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Author Interviews, Nutrition, Sugar, Weight Research / 08.05.2015
Measures To Reduce Sugary Drinks Gains Public Acceptance
MedicalResearch.com Interview with: Dr. Dragos Petrescu Department of Public Health and Primary Care Cambridge Medical Research: What is the background for this study? What are the main findings? Response: Consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages is a major contributor to obesity, particularly in children. Recent systematic reviews provide good evidence that reducing portion size reduces consumption. Similarly, evidence suggests that container shapes and product placement in supermarkets can influence consumption. The public acceptability of "nudging" -- altering properties such as the size, the shape, and location of sugar-sweetened beverages -- to improve public health is unknown. Here we compared the acceptability in UK and USA samples of government interventions to reduce consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages: three nudge interventions (limiting portion size, changing container shape, and changing shelf location) and two traditional interventions (increased taxation and an education campaign). We found that for the majority of UK and USA samples, the education campaign and the three nudge interventions were acceptable, with education attracting most support. By contrast, only a minority of participants supported taxation. (more…)
Accidents & Violence, Author Interviews, Weight Research / 08.05.2015
Obese Patients Face Stigma and Discrimination
MedicalResearch.com Interview with: Claudia Sikorski Dr. rer. med. Claudia Sikorski, Dipl.-Psych. Institut für Sozialmedizin, Arbeitsmedizin und Public Health (ISAP) Institute of Social Medicine, Occupational Health and Public Health Universität Leipzig, Medizinische Fakultät Leipzig Medical Research: What is the background for this study? What are the main findings? Response: Obesity is a highly stigmatized condition. People with obesity are often regarded a lazy, slow and sloppy. One consequence of these negative attitudes may be discrimination, e.g. the unfair treatment of individuals with obesity. This study, conducted by Jenny Spahlholz, myself and colleagues reviews observational and experimental studies that investigated the occurrence and nature of discrimination in obesity. (more…)
Author Interviews, Weight Research / 08.05.2015
Childhood Obesity Presents Opportunities and Challenges
MedicalResearch.com Interview with: Rebecca Jones, MSPH Nutrition and Health Sciences Program Graduate Division of Biological and Biomedical Sciences Emory University Medical Research: What is the background for this study? What are the main findings? Response: Obesity in children is associated with a wide range of conditions later in life including heart disease, cancer, and diabetes. Even prior to adulthood, children can be affected by a host of non-communicable diseases which are affected by weight status of the child. With an increase in children who are overweight or obese globally, Dr. Chan, Director-General of the World Health Organization, announced a new initiative to combat childhood obesity at the 2014 World Health Assembly. Within childhood obesity the pre-school (under age 5) years are a critical period for prevention due the association of adiposity rebound and obesity in later years as well as the early establishment of taste preferences and attitudes around healthy eating habits. Recent evaluation of incident obesity in the United States has demonstrated a component of the course to obesity is already established by the age of five years. Our main finding is the necessity for better surveillance and comparability of weight status, particularly overweight and obesity, in children under five across countries in the European region. 60% of countries within the region have some form of published data on this particular population however they vary based on level of national representation, cut-off criteria, age and gender. All these different factors can significantly change the prevalence estimates making it very difficult to ascertain the full nature of the problem. Based on the data which was available the European Region has reason for concern about overweight and obesity in young children. (more…)
Author Interviews, Pediatrics, UCSD, Weight Research / 28.04.2015
Increased Time Watching TV Linked To Childhood Obesity
MedicalResearch.com Interview with: Mark D. DeBoer, MD, MSc, MCR Associate Professor of Pediatrics Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, University of Virginia Medical Research: What is the background for this study? What are the main findings? Dr. DeBoer: The American Academy of Pediatrics recommends that children watch no more than 2 hours of TV daily. We wanted to see if children watching shorter amounts of TV were more likely to have higher weight status. We found that children in kindergarten who watched 1-2 hours a day were more than 40% more likely to be overweight and obese and gained more unhealthy weight over the next year. (more…)
Childhood Obesity Common In Both New York and Shanghai
MedicalResearch.com Interview with: May May Leung Ph.D. Hunter College School of Urban Public Health, City University of New York School of Public Health New York, NY MedicalResearch: What is the background for this study? Dr. Leung: Shanghai and New York City are two urban centers that play a key role in the global economy. However, both cities are facing elevated rates and inequitable distributions of childhood obesity. Given the role that obesity plays in the etiology of chronic diseases, this epidemic calls for interurban learning to better understand some of its diet-related determinants. In turn, this paper attempts to explore how culture, history and politics have influenced the rates and distributions of childhood obesity in Shanghai and New York City, to inform public health officials as to what approaches could be taken to address the epidemic in 'world cities'. (more…)
Author Interviews, Microbiome, Pediatrics, Weight Research / 10.04.2015
Breastfeeding Linked To Modest Reduction In Childhood Obesity
MedicalResearch.com Interview with: Lisa J. Martin PhD Professor Division of Human Genetics Jessica G. Woo PhD Associate Professor Division of Biostatistics and Epidemiology Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center Cincinnati, OH MedicalResearch: What is the background for this study? Response: Obesity is a major public health concern. In the past 30 years, more and more children are being considered obese. Because treatment is challenging, researchers are looking toward prevention. The health benefits of breastfeeding over infant formula feeding are well recognized, including evidence that breastfeeding may protect against obesity. But, how much protection it provides and the reasons for protection are unclear. Thus, the purpose of this paper was to examine the relationship between breastfeeding and reduced risk of obesity later in life, with special emphasis on potential mechanisms. MedicalResearch: What are the main findings? Response: After reviewing more than 80 studies conducted over a period of 20 years, the authors showed that breastfeeding is associated with a 10 to 20 percent reduction in obesity prevalence in childhood. Mechanisms that connect human milk and infant physiology include maternal obesity, development of a healthy gut environment (microbiome) in the infant, and the development of taste preference and diet quality. Importantly, each of these mechanisms can be influenced by biologic and social factors which may directly and indirectly affect the child's obesity risk. (more…)
Annals Internal Medicine, Author Interviews, Johns Hopkins, Weight Research / 06.04.2015
Weight Watchers and Jenny Craig Achieved One Year Weight Loss
MedicalResearch.com Interview with: Kimberly Gudzune, MD, MPH Assistant Professor; The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine Core Faculty; Welch Center for Prevention, Epidemiology, and Clinical Research The Johns Hopkins Digestive Weight Loss Center Medical Research: What is the background for this study? What are the main findings? Dr.Gudzune: Changes in healthcare policy may encourage healthcare providers to screen their patients for obesity, so it is critical to then have a weight management plan if obesity is identified. Recent guidelines recommend that clinicians consider referring patients to high intensity weight loss programs. Commercial weight loss programs may be one of the options available, so providers need to know which programs help people lose weight and keep it off. We found that only 11 out of 32 programs that we looked at had rigorous studies reporting on weight loss, which means that we do not know whether most programs work. Several well-known commercial programs have been scientifically tested and two programs, Weight Watchers and Jenny Craig, achieved significant weight loss that was sustained 12 months later. (more…)
Author Interviews, Diabetes, Stem Cells, Weight Research / 25.03.2015
Pancreatic Stem Cells May Reverse Diabetes and Obesity
MedicalResearch.com Interview with: Timothy J. Kieffer Ph.D. | Professor Laboratory of Molecular & Cellular Medicine Department of Cellular & Physiological Sciences Department of Surgery | Life Sciences Institute The University of British Columbia Vancouver BC Canada Medical Research: What is the background for this study? What are the main findings? Dr. Kieffer: Previously we have examined the therapeutic potential of pancreatic precursor cells derived from human stem cells for insulin replacement in models of type 1 diabetes (PMID: 22740171 & PMID: 23771205). Here we sought to test the efficacy of cell-based insulin replacement in a model of type 2 diabetes, which is by far the most common form of diabetes. Key aspects of type 2 diabetes could be mimicked in immunodeficient mice, namely hyperglycemia and insulin resistance accompanied by excess body weight, by placing the mice on high fat diets. These diabetic mice were transplanted with human stem cell derived pancreatic precursor cells contained within macroencapsulation devices. The diabetic setting did not negatively impact the ability of the transplanted cells to mature into insulin-producing cells. Moreover, the cell transplants were able to significantly improve glucose homeostasis, particularly when combined with low doses of traditional anti-diabetic drugs. Intriguingly, the combined therapy also induced weight loss, such that treated mice were similar in weight to control mice reared on a low fat diet. (more…)
Author Interviews, Heart Disease, Weight Research / 24.03.2015
Obesity Paradox: Overweight Heart Failure Patients Have Best Prognosis
MedicalResearch.com Interview with: Abhishek Sharma MD (on behalf of all co-authors) Division of Cardiovascular Medicine State University of New York Downstate Medical Center Brooklyn, New York MedicalResearch: What is the background for this study? Authors: Heart failure (HF) is the second most common cause of hospitalization after child delivery in the US. In general, increasing degrees of obesity have been associated with progressively worse outcomes among individuals without known cardiovascular (CV) diseases. Therefore intentional weight loss, via structured dietary and exercise training programs or bariatric surgery, has been suggested to reverse hemodynamic and cardiac structural changes associated with obesity. However, several recent studies have reported lower mortality and morbidity among heart failure patients who were overweight or obese compared with those whose weight was normal or subnormal. This phenomenon has been commonly labeled the "obesity paradox" or "reverse epidemiology." These findings question the prognostic significance of BMI and the practice of extrapolating findings derived from the general population to HF patients. Reasons for the association between BMI and all- cause and CV mortality and hospitalizations in HF are not fully understood. Due to contradictory results in various studies and lack of definitive data on prognostic value of BMI and its purposeful alteration in HF, the American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association do not provide any firm recommendations for purposeful weight loss in heart failure. To further explore the relationship between obesity and outcome in heart failure patients, we systematically examined the association between BMI and all- cause mortality, CV mortality and hospitalizations among patients with chronic heart failure. (more…)
Author Interviews, Nutrition, Weight Research / 23.03.2015
Trial of Current Dietary Guidelines Reduced Waistlines and Cardiovascular Risk Markers
MedicalResearch.com Interview with: Tom Sanders, PhD DSc Emeritus Professor of Nutrition & Dietetics, Diabetes and Nutritional Sciences Division, King's College London London, UK Medical Research: What is the background for this study? What are the main findings? Dr. Sanders: Controversy surrounds the effectiveness of dietary guideline for cardiovascular disease (CVD) prevention in healthy middle-aged and older men and women. These dietary guidelines are similar in UK and other Western countries and focus on modifying the overall dietary pattern so that food and nutrient targets are met. However, surprisingly the overall impact of changing the dietary pattern has never been tested in a trial. We conducted a 12-wk controlled dietary trial in 165 healthy non-smoking men and women (aged 40-70 years) to compare a diet conforming to current dietary guidelines with a traditional nutritionally balance British diet on well established (blood pressure measured by 24-h ambulatory monitoring and blood lipids) and newer predictors of cardiovascular disease risk (measures of blood vessel functioning and stiffness, inflammation and the body's sensitivity to insulin). The dietary guideline targets were to reduce total and saturated fat intake to provide no more than 35% and 10% of the food energy, to cut salt to below 6g/day, to meet the 5-a-day recommendation for fruit and vegetables, to consume at least 1portions of oily fish a week (i.e. mackerel, salmon, sardines), to obtain half of the cereal intake from wholegrains and to restrict intake of non-milk extrinsic sugar to no more than 10% energy. Subjects were counseled by a dietitian and provided with advice tailored to their individual food preferences and were provided with some foods to assist them following the dietary advice. The control diet was a nutritionally balanced traditional British diet without restriction on salt and sugar intake. It was based around refined cereals (white bread, pasta, breakfast cereals, white rice) and potatoes with meat (red meat, meat products or poultry), but with a limited intake of oily fish (less than once a month) and wholegrain cereals. Participants allocated to control were supplied with a butter-based spread and a liquid unhydrogenated vegetable oil (palm olein) that contained 40 % saturated fatty acids. They were advised to consume three servings of full-fat dairy products (milk, yogurt and cheese), and at least one serving of fruit and two servings of vegetables each day. Both groups were given advice to limit consumption of confectionery, snack foods (chips, cake, cookies) and drink alcohol within safe limits. Food intake records showed few differences in micronutrient intakes between diets with the exception of vitamin D where the intake and plasma 25-OH-vitamin D levels were greater on the dietary guidelines diet owing to the higher intake of oily fish. The average body weight in the group who followed the modified diet fell by 1.3 kg whilst that in the control group rose by 0.6 kg after 12 weeks, resulting in an overall difference in weight of 1.9 kg between the two groups; the equivalent difference in Body Mass Index (BMI) was 0.7 kg/m2 between the groups. Waist circumference was 1.7 cm lower in the dietary guidelines group compared to the control group. The drop-out rate was low, with 80 participants completing on the dietary guidelines diet and 82 on the control. Adherence to the dietary advice was confirmed both with dietary records and by measuring specific biomarkers in the participants' blood and urine. The latter indicated an increase in potassium and fibre intake in the dietary group along with a drop in sodium (salt) and saturated fat and added sugar intake. However, total sugar intake remained unchanged owing to the increase in sugar intake from fruit. The primary outcomes were changes in day-time systolic blood pressure, endothelial function measured using the flow mediated dilation technique and total cholesterol: HDL cholesterol ratio. All other outcomes were secondary or exploratory outcomes. Significant falls in systolic blood pressure/diastolic blood pressure of 4.2/2.5 mm Hg for daytime and 2.9/1.9 mm Hg for night time were measured in the dietary group compared with the control group; the average heart rate was found to have lowered by 1.8 beats per minute. Causal mediated effects analysis based on urinary sodium excretion indicated that sodium reduction explained 2.4 mm Hg (95% CI 1.0, 3.9) of the fall in blood pressure There were no changes in endothelial dependent or endothelial independent vasodilation but arterial stiffness measured as carotid to femoral pulse wave velocity was 0. 29 m/sec lower on the dietary guidelines diet compared with the control diet. Total cholesterol:HDL cholesterol ratio was 4% lower on the dietary guidelines diet compared to the control low density lipoprotein and triglyceride concentrations were 10% and 9% lower respectively. The reduction in LDL-C (0.30 mmol/L) was greater than that achieved in most community based studies of dietary advice where the average reduction is 0.16 mmol/L but still modest compared with what can be achieved with statins (1.0 mmol/L). Compared with the control diet, the dietary guideline diet decreased low-grade inflammation (C-reactive protein). No significant change was recorded in markers for 24-h insulin secretion or insulin sensitivity, which predicts the risk of developing type 2 diabetes. (more…)
Author Interviews, University Texas, Weight Research / 22.03.2015
Diet Soda Linked To Increased Belly Fat and Waist Size
MedicalResearch.com Interview with: Helen P. Hazuda, Ph.D. Professor of Medicine Division of Nephrology Department of Medicine University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio San Antonio, TX Medical Research: What is the background for this study? What are the main findings? Dr. Hazuda: The long-term effects of diet soda consumption on health outcomes is unclear, and studies in both humans and animals have raised concerns about their potentially harmful health effects including weight gain and increased cardiometabolic risk. Most human studies have focused on middle-aged or younger adults, rather than focusing specifically on people 65 years and older, a rapidly growing segment of the U.S. population that has a disproportionately high burden of cardiometabolic disease and associated healthcare costs. Therefore, our study examined prospectively the association between diet soda intake and long-term change in waist circumference in a biethnic cohort of older (65+ years) Mexican American and European American participants in the San Antonio Longitudinal Study of Aging (SALSA). SALSA included a baseline examination (1992 – 1996) and three follow-up examinations (2000-2001, 2001-2003, and 2003-2004). The total follow-up period averaged 9.4 years. Diet soda intake, waist circumference (WC), height and weight were measured at each examination along with sociodemographic factors, leisure physical activity, diabetes mellitus, smoking, and length of follow-up. The main finding is that over the total 9.4-year SALSA follow-up period and after adjustment for multiple potential confounders, daily diet soda users (1+ diet sodas/day) experienced an increase in waist circumference of 3.2 inches, while occasional diet soda users (>.05 < 1 diet soda/day) experienced a waist circumference increase of 1.8 inches, and nonusers of diet soda experienced a WC increase of 0.8 inches. Thus, there was a striking dose-response relationship between chronic diet soda intake and long-term increases in waist circumference. (more…)
Sustained Weight Loss Improves Arial Fibrillation Control
MedicalResearch.com Interview with: Dr Rajeev Kumar Pathak MBBS, FRACP Cardiologist and Electrophysiology Fellow Centre for Heart Rhythm Disorders | University of Adelaide Cardiovascular Investigation Unit | Royal Adelaide Hospital Adelaide Australia Medical Research: What is the background for this study? What are the main findings? Response: Obesity and atrial fibrillation (AF) are dual epidemics that frequently coexist. Weight-loss reduces atrial fibrillation burden; however, whether this is sustained, has a dose effect or is influenced by weight-fluctuation is not known. In this study we evaluated the long-term impact of weight-loss and weight-fluctuation on rhythm control in obese individuals with atrial fibrillation. (more…)
Author Interviews, Exercise - Fitness, Lifestyle & Health, Weight Research / 18.03.2015
Successful Long Term Weight Loss May Hinge On Increasing Exercise, Decreasing Alcohol
MedicalResearch.com Interview with: Sirpa Soini, MHC, researcher Department of General Practice and Primary Health Care University of Helsinki Medical Research: What is the background for this study? Response: Short-term weight loss is often successful, but he obtained results are difficult to maintain. Therefore, a study focusing on obese people who successfully lost weight, with special emphasis upon methods applied and background factors, is of major importance. Many people are successful in losing weight by themselves without taking part in any organized group activity. The knowledge about their success and the methods applied does not usually reach the health care personnel and is one reason why it is difficult to get reliable information about those who are successful in losing weight. (more…)
'Exercise Pill' Irisin Appears To Be A Myth
MedicalResearch.com Interview with: Harold P. Erickson Ph.D. James B. Duke Professor, Department of Cell Biology Duke Univ. Med. Center Durham, NC 27710 MedicalResearch: What is the background for this study? Dr. Erickson: In Jan 2012 a paper reported the discovery of irisin, a hormone reportedly lopped off a precursor in muscle and sent through the bloodstream to fat tissue, where it turned white fat into brown fat. Brown fat burns calories, and is what hibernating animals – and even human babies -- use to keep warm. Turning on brown fat had exciting promise for obesity, diabetes, etc. Dozens of labs around the world jumped on the discovery and started trials in animals and humans of how irisin levels in blood were altered by exercise and a variety of metabolic challenges. MedicalResearch: What are the main findings? Early reports. Dr. Erickson: The follow-up studies from different labs reported a huge range of values for the level of irisin in blood, so they could not all be right. And most of them failed to find any significant effect of exercise. In 2013 two papers criticized the irisin study. A commentary article by Harold Erickson (Adipocyte 2:289-93) reported two substantial flaws in the original study. A research paper by S. Raschke, J. Eckel and colleagues (PloS one 8:e73680) concluded that humans did not make significant amount of irisin. The human gene for irisin has a deleterious mutation in the start codon, and Raschke et al showed that this reduced irisin expression to only 1% the level with the normal start. These two reports may have slowed new labs entering the field, but many groups already invested continued to publish. (more…)
