text:
3.1: Unique Characteristics of Prokaryotic Cells
[ "article:topic", "showtoc:yes", "license:ccbyncsa", "inclusions", "authorname:openstax", "capsule", "cell envelope", "cell morphology", "cell wall", "cellular arrangement", "endospores", "fimbriae", "flagella", "germinate", "glycocalyx", "nucleoid", "peptidoglycan", "Peritrichous", "pili", "plasma membrane", "plasmids", "pseudopeptidoglycan", "ribosomes", "runs", "slime layers", "sporulation", "tumbles", "source-bio-5285" ]
4: Structure of life
Common Cell Morphologies and Arrangements
The Nucleoid
Endospores
Membrane Transport Mechanisms
Photosynthetic Membrane Structures
Cell Wall
Glycocalyces and S-Layers
Filamentous Appendages
Fimbriae and Pili
Group A Strep
Flagella
Explain the distinguishing characteristics of prokaryotic cells
Describe common cell morphologies and cellular arrangements typical of prokaryotic cells and explain how cells maintain their morphology
Describe internal and external structures of prokaryotic cells in terms of their physical structure, chemical structure, and function
Compare the distinguishing characteristics of bacterial and archaeal cells
Cell theory states that the cell is the fundamental unit of life. However, cells vary significantly in size, shape, structure, and function. At the simplest level of construction, all cells possess a few fundamental components. These include cytoplasm (a gel-like substance composed of water and dissolved chemicals needed for growth), which is contained within a plasma membrane (also called a cell membrane or cytoplasmic membrane); one or more chromosomes, which contain the genetic blueprints of the cell; and ribosomes, organelles used for the production of proteins.
Beyond these basic components, cells can vary greatly between organisms, and even within the same multicellular organism. The two largest categories of cells—prokaryotic cells and eukaryotic cells—are defined by major differences in several cell structures. Prokaryotic cells lack a nucleus surrounded by a complex nuclear membrane and generally have a single, circular chromosome located in a nucleoid. Eukaryotic cells have a nucleus surrounded by a complex nuclear membrane that contains multiple, rod-shaped chromosomes.1
All plant cells and animal cells are eukaryotic. Some microorganisms are composed of prokaryotic cells, whereas others are composed of eukaryotic cells. Prokaryotic microorganisms are classified within the domains Archaea and Bacteria, whereas eukaryotic organisms are classified within the domain Eukarya.
The structures inside a cell are analogous to the organs inside a human body, with unique structures suited to specific functions. Some of the structures found in prokaryotic cells are similar to those found in some eukaryotic cells; others are unique to prokaryotes. Although there are some exceptions, eukaryotic cells tend to be larger than prokaryotic cells. The comparatively larger size of eukaryotic cells dictates the need to compartmentalize various chemical processes within different areas of the cell, using complex membrane-bound organelles. In contrast, prokaryotic cells generally lack membrane-bound organelles; however, they often contain inclusions that compartmentalize their cytoplasm. Figure \(\PageIndex{1}\) illustrates structures typically associated with prokaryotic cells. These structures are described in more detail in the next section.
Figure \(\PageIndex{1}\): A typical prokaryotic cell contains a cell membrane, chromosomal DNA that is concentrated in a nucleoid, ribosomes, and a cell wall. Some prokaryotic cells may also possess flagella, pili, fimbriae, and capsules.
Individual cells of a particular prokaryotic organism are typically similar in shape, or cell morphology. Although thousands of prokaryotic organisms have been identified, only a handful of cell morphologies are commonly seen microscopically. Figure \(\PageIndex{2}\) names and illustrates cell morphologies commonly found in prokaryotic cells. In addition to cellular shape, prokaryotic cells of the same species may group together in certain distinctive arrangements depending on the plane of cell division. Some common arrangements are shown in Figure \(\PageIndex{3}\).
Figure \(\PageIndex{2}\): (credit "Coccus" micrograph: modification of work by Janice Haney Carr, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; credit "Coccobacillus" micrograph: modification of work by Janice Carr, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; credit "Spirochete" micrograph: modification of work by Centers for Disease Control and Prevention)
Figure \(\PageIndex{3}\): Common cell arrangements.
In most prokaryotic cells, morphology is maintained by the cell wall in combination with cytoskeletal elements. The cell wall is a structure found in most prokaryotes and some eukaryotes; it envelopes the cell membrane, protecting the cell from changes in osmotic pressure (Figure \(\PageIndex{4}\)). Osmotic pressure occurs because of differences in the concentration of solutes on opposing sides of a semipermeable membrane. Water is able to pass through a semipermeable membrane, but solutes (dissolved molecules like salts, sugars, and other compounds) cannot. When the concentration of solutes is greater on one side of the membrane, water diffuses across the membrane from the side with the lower concentration (more water) to the side with the higher concentration (less water) until the concentrations on both sides become equal. This diffusion of water is called osmosis, and it can cause extreme osmotic pressure on a cell when its external environment changes.
The external environment of a cell can be described as an isotonic, hypertonic, or hypotonic medium. In an isotonic medium, the solute concentrations inside and outside the cell are approximately equal, so there is no net movement of water across the cell membrane. In a hypertonic medium, the solute concentration outside the cell exceeds that inside the cell, so water diffuses out of the cell and into the external medium. In a hypotonic medium, the solute concentration inside the cell exceeds that outside of the cell, so water will move by osmosis into the cell. This causes the cell to swell and potentially lyse, or burst.
