009 she raised two young to about 2 weeks and both of them were predated, possibly by raccoons. In 2010 she had a late hatch and brought off two young. Each year has a story to tell about the nest and the activity. In 2011 she again lost the first clutch and re nested two weeks later and brought off one chick. We gave her two more young owls to raise. One of them is still here food begging.
We have been blessed to have this bird in our lives and now wish to share it with all of you on the internet. So many good things are happening all around us if we just pay attention. "
This webcam is from New London Wisconsin with live video of the mama Ms Harvey sitting on the egg.
We attended a presentation from the people of the rehab center. Here are a few more breeds of owls that they brought along to show. If anyone has the opportunity to see this, it is wonderful.
We had this type of Owl in one of our trees this winter.
I saw him catch a mouse and eat it so I hope he stays around.
I didn't get a good photo. This is the best I could do.


My name is Julius Magembe from Uganda I am 29 years old married male.I have just finished my bachelors degree in international business this year.
I have an idea of opening up a paper bag project this year.this project have a believe that it is going to improve people's lives and standard of living and will also develop many youth talents.
Currently I run a small business that produces juice shampoo liquid soap and vascilin in this project I head the marketing department.


text:
Tikathali is a village and former Village Development Committee that is now part of Mahalaxmi Municipality in Province No. 3 of central Nepal. After the restructuring of local political bodies it has been integrated to form a new municipality named 'Mahalaxmi Municipality'. At the time of the 1991 Nepal census it had a population of 4094 living in 711 individual households.

References

External links
UN map of the municipalities of Lalitpur District

Populated places in Lalitpur District, Nepal

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


Aerialair is specialized in carrying out inspections at great height.
Aerialair provides Drone/Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) services to both industry and government, covering a wide and varied range of tasks such as UAV inspection and survey, crisis management, radio tower, telecommunications links, industrial building, quarry, wind turbine, chimney, manufacturing works, bridge, rock face or other piece of infrastructure, and also deploy rapid reaction response teams to deal with emergencies and capable to reach places that are difficult, expensive, dangerous, 'live' or even impossible to approach by manned inspection teams.
Using our Drones, we can send cameras up to inspect various buildings including wind turbines. This method of inspection is extremely cost effective. In addition we can do pre-build inspections of proposed wind turbine sites or indeed any other sort of building.
The first step in Aerial Inspection is Briefing where the team is briefed with respect to what needs to be inspected. All details like the components of machinery, areas of large structures, tight corners etc, that need to be captured, needs to be briefed to the team.
It is best to have a recce done in place once the briefing has been completed. Post briefing the team will go on-site and have a visual inspection of the premises and the components that needs to be inspected. It is best to have a recce done since we know our equipment best, and a recce could help identify any kind of threats that could hamper the inspection.
Once the recce is done, we can proceed with the aerial inspection. UAVs are flown to access and capture images/videos of the components that need to be inspected.
Data can be delivered on the spot or post 1 working day.
Our inspection services are performed as regular, calamity or per-maintenance inspections in for instance the on and offshore wind energy and oil & gas industry. Also in many other industries we inspect installations, buildings, chimneys, telecommunication. Giving you the ability to view, analyze, annotate and share your data online with your clients and colleagues.
Aerial inspection is the safest & most economical way to inspect various industrial components. Our UAVs can go where no man can go, enabling a wider scope of inspection. Having such inspection done by human personnel would pose to be dangerous & can also risk the loss of life which is totally eliminated in the case of Aerial Inspection. This makes it possible to have more frequent inspections done, ensuring that the components being inspected are always in good shape & our clients are 1 step ahead of any maintenance related disaster.
By utilizing aerialair drones (UAVs), we can help you affordably track the progress of your projects so you can update yours clients with stunning quality aerial photos and HD videos. Team Aerialair can inspect hazardous and difficult to access locations and structures. We have a really good experience flying in the factories & industries, day or night. We can operate without causing disruption to your operation ultimately saving you time and money.


Flash floods can happen anywhere, but factors such as heavy precipitation, geography and soil conditions can put some areas at greater risk. Russ Schumacher at Colorado State University is studying these factors to make more accurate forecasts. "When Nature Strikes" is produced by NBC Learn in partnership with the National Science Foundation and The Weather Channel. For a classroom activity related to this video, please click the Links section below.
Flash floods are one of the most common and deadly severe weather events in the United States. Part of the danger arises when fast-moving flood waters from rainfall suddenly appear sometimes miles away from the downpour. Russ Schumacher is an atmospheric scientist at Colorado State University. He's part of a research effort that's funded by the National Science Foundation to study large thunderstorm systems that can trigger severe flash floods.
During May, 2015, atmospheric conditions over Texas and Oklahoma were just right for stormy weather-- and historic amounts of rain fell. Flash flood warnings went out repeatedly to communities in the flood zones. But even with advanced warnings, more than 30 people died in the floods, more than a thousand homes washed away, and first responders performed more than 500 dangerous water rescues. Flooding is usually caused by heavy rain, but it's hard to predict when, where, and how much rain is coming.
RUSS SCHUMACHER (Colorado State University): Flash floods are a really difficult forecasting problem. The first part of it is how much water is going to hit the ground and where. And then the next step is what's going to happen to it after it hits the ground, where are the areas that are vulnerable to flooding? Is the ground already really wet, such that it just can't hold any more water?
SHEPHERD: Russ Schumacher, along with scientists and students from more than a dozen research facilities and universities, is investigating large thunderstorm systems that often strike at night in the central United States and can cause severe flooding. To improve forecasting capabilities, it's critical that scientists gain a greater understanding of storm characteristics, such as formation, speed, and rainfall amounts.
SCHUMACHER: These are the kinds of advances we're trying to make to better understand them and then hopefully lead to better forecasts in the future.
SHEPHERD: Using aircraft, radar, and other instruments, the team is gathering valuable information on these hazardous nighttime storms called Mesoscale Convective Systems, or MCSs. In a single thunderstorm, cool downdrafts due to heavy rainfall will sometimes spread out along the ground, bumping against the surrounding warmer moist air. The cool air pushes the warmer air upward, initiating new thunderstorms. This process can happen again and again, creating storm clusters.
SHEPHERD: Sometimes these large storm systems move slowly, even stall, and deluge an area with rain for hours and hours. Other systems move rapidly, but release extreme amounts of rain on a region.
SCHUMACHER: That huge amount of rain over a very small area is when you start getting that flash flood threat. And then it can be a very dangerous situation.
SHEPHERD: Heavy precipitation isn't the only factor in flash flooding. Geography and soil conditions also play a role in when and where flash flooding could occur. Although flash flooding can happen anywhere, some geographical areas are more prone to flooding, such as Texas and Oklahoma. Narrow water channels, multiple streams, and the slope of the land or riverbanks can increase the flood risk. When the ground is saturated, and can't absorb more water, the rain runs off into creeks and streams. River levels rise as the water continues downstream, swelling over the banks and flooding low-lying areas. Water can build up to flood levels and become life-threatening in a very short time. Loss of property and life can be prevented with flood management systems, such as levees, diversion spillways and wetland restoration. Knowing where and when to use them could allow flood waters to be stored or prevented from rushing downstream and flooding low areas. Early warning systems can also help protect against the damage and danger of flash flooding.
SCHUMACHER: Those are the kinds of advances we hope to make. As our understanding and as technology improve, we're going to get to that point where those forecasts can really be used reliably by people.
SHEPHERD: Schumacher and his colleagues are working to increase scientific understanding of severe weather-- valuable research efforts that will lead to more accurate flash flood forecasting that could save lives.


