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Cloning and Expression Analysis cf Two Photosynthetic Genes, PSI-H and LHCB1, Under Trehalose Feeding Conditions in Arabidipsis Seedlings
Mahnaz Aghdasi 1
Henriette Schluepman 2
1 Departement of Biology, Faculty of Science, Golestan University, Gorgan, P.O. Box 155, I.R. Iran
2 Department of Molecular Plant Physiology, Institute of Environmental Biology, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands
Trehalose (a-D-glucosyl-[1,1]-a-D-glucopyranoside) is involved in mechanisms that coordinate metabolism with plant growth adaptation and development. The main objective of the current work was to find out whether trehalose feeding affects the expression of two genes involved in photosynthesis: one gene coding for photosystem1 subunit H (PS1-H) and the other for the light harvesting complex B1 (LHCB1). In this study, Arabidopsis seeds were grown on one-half-strength medium supplemented with 100 mM trehalose or sorbitol (as osmotic control) for 2 weeks. Trehalose-fed seedlings showed inhibited root growth, delayed emergence of primary cotyledons and dark-rimmed cotyledons. Exogenously applied trehalose strongly induced starch accumulation in cotyledons and, concomitantly, depletion of starch in collumella cells of the root cap. Gene expression analysis of photosynthetic genes in Arabidopsis seedlings revealed that trehalose feeding repressed PS1-H and LHCB1 expression as compared to sorbitol-fed seedlings. To confirm trehalose inhibitory effect on photosynthetic gene expression, the cDNA of PS1-H and LHCB1 was used to transform Arabidopsis seedlings. Transformed lines showed higher transcript levels of PS1-H and LHCB1.Trehalose feeding also reduced expression levels of PS1-H and LHCB1 in transformed lines. These findings show that trehalose down-regulates the expression of two genes encoding typical components of the photosynthetic machinery.
PS1-H
LHCB1
Environmental variables such as light, temperature and nutrition affect the rate of carbon assimilation in photosynthesis. Photosynthesis is also regulated by carbohydrate end-products. Accumulation of sugars like glucose and sucrose typically down regulates the expression of a number of genes encoding some components of the photosynthetic machinery, such as LHCB1 (Vinit et al., 2005).
Sugars, irrespective of their roles as a rich sources of carbon and energy have an important signaling role in plant growth and development. They can regulate cell division, growth, differentiation, metabolism, and resource allocation in plants (Smeekens, 2000; Koch, 1996). The elaboration of the photosynthesis machinery during plant development in some tissues or organs like foliage leaves converts them to an active source of carbohydrate production. The carbohydrates thus produced can be exported from source to sink tissues like roots, fruits or tubers where they can be utilized for growth or storage (Noctor and Foyer, 2000). Therefore, the expression of enzymes involved in carbohydrate production in source tissues must be integrated with its utilization in sink tissues (Koch, 1996).
The most striking example of an altered carbohydrate allocation is that observed when Arabidopsis seedlings were grown on a trehalose containing medium (Wingler et al., 2000). When supplied to the medium, trehalose spurs the massive accumulation of starch in the source tissue whereas traditional sinks like meristems and roots remain carbon starved and thus growth is inhibited. Trehalose (a-D-glucosyl-[1,1]-a-D-glucopyranoside) is a non-reducing disaccharide which consists of two glucose units joined by an a-1, 1 linkage. Trehalose is a common sugar in nature (Elbein, 1974) and present in a wide variety of organisms (Elbein et al., 2003). Plants generally contain only trace amounts of trehalose (Zentella et al., 1999; Muller et al., 1995). Exceptions to this exist and these are plants with extreme drought stress resistance such as Selaginella lepidophylla that accumulate quantitative amounts of trehalose (Zentella et al., 1999). All plants seem to contain genes for trehalose metabolism (Shima et al., 2007; Leyman et al., 2001; Blazquez et al., 1998; Vogel et al., 1998). Synthesis of trehalose-6-phosphate (T6P), the immediate precursor of trehalose, is indispensable for development of the Arabidopsis embryo (Eastmond et al., 2002). Evidence is thus accumulating that suggests T6P has an important regulatory role in carbon utilization of Arabidopsis seedlings (Schluepmann et al., 2003). Tobacco plants engineered with the Escherichia coli trehalose-6-phosphate synthase and trehalose phosphate phosphatase (TPS and TPP) genes are altered in their T6P steady state and exhibit the pleiotropic phenotypes. Plants with high T6P have smaller and darker green leaves, while plants with low T6P have larger pale green leaves (Pellny et al., 2004). How T6P controls carbon utilization and why changes in the steady state level of this metabolizing signaling molecule yield such strong phenotypic changes require further investigations.
Production of high energy reducing equivalents during photosynthesis of higher plants requires the coordinated participation of two different photosynthetic systems, i.e., photosystems I (PSI) and II (PSII). PSI is a multi-protein complex consisting of 17 different subunits. Subunit H (PSI-H) is specially important for state transitions in plant photosynthesis. In plants lacking PSI-H, transfer of energy to PSI through the light harvesting complex (LHCII) would be impaired (Lunde et al., 2000). The light harvesting complex of PSII i.e. LHCII contains more than 60% of all kinds of chlorophyll in plants. These antenna complexes absorb sunlight and transfer excitation energy to the core complex of photosystem II (PSII) reaction center. LHCII consists of three proteins which are encoded by LHCB1, LHCB2 and LHCB3 genes. LHCB1 and LHCB2 are the most abundant proteins in the LHCII complex (Ruban et al., 1994).
So far, there is not any report describing the effects of trehalose on the expression of genes encoding components of photosynthesis. In this study, we investigated whether exogenous trehalose has any effect on the expression of photosynthetic genes (PSI-H and LHCB1).To achieve this goal, Arabidopsis plants over expressing two photosynthetic genes were produced and the effects of exogenous trehalose on the expression of these genes were compared between wild type and transformed plants.
Plant materials and growth conditions: The Arabidopsis thaliana wild type (WT) plants accession Columbia-0 (COL-0) was used in this study. Seeds were surface sterilized for 5 min with 70% (v/v) ethanol followed by 10 min in 20% commercial bleach (4% (w/v) chlorine) and washed 5 times in sterile milli-Q water. Sterilized seeds were plated on half-strength Murashige and Skoog medium (1962) (MS) supplemented with either 100 mM trehalose or sorbitol and solidified with 0.8% (w/v) agar.
Seeds were stratified in darkness at 4ºC for 2 days before the plates were transferred to a growth chamber at 25ºC under a 16-h-light/8-h-dark photoperiod. Seedlings were grown vertically for 14 days. After 14 days, seedlings were photographed and root length was determined using the Image J program (Wayne Rasband, NIH Maryland, USA).
Starch staining and measurement: For analysis of starch distribution, whole seedlings were taken and destained in 70% and then 90% (v/v) ethanol. Starch staining of seedlings was carried out by using the KI/I2 solution, followed by washing milli Q water. Pictures were taken by the Normanski microscope (Zeiss, Jena, Germany).
To determine starch levels, 50 mg of fresh weight plant material (whole seedlings) was frozen and grounded in liquid nitrogen. Sugars were extracted with 1 ml of 80% (v/v) ethanol for 10 min at 80ºC in Eppendorf tubes. The tubes were spun for 5 min at 13000 rpm and the supernatant was transferred to a clean tube. The pellet was extracted again with 75 ml of milliQ water for 10 min at 80ºC and then centrifuged at 23000 ×g the supernatants were transferred to a clean tube. The resulting supernatants were then pooled. Starch was then extracted from the remaining pellets by incubation in 0.1 ml of 0.5 M NaOH at 60ºC for 30 min. After addition of 6 ml of acetic acid (96%), starch was digested overnight at 37ºC by addition of amyloglucosidase. Starch content was measured by hexokinase activity (Boehringer Mannheim, Darmstadt, Germany) as described by the manufacturer.
Chlorophyll and anthocyanin measurements: Chlorophylls a, b and total chlorophyll were determined spectrophotometrically as described by Jeffery and Humphery (1975). In brief, 14 days seedlings were grounded in liquid nitrogen and extracted with 80% (v/v) acetone. Absorbance was then measured at 647, 652 and 664nm. Concentrations of chlorophylls a, b and total chlorophyll were calculated by using extinction coefficients.
Anthocyanin content of seedlings was determined using the protocol of Mita et al. (1967). Frozen and homogenized seedlings (20 mg) were extracted for 1 day at 4°C in 1 ml of 1% (v/v) hydrochloric acid in methanol. The mixture was centrifuged at 23,000 ×g for 15 minutes and the absorbance of the supernatant was measured at 530 and 657 nm. Relative anthocyanin concentrations were calculated using the formula [A530-(1/4 × A657)]. The relative anthocyanin content was defined as the product of relative anthocyanin concentration and the extract volume. One anthocyanin unit equals to one absorbance unit [A530-(1/4 × A657)] in 1 ml of the extraction solution.
RNA extraction and cDNA synthesis: Total RNA was extracted from 10 days old Arabidopsis plants. Whole plant material was snap frozen in liquid nitrogen, pulverized with glass beads for 2 minutes at 2800 rpm in a dismembrator (Braun, Melsungen, Germany). Total RNA was isolated with the RNeasy plant mini kit (QIAGEN USA, Valencia, CA). RNA concentration and purity were determined by measuring the absorbance at 260 nm. To remove any possible contamination by genomic DNA, 10 ng of RNA was treated with 2 U of DNAse I (DNA- free, Ambion, Austin, USA). The absence of DNA was analyzed by performing a PCR reaction (40 cycles, similar to the real–time PCR program) on the DNaseI-treated RNA using Taq DNA polymerase. Reverse transcriptase PCR (RT-PCR) experiments were performed using 1 ng of total extracted RNA and used for first-strand cDNA synthesis with 60 U of M-MLV reverse transcriptase (Promega, Madison, WI), 0.5 mg of odT16v (custom oligo from Invitrogen, Carlsbad, CA) and 0.5 μg of random hexamer (Invitrogen, USA). PCR was performed with reverse and forward primers (PSI-H: 5´-tacacaaaattcccactcacca-3´ and 5´-gggtttgcagtattgagaaaat-3´, LHCB1: 5´-ctcaacaatggctctctcct-3´ and 5´-aacccaagaactgaaaatccaa-3´). Amplification conditions were performed as initial DNA denaturation at 94ºC for 2 minutes followed by 35 cycles of 1 minutes denaturation at 94ºC, 30 second annealing at 56ºC and 2 minutes of extension at 72ºC with a final extension time at 72ºC for 10 minutes. An aliquot of the PCR product was run on an agarose gel (1%) and the remaining PCR product was cleaned using a DNA purification kit (Amersham Biosciences, England).
Cloning cDNA fragments into pGEM-T Easy vector: The resulting cDNA fragments from the previous step were ligated into the pGEM-T Easy vector. For this purpose, cDNA was concentrated to 3 ml (25 ng) and was then added to 5 ml of 2 × ligation buffer, 1 ml of T4 Ligase and 1 ml of pGEM-T easy vector. The ligation mixture was incubated over night at room temperature.
An aliquot (100 ml) from the competent E. coli were taken from the -80ºC freezer and thawed on ice for 20 min. The over night ligation mixture was added to the cells. The mixture was left on the ice for 20 minutes. Heat shock was applied for 50 sec at 42ºC, followed by a 5 min cooling period on ice. One ml of lysogeny broth (LB) medium was added and cells were incubated at 37ºC for 1 h. The LB plates contained 50 mg/ml of ampicillin for selection. Isopropyl-b-D-1-Thiogalactopyranoside (IPTG) and X- Galactopyranoside (X-Gal) were added for screening of blue and white colonies. To check colonies containing the plasmid with the ligated fragment, restriction enzyme analysis was performed. Plasmids were isolated from 5 colonies using a plasmid miniprep kit (Sigma, USA). In the digestion mixture, 2 ml of plasmid, 1 ml of 10 X buffer, 6 ml of milli-Q water and 1 ml of EcoR1 were used. Samples were digested at 37ºC for 1.5 h. The obtained fragments were analyzed by agarose gel electrophoresis.