The degree to which a particular cell is able to withstand changes in osmotic pressure is called tonicity. Cells that have a cell wall are better able to withstand subtle changes in osmotic pressure and maintain their shape. In hypertonic environments, cells that lack a cell wall can become dehydrated, causing crenation, or shriveling of the cell; the plasma membrane contracts and appears scalloped or notched (Figure \(\PageIndex{4}\)). By contrast, cells that possess a cell wall undergo plasmolysis rather than crenation. In plasmolysis, the plasma membrane contracts and detaches from the cell wall, and there is a decrease in interior volume, but the cell wall remains intact, thus allowing the cell to maintain some shape and integrity for a period of time (Figure \(\PageIndex{5}\)). Likewise, cells that lack a cell wall are more prone to lysis in hypotonic environments. The presence of a cell wall allows the cell to maintain its shape and integrity for a longer time before lysing (Figure \(\PageIndex{5}\)).
Figure \(\PageIndex{4}\): In cells that lack a cell wall, changes in osmotic pressure can lead to crenation in hypertonic environments or cell lysis in hypotonic environments.
Figure \(\PageIndex{5}\): In prokaryotic cells, the cell wall provides some protection against changes in osmotic pressure, allowing it to maintain its shape longer. The cell membrane is typically attached to the cell wall in an isotonic medium (left). In a hypertonic medium, the cell membrane detaches from the cell wall and contracts (plasmolysis) as water leaves the cell. In a hypotonic medium (right), the cell wall prevents the cell membrane from expanding to the point of bursting, although lysis will eventually occur if too much water is absorbed.
Explain the difference between cell morphology and arrangement.
What advantages do cell walls provide prokaryotic cells?
All cellular life has a DNA genome organized into one or more chromosomes. Prokaryotic chromosomes are typically circular, haploid (unpaired), and not bound by a complex nuclear membrane. Prokaryotic DNA and DNA-associated proteins are concentrated within the nucleoid region of the cell (Figure \(\PageIndex{6}\)). In general, prokaryotic DNA interacts with nucleoid-associated proteins (NAPs) that assist in the organization and packaging of the chromosome. In bacteria, NAPs function similar to histones, which are the DNA-organizing proteins found in eukaryotic cells. In archaea, the nucleoid is organized by either NAPs or histone-like DNA organizing proteins.
Figure \(\PageIndex{6}\): The nucleoid region (the area enclosed by the green dashed line) is a condensed area of DNA found within prokaryotic cells. Because of the density of the area, it does not readily stain and appears lighter in color when viewed with a transmission electron microscope.
Prokaryotic cells may also contain extrachromosomal DNA, or DNA that is not part of the chromosome. This extrachromosomal DNA is found in plasmids, which are small, circular, double-stranded DNA molecules. Cells that have plasmids often have hundreds of them within a single cell. Plasmids are more commonly found in bacteria; however, plasmids have been found in archaea and eukaryotic organisms. Plasmids often carry genes that confer advantageous traits such as antibiotic resistance; thus, they are important to the survival of the organism. We will discuss plasmids in more detail in Mechanisms of Microbial Genetics.
All cellular life synthesizes proteins, and organisms in all three domains of life possess ribosomes, structures responsible protein synthesis. However, ribosomes in each of the three domains are structurally different. Ribosomes, themselves, are constructed from proteins, along with ribosomal RNA (rRNA). Prokaryotic ribosomes are found in the cytoplasm. They are called 70S ribosomes because they have a size of 70S (Figure \(\PageIndex{7}\)), whereas eukaryotic cytoplasmic ribosomes have a size of 80S. (The S stands for Svedberg unit, a measure of sedimentation in an ultracentrifuge, which is based on size, shape, and surface qualities of the structure being analyzed). Although they are the same size, bacterial and archaeal ribosomes have different proteins and rRNA molecules, and the archaeal versions are more similar to their eukaryotic counterparts than to those found in bacteria.
Figure \(\PageIndex{7}\): Prokaryotic ribosomes (70S) are composed of two subunits: the 30S (small subunit) and the 50S (large subunit), each of which are composed of protein and rRNA components.
As single-celled organisms living in unstable environments, some prokaryotic cells have the ability to store excess nutrients within cytoplasmic structures called inclusions. Storing nutrients in a polymerized form is advantageous because it reduces the buildup of osmotic pressure that occurs as a cell accumulates solutes. Various types of inclusions store glycogen and starches, which contain carbon that cells can access for energy. Volutin granules, also called metachromatic granules because of their staining characteristics, are inclusions that store polymerized inorganic phosphate that can be used in metabolism and assist in the formation of biofilms. Microbes known to contain volutin granules include the archaea Methanosarcina, the bacterium Corynebacterium diphtheriae, and the unicellular eukaryotic alga Chlamydomonas. Sulfur granules, another type of inclusion, are found in sulfur bacteria of the genus Thiobacillus; these granules store elemental sulfur, which the bacteria use for metabolism.
Occasionally, certain types of inclusions are surrounded by a phospholipid monolayer embedded with protein. Polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB), which can be produced by species of Bacillus and Pseudomonas, is an example of an inclusion that displays this type of monolayer structure. Industrially, PHB has also been used as a source of biodegradable polymers for bioplastics. Several different types of inclusions are shown in Figure \(\PageIndex{8}\).