Author Interviews, Columbia, OBGYNE, Weight Research / 12.03.2015
Pre-pregnancy BMI And Gestational Weight Gain Linked To Childhood Obesity
MedicalResearch.com Interview with: Elizabeth M. Widen,...
Author Interviews, Endocrinology, Weight Research / 11.03.2015
Intranasal Oxytocin Reduced Calorie Consumption in Men
MedicalResearch.com Interview with: Elizabeth A. Lawson, M.D., M.M.Sc. Assistant Professor of Medicine Harvard Medical School Director, Interdisciplinary Oxytocin Research Program Neuroendocrine Unit Massachusetts General Hospital Boston, MA 02114 Medical Research: What is the background for this study? What are the main findings? Response: Oxytocin is a hormone produced in the brain that has been shown to reduce food intake in animal studies. The role of oxytocin on appetite and food consumption in humans is not well understood. We therefore performed a randomized, placebo controlled cross-over study of single dose administration of intranasal oxytocin (Syntocinon, Novartis) in healthy men. Subjects presented fasting in the early morning and were randomized to receive 24 IU intranasal oxytocin or placebo. They selected breakfast from a menu and were offered double portions. The caloric content of the food they ate was calculated. They returned for a second visit, which was the same except for this time, they received the other treatment (placebo or oxytocin). There was no difference in how much food the men reported eating in the three days leading up to each of the study visits. On average, the men ate 122 fewer calories and about 9 grams less fat after receiving oxytocin compared to placebo. There was also evidence that oxytocin resulted in greater use of fat as a fuel for the body, and improved insulin sensitivity. (more…)
Author Interviews, Education, Nutrition, Weight Research / 11.03.2015
'Traffic Light' Nutrition Labels Help Consumers Make Healthier Choices
MedicalResearch.com Interview with: Professor Dr. Bernd Weber Heisenberg Professor Department of Epileptology Head - NeuroCognition | Imaging Life&Brain Center Board of Directors Center for Economics and Neuroscience Bonn (more…)
Author Interviews, Psychological Science, Weight Research / 08.03.2015
Why Is It So Hard To Reach Our Behavior Goals?
MedicalResearch.com Interview with: Margaret C. Campbell, Phd | Professor | Marketing Chair, Doctoral Curriculum Program Committee 437 Leeds School of Business University of Colorado at Boulder Boulder, CO 80309-0419 Medical Research: What is the background for this study? What are the main findings? Dr. Campbell: People try to maintain healthy body weights, attain academic and career success, save money for a car, a house, or retirement, and achieve a host of other goals that require repeated, goal-consistent behaviors. Unfortunately, consumers' efforts often fall short. For example, 68% of Americans are overweight (Weight Control Information Network 2010), 46% who begin college do not graduate within six years (Associated Press 2006), and although 93% say that saving for retirement is important, only about 60% are actually saving (TIAA-CREF 2010) and approximately 50% have accumulated less than $25,000 (Helman, VanDehrei and Copeland 2007). Understanding goal pursuit and consumers' choices to continue effort toward a goal that requires repeated goal-consistent behaviors is thus important. People need to be able to make progress on important goals that substantially impact their quality of life. Monitoring the influence of behavior on distance from a focal goal has been identified as important for successful goal pursuit - such as weight loss. In seven experiments, we find that people tend to have a "progress bias" such that they perceive that goal-consistent behaviors (such as avoiding eating a piece of cake) help progress more than equivalent-sized goal-inconsistent behaviors (such as eating a piece of cake) hurt progress. An experiment on exercise and eating shows that the progress bias can lead to poor understanding of progress and thus, premature release of the goal. In this study, the progress bias resulted in people with a goal of expending more calories than they consumed ended up consuming more than they expended. (more…)
Genetically Modified Soybean Oil Plenish Only Slightly Healthier Than Regular Soybean Oil
MedicalResearch.com Interview with: Frances M. Sladek, Ph.D. Professor of Cell Biology and Toxicologist Associate Director, UCR Stem Cell Center Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience University of California Riverside, CA 92521-0314 Medical Research: What is the background for this study? What are the main findings? Dr. Sladek: In 2011 Blasbalg et al reported in the American Journal of Clinical Nutrition that the consumption of soybean oil was the component of the American diet that had changed the most since the early 1900s. It had in fact increased 1000-fold. Soybean oil is currently not only the main type of vegetable oil used in the U.S. but soybean meal is a major component of the diet of the animals such as cows and pigs, resulting in changes in the fatty acid composition of animal fat. Soybean oil is also increasingly being used worldwide: 40 million tons were produced in 2007 alone. In our previous study we found that a high fat diet containing comparable amounts of soybean oil to what Americans are currently consuming caused mice to become obese, diabetic and insulin resistant and to have large lipid droplets and hepatocyte ballooning in their livers. Others had found similar results and proposed that linoleic acid (an omega 6 polyunsaturated fat) that makes up >55% of the oil was responsible for the negative metabolic effects. DuPont recently generated a genetically modified soybean oil that had reduced levels of linoleic acid and hence less of a tendency to generate trans fats. This oil (called Plenish) came onto the market for the first time in 2014. The fatty acid composition of Plenish is similar to that of olive oil (low linoleic acid and high oleic acid), which is a major component of the healthy Mediterranean diet. The implication, therefore, is that Plenish is healthier than conventional soybean oil but that has not been formally proven. In the current study, we found that while a high fat diet containing Plenish also induced obesity, glucose intolerance and fatty liver, it did not induce insulin resistance as did the conventional soybean oil. It also induced somewhat less fat accumulation. Finally, we compared the diet enriched in soybean oil to an isocaloric diet that contained the same amount of total fat (40%kcal, Americans consume 34-37% fat) but with 90% of the fat from coconut oil. Those animals gained very little weight (13% versus 38% with the conventional soybean oil and 30% with the Plenish) and were not diabetic or insulin resistant. Their livers also had less fat than either of the two soybean oil diets and showed no signs of hepatocyte ballooning. Coconut oil has essentially no linoleic acid or other PUFAs. Our results, assuming humans respond in the same way as mice, suggest that people should avoid the consumption of too much soybean oil, either conventional or Plenish. They also show that coconut oil, which is made up of saturated fats (primarily medium chain triglycerides), is much healthier for you than soybean oil. Coconut oil has been noted previously for its beneficial health effects. (more…)
AHA Journals, Author Interviews, Exercise - Fitness, Weight Research / 05.03.2015
Pedometers Motivated Patients To Increase Physical Activity And Weight Loss
MedicalResearch.com Interview with Christopher C. Imes, PhD, RN Assistant Professor, Acute and Tertiary Care University of Pittsburgh, School of Nursing MedicalResearch: What is the background for this study? Dr. Imes: Increased physical activity (PA) with reduced energy intake is the key strategy to achieve weight loss. However, in research, there are challenges to obtaining accurate PA data. Many studies rely on self-report, which is easily accessible and inexpensive but is known to have numerous limitations. Pedometers are a relatively inexpensive and accessible method to objectively measure certain aspects of physical activity. The purpose of this analysis was to examine the associations between self-reported physical activity, pedometer step count data and weight loss during the first 6-months of the Self-Efficacy Lifestyle Focus (SELF) trial. All participants in this trial were instructed to reduce their calorie and fat intake, were encouraged to engage in at least 150 minutes of moderately intense PA/week or 7500 steps/day, and to self-monitor their diet and physical activity. MedicalResearch: What are the main findings? Dr. Imes: Change in self-reported physical activity from baseline to 6 months was not associated with weight change. However, average daily step count, derived from pedometers given to participants during the same time period, was associated with weight loss. More daily steps results in more weight loss. The participants who averaged over 7500 steps/day lost about 9.5% of their initial body weight; whereas, the participants who averaged less than 5000 steps/day only lost about 5.0%. (more…)
Author Interviews, Protein, Vegetarians, Weight Research / 03.03.2015
Vegetarian Protein Sufficient For Appetite Control and Weight Loss
MedicalResearch.com Interview with: Dr. Alex Johnstone...
Author Interviews, Hepatitis - Liver Disease, Menopause, Nutrition, Weight Research / 01.03.2015
Phytochemical May Prevent Liver Damage In Post Menopause Women
MedicalResearch.com Interview with: Colette Nicole Miller FDN Department of Foods and Nutrition Edgar L. Rhodes Center for Animal and Dairy Science University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia Medical Research: What is the background for this study? Response: Our laboratory has been interested for quite some time in the relationship that natural, plant-derived compounds have on various tissues in the body. Both bone and adipocytes are derived from the same progenitor cell, mesenchymal stem cells. Thus, if a drug or compound affects one type of cell, it may affect both. When women transition through menopause, and see a reduction in their female sex hormones like estrogen, they can see adverse changes in both how much fat they store and their bone density. Thus our lab is interested in compounds that can be used to prevent the bone loss and visceral adipogenesis that menopausal women often experience. Previous work both in vivo and in vitro has shown that phytochemicals have synergistic effects and thus can ultimately work together to reduce the dosages needed to promote overall health. Through this work we have identified a combination of genistein, resveratrol, quercetin and Vitamin D that improve bone density in addition to promoting apoptosis of adipocytes. However, the health of the liver had never been addressed with our phytochemical blend. We know that supplements are sometimes toxic to the liver for many different reasons. Thus, it was very important for us to address the toxicity and potential risk of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease with our phytochemical blend in a menopausal rat model. (more…)
Aging, Author Interviews, Brigham & Women's - Harvard, Nutrition, Weight Research / 28.02.2015
Cellular Energy Sensor Links Calorie Restriction With Healthy Aging
MedicalResearch.com Interview with: William Mair, Ph.D Assistant Professor Department of Genetics and Complex Diseases Harvard T. H Chan School of Public Health Boston, MA 02115 MedicalResearch: What is the background for this study? What are the main findings? Dr. Mair: Dietary restriction, the reduction of food intake without malnutrition has been known for 80 years to prolong lifespan in organisms ranging from single celled yeast to non human primates, and early signs suggest improvement of metabolic parameters in patients undergoing clinical trials. However, negative side effects associated with low calorie intake remain, and compliance and lifestyle factors make it an unappealing therapeutic. Since calorie restriction (CR) can have remarkable protective effects against multiple age onset diseases in mouse models - ranging from cancer to neurodegeneration to metabolic disease - finding molecular mechanisms though which calorie restriction functions might provide novel therapeutic targets that promote healthy aging. Using a model system, the nematode worm C. elegans, we show that perception of energy intake in the nervous system may be as critical for the effects of low energy on aging as actual calorie intake itself. Animals expressing an active form of a protein called AMPK, which is a cellular energy sensor, were long lived despite eating normally but this longevity could be turned off or on by changes to a neurotransmitter in just a few neurons. This suggests that therapeutic targets that modulate the perception of energy status in the nervous system might provide novel ways to gain the benefit of calorie restriction and promote healthy aging. (more…)
Author Interviews, Diabetes, Karolinski Institute, NEJM, OBGYNE, Weight Research / 27.02.2015
History Of Bariatric Surgery Has Risks and Benefits For Pregnancy
MedicalResearch.com Interview with: Kari Johansson, PhD Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet Clinical Epidemiology Karolinska University Hospital Stockholm, Sweden MedicalResearch: What is the background for this study? What are the main findings? Dr. Johannson: The number of women who are obese in early pregnancy has increased dramatically over the last decades. Consequently, there has been a dramatic rise in the number of women becoming pregnant after bariatric surgery. In Sweden the number of births of women with a history of bariatric surgery has increased from 150 (≈0.15%) to more than 500 (0.5%) per year between 2006 and 2011. The positive effects of bariatric surgery on health outcomes, such as diabetes and cardiovascular disease, are reasonably well-studied, but less is known about the effects on pregnancy and perinatal outcomes. We therefore conducted a population-based study, using data from nationwide Swedish registers. The main findings are that women who had a history of bariatric surgery were much less likely to develop gestational diabetes (2% compared to 7%; P<0.001) and give birth to large-for-gestational age babies (9% vs 22%; P<0.001). On the other hand, the operated women were twice as likely to give birth to babies who were small for gestational age (16% vs 8%), and have pregnancies of shorter duration (273 vs 277.5; P<0.001). (more…)
Author Interviews, Nutrition, NYU, Pediatrics, Weight Research / 26.02.2015
Children's Diet Not Affected By Healthy Supermarket in Previous 'Food Desert'
MedicalResearch.com Interview with: Brian Elbel, PhD, MPH Associate Professor, Department of Population Health; Associate Professor, Department of Medicine Population Health NYU School of Medicine Medical Research: What is the background for this study? What are the main findings? Dr. Elbel: This study tried to determine whether a new supermarket that received tax and zoning credits from New York City, locating in a high need area, impacted healthy eating for children. No previous controlled study has looked at children, and supermarkets are tool being increasingly used to improve healthy eating. We did not find, at least one year after the store opened, any appreciable change in shopping or eating. (more…)
Author Interviews, BMJ, NIH, Pediatrics, Weight Research / 21.02.2015
NIH Study Examines Links Between Breastfeeding Duration and Childhood Obesity
MedicalResearch.com Interview with: Yeyi Zhu, PhD IRTA Postdoctoral Fellow Epidemiology Branch Division of Intramural Population Health Research Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, NIH MedicalResearch: What is the background for this study? What are the main findings? Dr. Zhu: Currently in the US, nearly two thirds of reproductive-aged women are overweight or obese. Moreover, the amount of weight gained during pregnancy can have immediate and long-lasting impacts on health of a woman and her infant. Previous evidence implicates that excessive gestational weight gain above the Institute of Medicine guidelines is related to high birthweight (>4000 g), a marker of intrauterine over-nutrition which may impose a greater risk of offspring's obesity and metabolic diseases in later life. Given that more than one third of children and adolescents are overweight or obese in the US, it is of great public health significance to improve our understanding of determinants and mediators of childhood obesity. The length of breast feeding and age at introduction of solid foods are infant feeding practices that are potentially modifiable in early life. We therefore examined whether birthweight and infant feeding practices, specifically length of breast feeding, mediate the relationship between maternal gestational weight gain and childhood growth in the National Children's Study Formative Research in Anthropometry, a cross-sectional multi-ethnic study of 1387 mothers and their children aged 0-5.9 years in the US (2011-2012). We illustrated that the intergenerational relationship between maternal gestational weight gain and early childhood growth (i.e., z scores for weight-for-age, weight-for-height, and body mass index-for-age) largely acts through birthweight rather than directly on childhood growth. Further, given the negative association of breastfeeding duration with childhood anthropometrics, longer length of breastfeeding suppressed the positive associations of gestational weight gain and birthweight with childhood growth. In addition, analysis by ethnicity revealed that these associations were only significant in non-Hispanic White and non-Hispanic Black participants as opposed to Hispanics and other ethnicities. (more…)
Author Interviews, Diabetes, Exercise - Fitness, Pain Research, Weight Research / 20.02.2015
Diet and Exercise Offer Some Protection Against Knee Pain in Obese Diabetics
MedicalResearch.com Interview with: Dan White PT , ScD, Msc University of Delaware Medical Research: What is the background for this study? What are the main findings? Dr. White: We know that diet and exercise are beneficial to reduce knee pain, however it is not known whether diet and exercise can actually prevent the development of knee pain in people at high risk. We found that an intensive program of diet and exercise had a small but statistically significant protective effect with preventing the development of knee pain in overweight and obese people with diabetes. (more…)
High Fat-Free Mass Linked To Lower Mortality In Men
MedicalResearch.com Interview with: Dr. med. Laurence Genton, FMH Médecine Interne Médecin adjointe agrégée, chargée de cours Nutrition Clinique Hôpitaux universitaires de Genève Genève Medical Research: What is the background for this study? What are the main findings? Response: Several studies have shown that body mass index is linked to mortality through a U- or J-curve, i.e. that a low and maybe a high body mass index are related to a higher risk of mortality in elderly people. However, body mass index consists of fat mass and fat-free mass, and the former studies cannot differentiate the impact of these body compartments. However, this differentiation may be important to guide our public health care strategies. For instance, fat and fat-free mass can both be reduced by hypocaloric diet and endurance exercise, while fat-free mass can be increased with adequate calorie and protein intakes, resistance exercise and anabolic treatments. Thus, this study aimed at evaluating the impact of fat mass and fat-free mass on mortality. We found that body mass index and body composition did not predict mortality in older women. However, a high fat-free mass was associated with a lower risk of mortality in men, even when adjusting for body mass index. (more…)
Author Interviews, JAMA, Surgical Research, Weight Research / 09.02.2015
Which Bariatric Procedure Is Best For Patients With Morbid Obesity?
MedicalResearch.com Interview with: Torsten Olbers MD, PhD Assistant Professor of Surgery Sahlgrenska University Hospital Gothenburg, Sweden Medical Research: What is the background for this study? What are the main findings? Dr. Olbers: Until now there has been no consensus regarding preferred bariatric procedure for patients with a body mass index (BMI) above 50 kg/m2. We report on the 5-year outcomes from a randomized clinical trial of gastric bypass and duodenal switch published online by JAMA Surgery on February 4th. (more…)
Author Interviews, CDC, OBGYNE, Weight Research / 07.02.2015
Many Women Exceeding Gestational Weight Gain Recommendations
MedicalResearch.com Interview with: Jonetta L. Johnson, PhD, MPH Epidemiologist Division of Reproductive Health, CDC. Medical Research: What is the background for this study? Dr. Johnson: Achieving adequate gestational weight gain (GWG) is important for optimal health of the infant and mother. Women who gain below or above Institute of Medicine (IOM) recommendations are more likely to experience maternal complications and negative infant birth outcomes. Realizing the importance of gestational weight gain to maternal and infant health, the IOM established recommendations for gestational weight gain based on a woman's prepregnancy body mass index (BMI) in 1990 and updated them in 2009. Trends in GWG are particularly of interest since prepregnancy BMI has increased over time in the U.S and little data was available on how gestational weight gain has changed over time. Medical Research: What are the main findings? Dr. Johnson: Our findings show that from 2000-2009, the majority of women did not gain weight within IOM GWG recommendations and that women were more likely to gain outside recommendations in more recent years. In fact, from 2000–2009, there was a gradual decrease (1.0 percentage point every 2 years) in women gaining within IOM gestational weight gain recommendations and a gradual increase (0.8 percentage points every 2 years) in women gaining above IOM recommendations while the percentage of women gaining weight below IOM recommendations remained relatively constant. Although there were slight differences in mean gestational weight gain by BMI group, gestational weight gain was about 31 pounds on average. The decreasing percentage of women gaining within IOM recommendations during our study period may be influenced by increases in prepregnancy BMI during the same time period because women in higher BMI groups are recommended to gain less weight during pregnancy compared to women in lower BMI groups. Thus, even with no change in gestational weight gain over time, an increase in the proportion of women who are obese could result in a decrease in the proportion of women gaining within gestational weight gain recommendations. (more…)