Sequence analysis: DNA sequencing was carried out at the sequencing facility in Wageningen University. Sequences obtained from analysis with forward and reverse primers (T7: 5´ tatttaggtgacactatag 3´ and SP6: 5´ taatacgactcactataggg 3´) were aligned and the PCR fragment structures reconstructed by BLAST (Basic Local Alignement Search Tool) searches in TAIR (http://www.arabidopsis.org/Blast/).
cDNA over-expression constructs and re-transformation into Col-0: Full length cDNA were isolated and purified from the pGEM-T easy vector clones and over-expressed in wild type (WT) Arabidopsis plants. The CaMV 35S expression cassette was isolated by digestion with EcoRV from the pUC-18 vector. The cassette was filled with Klenow and dNTP and subsequently ligated into pBin19 (HindIII/EcoRI) to yield pBin-35S. Purified fragments were cloned into the pBin-35S expression cassette, resulting in pBin35S/cDNA/NOS. The plasmids containing photosynthetic genes were digested with XbaI and XmnI restriction enzymes. The construct was introduced by electroporation into Agrobacterium tumefaciens containing the pGV2260 plasmid. The resulting bacteria were used to transform Arabidopsis by floral dip method (Clough and Bent, 1998). Transgenic seedlings were selected on half MS media containing 50 mg/l of Kanamycin. Transgenic seedlings were grown in soil medium under long-day conditions (16-hlight/ 8-h-dark) for further growth and characterization.
Expression analysis of the photosynthetic genes: Quantitative-PCR (Q-PCR) analysis was performed to determine the expression level of LHCB1 and PSI-H photosynthetic genes. Total RNA was extracted from Arabidopsis seedlings as mentioned above. Following treatment of RNA with DNAase I, cDNA was synthesized using the M-MLV reverse transcriptase system (Promega, Madison, WI). Q-PCR was carried out by ABI-prism 7700 Sequence Detection System (PE-Applied Biosystems, Foster City, CA). For each reaction, 12.5 ml of green PCR Master Mix (Applied Biosystems, UK) and 2.5 ml of gene-specific primers were used (Table1). Each experiment was repeated 3 times. Relative quantitation of gene expression is based on the comparative Ct method (User Bulletin No. 2: ABI PRISM 7700 sequence detection system, 1997) using AtACTIN2 as the calibrator reference (f: 5´-ATGTCTCTTACAATTTCCCG-3´ and r: 5´-CCAACAGAGAGAAGATGACT-3´). The Q-PCR data were normalized against AtACTIN2. The results are expressed as a target/reference ratio.
Trehalase gene expression analysis: To find out if trehalose is sensed by transformed lines and WT seedlings growing on 100 mM trehalose, a Q-PCR analysis was performed by AtTRE1-specific primers (Table 1). The expression level of the only trehalase gene (AtTRE1) was analyzed in both WT and transformed lines.
Trehalose effects on plant growth and development: Arabidopsis thaliana (WT) plants were fed with trehalose (100 mM) for two weeks, showed inhibited root growth, delayed emergence of priming leaves and dark red-rimmed cotyledons (Fig. 1A). Trehalose feeding induced starch accumulation in cotyledons and depletion of starch in the colummella cells of the root cap (Fig. 1 B-C). However, WT seedlings growing on 100 mM sorbitol contained 11 mg/g of fresh weight (FW) starch. Ttrehalose feeding led to the accumulation of starch up to 52 mg/g of FW (Fig. 1 D).
Chlorophyll and anthocyanin contents were also determined in both trehalose and sorbitol-fed plants. The total chlorophyll contents of WT seedlings after 14 days of growth on trehalose was 4-fold less than that on sorbitol (Fig. 2A). The Chla/Chlb ratio was increased from 2.13 in sorbitol-fed plants to 3.75 in trehalose-fed ones. Anthocyanin was 5-fold higher in WT seedlings after 14 days of growth on trehalose, when compared to sorbitol (Fig. 2B).
Expression analysis of photosynthetic genes in Arabidopsis seedlings growing on 100 mM trehalose opposed to sorbitol: By using Q-PCR, expression levels of two photosynthetic genes PSI-H and LHCB1 were determined in both10 days old trehalose and sorbitol-fed seedlings grown on half-strength MS medium. Levels of gene expression were determined with reference to AtACTIN2. Trehalose feeding repressed PSI-H and LHCB1 expression as compared to the control plants (Fig. 3).
Transformation of cDNA constructs into WT: Transformations with the full length cDNAs of PSI-H and LHCB1 yielded 20 independent lines per construct with resistance to the selection marker. In soil and under long-day conditions, PSI-H transformed plants displayed somewhat larger green leaves compared to WT non-transformed ones (Fig. 4). Plants which over expressed LHCB1 had dark green leaves when compared to WT plants (data not shown). The transformed lines remained unaltered with respect to flowering time and were fully fertile.
Transformation yielded plants with higher expression levels of PSI-H and LHCB1. The mRNA levels of PSI-H in transformed lines were nearly 2 times higher than that of WT plants (Fig. 5A). The transcript level of LHCB1 in transformed lines was significantly higher than that of WT plants (Fig. 5B).
Expression analysis of the transformed lines on 100 mM trehalose: The expression levels of endogenous genes homologous to the cDNA transgenes were further analyzed in 10 days old transformed seedling lines growing on 100 mM sorbitol or trehalose. The expression of PSI-H in trehalose-fed transformed lines was two times less than that in sorbitol-fed plants. Trehalose feeding also reduced the expression of LHCB1 by 8-fold in the transformed lines (Fig. 6).
Trehalase expression: Trehalase expression analysis was performed using mRNA from 10 days old seedlings grown on half-strength MS medium with 100 mM sorbitol or trehalose. Trehalose feeding induced trehalase expression in WT and transformed lines. WT seedlings growing on trehalose showed a 7-fold increase in the expression of AtTRE1 when compared to those growing on sorbitol. AtTRE1 expression in seedlings of the transformed lines growing on trehalose was similarly induced when compared to WT plants (Fig. 7). All transformed lines displayed comparable levels of trehalase expression when cultured under similar conditions.
Trehalose metabolism is emerging as an important new regulator of plant growth, metabolism, and stress resistance. There are evidences, which show that minor alterations in trehalose metabolism yield dramatic and pleiotropic phenotypic changes in plants (Ramon et al., 2007; Pellny et al., 2004; Schluepmann et al., 2003).
The feeding of Arabidopsis with trehalose elicits strong responses that are not generated by osmoticum control such as sorbitol. Trehalose supplied to the growth medium of seedlings inhibits growth and changes allocation of carbon between roots and shoots (Schluepmann et al. 2004; Fritzius et al., 2001; Wingler et al., 2000). The effects of exogenous trehalose are numerous, yet growth arrest after 100 mM trehalose feeding is due to T6P accumulation. T6P accumulation is not due to phosphorylation of trehalose. Rather, it is likely due to ineffective de-phosphorylation of the endogenously synthesized T6P in the presence of high concentrations of the reaction product i.e., trehalose (Schluepmann et al., 2004). In Arabidopsis, T6P is essential for modulating efficient carbohydrate utilization during growth (Schluepmann et al., 2003). Exogenously applied trehalose strongly induces accumulation of starch in the seedlings' source tissue (shoots), and to a depletion of starch in the sink tissue (roots). The accumulation of starch in the shoots of trehalose-treated seedlings is accompanied by an increased activity of ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase and an induction of the expression of the ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase gene, ApL3 (Wingler et al., 2000). These observations suggest that trehalose interferes with carbon allocation to the sink tissues by inducing starch synthesis in the source tissues. Although T6P appears to be synthesized in the cytosol, it targets chloroplast's photosynthetic machinery (Kolbe et al., 2005). Taken together, T6P not only has control over carbon allocation but it also controls some steps in chloroplast metabolism.
Sugars have inhibitory effects on photosynthesis or on the expression of photosynthetic genes. In general, low sugar status enhances photosynthesis, reverses mobilization and export, whereas the abundant presence of sugars promotes growth and carbohydrate storage (Koch, 1996). Sugars are important signals molecules that regulate source-sink relation. (Franck et al., 2006; Ehness et al., 1997; Imail et al., 1997; Koch, 1996). A decreased leaf hexose pool may serve as a signal for increased sink demand, and also reduce negative feedback regulation of photosynthesis an effect which has been observed previously in sugarcane (McCormick et al., 2008). Documents show that there are several independent sugar signal transduction pathways (Rolland et al., 2006). But the exact mechanism of sugar signaling between source-sink relations has yet not been discovered. In this study, the relationship between T6P and expression of two photosynthetic genes has been demonstrated. This is in good accordance with the previous data, where increased levels of hexose correlated with decreased expression of several photosynthesis-related genes (McCormick et al., 2008; Franck et al., 2006; Krapp et al., 1992). Krapp et al. (1992) have shown that the addition of glucose to autotrophic cell suspension cultures of Chenopodium leads to a large and reversible decrease in the steady state transcript levels of rbcS and cab.
Sugars have stimulatory effects on anthocyanin biosynthesis in different organs of several plant species (Weiss, 2000). Anthocyanins are produced in cotyledons or leaves when growing on a sugar containing medium (Mita et al., 1997). The previous data have shown that mono- and disaccharides like glucose, fructose, galactose, maltose and sucrose have stimulatory effects on anthocyanin accumulation in Arabidopsis seedlings (Teng et al., 2005). In this study, trehalose also induced anthocyanin accumulation in Arabidopsis seedlings. This effect of trehalose might be mediated through increased levels of sugars like glucose. Frison et al., 2007 have recently reported that the Arabidopsis trehalase is a plasma membrane-bound enzyme with extra cellular activity but they were unable to assay activity in the membranes. It could therefore be that the enzyme was released from the membrane upon activation. However, further experiments are necessary to obtain information on this aspect.
The current results form chlorophyll measurements are consistent with the previous reports, which suggest that the supply of carbohydrates leads to a reduction in chlorophyll levels in Arabidopsis seedlings (Schafer et al., 1992).
The previous data obtained from gene-expression profiling did not show expression patterns of the photosynthetic genes after trehalose feeding (Schluepmann et al., 2004). However, in this study, expression analysis of these two genes involved in the photosynthetic mechanism displayed an altered gene expression pattern after 14 days of trehalose feeding. A possible explanation for this discrepancy might be the different assay conditions used by Aghdasi et al., 2008; photosynthetic gene repression is not very pronounced after 24 h of trehalose feeding as compared with that after 14 days. The current data of this study show that the exogenous trehalose may reduce expression or stability of LHCB1 or PSI-H mRNA.
We thank Dr. Johannes Hanson for his excellent assistance in the Q-PCR experiment, Anja Van Dijken for kindly providing the pBin19 vector and Frits Kindt and Ronald Leito for help with photography.
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Aghdasi, M., Schluepman, H. (2009). Cloning and Expression Analysis cf Two Photosynthetic Genes, PSI-H and LHCB1, Under Trehalose Feeding Conditions in Arabidipsis Seedlings. Iranian Journal of Biotechnology, 7(3), 179-187.
Mahnaz Aghdasi; Henriette Schluepman. "Cloning and Expression Analysis cf Two Photosynthetic Genes, PSI-H and LHCB1, Under Trehalose Feeding Conditions in Arabidipsis Seedlings". Iranian Journal of Biotechnology, 7, 3, 2009, 179-187.
Aghdasi, M., Schluepman, H. (2009). 'Cloning and Expression Analysis cf Two Photosynthetic Genes, PSI-H and LHCB1, Under Trehalose Feeding Conditions in Arabidipsis Seedlings', Iranian Journal of Biotechnology, 7(3), pp. 179-187.
Aghdasi, M., Schluepman, H. Cloning and Expression Analysis cf Two Photosynthetic Genes, PSI-H and LHCB1, Under Trehalose Feeding Conditions in Arabidipsis Seedlings. Iranian Journal of Biotechnology, 2009; 7(3): 179-187.