Figure \(\PageIndex{8}\): Prokaryotic cells may have various types of inclusions. (a) A transmission electron micrograph of polyhydroxybutryrate lipid droplets. (b) A light micrograph of volutin granules. (c) A phase-contrast micrograph of sulfur granules. (d) A transmission electron micrograph of magnetosomes. (e) A transmission electron micrograph of gas vacuoles. (credit b, c, d: modification of work by American Society for Microbiology)
Some prokaryotic cells have other types of inclusions that serve purposes other than nutrient storage. For example, some prokaryotic cells produce gas vacuoles, accumulations of small, protein-lined vesicles of gas. These gas vacuoles allow the prokaryotic cells that synthesize them to alter their buoyancy so that they can adjust their location in the water column. Magnetotactic bacteria, such as Magnetospirillum magnetotacticum, contain magnetosomes, which are inclusions of magnetic iron oxide or iron sulfide surrounded by a lipid layer. These allow cells to align along a magnetic field, aiding their movement (Figure \(\PageIndex{8}\)). Cyanobacteria such as Anabaena cylindrica and bacteria such as Halothiobacillus neapolitanus produce carboxysome inclusions. Carboxysomes are composed of outer shells of thousands of protein subunits. Their interior is filled with ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (RuBisCO) and carbonic anhydrase. Both of these compounds are used for carbon metabolism. Some prokaryotic cells also possess carboxysomes that sequester functionally related enzymes in one location. These structures are considered proto-organelles because they compartmentalize important compounds or chemical reactions, much like many eukaryotic organelles.
Bacterial cells are generally observed as vegetative cells, but some genera of bacteria have the ability to form endospores, structures that essentially protect the bacterial genome in a dormant state when environmental conditions are unfavorable. Endospores (not to be confused with the reproductive spores formed by fungi) allow some bacterial cells to survive long periods without food or water, as well as exposure to chemicals, extreme temperatures, and even radiation. Table \(\PageIndex{1}\) compares the characteristics of vegetative cells and endospores.
Table \(\PageIndex{1}\): Characteristics of Vegetative Cells versus Endospores
Vegetative Cells
Sensitive to extreme temperatures and radiation Resistant to extreme temperatures and radiation
Gram-positive Do not absorb Gram stain, only special endospore stains (see Staining Microscopic Specimens)
Normal water content and enzymatic activity Dehydrated; no metabolic activity
Capable of active growth and metabolism Dormant; no growth or metabolic activity
The process by which vegetative cells transform into endospores is called sporulation, and it generally begins when nutrients become depleted or environmental conditions become otherwise unfavorable (Figure \(\PageIndex{9}\)). The process begins with the formation of a septum in the vegetative bacterial cell. The septum divides the cell asymmetrically, separating a DNA forespore from the mother cell. The forespore, which will form the core of the endospore, is essentially a copy of the cell's chromosomes, and is separated from the mother cell by a second membrane. A cortex gradually forms around the forespore by laying down layers of calcium and dipicolinic acid between membranes. A protein spore coat then forms around the cortex while the DNA of the mother cell disintegrates. Further maturation of the endospore occurs with the formation of an outermost exosporium. The endospore is released upon disintegration of the mother cell, completing sporulation.
Figure \(\PageIndex{9}\): (a) Sporulation begins following asymmetric cell division. The forespore becomes surrounded by a double layer of membrane, a cortex, and a protein spore coat, before being released as a mature endospore upon disintegration of the mother cell. (b) An electron micrograph of a Carboxydothermus hydrogenoformans endospore. (c) These Bacillus spp. cells are undergoing sporulation. The endospores have been visualized using Malachite Green spore stain. (credit b: modification of work by Jonathan Eisen)
Endospores of certain species have been shown to persist in a dormant state for extended periods of time, up to thousands of years.2 However, when living conditions improve, endospores undergo germination, reentering a vegetative state. After germination, the cell becomes metabolically active again and is able to carry out all of its normal functions, including growth and cell division.
Not all bacteria have the ability to form endospores; however, there are a number of clinically significant endospore-forming gram-positive bacteria of the genera Bacillus and Clostridium. These include B. anthracis, the causative agent of anthrax, which produces endospores capable of survive for many decades3; C. tetani (causes tetanus); C. difficile (causes pseudomembranous colitis); C. perfringens (causes gas gangrene); and C. botulinum (causes botulism). Pathogens such as these are particularly difficult to combat because their endospores are so hard to kill. Special sterilization methods for endospore-forming bacteria are discussed in Control of Microbial Growth.
What is an inclusion?
What is the function of an endospore?
Structures that enclose the cytoplasm and internal structures of the cell are known collectively as the cell envelope. In prokaryotic cells, the structures of the cell envelope vary depending on the type of cell and organism. Most (but not all) prokaryotic cells have a cell wall, but the makeup of this cell wall varies. All cells (prokaryotic and eukaryotic) have a plasma membrane (also called cytoplasmic membrane or cell membrane) that exhibits selective permeability, allowing some molecules to enter or leave the cell while restricting the passage of others.
The structure of the plasma membrane is often described in terms of the fluid mosaic model, which refers to the ability of membrane components to move fluidly within the plane of the membrane, as well as the mosaic-like composition of the components, which include a diverse array of lipid and protein components (Figure \(\PageIndex{10}\)). The plasma membrane structure of most bacterial and eukaryotic cell types is a bilayer composed mainly of phospholipids formed with ester linkages and proteins. These phospholipids and proteins have the ability to move laterally within the plane of the membranes as well as between the two phospholipid layers.
Figure \(\PageIndex{10}\): The bacterial plasma membrane is a phospholipid bilayer with a variety of embedded proteins that perform various functions for the cell. Note the presence of glycoproteins and glycolipids, whose carbohydrate components extend out from the surface of the cell. The abundance and arrangement of these proteins and lipids can vary greatly between species.
