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Tag Archives: American Revolution
Revolutionary Jersey
I turned my return trip from a mid-Atlantic family/research weekend into a day trip focused on New Jersey's Revolutionary history which is, of course, plentiful. I had been to the battle sites of Princeton, Trenton, and Monmouth before, but never to Morristown, so that was my focus. And I snapped a few photos at Monmouth as well, just because I was driving by and everything was so green. But mostly I was in Morristown, where General Washington located two winter encampments during the Revolution, in 1777 and 1780. The town's location was strategic then, and convenient now, not too far from either New York City or Philadelphia. It has a lot to offer the tourist seeking historical places, but its vibrant downtown is evidence that it is not altogether focused on the past: destinations that deliver for both visitors and residents are always the best. There are blue and red markers near the sites of Revolutionary structures that are no longer there, and the sprawling Morristown National Historic Park encompasses those that survive. So while we don't get to see Arnold's Tavern, Washington's headquarters during the first encampment, we do get to see the beautiful Ford Mansion, where he spent the second, during the coldest winter on record, in comparative luxury (though with a lot of other people). We also get to see the Wick farmhouse and land at Jockey Hollow, which was transformed into one of the country-in-formation's largest settlements with the encampment of some 13,000 soldiers. Actually I was going to spend more time and get a true Revolutionary perspective by returning to Princeton and Trenton, but I got sidetracked by a pretty little town in the center of the state, Cranbury. It served as the encampment for Washington and his troops prior to the Battle of Monmouth in late June of 1778, and so set the theme for my little daytrip: encampments rather than battlefields. I must admit though: Cranbury's houses were so great I would have spent time there regardless of any Revolutionary connection, and so you have to too!
The Monmouth Battlefield and nearby Cranbury; the last cute house is home to the Cranbury Historical & Preservation Society–everywhere I go there are city historical museums or societies and Salem is very conspicuous in its lack of one!
The encampment focus is one which highlights civilian as well as combatant experiences and sacrifices. At the Georgian Ford Mansion in Morristown, you cannot help but think about Theodosia Ford, who offered her gracious home to General Washington to serve as his headquarters in 1779, two years after her husband died during another winter quartering, with 35 soldiers in the house. During Washington's occupancy, which included his wife Martha, five aides-de-camp, 18 servants (the NPS is not forthcoming on how many were enslaved), assorted guides and occasional dignitaries also in residence, Mrs. Ford and her four children were restricted to two rooms. At Jockey Hollow several miles away, the surviving Wick house, a very New Englandish structure built about 1750, would have been surrounded by small soldiers' cabins built from 600 acres of the farm's timber, while Major Arthur St. Clair of the Pennsylvania brigade quartered in the family home. They all endured through the "Hard Winter" together. Numerous monuments and plaques testify to the sacrifices of the Revolutionary soldiers who occupied Morristown at one time or another; I think the contributions of the Revolutionary citizens of Morristown should be marked as well. But perhaps they already are, by the witness houses still standing almost 250 years later.
The National Historic Park at Morristown, encompassing the Ford Mansion and Washington's Headquarters Museum (one of the first NPS museums, designed by John Russell Pope and completed in 1937), as well as Jockey Hollow. Some exhibits inside the Museum, including an altar-esque presentation of an Edward Savage portrait of George Washington. The park does not include the Jabez Campfield House, c. 1760, but it's just down the road from the Ford Mansion: this is the scene of the courtship of Alexander Hamilton and Betsy Schuyler in 1780, so it's now referred to as the Hamilon-Schuyler house! The Wick house and its grounds, which are beautiful, including reproduction soldiers' cabins and a wonderful herb garden maintained by the Herb Society of America. Like New England, New Jersey is very green this summer.
13 Comments	| tags: American Revolution, Day Trips, Historic Houses, House Museums, landscape, Morristown, Morristown NPS, National Parks, travel	| posted in History
A Vexillogical History of Salem
What am I writing about? Flags for the July 4th weekend of course: I had to look up that word and thus am using it, despite the fact that it is somewhat intimidating and I could easily have chosen something easy and alliterative like flags of our forefathers. But once I discover a new word, I want to use it, so here we are: vexillology is the study of flags, and like many other aspects of life (including food, drink, architecture, industry, and myriad forms of material and intellectual culture) Salem's flag history is so notable that you can almost tell its history through flags: we have a famous colonial flag defacement, a Revolutionary symbol, many claims of "first flags" in foreign ports, a notable expression of Civil War resistance, and lots of other interesting flags which illustrate particular trends and times. Salem's vexillogical history is a a variation on the device used by Nathaniel Hawthorne in his Grandfather's Chair, which told the tale of the "Endicott Flag" in vivid detail.
A fanciful view of Endicott ordering the defacement of the English Ensign by cutting out its cross of St. George, Ballou's Pictorial, 1855; Some flag illustrations from So proudly we hail : the history of the United States flag (1981) by William R. Furlong and Bryan McCandless.
Flag history is often "patriotic history" which of course is a contradiction in terms, so there is a lot of lore and legend that needs to be cut out, just like St. George's cross. It's best to stick to the primary sources. John Winthrop reported that on 5 November 1634, "At the court of assistants complaint was made by some of the country (Richard Brown of Watertown, in the name of the rest) that the ensign at Salem was defaced, viz. One part of the red cross taken out. Upon this, an attachment was awarded against Richard Davenport, ensign-bearer (who was ordered to cut out the cross by John Endicott), to appear at the next court to answer. Much matter was made of this, as fearing it would be taken as an act of rebellion, or of like high nature, in defacing the king's colors; though the truth were, it was done upon this opinion, that the red cross was given to the King of England by the pope, as an ensign of victory, and so a superstitious thing, and a relique of antichrist." Certainly Endicott was not alone in these sentiments: popery and the cult of the saints were right at the top of the "traditions" or relics which were the focus of intense Puritan opposition in both old England and New England. The "crossless flag" did not really take root, but symbols like the pine tree began to appear on banners in the next century, both within and without the cross, eventually inspiring the famous "Appeal to Heaven" flag of Washington's Cruisers. There were so many interesting regimental flags used during the American Revolution, but the only one I would find with ties to Salem is that of Major Israel Forster of Manchester-by-the-Sea: there are several extant examples, one in the collection of the Peabody Essex Museum (see above) and the other which sold at auction in 2014. There are no references to the Forster flag in the PEM's digitized catalog and collections, and I'm also curious about a flag with one star and many stripes which was long displayed in the Essex Institute's Plummer Hall: I don't know why it is often so difficult to find objects that were in the old Institute in the new PEM!
The Historic Forster Flag at Doyle's auctions, 2014; 1915 postcard featuring the "mysterious" flag in the Essex Institute.
The history of the recognition of the American flag seems very intertwined with that of Salem's maritime history: all the old-school maritime historians assert that the first time the US flag was spotted in many Asian and African ports was on a Salem ship. This would be a great topic for an academic paper, perhaps even a dissertation: you can certainly assess how important flying the flag was in all sorts of contemporary images, like George Ropes' Launching of the Ship Fame (1802). The flag you see here, with its circle of stars, represents a common configuration in the nineteenth century up to the Centennial, but there was no standard, official design for the (expanding) stars and stripes until 1912 so there were all sorts of interesting arrangements up to that time. The Fame flag is very similar to that in a watercolor painting memorializing the American prisoners of the War of 1812 who died in the massacre at Dartmoor Prison in 1815, among them nine Salem sailors. About a decade later, a young Salem sea captain was gifted a flag by a group of Salem ladies for his first overseas voyage in command: this was William Driver, who made his Salem fortune and then retired early to Nashville, where his brothers operated a shop. He brought his flag with him, displayed it proudly until the onset of the Civil War, and then hid it in the attic until Union troops captured the city. His "Old Glory" became the symbol of resistance and triumph, both during and especially after the Civil War. What comes after is a bit more complicated, because there are actually two Old Glory flags: a large banner in the collection of the Smithsonian which is generally accepted as "official" and a smaller one in that of the Essex Institute/Peabody Essex Museum. It is quite clear, however, that a Salem-made flag was at the center of both storms at sea and on land.
George Ropes, The Launching of the Ship Fame, 1802, Peabody Essex Museum; Memorial to the victims of the Dartmoor Massacre, Dowst Family, Skinner Auctions; "Old Glory" at the National Museum of American History.
A few sought-after 13-star flags with Salem provenances have surfaced over the past few decades, including one which belonged to shipmaster Parker Brown and the so-called "Hancock & English" flag from the Mastai Collection, a period flag which was modified by the addition of the 1880 presidential candidates which once graced the cover of Time magazine (July 7, 1980: second from right in top row, below). There was a considerable expansion in the commercial use of the flag over the second half of the nineteenth century, and it was a favorite banner for Salem's entrepreneurial merchant/photographer/author Frank Cousins, who featured flags and political souvenirs in his shop, and advertised his wares with flag posters and trade cards. From the Centennial on, it's all about parades as well, which called for a variety of festive flags. Salem excelled at one particular form of July Fourth celebration in the twentieth century—bigger and bigger bonfires—and flags were always on top of these impressive constructions: this has always struck me as a bit problematic as presumably they would burn. A blaze of glory, perhaps.