text:
Selected: December 5
Overview of WWII on December 5 by year...
by Norman Rockwell
24x36 inch Art Print Poster
A 24x36 inch poster print of Norman Rockwell's depictions of FDR's "Four Freedoms" speech
1931 — , December 5
CBI - China: Day 79 of 154 of the Japanese Invasion of Manchuria.
Day 55 of 81 of Japan's Operation GUANGDONG.
Atlantic: Two Polish submarines escape from the Baltic Sea to join the Royal Navy.
Finland: Day 6 of 105 of the Russo-Finnish War. Heavy fighting breaks out in Karelia.
Day 21 of 381 of the Battle of South Guangxi.
ETO - UK: Day 91 of 258 of the Blitz.
CBI - Thailand: Day 66 of 221 of the Franco-Thai War (Vichy France vs Thailand).
ETO - UK: Britain declares war on Finland, Hungary and Romania. Hungary declares war on Britain.
Russian Front: Day 167 of 167 of Germany's Operation BARBAROSSA. With German Army Group Centre just 19 miles from Moscow, Hitler abandons the offensive for winter and agrees to some local withdrawals to a more defensive terrain.
Russian Front - North: Day 89 of 872 of the Siege of Leningrad.
Russian Front - Center: Day 65 of 98 of the Battle of Moscow.
Russian Front - South: Day 37 of 248 of the Siege of Sevastopol, Crimean Peninsula.
MTO - Libya: Day 240 of 256 of the Siege of Tobruk. In order to mount a final attack on the British forces around Bir El Gobi, Rommel orders the evacuation of the eastern part of the Tobruk perimeter.
PTO: Japanese fleet is officially reported moving south.
Russian Front - North: Day 17 of 59 of the Battle of Velikiye Luki, near Leningrad. This stalemate does help ease the siege a little, but mostly it keeps German troops from being sent to other fronts.
Russian Front - North: Day 215 of 658 of the Siege of the Kholm Pocket, USSR lays siege to the Kholm Pocket but the Germans hold out for a about a year and a half.
Russian Front - Center: Day 12 of 21 of the Battle of Sychevka, Russia.
Russian Front - Center: Day 11 of 26 of the 2nd Battle of Rzhev-Sychevka, Russia, launched by the Soviets as Operation MARS.
Russian Front - Center: Day 11 of 22 of the Battle of Belyi, Russia.
Russian Front - Center: Day 11 of 17 of the Battle of Luchesa (Vitebsk), Russia.
Russian Front - Center: Day 11 of 29 of the Battle of Molodoi Tud River, Russia.
Russian Front - South: Day 106 of 165 of the Battle of Stalingrad, bloodiest battle in human history.
MTO - Tunisia: Day 19 of 178 of the Battle of Tunisia. US 12th Air Force provides air support.
PTO - Malaya: Day 290 of 357 of the Battle of Timor Island, a long guerrilla war ending in Japanese victory.
PTO - New Guinea: Day 17 of 66 of the Battle of Buna-Gona.
PTO - Solomon Islands: Day 121 of 187 of the Battle of Guadalcanal.
MTO - Egypt: At the 2nd Cairo Conference, President Roosevelt decides on General Dwight D Eisenhower as the Supreme Allied Commander for Operation OVERLORD, the invasion of western Europe.
General Dwight D Eisenhower
After the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor, Eisenhower was assigned to the General Staff in Washington, where he served until June 1942 with responsibility for creating the major war plans to defeat Japan and Germany. Chief of Staff General George C Marshall spotted talent and promoted Ike accordingly.
As Supreme Allied Commander in Europe, Eisenhower's first struggles were with Allied leaders and officers on matters vital to the success of the Normandy invasion. He insisted that the British give him exclusive command over all strategic air forces to facilitate Overlord, to the point of threatening to resign unless Churchill relented, which he did.
Although Ike was very skilled at the frustrating task of dealing diplomatically with the egos that surrounded him, he knew that the only way things would get done was by being the "benevolent dictator" needed to be victorious, which could only happen with a single person calling the shots.
05 Dec 43: FDR chooses Eisenhower Supreme Allied Commander
18 Jun 45: "Eisenhower Day" in Washington DC
19 Jun 45: Eisenhower receives NYC ticker tape parade
29 Jun 56: Eisenhower signs bill creating US Interstate System
The Supreme Commander:
The War Years of Dwight D. Eisenhower
Eisenhower in War and Peace
ETO - France: US 8th Air Force heavy bombers attack airfields in France.
Russian Front - North: Day 580 of 658 of the Siege of the Kholm Pocket. USSR lays siege to the Kholm Pocket but the Germans hold out for a about a year and a half.
Russian Front - South: Day 104 of 122 of the Battle of the Lower Dnieper River, USSR.
MTO: US 12th Air Force B-25s bomb a bridge at Pescara, Italy and targets at Split, Yugoslavia.
Day 34 of 49 of the Battle of West Changde.
CBI - India: The first Japanese daylight raid on Calcutta is mounted with many reported killed.
PTO - New Guinea: Day 78 of 219 of the Battle of Shaggy Ridge.
PTO - New Guinea: Day 75 of 162 of the Battle of the Huon Peninsula.
PTO - Solomon Islands: Day 35 of 295 of the Battle of the Bougainville Islands.
ETO - France: Day 127 of 284 of the Battle of Brittany.
ETO - France: Day 82 of 236 of the Siege of Dunkirk.
ETO - Germany: Day 78 of 145 of the Battle of Hürtgen Forest.
ETO - Germany: The US 3rd Army advances into Germany along a 30-mile front. US 8th Air Force B-17s attack Berlin while B-24s bomb Munster.
Russian Front - Finland: Day 82 of 223 of the Lapland War. Finland and Russia have joined forces to kick the Germans out of Finland's most northern province.
Russian Front - Center: Day 52 of 206 of the Battle of the Courland Pocket in Latvia.
Russian Front - Center: Day 45 of 99 of the Siege of Memel, a border town of Lithuania and East Prussia.
Russian Front - South: Day 38 of 108 of the Battle of Budapest, Hungary. Soviets attack with two armies from northeast of Budapest, making a 60-mile advance in eight days.
MTO - Italy: The British 8th Army takes Ravenna, cutting the rail link to Bologna. US and Royal Air Forces provides air support for the Allied ground units.
CBI - Burma: Day 249 of 302 of the Chinese Salween Offensive.
CBI - Burma: Day 22 of 31 of the Battle of Bhamo.
Day 233 of 259 of Japan's Operation ICHI-GO.
PTO - New Guinea: Day 344 of 597 of the Battle of New Britain.
PTO - New Guinea: Day 228 of 481 of the Battle of Western New Guinea.
PTO - Philippines: Day 47 of 299 of the 2nd Battle of the Philippines, aka the Liberation of the Philippines or the Philippines Campaign.
PTO - Philippines: Day 47 of 73 of the Battle of Leyte.
PTO - Philippines: Day 25 of 41 of the Naval Battle of Ormoc Bay.
for December 5th...
1943: FDR decides on Eisenhower to be Supreme Allied Commander for the invasion of France
Bestselling historian Stephen Ambrose examines the Allied commander's leadership during World War II, bringing Eisenhower's experience of WWII to life, showing in vivid detail how the general's skill as a diplomat and a military strategist contributed to Allied successes and established him as one of the greatest military leaders in the world.
Paperback (64 pages), kindle
A detailed study of one of the most famous German commanders of World War II.
Most Secret War
How Britain stealthily stole the war from under the Germans' noses by outsmarting their science and technology in the Battle of the Beams.
Day-By-Day listings for December 5 were last modified on Wednesday, January 27, 2016


