text:
Nunneries
Sites that include active or former nunneries or convents (communities for religious women).
Benedictine Convent of St. John Still an active nunnery
Loire Valley Abbey of Fontavraud "founded in 1101 by the itinerant preacher Robert of Arbrissel. The foundation flourished and became the center of a new monastic Order, the Order of Fontevrault. This order was composed of double monasteries, in which the community consisted of both men and women—in separate quarters of the abbey—all of which were subject to the authority of the Abbess of Fontevraud." (Wiki) See -
Longobards in Italy Torba – "Torba lost its military function and acquired a religious one, thanks to the settlement here in the 8th century of a group of Benedictine nuns who had the monastery built, adding to the original structures further buildings to accommodate the cells, the refectory and the oratory, as well as a portico of three arches to shelter travellers and pilgrims, and in the 11th century a new small church dedicated to the Virgin Mary" (Wiki) See -
Lübeck St-Anne-Kloster
Medieval Monuments in Kosovo Pecs and Gracanica were both converted to convents after WWII and as of 2017 each houses a community of nuns.
Mexico City and Xochimilco In the capital of the viceroyalty of Nueva España, there were a number of religious communities of nuns. All these convents were affected by the liberal reforms of the 1850s and 1860s and none of them operates now as a convent. Example: •	The fmr. Convento de San Jerónimo, at Izazaga, now Universidad del Claustro de Sor Juana, was a nunnery of the order of the Hieronymites. Sor Juana Inés de la Cruz (1648-1695), one of the most important writers of the Spanish Siglo de Oro and considered the mother of Latin American literature, lived there. •	The fmr. Convent of Regina Coeli, at Calle Regina #7, founded in 1573. It belonged to the order of the Conceptionists. •	The Church and fmr. Convent of the Inmaculada Concepción, at Belisario Domínguez #3, the oldest nunnery in the city, established in 1540. Only the church survives. The convent was the site of the ghost story of the nun Úrsula del Espíritu Santo, who hanged herself in a peach tree and the story tells that her shadow appeared in the reflection of the fountain in the middle of the cloister. •	Temple of Santa Catalina de Siena: at República de Argentina #29, was inaugurated in 1623 and belonged to the Dominican order. •	Fmr. Convento de la Encarnación: at Luis González Obregón #18. It also belonged to the Dominican order of nuns. It is the present-day seat of the Ministry of Education. The temple remains to this day. •	Church of San Lorenzo Diácono y Mártir: at Belisario Domínguez #28. It belonged to the Hieronymite nuns; the convent was founded in 1598. After the liberal reforms, the convent has housed a number of educational institutions, presently being the ESIME, Superior School of Electrical and Mechanical Engineering.
Monastery of Horezu (active)
Mount Emei, including Leshan Giant Buddha Fuhu Nunnery
Mount Wutai 5 nunneries
Naples Santa Chiara was built for the Clarisse nuns.
Novodevichy Convent Convent was a royal nunnery
Old City of Jerusalem Ecce Homo Convent belongs to the Sisters of Notre Dame de Sion.
Quedlinburg St. Mary Convent
Rammelsberg and Goslar Goslar: Neuwerkkirche in Goslar belonged to a nunnery until the 1960'ies.
Salzburg Nonnberg Benedictine Nunnery (active)
Stralsund and Wismar Kloster St. Annen und Brigitten in Stralsund
Toledo Convento de Santa Ursula
Vatican City Mater Ecclesiae "founded by Pope John Paul II in order to have a community of nuns of an enclosed religious order inside Vatican City, who were to pray for the pope in his service to the Catholic Church. This task was, at the beginning, entrusted to the nuns of the Order of St. Clare, better known as the Poor Clares. This assignment, however, was shifted every five years to another female monastic order, who would then occupy the monastery." See -
Venice and its Lagoon San Zaccaria "The church was originally attached to a Benedictine monastery of nuns also founded by Participazio and various other doges of the family. The nuns of this monastery mostly came from prominent noble families of the city and had a reputation for laxness in their observance of the monastic enclosure." (Wiki) See -
Do you know of another WHS we could connect to Nunneries?


"Low G" is a beautifully crafted and produced CD recording of ukulele instrumentals by Hawaiian master Kimo Hussey. It is simply exquisite. Kimo does it best – interpreting melodies in a way that draws you in and enhances the listening experience while bringing out the most beautiful tonal qualities of the instruments he plays. Kimo travels the world sharing his love of ukulele through performances and workshops and has been an instrumental contributor to the Ukulele Guild of Hawaii and the Pacific Music Foundation. "Low G" is a celebration of ukulele and its nomination as 2016 Ukulele Album of the Year by the Hawai'i Academy of Recording Artists is well deserved! We are proud to share that Kimo chose to play a custom Lichty Low G tenor ukulele for the entire recording.
The Hawai'i Academy of Recording Arts directs programs to promote quality and growth in the recording and music industries in Hawai'i.
Our thanks go out to the Academy for spotlighting all of this year's talented nominees.
Learn about more performing artists who play and praise Lichty custom ukuleles and guitars.


