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Tag Archives: Judge Bonnie Sudderth
2008 – The Tragic Mother and Child Reunion
The plaintiff's attorney began the Original Petition for his client with this succinct statement: "This is a case of great sadness, high emotion and the need for precise and immediate action by the Court."
On July 4, 2008, a 13 year-old girl drowned while swimming at a local lake. At the time of her death, the young girl was visiting her father in the Fort Worth area. A citizen of England, the girl was in the U.S. illegally at the time of her death because both her passport and her 90-day visitor's visa had expired during her visit, which had extended for more than a year past the legally permissible period of time.
Pursuant to the terms of her divorce decree, the mother, a citizen of Ghana and resident of Great Britain, had sole custody and legal authority over her daughter. Though the daughter had not returned to her custody as planned, the mother had not initiated legal proceedings for her return to Great Britain because she had been advised by the International Child Abduction & Contact Unit in England that the filing proceedings might result in the father fleeing with the girl.
The girl's father was a citizen of Great Britain, but a resident of the U.S. All other close relatives of the young girl lived in Great Britain, including a brother and both sets of her grandparents.
Upon her death, the Tarrant County Medical Examiner took possession of her body and a question immediately arose as to whom the girl's remains should be released. Due to the factual uniqueness and legal uncertainty surrounding the circumstances, the Medical Examiner took the position that he would not release the girl's body to either parent without a court order directing him to do so.
The case was initially filed by the child's mother as an Application for Temporary Restraining Order, a request for an order restraining the Medical Examiner from releasing the child's remains to any person than the mother (or her designated agent) for transportation to England for final interment. Texas Health and Safety Code, Section 711.002(k) governed the proceeding, which provided:
Any dispute among any of the persons listed in Subsection (a) concerning their right to control the disposition, including cremation, of a decedent's remains shall be resolved by a court of competent jurisdiction. A cemetery organization or funeral establishment shall not be liable for refusing to accept the decedent's remains, or to inter or otherwise dispose of the decedent's remains, until it receives a court order or other suitable confirmation that the dispute has been resolved or settled.
For two days, this case consumed the time and efforts of all parties involved, including the lawyers, the Tarrant County District Attorney's Office civil division, Judge Bonnie Sudderth and staff of the 352nd District Court, working diligently to expedite a final resolution of the sad ordeal. The initial lawsuit was filed on July 9, 2008 at 1:28 pm. By the end of the next day, on July 10, 2008, all parties had been served and appeared in court, a hearing was conducted and Judge Sudderth had signed a Final Judgment directing that Medical Examiner deliver the bodily remains of the young girl to the mother's representatives for the purpose of immediate transport back to Great Britain. In her final order, Judge Bonnie Sudderth wrote:
It is the intent of this Order and Judgment that (her) bodily remains… be transmitted for interment in the United Kingdom as soon as possible and with no unnecessary delay.
The case was almost as ephemeral as the life of the young girl herself – lasting little over 24 hours from beginning to end.
Tagged as 352nd District Court, death, Judge Bonnie Sudderth, Judge Sudderth, Tarrant County Medical Examiner
2011 – Death and Taxes … and Chickens
The sole issue in this case was at what point in the life of a chicken does the chicken lose its tax-exempt status as poultry?
When this lawsuit was filed in 2011, Pilgrim's Pride was the second-largest chicken producer in the world. A vertically-integrated company, Pilgrim's Pride controlled every phase of the production of its poultry – from egg, to hatchling, to chicken, to drumstick, to chicken salad. As such, Pilgrim's Pride owned and operated feed mills, hatcheries, processing plants and distribution centers in 14 U.S. states, Puerto Rico and Mexico.
Following the denial of a tax protest regarding the valuation of the contents of a cold storage warehouse located in Tarrant County, Texas, Pilgrim's Pride filed suit in the 352nd District Court seeking a de novo review[1]. Housed inside the warehouse in question was boxed, frozen chicken meat (also described as "chicken flesh," "dead chicken, without giblets" and "breaded, baked, par-fried chicken") on which the Tarrant Appraisal District had levied an ad valorem tax.
Texas Tax Code Section 11.16, the enabling legislation for Article VIII, Section 16 of the Texas Constitution, exempts from ad valorem taxation "farm products, livestock and poultry" held by "producers" while the producer is "financially providing for the physical requirements of such livestock and poultry." Pilgrim's Pride relied on these provisions to claim tax exempt status for the contents of the warehouse.
In summary judgment motions presented to Judge Bonnie Sudderth in which both sides agreed that there was no material fact in dispute, the parties – Pilgrim's Pride and the Tarrant County Appraisal District – submitted the case for a legal determination by Judge Sudderth. Pilgrim's Pride argued that the contents of its cold storage facility warehouse constituted tax-exempt "poultry" the physical requirements of which Pilgrim's Pride, the producer, was financially providing for. As the owner and producer of the poultry, Pilgrim's Pride contended that it was financially responsible for all of their poultry's physical requirements from egg to chicken part storage, and all points in between, until the chicken was sold to a third party. For that reason, Pilgrim's Pride sought a summary judgment ruling that its warehoused chicken would retain its tax-exempt status until it was sold in the market.
Tarrant Appraisal District filed a summary judgment motion as well, taking the position that once the chickens were no longer alive, Pilgrim's Pride became a "processor" rather than a "producer" within the meaning of the Constitution and Statute. The District also argued that frozen chickens would no longer have "physical requirements" requiring financial support, which the statute requires in order to support a tax exemption. The Tarrant Appraisal District sought a summary judgment ruling by Judge Bonnie Sudderth that the chicken stored in Pilgrim's Pride warehouse were properly subject to ad valorem taxation under state law.
Judge Bonnie Sudderth ruled that just as livestock, once slaughtered, would no longer enjoy tax exempt status as "livestock" under the constitutional and statutory provisions, poultry, once slaughtered, would not longer enjoy tax exempt status as "poultry" under these same provisions.
In explaining her ruling, Judge Sudderth pointed to the idiosyncrasy of the English language that changes the name of some farm animals once they are slaughtered. In polite company, one would not purchase steaks or pork chops by asking the butcher for a pound of "livestock" or "pig," whereas, "poultry" and "chicken" are permissible nouns to to describe chicken, whether located in the coop or behind the meat counter. The statute clearly identifies "livestock" as tax exempt, but not "beef" or "pork," so there is no confusion in the law with regard to bovines or swine. Once the cow and the pig are slaughtered, their tax exempt status ends. Judge Sudderth reasoned that even though the English language calls for no name change upon the death of a chicken, it would make no sense for there to be a distinction between dead cows, pigs or poultry when it comes to ad valorem taxation.
Furthermore, Judge Sudderth reasoned, the purpose of the tax-exemption laws would not extend to cold-storage warehousing of meat products. These laws were designed to provide tax exemptions to farmers and ranchers who were tending to the daily needs (such as food, water and veterinary care) of their flocks and herds, not for warehousemen who simply store the frozen meats.
Finally Judge Sudderth agreed with the Tarrant Appraisal District in her opinion that neither the livestock nor the chickens, once slaughtered, would have "physical requirements" necessitating financial support, as required under the tax exemption statute.
In denying Pilgrim's Pride's summary judgment motion, Judge Bonnie Sudderth held that Pilgrim's Pride, who bore the legal burden of clearly establishing that its operations fell within the tax exemption, failed to meet its burden. In granting Tarrant Appraisal District's motion for summary judgment, Judge Sudderth upheld the Tarrant Appraisal District's interpretation of the constitutional and statutory provisions as reasonable and not in conflict with the plain meaning of the statute.
Judge Bonnie Sudderth's ruling was not appealed, leaving undisturbed those two certainties in life – even in the life of a chicken – Death and Taxes.
[1] For a discussion and explanation of the concept of de novo review, go to: http://bonniesudderth.wordpress.com/2011/08/28/when-can-i-get-a-trial-de-novo/
Tagged as 352nd District Court, ad valorem taxes, Bonnie Sudderth, chicken, Judge Bonnie Sudderth, Pilgrim's Pride, ruling, summary judgment, Tarrant Appraisal District, Tarrant County, tax protest, taxes, Texas
1998 – The God Pod
Two former Tarrant County jail inmates and a college professor filed suit in the 352nd District Court against Tarrant County and the Tarrant County Sheriff for operating a particular jail "pod" designated as the CEU (Chaplain's Education Unit). The CEU was established in 1992 for inmates who voluntarily participated in a Christian education and ministry program while incarcerated.
The plaintiffs argued that the creation of this "God Pod" violated the Establishment Clause of the United States Constitution. Tarrant County argued that because no additional taxpayer money, over and above what it ordinarily cost to house jail inmates, was expended by the taxpayers to run the program, and all ministry activities were performed by volunteers, not county employees, providing this opportunity for inmates was constitutionally permissible under the Free Exercise Clause of the U.S. Constitution. The county also pointed out that the participants in the CEU program received no tangible benefits by virtue of participating in the program. In fact, all CEU participants were required to give up some of the privileges that they were otherwise entitled to, such as television time, in order to be included in the program. Finally, the county pointed to the fact that participation in the pod was completely voluntary – no inmates were required to participate – in order to support its contention that the CEU unit was constitutionally permissible.
On motions for summary judgment in which both sides agreed that there were no material facts in dispute in the case, the question of the constitutionality of the CEU was submitted to Judge Bonnie Sudderth for determination. Judge Sudderth ruled that since no taxpayer money or resources were used to operate the program, since enrollment in the program was completely voluntary, and since the "God Pod" inmates actually forfeited, rather than received, tangible benefits in order to participate, that the jail's "God Pod" did not constitute government establishment of a religion in violation of the First Amendment.
Two years later, the Texas Supreme Court overruled Judge Bonnie Sudderth's decision, holding that since the CEU endorsed one particular religious view to the exclusion of others, Tarrant County conveyed the impermissible message of official preference for one specific religion. In so ruling, the Supreme Court held that the voluntary nature of the program was irrelevant. The fact that inmates were willing to submit to the instruction, the Supreme Court reasoned, did not diminish the fact that one religious belief was promoted over other religious teachings within the pod. This "official endorsement of the substance of the religious instruction offered in the CEU," the Court wrote, went "beyond what the First Amendment can tolerate." Tarrant County's message of preferring one specific religion over another, the Supreme Court held, violated the Establishment Clause of the U.S. Constitution.
Shortly after the ruling, the "God Pod" was dismantled.
Tagged as 352nd District Court, Bonnie Sudderth, constitution, Establishment Clause, First Amendment, Free Exercise, God Pod, Judge Bonnie Sudderth, Judge Sudderth, Tarrant County, Texas, U.S. Constitution
2001 – Taxpayer Protest of Arlington Street Maintenance Fee
In 2000, the City Council of the City of Arlington, Texas adopted an ordinance that established a street maintenance fee which was assessed in city water bills. This fee was later amended and then finally repealed in 2003.
During that time, on May 15, 2001, an Arlington taxpayer filed a lawsuit in the 352nd District Court of Tarrant County, Texas against the City of Arlington, arguing that the fee constituted an illegal tax. Other Constitutional challenges were also raised, including allegations that the street maintenance fee violated equal protection and due process rights, was void for vagueness, and provided no mechanism for redress of unlawful collection of the tax. In addition, the taxpayer asserted that the City had violated the Texas Debt Collection Act, and he brought a civil rights action under 42 U.S.C. § 1983.
The City of Arlington claimed general authority to assess fees of this nature by ordinance, rather than charter amendment, but the taxpayer argued that it was a tax which was not permitted under the city charter without approval of the voters. Judge Bonnie Sudderth ultimately issued a summary judgment ruling that the City of Arlington exceeded its authority by taxing the citizens without their consent in violation of the city charter.
While the case was pending, the taxpayer also sought an injunction to prohibit the City from collecting the street maintenance fee and to require the City to refund the full amount of street maintenance fees collected. The lawsuit was brought by the taxpayer on his own behalf as an individual and resident of Arlingtonas well as on behalf of the proposed class of persons – all taxpayers from the City ofArlington- who had been billed for the street maintenance fee.
In response, the City asserted a plea to the jurisdiction, arguing that the trial court did not have jurisdiction due to the plaintiff's lack of standing to sue because his claim did not meet the $500 amount-in-controversy requirement. The City also claimed immunity from suit. Judge Bonnie Sudderth denied the City's plea to the jurisdiction and granted a motion for partial summary judgment declaring the maintenance fee an unlawful tax imposed without consent required of the citizens, but denied the injunctive relief sought.
After so ruling, Judge Sudderth expressed concern to the parties that due to the unique nature of the case and the fact that because there was little guidance in the law on the correct application of the law to the facts of the case, the parties could potentially expend considerable costs of litigation which might be unnecessary if the appellate court disagreed with her interim rulings. Because of this, Judge Sudderth suggested that the parties agree to request a written order for interlocutory appeal to the Second Court of Appeals.
This agreed interlocutory appeal mechanism was a new creature of statute (Texas Civil Practices & Remedies Code, Section 51.014[d]), having at that time recently been enacted by the Texas Legislature. The new law provided that parties in litigation may agree to appeal an otherwise non-appealable interlocutory ruling if: (1) the ruling involves a controlling question of law as to which there is a substantial ground for difference of opinion, (2) an immediate appeal from the order may materially advance the ultimate termination of the litigation; and (3) the parties agree to the order.
Without such agreement, the interlocutory summary judgment ruling would not have been appealable at that time, and the parties would have been required to wait until the entire case, including the class action certification issues, were concluded before testing Judge Sudderth's ruling on appeal. The parties agreed to go forward with an immediate agreed appeal, as suggested by Judge Sudderth, which the Second Court of Appeals accepted. (This was the first agreed appeal that the Second Court of Appeals ever accepted under the new law.)
As a result of that agreed interlocutory appeal, Judge Sudderth's ruling was reversed – not because her ruling was erroneous regarding the illegality of the tax – but on the ground that the taxpayer lacked "standing" to complain about it because the taxpayer failed to show a "particularized injury distinct from that suffered by the general public."
In the interim, the City of Arlington held an election on the issue and the tax was ultimately approved by the voters.
Tagged as 352nd District Court, appeal, City of Arlington, fee, Judge Bonnie Sudderth, lawsuit, ruling, standing, summary judgment, Tarrant County, tax, taxpayer, Texas
2002 – Reviving the Cullen Davis Case
In August of 1976, a lone gunman dressed in black entered the mansion owned by millionaire oilman T. Cullen Davis and shot four people, including Davis' estranged wife Priscilla, who had legal possession of the home at the time, according to the terms of their pending divorce proceedings. Two people survived the shootings, but Priscilla' daughter, Andrea Willborn, and her boyfriend, Stan Farr, did not.
Cullen Davis, who was then said to be worth approximately $400 million, was indicted for the murders. The next year, after a change of venue moved the case to Amarillo, Texas, Davis, at the time reported to be the "the richest man to stand trial on murder charges," was acquitted of murder in one of the most notorious and globally-televised events of the decade. (Davis was also later acquitted of murder-for-hire charges in a separate case where it was alleged that he attempted to arrange for the presiding judge of his divorce action to meet an untimely and violent death as well.)
Davis was never tried in Farr's death, but in 1990, he agreed to settle the wrongful death civil action which had been filed on behalf of Farr's two teenage children. In the settlement agreement, Davis agreed to pay the children $250,000. The agreed judgment based on the settlement was entered on February 15, 1990, but the settlement was amended three years later to include a provision requiring Davis to pay the balance of the judgment by 1997. The judgment was never paid.
On September 27, 2002, the children, who were by this time adults, filed a suit to recover the debt in the 352nd District Court, Judge Bonnie Sudderth presiding. Davis responded by claiming that the statute of limitations barred the children's claims against him – that he no longer legally owed the judgment because the children had waited too long to collect it.
Davis argued that the original judgment had become "dormant" on February 14, 2000 (ten years after the original judgment was signed) because the children had not sought a writ of execution of the judgment during the 10-year period of time. Texas law provides that judgments become dormant after 10 years if no writ of execution is issued.
However, Texas law also provides that a dormant judgment may be "revived" by filing a lawsuit on the debt if not brought later than the second anniversary of the date the judgment becomes dormant. The problem, Davis pointed out, was that the children waited two years and seven months to bring the debt action, and, therefore, he contended, the debt was no longer owed.
The Farr children sought summary judgment, asking Judge Sudderth to rule that their claims were not time-barred, since they were both minors at the time the settlement was entered into. Texas law stops the clock on limitations during a child's minority years, if they are under the age of 18 at the time a cause of action accrues.
Judge Bonnie Sudderth agreed with the Farr children that their claims against Davis were not time-barred. The effect of Judge Sudderth's ruling affirmed that Davis still owed the Farr children $125,000 each, plus interest as provided by law.
Tagged as 352nd District Court, Cullen Davis, dormant, Judge Bonnie Sudderth, judgment, murder, ruling, settlement, Stan Farr, statute of limitations, wrongful death
2011 – Superbowl XLV
Ten days before the Green Bay Packers and the Pittsburg Steelers went head-to-head in the most-watched epic sports event of the year – Super Bowl XLV – the two teams joined forces as co-plaintiffs in a lawsuit filed in the 352nd District Court of Tarrant County, Texas. What could have caused these rivals who were on the verge of battle for nothing less than the World Championship title to unite together less than two weeks before the contest began?
The Green Bay and Pittsburg teams, as well as the NFL, which was also a named plaintiff, filed suit to protect their trademarks from illegal counterfeitors who would be arriving in town within a few days to capitalize on the big event. The defendants, unnamed "Does 1 through 100," were described as large-scale professional producers of counterfeit merchandise and the mobile middlemen and street vendors who sell their counterfeit products. According to the plaintiffs' pleadings, each year dealers in counterfeit merchandise "descend on the city hosting the Super Bowl game" a few days before game-day, sell their counterfeit products on a cash-only basis and then "disappear without detection." These counterfeiters often use fictitious names, addresses and sham business in order to perpetuate their fraud.
Superbowl XLV was hosted by the City of Arlington in Cowboy Stadium on February 6, 2011. To combat the anticipated illegal activity, on January 26, 2011 (as had been done each year for the preceding 23 years), the teams sought and obtained seizure orders from Judge Bonnie Suderth, who empowered NFL security representatives to search for, seize and impound any counterfeit merchandise that they found or discovered on the streets during the week prior to the Super Bowl game. Judge Sudderth's order provided that any seized merchandise would be secured to be used as evidence at trial and thereafter disposed of by destroying the merchandise or donating it to a charity. Only with these powers conferred upon their representatives could the NFL and the teams prevent the merchandise from being sold, Judge Sudderth ruled.
In conjuction with the seizure order, the NFL and teams also sought and received a temporary restraining order enjoining the counterfeit merchandisers from using or selling any products with their trademarks or logos, or any imitations which were confusingly similar to their protected marks or logos. By terms of the order, violations would be punishable by contempt, which could include fines, imprisonment, or both.
While the primary thrust of the lawsuit was to obtain the power necessary to combat the counterfeit activity in advance of its occurrance, the NFL and teams also sought damages against the unnamed defendants for statutory trademark infringement, common law trademark infringement, statutory trademark dilution, unfair competition, misappropriation and conversion of merchandise, and unjust enrichment.
In the days leading up to the event, several vendors were served with the lawsuit and their merchandize seized at the point of sale which accomplished the primary purpose of the lawsuit. The lawsuit was not so much about recovering damages after the fact, but to prevent the damage from occurring in the first place. Consequently, several months after the dust settled, after the Packers had emerged victorious and received the attendant spoils of trophies, rings and tickertape parades, the parties settled their differences and the case was dismissed.
Now that the regular season's about to begin, and if the odds-makers are to be believed, sometime in January, 2012, if you look closely, you just might catch a glimpse of the Packers and the Patriots quietly walking hand-in-hand up the steps into a courthouse somewhere in Indianapolis… As for me, I'll root for the home team. Go Cowboys! — Bonnie Sudderth, Judge of the 352nd District Court of Tarrant County, Texas.
Tagged as 352nd District Court, Bonnie Sudderth, counterfeit, damages, Judge Bonnie Sudderth, Judge Sudderth, merchandise, Packers, Steelers, Superbowl, Tarrant County, temporary injunction, Texas, trademark
2009 – Taking the Big Fight to Court
On May 28, 2005, the Championship boxing match between Julio Cesar Chavez and Ivan Robinson was aired as a closed-circuit "pay per view" event, available only to those who had purchased authorization to access and broadcast it. Special licensing requirements were imposed on commercial establishments who planned to publicize and broadcast the event in their theaters, arenas, bars, clubs and restaurants. Steps were also taken to prevent unauthorized use by those who didn't purchase a license or obtain permission to access the event. The transmission of the event was electronically coded, or "scrambled", requiring decoding with electronic decoding equipment in order for the signal to be clearly received and telecasted.
On the evening of the match, a Tarrant County business known as "Playmates" broadcast the boxing match to its patrons without obtaining a license to do so, violating federal cable piracy laws. Although J&J Sports Productions, the broadcast licensee of the Chavez/Robinson match, discovered this violation fairly quickly thereafter, they waited three and a half years to file a lawsuit.
On December 30, 2008, the lawsuit was filed in the 352nd District Court of Tarrant County. In the lawsuit, J&J sought damages of approximately $200,000, plus attorney's fees. They also sought a permanent injunction to prevent any further exhibition of unauthorized or unlicensed broadcasts by Playmates.
Approximately a year after the suit was filed, Playmates filed a motion for summary judgment, arguing that J&J had waited too long to bring their action and that the lawsuit was barred by the statute of limitations. The crux of the summary judgment dispute that presented itself to Judge Bonnie Sudderth was whether the federal 4-year statute of limitations would apply to the case, or whether the 2-year Texas statute of limitations would apply.
Judge Sudderth ruled that Texas' 2-year statute of limitations applied to the dispute. In her ruling, Judge Sudderth explained that by choosing to file the lawsuit in state court, rather than federal court, J&J removed the binding effect of U.S. Fifth Circuit precedent, and, therefore, state law should apply. Therefore, even though Playmates had violated federal cable piracy laws, J&J waited too long to complain about it, and the lawsuit was dismissed.
Judge Sudderth's decision was affirmed on appeal on September 23, 2010.
Tagged as appeal, Bonnie Sudderth, boxing, broadcast, damages, Ivan Robinson, Judge Bonnie Sudderth, Judge Sudderth, Julio Cesar Chavez, lawsuit, license, permanent injunction, piracy, statute of limitations, Texas