Addition Coloring Pages Published by Administrator on November 24, 2018 at 8:23 am.There are 16 images in the gallery of Addition Coloring Pages. Find All Coloring Ideas for Your Inspiration Today on Uncategorized Category.
See more exquisite design addition coloring pages clown page crayolacom on Uncategorized Topics.
Here we have 16 beautiful pictures about Addition Coloring Pages. We hope you enjoyed it and if you want to see the high pictures, simply just click the images and you will be redirected to extra large page of Addition Coloring Pages.


If you are looking for a good and efficient phone spying and monitoring app then your search would have been over a long time ago if you had started with Auto Forward Spy. Auto Forward spy is a monitoring and spying app that enables one to easily and remotely monitor the activities of a phone in question. It is designed to remotely access the data of a target phone and displaying the information on the mobile phone, tablet or computer of the one monitoring, and in real time.
If the market has so many phone spy apps, why should I go for Auto Forward Spy?
Auto Forward is not an app for those who just want the second best because it is the best there is based on functionality, power and efficiency.
It is as easy as a-b-c to install Auto Forward app. You can spend some time searching online to spy on cell phone free download. Once the app is downloaded, one follows the prompts and in a few minutes you will be good to go. What is more, you don't need to be with the target phone as Auto Forward works remotely. Also, you can get the information from the target phone anywhere-in the palm of your hands through your phone.
Once installed, Auto Forward does not require or attract any subscription fees or monthly charges. Even so, they still have a customer support department should there be need for clarification or help.
There are many features that make the Auto Forward experience quite efficient and superior. Many spy Apps access the target phones regular texts and messages. Auto Forward is powerful enough to access even i-messages which are usually more 'private' as they are not easily accessed. Also, it works with all versions of the android operating system. As many electronic devices are on android, it means Auto Forward has a big and vast area of operation. It can access many phone brands available in many countries.
Auto Forward app accesses the social media platforms and can monitor the exchange of texts, photos and videos very easily. Even if the texts or photos and videos were deleted, Auto-Forward retrieves them.
One can easily monitor the call logs, browsing history and email logs of the target phone. This can easily help deal with any unbecoming or suspicious behavior from employees or children or whoever it is that's being monitored.
Should you see it fit to control the sites the target phone accesses, Auto Forward spy enables one to remotely uninstall or disable a suspicious app. Also, it can be blocked from ever being installed again and an alert set should the target phone try to re-install the unwanted app.
It happens that sometimes a phone with valuable information can be lost. Auto Forward helps track it using the GPS locator which updates the monitor of the lost device position via Google Maps in 5 minute intervals. Better still, one can remotely lock the phone or erase the data and uninstall programs using Auto Forward.
Auto Forward also enables one to monitor the calls a target phone is making and who he or she associates with by availing the contacts and call log records. All this activities are done discreetly without the knowledge of the target phone.
There is so much to be said about Auto Forward that is best experienced. This is an app designed for those used to the best things in work and efficiency. It is powerful enough to be of great use to a caring and responsible person.
Previous Spy On A Cell Phone Without Having It, Possible?