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ANN ARBOR, Mich. — A University of Michigan-led team performed the first kidney transplants in Ethiopia last week, after spending more than two years to help establish a transplant center in the African country.
U-M Transplant Surgeon Jeffrey D. Punch, M.D. led a team that did three kidney transplants at St. Paul's Hospital Millennium Medical College in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. The transplants were done on three people who received kidneys from living donors. All of the patients, recipients and donors, are doing well.
"We've been working for more than two years to establish the kidney transplants program in Ethiopia, and the team is so proud to be a part of this historic milestone for the country. The real winners are the patients with kidney disease who up until now have had no treatment option other than very expensive dialysis that some just can't afford," says Punch, a professor of surgery at the U-M Medical School.
Punch was joined by U-M Transplant Center nurse Lynn Reid, R.N. in Ethiopia for the surgeries on Sept. 22, 23 and 24. Nephrologist Alan B. Leichtman, M.D., and transplant social worker Colleen Satarino, M.S.W., both of the U-M Transplant Center, also worked on Punch's team to get the transplant program up and running.
The U-M team performed the surgery with four Ethiopian fellowship surgeons.
The team's efforts were supported in part by the U-M Transplant Center and the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology.
"We're tremendously proud of the work of our team," says John Magee, M.D., director of the U-M Transplant Center and a transplant surgeon.
The transplant operations launched at St. Paul's new kidney transplant center.
Engida Abebe, M.D., general surgeon and transplant fellow and Momina Mohammed, M.D., both of St. Paul's, said the partnership with U-M is an example of what a collaboration should be like. They say they have seen several surgical campaigns that happened at a different hospital in Ethiopia by surgical teams from abroad. These previous efforts have helped patients but added little to system development and continuity of care, they said.
Engida and Momina said the partnership with U-M started with building a system from scratch, making sure each step developed capacity of professionals and the system, laying strong ground for the future. They indicated it won't be long before St. Paul's takes over completely.
Punch says his team will continue to work with the St. Paul's staff as their program progresses.
"This is a great showcase of how a partnership like this can make a tremendous difference in people's lives," says Punch.
About the University of Michigan Transplant Center: U-M has one of the oldest and largest transplantation programs in the country, and has done more than 10,000 transplants. U-M surgeons perform transplants of hearts, lungs, pancreases, livers, hands, kidneys, and corneas. About 400 to 450 transplants are done at U-M annually, mostly kidney transplants followed by liver, heart, lung and pancreas. U-M launched a hand transplant program in September 2015.