text:
Discover all coins
Security & Fraud Prevention
System Status Page
, a year ago
Save the date: Cardano will introduce smart contracts September 12th
During this summer, the Cardano community desperately waited for any update regarding the development of Alonzo. Alonzo is the code name of perhaps one of the most important upgrades in Cardano's history. Why is Alonzo so important, and what to expect from ADA and its possible price development in the near future.
Ladies and gentlemen, we do have a release date
Cardano experienced a couple of delays in the past, and so did Alonzo. While the Alonzo upgrade was meant to take place in April, it was delayed by a few months. Therefore, all further announcements regarding release schedules were taken with a grain of salt.
But this time, things are very different. The developers have tested Alonzo throughout different stages, and the public testnet "Alonzo purple" has been released at the beginning of August. This gives reason to believe the main net release of Alonzo might actually happen on the newly announced date.
Smart contracts are desperately needed to advance not only the functionality of the Cardano blockchain, but also the ecosystem that has been promised by no less than Charles Hoskinson himself. The founder of IOHK and Cardano is looking forward to building a mature ecosystem of decentralized applications on top of Cardano's blockchain.
With the release of Alonzo purple, the native token to the Cardano Blockchain, ADA, has seen good growth in terms of price. But it is not only speculators who drove the price over 1,80 Euro. It is expected that a lot of products will be built as soon as Alonzo is available. Not only is the release of DApps (decentralized applications) a possible catalyst for the price development, but also the rising demand of ADA once these DApps are in use.
At the time of writing, other tokens like Solana (SOL) have experienced an all-time high, while Bitcoin is still below 50.000 US-Dollars. This happened because a particular collection of NFTs was released on top of Solana. With more and more people creating demand for SOL in order to participate in minting these NFTs, the price surged even higher.
It is not unlikely that ADA will experience the same effect. As soon as DApps are built on top of Cardano, they can open a flood gate of fresh money entering the market. There is also the risk that the market is in a "buy the rumour, sell the news" situation. Meaning that the DApps and a possible hype is already priced in.
Four trading strategies for crypto
Bitcoin and Ethereum: what are the differences?
What determines the Bitcoin price?
Cardano: Djed could start as early as next week
Cardano has no viable stablecoin solution and that's not a good thing if you like to see your DeFi ecosystem grow. But there is light at the end of the tunnel! Coti is implying that Djed could launch next week and this would boost Cardano's ecosystem and add a lot of valuable options for traders and long-term investors.
Floki votes on burn proposal: price doing well
Floki's Decentralized Autonomous Organization (DAO) will vote on a proposal to burn (remove from circulation) $55 million worth of FLOKI. If this proposal passes, some 4.97 trillion FLOKI tokens in the Floki bridge will be burnt.
Aptos: Why is the price skyrocketing to an all-time high?
Bull markets are easy. Every crypto asset is in the green and the investment thesis becomes closely connected to the overall sentiment and narratives. However, things are different in a bear market, with one exception. Aptos reached an all-time high in January and went on into price discovery later. While every other crypto is recovering from crushing losses, Aptos is pumping.
Whale ahoy! A single entity is hoarding 18 trillion SHIB
Whale watching is not only a sport in crypto, but a legitimate strategy to get a better grasp on how or why the market is moving in a certain direction. We have done a little bit of work for you, and found something very interesting about an entity controlling a vast amount of Shiba Inu (SHIB) tokens.
Trade anytime, anywhere
Boost your trading impact and reaction time in over 80+ cryptocurrencies via instant access to your portfolio with the LiteBit app.
About LiteBit
Sign up to stay informed via our email updates
Explore popular coins
© 2023 LiteBit - All rights reserved