Archaeal membranes are fundamentally different from bacterial and eukaryotic membranes in a few significant ways. First, archaeal membrane phospholipids are formed with ether linkages, in contrast to the ester linkages found in bacterial or eukaryotic cell membranes. Second, archaeal phospholipids have branched chains, whereas those of bacterial and eukaryotic cells are straight chained. Finally, although some archaeal membranes can be formed of bilayers like those found in bacteria and eukaryotes, other archaeal plasma membranes are lipid monolayers.
Proteins on the cell's surface are important for a variety of functions, including cell-to-cell communication, and sensing environmental conditions and pathogenic virulence factors. Membrane proteins and phospholipids may have carbohydrates (sugars) associated with them and are called glycoproteins or glycolipids, respectively. These glycoprotein and glycolipid complexes extend out from the surface of the cell, allowing the cell to interact with the external environment (Figure \(\PageIndex{10}\)). Glycoproteins and glycolipids in the plasma membrane can vary considerably in chemical composition among archaea, bacteria, and eukaryotes, allowing scientists to use them to characterize unique species.
Plasma membranes from different cells types also contain unique phospholipids, which contain fatty acids. As described in Using Biochemistry to Identify Microorganisms, phospholipid-derived fatty acid analysis (PLFA) profiles can be used to identify unique types of cells based on differences in fatty acids. Archaea, bacteria, and eukaryotes each have a unique PFLA profile.
One of the most important functions of the plasma membrane is to control the transport of molecules into and out of the cell. Internal conditions must be maintained within a certain range despite any changes in the external environment. The transport of substances across the plasma membrane allows cells to do so.
Figure \(\PageIndex{11}\): Simple diffusion down a concentration gradient directly across the phospholipid bilayer. (credit: modification of work by Mariana Ruiz Villareal)
Cells use various modes of transport across the plasma membrane. For example, molecules moving from a higher concentration to a lower concentration with the concentration gradient are transported by simple diffusion, also known as passive transport (Figure \(\PageIndex{11}\)). Some small molecules, like carbon dioxide, may cross the membrane bilayer directly by simple diffusion. However, charged molecules, as well as large molecules, need the help of carriers or channels in the membrane. These structures ferry molecules across the membrane, a process known as facilitated diffusion (Figure \(\PageIndex{12}\)).
Figure \(\PageIndex{12}\): Facilitated diffusion down a concentration gradient through a membrane protein. (credit: modification of work by Mariana Ruiz Villareal)
Active transport occurs when cells move molecules across their membrane against concentration gradients (Figure \(\PageIndex{13}\)). A major difference between passive and active transport is that active transport requires adenosine triphosphate (ATP) or other forms of energy to move molecules "uphill." Therefore, active transport structures are often called "pumps."
Figure \(\PageIndex{13}\): Active transport against a concentration gradient via a membrane pump that requires energy. (credit: modification of work by Mariana Ruiz Villareal)
Group translocation also transports substances into bacterial cells. In this case, as a molecule moves into a cell against its concentration gradient, it is chemically modified so that it does not require transport against an unfavorable concentration gradient. A common example of this is the bacterial phosphotransferase system, a series of carriers that phosphorylates (i.e., adds phosphate ions to) glucose or other sugars upon entry into cells. Since the phosphorylation of sugars is required during the early stages of sugar metabolism, the phosphotransferase system is considered to be an energy neutral system.
Some prokaryotic cells, namely cyanobacteria and photosynthetic bacteria, have membrane structures that enable them to perform photosynthesis. These structures consist of an infolding of the plasma membrane that encloses photosynthetic pigments such as green chlorophylls and bacteriochlorophylls. In cyanobacteria, these membrane structures are called thylakoids; in photosynthetic bacteria, they are called chromatophores, lamellae, or chlorosomes.
The primary function of the cell wall is to protect the cell from harsh conditions in the outside environment. When present, there are notable similarities and differences among the cell walls of archaea, bacteria, and eukaryotes.
The major component of bacterial cell walls is called peptidoglycan (or murein); it is only found in bacteria. Structurally, peptidoglycan resembles a layer of meshwork or fabric (Figure \(\PageIndex{14}\)). Each layer is composed of long chains of alternating molecules of N-acetylglucosamine (NAG) and N-acetylmuramic acid (NAM). The structure of the long chains has significant two-dimensional tensile strength due to the formation of peptide bridges that connect NAG and NAM within each peptidoglycan layer. In gram-negative bacteria, tetrapeptide chains extending from each NAM unit are directly cross-linked, whereas in gram-positive bacteria, these tetrapeptide chains are linked by pentaglycine cross-bridges. Peptidoglycan subunits are made inside of the bacterial cell and then exported and assembled in layers, giving the cell its shape.
Since peptidoglycan is unique to bacteria, many antibiotic drugs are designed to interfere with peptidoglycan synthesis, weakening the cell wall and making bacterial cells more susceptible to the effects of osmotic pressure (see Mechanisms of Antibacterial Drugs). In addition, certain cells of the human immune system are able "recognize" bacterial pathogens by detecting peptidoglycan on the surface of a bacterial cell; these cells then engulf and destroy the bacterial cell, using enzymes such as lysozyme, which breaks down and digests the peptidoglycan in their cell walls (see Pathogen Recognition and Phagocytosis).
Figure \(\PageIndex{14}\): Peptidoglycan is composed of polymers of alternating NAM and NAG subunits, which are cross-linked by peptide bridges linking NAM subunits from various glycan chains. This provides the cell wall with tensile strength in two dimensions.