One of the final math units I taught this year was a geometry chapter on recognizing two-dimensional drawings and nets as three-dimensional figures. We worked with nets; first predicting what they were, and then cutting, folding and taping them together. The students also studied drawings from multi-perspectives—top, side, front, back—and constructed what the three-dimensional figure looked like with their wooden cubes.
When we do this type of math I'm always a little surprised at which students get it immediately and which students struggle. For the students who "get it," there is almost this huge sigh of relief; it feels like math time is play time and they are not doing "real math." But for the students who don't understand, their frustration seems to mount the entire math period. They want the formula of how to make it work; they want an easy answer. What they really need is the time and experience of working with the materials.
In the primary grades, there is a vast difference between the students who have had lots of literary experiences at home and those whose reading experiences are limited to the classroom. Children who are exposed to literacy from birth to school-age come to the classroom with an entire set of skills from their steady diet of books, words, storytelling, and illustrations.
It's similar to the children who use building sets and blocks at home on a daily basis. They are used to looking at a picture and trying to replicate it with their materials. They are used to looking at buildings at various perspectives to try to get their version "just right." And they are used to rotating, sliding, and flipping objects.
Teachers and educators have done an excellent job of getting the word out to parents about the importance of reading at home from the time their child is an infant. Maybe as math educators we need to follow the same example. By giving toddlers a set of blocks or age-appropriate building materials we can educate parents on the importance of developing their child's spatial and geometric skills from a young age.
What are your experiences with students and geometry in the classroom? How do you encourage geometric learning when students have limited experiences? Email and let us know. We'd love to hear from you.


Heidenau's Snowtex compound is a brilliant mix of a high-quality silica rubber, and special textile fibers. This compound is designed to maximize the on-road traction in sub-zero conditions.
The K62S chevron block pattern delivers sure-footed handling with the Snowtex compound. Freezing or not, you can ride with confidence.
Though designed for the cold, you can expect the K62S to last through the winter months no matter the temperature.


We excel at business development and bringing new groups to venues and attractions. We have a large database of groups we already work with and an experienced Sales Team who are always working to bring new groups to the venues in our portfolio.
Our Business Development work is flexible and we will work to a timescale and duration to suit your needs and budgets. We offer a relaxed approach with no set rules so we would love to talk to you to find out your plans and how we can work together to increase your group sales.


Olá nós somos os irmãos Hobby ! Hariston e Richard .
Aqui você verá os melhores lançamentos para ANDROID e IOS incluindo : PES 2017 Android, FIFA 17 android, First Touch Soccer 17, Dream League Soccer 17, FTS 17 Score Hero 2, GTA 4 Android, Gran theft Auto San Andreas Android, GTA SA android, GTA vice city Android, Gangstar Vegas android, Gangstar Nova orleans Android, GTA Rio de Janeiro android, BOMBA PATCH android, FIFA Street 4 android, Asphalt 8, Asphalt 9, Asphalt Xtreme, Pokemon Go, Minecraft PE 2, Real Football 2018, FIFA 2017, PES 17, BULLY android, GTA 5 mod android, GTA Brasil, PES 18 android, Real Racing 3, Real Racing 4, Infinite Flight, FIFA Mobile, Clash Royale, Clash of Clans, Mobile Legends, LOL para android . Jogos para IPHONE, WINDOWS PHONE e ANDROID . Gravamos jogos para Moto G, Zenfone, Galaxy, Xiaomi, LG, Sony xperia, celular Samsung, ASUS, NOKIA, PlayStore .


text:
Q: Xcode Camera: Failed to read exposureBiasesByMode dictionary revisited This question has been asked before but the answers (particularly the most upvoted answer) does not solve the problem.  Using Xcode 12.5 when I use the camera I get an error message:
[Camera] Failed to read exposureBiasesByMode dictionary: Error    Domain=NSCocoaErrorDomain Code=4864 "*** -[NSKeyedUnarchiver _initForReadingFromData:error:throwLegacyExceptions:]: data is NULL" UserInfo={NSDebugDescription=*** -[NSKeyedUnarchiver _initForReadingFromData:error:throwLegacyExceptions:]: data is NULL}
The suggested answer is in part:
"If you instead use imagePicker.allowsEditing = false, use this to pick image:
    if let pickedImage = info[UIImagePickerController.InfoKey.originalImage] as? UIImage {
        capturedImage = pickedImage
    }

So far as I can see, this is exactly the same as my code which sets
imagePicker.allowsEditing = false

and then:
    if let userPickedImage = info[UIImagePickerController.InfoKey.originalImage] as? UIImage {
        defaultImage = userPickedImage
    }

The error seems to be harmless but it is driving me nuts.  Any suggestions?