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Some new restaurants open while some old favorites close.
Athenian Grill has opened its new in-line bistro at the Kroger on Euclid (11 am til 7:30 p.m.).
CoreLife Eatery has announced a new location at The Summit at Fritz Farm, scheduled to open Summer 2017.
Corto Lima, Jonathan Lundy's new Latin-inspired restaurant, has opened at the corner of Limestone and Short.
The new Gastro Gnomes/Rooster Brew collaboration is expected to open summer 2017 in the N. Limestone space that was formerly Merit Furniture.
IGA will be moving into the Romany Road location vacated by Kroger.
Lexington restaurateur Ouita Michel is offering a first taste of her new venture Honeywood at Holly Hill Inn in Midway until March 12. Honeywood is expected to open this spring at the Summit at Fritz Farm.
Lockbox and 21C are celebrating their one-year anniversary in Lexington in March. Jonathan's Table, will celebrate and highlight executive chef Jonathan Searle's art of dining. Throughout March, guests are invited to enjoy a two-course prix fixe menu (Sunday through Wednesday each week starting at 5:30 p.m. nightly).
Lucie's Red Light celebrated its first night on Limestone on Valentine's Day (the latest venture from veteran Lexington restaurateur, Lucie Slone).
Skewers Mediterranean Cuisine on Tiverton recently celebrated its Grand Opening.
Ted's Montana Grill will open a second location in Lexington at the Summit at Fritz Farm in May 2017.
Tom + Chee, the franchise featured on SharkTank for grilled cheese and tomato soup, closed in Hamburg near the corner of Sir Barton and Winchester Road. Vinaigrette has announced an expansion with a Hamburg location coming Spring 2017 (to the space vacated by Tom + Chee).
March 1 thru March 3, Lexington Beerworks will host its annual Beer and Girl Scout Cookie Tasting Flight Night. Pairings: Lemonades and West Sixth 2nd Fiddle Simcoe IPA; Thin Mints and West Sixth Snake Eyes Imperial Stout; Peanut Butter Patties and West Sixth Cocoa Porter; and DeLites and West Sixth Bourbon Barrel Old Ale.
March 3 is the 2017 Spring Kentucky Ale Pub Crawl downtown Lexington (proceeds benefit Lexington Humane Society).


