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August 2008 Who Was the Creator of Bazett¿s Formula?
Pages 896-897 (August 2008)
Who Was the Creator of Bazett¿s Formula?
¿Quién fue el autor de la fórmula de Bazett?
Miguel A Cobos Gila, Juan Carlos García Rubiraa
a Instituto Cardiovascular, Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Madrid, España,
The article by Medeiros-Domingo et al1 presents an excellent review of clinical and genetic aspects of long QT syndrome. However, as in almost all recent publications, it attributes the formula for the heart-rate corrected QT interval (QTc) to H.C. Bazett:
As Bazett's actual role in the elaboration of this formula was quite minor, it seems fitting to present a brief historical review of the subject, identifying the contributions of those principally involved.
Mechanical systole duration was a topic of great interest to 19th century pioneers in cardiovascular physiology, and in 1891 A.D. Waller, famous today for his contributions to the development of the electrocardiograph,2 proposed the following expression3 for normal systolic duration:
In 1920, Bazett4 simply adapted this formula to the duration of the electric systole of the heart, the QT interval, and proposed that the normal QT value for a certain heart rate is K´√RR, where K=0.37 for males and 0.4 for females. Thus, to determine if a particular patient has a normal QT interval, his/her QT should be compared with the ideal QT interval derived from Bazett's original formula. This ideal QT interval is that which appears on commonly-used electrocardiogram rulers.
The concept of corrected QT, which is the QT interval that a particular patient would theoretically present with a heart rate of 60 beats/min, and the expression used today to calculate it, erroneously attributed to Bazett, is owed to the forgotten researchers L.M. Taran and N. Szilagyi.5 It is interesting to note that, in classic texts from the 1960s, the role of these authors was clearly recognised and one referred to the "Taran and Szilagyi corrected QT interval6" or the "Bazett formula modified by Taran and Szilagyi.7"
So many years later, is it possible to do them justice and change the name of Bazett's formula to Waller-Bazett-Taran-Szilagyi? Surely not. Force of habit and word economy make it impossible. But if at times, when referring to or hearing about "Bazett's formula," some of us think "and Waller's and Taran's and Szilagyi's," it is probably enough.
Medeiros-Domingo A, Iturralde-Torres P, Ackerman MJ..
Clínica y genética en el síndrome de QT largo..
Rev Esp Cardiol, 60 (2007), pp. 739-52
Besterman E, Creese R..
Waller —pioneer of electrocardiography..
Br Heart J, 42 (1979), pp. 61-4
Introduction to Human Physiology. London and New York: Longman, Green; 1891. p. 53.
Bazett HC..
An analysis of the time-relations of electrocardiograms..
Heart, 7 (1920), pp. 353-70
Taran LM, Szilagyi N..
The duration of the electrical systole (QT) in acute rheumatic carditis in children..
Am Heart J, 33 (1947), pp. 14-26
Enfermedades del corazón y de la circulación. 2.a ed. Barcelona: Toray; 1971. p. 108.
Cardioangiología. 1.a ed. Barcelona: Salvat; 1961. p. 199.
Apixabán y resolución de trombo intraventricular en un paciente con IAM