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
Arts, Articles & News
Events Details
Contributor Zone
San Francisco Symphony Announces their NEW Music Director
December 5, 2018 / Parker Coomans / No Comments
For the past 25 years, Micheal Tilson Thomas has been leading the San Francisco Symphony through music and events that has touched hundreds of thousands of people. Last year it was announced that he would conclude his distinguished tenure. "Looking back over these decades I am filled with gratitude for the extraordinary artistic partnership I have had with the members of the Orchestra and for the warm and generous style of music making we have shared with all of our audiences," said Michael Tilson Thomas.
Since the announcement, we've been wondering who will be stepping up to the podium as the 12th Music Director… Today, we are so excited to announce that it will be ESA-PEKKA SALONEN!
Esa-Pekka Salonen is a revered favorite of orchestral audiences and has a special place in the hearts of any Los Angeles Philharmonic fan since his appointment as Music Director with the philharmonic from 1992-2009. He was instrumental in opening the Gehry-designed Walt Disney Hall and brought the philharmonic international success by championing new music and programming concerts that engaged the community.
He is also a composer (among many talents)! Watch the video above to find out his inspiration behind "Wing on Wing" that was created to celebrate the Walt Disney Hall…
According the the San Francisco Symphony, Salonen will lead the SFS January 18–20, 2019 in a program featuring the SFS premiere of Icelandic composer Anna Thorvaldsdottir's Metacosmos, R. Strauss' Also Sprach Zarathustra, and Sibelius'Four Legends from the Kalevala. He will return as Music Director Designate in the 2019–20 season to conduct at least two weeks of programs.
In September 2020, Salonen begins his tenure as Music Director with an initial five-year contract, conducting the SFS in six subscription weeks and on a tour of Asia. Beginning in the 2021–22 season, Salonen will conduct 12 to 14 weeks each season. He will conclude his tenure as Principal Conductor and Artistic Advisor for London's Philharmonia Orchestra in 2021.
Tonight we will be going to the Davies Symphony Hall to meet Salonen and get the inside scoop on his thoughts about his new position with the San Francisco Symphony! More to come…
Posted in Arts, Local, San Francisco, Symphony
Parker Coomans
← Artist Spotlight: Jake Heggie, Composer of 'It's A Wonderful Life' Opera
5 Holiday Experiences That You Don't Want To Miss in the Bay Area →
Celebrating a New Decade of Dance with the San Francisco Ballet
A Backstage Tour of Broadway's Phantom of the Opera
Meghan Picerno Makes Her Broadway Debut in the Phantom of the Opera!
Holiday Cookie Challenge with San Francisco Ballet Dancers
San Francisco Symphony's 2019-2020 Season – Top Picks and Highlights
© 2020 Red Curtain Addict. All Rights Reserved.
Powered by Groundwork


text:
A couple of Indy-area restaurants have called it quits but there's plenty of new to look forward to — fine dining, a coffee shop and more.
Indiana man is charged in global child porn ring
Justin L. Mack
justin.mack@indystar.com
An Indiana man was among 14 people charged in connection with the operation of a large child pornography website that exploited children in 39 states and five countries.
Andrew Korpal, 29, Granger, was charged with receipt of child pornography in what officials are calling one of the largest online child exploitation investigations in the history of U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement.
Five of the children were from the Indianapolis area, authorities said.
Department of Homeland Security Secretary Jeh Johnson said 14 men operating a child pornography website on the darknet's Onion Router, also known as Tor, were arrested and charged as part of a conspiracy to operate a child exploitation enterprise. All of the men are in federal custody.
Cybercrime: How darknet aids criminal underworld.
"Every day the men and women of the Department of Homeland Security work to keep our nation safe, and a major part of that effort is the work of ICE Homeland Security Investigations," Johnson said. "I am proud of the work done by the HSI special agents to not only detect this operation and arrest those involved in the conspiracy, but also their efforts to identify and bring support to the many young victims and their families."
The underground website was a hidden service board on the Tor network and operated from about June 2012 until June 2013, according to a DHS report. The site contained more than 2,000 videos and had more than 27,000 members.
The report states the website shared webcam-captured videos of mostly boys enticed by the operators of the site to produce sexually explicit material.
The investigation, dubbed "Operation Round Table," began with the arrest of the website's primary administrator, Jonathan Johnson, 27, of Abita Springs, La., authorities said.
The report states that Johnson admitted to creating multiple fake female personas on popular social networks to target and sexually exploit children. He also admitted coaching other child predators in his inner circle to do the same.
Jonathan Johnson has been in federal custody since his arrest June 13 and faces 20 years to life in prison if convicted.
Ten additional individuals, including Korpal, have been arrested and charged in the Eastern District of Louisiana as the primary operators, contributors and producers of material for the child exploitation enterprise.
So far, investigators have identified 251 minor victims in 39 states, according to the report. Victims also have been identified in the United Kingdom, Canada, New Zealand, Australia and Belgium.
Eight of the victims were female and 243 were male, the report states. The majority of victims, 159, were 13 to 15 years old.
One victim was between the ages of 4 to 6, and two victims were 3 years old or younger.
"Never before in the history of this agency have we identified and located this many minor victims in the course of a single child exploitation investigation," said ICE Deputy Director Daniel Ragsdale. "Our agency is seeing a growing trend where children are being enticed, tricked and coerced online by adults to produce sexually explicit material of themselves. While we will continue to prioritize the arrest of child predators, we cannot arrest our way out of this problem: Education is the key to prevention."
More than 300 investigations have been opened into potential subscribers of the website, the report states. Investigators expect ongoing arrests and additional identification of victims as they continue to examine and analyze the more than 40 terabytes of data seized.
Call Star reporter Justin L. Mack at (317) 444-6138. Follow him on Twitter: @justinlmack.