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The swaying palms and white sands of the Caribbean make it a paradise for many. For foodies, however, it is even better. The tastes of the Cayman Islands are unlike any other. While you're here, try our local cuisine such as fish fries or jerk chicken. Then, make sure you indulge in a Tortuga Rum Cake. This classic dessert has been enjoyed by locals and visitors for decades. Discover even more things to do and see in the Cayman Islands when you access our complimentary Vacation Guide!
Tortuga Rum Cakes have become so popular over the years that they are now the number one export of the Cayman Islands! Rum cakes are traditionally a holiday dessert but have now become one of the most popular souvenirs visitors can take home. Originally, these rum cakes were made by soaking dried fruit in rum for months at a time, then adding it to the dough. Today, the famous Tortuga Rum Cakes are made with a variety of flavors; you can get anything from the original to chocolate to key lime!
Rum cakes have been part of Caribbean cuisine for many years, but they were made popular and accessible by the Tortuga Rum Company, Ltd. This company was the first rum maker in the Cayman Islands in 1984, then used their rums to make the famous Tortuga Caribbean Rum Cake in 1987. Using the recipe that has been in the family for generations, these rum cakes were the first to be commercially produced. Now, they are shipped and enjoyed all over the world!
Tortuga Rum Cakes are all over Grand Cayman! You will find duty free Tortuga Rum Co. shops along the waterfront, stores by the turtle farm, the airport, and the main cake factory on North South Road. There are no bakery tours, but there are large windows you can look into and see the cakes! If you want a taste of the Caymans, you always have the option to order them online.
Are you dreaming of biting into a fresh Tortuga Rum Cake? Come to Grand Cayman to try them for yourself! These delicious desserts aren't just for the holidays; they are enjoyed at any time on our island. Make The Residences Seven Mile Beach in Grand Cayman your home during your vacation. Our stunning properties range in size, so we know we have the perfect one for you and your family or friends. There's nothing better than waking up and stepping outside to your porch with an ocean view; all of our properties overlook the water, pool, or gardens. With outstanding amenities such as multiple pools, beachfront cabanas, tennis courts, and more, there is no better place to stay on the island. Take advantage of our private concierge or opt to relax on the beach every day. We look forward to seeing you!