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Investing Advice And InformationExchange Traded Funds (ETFs)Featuring Another Giant S&P 500 Fund
Featuring Another Giant S&P 500 Fund
Last week, I tackled the biggest exchange-traded fund (ETF) on the market, SPY. Today's ETF Talk will examine another ETF that tracks the S&P 500. Unlike SPY, this week's fund is run by BlackRock's iShares. This fund has a much smaller amount of assets under management than SPY does, but it is nonetheless the second-largest ETF in existence. The world's second-biggest ETF is iShares Core S&P 500 ETF (IVV).
IVV's 2014 gain of 11.43% closely matched the returns of the S&P, the U.S. domestic large-cap index that IVV seeks to match. Holding nearly $70 billion in assets is no small feat, much as it pales in comparison to SPY's gargantuan market share. Just like SPY, IVV's holdings match those of the S&P 500 index, though IVV differentiates itself from similar ETFs with its low expense ratio of 0.07%.
The S&P 500 has had a bumpy start this year. But if markets return to form, IVV will reap the benefits. This ETF provides a dividend yield of 1.83%.
IVV invests 17.38% of its assets in its largest 10 positions, all of which are big, recognizable names. These giant public companies include Apple Inc. (AAPL), 3.60%; Exxon Mobil Corporation (XOM), 2.13%; Microsoft Corp. (MSFT), 2.12%; Johnson & Johnson (JNJ), 1.63%; and Berkshire Hathaway Class B shares (BRK-B), 1.51%.
If you are looking for a way to get exposure to the broad U.S. domestic large-cap market without breaking the bank, iShares Core S&P 500 ETF (IVV)'s low expense ratio could provide a tempting offer.
In case you missed it, I encourage you to read my e-letter column from last week about the largest ETF in the world. I also invite you to comment in the space provided below.
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画像検索では、画像データベースの類似した画像を検索できます。クエリの語義を表す高次元のベクトルに検索クエリを埋め込み、[ScaNN](https://github.com/google-research/google-research/tree/master/scann) (Scalable Nearest Neighbors) を使用した定義済みのカスタムインデックスで類似検索を実行します。