13-star Salem flag, Heritage Auctions; Frank Cousins Bee-Hive flag, Bonsell Americana; 1896 parade flag, Cowan's Auctions; July Fourth Bonfire, Boston Public Library, Leslie Jones Collection.
2 Comments	| tags: American Revolution, Auctions, Bonfires, Commemoration, Flags, Frank Cousins, holidays, John Endicott, July Fourth, material culture, Nathaniel Hawthorne, Puritans	| posted in History, Salem
A Tory-Loving Town?
Salem has a bit of a reputation as a "Tory-loving town" due to the sentiments of some of its more conspicuous residents on the eve of the Revolution: prominent judges, merchants and lawyers could not reconcile their local and imperial loyalties and thus became exiles for the duration of the Revolution, or for the rest of their lives. The Banishment Act of the State of Massachusetts, issued in 1778 "to prevent the return to this state of certain persons therein named and others who have left this state or either of the United States, and joined the enemies thereof" named only four Salem Loyalists, William Browne, Benjamin Pickman, Samuel Porter and John Sargeant, but this is only a fraction of those who were identified as Tories by their own words or those of their contemporaries. The British archives, family genealogies, and contemporary newspapers point to a lot more: I did a very cursory search and came up with: Henry Gardner, merchant and shipowner, Captain Thomas Poynton, apothecary Nathaniel Danby, physician John Prince, Customs official Jonathan Dowse, merchant George Deblois, schoolmistress Mehitabel Higginson, John Fisher and Samuel Cottnam, as well as the well-known gentlemen Andrew Oliver, Samuel Curwin, the Honorable Benjamin Lynde, and William Pynchon, and I'm sure that this is not an exhaustive list. Most of these names are featured on the very warm address offered to General Gage upon his removal of the provincial capital from Boston to Salem in the late Spring of 1774, and I suspect the remaining signatories had similar sympathies.¹ Timothy Pickering's father was a Tory! Despite the pretty dynamic historiography of New England Loyalists, and some very accessible accessible primary sources, I don't think we know enough about Salem's Tories and their stories.
Just a few monographs and primary sources for the further study of Salem's Loyalists; Congratulations to General Gage.
Some of the more interesting Tory anecdotes focus on houses. In Sarah Orne Jewett's The Tory Lover (1901) a character expresses her concern for the potential consequences of her friend's entanglement: "I could not pass the great window on the stairs without looking out in fear that Madam's house would be all ablaze…..There have been such dreadful things done against the Tories in Salem and Boston!" The "dreadful" acts against Salem Tories included a mob attack on the Ropes Mansion in March of 1774 while Judge Nathaniel Ropes lay inside dying (of smallpox) and the shattering of windows at William Pynchon's Summer Street house. The cause of the mob attack on the Ropes house might have been the judge's high judicial salary or contagious disease; nevertheless he died the day after it happened. Salem's nineteenth-century historians recounted a "family tradition" that Thomas Poynton's house, with its distinctive gilded pineapple over the doorway, was also attacked: he fled in 1775 and died in England in 1791. William Pynchon boarded up his windows and remained in Salem, documenting its revolutionary social life in his famous diary. Other Tories remained and appear to have suffered few consequences for their views (Andrew Oliver) while several were welcomed back after 1783 (Benjamin Pickman; Henry Gardner). Diaries and letters reveal some of their stories, but I think a more collective and integrative approach would yield more insights. It was all so very personal: there were obviously family and friendship connections among Salem's Loyalists, but some families were divided by the Revolution as well. Salem has no Tory Row like Cambridge because the site of many Loyalist residences was the ever-evolving Essex Street, but a primitive (sorry! still working on my digital skills here; the book interrupted my progress) mapping can mark the Tory presence and/or absence.
Tory Houses: several survive but most are long gone. The Ropes Mansion in its original location, right on Essex Street (Old-Time New England, 1902); The Salem Chamber of Commerce is located in Dr. John Prince's much-altered house on Essex Street, and Historic Salem, Inc. is located in the much-altered Curwen House, which used to be situated on Essex Street.
Only William Browne's mansion, firmly and conspicuously located in the center of Salem, was confiscated: it would be replaced by the grand (but short-lived) Derby Mansion after the Revolution. The transition of power and influence from the Brownes to the Derbys seems rather revolutionary in many ways. When I look at the last Salem advertisements of two Tory shopkeepers, I wonder about all their stuff: for them, leaving was not just a matter of turning a key and leaving some associate (or their wives) to look after their property. (I also wonder if Nathaniel Dabney's "Head of Hippocrates" sign was quite as big as depicted). Henry Gardner apparently paid taxes to the Town of Salem during his period of exile: perhaps that preserved whatever property he left behind. By contrast, Samuel Porter was clearly missing things upon his return. And what of Salem's African-American residents, especially those who were enslaved: a 1777 petition by a "Great Number of Blackes" stated their case for freedom with revolutionary rhetoric, but were others enticed by British offers of liberty? Clearly there is lots to learn about Loyalists.
Essex Gazette, June, 1774; Salem Mercury, June 20, 1788.
¹James Stark, in his Loyalists of Massachusetts and the Other Side of the American Revolution (1910) states that "The importance of the following addressers is out of all proportion to their apparent significance. They are an indispensable genesis to the history of the Loyalists. For the next seven years the Addressers were held up to their countrymen as traitors and enemies to their country. In the arraignments, which soon began, the Loyalists were convicted not out of their mouths, but out of their addresses. The ink was hardly dry upon the parchment before the persecution begain against all those who would not recant, and throughout the long year of the war, the crime of an addresser grew in its enormity, and they were exposed to the perils of tarring and feathering, the horrors of Simbury mines, a gaol or a gallows." but I think this is a bit of an overstatement.
7 Comments	| tags: American Revolution, Architecture, books, Historiography, Loyalists, maps, Newspapers, Witness Houses	| posted in History, Salem
For Patriots Day, I endeavored to find Salem houses built in 1775, but it turned out to be a bit more involved task than I envisioned. I was just going to walk around and look at the Historic Salem, Inc. plaques, then I decided to consult the Massachusetts Historical Commission's MACRIS database, which gave me a very workable list. The former overruled the latter for many of the houses I encountered however, so "circa 1775" is the best I can do. Salem houses are sometimes tricky to date just by apparent style: there is a conservatism that dominates the quarter century after the Revolution when it comes to you average dwelling (as contrasted to the Federal mansions which rose at the same time). Several "Georgian" cottages were built in 1806 or even 1826. So these houses are very "circa" for the most part, in the most flexible sense of the word, and I'm not really going to be able to answer the question behind this post: how many people in Salem were confident enough to build a house after five+ years of escalating conflict and tension over representation and sovereignty in British America?"
First up is the Wendt House on Crombie Street: this house has been the object of consternation for decades. First it was threatened my Holyoke Mutual Insurance Company, which threatened to demolish it for parking spaces, then it was saved by Historic Salem, Inc. (HSI), now it is threatened again (not so much its form but its LIGHT) by a large apartment building proposal. Below, Summer, Cambridge and Hight Street Houses: 51 Summer Street is dated 1771 by Historic Salem, followed 6 Cambridge Street and 8, 14 and 21r High Street.
And over on the other side of town: a Briggs Street house which MACRIS dates to c. 1775 but for which HSI has a more precise history, a Daniels Street House which is a great example of the "conservative" trend I spoke of above, and 19-21 Essex Street, which has been through many transformations. Such a cool house, and pretty substantial even without its later additions, indicating that even though the political times were turbulent, the economic future perhaps looked a bit more promising from the perspective of 1775.
19-21 Essex Street in 1985, MACRIS.
4 Comments	| tags: American Revolution, Architecture, Historic Preservation, Historic Salem Inc., holidays, Patriots Day	| posted in Architecture, History, Salem
The Privateer's House
On this very day in 1776, the Continental Congress authorized private vessels commissioned with "Letters of Marque and Reprisal" to "make captures of British Vessels and Cargoes" and Salem's shipowners and shipmasters responded enthusiastically: 158 privateering vessels originated from Salem during the Revolution, capturing 458 prizes and the largest prize tonnage of any single American port. It seems appropriate to feature what once was the home of a particular (and particularly active) privateer today: a structure that long stood on Lynde Street downtown and is now in the process of being "transformed" into a much enlarged building in a Georgian-esque style, complete with a built-in garage. I don't know how much is left of the James Barr House, actually, but a brief history of its most celebrated occupant and record of its evolution are below.
James Barr was born several years before his father, also named James, built the family homestead at 25 Lynde Street, but he spent most of his childhood and adulthood in the house and died in it in 1848, at age 93. His was a full and long life, on sea and on land. Fortunately we have a wonderful and accessible source: his grandson James Barr Curwen published Barr's "Reminiscences," including his Revolutionary War commissions, in the Historical Collections of the Essex Institute in 1890 (Volume 27). Barr spent the war in service: on the Black Snake as First Lieutenant in 1777 and as Captain of the Oliver Cromwell, the Rover, and the Montgomery thereafter. He took prizes and was taken prisoner: he spent several months onboard the infamous British prison ship Jersey in New York Harbor and was also transported by the British to Barbados: nevertheless he always seemed to be able to extricate himself and find another ship. Unfortunately his grandson includes more details about the terms of his commissions than his escapes. After the war, Barr became a merchant mariner in partnership with his brother John: their copper-bottomed ship Hope was apparently one of the speediest Salem ships to the East Indies. Mr. Curwen assesses his grandfather's retirement as "quiet": "in early days he was a staunch Federalist and later a Whig, but he never took a conspicuous part in politics. He lived a strictly honest and conscientious life and died respected by all who know him at the age of ninety-three years, four months, twenty-one days." James Barr's "Reminiscences" also include a portrait commissioned in Leghorn for East India Hall and a very rare photograph of the old captain in the year before his death. Photographs of Revolutionary-war veterans have been the subject of several studies over the past few years and I'm not sure this particular one is well-known: what a record!