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Growing up my parents fostered my creativity.
experience led to an apprenticeship and my education in the metal arts field.
classical training in the trade of gold-smithing with drafting, drawing and design.
With the BA degree in hand, I found employment and had the opportunity to work side by side with a certified master jeweler.
In 1990, I relocated from Germany to California, where I began to teach metal-smithing.
and Galleries throughout the United States.


101 to 109 million years ago (MYA).
The Kimmeridge Clay is represented in Dorset by a succession of mudrocks of variable organic carbon content, together with minor amounts of carbonate, siltstone, fine-grained sandstone and ironstone. The formation is remarkable in that it has some very high total organic carbon values averaging around 10 per cent but reaching up to about 60 percent. In contrast most mudrocks have a total organic carbon content of 0-2 percent. The individual mudrock beds of variable organic carbon content are generally tens of centimetres thick and reflect the changing chemical, physical and biological conditions in seawater at that time. The beds contain an abundant well-preserved fauna of mainly ammonites, bivalves, gastropods and vertebrates. It is the standard section for the Boreal Lower Tithonian (Bolonian) ammonite zones and is probably the only section world wide with good exposure of the Rotunda and Fittoni Zones. Recent work on samples from the Kimmeridge Clay Formation in Dorset presents the only radiometric date for the marine Tithonian world-wide. The Eudoxus to Fittoni Zones are exposed uninterrupted between Brandy Bay and Chapman's Pool. Further sections, particularly of the lowermost zones, occur at Ringstead Bay, Osmington Mills, Black Head and West Weare Cliffs on the Isle of Portland.
Corallian. The deeper water facies of the Oxford Clay give way to shallower-water facies of sandstones, limestones and oolites in the Corallian Beds, the former name of this unit. Excellent examples of a variety of trace fossils can be found in many of the sandstone and limestone units. One of the sandstone units (the Bencliff Grit Member) shows an uncommonly preserved sedimentary structure termed swaley cross-stratification. This is one of the best exposures of such structures in western Europe. The Bencliff Grit Member contains mature hydrocarbons at the western end of the Bran Point exposure. This represents a dissected hydrocarbon reservoir: the hydrocarbons are most likely from the Lower Lias, similar to the nearby producing Wytch Farm and Kimmeridge Bay oil fields. In the middle of the Oxfordian succession there is an oolitic grainstone. The overlying Clavellata Member has a beautifully preserved ammonite/bivalve fauna. The Sandsfoot Grit Member and overlying Ringstead Waxy Clay probably represent a beach barrier complex and associated lagoonal facies. The top of the Corallian Group and base of the Kimmeridge Clay Formation contain a complex succession of very condensed beds with a rich, well-preserved fauna.
Oxford clay. The boundary between the Callovian and Oxfordian Stages is well exposed on the coast at Ham Cliff and is well-known for its ammonite faunas and contribution to Oxfordian biostratigraphy. Important individual features include the well-preserved aragonitic ammonites and nodule beds. In particular the Red Nodule Bed exposed at Furzy Cliff is associated with a beautifully preserved three dimensional ammonites and bivalves. The Dorset Oxfordian sections have contributed to significant publications and ongoing work in many fields. The Oxford Clay (Callovian) is hydrocarbon-rich and has produced fine faunas of marine invertebrates and reptiles. Callovian: upper Macrocephalus to Lamberti Zones.
The Cornbrash is exposed at Shipmoor Point, Berry Knap and near East Fleet. This thin limestone comprises a shallow-water facies with abundant brachiopods, bivalves and other fauna. The faunas show a major change within the Cornbrash at which the Bathonian/Callovian boundary is drawn. Lower Cornbrash (Barry Member), Bajocian: Discus Zone: Upper Cornbrash (Fleet member), Callovian: Macrocephalus Zone.
Forest Marble. Discontinuously exposed just west of West Bay, between Burton Bradstock and Abbotsbury Castle, and along the shores of the Fleet. The overlying sequence from the mudstones of the Fuller's Earth through mudstones and calcareous sands of the Forest Marble to the limestones of the Cornbrash represent the third major sedimentary cycle (J3) of the Jurassic and the Bathonian Stage.
The Frome Clay Limestone forms the uppermost reservoir in the Wytch Farm Oilfield. It includes richly fossiliferous horizons and fossil oyster beds. Bathonian: Zigzag Zone to lower Discus Zone.
Fullers Earth. In the English Channel Basin the formation is predominantly mudstone with carbonaceous material at some levels and shell beds.