The Gram staining protocol (see Staining Microscopic Specimens) is used to differentiate two common types of cell wall structures (Figure \(\PageIndex{15}\)). Gram-positive cells have a cell wall consisting of many layers of peptidoglycan totaling 30–100 nm in thickness. These peptidoglycan layers are commonly embedded with teichoic acids (TAs), carbohydrate chains that extend through and beyond the peptidoglycan layer.4 TA is thought to stabilize peptidoglycan by increasing its rigidity. TA also plays a role in the ability of pathogenic gram-positive bacteria such as Streptococcus to bind to certain proteins on the surface of host cells, enhancing their ability to cause infection. In addition to peptidoglycan and TAs, bacteria of the family Mycobacteriaceae have an external layer of waxy mycolic acids in their cell wall; as described in Staining Microscopic Specimens, these bacteria are referred to as acid-fast, since acid-fast stains must be used to penetrate the mycolic acid layer for purposes of microscopy (Figure \(\PageIndex{16}\)).
Figure \(\PageIndex{15}\): Bacteria contain two common cell wall structural types. Gram-positive cell walls are structurally simple, containing a thick layer of peptidoglycan with embedded teichoic acid external to the plasma membrane.5 Gram-negative cell walls are structurally more complex, containing three layers: the inner membrane, a thin layer of peptidoglycan, and an outer membrane containing lipopolysaccharide. (credit: modification of work by "Franciscosp2"/Wikimedia Commons)
Figure \(\PageIndex{16}\): (a) Some gram-positive bacteria, including members of the Mycobacteriaceae, produce waxy mycolic acids found exterior to their structurally-distinct peptidoglycan. (b) The acid-fast staining protocol detects the presence of cell walls that are rich in mycolic acid. Acid-fast cells are stained red by carbolfuschin. (credit a: modification of work by "Franciscosp2"/Wikimedia Commons; credit b: modification of work by Centers for Disease Control and Prevention)
Gram-negative cells have a much thinner layer of peptidoglycan (no more than about 4 nm thick6) than gram-positive cells, and the overall structure of their cell envelope is more complex. In gram-negative cells, a gel-like matrix occupies the periplasmic space between the cell wall and the plasma membrane, and there is a second lipid bilayer called the outer membrane, which is external to the peptidoglycan layer (Figure \(\PageIndex{15}\)). This outer membrane is attached to the peptidoglycan by murein lipoprotein. The outer leaflet of the outer membrane contains the molecule lipopolysaccharide (LPS), which functions as an endotoxin in infections involving gram-negative bacteria, contributing to symptoms such as fever, hemorrhaging, and septic shock. Each LPS molecule is composed of Lipid A, a core polysaccharide, and an O side chain that is composed of sugar-like molecules that comprise the external face of the LPS (Figure \(\PageIndex{17}\)). The composition of the O side chain varies between different species and strains of bacteria. Parts of the O side chain called antigens can be detected using serological or immunological tests to identify specific pathogenic strains like Escherichia coli O157:H7, a deadly strain of bacteria that causes bloody diarrhea and kidney failure.
Figure \(\PageIndex{17}\): The outer membrane of a gram-negative bacterial cell contains lipopolysaccharide (LPS), a toxin composed of Lipid A embedded in the outer membrane, a core polysaccharide, and the O side chain.
Archaeal cell wall structure differs from that of bacteria in several significant ways. First, archaeal cell walls do not contain peptidoglycan; instead, they contain a similar polymer called pseudopeptidoglycan (pseudomurein) in which NAM is replaced with a different subunit. Other archaea may have a layer of glycoproteins or polysaccharides that serves as the cell wall instead of pseudopeptidoglycan. Last, as is the case with some bacterial species, there are a few archaea that appear to lack cell walls entirely.
Although most prokaryotic cells have cell walls, some may have additional cell envelope structures exterior to the cell wall, such as glycocalyces and S-layers. A glycocalyx is a sugar coat, of which there are two important types: capsules and slime layers. A capsule is an organized layer located outside of the cell wall and usually composed of polysaccharides or proteins (Figure \(\PageIndex{18}\)). A slime layer is a less tightly organized layer that is only loosely attached to the cell wall and can be more easily washed off. Slime layers may be composed of polysaccharides, glycoproteins, or glycolipids.
Glycocalyces allows cells to adhere to surfaces, aiding in the formation of biofilms (colonies of microbes that form in layers on surfaces). In nature, most microbes live in mixed communities within biofilms, partly because the biofilm affords them some level of protection. Biofilms generally hold water like a sponge, preventing desiccation. They also protect cells from predation and hinder the action of antibiotics and disinfectants. All of these properties are advantageous to the microbes living in a biofilm, but they present challenges in a clinical setting, where the goal is often to eliminate microbes.
Figure \(\PageIndex{18}\): (a) Capsules are a type of glycocalyx composed of an organized layer of polysaccharides. (b) A capsule stain of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, a bacterial pathogen capable of causing many different types of infections in humans. (credit b: modification of work by American Society for Microbiology)
The ability to produce a capsule can contribute to a microbe's pathogenicity (ability to cause disease) because the capsule can make it more difficult for phagocytic cells (such as white blood cells) to engulf and kill the microorganism. Streptococcus pneumoniae, for example, produces a capsule that is well known to aid in this bacterium's pathogenicity. As explained in Staining Microscopic specimens, capsules are difficult to stain for microscopy; negative staining techniques are typically used.