In another town, a famous privateer's house might be preserved and celebrated: but that's not the Salem way. The Barr house, built on the storied site of Salem's first fort in 1759, left the family's possession in the early twentieth century and its downtown location rendered it vulnerable to commercial and multi-residential use. Much of Salem's downtown is under the jurisdiction of the Salem Redevelopment Authority (SRA) rather than the Salem Historical Commission: those identifying adjectives are apt. Here is the visual evolution of the house over more than a century: from Curwen ownership in the 1890s (captured in Frank Cousins photographs from the Phillips Library and Digital Commonwealth) to a MACRIS photograph from 2016, to the day it lost its gambrel roof last week, to this morning, and a rendering of its completed form encompassing however many condominiums were approved by the SRA.
And here's the description from the Massachusetts Historical Commission's 2016 MACRIS inventory by Neil Larson and Walter R. Wheeler: The Barr house is one of a diminishing number of mid-18th century vernacular wood frame dwellings in Salem. Although it has experienced minor alterations and significant additions over time, the original outline of the dwelling remains clearly readable; it retains its original form, feeling and materials, and continues to embody the distinctive characteristics of a mid-18th century side passage gambrel-roofed dwelling.
4 Comments	| tags: American Revolution, Architecture, Essex Institute, Frank Cousins, Historic Preservation, Privateering, Redevelopment, Salem Redevelopment Authority	| posted in Architecture, History, Salem
Trial by Combat
Like most Americans, I am outraged by the pillaging of the Capitol on Wednesday by a mob incited by the President of the United States and his personal lawyer, once a serious figure, now a joke, who called for "Trial by Combat". Tears and despair reigned on Wednesday and Thursday, but yesterday I was just mad: mad at so many things, but I think principally upset about the misuse of history by everyone on the wrong side of it. It's really clear that there is massive ignorance of history in our country, enabling its constant exploitation. When you look at the scenes of the Capitol riots what do you see? Flags, so many flags: the Confederate flag was the most conspicuous, of course: we had never seen it in that building before. But there were several Revolutionary War flags as well, outrageously displayed in an ignorant attempt to establish some sort of equivalency or legitimacy. I'm used to the quasi-"medieval" emblems used by white supremacists, and I saw them on display as well: of course the Vikings never wore horned helmets—they are a Victorian creation—but these people don't read so they don't know. Anything medieval is just Game of Thrones fantasy to them, but how dare they use the "Appeal to Heaven" flag of the nascent U.S. Navy or the Gadsen "Don't Treat on Me" flag.
A flag hangs between broken windows after President Donald Trump supporters tried to brake through police barriers outside the U.S. Capitol, Wednesday, Jan 6, 2021. (AP Photo/John Minchillo)
That casual reference to trial by combat, which was archaic in the sixteenth century at the very least! As it evolved into the duel, monarchs wanted a monopoly on warfare, and so it was disdained, not celebrated, as it was on Wednesday (by the cowardly "generals" who of course did not accompany their "army" to the Capitol). And we're supposed to be more civilized? I hardly think so. Trial by combat is already depicted as "orderly" and idealized in the fifteenth century: it's on its way out then, only to be resurrected in the twenty-first.
Trial by combat as depicted in two late medieval manuscripts (British Library MS Royal 15 E VI and Royal 14 D I) and a Victorian reimagining.
Maybe it's because I'm writing about the Renaissance now and completely focused on its messaging, but I feel like we can only move forward by looking back. We've got to learn our history, our real history. I think I'm also a bit concerned about this now because the Liberal Arts are being challenged across our nation at institutions of higher education, particularly public ones like the one at which I teach. I'm worried we are going to be transformed into a vocational school by our administration with its "bold" plan: offering instruction primarily in social service rather than social science. We excel at teacher education in several fields (including history, of course) because that is our history, and nothing is more important than that now. How can we move forward if we don't know where we've been?
Oh, and those "backward" medievals always distinguished between trial by combat and pillage: that's what happened on Wednesday.
Pillaging, BL MS Royal 14 D I
5 Comments	| tags: American Revolution, British Library, Capitol Riots, Current Events, Medieval History, Salem State University, Symbolism, Teaching	| posted in Culture, Current Events, History
The Story of the Revolution
I envy the residents of the towns and cities neighboring Salem for their active historical societies, most prominently Historic Beverly, otherwise and previously known as the Beverly Historical Society, which offers up an impressive calendar of exhibits and events regularly, even in this pandemic year. In particular, check out the impressive online exhibit Set at Liberty, which explores the experience of the enslaved in Beverly through materials in Historic Beverly's archives. There is a very clear commitment to interpretation and accessibility, and given the richness of its collections, much to look forward to for both initiatives. I had been to Historic Beverly's Balch House and Hale Farm before, but never to its headquarters, the 1781 John Cabot House, so I took advantage of the occasion of a real exhibit to visit yesterday. Henry Cabot Lodge, a Beverly native and prominent U.S. Senator, published his two-volume Story of the Revolution in 1898, illustrated with (uncredited) images commissioned from some of America's most accomplished artists. Several years later, the 45 paintings which were the foundation of the Revolution plates were donated to the Beverly Historical Society by Susan Day Parker, and 20 of these paintings are on view this week. They did not disappoint, and neither did the John Cabot House!
Before I went to the exhibit, I thought I should take a look at the book, but it was a bit disappointing, although true to its title! It's a story, a narrative, with little analysis or context: the sort of straightforward and patriotic history that I imagine our President admires. But this was 1898 and par for the course. Senator Lodge did have a Ph.D. from Harvard, with a dissertation on the Germanic origins of Anglo-Saxon law. That caught my attention, as I have a new course on the constitutional history of England coming up next semester, so perhaps I will check out his contribution to the Essays in Anglo-Saxon Law (1876). But as I said before, the paintings did not disappoint: many were colorless, but the intensity of oil was still there, and the battle scenes were also intense and very detailed, more so than the blook plates. I'm not sure you can see the difference with the collage below, but in person, these tonal paintings were striking.
Tearing Down the Leaden Statue of George III on Bowling Green, NY to Celebrate the Signing of the Declaration of Independence, July 9, 1776 (Book plate + painting), Frederick Coffay Yohn.
A bit of red in Yohn's Concord Bridge painting, and four more Story paintings by Yohn: The Defense of Fort Sullivan, The Repulse of the Hessians Under Count Donop at Fort Mercer, Winter at Valley Forge, and The Battle of Bennington.
Hugh W. Ditzler, Washington Taking Command of the Army at Cambridge, Edward H. Potthast, Bayonette Charge at the Battle of Camden; and F. C. Yohn (again; I guess I'm a fan and clearly Cabot was too), The Siege of Yorktown.
My favorite painting in the exhibition did not make it into the book: Carlton T. Chapman's The Running Fight (below). I'm not sure why it didn't make the cut, other than perhaps Cabot's preference for the war on land, but I love it. These paintings are on view for only this week, so if you want to see them for yourself, sign up for some (free) timed tickets and/or tune in to curator Abby Battis's Facebook live event on Thursday afternoon.
The Story of the Revolution at Historic Beverly's John Cabot House (117 Cabot Street) through September 26: more information here.
1 Comment	| tags: American Revolution, Art, Exhibitions, Historic Beverly, Local Events, Local History	| posted in History
Lafayette Fangirls
I just love the idea and the historic reality of the "Farewell Tour" taken by the Marquis de Lafayette in 1824: the exuberant reception, and the deep appreciation expressed by both Americans and Lafayette again and again and again, everywhere he went. I also like all the things that were produced for this occasion: prints, plates, paintings, ribbons, all manner of print and material commemorative culture. In honor of its namesake, Lafayette College has amassed a large collection of Lafayette memorabilia but it is by no means the only repository of such items. Like every American town and city where Lafayette alighted, Salem greeted him with great enthusiasm, on this very day nearly 200 years ago, and Lafayette left his mark: the main southern thoroughfare to Marblehead was named after him, as well as one of my favorite rooms (the room with the bar!) in Hamilton Hall. The Hall was the site of the elaborate dinner (including 65 separate dishes) for the General/Marquis prepared by its increasingly-renown African-American caterer John Remond and his wife Nancy, with the ladies of Salem providing the decorations: the Salem Gazette reported that the "whole effect was beyond our powers of description" on the next day.
Even more so than the Hall, it's these ladies that I am interested in, as I bet they were all decked out. I love the Lafayette ladies' accessories from this era: the ribbons, hats, gloves, and fans which were worn at the parades in his honor and then tucked away in some keepsake box, perhaps brought out at the time of his death in 1834, and then packed away again. They're not difficult to find, as Lafayette's tour was so extensive, and women who could afford to displayed their patriotism in a very exuberant and festive fashion: we have to remember that Lafayette was not only a valiant foreigner who answered America's call at a crucial time, he was also the last living Revolutionary General in 1824. He was more than "the Nation's Guest", but he was also French, so deserving of a display.