[画像分類](https://www.tensorflow.org/lite/inference_with_metadata/task_library/image_classifier)とは対照的に、認識可能な項目の数が増えても、モデル全体を再トレーニングする必要がありません。インデックスを再構築するだけで、新しい項目を追加できます。このため、大規模な画像データベース (項目 10 万件以上) でも動作します。

Task Library `ImageSearcher` API を使用して、カスタム画像検索をモバイルアプリにデプロイします。

## ImageSearcher API の主な機能

- 単一の画像を入力として取り、インデックスで埋め込み抽出と最近傍探索を実行します。

- 回転、サイズ変更、色空間変換などの入力画像処理。

- 入力画像の関心領域。

## 前提条件

`ImageSearcher` API を使用する前に、検索する画像のカスタムコーパスに基づいて、インデックスを構築する必要があります。構築するには、[チュートリアル](https://www.tensorflow.org/lite/api_docs/python/tflite_model_maker/searcher)に従い、調整しながら、[Model Maker Searcher API](https://www.tensorflow.org/lite/models/modify/model_maker/text_searcher) を使用します。

次の項目が必要です。

- [mobilenet v3](https://tfhub.dev/google/lite-model/imagenet/mobilenet_v3_small_100_224/feature_vector/5/metadata/1) などの TFLite 画像埋め込みモデル。[TensorFlow Hub の Google Image Modules コレクション](https://tfhub.dev/google/collections/image/1)のトレーニング済み埋め込みモデル (特徴量ベクトルモデル) を参照してください。
- 画像のコーパス

このステップの後、スタンドアロン TFLite 検索モデル (例: `mobilenet_v3_searcher.tflite`) が必要です。このモデルは、インデックスが [TFLite Model Metadata](https://www.tensorflow.org/lite/models/convert/metadata) に関連付けられた、元の画像埋め込みモデルです。

## Java で推論を実行する

### ステップ 1: Gradle の依存関係とその他の設定をインポートする

`.tflite` 検索モデルファイルを、モデルが実行される Android モジュールのアセットディレクトリにコピーします。ファイルを圧縮しないように指定し、TensorFlow Lite ライブラリをモジュールの`build.gradle`ファイルに追加します。

```java
android {
    // Other settings

    // Specify tflite index file should not be compressed for the app apk
    aaptOptions {
        noCompress "tflite"
    }

}

dependencies {
    // Other dependencies

    // Import the Task Vision Library dependency (NNAPI is included)
    implementation 'org.tensorflow:tensorflow-lite-task-vision:0.4.0'
    // Import the GPU delegate plugin Library for GPU inference
    implementation 'org.tensorflow:tensorflow-lite-gpu-delegate-plugin:0.4.0'
}
```

### ステップ 2: モデルを使用する

```java
// Initialization
ImageSearcherOptions options =
    ImageSearcherOptions.builder()
        .setBaseOptions(BaseOptions.builder().useGpu().build())
        .setSearcherOptions(
            SearcherOptions.builder().setL2Normalize(true).build())
        .build();
ImageSearcher imageSearcher =
    ImageSearcher.createFromFileAndOptions(context, modelFile, options);

// Run inference
List<NearestNeighbor> results = imageSearcher.search(image);
```

[ソースコードと javadoc](https://github.com/tensorflow/tflite-support/blob/master/tensorflow_lite_support/java/src/java/org/tensorflow/lite/task/vision/searcher/ImageSearcher.java) を参照し、`ImageSearcher` を構成するその他のオプションについてご覧ください。

## C++ で推論を実行する

```c++
// Initialization
ImageSearcherOptions options;
options.mutable_base_options()->mutable_model_file()->set_file_name(model_path);
options.mutable_embedding_options()->set_l2_normalize(true);
std::unique_ptr<ImageSearcher> image_searcher = ImageSearcher::CreateFromOptions(options).value();

// Create input frame_buffer from your inputs, `image_data` and `image_dimension`.
// See more information here: tensorflow_lite_support/cc/task/vision/utils/frame_buffer_common_utils.h
std::unique_ptr<FrameBuffer> frame_buffer = CreateFromRgbRawBuffer(
      image_data, image_dimension);

// Run inference
const SearchResult result = image_searcher->Search(*frame_buffer).value();
```

`ImageSearcher` を構成するその他のオプションについては、[ソースコード](https://github.com/tensorflow/tflite-support/blob/master/tensorflow_lite_support/cc/task/vision/image_searcher.h)を参照してください。