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Brookings Institute: Happy (not so) International Women's Day
meghart
We've heard it all before. Women are sexually harassed and assaulted. Women are discriminated against in the workplace. Women are excluded from political decision-making. Even women who "have it all" can't seem to get it right. Working mothers are reprimanded for not being present enough for their children or at work.
International Women's Day comes and goes every year. But it fails to account for the diverse grievances, needs, and expectations of women in varied contexts. Some criticize it as an occasion that turns the recognition of women and their achievements into an exceptional circumstance, a day-long celebration on the 8th of March. After that, normality resumes – a normality in which the patriarchy dismisses issues affecting women, and in which women are discriminated against, harassed, and marginalized on a daily basis.
While violations against women are universal, differences arise in the ways in which advocacy campaigns address the plight of women in varied contexts. Some criticize the #MeToo movement for speaking only to white, privileged women (despite its black female origins). They question the extent to which its supporters consider the movement as equally representative of Arab Muslim women, for example. This is because, as Yasmin El Rifae eloquently explains, sexual violence against Arab women is almost always attributed to Islam and Arab culture, as opposed to patriarchal power structures that adversely affect women in the rest of the world as well.
Such arguments draw attention to the importance of intersectional feminism. Intersectionality, as many have convincingly argued, requires that the multiple layers of oppression faced by women in diverse contexts be seriously addressed. For example, the plight of an Arab, Muslim woman is almost never identical to her white, non-Muslim counterpart. Yet, it is assumed to be by the overwhelmingly Western-dominated approaches to feminism, whether in practice or in literature. Differences in race, economic status, religion, and culture result in different experiences of oppression. They also yield different worldviews and different demands and needs from woman to woman.
The slideshow and accompanying captions of this piece on Iranian women shedding their headscarves is an unfortunate example of the oversimplification of women's issues, particularly in the Middle East. Cursory caveats uncomfortably acknowledging that some Muslim women indeed wear the headscarf voluntarily fail to absolve the authors of such portrayals of any orientalist convictions. Such pieces reinforce the farcical notion that the experience of the "oppressed Muslim woman" is a universal one.
Muslim women the world over, it seems, have no agency.
At face value, gender equality in the political, economic, and social sense is indeed a worthwhile goal. However, policies aiming to implement this can and have often overlooked and vehemently dismissed the aspirations of women from diverse – i.e. non-white – contexts. This results in policies that become an added layer of oppression for many women. Some women, for instance, would like to go about their parliamentarian business while breastfeeding. Some Muslim women would like to perform their political duties while having the freedom to cover their hair if they wish. Some would even like to have the liberty to cover their hair and limbs at the beach.
Some international organizations and NGOs are not exempt from perpetuating this false image of the universal plight of women. Moreover, they have increasingly come under scrutiny for being party to the horrific exploitation of women. This recent report on the sexual abuse of Syrian women in return for aid is a shocking revelation of the extent to which this exploitation is rampant and its consequent crippling effect on the women who seek aid to feed themselves and their families amidst a brutal war.
Of course, women of color are subjected to racism and other forms of discrimination on a daily basis in a variety of contexts, and not only in conflict zones.
As an Arab Muslim woman and a working mother, I have been told repeatedly by my Western female colleagues and acquaintances how "amazing" I am – a role model, even – for other poor, oppressed, Arab Muslim female souls out there. While one can attribute such well-intentioned remarks to ignorance, most of these remarks have been made by highly educated Western women who live in the Arab region and work with Arab women on a daily basis. The message is clear: you are a role model not necessarily for the quality of your work, but for the number of tasks you juggle while maintaining a smile on your face, which is made all the more praiseworthy given your "exotic" and oppressed origins.
I was once told by one of these women how "impressive" and "awe-inspiring" it is that my mother, who is an Egyptian female, speaks English and holds a PhD. But I suspect the word this person was really searching for is "lucky." You must have worked exceptionally hard to earn this prestigious position that comes naturally to women in the West. You are lucky you got to where you are, considering you are not…well…white.
But a tirade against white women and men is not the point here. It is perplexing, if not deeply depressing that, in 2018, misogyny, sexism, and racism continue to plague women on so many levels. My academic experience several years ago was dotted with such encounters emanating from patriarchal institutional structures. I was once assigned to lead a two-hour lecture on Islamic law, despite the fact that I had made clear I am not an Islamic law expert. But apparently my name, Noha Aboueldahab, was Arab enough and Muslim enough for me to be able to drum up a lecture to an audience that deserved better. Had I been male and objected to this, I suspect the outcome would have been different.
I chose to exclusively breastfeed my three children, which was made more difficult by the lack of basic consideration by Western academic institutions. At conferences, I often nursed in a bathroom stall or the back seat of a car. When I raised the issue, my concerns were "well-noted." At the next conference I attended, there was indeed a room set aside for breastfeeding. When it was time for me to nurse, the door was locked. There was a note on the door with Sally's phone number should there be any problems. I called Sally. She never answered. Back to the bathroom stall I went.
There are, of course, exceptions. A Chicago conference I attended several years ago had a day care set up at the same conference venue, which was perfect for me and my 11-month-old baby at the time. A conference I attended in Cairo dedicated a hall with a lock on the door for nursing participants. I am puzzled by why such accommodations have not become the norm in academe and other professional domains.
The inaccessible nursing room is eerily symbolic of the multiple challenges women continue to face the world over. The policies might be there, the initiatives may be begrudgingly taken, but they still fail in one way or another, largely because of the patriarchal power hierarchies that orchestrate them. Even when such policies are driven by an organized feminist movement, the end result is often not what was initially envisaged. This is presumably because of the patriarchal processes that tainted them along the way.
Feminism grapples with multiple and complex levels of oppression. However, many movements emanating from it, including International Women's Day, have repeatedly fallen short in adequately addressing women's grievances in diverse contexts. So long as International Women's Day and its related advocacy campaigns continue to be hijacked by Western narratives of emancipation, they will continue to mean little for women of diverse races, cultures, and religions.
Article written by Noha Abouledehab for Brookings Institute.
Photo by Ron Hansen
Eight Tips for Keeping Adolescents Safe on Instagram
Predators are aware of Instagram's popularity with young people causing the app to become increasingly more dangerous. Parents need to be aware of Instagram's risks and address them with their children.
HaleyHalverson
4 Conversations That Can Help Guard Children Against Sexual Abuse
Here are four conversations you can have with a child to help guard against sexual abuse.
MamaCrossroads
How Parents React to Finding Their Young Children Watching Pornography – New Study
A 2017 research study examined how parents responded when their younger-than-12-year-old children were exposed to adult content. Parents tended to react 1 of 5 ways.
Why I Write Children's Books to Educate About Sexual Abuse
I don't have all the answers but here are four ideas based around why I write the children's books I do.
Without Buyers, There Would be No Sex Trade - Tom Jones, The H.O.P.E. Project
How to curb the demand for Sexual Exploitation.
Margo_Davison
SAFETY TIP – Apple's Guided Access
I know that handing over my phone to my child is likely to expose him to pornographic and sexually explicit content. There's just so much of it available at one's fingertips when using any connected device. So, what to do? One of my favorite quick & easy solutions is the tool, Guided Access.
Watch Mark's Story – "I Was Addicted To Porn At Age 12"
Education is key to prevention. Watch Mark's story to learn about his experience. Learn more about…