Gloves with Lafayette's image from the collections of the Metropolitan Museum of Art and the Museum of Fine Arts, Boston; a silk bag from the Smithsonian's Cooper Hewitt Museum, and a ribbon from the collection at Lafayette College.
Fans are the most elaborate of Lafayette mementos, in my humble opinion, and several Salem ladies had fans for the farewell tour–whether they were domestically produced or French imports I do not know. There's a lovely Lafayette fan featured in the Museum Collections of the Essex Institute which I assume is still in the collection of the Peabody Essex Museum, but I can't find it, of course, because PEM. The Museum of Fine Arts has two fans which likely belonged to Elizabeth and Sarah Derby, if the initials are any indication. If they did in fact belong to the Derby girls, I don't know if they had them in hand on that day, this day, in 1824: all of the newspaper accounts reported heavy rain in Salem. And after that he was gone, but the adoration continued: in a piece that was reprinted up and down the east coast the Salem Gazette observed that "Everything is Lafayette, whether it be on our heads or under our feet….." in October.
Fans in the collections of the Essex Institute (Peabody Essex Museum?) and Museum of Fine Arts, Boston; Salem Gazette, October 12, 1824.
4 Comments	| tags: American Revolution, Commemorations, Fashion, Hamilton Hall, Lafayette, material culture, On this Day, Remond Family of Salem, Textiles	| posted in History, Salem, Women's History
It was Her Shop
Looking through classified advertisements in eighteenth-century Salem newspapers is one of my favorite pastimes: I can't think of a better way to gain insights into the public lives of people at that time, though their private lives are, of course, another story. The other day I was wandering around in 1769 and a particularly enticing notice caught my attention: with its large letters and array of goods it could not fail to do so. Priscilla Manning, in big bold letters, listed her worldly goods, encompassing all manner and colors of cloth, caps, hose, shoes and tea, of course, all available at "her shop in Salem, a little above Capt. West's Corner, at the lowest prices for Cash." First I had to figure out what all of these eighteenth-century fabrics were: taffeta, satin, lawn, cambric, and linen were familiar to me, but somehow I have made it to this advanced age without knowing what "calamanco" was. I assumed it was an alternative spelling for calico, but no—a very different, thicker, embossed woolen cloth, which has its own (tortoiseshell) cat association in some parts of this world. Not only was I ignorant about calamanco: I had no idea that our neighboring city to the South, Lynn, was a major producer of calamanco shoes in the eighteenth century, well before it became known as an industrial Shoe City. But there's the reference right in Priscilla's inventory: best Lynn-made calamanco and silk shoes. My friend and former colleague Kimberly Alexander, author of Treasures Afoot: Shoe Stories of the Georgian Era, set me straight: calamanco shoes were the "everyday footwear of American life" and Lynn-made shoes had such a good reputation in the Boston area that merchants such as Priscilla "proudly trumpeted their origin". Yes, that's right: Priscilla Manning was a merchant; why is that occupational term reserved only for men?
My calico cat Trinity and some anonymous tortoiseshell I stole from the web, as apparently some parts of the word call torties "calamanco cats"; calamanco wedding shoes from c. 1765, collection of Historic Deerfield (object #HD 2004.26, photo by Penny Leveritt).
Priscilla continued to carry on her business until 1772 when she married a widower from Andover named George Abbot: he brought his two young girls to Salem, and if advertisements are any indication, took over her shop. Suddenly it is George Abbot who is offering all of theses splendid goods, from the same shop, with only a few slight changes, including cash given for empty snuff bottles. Priscilla disappears! Certainly the commercial contacts necessary to conduct such a cosmopolitan provisioning business were hers, and I bet she continued to work them, but she is no longer the public face of her business. Actually the newspapers give us few insights into the Abbots during the Revolution: George appears in a 1774 letter addressed to General Gage protesting the closing of the port of Boston, and then we don't see another advertisement until 1783, when the shop has moved to "Main Street". In the following year, he died at age 37, leaving Priscilla as the guardian of her two stepdaughters and their daughter, also named Priscilla.
So what does Priscilla do? She re-opened her shop, "just above the town pump", and built a big new house—both in her name. I do wonder if she had more freedom of operation as a widow than a miss, but that conspicuous advertisement from 1769 indicates she was under no commercial constraints before her marriage. The papers carry notices of the marriages of her stepdaughters and, sadly, the death of her own daughter at the tender age of 16, but they can offer no other insights into the life of Priscilla Manning Abbot, until her own death in 1804. What she left behind, to be disposed of by her executrix Elizabeth Cogswell: her mansion house and barn, one-half of wall pew #6 in the "Rev. Dr. Barnard's meeting-house" and of course, her stock in trade.
I think this plaque should read Priscilla Manning Abbot, Merchant.
Appendix: Priscilla Manning's ad caught the attention of an expert in the field as well as wandering me: check out Carl Robert Keyes' analysis at the Adverts 250 Project.
10 Comments	| tags: #SalemSuffrageSaturday, American Revolution, Cats, ephemera, Houses, Newspapers, Salem Businesses, Textiles, Women's History	| posted in History, Salem, Women's History
Copley Cousins
Two portraits of young Salem women of the mid-eighteenth century, both named Mary and newly-wed, painted by John Singleton Copley wearing the same dress! Whether you're delving into the reform-minded Salem women of the nineteenth century or the merchant princesses of a century earlier, you quickly form the impression that both groups lived in small worlds. Mary Turner Sargent (1743-1813) and Mary Toppan Pickman (1744-1817) were born and married into money, and their portraits reflect their wealth and status: their shared dress shimmers and glows in Copley fashion, and handcrafted Georgian detail creates a solid background for their portrayals.
Mrs. Daniel Sargent (Mary Turner), Fine Arts Museums of San Francisco; and Mrs. Benjamin Pickman (Mary Toppan), Yale University Art Gallery + plus a crop of the serpentine trim on their dress.
I love John Singleton Copley's American portraits: they seem far more authentic, engaging, and artful than the English paintings from his later career. These women lived in a world he knew well, and into which he would eventually marry. Unlike our two Salem Marys, he was not born into wealth and privilege, but his marriage to Susanna Farnham Clarke, the daughter of the prominent Boston merchant Richard Clarke (who lost a valuable cargo to the Boston Tea Party) as well as his talent and productivity enabled him to rise quite high in pre-revolutionary society. He painted famous patriots and loyalists alike, but he was firmly in the latter camp, and thus he decamped to England in 1774. Mary Turner Sargent married into a family of Gloucester patriots; Mary Toppan Pickman's husband Benjamin was a Loyalist exile—I'm wondering if he ran into Copley in London, as that was another small world.
John Singleton Copley, The Copley Family, 1776-77, National Gallery + a crop of Susanna's blue dress.
There are two other Copley portraits of Salem women that I know of: that of Lydia Lynde Walter (1741-98), a contemporary of the two Marys, and Abigail Pickman Eppes Gardiner (1733-1980), Mary Pickman's sister-in-law! One imagines lots of chatter among these women about their portraits—and comparisons. Were the two Marys jealous of Abigail, who is clad in indulgent drapery in more individualistic fashion? Abigail had to go with a more classical look, perhaps, so not to look too provincial when she departed for England and Loyalist Land. Lydia Lynde Walter lived with her husband William, the rector of Trinity Church, until 1776 and then they fled to Nova Scotia, a Loyalist destination for those who wanted to remain in North America, where they sat out the Revolution and remained until 1791.
Lydia Lynde Walter,Virginia Museum of History and Culture; Abigail Pickman Eppes Gardiner, Brooklyn Museum.
Of all these women, only Mary Toppan Pickman remained in Salem throughout her life. Mary Turner Sargent was the great-granddaughter of the John Turner who built the house which would eventually become known as the House of the Seven Gables, the granddaughter of the John Turner who would replenish the family fortune, and the daughter of the John Turner who lost it all—so I guess it's a good thing that she resided in her husband's native city of Gloucester, somewhat removed from the scene of her family's failing fortunes. Mary Pickman remained in Salem even as her husband left for London, managing those properties that were not confiscated and raising their four young children (+ taking care of elderly parents). She seems to have done a a more than capable job, as tributes to her capabilities and pleasant nature are numerous. She and her husband exchanged letters during the course of the Revolution, but of course only ONE of hers survives compared with many of his. Fortunately it is revealing. In June of 1783, she wrote:
I am happy my dear Mr. Pickman that I have once more heard the glad tidings of peace, but my happiness will not be complete until till you return. The satisfaction you received from my letter could not be greater than I felt as seeing yours of the 20th February. I am glad you are disposed to return to America and have no doubt that in a short time every obstacle will in a short time be removed—our fortune is not so much depreciated perhaps as you imagine. We have a very good one left enough to answer any purpose. It has not been in my power to purchase any bills lately but will if possible send you sufficient to pay all demands before you leave England….. (George Francis Dow, ed., The diary and letters of Benjamin Pickman (1740–1819) of Salem, Massachusetts).
He had been gone for TEN years, leaving her with all of their family responsibilities and instead of writing the war is over, come back immediately, I'm exhausted she writes of her incomplete happiness in his absence and promises to send money to settle his debts before his departure. By all accounts the Pickmans had a very happy marriage, strong enough to withstand this separation: they had two more children in the years following his return.
Looking at the portraits of the blue-dressed Marys and Lydia Lynde, painted in 1763-64, it seems impossible to imagine how much their lives will change with the Revolution; Abigail, posing in the 1770s, looks a bit more wary. Copley captured a waning colonial world, and then left it.
Leave a comment	| tags: #SalemSuffrageSaturday, American Revolution, Art, Diaries, Fashion, John Singleton Copley, Loyalists, Women's History, Women's History Month	| posted in History, Salem, Women's History