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Building Levels of Resilience
Technologies that allow us to work and connect remotely are enabling a kind of resilience that would have been unthinkable 30 years ago.
But those technologies are not a silver bullet; they cannot protect us from every challenge we may face in the coming days and weeks, as we shift our attention to an exit from lockdowns and the economic impact of the pandemic. We need to buttress other areas of our organizations to deepen and strengthen our ability to remain resilient.
Here are four kinds of resilience to think about when assessing your current remote work situation and some key questions to ask yourself and your team as you figure out how to improve it. This piece is part of our Remote Work Bootcamp.
Physical Resilience: Although most of us are now working remotely and interacting with our colleagues virtually, we are all also still physical beings, taking up space. Resilience in a remote working environment begins, paradoxically, with privileging the physical health, safety, and space of ourselves and our team members. Without a safe place to work, work won't happen.
Key Questions: How quickly can the people you work with find safe, quiet places to work outside of an office? What are simple things you or your company can do to help make that easier?
Technological Resilience: We are stress-testing our technology ecosystem like never before. Resilience in technology touches every layer of the stack, from scalable cloud-based infrastructure, to seamless user experiences and the right devices. If this crisis has revealed big gaps in your digital readiness, this is the moment to address them.
Key Questions: How seamlessly can people access the tools they need to work, on any device? What barriers are you discovering to efficient access and collaboration that you can tear down?
Cultural Resilience: Organizations that are already built on cultures of transparency, trust, and flexibility will handle this crisis more easily than those that aren't. But that culture must be diligently protected in order to keep it alive. The key here is leadership at every level of the organization. In words and actions, we all have to demonstrate that we trust each other, are willing to give each other the space we need to adapt to this new world, and aren't afraid of tough conversations when things need to change.
Key Questions: Do your people trust each other to get their work done, in their own way, on their own time? Can they resolve conflicts remotely before they spiral out of control? Are you continuing to learn, grow, and support each other, even in the face of endless urgent tasks?
Mental Resilience: The blinding speed of this crisis and the overwhelming tsunami of information that accompanies it has unsettled all of us. For those already prone to anxiety or depression, it has been exceptionally challenging. Mental resilience in the face of this crisis is not something we can achieve alone. We all need the freedom to talk honestly about our fears, to be open about our confusion, and to allow ourselves to laugh at the absurdity of it all.
Key Questions: Is their space on your team to talk about fear, anxiety, and confusion? Can you support people through grief? Can we rally around those who need us most?
For more insights and tips about the new world of remote work, and to become a part of a growing global community, sign up for the Remote Work Bootcamp in the Nomadic Academy today.
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Creating Customer Success — Here's How We Identify What Makes Learners Tick
Apr 29, 2019 by Creating Customer Success — Here's How We Identify What Makes Learners Tick
How do you create an excellent learner experience? An intuitive platform stocked with good content is crucial, naturally enough, but it's just half the battle.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Bitcoins were invented in 2008 by a computer programmer whose identity remains unknown. They are a virtual currency, meaning they exist nowhere but on a network of virtual accounts. The system is decentralized, so it is not subject to the control of any government, central bank or, arguably, any single authority at all.
Bitcoins exist as entries in encrypted online accounts, one can use them to pay or be paid by transferring them, or a fraction of them, from one account to another. The values of the Bitcoins are determined through complicated mathematical algorithms. As a result, their value has been highly variable in January 2014 the exchange rate fluctuated between being as low as $190 to as high as $900.
Bitcoins have achieved notoriety lately after the FBI found out that the Silk Road, an online marketplace where sellers peddled drugs, firearms and other illicit goods and services, was taking Bitcoins as payment. This revelation pointed to how the relative anonymity of the Bitcoin currency can be used by criminals who want to avoid being tracked by law enforcements.
Bitcoins have reached that point in public awareness where their existence is becoming widely known, and widely misunderstood. Much of the discussion of Bitcoins today focuses on whether the digital currency is doomed, or here to stay.
As volatile as the Bitcoin is, it points to a future where the global consumer economy exists entire online, fueled by virtual currency. The winners in this scenario are those that can anticipate and adapt to that reality without falling prey to shady practices. Whether this new, potentially more 'free' economic reality will truly be revolutionary remains to be seen.


Rent inclusive of unlimited water, gas and electric bills at £82.50pppw or exclusive Rent at the rate of £67.50pppw. All our properties now include free, unlimited WIFI.
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Burley train station provides frequent trains to Leeds centre and to North Yorkshire for a weekend day out, there are also convenient and often bus routes to Hyde Park, the City Centre and Headingley. Burley Park provides a great alternative for students who still want to remain close enough to the electric atmosphere of Hyde Park but want the balance of a quieter lifestyle.
Fully Double Glazed, Through Terrace, Within Walking Distance To Headingley Amenities, Internet Connections In All Bedrooms, Spacious Kitchen/Diner, Burglar Alarm, Full Fire Alarm System, garden, Washing machine, Microwave, Shower Room, Extra WC.


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