Applause provides app testing tools and services across web, desktop and mobile platforms.
Applause pricing is based on individual quotations.
Concerned about costs of Applause subscription?
Cleanshelf can automatically track costs of your Applause subscription.
Cleanshelf can measure how much Applause is actually used at your company.
Disclaimer. This is an entry on Applause that Cleanshelf keeps as part of its service to track, optimize, and benchmark cloud software subscriptions of its customers. Cleanshelf is an independent service vendor that maintains no partnership or agreement with Applause. Contact us for more information.


text:
Q: Problems when importing a custom Java class I have a jar file so I tried to run the class from Mathematica following these steps, but I get all these:
Java::excptn: A Java exception occurred: java.lang.ClassNotFoundException: Buscar
    at java.base/java.net.URLClassLoader.findClass(URLClassLoader.java:471)
    at java.base/java.lang.ClassLoader.loadClass(ClassLoader.java:588)
    at java.base/java.lang.ClassLoader.loadClass(ClassLoader.java:521)
    at java.base/java.lang.Class.forName0(Native Method)
    at java.base/java.lang.Class.forName(Class.java:398).

LoadJavaClass::fail: Java failed to load class Buscar.

This is the code in my notebook
Needs["JLink`"]
InstallJava[]
AddToClassPath["C:\Users\Amada\Documents\Buscar.java"]
LoadJavaClass["Buscar"]

And this is the Java codel I made it with Apache-Neatbeans 11.2 and I have JDK 12 and Mathematica 12 (if it's useful)
package buscar;

import java.io.File;
import java.io.FileNotFoundException;
import java.util.Scanner;

public class Buscar {

    public static void main(String[] args) {
        buscador("issue");
    }

    public static void buscador(String palabra){
     Scanner entrada= null;
        String linea;
        int numdelinea= 1;
        boolean contiene= false;
        Scanner sc = new Scanner(System.in);

         try{

            File f= new File("C:/Program Files/Wolfram Research/Mathematica/12.1/Documentation/English/System/ExampleData/USConstitution.txt");
            entrada= new Scanner(f);
            System.out.println("Archivo: " + f.getName());
            System.out.println("Texto a bucar: " + palabra);

            while(entrada.hasNext()){
                linea= entrada.nextLine();
                if(linea.contains(palabra)){
                    System.out.println("Línea " + numdelinea + ": " + linea);
                    contiene = true;
                }
                numdelinea++;
            }
            if( !contiene){
                System.out.println(palabra + "no se ha encontrado");
            }
        } catch (FileNotFoundException e){
            System.out.println(e.toString());
        }catch (NullPointerException e){
            System.out.println(e.toString()+ "No se ha seleccionado ningún archivo");
        }catch (Exception e){
            System.out.println(e.toString());
        }finally{
            if(entrada !=null){
                entrada.close();
                }
            }
        }
    }

Thank you everyone.
-Luisa

A: There are a number of issues that must be addressed.

*

*The AddToClassPath call should reference the directory or JAR file containing the compiled Java classes, not the source file.  Since you are using NetBeans, the class files are normally compiled into the subfolder build\classes within the project folder (or possibly just build depending on the NetBeans vintage).  Also, if it is a normal Java application project, then a JAR file will also have been generated into the subfolder dist.

*When loading the Java class, the package name must be included in the class name.  In this case, LoadJavaClass["buscar.Buscar"].

*The class uses System.out.println to display its results.  To see this output, you must use ShowJavaConsole[].
The following code puts this all together.  You will need to adjust it to match your actual project directory structure (here, C:\NetBeansProjects\myapp):
Needs["JLink`"]
InstallJava[];

AddToClassPath["C:\NetBeansProjects\myapp\build\classes"]
(* or possibly: AddToClassPath["C:\NetBeansProjects\myapp\dist\myapp.jar"] *)

LoadJavaClass["buscar.Buscar"]

ShowJavaConsole[]

Having done all this, we can run the main program:
Buscar`main[{}]

(* output in the Java console:

Archivo: USConstitution.txt
Texto a bucar: issue
Línea 42: Authority thereof shall issue Writs of Election to fill such Vacancies.
Línea 545: no Warrants shall issue, but upon probable cause, supported by Oath or
Línea 699: executive authority of such State shall issue writs of election to fill such
Línea 845: Congress shall decide the issue, assembling within forty eight hours for that
*)

... or we can run the static method buscador instead:
Buscar`buscador["issue"]

(* same output as above *)

Manipulating the Result
You might want to consider changing the method buscador to return its result instead of printing it to the console.  This would make it easier to manipulate the result within Mathematica.  Perhaps it could return a string or list of strings... or something more structured like JSON.  But such changes to the Java code are beyond the scope of this response.
Alternatively, you could run your application directly with Java and Import the result (no JLink required):
Import[
  "!java -cp C:\\NetBeansProjects\\myapp\\build\\classes buscar.Buscar"
, "Text"
]