text:
Caleb Ogundele
PRESIDNET, INTERNET SOCIETY NIGERIA CHAPTER (ISOC NG)
Caleb Ogundele is an ICANN, AFRINIC, AFRISIG, and ISOC Fellow. He is involved in Supporting Organisation with ICANN includes the NCSG, NCUC , and NPOC . He currently volunteers his time in NPOC where he currently serves as the Membership Chair. Within the ATLARGE and AFRALO community, He serves as an active member and often contributes in different working groups on policies that affect the resilience and growth of the global Internet. A former team lead of the Information Technology Unit for the University of Ibadan, Distance Learning Centre and currently a Project Manager at the African Academic Network on Internet Policy which is focused on Academic Research, Development and Public Policy Interventions related to the Global Internet.. He serves his local internet community in different fora and capacity building which include but not limited to the ISOC Nigerian Chapter and African Network Operating Group (AFNOG) communities where he participates and volunteered as a Web Technologies Instructor in the AFNOG tutorial sessions. In the past, Caleb has also participated in a number of NgNOG track workshops. Caleb was previously the Programmes Secretary and now currently the President of the ISOC Nigerian Chapter. He possesses a number of industry/professional certifications as well as two Masters degrees in Computer Systems and Information Science both from the University of Ibadan. He is currently a Ph.D candidate with focus on Internet measurements with an intersection on QoS. Caleb's participation in different fora within the internet space has seen his researched contribution on internet governance policy issues ranging from data privacy, GeoPolitics of Internet Governance, Community Networks and sustainable access, Cyber Security, digital rights, media literacy and Emerging Technologies. Within the AFRINIC ecosystem, Caleb recently finished his term as a member of the Nomination Committee (NoMCoM) and actively contributes to the Policy Working Development Group (PWDG) Within the Nigerian space, Caleb is an active member of the Nigeria Internet Registration Association (NIRA) and the Nigerian Internet Governance Forum(NIGF) Multistakeholder Advisory Group(MAG) and also volunteers his time and skillsets to assist the secretariat during consultations and organization of NIGF events. In recent years, Caleb has actively participated in different Internet governance forum initiatives both Globally, within Africa, and in West Africa. Caleb Ogundele coordinates several initiatives within the Internet Society Nigeria Chapter among which is the inaugural Nigeria School on Internet Governance, different capacity-building webinars, and ISOC Global training initiatives which has seen lots the fellows of participating actively in the global scene
All Sessions by Caleb Ogundele
Vote of Thanks
Vote of Thanks: Mr. Caleb Ogundele - President, Internet Society. Nigeria Chapter (3 mins)