The University of Florida-Tropical Research and Education Center (TREC)'s 4th One Night in the Tropics event is under way. This year's celebration is a special one as our community has suffered major losses due to Hurricane Irma. After several meetings with agricultural industry leaders, it was determined that we will move forward with the event. Most of all, this community will recover and celebrate together our vibrant industry.
TREC decided to split the proceeds of this event with Dade County Farm Bureau and Miami-Dade Chapter of Florida Nursery Growers and Landscaping Association. This way they can assist growers who are in need from Hurricane Irma. We reiterate our commitment to the growers and to the future by continuing to provide excellent research and teaching, in addition to extension services to the community.
New faculty are now on board, and established faculty have received international, national and state awards for the work they have been doing to assist the 2nd largest agricultural industry in the State on Florida. We continue to thrive for excellence and to give back to the community.
The 4th One Night in the Tropics will feature once again, fabulous food and local drinks at Schnebly's Winery and Brewery. You will enjoy a menu of delicacies that represent our industry. As usual, we will have a silent auction featuring many unique landscape plants, artwork, gator gear and many other items donated by our supporters.
We look forward to seeing you. If you need to reach me, my number is 786-217-9226. You can register online by clicking the link below.


Christa Freeland has built and helped start multiple companies and communities driven by her eye for unique applications and implications of new technology.
She is an entrepreneur and Managing Director at Powershift Group, a startup studio that founds, funds, and grows early-stage companies. Christa scouts for opportunities to buy, build, or partner for new technologies in the Powershift portfolio. In 2015, she created a young professional's networking app called The Dime Club. In 2016, she cofounded a coworking startup called Switch Cowork, that turns under-utilized restaurants into shared work spaces. She is a Project Entrepreneur 2017 alumna, a UBS and Rent the Runway intensive program in NYC that supports female founders.
More recently in 2018, Christa became part of the founding member group for the invite-only, emerging tech division, "Emerging REALITY", a week-long young leadership initiative hosted in Israel by the Schusterman Foundation. Other affiliations include the Forbes Business Council, Austin Asian Chamber of Commerce, Texas State University Alumni Board, and Austin Under 40 Awards judge.
In 2018, Christa was named a World Economic Forum/ "Davos" Global Shaper. She was also tapped to help Austin Mayor Adler's re-election team, and created and led an award-winning campaign focused on millennials, recognized by Campaigns & Elections and the American Association of Political Consultants. She is a volunteer Deputy Voter Registrar, and via community partners and local startup networks, has launched and operated the Austin Voter Pub Crawls and ATX Startup Vote.
She's now worked in a variety of organizations including non-profit, lifestyle, agency, political campaign, and startup. Christa enjoys attending events such as: "Davos"/World Economic Forum, Burning Man, World Entrepreneur of the Year, Forbes Under 30, EY's Strategic Growth Forum, Microsoft Convergence, and SXSW Interactive.
More on Christa, here: www.christafreeland.com.


As dogs are becoming more popular family pets, fewer parks and recreational areas are allowing people access with a dog in tow. Many parks ban dogs entirely leash or no leash. Much of the reason for this is our own fault. As dog owners we need to police ourselves and be responsible for our dogs behavior and considerate of others. The longer you have owned dogs, the more you can appreciate how hard it is to find a park or other open space to exercise them. There are a lot of things we as dog owners can do to give dogs a better image to the non-dog owning public. I call this " Dog Owner Etiquette". Below is a list of things you can do to not only be a responsible dog owner but an asset to the community.
Don't leave your dog outside all day while you are at work. Even the quietest dogs will bark and become a neighborhood nuisance.
Wherever you walk your dog ALWAYS pick up his poop. There is nothing more disgusting than a sidewalk covered in dog poop. Bring along a ziploc bag, put your hand inside, pick up the poop and turn it right side out. Bring an extra bag along just in case your dog goes a second time.
Always keep your dog on leash on public streets for his own safety as well as the safety of other people, especially children.
Don't allow your dog to urinate on other peoples property, shrubs, decorations, and trees. To responsible dog owners and the non-dog owning public this is rude ( it's almost like you urinated there yourself).
Keep your dog close to you when walking where other dogs are also on leash. Letting your dog run right up to other dogs is rude and can cause both dogs to react aggressively.
Never allow your off-leash dog to run up to dogs on leash. Not only is this irresponsible on your part, other people may not have a dog that gets along with other dogs and the leashed dog may attack your dog.
Always carry pick up bags with you even when walking on wooded trails.
Don't take your dog to public places if he's dog or people aggressive. You can't always prevent a child or another dog running up to your dog.
Respect other people's space don't allow your dog off-leash if you don't have voice control, meaning you call him and he comes right back.
Don't leave your dog outside unattended if he barks or acts aggressively to people or children walking by. Not only is this dangerous for the passersby but it reinforces a dangerous and undesirable behavior that is difficult to change.
These top ten tips for good dog owners are common sense and may seems over simplified to the average responsible dog owner. However, there are too many folks who are not managing their dogs responsibly as is evidenced by the very strict leash laws and no dogs in parks rule that Malden has adopted. We can only change the attitudes of the non- dog owning public by showing how responsible dog owners are an asset to the community not the nuisance they are presumed to be. So go out on the town with your pooch and set an example others will be proud to follow.


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Hipster Ipsum | Artisanal filler text for your site or project..
Hilarious, ironic and silly. 3 thumbs up.
There is much talk and much belated worry in our field about the striking rate of language endangerment and death. As many as half of the world's 6-7,000 languages will become extinct in the next century, and many, far too many, of these have never been documented. Many have never been written either, and so it is mainly spoken language that there is a great rush to revitalize in rare cases, and document in others. You can read more about that here, here or here if you'd like.
Balinese script of the word "words"
The Endangered Alphabets Project, which consists of an exhibition of fourteen carvings (each with the translated text of Article 1 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights) and a book, is the first-ever attempt to bring attention to this issue. Scripts exhibited thus far include Inuktitut, Baybayin, Manchu, Bugis, Bassa Vah, Cherokee, Samaritan, Mandaic, Syriac, Khmer, Pahauh Hmong, Balinese, Tifinagh and Nom. You can help him complete the project and take it to the countries where these scripts are used by visiting this site.
For more about the world's writing systems, visit Omniglot.
Posted in Endangered Languages, Projects and tagged language endangerment and revitalization, people who do something with their research, written language. Bookmark the permalink.