This 1902 historic embryology textbook by Keith describes human embryo development.
Also by this author: Keith A. Malformations of the human body from a new point of view: 1. Brain and Spinal Cord - 2. Face and Mouth. (1932) Br. Med. J.
Keith A. Malformations of the human body from a new point of view: 3. Umbilicus - 4. Testes. (1932) Br. Med. J. .
Keith A. Malformations of the human body from a new point of view: 5. Bladder Exstrophy - 6. Perineum. (1932) Br. Med. J. .
Keith A. Concerning the origin and nature of certain malformations of the face, head, and foot. (1940) Br. J. of Surgery.
Formerly Hunterian Professor, Royal College Of Surgeons, England, and Examiner In Anatomy, University Of Aberdeen.
Fifty years ago it was possible for a teacher in a Winter course of Lectures to lay all the essential facts of Embryology and Comparative Anatomy before his pupils ; to-day fifty courses were not sufficient, so boundless have these subjects grown. Yet, in spite of their rapid growth, they have been retained in Higher Examinations in Human Anatomy by our Universities and Colleges without any principle being laid down to guide teachers and taught as to the scope required. No book dealing with these subjects exists to afford a precedent. The criterion which the Author applied in determining the scope of this work he believes will be accepted by pupils, teachers, and examiners. The course of Demonstrations, of which this book is the substance, was given under the walls of a great hospital to students preparing to work within its wards. Hence, each fact taught the student was necessarily one which was capable of application in his life's work or by the possession of which he became a better workman. The extent to which each subject was dealt with was determined by its practical importance. In brief, clinical utility was the criterion employed. The way to the wards is the road to the examination room, and the right preparation for the one is the best qualification the student can take with him for the other.
The Author hopes he has prepared a work which will prove useful not only to students proceeding for Higher Examinations in Anatomy and Surgery but also to men actively engaged in practice. Every day conditions come under their notice which can be explained only by a reference to Embryology. He has sought to sketch as briefly and clearly as possible the history of the developing human body. History is the best key to an understanding of the present conditions of a country; the Embryologist and Comparative Anatomist are the dual historians of the human body.
The Author is deeply indebted to Mr. F. G-. Parsons for revision of his proofs and numerous suggestions and corrections.
Online editor - See also the later Human Embryology and Morphology 4th edition (1921) by Arthur Keith.
This page was last modified on 11 April 2018, at 20:00.


text:
Published on College of Engineering and Physical Sciences (https://www.uoguelph.ca/ceps)
Home > Catalysts for Change
Catalysts for Change
Submitted by kmcgooga on June 30th, 2020 8:10 AM
Feature image caption:
Petrochemicals are a 375-billion-dollar industry, but their production is devastating our planet. Biomass materials are a sustainable alternative, which can be continuously replenished.
U of G researchers are exploring chemical methods that will reduce our reliance on fossil fuels.
From melting polar ice caps to devastating natural disasters, we are feeling the impacts of global warming. Unfortunately, rising carbon dioxide (CO2) in our atmosphere, which leads to global warming, is a by-product of items that we depend on. Most crude oil and gas are burned as fuel and just under 10% of it is used in the chemical industry. Replacing this fraction by producing petrochemicals such as plastics, Nylon and polyester fibres, polyurethane foams, coatings, paints, and pharmaceuticals from a renewable and sustainable carbon source would help alleviate global warming.
University of Guelph chemistry professor, Marcel Schlaf [1], PhD student Maryanne Stones, and their team are turning to biomass material to do the job. Plants, woods, and waste could be viable alternatives to fossil hydrocarbons. The challenge, however, is that nearly every carbon atom found in biomass-based molecules is connected to an oxygen atom. To produce the compounds that form the building blocks of resources like plastics, a chemical reaction that separates the carbon from the oxygen is required. That is where catalysts come in. Catalysts are substances that increase the rate of chemical reaction without undergoing permanent chemical change themselves. In biomass conversion, scientists and engineers typically rely on heterogeneous catalysts, which are solids, as opposed to the reactants, which are liquids or gases. The problem is that the reactions that are required in biomass conversion often rapidly deactivate these solid catalysts by irreversibly modifying their surface. That challenge is what motivated the U of G researchers to test homogeneous catalysts. The researchers conducted experiments in which they used soluble metal complex salts as a catalyst to convert organic, biomass-derived molecules into a renewable alternative to petrochemicals. They found that using a homogenous catalyst can result in a higher yield of the desired renewable chemicals.
"Homogenous catalyst systems have been relatively unexplored for this purpose," explains Schlaf. "Although there are still substantial challenges associated with homogeneous systems, our experimental study shows that high-value compounds have the potential to be produced at a large scale through renewable chemical processes employing homogeneous catalysts."
This work was supported by the Canadian Natural Science and Engineering Research Council (NSERC) Discovery and the Ontario Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs (OMAFRA) Bioeconomy Research programs.
Stones MK, Banz Chung EM, da Cunha IT, Sullivan RJ, Soltanipanah P, Magee M, Umphrey GJ, Moore CM, Sutton AD, Schlaf M. Conversion of Furfural Derivatives to 1, 4-Pentanediol and Cyclopentanol in Aqueous Medium Catalyzed by trans-[(2, 9-Dipyridyl-1, 10-phenanthroline)(CH3CN) 2Ru](OTf) 2 [2]. ACS Catal. 2020 Jan 30. doi: 10.1021/acscatal.9b05055.
The College of Engineering and Physical Sciences is renowned for its academic programming and research in applied and traditional sciences. The College leverages teaching, collaboration, research, and award-winning faculty to inspire excellence and improve life.
Discover our vision: CEPS Strategic Plan, Inspiring Excellence
Department of Mathematics & Statistics
Summerlee Science Complex, Room 1313
Source URL:https://www.uoguelph.ca/ceps/news/2020/06/catalysts-change
[1] http://www.chemistry.uoguelph.ca/schlaf/ [2] https://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/acscatal.9b05055?casa_token=X3KYjPK_Zx4AAAAA:lyrW-Hgq6VA_MAm-yQfVLHmtqmnkgRfDlc-zlq86MrbGieEO7bqNVIiNNJyXE-22tnUeW6F-Of-ooqc


Are the California Wildfires Really God's Judgment?
The wildfires in California are some of the deadliest we have seen in history. But even in the midst of the the turmoil, heartache and extreme loss God is moving. In one video where a father sings, "Baby, it'll be all right," many viewers have been reminded of the authority of our Heavenly Father and the peace and calm His voice brings to us.
Joni Eareckson Tada and Kirk Cameron have been among over 250,000 people fleeing their homes due to the fires. Evangelical pastor Greg Laurie and many others are asking the Body of Christ to pray for first responders and everyone being affected by these fires. Chances are there will be self-proclaimed prophets of doom and gloom declaring these wildfires are the judgment of God. Their articles may even go viral and are read without a Biblical discernment every time that a fire, earthquake, terrorist act, hurricane and other tragedies occur.
Before jumping on the bandwagon of judgment and wrath, ask yourself this question: Would a loving Father really want to hurt His kids?
Christians and nonbelievers alike are affected. And God loves all of them, wanting everyone to repent and personally know Him (2 Peter 3:9). And both groups need lavish love and support poured out upon them during these difficult days.
When Christians are saying calamities and disasters are God's wrath, they are canceling out His love and reverting to the Old Testament Covenant. They are upholding the Law, nullifying the power of the Cross. Suffering, sickness, pain, wildfires and other natural or man-made disasters are not indications of sin.
Since the death and resurrection of the Lord Jesus Christ, we are under the New Covenant (Hebrews 8:14). The covenant of grace. In Christ we have a Heavenly reward to look forward to. Outside of Christ, there will be a future judgment (Revelation 20:11-15).
No, this is not God's judgment upon California. But you can be part of supporting and sharing God's love to them.
COMMUNE with God for everyone affected.
GIVE generously to help people affected by these wildfires. CLICK HERE TO FIND 14 ORGANIZATIONS BRINGING RELIEF AID.