An S-layer is another type of cell envelope structure; it is composed of a mixture of structural proteins and glycoproteins. In bacteria, S-layers are found outside the cell wall, but in some archaea, the S-layer serves as the cell wall. The exact function of S-layers is not entirely understood, and they are difficult to study; but available evidence suggests that they may play a variety of functions in different prokaryotic cells, such as helping the cell withstand osmotic pressure and, for certain pathogens, interacting with the host immune system.
After diagnosing Barbara with pneumonia, the PA writes her a prescription for amoxicillin, a commonly-prescribed type of penicillin derivative. More than a week later, despite taking the full course as directed, Barbara still feels weak and is not fully recovered, although she is still able to get through her daily activities. She returns to the health center for a follow-up visit.
Many types of bacteria, fungi, and viruses can cause pneumonia. Amoxicillin targets the peptidoglycan of bacterial cell walls. Since the amoxicillin has not resolved Barbara's symptoms, the PA concludes that the causative agent probably lacks peptidoglycan, meaning that the pathogen could be a virus, a fungus, or a bacterium that lacks peptidoglycan. Another possibility is that the pathogen is a bacterium containing peptidoglycan but has developed resistance to amoxicillin.
How can the PA definitively identify the cause of Barbara's pneumonia?
What form of treatment should the PA prescribe, given that the amoxicillin was ineffective?
Many bacterial cells have protein appendages embedded within their cell envelopes that extend outward, allowing interaction with the environment. These appendages can attach to other surfaces, transfer DNA, or provide movement. Filamentous appendages include fimbriae, pili, and flagella.
Fimbriae and pili are structurally similar and, because differentiation between the two is problematic, these terms are often used interchangeably.7 8 The term fimbriae commonly refers to short bristle-like proteins projecting from the cell surface by the hundreds. Fimbriae enable a cell to attach to surfaces and to other cells. For pathogenic bacteria, adherence to host cells is important for colonization, infectivity, and virulence. Adherence to surfaces is also important in biofilm formation.
The term pili (singular: pilus) commonly refers to longer, less numerous protein appendages that aid in attachment to surfaces (Figure \(\PageIndex{19}\)). A specific type of pilus, called the F pilus or sex pilus, is important in the transfer of DNA between bacterial cells, which occurs between members of the same generation when two cells physically transfer or exchange parts of their respective genomes (see How Asexual Prokaryotes Achieve Genetic Diversity).
Figure \(\PageIndex{19}\): Bacteria may produce two different types of protein appendages that aid in surface attachment. Fimbriae typically are more numerous and shorter, whereas pili (shown here) are longer and less numerous per cell. (credit: modification of work by American Society for Microbiology)
Before the structure and function of the various components of the bacterial cell envelope were well understood, scientists were already using cell envelope characteristics to classify bacteria. In 1933, Rebecca Lancefield proposed a method for serotyping various β-hemolytic strains of Streptococcus species using an agglutination assay, a technique using the clumping of bacteria to detect specific cell-surface antigens. In doing so, Lancefield discovered that one group of S. pyogenes, found in Group A, was associated with a variety of human diseases. She determined that various strains of Group A strep could be distinguished from each other based on variations in specific cell surface proteins that she named M proteins.
Today, more than 80 different strains of Group A strep have been identified based on M proteins. Various strains of Group A strep are associated with a wide variety of human infections, including streptococcal pharyngitis (strep throat), impetigo, toxic shock syndrome, scarlet fever, rheumatic fever, and necrotizing fasciitis. The M protein is an important virulence factor for Group A strep, helping these strains evade the immune system. Changes in M proteins appear to alter the infectivity of a particular strain of Group A strep.
Flagella are structures used by cells to move in aqueous environments. Bacterial flagella act like propellers. They are stiff spiral filaments composed of flagellin protein subunits that extend outward from the cell and spin in solution. The basal body is the motor for the flagellum and is embedded in the plasma membrane (Figure \(\PageIndex{20}\)). A hook region connects the basal body to the filament. Gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria have different basal body configurations due to differences in cell wall structure.
Different types of motile bacteria exhibit different arrangements of flagella (Figure \(\PageIndex{21}\)). A bacterium with a singular flagellum, typically located at one end of the cell (polar), is said to have a monotrichous flagellum. An example of a monotrichously flagellated bacterial pathogen is Vibrio cholerae, the gram-negative bacterium that causes cholera. Cells with amphitrichous flagella have a flagellum or tufts of flagella at each end. An example is Spirillum minor, the cause of spirillary (Asian) rat-bite fever or sodoku. Cells with lophotrichous flagella have a tuft at one end of the cell. The gram-negative bacillus Pseudomonas aeruginosa, an opportunistic pathogen known for causing many infections, including "swimmer's ear" and burn wound infections, has lophotrichous flagella. Flagella that cover the entire surface of a bacterial cell are called peritrichous flagella. The gram-negative bacterium E. coli shows a peritrichous arrangement of flagella.
Figure \(\PageIndex{20}\): The basic structure of a bacterial flagellum consists of a basal body, hook, and filament. The basal body composition and arrangement differ between gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. (credit: modification of work by "LadyofHats"/Mariana Ruiz Villareal)
Figure \(\PageIndex{21}\): Flagellated bacteria may exhibit multiple arrangements of their flagella. Common arrangements include monotrichous, amphitrichous, lophotrichous, or peritrichous.