(* Same output as before, but returned as a string *)

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
Home / australia / How to keep 325,000 Australians out of hospital
How to keep 325,000 Australians out of hospital
Approximately 650,000 Australians per year end up in hospital for drug problems, according to a PSA report.
Drug Safety Report: Please note that 250,000 people are admitted to the hospital every year, while 400,000 have been contacted by emergency services.
It costs the country $ 1.4 billion a year.
PSA President Chris Freeman said that at least 50% of the errors in treatment could be avoided if the "siled" approach to medication was removed.
"If drug damage was a chronic disease, it would already be a national health priority," he said.
"The report emphasizes that governments, pharmacists and other health professionals have to work together to reduce the alarming frequency of medication, accidents, abuse, and interaction."
Here are eight other key conclusions from the report:
Almost every elderly resident (98%) had at least one drug-related problem when viewed. Up to 80% is prescribed by inappropriate medication.
17% of unplanned hospitalization of nursing homes was caused by inappropriate medicines.
The pharmacists have identified at least one error in treatment in 60% of hospital release abstracts when they were involved in the preparation.
Only 20% of the change in drug regimens in the hospital is described in detail in the discharge summary. Nine out of ten patients have at least one drug-related problem after being discharged from the hospital.
A timely summary of the release was not given in 20% of patients with high risk for hospitals' readmission.
Polyphagia is responsible for 70% of cases of hospitalization due to side effects.
One-quarter of the patients who took the medicines that relied on the cleansing kidneys were prescribed for excessive doses.
About 16% of people with low renal function received at the hospital were given a drug that should not be prescribed. And 21% prescribed an inappropriate dose.
The PSA report was prepared by the University of the Center for Drug Quality Research and Pharmacy Research.
More information: Drug Safety: Be Careful
Right-wing extremist and convicted racist Blair Cottrell fails in appeal by Supreme Court News from Australia


HAMILTON, ON: On Saturday, September 16, Hamilton General Hospital Foundation and presenting sponsor Medtronic joined four remarkable Patient Ambassadors from across the region in hosting the seventh annual Strides For The General fundraising run/walk.
Photo courtesy of Zoom Photo.
This year's Strides, which took place at Hamilton's Bayfront Park, raised more than $200,000 in gross revenue for Hamilton General Hospital and the Regional Rehabilitation Centre, exceeding the $150,000 goal. Since 2011, the event has enabled the purchase of nearly 40 pieces of life-saving medical equipment.
More than 700 participants comprised of patients, hospital teams and community members were united, all with the common goal of transforming health care for the region served by Hamilton General Hospital and the Regional Rehabilitation Centre. The support from everyone involved contributed to this year's success.
Those in attendance were moved by the words of the event's four Patient Ambassadors: Joey Hackett from Hamilton, Dave Velanoff from Waterloo, Gerry Everett from Ridgeway and Bob Nedelko from Vineland. The Ambassadors shared their remarkable stories of survival and thanked the hospital staff for saving their lives. The Ambassadors are alive today because of the talented teams at Hamilton General Hospital – their appreciation was an inspiration for all.
All proceeds from Strides For The General will support enhanced patient care at Hamilton General Hospital and the Regional Rehabilitation Centre by funding priority medical equipment and educational initiatives.