## Python で推論を実行する

### ステップ 1: TensorFlow Lite Support Pypi パッケージをインストールする

次のコマンドを使用して、TensorFlow Lite Support Pypi パッケージをインストールします。

```sh
pip install tflite-support
```

### ステップ 2: モデルを使用する

```python
from tflite_support.task import vision

# Initialization
image_searcher = vision.ImageSearcher.create_from_file(model_path)

# Run inference
image = vision.TensorImage.create_from_file(image_file)
result = image_searcher.search(image)
```

ImageSearcher を構成するその他のオプションについては、ソースコードを参照してください。

## 結果の例

```
Results:
 Rank#0:
  metadata: burger
  distance: 0.13452
 Rank#1:
  metadata: car
  distance: 1.81935
 Rank#2:
  metadata: bird
  distance: 1.96617
 Rank#3:
  metadata: dog
  distance: 2.05610
 Rank#4:
  metadata: cat
  distance: 2.06347
```

独自のモデルとテストデータを使用して、シンプルな[ImageSearcher 用 CLI デモツール](https://github.com/tensorflow/tflite-support/tree/master/tensorflow_lite_support/examples/task/vision/desktop#imagesearcher)をお試しください。

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


Jul. 18, 2014 6:05 p.m.
MAGNIFICENT MIDWAY – Westerner Days is in full swing with the midway rides running daily until dark and nightly entertainment free with admission. The event runs until Sunday evening.


As the number of people with disabilities increases, so should voter turnout of people with disabilities. There is power in numbers. According to the US Census Bureau, 54 million Americans have a disability. That represents approximately 20%, or, 1 out of every 5 Americans. Think about what a huge impact could be made in regard to Local, State, and Federal government, policies, and services if every one of those 54 million people let their opinions and choices be known through The Power of the Disability Vote! In fact of all the minority groups this is the largest of them all, yet historically voting at a lower rate than the other groups. Access issues are slowly improving as voting officials make the polls more accessible and offer disability awareness training to the judges. People with disabilities have to keep reporting any problems to keep this process going.
Voting empowers you. When you vote, you are making your opinion known, as well as shaping government and policies that may be important to you, your friends, your family, your community, your state, and your country.
Voting impacts what and how issues are addressed. When people with similar interests or concerns organize as a unified community, AND VOTE, public officials are more likely to pay attention and respond. Organized groups of voters are also more likely to have easier and frequent access to their elected officials. Elected officials know who votes. If your community is turning out to vote well above other groups, elected officials will pay more attention, make more appearances, and make more appeals to your issues.
Voters determine who runs for office. Wouldn't it be nice if candidates were people who share similar experiences, backgrounds, and maybe even disabilities as you? People are far more likely to run for public office if they know that there is a high voter turnout among those who share their views. Are there any major issues at stake in your life (healthcare, education, employment, transportation, taxes)? Wouldn't you like to know that your elected public officials personally relate to issues that are important to you?
Voting is a positive civic action and connection to your community, and other people with disabilities. What you think might be good for you, might be of benefit to others as well.
If you as a person with a disability have run into voting access issues, the process is getting more and more accessible and if you do run into difficulties there are people who want to help straighten that out in the county clerks office and if that fails there are voting hotlines listed below. You have a right to vote.
According to the US Census Bureau, 54 million Americans have a disability. That represents approximately 20%, or, 1 out of every 5 Americans. Think about what a huge impact could be made in regard to Local, State, and Federal government, policies, and services if every one of those 54 million people let their opinions and choices be known through The Power of the Disability Vote!
Register to vote at PACE!
Whether you have never registered to vote in Illinois, or you just need to change your address, PACE can help! Please call to schedule an appointment.
Get involved in advocacy efforts and alerts by joining PACE's Legislative Tree!
We pass on to our advocates action alerts and important disability related information. You have the chance to contact your legislators before important votes that impact people who have disabilities are made.
People with disabilities have often experienced access difficulties at the polls and sometimes that inhibits a person from going back to vote again. We can't let that happen. People with disabilities make up the largest minority, yet the voting record is lower than other minorities. Advocates have referred to this phenomenon as the "Sleeping Giant". Can you imagine the power available to people who have disabilities to influence legislation and accessibility if we would all vote? Many county clerks are working to improve the access in their polls. DVDs and videos are available to them to train their election judges in how to access the polling place for people who have disabilities. PACE worked with our local county clerk to make this 7 minute training video/DVD and we have sold it across the country. It is important you let your county clerk know if you are having difficulty and you may want to send them a link to this video. It is a basic right to vote.
To order a copy of the complete video online, please click on the desired option below.
You can also click on the download link, fill out the form and send with a check made payable to PACE, Inc.


text:
Netflix faces lawsuit over charges of misleading shareholders
Health care provider slammed for "unacceptable" data breach
BT names Haruno Yoshida as Preident for operations in Japan
Haruno has 20 years of global sales experience in the communications industry
BT has appointed Haruno Yoshida as president of its operations in Japan, who will drive the strategy and execution of all of BT's business operations in the country.
Prior to joining BT, Haruno was general manager at Verizon Business, where she was the head of its enterprise sales.
Haruno has 20 years of sales experience in the communications industry around the world. At this time, she developed commercial successes with multinational enterprise customers, both in Japan and around the world.
Haruno began her career with Motorola in Japan and then she moved on to a telecommunications company in Canada. From 2000 to 2008, she held a variety of roles at NTT in Japan and in the United States.
She is also seen as a role model for the advancement of women in business in Japan.
BT Asia Pacific president Kevin Taylor said Haruno's accomplishments and global credentials make her one of the best leaders in the industry.
"She has a solid reputation for transformation and delivery. Her relationships and knowledge of the highly competitive Japanese market will serve us well as we continue to strive for excellence in customer service and seizing new business opportunities," said Taylor.
BT Japan president Haruno Yoshida said she is delighted to join a company that is respected in the industry for its rich and diverse heritage and global footprint.
"I am also very proud to join a company that is recognised as a champion for corporate social responsibility and, in particular, for the cause of diversity at the work place, which I have supported throughout my career. I look forward to building on this foundation to making the most of this opportunity," said Yoshida.
Previous ArticleNetflix faces lawsuit over charges of misleading shareholders
Next ArticleHealth care provider slammed for "unacceptable" data breach


Exploring Archimedes Trammel, an ancient tool for drawing ellipses.
Archimedes trammel draws an ellipse if used properly. Turning the trammel upside down gives a curve which is certainly not an ellipse.
Archimedes Trammel has 2 sliders and 1 degree of freedom. This "supertrammel" has 3 sliders and still has 1 degree of freedom. We made one out of wood and enjoyed playing with it. You can play with this electronic reproduction.


