Constance Chalchat, Head of BNP Paribas CIB Change Management, asks Sébastien Soleille, BNP Paribas's Global Head of Energy Transition and Environment, the key questions arising from this report.
CC: Sébastien, you've been working on various sustainability issues for much of your life. Could you provide us with some context around this report and its objectives?
SS: With the approach of COP24, which will take place in Katowice, Poland, in the first two weeks of December 2018, the IPCC report reminds participants – as well as all governmental and economic actors – of the need to act decisively.
The IPCC report was mandated to study both the impact of global warming of 1.5°C above pre-industrial levels and to determine the global greenhouse gas (GHG) emission pathways compatible with limiting global warming at this level. Running such an investigation was, however, seen by many as an impossible task. Notwithstanding these claims, the IPCC experts fulfilled their mission successfully.
CC: According to the report, limiting global warming to 1.5°C is possible but extremely challenging. From your point of view, is it realistic? From a technical and theoretical perspective, such ambitious mitigation policies seem to be possible – but to what extent can they be implemented in the real world?
SS: The IPCC conducted, as it always does, a very sophisticated and well-documented analysis based on the most up-to-date available scientific knowledge.
Its latest report starts by reminding the world that with global warming already 1.0°C above pre-industrial levels, the current situation is already critical and that the difference between the impacts of 1.5°C and 2.0°C of global warming is huge. Just think of it this way: at 1.5°C, 70 to 90% of the world's coral reefs would disappear, compared to 99% at 2°C. At 1.5°C, 350 million people would be affected by floods, whereas more than 410 million would be affected at 2°C.
Nevertheless, according to the report, it seems feasible to limit GHG emissions in order to reach the 1.5°C target. The effort required is drastic considering the limited timeframe: net global GHG emissions should decrease by roughly 45% between 2010 and 2030 – taking into account that this decrease has not really started yet – and should reach zero by 2050.
In other words, states, public authorities, companies, individuals – everyone – all have a significant role to play and must do everything possible in order to avoid a major disaster.
CC: This underlines the need for everyone to be engaged. BNP Paribas has been working hard to accompany its clients in their transformation journey, while raising awareness among its employees in supporting this mobilisation. We should now work closely with other actors to reinforce our commitments and engage ever deeper in broad economic and societal transformation. What changes should we expect if we are to achieve the IPCC goal?
SS: The report itself describes four different GHG emissions 'pathways' limiting global warming to a maximum 1.5°C. Each requires drastic and rapid change.
First, global energy demand will grow only marginally, but a great effort is needed to prevent this limited energy growth from hindering the development of emerging countries with growing populations. Efforts to reduce energy demand include lower energy use and fast electrification of energy end-use.
Second, the electricity production mix will drastically change. Renewable energy will produce 70-85% of electricity in 2050. Nuclear production or fossil fuels with carbon capture and storage (CCS) are projected to increase significantly. Gas (with CCS) will generate around 8% of electricity while the use of coal will be close to 0% for electricity production.
Such changes in the energy mix will need the conversion of millions of square kilometres of agricultural land used for food and feed crops into land for energy crops.
Furthermore, CO2 emissions from industry are to be decreased by 85-90% in 2050 compared to 2010 through electrification, hydrogen, bio-based feedstock and CCS.
As to the building sector, it will require both a strong decrease in energy demand and a strong increase in electrification.
Combustion engine vehicles have to be restricted in Europe by 2030-2040 and no more fossil fuel transportation should exist by 2060.
Finally, the development of carbon dioxide removal (CDR) has of course a very important role to play, either through carbon sequestration in soils and plants or through new technologies such as CCS, especially for electricity generation and industry. Unfortunately, these technologies, besides lacking maturity, also have some important potentially negative impacts on land use, food supply, water and biodiversity.
To make matters even more complicated, let's not forget that such 'technical' issues are deeply interrelated with social considerations. All policies should of course be implemented in a way that does not hinder the economic growth of emerging countries with growing populations. Potential negative trade-offs between climate change mitigation and the UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) must be considered carefully to avoid further increasing the burden on disadvantaged and vulnerable people around the world.
The details of these conclusions may be challenged, in one way or another. But what is certain is that all the energy systems have to face drastic changes in the coming years. We, in BNP Paribas, have to adapt ourselves, and to anticipate to such energy transition. It is necessary if we want to help our clients be prepared to such complete change of paradigm.
CC: Those are significant long-term changes for many industries! The good news is that limiting global warming to 1.5°C compared to the pre-industrial era seems to be technically possible, at least from a theoretical point of view. But is it realistic to implement changes of such magnitude?
SS: The IPCC report concludes on an optimistic note, stating that rates of system changes associated with limiting global warming to 1.5°C have already occurred in the past. However, the past energy transitions were dealing with addition of new energies to existing ones: coal came as an addition to biomass-based fuel, oil came as an addition to coal, nuclear power came as an addition to fossil fuels. Today, the necessary energy transition requires the replacement of fossil fuels with low-carbon energy sources. A replacement of such magnitude and at such a rapid pace has never been witnessed in the past.
In addition to this, some technologies providing the 1.5°C pathways, such as CDR, require a massive scale-up while others are still rather controversial. Nuclear power is estimated to grow by 100% to 500% between 2010 and 2050. In addition, we must not neglect the technological progress that will surely bring new solutions and ever more effective technologies in the coming years. Those technologies will need to be taken into consideration by the IPCC as they emerge.
CC: The topic of climate change has often been hotly debated in several countries at the highest political level. From your point of view, what is the role of governments and civil society in the adoption of the required changes?
SS: At this stage, geopolitical issues are obviously a key point in the global climate strategies. Climate change is a global issue with local solutions: every government, every company, every actor have to develop specific solutions if we want to fight effectively climate change, that will have impacts everywhere on each of us. Sharing effort and investment between developed and emerging countries is a heavily debated issue. In that regard, the action of the biggest emitters, the US and China, is still highly uncertain.
Most importantly, such drastic changes require the engagement of most, if not all, inhabitants on this planet since they all have a role to play. Most people, companies and governments need to be convinced that limiting global warming to 1.5°C, or at worst 2°C, is possible, and, more importantly, that it is worth it, for all of us. Even though it entails some radical behavioural changes linked to consumption and ways of living, limiting global warming will help us build a more pleasant world, a world that is easier to live in when compared to a business-as-usual world, with global warming higher than 3°C.
CC: Many thanks for your comments Sébastien. Let us hope COP24 will become the decisive step towards the global mobilisation of effort to tackle climate change!


text:
Q: How to enable Android Studio new ui How to enable will Android Studio get new UI like IntelliJ IDEA 2022.3?

A: Update Edit : currently it only works on Android Studio 2022.2.1 (Flamingo) from Canary channel.

*

*Go to the actions dropdown menu (CTRL-SHIFT-A) for Windows/Linux or (Command-SHIFT-A) for Mac OS

*Search for Registry...

*Type "ide.experimental" (even if there is no search bar at the moment)

*Check "ide.experimental.ui", "ide.experimental.ui.scroll" and "ide.experimental.ui.inter.font"

*Restart as suggested

*Here you go, you can now use this new minimalistic and wonderful user interface, please have fun!

A: A New Intellij IDEA UI - Preview.
 Go to "Appearence & Behavior > New UI > Enable new UI".
Better than the old design? :)

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


discoDSP Discovery Pro has been updated to 6.5.1.
Updated framework for better stability and performance.
OS X: Compiled with Xcode 7.3. OS X 10.6 or higher is required.
This update is free for 6.5 customers.
Upgrades and cross-grades for previous and Discovery customers are available at discoDSP Members Area.


Come explore the beautiful underwater area of the social sim. This is your chance to be a mermaid or merman! There are free outfits available and volunteers will be available to help ease you into your mermaid/merman experience. Enjoy the beautiful plants and animals while you ride the undersea scooter, explore the ocean floor, and find hidden prizes. Be sure to grab a seahorse and explore with us or just enjoy our mer dances in the Merfolk area. We hope you join us Under the Sea!
Hunt Adventure: Escape the Vikings!
Description: The hunt is an interactive and immersive activity in one part of a virtual museum set up as a Viking village in SL. Participants engage in an innovative adventure in order to solve different problems dealing with history while using English to cooperate creatively.
Participants will be able to immerse in a mixed hunt and escape the room historical setting.
Access: Second Life. See the conference website for information about creating a Second Life account. Either SL or Firestorm viewers are recommended. Avatars must be at least 60 days old. Contact the owner in advance (Severus Alexander) if you would like to bring new avatar students.
Accessibility: A script of the presentation will be provided.
This venue will be available for individual exploration after the presentation.