Directional movement depends on the configuration of the flagella. Bacteria can move in response to a variety of environmental signals, including light (phototaxis), magnetic fields (magnetotaxis) using magnetosomes, and, most commonly, chemical gradients (chemotaxis). Purposeful movement toward a chemical attractant, like a food source, or away from a repellent, like a poisonous chemical, is achieved by increasing the length of runs and decreasing the length of tumbles. When running, flagella rotate in a counterclockwise direction, allowing the bacterial cell to move forward. In a peritrichous bacterium, the flagella are all bundled together in a very streamlined way (Figure \(\PageIndex{22}\)), allowing for efficient movement. When tumbling, flagella are splayed out while rotating in a clockwise direction, creating a looping motion and preventing meaningful forward movement but reorienting the cell toward the direction of the attractant. When an attractant exists, runs and tumbles still occur; however, the length of runs is longer, while the length of the tumbles is reduced, allowing overall movement toward the higher concentration of the attractant. When no chemical gradient exists, the lengths of runs and tumbles are more equal, and overall movement is more random (Figure \(\PageIndex{23}\)).
Figure \(\PageIndex{22}\): Bacteria achieve directional movement by changing the rotation of their flagella. In a cell with peritrichous flagella, the flagella bundle when they rotate in a counterclockwise direction, resulting in a run. However, when the flagella rotate in a clockwise direction, the flagella are no longer bundled, resulting in tumbles.
Figure \(\PageIndex{23}\): Without a chemical gradient, flagellar rotation cycles between counterclockwise (run) and clockwise (tumble) with no overall directional movement. However, when a chemical gradient of an attractant exists, the length of runs is extended, while the length of tumbles is decreased. This leads to chemotaxis: an overall directional movement toward the higher concentration of the attractant.
What is the peptidoglycan layer and how does it differ between gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria?
Compare and contrast monotrichous, amphitrichous, lophotrichous, and peritrichous flagella.
Prokaryotic cells differ from eukaryotic cells in that their genetic material is contained in a nucleoid rather than a membrane-bound nucleus. In addition, prokaryotic cells generally lack membrane-bound organelles.
Prokaryotic cells of the same species typically share a similar cell morphology and cellular arrangement.
Most prokaryotic cells have a cell wall that helps the organism maintain cellular morphology and protects it against changes in osmotic pressure.
Outside of the nucleoid, prokaryotic cells may contain extrachromosomal DNA in plasmids.
Prokaryotic ribosomes that are found in the cytoplasm have a size of 70S.
Some prokaryotic cells have inclusions that store nutrients or chemicals for other uses.
Some prokaryotic cells are able to form endospores through sporulation to survive in a dormant state when conditions are unfavorable. Endospores can germinate, transforming back into vegetative cells when conditions improve.
In prokaryotic cells, the cell envelope includes a plasma membrane and usually a cell wall.
Bacterial membranes are composed of phospholipids with integral or peripheral proteins. The fatty acid components of these phospholipids are ester-linked and are often used to identify specific types of bacteria. The proteins serve a variety of functions, including transport, cell-to-cell communication, and sensing environmental conditions. Archaeal membranes are distinct in that they are composed of fatty acids that are ether-linked to phospholipids.
Some molecules can move across the bacterial membrane by simple diffusion, but most large molecules must be actively transported through membrane structures using cellular energy.
Prokaryotic cell walls may be composed of peptidoglycan (bacteria) or pseudopeptidoglycan (archaea).
Gram-positive bacterial cells are characterized by a thick peptidoglycan layer, whereas gram-negative bacterial cells are characterized by a thin peptidoglycan layer surrounded by an outer membrane.
Some prokaryotic cells produce glycocalyx coatings, such as capsules and slime layers, that aid in attachment to surfaces and/or evasion of the host immune system.
Some prokaryotic cells have fimbriae or pili, filamentous appendages that aid in attachment to surfaces. Pili are also used in the transfer of genetic material between cells.
Some prokaryotic cells use one or more flagella to move through water. Peritrichous bacteria, which have numerous flagella, use runs and tumbles to move purposefully in the direction of a chemical attractant.
1 Y.-H.M. Chan, W.F. Marshall. "Scaling Properties of Cell and Organelle Size." Organogenesis 6 no. 2 (2010):88–96.
2 F. Rothfuss, M Bender, R Conrad. "Survival and Activity of Bacteria in a Deep, Aged Lake Sediment (Lake Constance)." Microbial Ecology 33 no. 1 (1997):69–77.
3 R. Sinclair et al. "Persistence of Category A Select Agents in the Environment." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 74 no. 3 (2008):555–563.
4 T.J. Silhavy, D. Kahne, S. Walker. "The Bacterial Cell Envelope." Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Biology 2 no. 5 (2010):a000414.
5 B. Zuber et al. "Granular Layer in the Periplasmic Space of Gram-Positive Bacteria and Fine Structures of Enterococcus gallinarum and Streptococcus gordonii Septa Revealed by Cryo-Electron Microscopy of Vitreous Sections." Journal of Bacteriology 188 no. 18 (2006):6652–6660
6 L. Gana, S. Chena, G.J. Jensena. "Molecular Organization of Gram-Negative Peptidoglycan." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 105 no. 48 (2008):18953–18957.
7 J.A. Garnetta et al. "Structural Insights Into the Biogenesis and Biofilm Formation by the Escherichia coli Common Pilus." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 109 no. 10 (2012):3950–3955.
8 T. Proft, E.N. Baker. "Pili in Gram-Negative and Gram-Positive Bacteria—Structure, Assembly and Their Role in Disease." Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences 66 (2009):613.