text:
The whistleblower, in a 9-page document released Thursday , provides many new details about the phone call in which Trump repeatedly spoke of how much the U.S. had aided Ukraine and encouraged new President Volodymyr Zelenskiy to help investigate political rival Joe Biden and his son.
Accusations of efforts to pressure the leader of a foreign nation to dig for dirt on a potential 2020 Trump rival are now at the heart of a House impeachment inquiry against the president. The whistleblower's official complaint alleges a concerted White House effort to suppress the transcript of the call and describes a shadow campaign of diplomacy by the president's personal lawyer Rudy Giuliani that worried some senior administration officials.
"In the days following the phone call, I learned from multiple U.S. officials that senior White House officials had intervened to 'lock down' all the records of the phone call, especially the official word-for-word transcript of the call that was produced as is customary by the White House situation room," the complaint says.
The previously secret document, with its detail and clear narrative, is likely to accelerate the impeachment process and put more pressure on Trump to rebut its core contentions and on his fellow Republicans to defend him or not. It also provides a road map for Democrats to seek corroborating witnesses and evidence , which will complicate the president's efforts to characterize the findings as those of a lone partisan out to undermine him.
In response, Trump threatened "the person" who he said gave information to the whistleblower as he spoke at a private event in New York with staff from the U.S. mission to the United Nations.
"I want to know who's the person, who's the person who gave the whistleblower the information? Because that's close to a spy," Trump said. "You know what we used to do in the old days when we were smart? Right? The spies and treason, we used to handle it a little differently than we do now."
The remarks were reported by The Los Angeles Times and The New York Times.
On his Twitter account, Trump insisted the entire controversy is political: "The Democrats are trying to destroy the Republican Party and all that it stands for. Stick together, play their game and fight hard Republicans. Our country is at stake." His tweet was in all capital letters.
Under pressure from House Democrats, the White House a day earlier released a rough transcript of the phone call between Trump and the Ukrainian president. In it, Trump prodded Zelenskiy to investigate former Vice President Joe Biden, a potential 2020 election foe, and Biden's son Hunter, who was on the board of a Ukrainian gas company.
But the complaint released Thursday offered a broader picture of what was happening in the White House and the administration at the time. In the aftermath of the call, according to the whistleblower, White House lawyers were concerned "they had witnessed the president abuse his office for personal gain," the complaint says.
The complaint has revived questions about the activities of Giuliani, who it says alarmed government officials by circumventing "national security decision making processes." Giuliani, a Trump loyalist who represented the president in special counsel Robert Mueller's Russia investigation, repeatedly communicated with advisers of Ukraine's president in the days after the phone call.
The House intelligence committee released a redacted version of the whistleblower complaint Thursday ahead of testimony from Joseph Maguire, the acting director of national intelligence. Maguire acknowledged that the complaint alleged serious wrongdoing by the president but said it was not his role to judge whether the allegations were credible or not.
Maguire said he was unfamiliar with any other whistleblower complaint in American history that "touched on such complicated and sensitive issues." He praised the whistleblower as having acted honorably, said he recognized the complaint as immediately sensitive and important and insisted the White House did not direct him to withhold it from Congress.
"I believe that everything in this matter here is totally unprecedented," he said.
In the complaint, the anonymous whistleblower says that he or she was not present for Trump's Ukraine call, multiple White House officials shared consistent details about it.
Those officials told the whistleblower that "this was 'not the first time' under this administration that a presidential transcript was placed into this codeword-level system solely for the purpose of protecting politically sensitive -- rather than national security sensitive -- information," the complaint said.
In this case, the complaint said, the officials told the whistleblower they were "directed" by White House lawyers to remove the electronic transcript from the computer system in which such transcripts are typically stored for coordination, finalization and distribution to Cabinet-level officials.
"This set of actions underscored to me that White House officials understood the gravity of what had transpired in the call," the official complaint said.
"If this was all so innocent," Senate Democratic leader Chuck Schumer of New York said in reaction, "why did so many officials in the White House, in the Justice Department and elsewhere make such large efforts to prevent it from being made public?"
The complaint also says multiple U.S. officials reported that Giuliani traveled to Madrid one week after the call to meet with one of Zelenskiy's advisers, and that the meeting was characterized as a follow-up to the telephone conversation between the two leaders
House Republicans largely steered clear of discussing the substance of the call during Thursday's hearing, spending more time criticizing Democrats than Trump.
One exception was Rep. Mike Turner of Ohio, who said, "Concerning that conversation, I want to say to the president, This is not OK. That conversation is not OK. It's disappointing to the American people."
Late in the day, Maguire went behind closed doors to speak to the Senate intelligence committee.
House Speaker Nancy Pelosi on Tuesday endorsed an impeachment investigation in light of the Ukraine revelations. The president, she said, "betrayed his oath of office, our national security and the integrity" of America's elections.
The unidentified whistleblower submitted the complaint to Michael Atkinson, the U.S. government's intelligence inspector general, in August. Maguire then blocked release of the complaint to Congress, citing issues of presidential privilege and saying the complaint did not deal with an "urgent concern." Atkinson disagreed, but said his hands were tied.
The House and Senate intelligence committees have invited the whistleblower to testify, but it is uncertain whether the person will appear.
Associated Press writers Michael Balsamo, Lisa Mascaro, Laurie Kellman and Alan Fram contributed to this report.
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Full disclosure, this is an article about my friend's car.
Keith Ross and I are friends for a few reasons. We share the same hobbies, building cars and taking pictures of them, and we grew up in the same place and time too. We share the same name, which makes it particularly awkward when yelling across the garage for a tool.
What I admire most about Keith though, is his ability to stay in tune with automotive trends. He wants to know what the next big thing will be, so he keeps a watchful eye on social media to see what the kids are up to these days.
You see, we both grew up in the Arizona minitruck scene before turning to other genres. After going through some minis and imports, he took a break from the scene before deciding to jump back in with something completely different.
When he built his bagged 122 it was pretty ground breaking, and it's safe to say that Keith Ross' Volvo has inspired many more after it.
The first time out, Keith went with a steel wheel setup using 17-inch Dodge Charger spares. He has since lost count of how many private messages he's received inquiring about the setup.
Wanting to break out of the mold he had created, Keith started thinking about how to change up the style of his build. Browsing the American Racing catalog one day, he came up with the idea to order some Salt Flats built to his own specs.
It doesn't hurt that Keith Ross can make beautiful images of his own car – a definite edge when it comes to getting attention from sites like Stanceworks and becoming Insta-famous. I'm sure you've noticed by now that both of these early wheel setups were tucked, something that must have come second nature to a former minitrucker.
Then a few months ago I got a text from Keith saying something along the lines of, 'Dude, I'm so bored with my car. I'm thinking about doing something off the wall.' He wanted to reinvent his Swedish car with a JDM twist. After some conceptual work in Photoshop, it was determined that it wouldn't take more than a wheel change to completely turn the build theme on end.
Next came the daunting search for the perfect classic Japanese wheel. How new could he go? A mesh wheel or spoked? Should he stretch the tires and go for a hellaflush look or let them tuck like before? And how would this all flow with the classic lines of the 122?
At one point we were even discussing Datsun fender mirrors and a duckbill front lip, but in the end Keith decided to go with a more restrained version, which I absolutely agree was the correct route.
I'm sure you'll agree, the wheels completely transform the car from a classic cruiser to something more edgy and current.
Once he had the Work Equip 05s sourced from Japan they were torn down, the centers repainted (in my garage), and then rebarreled to get the exact offset and width for the car. I think Keith's foray into wheel building was equal parts fun and frustration, but he can say he built them himself, which is pretty cool in its own right.
After tons of measuring, double checking, head scratching, camber adjusting and measuring again, Keith finally arrived at the exact size and offset for his Volvo. 16-inch barrels were ordered to form an 8-inch wide wheel with a -5mm offset, then a set of Yokohamas measuring 195/45 were stretched into place.
The real trick here was making the wheels fit both the front, which would camber in, and also the solid rear axle with no camber gain.
While the overall vision of Keith's 122 is well thought out and executed, it's the details that really makes it interesting. Weather-beaten badges were lovingly restored by hand to make for interesting eye candy wherever you look.
One of the first things he did when building the car was to have a coat of slick black paint sprayed over the aging, dull sheetmetal. The checked rubber seal around the original gas cap offers the perfect juxtaposition to remind you that this is still a classic.
Chrome trim visually pops against the gloss black, but when you get to looking you'll see bits of brass mixed in as well.
From the brass Volvo lettering on the hood to a hefty shift knob, it all blends so well. It definitely makes those gold Equips feel at home too.
Inside, Keith had the upholstery redone as part of the initial build. Again, ideas of new seats and gauges to fit the JDM theme were thrown around, but in the end the existing interior was deemed good enough, almost.
The one item that Keith knew he had to have was a Nardi Classic 360mm steering wheel. The stock Volvo wheel was just too '50s looking to fit the new theme, and this one simple change made it all work.
The trunk is just as detailed as the rest of the car. A spare tire is lashed down with a leather strap and the sanitary air management install features a carefully sourced brass air gauge.
There was a time when Keith's Volvo was just dropped an inch, but soon it became two and then three, and before long he started dreaming of a ground-scraping bagged suspension using modern, reliable components. The bags took some work since everything had to be custom fabbed, but there aren't too many Volvo 122s that drag frame either.
The car had sat for a decade when Keith got his hands on it, so a general restoration of the engine was in order. After cleaning things up and polishing anything he could, the little four-banger buzzed to life.
Dual SU carbs were fitted with aftermarket pancake air filters and the little B18 was put into service to haul the 122 around town for shows and cruises.
With the third iteration of this Volvo 122 complete, Keith feels he's finally done with the car. In fact, he's already been kicking around ideas for his next build.
I can't say too much, but you know with this guy it will be something unique and vintage, yet relevant to the current scene at the same time. We'll just have to wait and see what he comes up with next.
This .....is a volvo??? Its.....gorgeous!
Volvo, eh...? Very nice. Thanks Keith!
I forgot this was coming, great lunch time surprise. I love this car, though I do have a soft spot for equips, step lips, and air.
I imagine there are at times Keith squared jokes?
Ice Age I want a Ford Crown Victoria like the one in the movie with a nascar engine now..
That's a lovely looking 122. Those equips look good on anything really. Stance or no, it's just a really clean old Volvo and I can dig that a lot.
Speedhunters, you're done. No car you post from now on will top this.
Really like the creative use of the steelies.
RBJKT Thanks! It was a fun one and the light was oh so nice coming down the street by the train tracks.
Looks amazing! Absolutely love the look!
Ice Age I was expecting a Transformer.
Meehh. Just a touch too far. The black tires blend in with the black paint. From certain angles it looks like it's just sitting on the rims. Needs a bigger motor too. But hey it's still a nice car.
Another name is Volvo Amazon.
The Equips are nice, different look for sure. But IMO those Charger rims suit it perfectly, yes it's whatever the owner wants but to be you just can't beat the black on black.
Yeoch!!!! that's Sick!!!! such a nice build, little nuggets everywhere!
Very sweet car, 122s always look to me like a Rover P5 that's been "done right". Considering my interest in cars solidified during the brick-shaped '80s and early '90s, admitting a Volvo is a sexier option than anything else hurts my brain. But I would go there, oh yes, I would go there.
Love it. Love the car of choice. Love the stance. Love the wheels(all of them), and I'm surprised those Equips are 16's, I've always assumed they'd be 17's as they fit so well on the big body.
Why try and keep up with or follow trends, do as you please, it's your car, why try to please the "kids"?
Keith602 Spaghetti Make you hungry? LOL!
I get what you mean, and I didn't particularly mean "kids" as in 16/17/18 year olds, but more so just how scene people are referred to as scene "kids" and wondering why anyone would feel the need to copy what they're up to, but you explained yourself, and that's cool.
I too am by no means a kid anymore and still like to keep somewhat on trend, but it doesn't dictate what I do to my cars at all. I, like you, enjoy trying different wheels on cars from time to time that you wouldn't ordinarily think would work....and I think you've done well with all your choices!
Great car BTW, look forward to seeing what you do next.
Beautiful build. I love all the wheel variations as well. Well done!
Nearly perfect for me. Just turn the rear bumper upside down to give it a rear diffuser style look.
Love the steelies! Are those centre hub cabs original or custom made?
Have been following this car for a few ear maybe longer now , some top class work and it actually made up my mind about getting one of these but thats easier said than done . but just a great build keith and great coverage keith . cant wait for the next build !
The 122 is in my opinion one of the best looking cars ever build and Keith did an amazing job.
much better on those steelies without the camber on the front.
black and chrome never looked so good!
shiny is alive and well.
takahashitothetop It's there sometimes. We will probably be taking the cars out more this Fall once it cools off. What do you drive?
MC70 The beauty of this project is that it's been immortalized through photos several times with the different setups. Everyone has their favorite version, which is a pretty cool thing!
JustinOdijk Just do it! Thanks for your comments.
@MyLifeAsLouis They are original caps, but modified to bolt to the steel wheel.
RacingPast That's a cool idea! I flipped the bumpers on my Kaiser too, a common '50s kustom trick.
mrmjwilliamsx I think they would look weird with the lower profile tire he has to run. If he could fit big 70 series tires then it would be worth a look.
Ildar Sadykov Not in America though.
Putslicksonit Comment 2.0 pees all over comment 1.0.
Taryn Croucher I knew you would!
LouisYio Ice Age Sorry for the disappointment guys.
DaveT Glad you liked it Dave. Nothing like a good Speedhunters lunch surprise car feature.
KeithCharvonia MC70 You're absoluteIy right. Every setup has it's own thing going for it. Great project and by "hate" I meant dislike.
MC70 KeithCharvonia Of course haha!
is spot on. I must admit I really liked the salt flats too!Great story Keith keep them coming.
This is a super nicely done car!