text:
Humor > Ten People Who Deserve to Be Tortured to Death
Ten People Who Deserve to Be Tortured to Death
By Ben on March 31st, 2009
Before you call me sick and disturbed for writing this article, look at the list and tell me that you wouldn't be tempted to beat these people to death yourself. Each one of them is alive today. I'm sure I could have easily come up with a hundred more, but these ones stuck out over the years. What they did is unforgivable, things so sick that not even Hell itself has enough pain to match what they brought into this world.
10 John and Linda Dollar
This couple was only sentenced to 15 years in prison for torturing five children in their care. The children told investigators the Dollars starved them, shocked them with electricity, pulled out their toenails with pliers, bound them with chains and strips of plastic and struck their feet with hammers. A 16-year-old boy weighed 59 pounds. Twin boys, age 14, weighed 36 and 38 pounds, the Sheriff's Office said. This is not the only case like this. I've heard of several others, but any time it's a tag-team of torture, I feel it's worse. One sick, twisted individual I can understand to a certain degree, but two together is another story. What's worse is, they'll walk free one day.
Vigilante justice: Eye for an eye. Shock them, starve them and chain them up.
9 Michael John Devlin
Devlin is a convicted child molester currently serving 74 life sentences. On January 12, 2007, Devlin was charged with the abduction four days earlier of a 13-year-old, whom police found that day. Upon his discovery, officials found another missing teenage boy who disappeared on October 6, 2002, at age 11 in Richwoods, Missouri. The 2002 abductee lived with Devlin. He was separated from his family for four years and three months. Devlin was charged with four counts of producing child pornography and with two counts of transporting a minor across state lines to engage in sexual activity in both Arizona and Illinois.
Vigilante justice: Impalement.
8 Richard Allen Davis
As if kidnapping, raping and killing Polly Klass wasn't enough, Davis wasn't the least bit repentant and made a scene in court by flipping off Polly's father and claiming that he was a molester. Fortunately, Davis is currently on death row, a decision the judge didn't seem to balk at.
Vigilante justice: Seeing those middle fingers raised… I'd say dismemberment.
7 John Allen Muhammad
With his younger partner, Lee Boyd Malvo, Muhammad carried out the 2002 Beltway sniper attacks, killing 10 people. Muhammad and Malvo were arrested on October 24, 2002, following tips from alert citizens. Mohammad converted to Islam in 1987 and later changed his surname. Drawings by Malvo describe the murders as part of a "jihad" (Arabic for "struggle").
Vigilante justice: Firing squad.
6 Josef Fritzl
Fritzel kept his daughter, Elizabeth, locked in a secret basement in Austria for 24 years with three of the seven children he fathered with her. Fritzel and his wife, Rosemarie, raised the other three living children. Regarding the three children who lived their lives entirely in the cellar, Kerstin Fritzel, 19, and her brothers Stefan, 18, and Felix, 5, have been alone in the cellar for so long that they developed their own type of communication via growls, grunts and animal like sounds. Elizabeth Fritzel had tried to teach them and let them have a normal life in the cellar.
Vigilante justice: Remember that movie Saw? Chain him up and give him a rusty saw.
5 Karla Homolka
The only one on this list who was set free after serving her time, Homolka is a convicted Canadian serial killer who attracted worldwide media attention when she was convicted of manslaughter in the rape-murders of two teenaged girls; her husband, Paul Bernardo, was convicted of their murders and admitted having raped numerous women. Homolka and Bernardo also were responsible for the rape and death of her sister Tammy. In return for her confession and testimony against her husband, she was given a plea bargain whereby she escaped the maximum penalty for her crimes. She pleaded guilty to manslaughter and served 12 years in prison. She may now possibly live in a publicly undisclosed location in the Antilles with her son. Someone, please find this woman and inflict vigilante justice on her. It is a disgrace and mockery of the judicial system that anyone can walk free after what she did. Death to her husband, as well.
Vigilante justice: Burning at the stake.
4 John Jamelske
Jamelsek is a serial rapist-kidnapper who, from 1988 to his capture in 2003, kidnapped a series of women and held them captive in a concrete bunker beneath the yard of his home in DeWitt, a suburb of Syracuse, New York. Jamelsek raped each of his victims and inflicted cigarette burns on them. After the discovery of the dungeon, police also found several video recorded entries with at least one woman on the tape. In the tapes, the viewer can see Jamelske dancing, singing, and also exercising with the woman. He prefaced each rape with a Bible study, in which after a review of a certain passage and discussion he would then begin to rape the victim.
Vigilante justice: The pear (look it up if you don't know what it is), followed by the iron maiden.
3 Dennis Rader
Maybe if he acted a bit more off-the-wall in court, I would've given BTK a pass. Instead, he was articulate, smart and prepared. Some serial killers are so out-of-this-world nuts (like Charles Manson) that I'm not entirely sure that torturing them to death will really mean much. But Rader, who killed 10 people and taunted the police over the course of decades, proved that nothing short of sadistic torture equivalent to what he inflicted will be enough.
Vigilante justice: Drawing and quartering.
2 Gary Ridgeway
Throughout the 1980s and 1990s, the Green River Killer is believed to have murdered at least 48 women near Seattle and Tacoma in Washington State. Most of the murders took place during a two-and-a-half-year period in the early 1980s. Most of the victims were either prostitutes or teenage runaways picked up along Pacific Highway South (State Route 99) and strangled. Most of their bodies were dumped in and around the Green River in Washington. The bodies were often left in clusters, sometimes posed, usually nude. Ridgway would occasionally contaminate the dump sites with gum, cigarettes, and written materials that belonged to others to confuse the police.
Vigilante justice: The breaking wheel.
1 Osama bin Laden
Do I need to even explain what this guy did? Unfortunately, he is not scared of death, and will likely die by his own hand right before he is apprehended. But, if by some miracle, I get a hold of him first…
Vigilante justice: Turn him over to the Sisters from the Shawshank Redemption.
Notes: Why no Bernie Madoff? Here's why. Yes, the man deserves to rot in hell, but let's pretend that he never existed. There's a high likelihood that much of the money invested with him would've been invested elsewhere, and much of those earnings would have been lost, anyway. The entire stock market might as well have been a Ponzi scheme considering its collapse as of late. So, Madoff, you're off the hook for brutal torture. You can just rot in jail for the rest of your life.
Dishonorable mentions: John Evander Couey, a slow-witted loser who kidnapped, raped and buried alive 9-year-old Jessica Lunsford. Whoever killed JonBenet Ramsey. There are a few women in the DC area (Banita Jacks and Renee Bowman) who, in the past couple of years, have been charged with or convicted of killing their children in sick and twisted ways, but each one is so deranged I'm not entirely sure if the good old beat-to-death would serve much of a purpose.
There are many other people who deserve to be on this list. Sorry I had to pick only ten.
http://listverse.com/crime/10-terrible-cases-of-kidnapping-and-abuse/
http://crime.about.com/od/history/tp/Child-Killers.htm