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text:
Craft Catalyst Closes Initial Round of Funding
Food & Beverage Accelerator to Expand Into Direct Investing
APRIL 19 – Atlanta, GA – Building on its success in helping founders of emerging brands such as Kill Cliff, High Road Craft, The Owl's Brew and others grow their business, Craft Catalyst has closed an initial round of outside investment to extend the leading food & beverage accelerator's capabilities. As Principals Chris Olivier and Steef Schelke continue to grow Craft Catalyst's consulting practice through team development, new client acquisition, peer networking and professional enrichment programming, they have assembled a small group of investors to capitalize on equity investment opportunities.
Notable among these investors is Fenwick Brands, the Birmingham-based middle market consumer goods investor and operator with significant experience and resources in the food and beverage sector. With Fenwick on board alongside other private investors steeped in hands-on operating experience, Craft Catalyst looks to bring a new level of sophistication to the early stage food & beverage investment arena while staying true to its "roll up your sleeves" approach.
Craft Catalyst's model is unlike the growing trend of application-based, fixed term food & beverage accelerator programs cropping up around the country. Olivier and Schelke are firm believers that an entrepreneur with a promising product concept needs more than a slug of seed capital and a refined plan to have a real shot at success. "Whether an engagement is focused around Sales & Distribution, Brand Management, Innovation, Supply Chain Development, or a blend of all of these disciplines, we're in the weeds with these brands until it's time to pass the baton to a full-time replacement," states Olivier. "We partner with the entrepreneur and embed within their operating team to formulate sound plans and get the job done."
As Craft Catalyst has stewarded several client brands to date through multiple rounds of funding, the decision to launch into direct investing presented itself as the next logical step in the boutique accelerator's development. "As our name has gotten out there, investors evaluating food & beverage opportunities have increasingly looked to us for qualified commentary on a given brand's historical performance and future prospects," says Schelke. "Given how entrenched we are in the industry, operating a range of brands from wine & spirits to packaged food, perishables and non-alcoholic beverages, we are particularly well suited to partner with investors seeking pre-qualified deal-flow and operating acumen."
Prior to forming Craft Catalyst, Olivier and Schelke collectively spent decades as operators across numerous categories including wine & spirits, specialty & natural foods, and children's beverages, working with brands like Stirrings, Annie's Homegrown, Wasa Crackers, Grolsch and BellyWashers (now good2grow) to name a few.
Founded by entrepreneurs with proven operating track records, Craft Catalyst, LLC is an Atlanta-based boutique food & beverage brand accelerator working with emerging brands to help manage growth, avoid pitfalls and enhance shareholder value. The company provides a comprehensive platform of resources, mentors, capabilities and community to early-stage food & beverage businesses seeking to scale. Go to www.craftcatalystllc.com for more information.
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Did I tell you I found Biscoff (finally!) at a local grocery store?
Did I tell you I gave up candy for Lent (again)?
Today is Valentine's Day and I gave up candy for Lent, which (most conveniently) began yesterday. No, I'm not Catholic, but I don't see anything wrong with giving something up that I consider a major vice.
Same goes with candy. It's SO easy to eat candy whenever, wherever. And *most* of us do. By saying, "NO CANDY, KRISTIN!", I'm making the choice to become cognizant* and aware of my mindless, all-day-long sugar consumption.
So, really now, it's a very analytical* decision.
In a microwaveable bowl, melt the sweetened condensed milk, chocolate chips, and Biscoff together at 45 second intervals, stirring in between, until smooth. Stir in the vanilla. Fold in the cookie chunks.
Spread into a foil lined 8x8 pan (or, I used a pie pan). Stick it in the freezer until hardened (about an hour). Let it soften a little before cutting.
We are giving up red meat for lent. I tend to eat lots of it just because it's easy and it goes in a lot of the kid friendly food I make for our family! I'll start substituting ground turkey and ground chicken in some dishes. I wish I was a sweets person. I was a baker for a year too...I do crave chocolate a lot and I would rather have candy than anything!
No freakin' way. That fudge looks so beautiful (I can use that word for food, right??)!! And good luck with the candy. I'm not giving up anything for Lent - I am the definition of a binge-eater, so I never last the 40 days and feel bad about myself if I go nuts one day. Instead, I am eating in moderation, 1 dessert a day, and exercising (in some way) every single day.
Yep, I'm going to need to make fudge sometime soon. I didn't grow up participating in Lent, but the idea of giving something up to focus on other things is a great idea.
that looks SOOO good! way better than the valentines day fudge I made!
I'm not Catholic, but I think giving up something for Lent is regardless is a really cool idea! It's a testament to your willpower, I guess.
It's my parents' anniversary and my guidance counselor at school's birthday next week and I'm making them your sugar cookie fudge!
This fudge looks so good!! We tried the crunchy Biscoff a while ago, fell in love, and have never been able to find it again, sadly.
I gave up sweets for Lent too, and I'm already craving them. Do you do the cheat on Sundays?