text:
TODAY IN THE SKY
Seattle turf war: Delta expands on more Alaska Air routes
The pace of the Seattle showdown between Delta and Alaska Airlines appears to have slowed since this winter, but the turf war is not over.
Delta on Tuesday announced another expansion of service from Seattle, adding a new route to Medford, Ore., and an additional flight on its existing service to Austin. The new flights will begin Oct. 1.
To Medford, Delta Connection affiliate SkyWest will operate one daily round-trip flight on 76-seat Embraer E175 jets. Delta's Austin-Seattle flights are on 126-seat Airbus A319 jets.
Delta hinted at its competition on both routes.
TODAY IN THE SKY: Turf war? Delta adds 7 more Seattle routes (January 2017)
On the Austin service, Delta noted in a statement that its second daily flight to Austin will "provide the only morning departure from Seattle." Currently, Alaska and Southwest are the only other carriers flying non-stop on the route. But Southwest will end its non-stop Seattle-Austin flights in early September. Alaska Airlines operates two daily flights to Austin, though both of its Seattle departures leave after noon local time (around 12:20 p.m. and 11:15 p.m.).
And with its new Medford service, Delta pointed out that the city will become its "ninth Pacific Northwest destination from Seattle and complements recently added service to Eugene and Redmond, Ore., giving customers access to the airline's growing network from Seattle." All of Delta's Pacific Northwest routes added this decade compete head-to-head with Alaska Airlines, which has long been the dominant carrier for flights within the Northwest.
Delta's expansion of service that competes with Alaska highlights the intense competition for Seattle between the airlines that previously were close partners. Earlier this decade, Delta and Alaska Airlines had codeshare and frequent-flier pacts that – in part – allowed the carriers to funnel passengers to each other's flights.
TODAY IN THE SKY: Seattle breaks another passenger record amid Delta-Alaska turf war | Delta is first U.S. airline to take 'flagship' Airbus A350
Initially it was a symbiotic relationship, allowing Delta to tap Alaska Airlines' Seattle hub to feed its growing number of overseas flights from the city. But Delta eventually moved to create its own hub in Seattle, one that now competes with most of Alaska Airlines' bread-and-butter routes from its longtime base. Alaska has responded aggressively, growing its own schedule in Seattle and going on the offensive with new routes of its own from Delta's Salt Lake City hub.
The back-and-forth between the two carriers has slowed somewhat in recent months, but the new Delta flights show the jockeying for Seattle isn't over.
ARCHIVES: 'Frenemies' no more? Delta, Alaska Air to terminate partnership
For the airport itself, the competition has been a boon. Passenger traffic at Seattle-Tacoma International has soared since the turf war began. The airport has set several consecutive annual passenger records, and another appears likely for 2018.
Meanwhile, Delta officials touted the company's latest new offerings from Seattle.
"Our Austin flight has been tremendously popular, and with this additional flight, we offer Seattle customers the best schedule options for business travel with a morning and afternoon departure from both cities," John Caldwell, Delta's Vice President – Seattle, says in a statement. "Additionally, our new service to Medford means we now can offer customers access to nine daily destinations throughout the Pacific Northwest from our Sea-Tac hub."
TODAY IN THE SKY: Alaska Air begins merger with Virgin America, promises 'more to love'
TODAY IN THE SKY: Virgin America name will be phased out in favor of Alaska Air, 'likely' in 2019

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Lista över fornlämningar i Falköpings kommun (Brunnhem) är en förteckning av ett urval av de fornlämningar som finns i Brunnhem i Falköpings kommun.

|}

Noter

 Brunnhem
Brunnhem

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
Q: knexjs column specific type How can I specific type of column in knexJS?
I have the table Users:
id serial NOT NULL,
id_file_avatar bigint,
id_sectors bigint NOT NULL,
name character varying(50),
email character varying(100)

When I get in my rest I got it:
{
  "user": {
    "id": 1,
    "id_file_avatar": null,
    "id_sectors": "0",
    "name": "Rodrigo Lopes",
    "email": "rodlps22@gmail.com"
  }
}

My UserModel
var User = bookshelf
    .Model
    .extend({
        tableName: 'users',
        visible: [
            'id',
            'id_file_avatar',
            'id_sectors',
            'name',
            'email'
        ],
        soft: false,

        initialize: function () {
            //this.on('saving', this.validateSave);
        },

        validateSave: function () {
            return new Checkit(rules).run(this.attributes);
        }
    });

But the id_sectors should be a int type, anyone knows why?
Thank you for helping me.

A: Are you sure you actually save id_sectors as integer?
From the documentation:

For example new Model({id: '1'}).load([relations...]) will not return the same as Model({id: 1}).load([relations...]) - notice that the id is a string in one case and a number in the other. This can be a common mistake if retrieving the id from a url parameter.

Try using validator for your model, and set that id_sectors must be integer: https://github.com/fluxxu/bookshelf-validator
Additionally, should this not work, you can always use parseInt to change your string value to integer.
As for defining a model with attribute types, I don't think that's (currently) possible.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


"Last night while playing a 2 person game where a wild card matched both cards held by 1 player, someone gave an answer that worked for both. So we invented a new rule: if your answer works for both cards in play, you get both. Sometimes they just work together (comedian and tv host); sometimes it's sheer coincidence: farm animal + 3 letter word = cow."
Thanks Bethany, I really like this spin on the two player game. I'd add that if you win both cards, you should probably pick them up one at a time in case the first one you pick up spawns another face-off!
I'm really psyched that people are out there playing the two person version of Anomia! For more information on alternate versions of Anomia, check out this page.


From the towering sky scrapers of New York City, New York to the sweet swaying straw grass of Charleston, South Carolina or the mighty crash of the Pacific Ocean waves on the beaches not far from Redlands, California, the lawyers at Phillips and McCrea, PLLC bring an eclectic background of culture and experience to each and every client and their case. Our attorneys are able to approach each case with an aggressive, hard nosed and client first approach while at the same time imploring a southern charm surely to persuade the staunchest of opposition and exploring all viable options available using the expansive and inclusive west coast mindset. There is no need to look any further than Phillips an McCrea, PLLC for your legal needs. Please click on a profile above to learn more about the lawyer that will assist with your case.
Phillips and McCrea, PLLC serve clients with Legal Services across Charlotte, NC, and surrounding areas.
For All Your Legal Needs across Charlotte NC, Speak to Our Attorneys Today!


The Department of the Premier Cabinet (DPC) delivers technology, cyber security and digital leadership for South Australian Government, industry and citizens. We assist agencies by providing ICT, digital and security policies, guidelines, standards and toolkits.
Our areas of expertise are summarised below.
We provide whole of government services and the ICT infrastructure for South Australian Government. We embrace new technologies to deliver seamless services.
We safeguard the state's infrastructure, digital assets and citizen information against cybercrime and espionage.
We also manage the Control Agency for Cyber Crisis function on behalf of DPC. The function is established under South Australia's Emergency Management Arrangements. When a cyber crisis occurs that requires a coordinated government response, we are responsible for the response to the incident and the subsequent recovery effort. Resources from agencies and suppliers are coordinated to minimise disturbance and risk.
We lead digital innovation and online services which are co-designed with our stakeholders to improve and streamline citizen's interaction with government. View our initiatives.
The SA.GOV.AU website provides a single location for citizens to find information and complete a range of online transactions. It contains information about services provided by all South Australian Government departments in one central place.
Information is organised by topics of interest instead of departments or portfolios, making it easier for South Australian citizens and businesses to find a service or information without needing to know the name of the responsible department.
The website also contains many useful directories, including health and community services, as well as information ranging from how to apply for a Seniors Card through to saving energy at home.