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


The Park Watch program began as a result of citizen input and support from the City Council. Contributions for design and development came form the Mason City Police Department, Parks and Recreation Department, and City Volunteer Program. With enthusiastic response from citizen volunteers, the first Park Watch tour was conducted on July 21, 2006.
In order for this program to be most effective, it must rely on citizen participation and support. While we do our best to keep a close watch on activities taking place in our parks, we are asking citizens to…help us watch!
Park Watch volunteers remain anonymous to the media & general public.
Volunteers travel in pairs touring city parks on a rotating schedule. Responsibilities include being an extra set of eyes and ears as they look for crime and disorder and communicate concerns to local law enforcement.
Reduces repair and restoration costs for equipment and facilities.
Creates community pride as everyone works together to ensures safe, clean and enjoyable parks.


text:
Tecnogaia S.r.l. was founded in 2000, as and indipendent company, by the will of a team of technicians who have worked in the renewable energy sector for over 20 years, working at ENEL first and then at CESI (Reseach Centre of ENEL). Know-how, experience and specialized information are the patrimony that is the solid basis on which to built a new company.
Members references and Italian Wind Atlas
Tecnogaia members actively worked to develope the italian wind energy sector from its origins (1980) to today; they participated in the drafts of several projects, at today realized, and can claim the participation at works in collaboration with the most renowned institutes in the wind sector. Tecnogaia has the honor to have actively contributed, with CESI, to the creation of the Italian Wind Atlas.
Database of historical wind masts
Tecnogaia's know-how includes an anemological database, in part constantly updated, consisting of a few hundred wind data series relating to as many stations installed in its time by ENEL on the whole national territory.
Overall policy on wind energy
Tecnogaia, based on the ideas of its founders, believes in the possibility of sustainable industrial through the use of renewable energy sources in the broader social strata. For this reason, it takes the view that the reference framework for the optimal technology of renewable energy is that of its widespread distribution in the territory. Its work also has to be made to individuals, small local environments, local governments, community associations and companies wishing to produce electricity from wind power.
Tecnogaia, today composed of ten people, considers its primary purpose the Customer satisfaction; for this reason it is equipped with a quality system (ISO 9001 / UNI EN ISO 9001:2015) and set a policy that identifies the staff in his training and in his involvement, the most important assets of the Company.
Collaboration with experts
For the purposes of continuous growth, research and technical specialistic upgrade, Tecnogaia avails itself of the use of experts internationally recognized in the wind energy field.
Tecnogaia, in over eighteen years, has offered and carried out its work for more than a hundred Customers. Among its clientele, it counts the most important Italian producers of the electricity industry, Promoters/Developers of wind energy, major international companies operating in electrical engineering, but also small companies operating locally.


text:
Search Results for Krishna Temples
Displaying 1 - 15 Krishna Temples
Top 10 Krishna Temples in India
From being a philosopher to a friendly guide for some, Lord Krishna's significant lifetime events right from his birth to death are encapsulated in temples that have been sprinkled in various corners of India.
By: Nitin Singh Jain Published in Spirituality on May 31, 2020
Visit Top 5 Krishna Temples And Know About The Miracles of Banke Bihariji
Lord Krishna is the most important avatar of Lord Vishnu.These temples are important as they are associated with the birth of Lord Krishna or they are known for their history and architecture. The feeling of spirituality has made the temples a popular pilgrimage for the devotees.
By: Payal K Singh Published in Holy Pilgrimages on March 18, 2016
7 Best Temples To Visit in Mathura Vrindavan
You must include all these mentioned temples in your Mathura tour packages. If you don't then you will be a great loss, as all these temples are well known and popular to Hindus.
By: Simran Raj Published in Travel on September 11, 2019
Top 10 Must-see Temples in Madhya Pradesh
The temples are a stunning display of the fine sculptures and exceptional architectural skill of a bygone era, thus making it one of the UNESCO World Heritage Sites in India. Madhya Pradesh is the live example of this.
By: Payal Mathur Published in Holy Pilgrimages on October 11, 2018
Most Beautiful Temples You Must Visit in Delhi
The diversity in Delhi has provided the capital city with numerous famous religious spots. There are numerous sanctuaries in Delhi that have been beautifully created and have as far back as remained popular.
By: Dimpy Roy Published in City Information & Guides on August 10, 2016
Witness The Rich Cultural Diversity And Spiritualism in Temples of India
Amongst the different countries of the world, India is one country where people worship many gods. Since ages, Indians have been believers in many different gods.
By: Aadi Raj Published in Holy Pilgrimages on February 01, 2013
The Honorable Temples in India
India is a region of sacred saint, ardent supporters, temples and religious worship. In the aged millennium, rulers and amateur would worship Gods and remain devoted to them.
By: Nikita Chaudhary Published in Destination Tips on August 09, 2011
Belur - The Land Where You Will Spot Incredible Temples
Do you love to know the history behind the construction of the old monuments, buildings and forts? If yes, then through this article, know today about some such temples which are located in Belur, Karnataka and well-known for the history of their creation.
By: Rakesh M Singh Published in Vacation Rentals on June 14, 2018
Temples to Visit in Bhubaneshwar
Bhubaneshwar, which is also known as the temple city of India, boasts of over 2000 temples thereby offering a large variety of temples that are visited by a plethora of tourists everyday. From intricate carvings to grand exteriors, each temple has its own unique identity.
By: Manisha Nigam Published in Hotels and Lodging on January 30, 2018
Gujarat Tour Package - Most Famous Temples in Gujarat
In this article, we are telling some information about four most famed temples of Gujarat. These temples are not well known in Gujarat only, but they are also well famed in India and from all over the world.
By: Pakharia Aditya Published in Air Travel on September 27, 2016
5 Famous Religious Temples in India
The geographic land of India has several temples spread across its length and breath.The holy places of India are the custodians of belief for more than a billion people.The various religions, languages, templesand customs are the many facets of thismajestic country India.
Visit To The Famous Temples In Ahmedabad
We have best tour packages in Ahmedabad to explore the whole state without any harassment. For the religious lovers, this place is perfect. Here, the list of famous temples is shown.
By: Pakharia Aditya Published in Travel Tips on August 05, 2015
Kalamkari Kurtis - Be Tastefully Fashionable This Summer in Trendy Kalamkari Clothes
In this article, Designer Vijayalakshmi Krishna talks about how they have gone about reviving kalamkari art. There is also some details on kalamkari art form & where to buy these. The article discusses all of this in great detail.
By: Vijayalakshmi Krishna Published in Clothing on April 29, 2015
Krishna Janmashtami Greeting Cards
Celebrate Janmastami, the birthday of Lord Krishna by spreading love and joy to your love ones by sending personalized greeting cards from Postmygreetings.
By: Shabbir Shaikh Published in Gifts on August 08, 2012
Temples of Delhi Tour
The temples, which attracts approximately 70 percent of all tourists who visit Delhi.Sometimes referred to as Dilli, Delhi is the 2nd largest metropolis in India, after Mumbai, with a population of 13 million, and with an extended metropolitan population of almost 22 million.
By: Amit Kumar Rana Published in Travel on January 01, 2012
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This video was created for the tourism bureau of Grand Rapids, Michigan. Newsweek had recently named Grand Rapids a "dying city", and so this video was their response. It showcased the liveliness of the city, weaving through popular attractions, and bringing out a crowd participation of over five thousand people.
Upon its release, the video was called "the greatest music video ever made" by Roger Ebert. It received over five million YouTube views, and vast international coverage. It is also what caused Grand Rapids being named the "Person of the Week" by ABC World News.
In a local news station's investigative story, it's value was estimated to be "clearly in the millions."