Hollywood has a long history with nostalgia; you could even make a case that the whole film industry is based on nostalgia. We love to be taken back to different times and places; we watch certain movies so they can bring back old feelings we want. Some filmmakers passion projects are rooted deep in nostalgia; Woody Allen has made an entire career on his love of the past.
Young rising writer/director Damien Chazelle has released his newest film, and it is full of his love of old Hollywood and more. Chazelle shows his love for the lavish classic musical that were staples every year during the golden age of movies. Of course, this is not the first time that a film has drawn in an era of movies that is long since the past. In 2011 everyone swept away with The Artist, a modern day silent film like those of the days before recorded sound on film. In hindsight, The Artist feels more like a gimmick film now than a genuinely great movie, and many of its awards were doled out because it tugged at the nostalgia muscle of many in tinsel town.
La La Land is the story of Mia, played by Emma Stone, and Sebastian played by Ryan Gosling, who are two young people trying to make it in the cutthroat world of L.A. and show business. They meet and soon find each other irresistible and try making their dreams come true while at the same time falling in love. Mia is desperate to be an actress and fulfill her childhood dreams While Sebastian wants nothing more than to own a jazz nightclub and preserve the feelings he feels towards the classic and traditional jazz music he loves. As Mia and Sebastian work towards their goals, they feel themselves begin to separate from each other and soon difficult choices need to be made. Their love is undeniable but is it as strong as it needs to be for them to breakthrough?
La La Land begins with a well choreographed lavish dance number on the freeways of Los Angeles with everyone leaving their vehicles dancing in the middle of gridlocked traffic. The vast number that makes the opening of the film left me a little uncertain as to what style and flow the movie would have because the previews of the film were more set up to show the visual beauty rather than the way any story would be told. Mia is then introduced first, and a small glimpse into her life is shown before we are shown Sebastian's world. I have to say it took me a good 30 minutes before the story started to flow, but once it did, it pulled you in so deeply and yet gently that you are 100% immersed in their lives.
The film does not follow the typical musical blueprints of the old Gene Kelly or Danny Kaye style films from 70 or 80 years ago, but it is a love letter to that way of storytelling none the less. While music is the life force flowing through the film, it helps move the story along as well as the lives of Mia and Sebastian as opposed to being the only purpose of the film. We become enthralled with the relationship they both share and where it will lead. Sebastian is in love with the jazz music of the 1920's and 30's and is afraid the whole style of jazz is dying, and when he is united with an old musician friend, he isn't a fan of his new style of jazz. His friend tells him that while he is afraid that jazz will die out, he refuses to change with the times and advance it so that people of a newer younger generation can appreciate it as a whole. This reflects the film itself and the state that musical films are in right now. When musicals are made they do seem to be old love letters to the musicals of old, there doesn't appear to be anything new that would bring old and new together. Chazelle has made his attempt at bringing that out with his version of a new musical in films. He has in essence challenged others to make musicals more prevalent again, but at the same time to give them a new look and feel that will draw everyone back.
La La Land is one of the heavy favorites going into award season and it is for a good reason. Part of the reason that it is garnering so much attention is that it is a return to musicals, and it stirs up the nostalgia of all the awards committees, but in this turn of the musical, Chazelle has made it new and given it a life of its own. Chazelle has established himself as a new and exciting voice in filmmaking in a very short amount of time and gave movie fans quite a bit to be excited about.
Now and then a film comes along that lingers in the mind of the viewer long after it is over leaving a feeling or impression that just can't be easily lost. In the case of movies like this, rarely is it a happy, feel-good movie. The stories that leave such lasting impressions touch us in an uncomfortable way and shake us deep down. It has been quite some time since I have had these feelings and emotions after leaving a theater but, Kenneth Lonergan's Manchester By The Sea has left me with feelings and emotions that won't soon be shaken.
Manchester By The Sea is the story of Lee Chandler who is a quiet handyman in the Quincy area of Boston who appears to be more or less just existing on a daily basis. Lee is informed that his brother Joe has died and Lee has to come back home to Manchester and settle things for his brother and be with his 16-year-old nephew. While making all the arraignments and settling the estate, Lee is informed that he is now the legal guardian of his nephew, Pat. Lee is completely unprepared to handle this responsibility and the more time Lee spends in Manchester, the more he is reminded of why he is ill equipped handle this responsibility. Lee is constantly haunted by past mistakes and a life he has tried so hard to forget and erase from his mind.
As I sit here trying to express my thoughts and views of Manchester, I find the right words incredibly hard to find. It is hard to put the depth of emotions that the film brings out, into words. Lonergan manages to capture humanity at its most difficult while proving that not everyone gains closure no matter how desperately they want and need it. His brilliant and articulate script are matched only by his visual way of telling Lee's tragic and intense story. The mixture of flashbacks is used so expertly, that with every new scene we are made to understand Lee more and more. Casey Affleck's performance is moving and captivating on a level that most actors only wish they had the ability to reach. With every word and glance and the gaze of his eyes, you can almost feel what he does in the pit of his stomach.
There is no doubt why this film is going to be on the tips of everyone's tongue during the upcoming awards season. As for the film's star, Casey Affleck, he has cemented himself amongst the greatest working actors and is poised to walk away with just about every award possible for him. This is the role that will define him as an actor, and he should be proud to have this as the feather in his cap.
This picture is not one of a tragedy that turns into hopefulness leaving us crying with joy and relief for the characters. This story is one that is real and raw and may make you look at someone and see things differently. Not everyone gets over tragedy. Not everyone heals and moves on; sometimes people just exist, and they are damaged and broken.
Manchester By The Sea may have you leave the theater asking why someone would choose to tell such a depressing and sad story. This would be a valid thought, but sometimes we need to experience sad and tragic art so that those producing the art and those viewing it can expunge the feelings we all have deep inside us.
Don't look for Manchester By The Sea to give you a boost but don't think that experiencing the depths of emotions not often tapped into can't also make you feel alive.
In October of 2012, Walt Disney shocked everyone when they bought Lucasfilm for a whopping $4.06 BILLION. Disney now had complete control of the Star Wars universe and everything that happened with it from there forward. They immediately satisfied the Star Wars faithful by announcing the release of a new trilogy to conclude the saga that would take place some time after the events of Return Of The Jedi. Just over three years after the buyout, we were treated to the release of Episode VII The Force Awakens and the foul taste in our mouths that remained from the prequel films, was quickly washed away. Episode VII had everything fans had wanted from the look to the characters, and it appeared this was a good move for everyone involved, including and especially the fans.
Along with the release of three new films in the classic saga, it has been made known that there would also be independent anthology films that took place in the same universe. One of the big movies is going to be a Han Solo origin story which is set to begin filming in February 2017 and has a release set for sometime late 2018. Disney has plans to unveil a new Star Wars movie every year for the foreseeable future.
That brings us up to date, and it brings us to the first independent anthology story from Disney Studios, Rogue One: A Star Wars Story. We found out that Rogue One would be the story of the team that stole the plans of the Death Star for the rebel alliance that is used as the first big blow against the empire in the original 1977 masterpiece. Speculation was flying around from day one as to what characters would appear, how would they connect, etc. we will speculate no more because Rogue One has landed.
The basis of this story could not have been much better for a first time venture in this direction with the Star Wars movies. Rogue One had all the pieces to be able to draw everyone in, the timing in the universe is the most familiar to fans, it had the ability to have the style that made everyone fall in love with the original films in the first place. This movie also didn't have to create something that wasn't there and make a world and story around it. The very basic plot was something all fans knew about, but the details were all that were needed. This left much room for new creations while grounded in enough established characters to not lose anyone right off the bat.
The first most noticeable difference in Rogue One, as opposed to the seven films in the original saga, is that it does not adhere to the mold that has formed all the others. There is no scrolling prolog setting up the story; it jumps right in. You will also notice markers that label the planets and systems that are visited much like when different cities are identified on screen in spy films. The overall tone of Rogue One is heavier and darker than any previous Star Wars movie; this film does not cater to the children of today. This story is for all the children that have grown up Star Wars fans and are well into adulthood. That is not to say that it will not be enjoyed by all, but this is the movie for the longtime fans of the original trilogy.
Rogue One begins in the early years of the development of the Empire's greatest weapon, the Death Star. The Empires lead scientist and designer; Galen Erso has fled the project because of his disbelief in the Empire and his love of the rebellion. Now on a remote planet living the life of a farmer, Galen, and his family are soon discovered. Erso is soon taken back to finish his work by Orson Krennic, his former friend. Galen's wife and daughter flee until his wife returns only to be killed by Krennic. Their daughter is soon rescued by Saw Gerrera who is an extreme believer of the rebellion.
Many years pass and Galen's daughter, Jyn is grown and is imprisoned but is soon rescued by the Alliance. Jyn is now reluctantly joined with the rebellion and soon finds out that they need her help to find her father so they can obtain the data plans of the newly finished Death Star. While Jyn is skeptical about helping them and her ability to do so, she quickly realizes she can do something significant and meaningful. After an initial rejection from the Alliance Council, Jyn and everyone she has met on her journey, decide to forge ahead with the mission to stealing the plans.
The legendary quest that was only briefly spoken about and never detailed comes to life in a way that I did not think would be as captivating. The mixture of original aspects and the new elements brought to the film is exactly what Star Wars fans have been hoping to see. Where The Force Awakens had everything the fans wanted from the prequels, Rogue One is everything we could have asked for in an entirely new story…and more.
My expectations were high going into Rogue One (as they are with all new Star Wars films) but I can honestly say I did not expect what I saw. It was the first time I did not feel they pandered to me. Rogue One is raw and gritty and doesn't try to please every demographic. Some will love it like me; some will hate because someone always has to hate it. However, this film is ideal for the entire franchise and has me extremely excited for what more Disney has in the works for this beloved galaxy we love.
For decades the genre of western films was an industry in its own right. There would be multiple westerns put out every year and some of Hollywood's biggest stars ever are known for all their great western roles, actors such as John Wayne, Gary Cooper and Clint Eastwood. Within the last 30 years or so, the genre has become very scarce when it comes to new films. At best there is one or maybe two new westerns a year and the chances of those being very good are slim. With that said in the past couple years there has been somewhat of a resurgence in the genre. Although it is a small one its picking up momentum with projects like Antoine Fuqua's reboot of the classic The Magnificent Seven and the HBO new series inspired by the 1973 Michael Crichton film, Westworld. Last year Kurt Russell starred in the indie thriller Bone Tomahawk which definitely turned some heads.
That brings us to this year and a new look and way of having EVERYTHING we have come to love about western movies and with a completely new eye that they can be seen through. David Mackenzie, a director from Cambridge, England that you more than likely haven't heard of, has completely turned the western genre on its head with his new film, He'll Or High Water. Mackenzie has taken a classic western tale and perfectly infused it with a modern element. With a legend such as Jeff Bridges, who himself is no stranger to the western, gives the movie its anchor. Ben Foster, also not a stranger to the western (see 3:10 To Yuma) is everything you want in a classic outlaw.
Brothers Tanner (Foster) and Toby Howard (Chris Pine) set out on a series of bank robberies in order to gain enough money to save the family ranch from becoming the property of the same bank that held their dying mother under their thumb. Tanner is the older and career criminal of the two brothers and Toby is the smart one who stayed clean and remained loyal to the family. After they rob their first two banks in one day, they become the target of soon to be retired Texas Ranger, Marcus Hamilton (Bridges). Hamilton and his partner pick up their trail thanks to the years of instinct and expertise. Tanner and Toby have decided to rob the money from various branches of the same bank that is trying to take the ranch from the family which has newly discovered oil on it. Toby is doing all this so that he can give everything to his two sons so that they can have a better future and life he ever had.
Mackenzie has woven a very simple Robin Hood/cops and robbers type outlaw story and made it so compelling it is near impossible to look away and not be fully engrossed from the opening frame to the last. Melded with occasional humor, sentimental brotherly love at times and action and intensity. With the aspects and the mindset of a classic western where the getaway horses are a late model Camaro you feel that Wyatt Earp could show up at any minute and it wouldn't feel out of place at all.
Ben Foster was one of the surprise performances when he played the gunslinger Charlie Prince in 2007's 3:10 To Yuma alongside Russell Crowe. He seemed right at home as an outlaw thief in the old west. For as much as I enjoyed him in Yuma, his turn as Tanner is nothing short of wonderful. This is the first performance I've seen this year where the words "Oscar nomination" seemed to but shouting at me through the whole movie.
Jeff Bridges is right at home as the aging lawman who never gives up chasing the bad guy. His performance is also superb and is one of HIS five best performances ever. Rounding out the main stars is Chris Pine as Toby. Pine has become known most recently for playing Captain Kirk in the new series of Star Trek movies as well as for his striking good looks (remember Tina Fey, professing her love for him when she co-hosted the Golden Globes). Pine also plays the best role of his career to this point. He is perfectly cast as a worn out father and former husband who was never rewarded for living a good life. He is the outlaw you can't help but root for and want to see get away.
When it comes to the state of the western genre in Hollywood, it may never return to the glory days of John Ford and Sergio Leone but with films like this and visions like that of writer Taylor Sheridan and director David Mackenzie it may just get the resurgence it needs.
For nearly 17 years, Jake Gyllenhaal has been growing up on screen. As he's gotten older, he's consistently gotten better. He's not only become a more polished actor, his choice of films has gotten better and better. He shows no fear when choosing films and is never ever afraid to challenge himself.
When he burst on the scene with his first major role in October Sky, the whole film community stood up and took notice. He appeared wise beyond his years and nothing short of a natural. He could have easily played it safe and gone on playing the sweet kid who everyone roots for, instead he did a complete 180 and his very next project was the existential and the cult classic, Donnie Darko. His choices and career have not stopped surprising everyone. One thing that is no longer a surprise is his unbelievable acting ability.
Gyllenhaal's latest movie, Demolition, showcases all of these aspects of his career. The story is about a young Wall Street broker named Davis, who suddenly loses his wife in an automobile accident in which he is unharmed. When Davis is told what happened, he is truly unaffected by the news. His first reaction is to purchase some M&Ms in the nearby vending machine. When the candy gets stuck he chooses to write the vending machine company a letter explaining what transpired. Once he puts the pen to paper, he begins to go into detail everything that happened not only on that day, but in many aspects of his life and marriage.
Those around Davis begin to question his mental state when they notice that he appears completely emotionless at the loss of his wife. The most concerned is his father in law played by the wonderful Chris Cooper, who oddly enough played his father in his first big film, October Sky. His father in law Phil does all he can to bring comfort to Davis to seemingly no avail due to his complete lack of emotion.
Davis continues to write more letters to the vending machine company and is soon contacted by the customer service representative who contacts him because she is intrigued and touched by his letters. They form an odd yet heartwarming relationship through letters and phone calls as Davis begins to take a piece of Phil's advice much too literally. Phil had told him that taking apart something is the only way to put it back together again. Phil's advice is meant to draw out Davis and open him up. Davis begins dismantling everything he can and it becomes an obsession.
His relationship with the service representative begins to grow and become deeper while not becoming romantic. They both understand the need to dismantle their lives as a way to understand the depths of themselves. As things in Davis' life begin to reveal themselves he is able to cope and come to grips with the years of his marriage and where to go for there on out.
The performance that Gyllenhaal gives is nothing short of captivating and marvelous. The evolution of Davis is so well told and the manor in which he lets it unfold is palpable. You easily feel his emotions and lack thereof, right down to its turning point.
Demolition is without question the first really good film of the year. Whether or not it is a major player come award season is still to be determined by the power of the other films that are yet to be released. One thing is for sure, Demolition will not disappoint.