Trabecular bone structure as well as bone mineral density (BMD) have impact on the biomechanical competence of bone. In osteoporosis-related fractures, there have been shown to exist disconnections in the trabecular network as well as low bone mineral density. Imaging of bone parameters is therefore of importance in detecting osteoporosis. One available imaging device is cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT). This device is often used in pre-operative imaging of dental implants, for which the trabecular network also has great importance. Fourteen or 15 trabecular bone specimens from the radius were imaged for conducting this in vitro project. The imaging data from one dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA), two multi-slice computed tomography (MSCT), one high-resolution peripheral quantitative computed tomography (HR-pQCT) and four CBCT devices were segmented using an in-house developed code based on homogeneity thresholding. Seven trabecular microarchitecture parameters, as well as two trabecular bone stiffness parameters, were computed from the segmented data. Measurements from micro-computed tomography (micro-CT) data of the same bone specimens were regarded as gold standard. Correlations between MSCT and micro-CT data showed great variations, depending on device, imaging parameters and between the bone parameters. Only the bone-volume fraction (BV/TV) parameter was stable with strong correlations. Regarding both HR-pQCT and CBCT, the correlations to micro-CT were strong for bone structure parameters as well as bone stiffness parameters. The CBCT device 3D Accuitomo showed the strongest correlations, but overestimated BV/TV more than three times compared to micro-CT. The imaging protocol most often used in clinical imaging practice at our clinic demonstrated strong correlations as well as low radiation dose. CBCT data of trabecular bone can be used for analysing trabecular bone properties, like bone microstructure and bone biomechanics, showing strong correlations to the reference method of micro-CT. The results depend on choice of CBCT device as well as segmentation method used. The in-house developed code based on homogeneity thresholding is appropriate for CBCT data. The overestimations of BV/TV must be considered when estimating bone properties in future clinical dental implant and osteoporosis research.


"Me too. Pretty sure it can only be changed on non-Freeview approved boxes. Although my Android Box with UHF and Sat Tuners doesn't seem to have a 'skip' function at all."
"Pretty sure that is disabled as part of the Freeview spec so you can't skip through adverts"
"I record with an Aerial Box T2200. "
"What do you record with? Eg my recorder is dish t 1050 has +/-10 min which is next to useless but cant be changed"


Beautiful Remodel Is Immaculate & Ready For Immediate Move In! Some Spectacular Finishes Include Ceramic Plank Floors Throughout - NO Carpeting On Main Floor Or In ANY Traffic Areas - New Carpeting In Bedrooms Only! PLUS, Slab Quartz Counters, Resurfaced Cabinets w/Custom Hardware, Crown Moulding, Stainless Appliances, Extra Enormous Combination Pantry & Laundry Room, Upgraded Fans, Fixtures & Hardware Throughout Including Custom Lighting, Marble Floors In Baths, Customized Master Closet, Deck Off Master Bedroom, Oversized Upstairs Linen Closet & Much More! To Experience This Home In Person Is To Love It From That Moment On!


text:
Q: Python: numpy memmap in parallel Does it make sense to use numpy's memmap across multiple cores (MPI)?
I have a file on disk.
Can I create a separate memmap object on each core, and use it to read different slices from the file?
What about writing to it?

A:
Q : "Does it make sense to use numpy's memmap across multiple cores (MPI)?"

Yes ( ... even without MPI, using just Python native { thread- | process-}-based forms of concurrent-processing )

Q : "Can I create a separate memmap-object on each core, and use it to read different slices from the file?"

Yes.

Q : "What about writing to it?"

The same ( sure, if having been opened in write-able mode ... )


text:
Jared Leto's Days as the Joker Are Reportedly Over
The actor's time as DC's cackling clown is up.
byMatt Fowler
Posted Oct. 20, 2019, 5:25 p.m.
Following up on the original report claiming Jared Leto tried to stop the Todd Phillips/Joaquin Phoenix Joker movie while it was in development, sources have also told The Hollywood Reporter that the actor probably won't be reprising his version of the Joker in any future film.
"Leto's days as the Joker likely are over," THR states.
Again, Leto felt "alienated and upset" over the new R-rated Joker film, having believed Warner Bros. was planning on giving him his own solo Joker project.
Previously, Leto had also been perturbed over how many of his Joker scenes were cut from the final version of Suicide Squad.
Even though Todd Phillips' Joker film was never meant to star Leto's Joker, Leto felt as though his agents should have both told him about the film sooner and also fought harder for his version of the Joker to get his own movie.
For more on Joker, here's how Martin Scorsese helped out the film and how the film itself mirrors Scorsese's The King of Comedy.
Here's a look at the many, and varied, origins of the Joker...
Matt Fowler is a writer for IGN and a member of the Television Critics Association. Follow him on Twitter at @TheMattFowler and Facebook at Facebook.com/MattBFowler.
10 months Comments
Jared Leto Only Just Found Out About Coronavirus Pandemic for a Very Jared Leto Reason
Morbius: Fans Are Excited Over 'Killer' Leaked Image of Comics Accurate Jared Leto
1 year, 1 month Comments
Birds of Prey: New Trailer and Opening Scene Footage Breakdown
1 year, 3 months Comments
Jared Leto Reportedly Tried to Stop the New Joker Movie


Bug 1530657. Remove webrender user data properties from frames first, then destory them. r=jrmuizel If we destroy at the same time as removal, then the destruction can destroy other objects which in turn might remove frame properties and mess up the frame property table. This should cover all ways the webrender user data can get deleted from a frame property. The nsIFrame::RemoveDisplayItemDataForDeletion bit doesn't seem necessary to fix the intermittent but I think it is still necessary.
Bug 1505871. Write component transfer filter data into the webrender display list bitstream. r=jrmuizel The format for stacking contexts in the built display list goes from PushStackingContext item push_iter of Vec<FilterOp> to SetFilterOps item push_iter of Vec<FilterOp> 1st SetFilterData item push_iter of array of func types push_iter funcR values push_iter funcG values push_iter funcB values push_iter funcA values . . . nth SetFilterData item push_iter of array of func types push_iter funcR values push_iter funcG values push_iter funcB values push_iter funcA values PushStackingContext item We need separate a SetFilterData item for each filter because we can't push_iter a variable sized thing. When we iterate over the built display list to flatten it we work similarly to how gradients work with a SetGradientStops item before the actual gradient item. So when we see SetFilterOps or SetFilterData we use them to fill out values on the built display list iterator but don't those items return them to the iterator user and instead continue iterating until we hit the PushStackingContext item, at which point to the iterator consumer it appears as those the FilterOps and FilterDatas were on the PushStackingContext item. (This part is trickier too since we need a TempFilterData type that just holds ItemRange's until we get the actual bytes later.) Do we need to clear cur_filters and cur_filter_data at some point to prevent them from getting ready by items for which they do not apply?
Bug 1505871. C++ code to get component transfer filter data into webrender. r=jrmuizel Have to use a pointer/size pair to transfer the value list to rust. We use a "filter holder" that contains an nsTArray that owns the values.
Bug 1212982 - Get ClearType parameters using API instead of reading registry. r=jrmuizel This patch is changing a way to get ClearType paramters because registry key may not be present. CreateMonitorRenderingParams() will return default values if the corresponding registry key is not present.


text:
<link rel="import" href="../polymer/polymer.html">
<link rel="import" href="../firebase-element/firebase-collection.html">

<dom-module id="highcharts-component">
    <template>

    </template>

</dom-module>

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
October 29, 2010 / 5:03 AM / 9 years ago
UPDATE 1-Vietnam stops banks using gold deposits to fund loans
* New rule on gold in effect from Friday
* Outstanding deposits in gold total 92.6 tonnes (Updates with details, quotes, change attribution)
HANOI, Oct 29 (Reuters) - Vietnam's central bank has stopped banks selling gold deposited by customers and using the funds for loans or for converting into foreign currencies, partly to help take downward pressure off the dong VND=.
It is also concerned that, if the value of gold continues to soar, banks could suffer heavy losses when they have to buy gold back to repay depositors.
A State Bank of Vietnam circular issued on Friday also bans banks from lending gold for producing and trading small gold bars, Nguyen Ngoc Bao, head of the central bank's Monetary Policy Department, said in an interview.
As of Friday, banks can lend gold only for producing and trading jewellery, he said in the interview, published on the central bank's website (www.sbv.gov.vn).
Bao said that banks had until now been allowed to convert a maximum 30 percent of their gold deposits into dong.
A recent surge in the gold price has led to increased smuggling of the metal into Vietnam, fuelling demand for dollars to buy it and thus pushing the value of the dong down on the black market.
The authorities effectively banned gold imports in mid-2008 to help tackle the trade deficit and take pressure off the dong, although they have granted import quotas occasionally since then, most recently in early October. [ID:nSGE696038]
That has done little to reduce speculation the dong could be devalued for the fourth time since last November. [ID:nSGE69H06Z]
However, dealers said gold prices in Vietnam had softened in recent days and activity in the gold market had also subsided in anticipation of central bank measures to curb banks' use of gold.
Small gold bars, sold by banks and private gold shops, are used widely in Vietnam instead of the dong as a savings vehicle and for real estate payments, for example.
The central bank's Bao said an increase in gold deposits and lending had fuelled the dollarisation of the economy.
Bao said the new ruling was intended to limit the circulation of gold in the economy. It would also help curb gold smuggling and speculation, thus "contributing to stabilising the foreign exchange and currency markets", he said.
At the end of September, 23 out of 44 Vietnamese banks had gold deposits totalling 92.6 tonnes, 60 percent of which had been lent on, central bank data shows.
The central bank has devalued the dong VND=SBVNVND=VN three times since November and speculation about another devaluation has been putting pressure on the currency, making businesses reluctant to sell dollars.
Governor Nguyen Van Giau was quoted on Oct. 19 in a state media report as saying the central bank had no plans to adjust the exchange rate. [ID:nHAN476861] (Reporting by John Ruwitch and Ho Binh Minh; Editing by Alan Raybould)