text:
Maisie Williams Accidentally Drops a Major Spoiler in Game of Thrones' Final Season
Uploaded by Mary Braxton on April 12, 2019 at 8:16 am
Maisie Williams Accidentally Drops a Major Spoiler in Game of Thrones' Final Season
Maisie Williams shares her top five iconic moments portraying Arya Stark on Game of Thrones and gets upset when she accidentally lets a major spoiler slip about a big death while trying to describe the show's final season.
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The Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon features hilarious highlights from the show including: comedy sketches, music parodies, celebrity interviews, ridiculous games, and, of course, Jimmy's Thank You Notes and hashtags! You'll also find behind the scenes videos and other great web exclusives.
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Maisie Williams shares her top five iconic moments portraying Arya Stark on Game of Thrones and gets upset when she accidentally lets a major spoiler slip about a big death while trying to describe the show's final season.
The Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon features hilarious highlights from the show including: comedy sketches, music parodies, celebrity interviews, ridiculous games, and, of course, Jimmy's Thank You Notes and hashtags! You'll also find behind the scenes videos and other great web exclusives.
Maisie Williams Accidentally Drops a Major Spoiler in Game of Thrones' Final Season
Views:12,132,695 views
Tags: Accidentally, Drops, Final, Game, Maisie, Major, season, Spoiler, Thrones&#39, Williams
GAME OF THRONES Season 8 Episode 6 Breakdown, Recap and Theories | The Iron Throne | Final Episode
by Kathleen Gill
Game of Thrones Season 8 Episode 6 Review | The FINAL Episode!
by Michael Cobbs
Bran Stark: His Final Vision Will Save Them All? - Game of Thrones Season 8 (End Game Theory)
by Luciana Kummer
Game Of Thrones Season 8 Episode 5 Trailer Breakdown - The Final Battle
by Courtney Roper


Description: A very simple and limited space shooter where you fight against endless waves of enemies in order to reach the highest possible level. The game features a nice and smooth engine, but it lacks more content, from different enemies, powerups, scoring and similar. Still, its one-sided nature and straightforward gameplay can become addictive if you have someone to compete against.


Once, when I was but a wee lad, I went to a video store (they used to exist I swear) and bought a used copy of Street Fighter for the Sega Genesis for only $20. That's it, that's the end of the story. Everything can't be amazing all the time, sometimes stories don't go anywhere at all or end happily. I mean, I went home and played it a lot and was pretty happy about that. Ok, so maybe my procuring of this game wasn't an Indiana Jones-caliber adventure with snake pits and what have you, but when you're 13 and you grew up in the middle of nowhere things like this were a bigger deal than maybe they should have been. You don't know my pain!
They also made some keychains. They're blind packaged. And for your keys. They also make fabulous nose jewelry. For your nose. They're $4.95 and come out on the same day.


text:
Q: Add class when element is created I want a class to be added whenever div element is created.
var divElement = document.createElement('div')

should return

EDIT:
I do not want to repeatedly add Class whenever I create another document.createElement('div') using className or setAttribute. I should just write document.createElement('div') and it should add class in future.
Can we change at document.createElement and do it?

A: If you want to override the behavior of document.createElement -- really, really want to -- then:
document.createElement = (function() {
    var original_createElement = document.createElement.bind(document);
    return function(tagName, cls) {
        var elt = original_createElement(tagName);
        elt.className = cls;
        return elt;
    };
}());

A couple of notes about this:

*

*We use a IIFE in order to isolate original_createElement inside the closure.

*We need to do the bind on document.createElement because that function requires the document context.

*This function is designed to be used as in document.createElement('div', 'foo'). If you really, really want foo to be added to every single element you ever create in the future, then remove the cls argument and do elt.className = 'foo'; instead.
But in any case I don't recommend doing this at all.
Instead, as described in the comments and other answers, define your own functionn:
function createElementWithClassFoo() {
    var div = document.createElement('div');
    div.classList.add('foo');
    return div;
}

Or generalize it to any class:
function createElementWithClass(cls) {
    var div = document.createElement('div');
    div.classList.add(cls);
    return div;
}

Then call
var divElement = createElementWithClassFoo();
var divElement = createElementWithClass('foo');

A: You should add the following line to the code before appending the child. This would add the class to the element that was just created.
divElement.className = 'foo';

like given below:
var divElement = document.createElement('div') ;

divElement.className = 'foo';

document.body.appendChild(divElement);

Fiddle Demo
Using a pre-defined function to reduce repetition:
function appendDefaultDiv(){
    var divElement = document.createElement('div') ;

    divElement.className = 'foo';
    divElement.innerHTML = "Some Text";

    return divElement;
}

document.body.appendChild(appendDefaultDiv());

Fiddle Demo 2

A: You can use .className
var divElement = document.createElement('div');
divElement.className = 'foo';

Demo

A: use .className:
var divElement = document.createElement('div');
    divElement.className = 'foo';

Reference
https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/API/Element.className

A: You can use function to avoid repetition.

var createDiv = function() {
  var div = document.createElement('div');
  div.className = 'what-ever-class';
  return div;
};

console.log(createDiv());
console.log(createDiv());
Open console ....

A: u can add property like this divElement.className = 'foo';

A: var div = document.createElement("div");
div.style.width = "100px";
div.style.height = "100px";
div.style.background = "red";
div.style.color = "white";
div.innerHTML = "Hello";
div.id="vik";
div.setAttribute('id', 'myid');
div.setAttribute('class', 'myclass');

document.body.appendChild(div);

A: Try this...
var $div = $("
", {class: "foo"});
$("body").append($div);

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


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The Bruins continued to outwork the Vancouver Canucks in the second period of Game 4 of the Stanley Cup Final, and it paid off big time for Brad Marchand.
The scrappy forward roofed a backhander over Vancouver goalie Roberto Luongo's left shoulder to give the Bruins a 3-0 lead in the second period.
Not surprisingly, the play was made by a strong defensive play behind the net by Patrice Bergeron to help set up the goal.
See the goal in the video above.