Autumn is quickly approaching and it's arguably the most beautiful season of the year in Pennsylvania. The trees start turning bright vibrant colors, the air is crisp and cool, and the hustle and bustle of summer relaxes into quiet peace and serenity.
Many people like taking vacations into the woodlands around this time to enjoy the fall foliage — and we say that the only thing better than a vacation into the forest is a vacation into the forest with waterfront views. It's a double whammy.
Luckily, that option exists. We have rounded up a list of beautiful Pennsylvania woodland/waterfront properties that you can rent super cheap this fall. So get ready to pack your bags because you won't want to miss your chance to relax and watch the tree's reflections dancing on the water while the fallen leaves swirl around in the wind.
Note: the below search criteria is of a 1-night stay on a weekend in November and does not include cleaning or additional fees - prices are per person if rented to max capacity.
Description: This beautiful lakefront home is in the U.S. top platinum resort, Lake Naomi, and features all modern amenities, new kitchen appliances, 3 spacious bedrooms, fireplace, private dock, sleeping loft, WiFi, and cable also included. The lifeguarded lake has a gradual grade sand bottom from shallow to deep and can be used for swimming, boating, sailing, and kayaking. Additional features: clubhouse, golf course, tennis, activity center and gym, kids programs, indoor and outdoor pools, sailing lessons, gourmet dining, beach bar and restaurants — all within a five minute walk.
Description: This charming 2 bedroom home is located on the banks of the Susquehanna River and features a fully furnished kitchen, a waterfront deck, enclosed front porch, air conditioning and a grill. The guest house provides drinks (water, coffee, teas), continental breakfast items, fresh linens, towels/sheets, laundry facilities, guest WiFi, a stereo system, TV, and Netflix — all included in the rental. The outdoor enthusiast and guests can enjoy use of kayaks and bicycles as an added plus. Shuttle service and private dining/catering can be provided upon request for an additional fee for services rendered.
Description: Lakefront at Big Boulder beach/ski lodge, features free WiFi, a well-stocked kitchen with linens and towels, and two pools — one with limited hours and the other open seven days a week. Bike around the lake on the beautiful three-mile trail, or kayak the lake, listen to your favorite music on Pandora, and watch Netflix and Hulu on big screen TVs in every bedroom! Things to do within a two-mile radius outside of Big Boulder: indoor water park, bowling, arcade, nightlife, restaurants and bars, motor boating, hiking Boulder Field and Hawks Falls. It's also close to the charming and historic town of Jim Thorpe.
Description: This newly-renovated lakefront chalet features a wrap-around deck as well as a private dock, all typical kitchen appliances and a coffee machine, flat-screen TVs with cable in the bedrooms and living room, a brick wood-burning fireplace, vaulted ceilings, two couches (one folds out into a queen-size sleeper), stereo system, DVD player, books, a main bath with linen closet, full shower/tub enclosure, washer & dryer, a sunroom with windows circling 270 degrees, a full size futon, game table with chairs, two-person pedal boat. You can swim in the private gated-community swimming pool and the lake. Additional entertainment in close proximity is the State Parks, restaurants, wineries, and the casino/racetrack.
Description: Located in Pocono Mt. Lake Estates, this secluded home is beautifully furnished and fully equipped for comfortable vacation living. Enjoy lake views from the kitchen, living room, loft, and front deck. There are three bedrooms; two downstairs with one bath downstairs and one upstairs in the loft area with a full bath. The upstairs bedroom has a queen size bed, TV, and stereo and there are double beds in both downstairs bedrooms. Take advantage of the outdoor seating, grills, lakefront views, and sand between your toes. What's not to love?
Description: This cottage's motto is less is more — it features an old cottage charm with modern conveniences but without the distractions of telephone and television. This is the perfect getaway for anyone trying to escape reality for a while. Enjoy the woodlands surrounding you from the comfort of the cottage or the treehouse, do a little nature watching, take a hike on the local trails, or do nothing but relax in the hot tub. Don't worry — you're not cut off from the world entirely, the cottage is close to entertainment, State Parks, and eateries.
Description: This cottage is located on Alpine Lake, in the Northeast section of the Poconos. The floor-to-ceiling windows throughout the kitchen and living room are perfect for watching sunrises over the lake, or if you prefer to be outside then you can enjoy the lake views from the raised deck and boardwalk. A kayak and canoe are provided. If you feel like getting cozy, there is a fire pit outside and a fireplace inside. The interior is clean and updated — everything you need to just sit back, relax, and nature watch.
Description: This quaint cottage nestled in the Pennsylvania Endless Mountains is comfortable, relaxing, and peaceful with wonderful views. The wrap around deck overlooks the lake and there is a private dock to launch your own kayak or canoe. The cottage has a rustic charm with modern amenities such as a fully equipped kitchen with the basics for cooking as well as propane and charcoal grills for outdoor cookouts. Perhaps one the of the best qualities of this cottage is the pitter-patter sound of raindrops falling on the metal roof.
Description: From songbirds in the trees to fish jumping in and out of the water, this nature-getaway cottage is surrounded by wildlife and serenity. Keep cozy by the fireplace, watch some TV, and enjoy all the homes amenities. When you're ready to go back out into the real world, check out the local eateries, entertainment, walking trails, State Parks, and more.
Description: This newly renovated space is in the heart of Amish country. The large windows provide the perfect view of Amish buggy teams clopping-by, and opening them will allow you to hear the relaxing sounds of the stream that runs just behind the home. This home brings you closer to nature by leaving out many of the modern-world distractions like TV and game systems. There are plenty of places to explore nearby if you need additional entertainment — historic Lancaster City beckons you to participate in its various attractions such as movie cinemas, live theatres, and neighboring amusement parks (Hershey Park, Dutch Wonderland); there's day trips to Gettysburg and Philadelphia; an amazing very nice in-the-country YMCA gym, golf courses galore, art galleries, fantastic museums, and a smorgasbord of restaurants to choose from.
Description: This open-floorplan marina view home is located in a private and quiet neighborhood. It features three bedrooms (the master bedroom overlooks the lake and so does the living room), two full bathrooms and one half-bath, a garage for off-street parking, a private deck, grill, modern day appliances and spacious living. The townhome is within walking distance of Pennsylvania's largest natural lake, Harvey's Lake. Take advantage of the swimming and other water-sport opportunities at the lake — and don't forget your camera because the views are spectacular and totally #instagramable.
So the real question is, where do you plan on staying and who will you be inviting? Friends, family, bae — or will you get away from it all and just go by yourself? No matter what you choose, you definitely do not want to miss out on these spectacular Pennsylvania waterfront rentals.