The Turbo R was the result of Bentley's decision to refine and improve the road manners of the Mulsanne Turbo. The Turbo R debuted in 1985 and was essentially a Mulsanne (which in turn was Bentley's version of the Roll-Royce Silver Spirit) with a completely revised suspension that gave the car a cornering and braking ability more appropriate for the 300+ hp that its turbocharged 6.8-liter V-8 produced. The suspension changes included different dampers and stiffer anti-roll bars among other updates, and by the time the car came to the U.S. in 1988, it had a new round-headlight front end treatment as well as a spec sheet that included anti-lock brakes and Bosch fuel injection.
The Bentley Turbo R was lauded by the press upon its introduction for delivering almost supercar-like performance including a mid-6 second 0-60 time in complete civility, with a commensurate improvement in handling as compared to the outgoing Mulsanne. All this was achieved while cosseting its occupants with reams of leather and multiple types of wood trim in the cockpit, in the typical Bentley fashion.
Over the years some changes included an airbag for 1990 that replaced troublesome motorized seatbelts, electronic ride-height control in 1991, and a new computer-controlled four-speed automatic transmission in 1992. In 1994, a new boost control system was added that raised peak horsepower for short bursts. In 1995, the "New" Turbo R was introduced, and this car differed from the previous model by having updated body-color cladding and mirrors as well as a sport button on the automatic gear shift that stiffened the suspension and changed the gearbox shift points. In all 5,196 short wheelbase and 2,034 long-wheelbase Turbo Rs and new Turbo Rs were built between 1985 and 1997.
This car is a LWB. With only 3 owners and 10,000 miles since new, the car is virtually flawless. It has recently been serviced, has a clean Carfax and is ready to drive!


text:
delessagroups.com
What Are Some Universal Morals?
What are some examples of morals?
What are some strong values?
What are the 6 core moral values?
What are 10 moral values?
What are bad morals?
What are the 30 human rights?
Is there a universal moral code?
What are some universal moral values?
What are the 5 universal values?
What are the four basic human values?
What are values in life?
What is truth human values?
What are the universal moral laws?
What are the 10 universal values?
Is there a universal good?
While morals tend to be driven by personal beliefs and values, there are certainly some common morals that most people agree on, such as:Always tell the truth.Do not destroy property.Have courage.Keep your promises.Do not cheat.Treat others as you want to be treated.Do not judge.Be dependable.More items….
Some Types of Core ValuesDependability.Reliability.Loyalty.Commitment.Open-mindedness.Consistency.Honesty.Efficiency.More items…
Trustworthiness, respect, responsibility, fairness, caring, and citizenship — are six core ethical values.
10 Moral Values for Children to Lead a Great LifeRespect. Many parents make the mistake of teaching their children only about respect for elders, but that is wrong. … Family. Family is an integral part of kids' lives. … Adjusting and Compromising. … Helping Mentality. … Respecting Religion. … Justice. … Honesty. … Never Hurt Anyone.More items…
Moral evil is any morally negative event caused by the intentional action or inaction of an agent, such as a person. An example of a moral evil might be murder, war or any other evil event for which someone can be held responsible or culpable.
This simplified version of the 30 Articles of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights has been created especially for young people.We Are All Born Free & Equal. … Don't Discriminate. … The Right to Life. … No Slavery. … No Torture. … You Have Rights No Matter Where You Go. … We're All Equal Before the Law.More items…
A universal moral code might be a set of underlying dispositions we are all born with. … But a more important sense of 'universal moral code' is of a set of moral values that is universally valid, whether or not it is inscribed in our brains, or accepted by people.
Based on the convergence of the three sources of standards, six universal moral values for corporate codes of ethics are proposed including: (1) trustworthiness; (2) respect; (3) responsibility; (4) fairness; (5) caring; and (6) citizenship.
The values of peace, freedom, social progress, equal rights and human dignity, enshrined in the Charter of the United Nations and in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, are no less valid today than when, over half a century ago, those documents were drafted by representatives of many different nations and …
When we think of our values, we think of what is important to us in our lives (e.g., security, independence, wisdom, success, kindness, pleasure). Each of us holds numerous values with varying degrees of importance. A particular value may be very important to one person, but unimportant to another.
Deciding What's Most Important in Life Your values are the things that you believe are important in the way you live and work. They (should) determine your priorities, and, deep down, they're probably the measures you use to tell if your life is turning out the way you want it to.
Truth: The Highest Truth is absolute, changeless in the past, present, and future, true at all times and in all places. Truth manifests as being truthful, honest, and sincere, acting with integrity according to the dictates of our conscience. …
These cooperative behaviours and rules – the proposed universal moral code – are the following: helping family, helping your group, reciprocating, being brave, deferring to superiors (respect), dividing disputed resources (fairness), and respecting prior possession (property rights).
The universal values theory has identified 10 basic, motivationally distinct values that people in virtually all cultures implicitly recognize. The ten universal values are power, achievement, hedonism, stimulation, self-direction, universalism, benevolence, tradition, conformity and security.
No, there is no such thing as a universal morality, and it is somewhat surprising that people are still asking this question in the 21st century. Then again, that doesn't mean that anything goes, a la moral relativism. Of course, much depends on what one means by "universal," so let's try to parse things out a bit.
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What are the 7 stages of dying? The 7 stages of griefShock
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What does this word mean except? preposition.
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How long is a case study? 500 to 1,500 wordsWhile the
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The Jam Slam and the Wild Card have some problems with household appliances and staying warm. They also go over some sports talk before the "Big Game".
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Mandatory professional checks every 5 years or face a £30k fine.
The private rented sector continues to fall under scrutiny by the Government.
We have already seen the changes in Tax relief, new HMO Legislation and minimum standards for Efficiency Performance Certificates. Following the Hackitt Report into Fire Safety, the spotlight is now on rented homes being safe for tenants.
New regulations come into force on 1st October 2018 in relation to homes of multiple occupation (HMO's).


Visit the Starforts.com Fort Mifflin page here!
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. One of the United States' leading cities, if somewhat diminished in these trying times. I was born in Philadelphia, and since the city is just barely within semireasonable daytrip distance from my home base in Richmond, it seemed like the perfect birthday trip for myself in 2013.
Yes, a lengthy drive, but once again, Route 95 seems almost as though it was made for folks to comfortably travel up and down the east coast of these United States. Round trip for me, around 500 miles. Good thing gas is so inexpensive!
A leading city needs a leading starfort, and Fort Mifflin is most definitely in a class by itself, if for no other reason because of its incredibly weird shape! It's not a starfort, it's not a stabbyfort, it's a...sawtoothfort. Every starfort is unique in its own way, but the shape of Fort Mifflin makes it uniquer than most. Add to that the fort's history of singlehandedly defeating the British Empire in the American Revolution, and the indisputable fact that the place is haunted, and you have an absolute historical powerhouse in the shape of a sawtoothfort.
Fort Mifflin has a very active schedule of events that take place within its walls, as evidenced by the chatty monthly newsletters that I receive from Fort Mifflin on the Delaware, a newsletter for which I didn't actually sign up, but I did leave my card with the nice lady who took my six bucks to get into the fort, which I suspect may have played a part in this mystery. And the fort's official website, fortmifflin.us, is absolutely great.
All this being said, however, I was at first a little taken aback at the poor condition of Fort Mifflin upon my visit. Compared to every other starfort I've visited (and I've visited plenty), Fort Mifflin seems...depreciated. It's as though those in charge of keeping the place spiffy suddenly ran out of money to do so a couple of years ago.
This impression was mostly formed due to the delapidated office building (which had operated as the fort's hospital and a mess hall) across from the main gate, the first guardroom I came to inside the front gate, and the dreary little museum in the enlisted men's barracks.
Though I had the fort almost to myself when I visited, the place obviously gets a lot of action: Lots of visitors, lots of events, lots of general use, which is a good thing indeed for a place of such historical import. The more I prowled through Fort Mifflin, the more impressed I became with not only its range of structures from differnt eras, but also the fine condition in which much of it sits.
There are several buildings and magazines inside Fort Mifflin's walls that are in great shape. The only one I was unable to get into was the gift shop, which just about broke my heart, but I somehow found the fortitude to carry on.
There are additional things of an interesting nature directly outside the fort as well. After circumnavigating the fort (an adventure in itself because of its overgrown and marshy environs), I took a stroll along a promising-looking trail that runs between the fort and the mighty Delaware River.
Along this trail were remnants of a series of batteries that were built directly to Fort Mifflin's southwest in the 1870's, today just overgrown bits of brick, concrete and timber. Ducking low-flying airliners landing at the next-door Philadelphia International Airport, I also came across a bombproof that contained some actual startling spookiness!
Just in case one is unfamiliar with how this works, each of the images on this page are but thumbnails, reduced versions of those one might see were they to click upon these thumbnails. Thank you for your participation.