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HOW TO EXPRESS SEXUALITY RESPONSIBLE AND ENJOY IT!


text:
New York's Green Island
By Laurie Lewis
Roosevelt Island, a two-mile–long strip of land in the East River between Manhattan and Queens, has had many names. Native Americans called it Minnahanonck, and Dutch colonists who raised pigs there in the seventeenth century dubbed it Varckens or Hogs Island. In the British colonial period, it became known by the name of the family that owned the property, and "Blackwell's Island" stuck even after New York City acquired the land in the 1820s. Because the island was remote from the population center, the city deemed it ideal for a penitentiary, workhouse, and several hospitals. In 1921 came another name change, reflecting how the land had been used for about a century: Welfare Island. Nearly abandoned by the late 1960s, the spit of land became Roosevelt Island in the 1970s, named for the President of the United States from 1933 until his death in 1945. Now a planned community started to take shape. Perhaps a more fitting name for the present place might be New York's "green" island.
Roosevelt Island in the center,
with Manhattan to the right and Queens to the left
Because Roosevelt Island was a planned community, it could address contemporary concerns. Among these were affordable housing, preservation of historic landmarks, and a clean and green environment. The master planners, architects Philip Johnson and John Burgee, envisioned an urban paradise for mainly middle-class residents who would have everything they needed right on the island—shopping, schools, recreation—plus good views and easy access to the city. Life on Roosevelt Island also would be notable for what it did not have: car-clogged streets lined with garbage on collection days.
Although cars are not forbidden on the island, neither are they encouraged. Everything is a short walk, but residents who prefer to ride can take the free bus that loops around Roosevelt Island. People now have several alternatives to get on and off the island: a four-minute ride on the aerial tram connecting with Midtown Manhattan (marvelous views!), a bus connecting with Queens, and subway and ferry service to both boroughs. Anticipating that few people would drive on Roosevelt Island, the planners made the streets narrow—too small to accommodate an armada of sanitation trucks.
Of course, Roosevelt Island residents produce as much waste as anyone else. But after they throw it down their apartment building chutes, it follows a unique path. An Automated Vacuum-Assisted Collection (AVAC) system sucks up the trash and sends it whooshing through underground tubes to a central collection point, where it is compacted and carted away. Although AVAC is popular in other countries, until recently the only other place in the United States to have such a system was Disney World. In part, that's because it's easier to install an AVAC system in new construction than to retrofit existing communities. A new residential development on the west side of Manhattan, Hudson Yards, is installing an AVAC system.
Engineers are trying to harness the water that surrounds Roosevelt Island to generate electric energy. The East River technically is not a river; it is a tidal strait. The predictability of tides makes this hydroelectric energy enticing. Verdant Power, the first licensed tidal energy project in the country, has already demonstrated the environmental safety of its underwater turbines in this location and hopes to have enough turbines positioned off Roosevelt Island to supply energy to thousands of residents.
Last September, Cornell Tech dedicated the first buildings of its new graduate school on the southern part of Roosevelt Island. A joint effort of Cornell University and Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, the campus is a center of innovation and collaboration in engineering and business and an eco-friendly exemplar. The House is a 350-unit apartment building for students, faculty, and staff and the first residential high-rise in the world built to the most rigorous energy-efficient "passive house" standards. This is achieved by tightly sealed ductwork and a façade of metal panels that act like an insulating envelope around the entire structure. Other buildings on the campus also boast LEED certification, the global standard for "green" buildings.
Roosevelt Island is also green in the traditional sense. The island has large swaths of green space, from Southpoint Park on the southern end to Lighthouse Park on the northern end and small parks and community gardens in-between. Some of these green spaces contain relics from the days when this was Blackwell's Island, including some repurposed structures. For example, Strecker Laboratory, a one-time medical research institution on the southern end, now houses a power substation for the Metropolitan Transit Authority. Another example of historic preservation is the octagon tower from one of the early institutions on the island, the New York City Lunatic Asylum. Although most of the building is long gone, the tower now forms the lobby of the Octagon apartments.
And beneath it all, under both the buildings and the parkland, the AVAC system speeds away Roosevelt Island's refuse at up to 60 miles per hour.
For a description of the Franklin D. Roosevelt Four Freedoms Park at the southern tip of Roosevelt Island, see our August 29 2018, blog.
September Tours
Most Take a Walk New York tours cover 1 to 2 miles, last 2 to 2½ hours, and cost $25 per person. Advance registration is required. To register and to learn the meeting place, email the guide (lewislaurie2rnyc@gmail.com or alan.r.cohen@verizon.net). Please arrive a little before the start time. Tours are cancelled if nobody has registered or if the weather is extreme; if in doubt, call or text Laurie (917-306-2868) or Alan (917-363-4292).
Greenwich Village: In the Footsteps of Writers
Many writers and other creative people have called Greenwich Village home. Follow in their footsteps as you meander through charming West Village streets and peek into hidden cul-de-sacs where some famous writers lived. See the former homes and hangouts of Edna St. Vincent Millay, e.e. cummings, Edward Albee, and many others. Maybe the Village aura will spark your own creativity!
Laurie gives this tour on Monday, September 3, at 1 PM. To reserve a place and to learn the meeting location, email her at lewislaurie2rnyc@gmail.com.
Public Art of Lower Manhattan
You don't need to go to a museum to see great art. This interactive tour includes some of the most interesting and varied art in New York City. The artworks are as old as the doors of Trinity Church and as new as the SeaGlass Carousel.
Alan gives this tour on Friday, September 7, at 10 AM. Email him (alan.r.cohen@verizon.net) to reserve a place and to learn the meeting location.
The high ground in Upper Manhattan that appealed to the new American army for a defensive fort when this country was young later attracted millionaires who wanted to build castles on the Hudson. We'll walk from the site of Fort Washington to Fort Tryon Park, exploring vestiges of a Gilded Age estate. We'll take in the Heather Garden and the park's extraordinary Hudson River views. You'll hear about a fearless woman who was a good shot with a cannon, a self-indulgent tycoon, and a generous Rockefeller. We'll end at the Cloisters Museum, which you may want to visit on your own.
Alan leads this 90-minute tour on Saturday, September 8, at 10 AM. Please email him (alan.r.cohen@verizon.net) to reserve your place and to learn the meeting location.
400 Years of History in Less Than a Mile
Lower Broadway is like an illustrated history textbook, with the pages out of order. This stretch of Manhattan illustrates American history from colonial times to the present. Take a walk in the footsteps of George Washington and Alexander Hamilton. Hear stories about heroes like them, as well as rogues like William "Boss" Tweed. Look at beautiful buildings, including the first department store.
Join Alan on Saturday, September 22, at 10 AM to take a walk through history. Please email him (alan.r.cohen@verizon.net) to reserve your space and to learn the meeting location.
Central Park: Marvels of the Northern Half
The northern end of Central Park features some of the city's most surprising landscapes. Did you know there are woods, complete with a lovely creek with waterfalls, in the middle of Manhattan? Have you ever visited New York's own Secret Garden? Are you familiar with the role this area played in early American wars? Discover the lesser known part of Central Park on this tour.
Celebrate the beginning of autumn with a walk through the northern half of Central Park. Meet Laurie on Sunday, September 23, at 1 PM. Please email the guide (lewislaurie2rnyc@gmail.com) to register and to learn the meeting location.
Parks of the East 90s
What is a park? A park in this concrete and steel city may be different from one elsewhere. On this walk, you'll see different types of parks in two adjacent Upper East Side neighborhoods---Yorkville and Carnegie Hill. See how these parks vary to serve local residents. And get a glimpse of the parks and buildings at the northern part of Roosevelt Island from the Manhattan side of the East River.
Laurie gives this tour on Saturday, September 29, at 1 PM. To reserve a place and to learn the meeting location, email her at lewislaurie2rnyc@gmail.com.
Monday, September 3, at 1 PM --- Greenwich Village Writers
Friday, September 7, at 10 AM --- Public Art of Lower Manhattan
Saturday, September 8, at 10 AM --- Fort Tryon Park
Saturday, September 22, at 10 AM --- 400 Years of History
Sunday, September 23, at 1 PM --- Central Park Northern Half
Saturday, September 29, at 1 PM --- Parks of the East 90s