Rare opportunity to own an immaculate Multi-Family property in the Bromley, Stratton Mountain area. Two 3 bedroom and 2 bath end units with a 2 bedroom unit in the middle. Each unit has separate utilities and private entrances. Great rental history, all three units currently have leases in place. Financial information is available upon request.


text:
"The Best of Lita Ford" CD Review
Keith Abt
I've been an obsessed hard rock/heavy metal fan and collector since the early 1980s. If it's got a good guitar riff and attitude, I'm in.
"The Best of Lita Ford" CD Cover
author collection
"The Best of Lita Ford"
Release: Dreamland/RCA, 1992
Genre: Hard Rock/Hair Metal
Tracks: 11 / Run Time: 47:36
Guitarist Lita Ford first made a name for herself in the notorious all-girl hard rock band The Runaways, alongside Joan Jett and Cherie Currie. When the Runaways split up in '79, Lita launched a solo career, where she occupied a unique position as one of the few female axe-slingers in the notorious boys' club of '80s metal.
Lita's first two solo albums (Out for Blood in '83 and '84's Dancin' On the Edge) came and went without much notice outside of the die-hard headbanger community. After signing a new record deal and a new management contract with Sharon Osbourne (wife of Ozzy), Lita revamped her "one of the boys" denim and leather image with a series of slick, glamorous music videos which emphasized her, ahem, "natural attributes," and turned her music in a more commercial direction. The timing was perfect, and her third solo album Lita was released at the height of the "hair metal" boom. Lita quickly struck platinum thanks to the hit singles "Kiss Me Deadly" and "Close My Eyes Forever" (a duet with Ozzy Osbourne, which hit #8 in the U.S.).
Two follow up albums failed to equal Lita's success and when the grunge rock revolution came along in the early '90s, Ford stepped aside in order to raise a family. The Dreamland/RCA label capped off Lita's big-haired, big '80s era nicely with 1992's The Best of Lita Ford career retrospective.
"Gotta Let Go" (1984)
The Best Of kicks off nicely with the catchy, raunchy anthem "What Do Ya Know About Love" (from 1991's Dangerous Curves) and wastes no time jumping to her Lita-era breakthrough hit "Kiss Me Deadly." I'm honestly rather burned out on that song after hearing it on the radio for so many years (ditto "Close My Eyes Forever") but I'll watch its cleavage-and-spandex-fest music video any day of the week.
"Shot of Poison" is pure pop metal ala Def Leppard with a catchy chorus that sticks in your head like glue, and the funky, synth-heavy turkey "Hungry" features a totally out-of-place horn section and a saxophone solo (!). The song is strange enough by itself thanks to its mix of clashing styles, but its accompanying music video, which features a soaking wet Lita in a leather cat suit flailing around an Alice In Wonderland inspired landscape, is simply bizarre.
The crunchy anthem "Gotta Let Go" is the only pre-Lita track to make the cut for this collection. Honestly I wish they'd included more songs from those first two discs, which were less slick and more "metal" sounding than her later work. "Larger Than Life" is another hard edged party rocker from Stiletto, which flows nicely into a reverent cover of the classic Alice Cooper ballad "Only Women Bleed."
So far so good, but unfortunately the album loses steam in its last few tracks. "Playin' With Fire" is a pedestrian melodic rocker that sounds like a Van Hagar leftover, and "Back To The Cave" (the unsuccessful third single from Lita) is just dull. (True story: I bought a 45 RPM single of "Back to the Cave" when I was a kid, strictly for the smokin' hot photo of Lita on the cover. Even then I thought the song was terrible, so I tossed the record and hung the sleeve on my bedroom wall.)
The disc comes to a close on a tear-jerking note with the heartfelt "Lisa," a ballad from 1990's Stiletto dedicated to Ford's mother, who had recently passed away.
"Kiss Me Deadly" (1988)
The Best Of... is probably the only Lita Ford CD most people will ever need, since it's got her two most well known songs on it ("Kiss Me Deadly" and "Close My Eyes Forever"). I think that even the most diehard Lita Ford fanatics would agree that each of her studio albums had a fair share of filler tracks, so at least this collection cuts out most of the fat and gets to the good stuff, despite the inclusion of a few sub-par picks like "Hungry" and "Back to the Cave."
"Hungry" (1990)
Whatever Happened to Lita Ford?
After an absence of more than a dozen years, Lita dipped her toes back into the hard rock scene in 2006 by making a surprise vocal cameo on Twisted Sister's Twisted Christmas holiday album, where she performed a duet with Dee Snider on "I'll Be Home For Christmas." She followed that up in 2009 with Wicked Wonderland, her first new studio album since 1995. Its modern rock/nu-metal vibe didn't sit well with fans of her earlier work, and Lita disowned the album only a few years later, claiming it was heavily influenced by her controlling then-husband (now her ex).
She returned in 2012 with Living Like a Runaway, and published an autobiography by the same title in 2016. Her most recent release is an odds-and-ends archive collection called Time Capsule, consisting of unreleased cuts from her personal vaults.
As of early 2020, Lita was hard at work on a new studio album, but no release date has been announced.
© 2020 Keith Abt
KISS "Killers" Album Review
Tankard, "Best Case Scenario: 25 Years In Beers" Review
KISS "Music From 'The Elder'" Review
KISS: The 1978 Solo Albums Fiasco
Forgotten Hard Rock Albums: Beau Nasty, "Dirty, but Well Dressed"
KISS—"Monster" Album Review
KISS "Creatures of the Night" Album Review
Rich Kid Express "Psychodelic" Review
Misfits, "Walk Among Us" Album Review
Guns N' Roses, "Chinese Democracy" Album Review
Retro Rock Review: "Asia"
KISS - "Psycho Circus" Album Review
Styx Shines on "Return to Paradise"
Forgotten Hard Rock Albums: Recon, "Behind Enemy Lines"
I Still Wanna Be a Ramone!