My Soul soars in God's Eternal Light.
In this vibration is the Divinity of why I exist.
Are sounds of peace, love, and nurturing.
A place to strengthen the human bond.
A love to transcend the heavenly floor.
A nurturing of all existence is God's gift to all adorn.
In silence this place exists.
That brings me deep within his hold.
A place within the spiritual fold.
Than within the love of Thee.


Reinhard Seitz has an axe to grind. Brit Insurance's head of outwards reinsurance - a strapping German who loves tree-felling in his spare time - loathes reinsurers who rescind on contracts when the going gets tough.
Formerly of Swiss Re, Seitz began his career with an apprenticeship at a health insurer in Munich. After completing his degree in economics, banking and finance, Seitz returned to the reinsurance industry and has never looked back.
A 28-year insurance veteran, Seitz says it is challenging to keep up with the rapid changes in the industry, but this is also his main motivation for remaining on the outwards buying side.
"The beauty of the reinsurance buying position in a firm is that you deal with all lines of business," he says.
Q: How would you describe the current pricing situation in the reinsurance market?
A: Following the 11 March Japan earthquake, the market is hardening in almost all lines of business. Mainly in property, but also in other lines. Overall, I see this as a good sign.
Q: How do you decide what to buy and how to structure your reinsurance programmes?
A: We have an overall strategy to use outwards reinsurance to manage risk, reduce volatility, control aggregates and create capital efficiency. Outwards reinsurance is a tool Brit Insurance uses to optimise its risk profile.
Q: What, in particular, is important to your company as part of this process?
A: I would say the most important part is to manage the portfolio to comply with our set risk appetite and within our tolerance. The risk appetite matrix is the most important tool that we use. It forms part of our internal model and is what we use to manage the realistic disaster scenarios to keep within our stated tolerances.
A: We didn't buy more when the market was softening in the past two years. Our buying is not that reliant on pricing. Obviously it must make economic sense, but in principle we have to manage the volatility and get close to the decided risk appetite of the group.
In a harder market, we get more premiums on the inwards side that allow us to spend more on the outwards side than in a softer market. The exposure could be the same in both soft and hard markets and that's what I have to manage.
A: It didn't change. The strategy and philosophy has been more or less unchanged. Obviously we have looked more closely at our counter-party risk exposure and monitored the overall capital situation. But in our case it has been more or less stable over the post-financial crisis period.
A: Solvency II will lead to a further centralisation of buying decisions. Brit Insurance did that two years ago by introducing a central buying position. That is my job, in fact. It is easier to manage your risk appetite matrix if you have central buying, rather than divisional or fragmented buying. Also, I think the buying strategy will revolve around the internal model. For us, that will not mean a dramatic change. We could see changes to how credit risk exposure is treated. It might get slightly more weight.
A: Over the years it has been about 15% of our premium income.
Q: To what extent do you make use of alternative reinsurance structures such as catastrophe bonds?
A: We constantly monitor the market. When our Fremantle bond expired in 2010, we did an in-depth analysis of the market and compared the traditional versus the non-traditional products.
In the end, it is a management decision if the risk that you take on with the non-traditional cover is worth the difference in price. It always depends on where you plan to use your non-traditional cover - in earnings protection or balance sheet protection. That is what drives the decision.
A: Stability, continuity - just old-fashioned values, basically. The ability and willingness to pay. They really should be there when you need them.
A example is that we had a programme in the market with two layers and we had quotes that expired on 11 March (the day of the Japan earthquake). One reinsurer decided to withdraw the quote, while the other stood by his quote and accepted that in a long-term, professional relationship that is how you deal with your partners.
A: Among other factors, it is usually measured by how close we come to our plans. But it is also important to have the best-rated companies on the panel. It is not just quantitative, it is also qualitative.
Q: How did you become involved in buying reinsurance?
A: I came into reinsurance buying due to my position in underwriting. I was always involved in buying. Then, over time, I specialised. As a result of continuing specialisation, your box gets smaller and smaller in terms of lines of business. But the outwards reinsurance job offers so much variety.
Q: Describe your average day.
A: I might have a meeting on motor reinsurance in the morning. Then I may go and see marine brokers or reinsurers for lunch. I may spend time analysing speciality line exposures and deal with property reinsurances in the afternoon. It's very diverse and that is what makes it so interesting.
A: I admire the pioneers of the insurance-linked securities market - the people who introduced that to the reinsurance world. I think they brought a lot of additional capital to the market and also a different way of thinking about risk management.
A: Going into spring and summer, it is golf and gardening. In the winter, it is skiing and tree-felling in Bavaria.


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Le royaume de Videha de l'Inde ancienne était situé au Népal à l'est de la rivière Gandaki et à l'ouest de la rivière Koshi, au nord du Gange et au sud de l'Himalaya. Sa capitale est Mithila. Contemporainement, la région est divisée entre l'état du nord de l'Inde du Bihar et le Népal.

Pendant la période védique tardive (vers -850 à -500), Videha devient un centre culturel et politique dominant de l'Asie du Sud. On pense que les Upanishad, des textes philosophiques qui forment la base théorique de la religion hindoue, ont été produites au centre géographique du brāhmanisme ancien, qui inclut les régions du royaume de Kuru-Panchala et Kosala-Videha.

Raja Janaka (राजा जनक, rājā janaka) est le nom des rois du royaume de Videha. En particulier, le roi Janaka était connu comme roi-philosophe, faisant de sa cour un centre intellectuel pour des sages tels que Yajnavalkya.

Références

Royaume dans le Mahabharata
Royaume dans le Ramayana
Ancien royaume en Inde
Histoire du Népal
Ancien royaume en Asie