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Home Content Commentary Getting dressed for Jeff Sessions
Getting dressed for Jeff Sessions
Toby Grace
Sessions says Federal pot laws should be enforced
"All the world's a stage — the men and women are but the players…" (Shakespeare) That being the case, it's high time we insisted on the players being in correct costume. Would King Lear be wearing skinny Jeans? Would Hamlet be wearing shorts and a T-shirt? No! Never! Then why should we encounter male bank tellers without a tie and jacket? Can I really have confidence in a bank with such a casual attitude about handling my social security check? I think not! Bank tellers should be required by law to wear black suits with heavily starched, detachable, bat wing shirt collars, waistcoats and pocket watches — and that's just one example for starters.
"Invasive" you say? Reactionary, antediluvian, absurd, out-of-step; all epithets you may hurl at me to no avail. When I say policemen, for example, should be wearing bell shaped helmets and blue, knee length coats with a double row of brass buttons, I am in fact in the forefront of what is clearly the most advanced thinking of the present administration in Washington. True the matter of professional dress codes has not yet been raised in Washington, but considering Attorney General Sessions' new pronouncement about marijuana laws, surely such dress codes can't be far behind. I'm just trying to stay ahead of the curve here.
You may object that the vast majority of citizens don't want such dress codes, but that is entirely irrelevant. The great majority want legalized weed, as has been shown in poll after poll, and even in state ballot referendums, but that makes no difference to AG Sessions.
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Neither does it matter to the Republicans in congress. The determination of this cabal of retrospective regenerates to return the entire nation to the era of unrestrained robber baron capitalism has nothing to do with the will and welfare of the people who elected them.
AG Sessions famously stated, "Good people don't smoke marijuana." We certainly want a nation of "good people," don't we? Goodness gracious yes! Of course, that does raise the problem of what we are going to do with all those "bad" people who fail to see the clarity and simplicity of the Sessions moral code. Locking them all up has turned out to be a complete disaster so it is clearly time for a new approach.
In line with the Attorney General's fossilized notions of good and bad, the dress code plan is simplistic, regressive and, in a word, stupid. Thus, it fulfills all requirements of Sessions, the Republican legislators and the administration — a total win.
In the future, all persons convicted of marijuana offenses will be required, if male, to wear a black, 3 piece suit, stiff collared white shirt, and bowler hat. Females must wear whalebone corsets and floor length dresses with a bustle. The problem of how to distinguish the pot offender from the honest bank clerk arises but could be dealt with by issuing badges to the bank clerks reading "not a pot offender — just someone dressing appropriately under the Sessions rules."
It is well known that people tend to behave according to how they are dressed. Even in this era of relaxed standards, clothes send messages. A red dress at a funeral, for example, is still the height of rudeness and clearly sends the message that "I'm glad the old SOB is dead." This being so, Victorian attire will stiffen the spine of all those slacker pot smokers and bring about the dawn of the Sessions inspired era of "Good People."
You may wonder how this plan will go down with the general public. Of course, there will be a liberal backlash, but that vast hoard of Trump voters who have shown themselves to be largely bone ignorant troglodytes who will believe pretty much anything they are told by Breitbart, will embrace the plan wholeheartedly — as long as it is presented as an element of "family values." Sessions leads the way to a bright, new yesterday.
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Q: API to resize an image after selected from gallery or camera I have an application that lets the user select an image from the gallery or from the phone's camera. This image is then used as image on an image button.
I was wondering if there was any built in API that I could use prompt an image resize intent that lets the user resize the image.
The idea would be only to allow squared images to make the display easier afterwards in the app. By having this "resizer" the user would choose which part of his picture will be selected.
Thanks for your help!

A: You can take a look at the Bitmap class:
http://developer.android.com/reference/android/graphics/Bitmap.html
and use the function:
createScaledBitmap (Bitmap src, int dstWidth, int dstHeight, boolean filter)

A:
I was wondering if there was any built in API that I could use prompt an image resize intent that lets the user resize the image.

There is no such standard Intent action in the Android SDK.
It may be that you are really looking for image cropping, not resizing. That too is not part of the Android SDK, though there are libraries for that.


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SLFP to form separate alliance; Welgama says ready to contest
General Secretary of the Sri Lanka Freedom Party (SLFP), MP Dayasiri Jayasekera says the party is looking at joining hands with leftist forces and contesting the presidential separately in the event talks with the Sri Lanka Podujana Peramuna (SLPP) fail.
Jayasekera said the SLFP's presidential candidate would most probably be President Maithripala Sirisena with his candidacy being unanimously approved by the party's Central Committee.
He noted that the SLFP believed the SLFP and SLPP could continue with the talks to form an alliance to face the United National Party (UNP) but the stumbling block was the SLPP sticking to its 'Pohottuwa' (flower bud) symbol instead of a common symbol.
"Political alliances or coalitions have been formed in the past after the constituent partners had agreed on the policy, programme and strategy and a common symbol. But sadly the SLPP is not ready to accept our programme and a symbol other than that of the betel leaf or Pohottuwa," he said.
He insisted that as long as the SLPP was not prepared to agree to a symbol acceptable to the SLFP, it was not possible for the SLFP to enter into an alliance with the SLPP.
"We must listen to our grassroots level SLFP organisers, voters, Pradeshiya Saba members. We cannot betray the trust placed on us by our voters. If we join the SLPP, we must do it with dignity and self-respect. We cannot do so simply because it has a bigger vote base. But what the SLPP must keep in mind is that no candidate will be able to win without the support of the SLFP. That is definite," Jayasekera added.
As for statements made by MP Kumara Welgama that he was prepared to contest as the SLFP presidential candidate, Jayasekara said under no circumstance would Welgama be nominated as the SLFP candidate at the upcoming presidential election.
"It is true that Mr. Welgama is back at the SLFP. That is after a long journey with the SLPP against the SLFP and becoming the SLPP district organiser of Badulla. Besides, I cannot understand how he opposes Gotabaya Rajapaksa's candidacy while worshipping Mahinda Rajapaksa. Therefore, I assure you that Mr. Welgama will not be the SLFP presidential candidate. We still maintain that President Sirisena will most likely be the SLFP candidate," the SLFP General Secretary said.
Meanwhile, Welgama says he was prepared to accept the presidential candidacy and contest if the party nominated him.
He told a news briefing that he had been in the SLFP for 38 years and had not left the party under any circumstances.
"I am confident that I would be able to cope with the state of affairs and lead the country to a better position," Welgama said.
"People know my character. I have worked for the people, and I am a straightforward person. People have faith in me," the MP further said.
He also noted the fact that the SLFP had been steadfast right throughout history and that it was essential to field a presidential candidate from the SLFP.
"I raised the importance of fielding an SLFP candidate without losing its identity when I personally met with President Sirisena recently," he added.
According to Welgama, he would support President Maithripala Sirisena if he would decide to contest the upcoming presidential candidate.