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


The Spooky Food Eating Contest was an event that began on the 24th of September, 2013 (Year 15), and lasted until the 1st of November. It was described by TNT as an event, but they also claimed to like the term 'plevent' for it - indicating that it was a mixture of plot and event.
The story began with the Spooky Shindig Society organising the first ever Spooky Food Eating Contest in Neovia. The judge, Tippens, invited visitors to cheer or boo at the four contestants: Moloch, Mrytle, Scarlet, and Turfy. At the conclusion of the contest, Scarlet was crowned as the winner - but the joy was short lived. Almost immediately, Scarlet transformed into a monster and attacked those visiting the area, before fleeing into Neovia and destroying Saskia's cart.
In the aftermath, two Neopets remained at the stand - Corbin and Kell. They were brothers, monster hunters who had laced the food with a potion intended to knock out the monster, but a mistake in measurements had only caused Scarlet to revert to her true form. As Corbin disappeared into Neovia to locate the monster, Kell enlisted Tippens and his substantial basement to form a new plan - using musical plants to lull Scarlet into a gentle sleep. After working out the proper melody, Corbin reported back to say that he had tracked the monster back to its lair, a crypt on the outskirts of Neovia.
On the suggestion of Tippens, the pair went to see Baffington, a local eccentric. Baffington, upon learning of Corbin and Kell's lineage as monster hunters (their father had captured the Hairy Tongue Beast), told them the truth. The Catacombs Corbin had seen were in fact Vaults, constructed by an exiled family of dark magic users long before Neovia was founded. The place was filled with traps and curses, made more powerful by a confluence of leylines in the area. Recruiting Baffington and Tippens to help, the four of them headed to the Vault entrance. Tippens remained above ground to over the exit whilst the others went in to search for Scarlet.
The Vaults were not as empty as originally claimed. Alongside the traps, dragons, giant Globilols, Non-Cubes, skeletons, tourists, kids, The original Ghoul Catchers, and a variety of cultists including the Appreciation of Toes waited behind every single door. After exploring for days, Scarlet was eventually cornered and forced to sleep using the magical plants. With her captured, Kell and Corbin took her to a secret valley hidden in the mountains between the Haunted Woods and Shenkuu filled with a clan of similar looking monsters, where they reunited 'Scarlet' with his parents.
The storyline of this event later became the basis of the Grave Danger daily.
Users participated in this event by completing three individual steps. In the first step, users picked which of the four contest participants to support, and either cheered them on (to increase the speed of their eating), or booed the others (to decrease their speed of eating). This was a community activity, with the actions of individuals effecting the rate of eating for all users. It did not matter who users actually picked, only if they took part.
The second step, known as the magical melody, involved arranging plants in a grid and searching out the correct location for each plant on the grid. This puzzle repeated each day, gradually increasing the size of the grid and the number of plants upon it.
The final step involved exploring the Vaults themselves. Users opened doors using one of three presented options, and if they picked the correct option, they received a treasure. If they picked a wrong option, they received a curse that had a variety of negative (or sometimes positive) effects on exploration. The Vaults continued deep, with users recording up to floor 130 by the end of the event. On October 30th, no matter what floor you were currently on, the monster would appear within the next few floors. At that point, users could either set up an elaborate trap or throw a rock at it (the same result for both), before using the melody and ending the step.
After the event ended, prizes were awarded.
An avatar was released for some of those who took part, though the exact requirements are unknown.
Awarded to participants in the Spooky Food Eating Contest in October 2013. Exact requirements were unknown.
All those who completed at least one step were also awarded the Monster Hunting site theme.


Earlier in the year I was eager to start a book club, not finding one in my area that I was able to join. Invites had gone out, prospective members had responded, and then I was concussed. That put the whole idea on hold indefinitely. Thankfully, I had already started a two-person book club (buddy-reading?) with the lovely Rialta Erie.
I sent her a list of books I was interested in reading, and from among them she chose The Witches of New York as our first read. It didn't take either of us very long to realize this was going to be a very long road.
I've had this book on my shelf for a while now, inevitably drawn to stories with witches.
I was certainly expecting magic to play a central role in the narrative. While that was indeed the case, this was an extremely slow-paced tale. The story centers around three women: Adelaide, Eleanor, and Beatrice. I found all of them to be equally tiresome in different ways. Their good points often lost under frustrating habits or opinions.
The plot was loosely focused on each character's goals, with Beatrice portrayed as a savior of sorts for a new generation of witches. Adelaide and Eleanor guided her towards that fate in different and sometimes conflicting ways. I thought that the secondary characters in this book were interesting and fleshed-out enough to jog the story along when our main trio lagged.
The main antagonist, Reverend Townsend, was a wicked and contemptible man whom I deeply wanted to see dead the entire book. His scenes were by turn disgusting and discomfiting, and I would rush through them as quickly as possible. I won't deny that McKay can write a great villainous character.
This story really had a lot of potential to be gripping but I did struggle through a lot of it. It was undeniably lovely in places; the descriptions of the teashop and the Fifth Avenue Hotel were beautiful and interesting. McKay's descriptions of ghosts, dreams, and all manner of magical things were bright spots in the narrative. I simply found myself wishing for more magic and more of a meaty plot.
I learned small things about Adelaide, Eleanor, and Beatrice, but never enough to satisfy my curiosity. Had the story centered more on one of them as a main character rather than split between them, things may have been more fulfilling. I simply didn't care enough about the wishes and goals of the main characters. I often found the plights and personal lives of side characters more poignant than the story itself. The most interesting side plots weren't even resolved, to my dismay.
This isn't a book I would re-read. If you enjoy a slow paced tale with magical elements, this may be for you. If you're looking for something contemplative and like to fill in your own blanks, this is a winner. If you enjoy a fast-paced narrative with lore explored in more depth, this is likely not for you.
Have you read The Witches of New York? Care to recommend other witchy reads? Let me know in the comments below!


Great Cabin in the woods, set up for comfort and solitude, yet close to small town of Bayard, WV. Lots of trees and wildlife, beautiful stone fireplace and great back yard viewing deck. Enjoy a whirlpool off the master bedroom with comfort of cabin wired for generator if ever needed. Potential for enlarging cabin on over 4 and 1/2 wooded acres.


text:
Q: Printing values from a JavaScript array I have an array that looks like this (the full list is here):
var verbMap = [
    {
        infinitive: "gehen",
        thirdPres: "geht",
        thirdPast: "ging",
        aux: "ist",
        pastPart: "gegangen",
        english: "go"
    },
    {
        infinitive: "gelingen",
        thirdPres: "gelingt",
        thirdPast: "gelang",
        aux: "ist",
        pastPart: "gelungen",
        english: "succeed"
    }
];

I am trying to run through each part and print it into a table. I can access one of the values if I target it specifically, but I need to be able to print all of the values into <td>s. Each part of the array would be a <tr> with the values inside as the <td> tags.
What would be the best way to do this, and is there a better way to set the data up and interact with it?

A: It shouldn't be too hard to create the table using nested for loops (the example uses jQuery to build the elements...but you obviously don't have to):
Edit
Removed the jQuery since it seemed to bother everybody (even though the control structures were the important part of the example):
var table = document.createElement('table');

for(v in verbMap){
    var tr = document.createElement('tr');
    for(p in verbMap[v]){
         var td = document.createElement('td');
         var text = document.createTextNode(verbMap[v][p]);
         td.appendChild(text);
         tr.appendChild(td);
    }

    table.appendChild(tr);
}

A: Try the following
for (var i = 0; i < verbMath.length; i++) {
  var row = document.createElement('tr');
  var item = verbMath[i];
  for (var prop in item) {
    if (item.hasOwnProperty(prop)) {
      var data = document.createElement('td');
      data.innerText = item[prop];
      row.appendChild(data);
    }
  }

  // Need to append the row here to the appropriate place in your DOM
}

A: Firefox doesn't support innerText so it's better to create a text node and add that to the child.  It may also be better to define an array to guarantee an order of the columns and easily change it if necessary.
var table = document.getElementById("tbl"), i, j, tr, td, text;

var order = ["infinitive", "thirdPres", "thirdPast", "aux", "pastPart", "english"]

for(i=0; i<verbMap.length; i++){
    tr = document.createElement('tr');
    for(j = 0; j<order.length; j++){
         td = document.createElement('td');
         text = document.createTextNode(verbMap[i][order[j]]);
         td.appendChild(text);
         tr.appendChild(td);
    }
    table.appendChild(tr);
}

JSFiddle

A: There are some very good tools for creating tables from such data structures. Consider using jQuery and the Datatables plug in.
Here are some links:
jQuery: http://jquery.com/
Datatables: http://datatables.net/