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Literary engagement with forests and deforestation is particularly central in Austrian literature.
The German forester Hans Carl von Carlowitz, in his 1713 Silvicultura oeconomica, was the first to discuss forests as resources for wood in the context of sustainability. Carlowitz conceived of a sustainable practice for harvesting forests so that future generations would not be adversely impacted, and so that they would have access to the same resources as the current generation.
Forests later became important subjects in German romantic poetry: not from a perspective that viewed them as a resource, but as locations for mythical concepts about nature, and the role of humans in nature, to be explored. Romantic youths wander through these mythical forests singing romantic songs; others ride on horses or in postal carriages on the newly built and extended road system; others again make their living in the forest and use it as a buffer zone that allows them to practice their eccentric lifestyles.
Authors of romantic fairytales can therefore draw on a rich narrative tradition of forests, which is prevalent in the European fairytale tradition. The Brothers Grimm's collection of fairy tales is but one source in which the woods are full of potential dangers (witches, outlaws, and wild animals make their homes in them) but also in which characters can find refuge and shelter from vicious parents and stepparents.
Drawing of a hunting cabin in the journal Gartenlaube. Joseph Schmittzberger, Jagdhütte im Hochgebirge, 1888.
Accessed via Wikimedia on 7 September 2018. Click here to view source.
In contemporary literature, Austrian writers have focused intensely on narrating forests and have recently even begun to include the topic of deforestation in their work. The forest is thus often framed in the context of its own disappearance.
A prominent Austrian prose writer and painter of the nineteenth century, Adalbert Stifter, created literary figures that knew the old stories about the woods as places of refuge from civilization, or for eccentricities. But his characters also realize that the forests are retreating, and that even the most dense forests can no longer be considered safe havens from encroaching civilization, or places that can provide shelter from danger. The modern forest is more and more prone to human influence, be that from extensive deforestation, or from an ever-expanding tourist infrastructure. Most recently, environmental hazards that trigger the death of the forest and cause environmental depredation have become popular literary topics.
In the novel Die Wand (The Wall) set in the sixties, the postwar Austrian writer Marlen Haushofer situates her female protagonist quite literally behind a mysterious wall. Here, she finds herself alone in a picturesque portion of the Austrian Alps, the only human being around. She has to learn how to manage her allotted portion of the woods sustainably and care for her animals, which becomes a long and tedious process that leads to only partial success. Most importantly, the ending of this experiment remains unresolved.
Nobel Prize laureate Elfriede Jelinek's Austrian forests, however, are severely impacted by human activity, whether by expansive industrial logging or a dense system of tourist trails and roads. Loggers demand their right to work, and to harvest the forest as a resource for human development. Tourists demand access to trail systems for recreational purposes. Ski lifts are built everywhere, and forests give way to downhill ski slopes. Hikers, mountain bikers, and skiers crisscross through the last remaining continuous stretches of woods, and cars are able to fill up their tanks in remote gas stations and rest stops where there used to be nothing but forest.
The exploitative attitude of the loggers towards nature translates directly into their abusive attitudes towards women and family. The society of forest workers in Jelinek's play Der Wald (The Forest) has reached a point where it is simply destructive. Jelinek shapes this situation poetically by using nothing but found language and common phrases about the forest in her collage, a technique that she employs to create the effect of the forest spitting back all these clichés to the readers of the play (and to the audience in the theater).
Literature shapes both the forest and the process of deforestation poetically, by highlighting human attitudes toward nature in this process. Readers and audiences are able to form critical opinions about these issues by weighing the characters' perspectives against one another. Through these comparative techniques, literature contributes to the current discussion about environmental issues by promoting a more reflective and reflexive attitude toward forests and the processes of deforestation, which are accelerating at an alarming rate in our globalized world.
The Austrian nineteenth-century writer Adalbert Stifter's tale on the fate of the pitch burners, later renamed "Limestone" (first published in 1849 as "The Pitch Burners"), eventually became part of the collection of stories entitled Bunte Steine (Colorful stones) in 1853. In the story, a grandfather takes his grandson for a walk through a regional forest, after a tar salesman paints the boy's feet with oil and his mother gets angry with him for leaving oil stains on the floor of their house.
A block of granite. Photograph by Michiel Verbeek.
In front of the house in which my father was born, right next to the front door, there is a large octagonal rock that has the shape of a very long stretched-out die… . One of the younger members of our family that used to sit on this rock was myself during my childhood. I liked to sit on the rock since at least at that time one had a great view of the surroundings. Now it is completely obstructed by buildings.
—Adalbert Stifter, "Granit," (1849), in Bunte Steine (München: Goldmann 1971), online at Projekt Gutenberg.
The Kürnberg Forest near Linz. Photograph by Christian Wirth.
I was looking at the ploughed fields that did not yet have any buildings on them. Sometimes I saw a piece of glass that shimmered like a white igneous spark and that glowed, or I saw a vulture fly by, or I saw the far bluish forest that reached up to the sky with its pointed teeth where the storms and torrential rains come down and that reaches so high into the air that I thought that it was possible to touch the sky when one climbed the tallest tree.
Grazing moorland sheep (Heidschnucke). Photograph by Willow.
On other days I saw sometimes a harvest carriage, sometimes a herd, sometimes a beggar walking on the road that passed close to the house.
The forest becomes a buffer zone between nature and those areas that are increasingly influenced and shaped by humans: mainly agricultural lands, but also human settlements. In the later nineteenth century, forests are increasingly framed through the perspective of loss and retreat.
Typical Central European mixed forest of pine, fur, and beech. Photograph by Nasenbär.
Accessed on 7 September 2018. Click here to view source.
In the grandfather's story, the pitch burners retreated into these "right forests" mainly to escape the growing threat of infection from the plague.
Map of the world's intact forest landscapes. Graphic by Peter Potapov.
Similarly to the characters wandering through the woods singing in romantic poetry, Stifter's grandfather still tries to read the book of nature as a system of allegorical signs, a system that is already showing the first signs of destruction and loss of traditional knowledge. The pitch burners are part of this culture of destruction and loss that no longer relates to the forest sustainably, but that prefigures the modern growing dependence on coal, gas, and oil in an accelerated process of modernization that is driven by the impending Industrial Revolution.
A novel by the postwar Austrian writer Marlen Haushofer—The Wall (1963)—tells the story of a woman who accompanies a couple of friends to a hunting cabin located in a picturesque Alpine valley, near Salzburg. The woman suddenly finds herself trapped behind a mysterious wall, the only human survivor of an inexplicable environmental disaster that must have occurred on the other side of the wall.
With a hunting dog, a cat, and a pregnant cow, the female narrator is stuck in a relatively large but ultimately confined area of Alpine nature, and has to learn how to survive in this context. All the problems that she had in her urban existence are irrelevant as she needs to concentrate completely on surviving.
The challenge is to develop a lifestyle that is sustainable, one that guarantees the survival of her and her animals.
A blooming alpine rose (Rhododendron ferrogineum). Photograph by Muriel Bendel.
At about one o'clock in the afternoon I reached the path through the mountain pines, and sat down on a stone to rest. The forest lay hazily in the midday sun, and the warm scent from the pines floated up to me. Only now could I see that the alpine roses were in bloom.
—Marlen Haushofer, The Wall (1963), trans. Shaun Whiteside, (San Francisco: Cleis, 1990), 50–51.
They stretched in a red ribbon over the scree. It was now much quieter than in the moonlight at night, as if the forest lay paralyzed by sleep beneath the yellow sun. A bird of prey circled high in the blue sky, Lynx slept, his ears twitching, and the great silence descended on me like a bell-jar. I wished I could sit here for ever, in the warmth, in the light; the dog at my feet and the circling bird above.
A Eurasian griffon vulture. Photograph by Luc Viatour.
Accessed via Wikimedia on 7 September 2018. Click here to view source. Photographer's website: https://Lucnix.be.
I had stopped thinking long since, as if my worries and memories no longer had anything to do with me. When I walked on I did so with deep regret, and on the way I slowly changed, becoming the only creature that didn't belong here, a person troubled by chaotic thoughts, cracking branches with her clumsy shoes and engaged in the bloody business of hunting.
Fleeing roe deer. Photograph by Teytaud.
The human being is a disturbing factor in these Alpine woods, and as the text implies, it might be better for the forest if humans stayed away from it permanently. The author seems to suggest in her tale that only when humans are gone can there be true peace: a position not unlike that of some of the more radical strands of modern environmentalist thought.
Marlen Haushofer's novel The Wall (1963) continues with the female narrator's self-reflexive commentary on the difficulties of becoming a human being who lives sustainably in her natural surroundings, when she herself was trained to simply take what she wanted in a modern consumer society that preached comfort and a surplus of resources.
In fact, I enjoy living in the forest now, and I'll find it very difficult to leave it. But I shall come back, if I stay alive over on the other side of the wall. Sometimes I imagine how nice it would have been to bring up my children here in the forest. I think that would have been paradise for me.
Lucas Cranach the Elder, Paradies, 1530. Oil on lime, 81 x 114 cm. Held by Kunsthistorisches Museum, Vienna.
This process of wrestling with a different attitude towards nature, one that is not based on conquest and the extraction of resources, is addressed thematically in the novel. However, it is not presented as a success story. The text simply ends when the protagonist runs out of paper, after four months of writing down her report of life behind the wall. There is no literary description of the forest and her life in it after that point in her adventure.
Today, the twenty-fifth of February, I shall end my report. There isn't a single sheet of paper left. It's now around five o'clock in the evening, and already so light that I can write without the lamp. The crows have risen, and circle screeching over the forest. When they are out of sight I shall go to the clearing and feed the white crow. It will already be waiting for me.
Traces of a crow in snow. Photograph by Ramessos.
In this story, Haushofer radicalizes Stifter's project of giving the forest a greater thematic presence by addressing the topic of sustainability from the forest's perspective. A sustainable relationship between humans and forests, according to the narrative, would be based on a perspective towards human-nature entanglements that emphasizes the essential connection between the two. Humans must refrain from considering themselves as conquerors of the forest who exercise dominion over the plants and animals that grow in it.
An urban forest in Jakarta, Indonesia. Photograph by Yogas Design.
Accessed via PIXNIO on 7 September 2018. Click here to view source.
In Nobel Prize laureate Elfriede Jelinek's 1985 play Der Wald (The forest), the forest itself is no longer present, neither as actor or narrator—as in the work of Stifter and Haushofer—nor as a setting for the play. Jelinek's forest only consists of words and discourse: it is a collage of common phrases describing the Austrian woods. Jelinek's montage technique draws attention to the political and cultural meaning of forests, especially in the context of contemporary Austria and its sustained efforts to destroy the last remnants of forests.
Only three percent of Styria is covered with forests. Wouldn't we go into the forests if we were able to? … We are ordered to form families, blind embryos. Exercise, ok, that is even meant for you, even if you are made out of plastic! Let's go and insult the ground with cross-country skiing!
—Elfriede Jelinek, Der Wald, manuskripte 89/90 (1985): 43–44, esp. 44.
Cross-country skiers near Einsiedel. Photograph by Markus Bernet.
Why not, we are not hurting anyone, we are the cause of destruction ourselves. The forest, even more beautiful than I thought, wow! They capture even your sleep in small-budget video films.
Newly cut road through the northern Bohemian Forest. Photograph by ŠJů.
The forest is that which is beautiful, i.e., sublime gas stations during a modern car ride through the forest, on a highway that leads through it, by the way; a description of the highway is not necessary.
They are lurking behind their ideal bonnet for a "family," that's how they hide themselves these birth defects and wage earners. They better shelter the forest from themselves. But they are covering the company towns and self-built family homes of the timber workers with their toxic veils.
Where the timber workers are dissecting their women into individual components in order to check whether or not improvements can be made by repairs.
Workers' housing complexes in Marienthal near Gramatneusiedl/Niederösterreich. Photograph by Joadl.
Photograph by Joadl. Click here to view source.
The speakers in Jelinek's play are preoccupied with money and social capital, an attitude that has completely replaced any genuine concern for the forests. The only perspective that counts is economic gain and short-term profit. These people have completely sold out to corporate interests and the tourism industry. Sustainable attitudes towards the forests are absent.