The YMCA of Greater Cincinnati is a nonprofit operating 14 fitness centers throughout Greater Cincinnati. The organization needed to generate membership within two seasonal windows: January-March and June-August. Membership is critical for this nonprofit – if they don't reach their budget, they cannot fulfill their mission for the year.
2060 Digital performed both a geographic analysis mapping a 10-mile radius around the locations and a demographic analysis which differed by location. We based our analysis on identifying education, age, and household income within the radius to acquire the Total Attainable Market for the campaign. 2060 Digital then added behaviors and intent that related to people interested in fitness and developed a plan that included search engine optimization (SEO), pay-per-click (PPC), display advertising, video, YouTube, and social media.
This complete online marketing solution allowed the nonprofit to reach their target audience at every decision phase within their path to purchase during two three-month campaigns, with SEO and PPC running all 12 months. 2060 designed all creative, including videos, and managed every phase of the campaigns from launch to reporting.
The 2016 membership campaigns were 5% over goal, and 18% over the 2015 enrollment. The client renewed for all services with a larger focus for 2017.


Epson Perfection V33 Driver Download - The scanner itself isn't really as small and also agile as a few other Canon scanning devices I've viewed. It is actually about as solid as 2/3 of a typical 500 A4 paper pile, and as vast as a 20" monitor. Or, 28 x 43 x 4 centimeters (W D H). It has roughly the same footprint as my dependable Canon ip4200 printer. Undoubtedly tiny enough to be unnoticeable.
Epson Perfection V33 Driver Download - It has a hinged cover that can easily open to 180 degrees to promote checking books. 4 keys which I only make use of the on/off, a USB cable and also power adapter. Could scan an area somewhat higher a A4 piece.
I've no concept. It is actually great sufficient. No definitely, I'm utilizing this usually for workplace papers and so on. If you wish to browse film downsides appear at one thing at 3x the rate. Look here for genuine scans.
Epson Perfection V33 Driver Download - This thing is fast. That features an LED light which has literally no opportunity to heat up. I may only switch that on and possess a browse within a handful of few seconds, which is actually incredible. My previous HP scanner would certainly take control of a min (maybe more) in order to get prepared to also reveal a sneak peek.
Epson Perfection V33 Driver Download - Here we provide a free Epson Perfection V33 Driver for Windows 7, Win XP, Win 8, 8.1, Win 7 (32 bit and 64 bit) and Mac OS X.


text:
Another issue for the Falcons: Should they draft a QB?
Atlanta Falcons quarterback Matt Ryan throws a pass during the first half against the Kansas City Chiefs, Sunday, Dec. 27, 2020, in Kansas City, Mo. (Jeff Roberson/AP)
Mark Bradley Blog | Jan 11, 2021
By Mark Bradley, Atlanta Journal-Constitution
The Falcons are in the process of hiring a new coach, unless they opt to re-up Raheem Morris, in which case they'd be re-hiring the same coach. They're also seeking a general manager, and they're not sure which will come first: GM or coach, chicken or egg? These are Issues 1 and 1A in Flowery Branch, and it seems a bit presumptuous to broach Issue 2, which won't come to a boil until April 29, in the chill of January. Then again, is it ever too soon to talk about drafting a quarterback?
That's the first question the new coach/GM will have to address. The Falcons hold the No. 4 in the 2021 draft. It's their highest pick since 2008, when they drafted Matt Ryan third overall. Ryan has started every game save three over the intervening 13 seasons, making him the definition of a franchise quarterback. He's also coming off one of his lesser seasons. (Though not in volume: He led the NFL in pass attempts and completions.) He'll turn 36 in May.
Given that the Falcons' backup quarterback just retired at age 39 — Matt Schaub has the distinction of being the understudy for Michael Vick and Ryan — a need exists, but nobody spends the No. 4 pick on someone ticketed as a career No. 2. You can find those on the waiver wire. The only way you'd take a quarterback in Round 1 is you believe he'll someday be your No. 1, and herein lies the rub.
The Falcons just went 4-12. They haven't made the playoffs since 2017. They have a franchise quarterback, but lately that hasn't availed them much. He's under contract through 2023. His cap number in 2021 is more than twice what it was this past season — from $18.9 million to $40.9 million. Yikes.
If you listened to Arthur Blank and Rich McKay last week, you know that those two believe the Falcons aren't far from being a winning team. A new coach/GM might see it differently, although that poses the cosmic question: Would McKay/Blank hire a coach/GM who doesn't share their happy-days-are-almost-here-again vision? ("Here's my master plan: We trade away everybody who's any good and go 3-13 the next four years. Where do I sign?")
When you've gone 7-9, 7-9 and 4-12, you cannot pretend yours is still an upper-crust roster. You need help. You might grab an offensive tackle (Penei Sewell of Oregon) at No. 4. You might take another receiver (Ja'Marr Chase, formerly of LSU). You might take yet another Alabama receiver (Heisman holder DeVonta Smith). But your first decision must be: Quarterback or not?
Trevor Lawrence will go No. 1 to Jacksonville. There's growing belief he'll be playing for Urban Meyer, always a Georgia fan favorite. It's possible Justin Fields of Harrison/UGA/Ohio State will be available at No. 4. If not, Zach Wilson of BYU should be.
Here, though, we get into numbers. For the Falcons to draft a quarterback that high would mean devoting even more millions to a position into which you're on the hook for $40 mil next season. (Owing to his cap hit, Ryan is all but un-tradeable.) Only one quarterback can play at a time, unless one of them is Taysom Hill. The unyielding nature of the salary cap means every dollar spent somewhere is a dollar that can't be spent elsewhere. There was no such issue when the Falcons took Ryan. Their franchise quarterback was no longer on salary; he was in prison. They hoped and prayed Ryan was their guy not just for 2008 but for the next decade. Sure enough, he was.
The Falcons chose QB Matt Ryan at No. 3 overall, making him the highest pick by Atlanta since Michael Vick was taken at No. 1 in the 2001 NFL draft. (AP)
It's hard, though, to believe that Ryan will ever be quite as good as he was at his lofty peak. Someday soon, the Falcons will have to find a replacement. They might never have a better chance than in this draft. But Blank/McKay said they hoped to win next year and every year, and it's unlikely that any rookie quarterback in 2021 will be an immediate improvement over Ryan. So now you're juggling timetables — short-term against the longer haul, aging bird in the hand against a youthful one flying free. Remember, even Vick — for whom Dan Reeves traded up to take No. 1 overall — served an apprenticeship behind Chris Chandler.
To get good and stay good, an NFL team must have a reliable quarterback. Ryan has been — and could remain, at least for another year or two — reliable. But here's how many winning seasons Ryan had in his first five pro years: five. Here's how many he has had in the past eight: two. We can argue as to whether the Falcons have done enough to support him; we cannot dispute that his career arc has, since the Super Bowl, tracked a downward path. In three of the past four seasons, his passing rating and yards-per-pass number have lagged his career averages.
The day is coming when the Falcons must plot a future without him. It would be hard to pass on a Fields or a Wilson, especially when the folks doing the picking are apt to have no connection with Ryan. (Retaining Morris would be an exception.) There are many examples of great quarterbacks being found outside Round 1 — Kurt Warner was undrafted; Tom Brady was taken 199th in 2000 — but a check of Falcons history is instructive.
Their first franchise quarterback was Steve Bartkowski, the No. 1 overall pick in 1975. Their most recent two went No. 1 and No. 3, respectively. There's a reason the NFL swears by the draft. There's a reason the Falcons need to find their quarterback of the future before Matt Ryan becomes yesterday's man.
Mark Bradley
Mark Bradley is a sports columnist and blogger for The Atlanta Journal-Constitution. He has been with the AJC since 1984.