text:
Tempe DK
Virmani S
Agarwal J
Hemrajani M
Satyarthy S
Minhas HS
Cardiothoracic surgical patients
Internal jugular vein cannulation
Landmark-guided IJV cannulation
The success rate and safety of internal jugular vein cannulation using anatomical landmark technique in patients undergoing cardiothoracic surgery
Deepak K Tempe1, Sanjula Virmani1, Jyotsna Agarwal1, Manisha Hemrajani1, Subodh Satyarthy2, Harpreet Singh Minhas2
1 Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care, G. B. Pant Hospital, New Delhi, India
2 Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, G. B. Pant Hospital, New Delhi, India
Date of Submission 26-Jun-2012
Date of Acceptance 08-Sep-2012
Date of Web Publication 2-Jan-2013
Aims and objectives: Landmark-guided internal jugular vein (IJV) cannulation is a basic procedure, which every anesthetist is expected to acquire. A successful first attempt is desirable as each attempt increases the risk of complications. The present study is an analysis of 976 IJV cannulations performed in adults undergoing cardiothoracic surgery. Materials and Methods: The IJV was cannulated with a triple lumen catheter using the anatomical landmarks. The following data were recorded: Patient demographics, age, sex, body mass index, diagnosis, operative procedure, operator (resident/consultant), site of cannulation (central approach, right IJV, left IJV, external jugular vein), number of attempts and duration of cannulation, length of insertion of the catheter, number of correct placements on X-ray and any complications. Results: The success rate of IJV cannulation was 100%. In 809 (82.9%) patients, cannulation was performed in the first attempt. Residents performed 792 cannulations and the consultants performed 184 cannulations. In 767 patients, the residents were successful in inserting the catheter and in 25 they failed after 5 attempts, hence, they were cannulated by the consultant. The time taken for insertion of the catheter was 6.89 ± 3.2 minutes. Carotid artery puncture was the most common complication, it occurred in 22 (2.3%) patients. Conclusion: IJV cannulation with landmark technique is highly successful with minimal complications in the adult patients undergoing cardiothoracic surgery. Basic training of cannulating the IJV by landmark technique should be imparted to all the traines as ultrasound may not be available in all locations.
Keywords: Cardiothoracic surgical patients, Internal jugular vein cannulation, Landmark-guided IJV cannulation
Tempe DK, Virmani S, Agarwal J, Hemrajani M, Satyarthy S, Minhas HS. The success rate and safety of internal jugular vein cannulation using anatomical landmark technique in patients undergoing cardiothoracic surgery. Ann Card Anaesth 2013;16:16-20
Tempe DK, Virmani S, Agarwal J, Hemrajani M, Satyarthy S, Minhas HS. The success rate and safety of internal jugular vein cannulation using anatomical landmark technique in patients undergoing cardiothoracic surgery. Ann Card Anaesth [serial online] 2013 [cited 2021 Jan 16];16:16-20. Available from: https://www.annals.in/text.asp?2013/16/1/16/105364
Establishment of a central venous (CV) access is imperative in patients undergoing cardiac surgery. It helps in hemodynamic monitoring, infusion of fluids, blood and blood products, medication as well as measurement of cardiac filling pressures. Internal jugular vein (IJV) is commonly used for cannulation and traditionally, anatomical landmark technique is used for identification of the IJV. Lately, however, portable ultrasound has been introduced in clinical practice and is being used to guide the vascular access. [1],[2] In 2002, National Institute for Clinical Excellence (NICE) recommended the use of ultrasound for CV cannulation as the preferred method for elective insertion of CV catheters in adults and children. [3] However, this advocation of ultrasound guided CV cannulation does have a potential for deskilling in the landmark technique that may be required in emergency situations, or when equipment is not available. Also, an opposite view has been reported on its usefulness for regular practitioners more so in pediatric patients. [4] There are also reported disadvantages of ultrasound guided catheterization, in that the equipment is expensive, procedure is time consuming and requires expertise. [5] CV cannulation using the landmark technique is a basic procedure and every anesthetist is expected to acquire it. It is very useful in emergency situations where availability of ultrasound machine, linear probes, and expert personnel for performing ultrasound may be limited.
The reported success rate of CV cannulation using landmark technique varies between 85% and 95% [6],[7] with a complication rate of 6.3-11.8%. [8],[9],[10],[11],[12],[13],[14] Anomalies in the anatomy and the blind nature of the procedure may cause the operator to pass the needle in an inappropriate direction and each attempt increases the risk of complications; therefore, a successful IJV cannulation in first attempt is desirable. [8],[15]
This prospective observational study was undertaken with the aim of finding out the success rate, complications and the time taken for IJV cannulation when using the anatomical landmark technique in adult patients undergoing cardiac surgery. The other objectives were-to study the incidence of successful first attempts at cannulation, the incidence of complications especially arterial puncture, and radiological evaluation of correct placement of the catheter.
With institutional ethics committee approval, this prospective observational study was carried out in patients ≥12 years of age, undergoing cardiothoracic surgery (n = 976), in whom IJV cannulation was performed. There were no specific exclusion criteria except those in whom pulmonary artery catheters were inserted.
The patients were anesthetized as per the standard institutional protocol, airway was secured and the right IJV cannulation was performed. For IJV cannulation, the patients were placed in 15-30° Trendelenburg position with the head of the patient turned to the left side. Taking aseptic precautions (the operator washed up for the procedure, wore sterile gown and gloves), the site of puncture was properly cleaned with betadine and spirit and draped with a sterile sheet. The cannulations were performed by a senior resident under supervision or by a consultant anesthesiologist. If the senior resident failed in five attempts, the consultant took over to complete the cannulation. The IJV was cannulated with a triple lumen catheter using the anatomical landmarks by the Seldinger technique. The preferred site for cannulation was right IJV via the central approach. This involves puncturing the vein at the apex of the triangle formed by the two heads of the sternocleidomastoid muscle and the clavicle. If the vein was not localized on the right side or carotid artery was punctured during vein localization, then left IJV and right or left external jugular vein (EJV) were cannulated in that order. The length of the catheter inserted was as per the discretion of the consultant anesthesiologist with the intention of placing the tip within 2.5 cm of the superior vena cava (SVC)-right atrium (RA) junction. The catheter was then sutured securely in place and sterile dressing applied. The time taken for cannulation was recorded by a separate resident doctor with the help of a stopwatch. It was calculated from the time of first insertion of locater needle till deairing of all three ports of the triple lumen catheter after insertion. Position of the catheter tip was determined by X-ray chest postoperatively. Position of the catheter tip within 2.5 cm of the cavo-atrial junction was taken as correct position, and the catheter tip lying in the RA or more than 2.5 cm away from the cavo-atrial junction was considered as incorrect position. The following data were recorded: Patient demographics, age, sex, body mass index (BMI), diagnosis, operative procedure, operator (resident/consultant), site of cannulation (central approach, right IJV, left IJV, EJV), number of attempts, duration of cannulation, length of insertion of the catheter, number of correct placements on X-ray, and any complications.
Data are presented as mean ± SD. Categorical data are presented as number of patients per category (n). Student's t-test was used to compare independent means. A Chi-square test was used to compare categorical variables. P values <0.05 were considered statistically significant.
A total of 976 patients over a period of 1 year were included. [Table 1] and [Table 2] show the patient characteristics and the types of procedures performed. A total of 792 patients underwent valvular heart surgery, 146 congenital heart surgery, and 38 underwent other procedures such as mediastinal mass excision and pericardiectomy. [Table 3] shows the details of IJV cannulation. The success rate of IJV cannulation was 100%. Right IJV was cannulated in 953 (97.6%) whereas left IJV cannulation was performed in the remaining 23 (2.4%) patients. In 809 (82.9%) patients, successful cannulation was performed in the first attempt. Residents performed 792 cannulations and the consultants performed 184 cannulations. In 767 (78.6%) patients the residents were successful in inserting the catheter. In 25 (2.6%) patients successful cannulation was performed by the consultant anesthesiologist due to failed five attempts by the resident. The mean length of catheter inserted was 10.31 ± 0.87 cm. In the postoperative chest X-ray the catheter was found in the RA in three patients and it was located within 2.5 cm of the cavo-atrial junction in all the other patients. The time taken for insertion of the catheter was 6.89 ± 3.2 minutes. [Table 4] shows the complications that occurred. No complication was seen in 96.6% cases. Carotid artery puncture (defined as the aspiration of arterial blood when inserting the locator needle or the puncture needle) was the most common complication, it occurred in 22 (2.3%) of patients. Difficulty in negotiating the guide wire, which required reinsertion of the puncture needle was seen in four patients. Hematoma formation (any swelling in or around the puncture site after IJV cannulation) occurred in three patients, right IJV could not be localized in three patients and difficulty in localizing right IJV occurred in one patient who had a thyroid swelling.
Table 1: Showing demographic data (n = 976)
Table 2: Showing types of operations performed (n = 976)
Table 3: Showing details of IJV cannulation (n = 976)
Table 4: Showing complications encountered (n = 976)
In the present study, successful cannulation of the IJV using landmark technique was performed in all the 976 patients in 1.28 ± 0.76 attempts. In 82.9% of the patients the cannulation was accomplished in the first attempt, while ≥4 attempts were required in 2.7% of the patients. Carotid artery puncture was the most common complication seen in 2.3% patients.
Percutaneous cannulation of the IJV using external landmarks was first described in 1966. [16] Out of the various routes available, IJV catheterization is most preferred in patients undergoing cardiac surgery because it is safe, convenient, and easily accessible and there is no risk of catheter kinking during sternal retraction. [17] Right IJV cannulation is preferred over the left IJV because it has a larger diameter, and a straighter course to the RA. [18] On the other hand, left IJV cannulation is more time consuming, requires more attempts and is associated with a higher rate of complications including the risk of thoracic duct injury. [19],[20],[21]