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text:
Dr Jonathan Wheatley
Senior Lecturer in Comparative Politics
Email: p0083029@brookes.ac.uk
I am a lecturer in Comparative Politics and the topics I have taught include democratisation, nationalism and state-building in a comparative perspective. In terms of research, my main interests are: comparative democratisation; European party systems and voter allignments in an age of globalisation; the use of online voting guidance tools (also known as Voting Advice Applications or VAAs) and their exploitation for research purposes; and politics and society the former Soviet Union. I have a grounding both in qualitative research methods and in some quantitative methods; in terms of the latter, I have experience using psychometric techniques (factor analysis and Mokken Scale Analysis) for analysing survey data.
I am also a founding member of the Preference Matcher consortium (www.preferencematcher.org), which unites academics from a number of European universities and has deployed VAAs in more than thirty countries in Europe and beyond.
Wheatley J, The changing shape of politics: Rethinking left and right in a new Britain, Palgrave Pivot (2019)
This book investigates whether politics in Britain in the twenty-first century is driven more by issues of culture and identity than by "left versus right" issues of wealth distribution. Drawing from a number of opinion surveys, it explores the shifting positions of voters on both economic matters and matters of culture and identity. It finds that between 2015 and 2017 support for Britain's main political parties became much more predicated on issues of culture and identity, reflecting a radical change in how parties attract voters. In the longer-term, it suggests that issues of culture and identity have become more salient overall, possibly because of the oft-cited divide between winners and losers of globalisation. The book ends by speculating on why politics has become more polarised on these issues, rather than on the economic fallout of globalisation, and suggests that an explanation is to be found in changing forms of political communication between voters and politicians.
Wheatley, J, Georgia from national awakening to Rose Revolution: delayed transition in the former Soviet Union [ebook], Routledge (2017)
Abstract https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/9781351933896
Wheatley J, Mendez F, Ed., Patterns of Constitutional Design: The Role of Citizens and Elites in Constitution-making, Ashgate (2013)
Abstract https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/e/9781317083054
To what extent does the constitution-making process matter? By focusing on three central aspects of constitution-making; the nature of the constitution-making body, how it reaches decisions and the way in which a new constitution is legitimized and by examining a wide range of case studies, this international collection from expert contributors provides answers to this crucial question. Bridging the gap between law and political science this book draws together divergent research on the role of constitution making in conflict resolution, constitutional law and democratization and employs a wide variety of qualitative and quantitative methods to unfold and explore the political frameworks of the states affected. Comparative analysis is used to investigate potential causal chains between constitution-making processes and their outcomes in terms of stability, conflict resolution and democracy. By focusing on both procedure and context, the book explores the impact of constitution-making procedures in new and established states and unions in Europe, South America and Africa.
Wheatley JM, 'The politics of culture and identity in post-communist states: A new political cleavage in Georgia?'
The role of ideology in political competition in the former Soviet Union is under researched. This paper uses public opinion data to identify and investigate patterns of political competition in Georgia. I find voters' preferences on a range of issues to be underpinned by a latent cultural dimension of political ideology that concerns how citizens view the relationship between the Georgian nation and the rest of the world. I go on to present evidence that this dimension is, at least to some extent, both embedded in social structure and reflected in voting patterns.
Wheatley J, Mendez F, 'Reconceptualising dimensions of political competition in Europe: A demand side approach'
British Journal of Political Science (2019)
Scholars seeking to understand political competition in Europe have proposed various models of political dimensionality. While most scholars draw on data from the supply side of politics (political parties), demand side (voter) studies remain few. In this paper we compare the two approaches. The main difference is that while supply side approaches suggest a single model of dimensionality that can be applied to all EU countries, demand side approaches suggest a greater degree of divergence. In particular, the bundle of issues commonly identified by supply side studies as TAN/GAL not only fail to form a coherent dimension when viewed from a demand side perspective, but incorporate issues of EU integration in some (northern European) cases, but not in others.
Gemenis, K, Mendez F, Wheatley J, 'Helping Citizens to Locate Political Parties in the Policy Space: a Dataset for the 2014 elections to the European Parliament'
Research Data Journal for the Humanities and Social Sciences (2019)
The authors present a dataset that contains the positions of 231 political parties across 28 countries on 30 policy issues that were considered salient for the 2014 elections to the European Parliament. The party position estimates were originally used in a voter information tool which compared the policy preferences of citizens to those of political parties. The paper discusses the estimation method in the context of the literature on estimating party positions, outlines the coding methodology, and introduces the value of the dataset for third-party users interested in studying political participation and representation.
Garry J, Tilly J, Matthews N, Mendez F, Wheatley J, 'Does receiving advice from Voter Advice Applications (VAAs) affect public opinion in deeply divided societies? Evidence from a field experiment in Northern Ireland'
Party Politics 25 (6) (2018) pp.854-861
Despite the global growth in the use of Voter Advice Applications (VAAs), which advise users on how similar their own policy views are to the policy positions of the political parties, there have been few field experiments that isolate the causal effects of VAA use on party support. Nor has there been much investigation of how VAAs may help to ameliorate ethnically based voting divisions by refocusing voter attention on other issues. This article draws on evidence from a field experiment in the deeply divided context of Northern Ireland. We find that at the individual level party preferences are somewhat more closely related to voter ideology after the provision of advice. Yet, at the aggregate level, we find no evidence that advice leads to weaker ethno-national structuring of party support. These results suggest that while receiving advice from VAAs has some impact on users' party preferences, there is no observable overall impact on support levels for the ethno-national blocs in Northern Ireland.
Garry J, Matthews N, Wheatley J, 'Dimensionality of Policy Space in Consociational Northern Ireland'
Political Studies 65 (2) (2017) pp.493-511
Abstract A criticism of consociational power sharing as an institutional response to violent conflict is that it buttresses rather than ameliorates the underlying (linguistic, religious or ethno-national) divide, hence prohibiting the emergence of new dimensions of political competition (such as economic left-right or moral liberal-conservative dimensions) that are characteristic of 'normal' societies. We test this argument in the context of the illustrative Northern Ireland case, using data from expert coding of party policy documents and opinion data derived from two Voter Advice Applications (VAAs). We find evidence for a moral liberal-conservative dimension of politics in addition to the ethno-national dimension. Hence, we caution against assuming that consociational polities are uni-dimensional.
Wheatley J, 'Cleavage Structures and Dimensions of Ideology in English Politics: Evidence From Voting Advice Application Data'
Policy and Internet 8 (4) (2016) pp.457-477
Abstract The Left–Right dimension is the most common way of conceptualizing ideological difference. It is based on the traditional cleavage in society between capital and labor. But in an ever more globalized world, are the concepts of Left and Right as relevant today as they were half a century ago? Following Kriesi et al. (2006) this article argues that the cleavage that exists in many European societies between "winners" and "losers" of globalization has engendered a new ideological dimension that pits "cosmopolitans" against "communitarians" and that draws on cultural issues relating to identity, rather than economic issues. This argument is tested by identifying latent dimensions from opinion data generated by two Voting Advice Applications deployed in England in 2014 and 2015 and by mapping the positions of party supporters with respect to these dimensions. It is found that in England the political space is defined by two main ideological dimensions: an economic Left–Right dimension and a cultural communitarian–cosmopolitan dimension. Finally, supporters of the newly formed United Kingdom Independence Party are found to be located near the communitarian pole of the cultural dimension.Website
Wheatley J, 'Restructuring the policy space in England: The end of the Left–Right paradigm?'
British Politics 10 (3) (2015) pp.268-285
ISSN: 1746-918X eISSN: 1746-9198
Abstract Political scientists often talk about 'ideological dimensions' that aggregate related policy issues into a single latent construct. Applying factor analysis and Mokken Scale Analysis to opinion data generated from a Voting Advice Application deployed in England in the run-up to the European parliamentary elections, I show how individual issues may be aggregated into two principal dimensions: an economic dimension that separates Left and Right in terms of the economy and a cultural communitarian–cosmopolitan dimension. I also identify a third (libertarian–authoritarian) dimension, but this appears to aggregate very few issues. By positioning party supporters on a two-dimensional map defined by the two principal dimensions, I show that United Kingdom Independence Party supporters are situated very near the 'communitarian' pole of the cultural communitarian–cosmopolitan dimension. Finally, I show that overall, the communitarian–cosmopolitan dimension forms a rather more coherent scale than the Left–Right dimension and this tendency is even more marked among younger voters and voters with little interest in politics. Overall, this would appear to show that the notion of (economic) Left and Right is losing its salience in English politics.Website
Wheatley J, 'Identifying Latent Policy Dimensions from Public Opinion Data: An Inductive Approach'
Journal of Elections, Public Opinion and Parties 25 (2) (2014) pp.215-233
Abstract A common way of classifying policy dimensions is by means of a two-dimensional model, based on one economic (Left/Right) dimension and one liberal–conservative dimension that Marks et al. (2006) refer to as Tan/Gal. However, as Lipet and Rokkan (1967) note, voter alignments developed in different ways in different European countries, so the dimensions that define the respective policy spaces may vary from country to country. In this paper, I test the two-dimensional model on opinion data from four European territories using confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) and go on to develop alternative "better fit" models using a combination of exploratory factor analysis and CFA. I find that the two-dimensional model is appropriate in some but not all the cases and suggest that a more context-sensitive approach is needed to identify the dimensionality of the policy space.Website
Wheatley J, Carman C, Mendez F, Mitchell, J, 'The dimensionality of the Scottish political space: Results from an experiment on the 2011 Holyrood elections'
Abstract This article introduces Voting Advice Applications (VAAs) as a data-generating tool that can be used to measure the positions of party supporters in multidimensional policy space. It begins with an overview of the state of the art as regards methods for locating parties on a common policy space, in terms of how data are gathered and also in terms of how policy dimensions are identified and measured. We then use a dimension reduction technique to identify latent policy dimensions from a dataset obtained from a VAA carried out in Scotland in 2011. These dimensions are used to map the policy positions of supporters of five Scottish political parties. We argue that this tool allows more leverage on understanding the relative locations of parties 'in the electorate' in multidimensional policy space.Website
Wheatley J, 'A Problem or a Solution? The Referendum as a Mechanism for Citizens' Participation in Constitution Making' in Ruth SP, Welp Y, Whitehead, L (ed.), Let the People Rule? Direct Democracy in the Twenty-First Century, ECPR Press (2016)


Fresh off rumors that the official title of Wolverine 3 bears the familiar moniker Weapon X, anticipation surrounding director James Mangold's follow-up to his well-liked The Wolverine stand-alone feature of 2013 is at a healthy level. Also rumored to be based in part on the classic Old Man Logan run on the character by writer Mark Millar and artist Steve McNiven, the new movie will star Hugh Jackman in a film that will be R-rated with a "violent western" tone.
Set in the future and co-starring Patrick Stewart as Professor X once more among a cast of characters currently rumored to be joined by X-Men feature franchise newcomer X-23, Wolverine 3 should offer a fitting send-off to the version of Wolverine portrayed by Jackman (assuming he doesn't change his mind about this being his last X-Men movie). Following a recent slate of exclusive images from the set detailing Jackman's new greying and grizzled look, a new batch of set photos have emerged depicting Weapon X in trouble.
Posted by Just Jared, the latest photos from the New Orleans set of Wolverine 3 depict a bearded Jackman behind the wheel of a limo that has seen its fair share of recent combat. Sporting a fresh coat of bullet holes that riddle the exterior of the vehicle, Jackman can also be seen making his way across the set and apparently away from the scene of depicted turmoil.
Granted, there isn't that much more to gleaned in regards to explicit plot points from Wolverine 3 based purely on the content shown in this latest slate of set photos, though they certainly paint quite the picture of the aging mutant. This might be among one of Wolverine's final fire fights as his character begins to look towards the horizon of hopeful retirement.
Mangold and co. certainly have a lot on their plate in the making of Wolverine 3, but by the look of things Jackman appears primed and ready to deliver a stirring send-off to the superhero character that made him into a household name for many viewers who grew up watching the X-Men films. Only time will tell how capably the production fares as a "violent western" set in the X-Men cinematic universe, so here's hoping that the new film delivers in a big way.