The "conservative whiz kid" Paul Ryan shows his true colors again.
Kristi Risk is the Real Deal!
Please help support and spread the August 3rd MB + week long push!
Ultra Globalist Fareed Zakaria: Tea Party Will Destroy U.S.
Checkpoint protesters escorted though sidewalk; Admit on camera to ignoring regualtions!
Reid plan has $3.8 trillion tax hike over ten years.
Reid to hold vote in middle of night to pass 3.8 trillion tax hike and spending bill.
Who would pay $900 for a $7 light switch?
Remember the cop in Canton? He's Baaaaack!
How long will it take Congress to pass new spending after debt ceiling is raised?
Paul Craig Roberts takes a hard left?
Depression in Command-In times of crisis, mentally ill leaders can see what others don't.
CA - Five of the six cops that beat Kelly Thomas to death are back on the job already.
Hot Air - August Candidate Survey - Vote for Ron Paul!
Anyone Else Been in a Apethetic Mood Since We Went to War With Libya?
1932 Political Cartoon - "America Looks at its Neighbors"
Dilbert the Libertarian Survivalist and SHTF worrier?
Is it a bad idea to not buy car insurance?
How is this 'super congress' anywhere near constitutional?
Elected sheriffs accused of wrongdoing less than appointed police forces.
Who here lives in Houston?
Liberals already spinning debt deal?
Boehner`s plan: circumvent America`s Republican Form of Government!
Anyone have a link to the bill and is the vote roll call up yet?
New FreedomWorks Facebook POLL! GO VOTE.
ZH: Ron Paul's Statement On The Budget Control Act And On "Super Congress"
I can't be a Republican.
Remember TARP? Remember today? Don't lose hope!
America is "Too Big to Fail"
Did Michelle Bachman ever vote for debt increase when Bush was President?
[Video] Jack Hunter / Southern Avenger : SA@TAC - Extreme Tea?
Anyone see Real Time w/Bill Maher tonight?
How does the free market deal with bed bugs?
I think this debt deal is a TROJAN HORSE!
New Grassroots Ron Paul ad: "Freedom is popular"
Roll Call: Did your Congressman vote yes?
Does this bill really cut or is it a reduction in the spending plan?
An easy way to explain the "deficit cutting" vote to your friends.
Jon Stewart on those damn stubborn Tea Partiers.
Ron Paul: "Crazy old man" or analytical clairvoyant?
Debt Ceiling Crisis Averted. Debt Crisis Remains.
What are these people smoking? Victory for the GOP?
Just hit the necessary 60 votes.
Don Lemon of CNN is taking questions on the internets.
Why Do the Masses not Understand Property Rights?
FL-Town of Oak Hill dissolves entire police force after corruption accusations.
"In the midst of horror, it's a wonderful momentary relief to enjoy a hearty laugh."
What did those financial terrorists get?
Terrorists... We must destroy them !!
This article is full of so much fail it's making my head explode.
could the debt ceiling still be reached before Nov 2012?
Anybody want to do a matching thingee?
Obama is not a Keynsian, he's an American lol.
Perry's prayer party a pass?
Houston City Hall packed over red light cameras!
Ben Bernanke makes FRONT PAGE of The Onion Website Today!
Have you read Iowa's State Constitution?
David Frum: Why no questions for RICK PERRY?
It's official now. Obama is targetting us "extremists"
TX - Not only did the feds run guns into Mexico, they also ran coke into the US.
More Bill Maher greatness...wow...just wow!!
The ron paul sign r(evol)utiong begins! Coming to town near you!
If Ron Paul won POTUS, what could he realistically do in 4 or 8 years?
Clarksville TN woman hero for standing up to TSA!
To Stimulate The Economy, Shouldnt We CUT Taxes?
Has Anybody Seen "Red State", The New Kevin Smith Documentary?
Can foriegn nationals give to Super Pacs?
New term we should use against liberals: "Financial Pedofiles"
Is the debt limit Committee's authority un-constitutional? Yes, or no?