The landmark technique has been used traditionally with a success rate of 85-95%. [6],[7] It is a blind procedure primarily based on the anatomical landmarks, but an experienced operator also locates the vein by balloting it by finger. [22],[23] In patients undergoing cardiac surgery, identification and cannulation of IJV is facilitated by the raised CV pressure that exists in most of these patients. In the present study, the success rate was 100%. Of the 976 cannulations, 792 (81.1%) were performed by residents and 184 (18.9%) by the consultants. Out of the total cannulations performed by residents, 25 (2.6%) cannulations were assisted by the consultants. Troianos et al., [24] Denys et al., [25] and Turker et al.,[2] compared landmark technique with ultrasound-guided technique of IJV cannulation. Their success rate increased from 96%, 88.1%, and 97.36%, respectively (in the landmark technique) to 100% (99.47% in the study by Turker et al.,[2] ) in the ultrasound-guided group and the number of successful first attempt at cannulations also increased in the ultrasound group. The higher success rate in the present study when compared with the landmark technique of the studies by Troianos et al., [24] Denys et al., [25] and Turker et al.,[2] is difficult to explain, but it may be due to different level of experience and the fact that in the present study, the cannulations were performed in anesthetized and mechanically ventilated patients, whereas in all the above mentioned studies, the patients were spontaneously breathing. Our results are in accordance with the study by Sznajder et al., [7] which shows higher success rate and lower complication rates by even inexperienced physicians in mechanically ventilated patients than in spontaneously breathing patients. Application of positive end expiratory pressure in mechanically ventilated patients also increases the cross sectional area of IJV and facilitates cannulation. [7],[15] In spontaneously breathing patients, one must take the precaution of puncturing the IJV in the expiratory phase. Karakitsos et al.,[26] compared the real-time ultrasound-guided catheterization with the landmark technique in mechanically ventilated critically ill patients in intensive care unit (ICU). We observe that our results are comparable to the results of their real-time ultrasound group in percentage of successful cannulations (100%) and average number of attempts (1.20 ± 0.45); however, the rate of arterial puncture was higher in our study (2.3% vs. 1.1%). Grebenik et al., also showed that the success rate of IJV cannulation is more by the landmark technique than when using ultrasound (89.3% vs. 78%) and arterial puncture rates were significantly lower in the landmark group (6.2% vs. 11.9%) in children. [4]
Unfortunately, access time in studies by Troianaos et al., [24] Denys et al., [25] and Karakitsos et al.,[26] cannot be compared with the present study as in the above mentioned studies, it was measured till the aspiration of venous blood into the syringe, whereas in the present study, time was recorded from first puncture of locator needle till aspiration of blood from the last port of the catheter after insertion. In the present study, no complications occurred in 96.6% of patients. Carotid artery puncture was the most common complication and it occurred in 22 (2.3%) of patients, which is consistent with its incidence (2-16%) in literature. [10],[11],[12],[13],[14],[27]
In 2002, NICE recommended the use of ultrasound for CV cannulation as the preferred method for elective insertion of CV catheters in adults and children, based on studies that show a significant decrease in the rate of failed punctures (86%) and a reduction in complications (57%) and a shorter performance time (1.1 minutes vs. 2.6 minutes). [3],[28],[29] One important implication of the NICE guidelines is that when ultrasound has not been used, the event of a serious complication will be difficult to defend. [30] The 100% success rate obtained in the present study with minimal complications, indicate that ultrasound guidance is not necessary in adults undergoing cardiac surgery. It also suggests that using landmark technique should be considered an acceptable clinical practice in these patients. The widespread failure to implement and follow NICE guidelines has been documented. [31] One of the important reasons for this is that the acquisition of new equipment requires funding and the staff needs to be trained to use the new technique. Therefore, the transition to routine ultrasound guidance for CV cannulation has been slow and incomplete. [9],[32] Implementing the guidelines into clinical practice is a significant challenge, especially those that require new equipment and training of staff. Arguably, in centers where ultrasound is not widely available, basic training of cannulating the IJV by using landmark technique should be imparted to all the trainees. However, a new technology such as ultrasound is likely to eventually find a place in clinical practice. Therefore, simultaneous training of utilizing ultrasound for cannulation of the IJV should be provided, wherever ultrasound is available. The authors believe that patients undergoing cardiothoracic surgery can form the substrate of patients where such training can be obtained. Thus, a smooth transition from limited ultrasound availability to wide spread availability can be achieved.
Right IJV cannulations with landmark technique is highly successful in the adult patients undergoing cardiothoracic surgery. We recommend that all anesthesiologists should be encouraged to teach, train, and practice the skill of CV cannulation by landmark technique. Although the ultrasound guidance does not appear to be imperative in these patients, it should be used as a part of training wherever the facility is available so that it can be used as a backup in difficult situations.
1. Verghese ST, McGill WA, Patel RI, Sell JE, Midgley FM, Ruttimann UE. Comparison of three techniques for internal jugular vein cannulation in infants. Paediatr Anaesth 2000;10:505-11.
2. Turker G, Kaya FN, Gurbet A, Aksu H, Erdogan C, Atlas A. Internal jugular vein cannulation: An ultrasound-guided technique versus a landmark-guided technique. Clinics 2009;64:989-92.
3. National Institute for Clinical Excellence. Guidance on the use of ultrasound location devices for placing central venous catheters. Technology Appraisal Guidance No 49, September 2002, from Available from: http://www.nice.org.uk. [Last accessed on 2012 Jun 12]
4. Grebnik CR, Boyce A, Sinclair ME, Evans RD, Mason DG, Martin B. NICE guidelines for central venous catheterization in children. Is the evidence base sufficient? Br J Anaesth 2004;92:827-30.
5. Yoshida H, Kushikata T, Kitayama H, Hashomoto H, Kimura F, Niwa H, et al. Time- consumption risk of real-time ultrasound-guided internal jugular vein cannulation in pediatric patients: comparison with two conventional techniques. J Anesth 2010;24:653-5.
6. Jobes DR, Schwartz AJ, Greenhow DE, Stephenson LW, Ellison N. Safer jugular vein cannulation: recognition of arterial puncture and preferential use of external jugular route. Anesthesiology 1983;59:353-5.
7. Sznajder JI, Zveibil FR, Bitterman H, Weiner P, Bursztein S. Central venous catheterization. Failure and complication rates by three percutaneous approaches. Arch intern Med 1986;146:259-61.
8. Maecken T, Grau T. Ultrasound imaging in vascular access. Crit Care Med 2007;35:S178-85.
9. Bailey PL, Glance LG, Eaton MP, Parshall B, McIntosh S. A survey of the use of ultrasound during central venous catheterization. Anesth Analg 2007;104:491-7.
10. McGee DC, Gould MK. Preventing complications of central venous catheterization. N Engl J Med 2003;348:1123-33.
11. Paoletti F, Ripani U, Antonelli M, Nicoletta G. Central venous catheters. Observations on the implantation technique and its complications. Minerva Anestesiol 2005;71:555-60.
12. MacGillivray RG. Transverse cervical artery psudoaneurysm: A complication of internal jugular vein catheterization. Anesth Analg 1995;81:1114-5.
13. Randalls B, Toomey PJ. Laryngeal oedema from a neck haematoma. A complication of internal jugular vein cannulation. Anaesthesia 1990;45:850-2.
14. el-Shahawy MA, Khilnani H. Carotid-jugular arteriovenous fistula: a complication of temporary hemodialysis catheter. Am J Nephrol 1995;15:332-6.
15. Mansfield PF, Hohn DC, Fornage BD, Gregurich MA, Ota DM. Complications and failures of subclavian-vein catheterization. N Engl J Med 1994;331:1735-8.
16. Hermosura B, Vanags L, Dickey MW. Measurement of pressure during intravenous therapy. JAMA 1966;195:181.
17. In Clinical Anesthesiology. A Lange Medical Book. In: Morgan GE, Mickhail MS, Murray MJ, editors. 4 th ed. McGraw Hill: Lange Medical Books; 2005.
18. Murlidhar K. Left internal versus right internal jugular vein access to central venous cannulation using the seldinger technique. J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth 1995;9:115-6.
19. Khalil KG, Parker FB Jr., Mukherjee N, Webb WR. Thoracic duct injury. A complication of jugular vein catheterization. JAMA 1972;221:908-9.
20. Ishizuka M, Nagata H, Takagi K, Kubota K. Right internal jugular vein is recommended for central venous catheterization. J Invest Surg 2010;23:110-4.
21. Sulek CA, Blas ML, Lobato EB. A Randomized study of left versus right internal jugular vein cannulation in adults. J Clin Anesth 2000;12:142-5.
22. Hayashi H, Ootaki C, Tsuzuku M, Amano M. Respiratory jugular venodialtion: A new landmark for right internal jugular vein puncture in ventilated patients. J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth 2000;14:40-4.
23. Verghese ST, Nath A, Zenger D, Patel RI, Kaplan RF, Patel KM. The effects of the simulated Valsalva maneuver, liver compression, and/or Trendelenburg position on the cross-sectional area of the internal jugular vein in infants and young children. Anesth Analg 2002;94:250-4.
24. Troianos CA, Jobes DR, Ellison N. Ultrasound-Guided cannulation of the internal jugular vein. A prospective, randomized study. Anesth Analg 1991;72:823-6.
25. Denys BG, Uretsky BF, Reddy PS. Ultrasound-assisted cannulation of the internal jugular vein. A prospective comparison to the external landmark-guided technique. Circulation 1993;87:1557-62.
26. Karakitsos D, Labropoulos N, De Groot E, Patrianakos AP, Kouraklis G, Poularas J, et al. Real-time ultrasound-guided catheterisation of the internal jugular vein: A prospective comparison with the landmark technique in critical care patients. Critical Care 2006;10:R-162.
27. Feller-Kopman D. Ultrasound-guided internal jugular access: A proposed standardized approach and implications for training and practice. Chest 2007;132:302-9.
28. Rothschild JM. Ultrasound guidance of central vein catheterization. IN Making Health Care Safer. A critical analysis of patient safety practices. Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality. In: Shojania KG, Duncan BW, McDonald KM, Wachter RM, editors. Rockville, MD: AHRQ Publication; 2001.
29. American College of Emergency Physicians. American College of Emergency Physicians. Use of ultrasound imaging by emergency physicians. Ann Emerg Med 2001;38:469-70.
30. Scott DH. It's NICE to see in the dark. Br J Anaesth 2003;90:269-72.
31. Fearnley RA, Bell MD, Bodenham AR. Status of national guidelines in dictating individual clinical practice and defining negligence. Br J Anaesth 2012;108:557-61.
32. McGrattan T, Duffity J, Green JS, O'Donnell N. A survey of the use of ultrasound guidance in internal jugular venous cannulation. Anaesthesia 2008;63:1222-5.
Deepak K Tempe
Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care, G. B. Pant Hospital, New Delhi - 110 002
[Table 1], [Table 2], [Table 3], [Table 4]
1 Why do we not toe the line drawn by the National Institute for Clinical Excellence for internal jugular vein cannulation?
D. K. Tempe,I. Malik
British Journal of Anaesthesia. 2014;
2 Normal sizes of Internal Jugular Veins in children/adolescents aged birth-18 years at rest and during the Valsalva Maneuver
Ayse Secil Eksioglu,Yasemin Tasci Yildiz,Saliha Senel
European Journal of Radiology. 2014;
3 A Rare Central Venous Catheter Malposition: A Case Report
Ali Asghar Moeinipour,Ahmad Amouzeshi,Marjan Joudi,Mehdi Fathi,Saeed Jahanbakhsh,Saeed Hafez,Azra Izanloo,Mahmood Khorsand
Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine. 2014; 3(3)
4 Invited commentary
Mittnacht, A.
Annals of Cardiac Anaesthesia. 2013; 16(1): 21-22