text:
MusiciansMutual.com
Likho Duo
From Berlin to Budapest, from Ponchatrain to Paris and beyond, Larry Garner has played the blues all over the world. But he always comes home to Baton Rouge!
Make An Offer!
Bio (PDF)
Photos (Dropbox)
Larry Garner was comfortable in the 9-to-5 routine of commuting to his day job, and making a good salary working for Dow Chemical. On his drive home one night, he was forced to take an alternate route. "There was an accident on the interstate, and I took a detour to avoid it," remembers Garner. "I drove by this place that had a sign outside on wheels, with a couple lights that said, 'Blues Jam Tonight.' I went in, and they said to be back at 10 that night. I went home and told my wife about it. She said, 'You know you've got to go to work tomorrow.' I went anyway, played, and got home at 2:30 in the morning. That was Tabby's Blues Box."
The scene at the legendary Baton Rouge blues hotbed was a marked contrast to the occasional weekend gigs Garner was playing at the time. It was the early 1970s, and Garner had just returned from an 3 year tour in the army. "There were no gigs," he remembers. "It was all disco. There were occasionally American Legion gigs or weddings or rent parties. I played in my garage. I took a job with Dow Chemical, and I rarely played in public."
Garner started moonlighting for the first few years he played out at Tabby's Blues Box. He met such Baton Rouge bluesmen as Silas Hogan, Whispering Smith, Arthur Kelly and Raful Neal. He occasionally played in New Orleans at Rhythms on Bourbon Street, or with Bryan Lee at the late, lamented Old Absinthe Bar. But eventually he couldn't keep burning the candle at both ends. He recalls hanging out at Tabby's one night with Kenny Neal, who'd just finished touring. When Neal pleaded with him to stick around for another drink instead of getting ready for work in the morning, Garner tried to explain. "He said, 'You got to quit that job.' I said, 'I know, but I still got to go to work in the morning.' I left, but Kenny saying that stuck in my head. I had to quit."
It was a chance for Garner to play the music he'd loved since his early childhood. Growing up near Baton Rouge in the small town of Oaknolia, Garner heard the music coming from the church near his house. "There were traveling preachers coming through, and I heard that, and I listened to WLAC in Nashville on Friday and Saturday night," he say. "I started playing guitar because I had an uncle, George, who taught me. He was a paraplegic, and he played like Jimmy Reed. I learned through him, and started playing at the church and behind a gospel group that played on the radio.
"My parents didn't want me playing the blues," Garner continues. "They thought it was the devil's music — then I guess the juke joint a quarter-mile down the road was the devil's recruitment office. I never went into the juke except during the day, when it was a store."
Garner continued playing music during his military service, and playing in army bands — while stationed in Korea — steeled him for the life of a full-time musician. Leaving Dow Chemical was initially tough for him, but now he has a devoted following throughout the country and across the Atlantic Ocean. "I'm on tour all the time," he says. "I go to Europe and England a few times a year. Over there they really like my original stuff. They hear guys playing the blues, but when I come in, they come right up and say, 'Thank God — a real blues band.' We take it for granted here. They're really appreciative there, and so am I.
I'm also on the road here in the US all the time," says Garner. "I have a 2000 Ford van. It's got 365,000 miles on it, and I bought it new. You do the math."
Art Tipaldi- Editor, Blues Revue
Larry Garner is perhaps the most talented blues songwriter alive today, one of the top five bluesmen on the planet.- Real Blues
Garner's mellifluous lead guitar chops are akin to B.B. King's and are relatively free from rock influences ... Extremely musical and imminently listenable blues that should bring the name Larry Garner to a large audience.- Blues Revue
If you haven't discovered the blues brilliance of Larry Garner, then you should jump on this bandwagon. These are blues for today, good to the last note stuff.- Big City Blues
Larry's an undiscovered treasure lurking in the bayous. "Dr.Blues" himself thinks that you should give him a spin. It's superior blues!- Backyard Blues, Long Island Blues Society
Is Larry Garner the best songwriter in blues today? Yes, easily."- West Coast Blues Review
In a decade when veterans and youngbloods alike rely too heavily on overdone standards and cover material, Garner churns out clever, challenging, uncompromising and thoroughly contemporary songs.- Living Blues
Too Blues (JSP 2111)
Double Dues (JSP 273)
You Need To Live A Little (PGD 523759)
Baton Rouge (Evidence 26106)
Standing Room Only (Ruf 1024)
Once Upon The Blues (Ruf 1044)
Embarrassment To The Blues? (Ruf 1078)
Here Today, Gone Tomorrow (Dixiefrog 132)
Live At The Tivoli With Norman Beaker & Friends
Larry Garner and The Boogaloo Blues Band won the 5th Annual International Blues Challenge back in 1988, and has toured extensively since. Larry is a five-time Blues Award nominee, once for Most Promising Artist, and four times for Contemporary Male Blues Artist. Larry was inducted into the Louisiana Blues Hall of Fame in 2002. The BBC honored Larry as its Bluesman of the Year, and Larry was honored as Blues Songwriter of the Year three times. Larry was twice named Bluesman of the Year Award by Real Blues Magazine.
© 2023 Musicians Mutual Agency. All rights reserved.
Web development and hosting by FuturityGroupHosting.com.


text:
Q: Can I exchange data between child Rnw documents when using knitr? The parent document is as follows:
<<child = "child1.Rnw">>=
@
<<child = "child2.Rnw">>=
@

Child 1:
<<>>=
set_parent("parent.Rnw")
x <- 1
@

Child 2:
<<>>=
set_parent("parent.Rnw")
x
@

I can run the parent document. However, I can not run the child 2 document alone. It seems that the child 2 document can not see variable x defined the in child 1 document. How can I run child 2 document alone?

A: set_parent doesn't work the way you expect. From ?set_parent:

This function extracts the LaTeX preamble of the parent document to use for the child document, so that the child document can be compiled as an individual document.

set_parent("parent.Rnw") won't knit the whole parent document, it only extracts the preamble. Therefore, with this parent.Rnw file
\documentclass{article}
\begin{document}

<<child = "child1.Rnw">>=
@

<<child = "child2.Rnw">>=
@

\end{document}

child2.Rnw cannot be compiled separately because child1.Rnw is not run in that case.
What works is the following1:
knit("parent.Rnw")
knit("child2.Rnw")

As both documents are evaluated in the same environment (see knit's default envir value), objects from parent.Rnw (and it's child) can be used in the subsequent knitting of child2.Rnw.
Besides, ?set_parent offers an alternative:

When the preamble of the parent document also contains code chunks and inline R code, they will be evaluated as if they were in this child document.

If it is possible to rearrange parent.Rnw such that the chunk referencing child1.Rnw is in the preamble
\documentclass{article}

<<child = "child1.Rnw">>=
@

\begin{document}

<<child = "child2.Rnw">>=
@

\end{document}

then child2.Rnw can be knitted without prior knitting of parent.Rnw.

1For some reason, knit2pdf("child2.Rnw") crashes pdflatex.exe (called via texify.exe) on my system. However, the PDF file is correctly produced and running pdflatex directly on the TEX file causes no troubles. Nevermind.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
Q: Cant call data, first time writing database joins I'm trying to write my first query that uses a database join. I've gone off a tutorial website, only it doesn't seem to be display anything, Can anybody see any obvious errors with my code?
//USers with Same Interests
$interests_query = "SELECT *
                      FROM produgg_users AND user_interests
                     WHERE produgg_users.id = user_interests.user_id
                       AND (interest = $interest1
                         OR interest = $interest2
                         OR interest = $Interest3)";
$interests_result = mysql_query($interests_query);

if($interests_result != 0) {
  while($interests_row = mysql_fetch_array($interests_result, MYSQL_ASSOC)) {
    echo $row->id;
  }
} else {
  echo "No users to display!";
}
//END SAME INTERESTS

Going of @Jay answer I now have this only its still not bringing back any information, just printing out "No users to diaply"
//USers with Same Interests
$interest1 = "footy";
$interests_query = "SELECT * FROM produgg_users
                     join user_interests on produgg_users.id = user_interests.user_id
                     where interest = $interest1 OR interest = $interest2 OR interest = $Interest3";
$interests_result = mysql_query($interests_query);

if($interests_result != 0) {
while($interests_row = mysql_fetch_array($interests_result, MYSQL_ASSOC))
{
    echo $row->id;
}
}
else
{
echo "No users to display!";
}
//END SAME INTERESTS

A: Try your query with a JOIN to link the two tables.
SELECT *
    FROM produgg_users
        INNER JOIN user_interests
            ON produgg_users.id = user_interests.user_id
    WHERE (interest = $interest1 OR interest = $interest2 OR interest = $Interest3)

A: You should have ... mysql_query($interests_query) or die(mysql_error()) to catch any syntax errors.
mysql_query() does not return "0" if there's no results. It returns a result handle, or a boolean false to indicate the query totally failed. You can check how many rows matched with mysql_num_rows($interests_result)

A: SELECT * FROM produgg_users AND user_interests WHERE produgg_users.id = user_interests.user_id AND (interest = $interest1 OR interest = $interest2 OR interest = $Interest3)";
Your key problem is that that's not the correct syntax for a join. You don't say "and" between the table names. You either put a comma and then give the join conditions in the where clause (old, clumsy style), or you write "join" and put the join conditions in an "on" clause (new, pretty style).
Old style:
SELECT * FROM produgg_users, user_interests
WHERE produgg_users.id = user_interests.user_id
AND (interest = $interest1 OR interest = $interest2 OR interest = $Interest3)

New style:
SELECT * FROM produgg_users
join user_interests on produgg_users.id = user_interests.user_id
where interest = $interest1 OR interest = $interest2 OR interest = $Interest3


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