text:
package com.nilhcem.fakesmtp.core.exception;

import java.net.UnknownHostException;

/**
 * Thrown if the host name is invalid while trying to start the server.
 * <p>
 * This is a wrapper for UnknownHostException
 * </p>
 *
 * @author Vest
 * @since 2.1
 */
public class InvalidHostException extends Exception {

	private static final long serialVersionUID = -8263018939961075449L;
	private final String host;

	public InvalidHostException(UnknownHostException e, String host) {
		setStackTrace(e.getStackTrace());
		this.host = host;
	}

	public String getHost() {
		return host;
	}
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
package vn.getgreen.view;

import java.text.SimpleDateFormat;
import java.util.Calendar;
import java.util.Date;

import vn.getgreen.R;
import vn.getgreen.common.DateUtils;
import android.content.Context;
import android.util.AttributeSet;
import android.widget.TextView;

public class GTextView extends TextView {

	public GTextView(Context context, AttributeSet attrs, int defStyle) {
		super(context, attrs, defStyle);
		// TODO Auto-generated constructor stub
	}

	public GTextView(Context context, AttributeSet attrs) {
		super(context, attrs);
		// TODO Auto-generated constructor stub
	}

	public GTextView(Context context) {
		super(context);
		// TODO Auto-generated constructor stub
	}

	public void setTime(long time)
	{
		Date date = new Date((long)time*1000);
		if(DateUtils.isToday(date))
		{
			SimpleDateFormat sdf = new SimpleDateFormat("hh:mma");
			setText(sdf.format(date));
			return;
		}
		SimpleDateFormat sdf = new SimpleDateFormat("MMM dd hh:mma");
		setText(sdf.format(date));

	}
	public void setSince(long time)
	{
		Date date = new Date((long)time*1000);
		SimpleDateFormat sdf = new SimpleDateFormat("yyyy MMM dd");
		setText(sdf.format(date));
	}

	public void setBirtDay(int year, int month, int day, String format)
	{
		Calendar calendar = Calendar.getInstance();
		String birth = day +"/"+ month +"/"+ year +" ("+ format + (calendar.get(Calendar.YEAR)-year)+")";
		setText(birth);
	}
}


My holy grail of old gardening books.
A plain cover with a simple drawing of some little spring flowering bulbs.
Inside, the title page shows that it is The Little Bulbs by Elizabeth Lawrence.
Elizabeth Lawrence signed it on November 1, 1966, with best wishes.
A signed, first edition book by Elizabeth Lawrence. This has been my holy grail of old gardening books that I've been seeking since discovering the charm of old gardening books.
What a wonderful book to have. I love books and especially old garden books.
Congratulations on the special addition to your library!
I would be jumping up and down in excitement! Congrats on finding the book.
I have a small collection of original Dig for Victory books. One of them, Make Your Garden Feed you, hasa wonderful illustration on the front, of a woman clad in Land Girl dungarees with her hair wrapped in a scarf - sort of Rosie the Rivetter in the garden. The reissue went with the slip cover design - far less charming.
Slam dunk for a winning book.
Wow Carol that is the holy grail and what a great book. I have heard about this book...for me it would be the trifecta as it was first published in my birth year...love it.
Very cool! Especially neat that it is signed by the author!
Wow, very nice!! What a great find!
Lucky you! Still, having any edition of Elizabeth Lawrence's book is good fortune.