text:
Egypt and the Enemy Within
December 20, 2017 • By Carol Berger, Marie-Jeanne Berger
CAIRO: Who is the enemy, and who is protecting Egypt's increasingly worried population? These are the questions being asked in cafes and markets following a series of attacks on security forces and civilians.
If you sit inside the entrance of a Cairo police station you will see a parade of people from all walks of life. Young men in T-shirts and skinny jeans, older men in dress shirts and pressed trousers, villagers in jellabeyas, vegetable sellers in flowing long gowns.
Many of those who passed by on a recent morning were undercover police, plainclothes agents for the state. Their erect posture and the directness of their gaze gave them away. The average Egyptian, upon entering a police station, would show uncertainty, even fear.
But to a person, those who entered shortly after 9:00 a.m. were recognized by the guards on shift and entered with confidence and purpose. They were reporting for work, meeting with supervisors, picking up salaries. There was no need to speak to the officer at reception or show an ID card. They were all known.
In the four years since Field Marshal Abdel-Fattah al-Sisi claimed the presidency, Egypt's state security has stepped up its surveillance activities and maintains a high-profile presence throughout the country.
Alongside an army of plainclothes agents, video cameras are mandatory inside cafes and businesses in many parts of Cairo. Access to many online news sites has been blocked and social media is widely believed to be under surveillance.
The state is doubling down on its perceived enemies — democracy activists, campaigners for LGBT rights, Islamists, and supporters of Mohamed Morsi, the jailed former leader of the Muslim Brotherhood and, for one year, the president of Egypt.
And yet, in what is seen as a troubling paradox, the country's massive security apparatus failed to prevent the carrying out of two recent military-style terrorist attacks.
On November 24, 2017, 305 people, including 27 children, were killed in the village of Bir al-Abed in North Sinai. During the Friday midday prayers, four vehicles arrived outside Al-Rawdah Mosque, explosives were set off and cars set alight, blocking the surrounding roads. Witnesses said up to 20 men armed with machine guns — and, reportedly, wearing uniforms — then entered the mosque and killed worshippers en masse. The gunmen stayed at the scene long enough to fire their weapons at ambulances dispatched to the scene. It was the bloodiest terrorist attack in Egypt in modern history.
No organization has claimed responsibility for the killings but the attackers are believed to be militants allied with the Islamic State group, which has been at war with the Egyptian state for the past four years. The mosque was the place of worship for followers of the Sufi trend of Islam, considered heretical by hard-line Islamists. The town may also have been targeted because of its alleged support for the state's military campaign in the region.
A month before, on October 20, a five-vehicle convoy of police was ambushed by Islamic militants near the Bahariya Oasis in the Western Desert, 85 miles to the southwest of Cairo. Initial reports by the BBC and Reuters, quoting unnamed senior officials, claimed that more than 50 police had been killed. The Egyptian government, however, disputes that figure, saying that only 16 police died.
A previously unknown militant group with links to al-Qaeda, Ansar al-Islam, claimed it carried out the attack and announced that it was launching a holy war against the Egyptian state. The group is believed to be linked to a former Egyptian military officer who is based in the Libyan city of Derna, near the border with Egypt. The officer, Hisham al-Ashmawy, was fired from the army after adopting radical Islamic beliefs.
War-torn Libya has become an important hub for Islamic State fighters returning from Iraq and Syria. Egypt has been supporting Libya's eastern commander Khalifa Haftar, whose Libyan National Army has been at war with Islamist militant groups in Benghazi and Derna for more than two years. The Egyptian Air Force has carried out air raids on Derna in retaliation for terrorist attacks committed in Egypt, including the murder of 29 Coptic Egyptians south of Cairo in May.
Days after the October police ambush, President Sisi carried out a major shake-up in the country's intelligence sector. He removed the chiefs of staff of the Armed Forces and the national security agency, and demoted senior police officers.
A police source who asked to remain unnamed, speaking in a mid-November interview, said that the ill-fated police convoy was carrying out a raid on a militant hideout after receiving intelligence from the Egyptian Air Force — intelligence that proved to be incorrect.
"We read the information from the air force — how many people, how much equipment, how many weapons," the official said. "But in this mission there is something wrong about the information. The information had many mistakes. The air force reported only four or five terrorists and small weapons — not anti-aircraft [guns], [not] anti-tank — the location where they were."
As with November's mosque killings, the attack on the police was a military-style assault. The convoy's lead and rear vehicles were taken out by rocket-propelled grenades and bombs.
At least two of the wounded police were based at Al-Modireyet Amn Al-Giza, the Giza Directorate of Security, where the official was speaking from. "Those who were killed were from the secret police and special operations, all based in Cairo," he said.
On the question of whether or not the attackers had crossed into Egypt from Libya, to the west, he said, "In the desert, between Libya and our Western Desert, it is very difficult to control."
Questions remain as to why the police rather than the military were deployed to carry out an attack on a terrorist camp. The official's claim that the police were killed as the result of poor intelligence from the Egyptian Air Force passed onto the police indicates tension between the different security sectors.
While Egyptian police are often feared by the public and criticized for their dire human rights record, there was an outpouring of public support in the days following the ambush.
"I was crying yesterday, the night before and the morning," said Tarik, a Cairo businessman. "When I see the mothers who lost their only son, and even he didn't serve in the army but he went to the police." He was referring to Egypt's mandatory military conscription that exempts only-sons from serving in the army.
Hundreds of policemen have died in the last year alone. Said the man, "They are carrying the security on their backs."
There is a growing sense of unease in the Egyptian capital. The economy has yet to rebound from the political upheavals of 2011 and 2013. Hopes that foreign tourists will return are set back with each new terrorist attack. The wider region is in turmoil. Pass through Cairo's iconic Tahrir Square before dawn and you will see long lines of people in front of the Mugamma ("The Complex"), the massive Soviet-style building where citizens and visitors deal with state bureaucracy, including the issuance of visas and residency permits.
They come from wars in Syria, Libya, Sudan, and South Sudan, from unstable police states like Eritrea and Ethiopia. If they are lucky, they will be allowed to enter at 8:00 a.m. the next morning, where they will join a crush of humanity hoping to receive documents from harried clerks sitting behind barred windows.
And now the spread of the terrorist attacks from the Sinai Peninsula to the Western Desert has heightened concerns about the safety of the heavily militarized capital. The sight of masked men guarding Coptic churches, ministries, and other state buildings has become normalized, hardly worth noting.
Of course, Cairo residents have long contended with the presence of informants and plainclothes agents in their neighborhoods. There are few secrets in this city of 20 million people. But a recent development adds a new layer of tension: heavily armed special forces moving in unmarked vehicles through the city's congested streets.
On a recent Friday morning a white van cut off a taxi. For a second, the passenger's eyes locked with those of the errant driver. It was a woman wearing a niqab, the full-face veil. But no, the passenger quickly realized, the eyes belonged not to a veiled woman but to a twenty-something man wearing a black balaclava. Only his eyes were visible. The masked man was a member of the special forces, his face hidden for fear of being identified and possibly killed by enemies of the state. But there were no state markings on his vehicle, nothing to indicate that a heavily armed man was inside.
On October 21, one day after the assault on the police convoy in the Western Desert, a somber ceremony was held on the Mediterranean coast west of Alexandria. This was the site of one of the most famous defeats of German forces in World War II, the Battle of El Alamein. To mark the battle's 75th anniversary, hundreds of diplomats and military personnel from a reported 50 nations traveled from Cairo and beyond to stand in remembrance at the Commonwealth War Cemetery. Prayers were read, a Scottish piper played, the last post rang out over the graves of 7,240 men who fought with the Allied forces.
President Sisi had been expected to attend the ceremony, but the assault on the police convoy the night before meant a change in his plans. Instead, he arrived by helicopter shortly after the ceremony and stayed on the ground for less than an hour. He met with the representatives of a handful of countries and then flew out once more.
It was as the ceremony ended that at least one attendee realized that something wasn't quite right with the Egyptian security arrangements for the event. Balaclava-wearing Egyptian soldiers, at intervals of 10 yards or so, were arrayed around the perimeter of the cemetery entrance, some 40 yards away from the seating area. Their eyes were covered with goggles and their hands gripped automatic weapons. It was a hot day and one could feel sympathy for these young men standing guard for several hours on the expanse of white ground.
The weapons of the Egyptian soldiers encircling the cemetery were pointing not into the surrounding desert, from where an attacker could conceivably come, but toward the assembled ambassadors, consuls, clergy, and veterans gathered to commemorate the Battle of El Alamein.
Carol Berger is an anthropologist and writer and lives in Cairo. Marie-Jeanne Berger is a Middle East analyst and lives in Amman, Jordan.
Carol Berger
Carol Berger is an anthropologist who specializes in South Sudan. She is a former foreign correspondent, reporting for the BBC, The Guardian, and The Economist from the Middle East and the Horn of Africa. She lives in Cairo, Egypt.
Marie-Jeanne Berger
Marie-Jeanne Berger is a writer and artist living in Cairo. She writes at www.morsyandme.com.
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