text:
Published in PharmaTimes magazine - January 2020
Paul Ranson
Paul Ranson looks at pharma pricing and reimbursement in the EU
In the context of a predominantly harmonised EU medicinal product system, it can come as a surprise that each of the 28 member states has its own pricing regime.
The primacy of EU member states in pricing and reimbursement decisions in relation to medicines expenditure is long established: 'Union action shall respect the responsibilities of the Member States for the definition of their health policy and for the organisation and delivery of health services and medical care… and the allocation of the resources assigned to them' (Article 168(7), Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union (TFEU).
However, Article 168(2) of the TFEU confirms that EU action may 'complement national policies' by taking 'any useful initiative to promote such coordination'.
Transparency Directive
The autonomy under Article 168(7) of the TFEU is subject to EU laws requiring consistent and transparent decision-making by member states. The Transparency Directive (89/105/EEC) aims to ensure that national pricing and reimbursement decisions are made in a transparent manner. These controls are however, relatively high level, concentrating largely on setting time limits for pricing and reimbursement decisions, requirements for objective criteria and a requirement for an appeal mechanism. It also does not reflect current price control practice but an attempt in 2011 to update the Directive was subsequently abandoned without agreement.
How member states control pricing
There are three broad categories of member state interventions:
* Methods to control the prices of medicines. These include direct price regulation, reimbursement controls or profit or regulation of allowable profits and rates-of-return. External referencing pricing is used in all EU member states (except the UK and Sweden) whereby the member state sets the national price of a medicine by reference to the prices of that medicine in other member states, with the member state in question adopting either the average or even the lowest price. For instance, in UK pricing there are controls on branded medicines through both voluntary and statutory schemes both of which include the imposition of rebates if certain NHS spending limits are exceeded
* Controls on prescribing (whether through financial and non-financial incentives or penalties), dispensing (including policies encouraging or enforcing generic substitution or limiting pharmacy margins) and cost-sharing demands on patients
* Reimbursement strategies for new medicines (especially high-priced products) commonly based on health technology assessment (HTA) are used to determine whether a new product provides value for money in relation to existing comparators. Such an assessment involves the use of economic techniques to assess a drug's cost-effectiveness as against its comparator to determine the price premium over its existing product and therefore, the pharmaceutical's price
Risk-sharing agreements
Where the HTA benefit is uncertain, 'risk-sharing' or 'performance-based' agreements have been developed in the EU to afford payers a degree of certainty and allow patients access to innovative medicines. Through such agreements, payers may typically seek to enter agreements to manage uncertainty as to clinical value and cost-effectiveness. These agreements include:
* A medicine being reimbursed on a conditional basis as against pre-defined criteria and if the product fails to meet these targets, the manufacturer may incur price changes or rebates. Alternatively, the uncertainty as to value could mean that the payer only agrees to reimbursement in limited cases. If a budget is also fixed and then exceeded, the manufacturer may then be liable to return the excess. There may also be predefined outcomes for individual patients and the manufacturer would bear the costs if those desired outcomes are not achieved
* The medicine being reimbursed under controlled circumstances while further evidence is gathered, for example, as to the most appropriate patient populations or the cost-effectiveness of the product. The development within the EU of 'adaptive pathways' will pose reimbursement challenges to member states. The adaptive pathway approach envisages products for unmet needs undergoing an iterative and pre-planned process of an initial approval for a well-defined patient subgroup. Use would be extended to a larger patient population as uncertainty is reduced through the collection of post-approval data
* Disease management or 'beyond the pill' deals whereby the manufacturer becomes responsible for both the management of treatment of certain patients and offering the payers overall patient management savings in return for a favourable price or coverage
Widening interpretations of equivalence in the EU
In certain circumstances, national payers including national healthcare administrations, HTA or cost-effectiveness bodies, social insurance bodies and other governmental agencies will seek to avoid paying for an expensive new product entirely. Instead, they will sanction or encourage the use of cheaper alternatives, sometimes including either unlicensed medicines or off-label use of medicines for other indications, notwithstanding the availability of the new, licensed preparation.
Notable examples include the following:
* In 2012, France amended the law allowing its authorities to recommend for solely economic reasons off-label use where licensed alternatives existed
* In 2014, Italy similarly allowed the authorities to make recommendations on cost grounds as to the safety and efficacy of a given medicine for off-label use
* In the UK, NICE appraised the cost-effectiveness of Avastin (bevacizumab) against Lucentis (ranibizumab) in the treatment of wet age-related macular degeneration (WAMD) although the former has only been licensed for oncology indications. In a September 2018 decision, the UK High Court also upheld the right of clinical commissioning groups in the UK to use Avastin to treat patients with WAMD
These practices appear questionable in light of EU legal principles, including Article 168(1) of TFEU, which states that 'a high level of human health protection shall be ensured in the definition and implementation of all Union policies and activities', committing the EU to adopting and enforcing a strict medicines approval system. For member states to be allowed to put cost before patient safety under these circumstances has been argued to run contrary to this objective.
Parallel trade and free movement of goods
Different national approaches to pricing and reimbursement decisions inevitably result in differences in prices and coverage decisions across the member states so that patient access to such medicines also varies across the EU. A UK Department of Health price analysis among 11 member states of 150 pharmaceuticals demonstrated a 25% difference between the lowest and highest prices.
As a consequence of these differences, distributors and others in the supply chain may purchase pharmaceuticals in member states with lower prices and resell them in another where prices are higher (parallel trade). Attempts by the industry to rein in such EU trade have generally been rejected by the Court of Justice of the European Union as contrary to the core EU principle of the free movement of goods, notwithstanding that most of the difference in price is taken by the traders.
Excessive pricing
A further recent development in Europe is action against alleged excessive pricing. The European Commission in 2017 opened an investigation into concerns of excessive pricing concerning five life-saving cancer medicines and whether there had been an abuse of a dominant market position in breach of EU antitrust rules. In addition, several member states have taken action nationally. However, in the recent quashing in the UK by the Competition Appeal Tribunal (CAT) in June 2018 of a case by the UK Competition and Markets Authority, the CAT stressed that excessive pricing cases should remain rare and that the authorities should be wary of stepping in the shoes of price regulators, unless this is "soundly based on proper evidence and analysis".
The combination of increasing public payer pressures, national autonomy and parallel trade result in a complex and difficult pricing and reimbursement environment which is commonly perceived as a disincentive to investment from outside the EU and a complication for European product launches.
Paul Ranson is a consultant at global law firm Morgan Lewis
PharmaTimes Magazine
Article published in January 2020 Magazine
Launch the PharmaTimes digital editon app
Commercial Operations Lead
Digital Execution Manager
Medical Director - Specialist Female Health - West London
Medical Science Liaison - Haematology
Digital Brand Manager
Key Account Manager - Women's Health