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GN39272 Graphic shows top five animated films by box office earnings.
Pixar and Disney dominate animation
June 24, 2019 -- Pixar's Toy Story 4 stormed box office charts, pulling in $118 million in its opening weekend -- the third highest animated film opening ever, after Incredibles 2 and Finding Dory.
Previously, Toy Story 3 was Pixar's first film ever to open over $100 million, going on to earn over $1 billion worldwide.
Finding Dory set a new animated opening record with $135 million in 2016, before Incredibles 2 blew that record away two years later with $182 million and a final global box office of $1.2 billion.
'Toy Story 4' Tops the Weekend Box Office With $118 Million (Box Office Mojo)
With 'Toy Story 4' Out, Every Pixar Movie Box Office Opening Ranked Worst To Best (Forbes)


* Grand prize winner America's Best Communities Competition!
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Northern Trust has a key vacancy to fill following the departure of Andrew Priest, the Senior Vice-President and Head of FX sales – Europe, Middle East and Africa (EMEA) region.
Mr. Priest has parted ways with Northern Trust from its London office where he reported to William Huber, Global Head of FX in Chicago. It is unknown at this juncture who will immediately be replacing him as a candidate has yet to be chosen.
Mr. Priest worked at Northern Trust since 1995, having ascended from the role of EMEA sales trader to his most recent position of Senior VP and Head of FX Sales at Northern Trust.


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West Ham signs new comms chief from UK Sport as club fights to improve image
November 03, 2016 by Robert Smith
West Ham United FC has hired former BBC multimedia sports news editor Paul Cox as head of corporate communications, as the club faces reputational issues including crowd trouble and questions about the deal for its new stadium.
West Ham fans taunt Chelsea supporters at the London Stadium on 26 October (©Shutterstock)
Cox, who is currently head of communications at UK Sport, the agency that funds sport across the UK, replaces Sophie Bradley, who was head of PR and communications at the club until last month. Bradley is now director of PR for sport, fitness and lifestyle at Speed Communications, the UK's 54th largest PR agency.
Cox will work alongside the club's current head of media relations, Max Fitzgerald, handling corporate communications in a role that he is expected to take up early next year. Both will report to Tara Warren, executive director of marketing and communications.
West Ham has repeatedly found itself under the media spotlight recently, with clashes and violence between its fans and Chelsea supporters marring last month's EFL Cup tie between the two clubs.
In the wake of that game, the club's vice-chairman Karren Brady condemned the actions of offending supporters, via a series of tweets.
Fantastic result last night. The team were exceptional & atmosphere electric. Shame that a few marred the occasion. 1/3
— Lady Brady (@karren_brady) 27 October 2016
#WHUFC and London Stadium have today been identifying all of them and we will be issuing banning orders. 2/3
Football doesn't want these people & with over 55,000 supporters on our season ticket waiting list we certainly don't need them at #WHUFC
Following the unrest, the club's PR team communicated with stakeholders and fans, issuing a statement of intent almost immediately after the game had ended, saying it and the owners of the stadium "unreservedly condemn the behaviour of individuals involved in incidents during this evening's fixture with Chelsea".
"Whilst quickly brought under control, the Club, in line with its clear zero-tolerance policy, will work closely with London Stadium 185, the Metropolitan Police Service and Chelsea to identify the individuals involved."
The statement went on to say: "All stakeholders are united in their determination to pursue not only stadium bans but also criminal prosecutions against any individual found to be involved in incidents of disorder, where the evidence merits this."
West Ham have also updated their stadium policy and have introduced a new five-point security plan, which includes a zero-tolerance banning policy and larger segregated area between home and away fans.
Following a lengthy PR battle against a rival bid from Tottenham Hotspur, West Ham's arrival in what was the central venue for the 2012 London Olympics and Paralympics caused controversy, in part thanks to questions of whether it provided a good deal for the public.
Recent reports have alleged that costs of converting the stadium for football use have overrun by more than £50m, which has prompted Mayor of London Sadiq Khan to order an investigation.
West Ham has chosen not to comment on the allegations, and is yet to formally comment on the appointment of Cox.
Sportswear brand Diadora hires Instinct PR to raise awareness in UK
In brief: PR agencies unite as Hyperlocal, Capella wins Gary Lineker-backed insurer, Chelgate hire
QPR boss 'ballsy' to request Telegraph transcripts after Allardyce sting, says club's comms adviser
Wayne Rooney 'delighted' as former FA media chief Mark Whittle joins agency Triple S to build PR arm
Sam Allardyce: reputational lessons from this week's football saga
Can Sam Allardyce's reputation bounce back from the Telegraph's sting operation?
M&C Saatchi Sport & Entertainment global leader relocating to Australia
In a World Cup that 'lacked buzz', England's final heroics provide 'once in a lifetime' opportunity
Ex-Premier League corp comms head signed by Concacaf
Case Study: 'Saynts' Fyre Festival kit launch spoof smashes Southampton club records
Arsenal's Adidas Twitter campaign hijacked by racists is 'another user-generated own goal'


Georgia Southern utilizes a content management system – WordPress – for managing all public-facing websites for colleges, departments and outreach units.
We provide training resources and support here. To get started, read the Web Guide for best practices. We also post tutorials with sample code and tips to help you make the most of your website.
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Q: Leading Order $\epsilon \frac{\mathrm{d}^2y }{\mathrm{d} x^2} + 12x^{\frac{1}{3} }\frac{\mathrm{d} y}{\mathrm{d} x}+y= 0 $ I am required to find the leading order outer and inner solutions and then the constants by asymptotic matching.
I have shown there exists a boundary layer at x=0 and hence have use the condition$ y(1)=1$ to find the leader order outer solution to be $y_0(x)$ ~ $e^{\frac{1-x^{\frac{2}{3}}}{8}}$. I then rescaled writing $x= \epsilon^{\frac{3}{4}}X$ and found the leading order inner solution to be $Y_0(X)$ ~ $A + c \int_{0}^{X}{e^{-9s^{\frac{4}{3}}}} ds$. I then used the boundary condition $y(0)=1$ to find A=1 by taking the limit as X tends to infinity. Is this right?
My main issue is how to find $c$ using asymptotic matching. In previous examples I have seen, it has been easy to approximate the integral in the inner solution and hence match with the outer solution. Any help would be greatly appreciated.
Thanks

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I am really into this spending money on myself. Well, not really. I had perfume from possibly seven years ago. I have just started really using it more. That is until my daughter sprayed half my bottle into my bathroom and it stunk for a week. Simply, I needed to buy more perfume. Seeing as I had a bonus coupon for 4000 Shoppers Optimum points for spending so much dollars or more on any fragrance, getting a perfume from Shopper's Drug Mart was a no-brainer. Plus it's just down the street from my home. BONUS!
The girl was amazingly helpful. I was amazingly picky. Some perfumes smelled just narsty with their offensive violating my nostril smells. (The best sellers yet too) Were you aware that Justin Beiber has a fragrance? Me neither. I am really thankful that I don't like the smell. I am trying really hard to continue to not like him. This made it easier. The bottle was pretty though. Whoever had the idea for the packaging was smart. Some bottles smelled strongly like DEET. Mmmm...bug spray...yum. Others I strictly smelled the alcohol content in the bottle. Not sure about you, but I like to drink my alcohol, not smell like I bathed in it. Although, if Vodka was a scent. Nevermind, I digress. There was one scent that brought me back though. So for today's post I went searching through Google images to find it to post. That brought me to another perfume I tried out. Ah high school memories.
Do you remember this scent?
Exclamation! by Coty. I think every girl in my school wore it and I remember seeing the ads in Seventeen Magazine. I loved them. I thought they were fresh, and sophisticated. The ads themselves made me feel older.
I had all but forgot about this little number until I came across a similar smell yesterday at the cosmetics counter. I felt young, fresh, and happy. All the good parts of high school came back to me. Hanging out with my friend Mel. Doing pretend fashion photo shoots. (She'll remember those. I promised I'd never show anyone, sorry readers. Maybe one day I'll put mine up.) Staying in and painting our nails. She was better at it than I. Heading all the way to St. Vital on the bus. Not sure what we were thinking and hitching a ride back in a car full of "cute" guys. Yeah, the good old days when we were invincible.
Then there was another scent. It was nice, subtle. It was a pink bottle and that is all I remember of it. Because when it came down to it, all I could smell was "Tribe" and the memories kept skipping to the forefront of memory lane. So what did I end up buying that was so similar?
I will note I was extremely disappointed by the packaging. Sure it could possibly ring true to the brand of Versace (Really I wouldn't know. I'm not "up" on all things fashionista), but it wasn't the type of packaging that would bring that kind of smell to mind. It's rather bland for the type of youth and excitment the scent brings me. The $62 price tag just about made me crap my pants though. Hubby said it was a decent price and for that name alone the price is typically $150. I also found out that perfume goes bad. Having a life span of about five years. It was my husband that told me that. I still don't know why he knew that and I didn't.
Still looking for that bottle of Tribe, even if just for the bottle. Until then, Versace Versus will do. Except for the packaging. I swore I would find a way to pretty up that bottle before I allowed it to take up residence on my dresser.
Two years ago, I asked my wife what she wanted for Xmas. Perfume. And lots of it, she told me. So for Christmas, I bought her a perfume for each day of the week,...yes, seven different perfumes, all hand picked by me! I quite enjoyed doing it too, I might add.


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Get to know the 50-year old actor, model, Norman Reedus, before he got famous (e.g. The Walking Dead). IMDB reports 1998 MTV Movie Awards (TV Special) was Norman Reedus's first TV appearance in 1998. In 1992 he starred as Street vagrant in his first movie Keith Richards: As Wicked as It Seems (Video short) .
His home town is Hollywood, Florida, U.S.. His parents Marianne (née Yarber) & Ira Norman Reedus are of Irish, Scottish, English, Italian, ethnicity. Norman Reedus was born on January 6, 1969 on a Monday.
Share your real life experiences with Norman Reedus here and rate your meeting! Correct our wiki/bio - is he not gay or straight or of different heritage? Let us know!