3.2: Unique Characteristics of Eukaryotic Cells
cell envelope
cell morphology
cellular arrangement
fimbriae
glycocalyx
nucleoid
Peritrichous
pseudopeptidoglycan
slime layers
source-bio-5285
sporulation
tumbles


text:
Federation University Australia > Schools > School of Engineering, Information Technology and Physical Sciences > Staff profiles > Engineering > Dr Gayan Kahandawa
School of Engineering, Information Technology and Physical Sciences
Dr Gayan Kahandawa
Gayan Kahandawa Appuhamillage
g.appuhamillage@federation.edu.au
Mechatronic systems
Sensors and signal processing
Mobile robot navigation
Dr Gayan completed his PhD in Mechanical Engineering from University of Southern Queensland in 2013. He obtained his BSc. Engineering degree from Department of Production Engineering, University of Peradeniya and worked as a lecturer in the same department for three year. He completed his MSc. in Industrial Automation from the University of Moratuwa, Sri Lanka in 2009. He worked as a lecturer for Uva Wellassa University of Sri Lanka for one year before starting his PhD at University of Southern Queensland. Upon completion of his PhD, he worked as a Postdoctoral research fellow for one and half years at USQ. He joined the Federation University as a lecturer, mechatronics in year 2014.
In his PhD, he worked with The Boeing Company to develop monitoring system to detect damage in advanced composite structures using embedded fibre optic sensors. He also used fibre optic sensors to monitor West Gate Bridge. His work with MaxiTRANS involve instrumentation and monitoring truck trailers for performance and structural enhancement. He currently holds two patents and published edited book, two book chapters and more than 40 research articles as journal and conference papers. His research expertise includes Mechatronic Systems, Sensors and signal processing, Artificial Intelligence, Mobile robot navigation, Instrumentation and structural health monitoring.
Doctor of Philosophy – University of Southern Queensland 2013
Master of Science – University of Moratuwa, Sri Lanka 2009
Bachelor of Science in Engineering - University of Peradeniya, Sri Lanka 2005
Mechanisms and Machine Theory
Fluids and Pneumatic Control (PLC)
Mechatronics Components Design
Intelligent Mechanisms Design
Industrial Robotics Systems
Extended research profile
Page ID: 197501 | Last Updated: 01 January 2021 | Authorised by: Dean, School of Engineering, IT and Physical Sciences | Content Coordinator: Evan Dekker | Copyright | Privacy | Accessibility

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Q: Does $f_n$ converge to f uniformly? $f_n(x)=\frac{n}{n+x} $
is a sequence of functions with $f_n: \mathbb{R^+}\longrightarrow\mathbb{R}$
I have calculated that the pointwise limit is f(x)=1 for $x \in \mathbb{R^+}$
However i am unsure whether  $f_n$ converge to f uniformly $\mathbb{R^+}$
whether  $f_n$ converge to f uniformly $[0, 1]$
and what difference does the parameters make when solving the question?

A: Observe that $|f_n(x)-1|=\frac{x}{n+x}\le \frac{x}{n}.$ Hence $f_n\to 1$ uniformly on any bounded subset of $\Bbb R_+$, because then $|f_n(x)-1|\le \frac{M}{n}$, where $M$ is an upper bound of our domain.
There is no uniform convergence on the whole half-line because if it was, almost all graphs of $f_n$ were in the horizontal strip between $1-\varepsilon$ and $1+\varepsilon$. See the picture and compare with spaceisdarkgreen's answer.

A: The difference between $\mathbb R^+$ and $[0,1]$ comes from the fact that for any $n$, $\lim_{x\to \infty}f_n(x) = 0$ so $\sup_{x\in \mathbb R^+}|f_n(x)-1| = 1$ for every $n$. However, for $x\in[0,1]$ you can't take $x\to \infty$ and it can be shown that $\sup_{x\in[0,1]}|f_n(x)-1| \to 0$ as $n\to\infty$ (see szw1710's answer).

A: The best way I have found of looking at such problems is to instead look at sequences of functions converging pointwise to $0$. As you have found, the functions $f_{n}$ converge pointwise to $1$ on $\mathbb{R^+}$, so let's look at the functions $g_{n}$ given by $$g_{n}(x)=1-f_{n}(x)=1-\frac{n}{n+x}=\frac{x}{n+x} \, .$$
Showing that $f_{n}$ converges uniformly to $1$ on a set $U$ is equivalent to showing that $g_{n}$ converges uniformly to $0$ on $U$. The reason we make this change is because there is quite a straightforward method of checking whether or not a sequence of functions converges uniformly to $0$, and that is by looking at the maximum values of the functions.
Specifically, $g_{n}$ converges uniformly to $0$ on the set $U$ if and only if $$\sup_{x\in U} |g_{n}(x)|\rightarrow 0 \hspace{1em} \mbox{as}\hspace{0.5em} n\rightarrow\infty.$$
First let's take $U=[0,1]$. Given $y\in [0,1]$ and $n\in\mathbb{N}$, we know that $y\leqslant 1$ and $n\leqslant n+y$. Hence, $$|g_{n}(y)|=\frac{y}{n+y}\leqslant \frac{1}{n+y}\leqslant \frac{1}{n}. $$
Observe that the above bound does not depend on $y$, so $\sup_{x\in [0,1]}|g_{n}(x)|\leqslant 1/n$.
Since $1/n\rightarrow0$ as $n\rightarrow\infty$, we deduce that the $g_n$ converge uniformly to $0$ on $[0,1]$. In fact the above argument can be modified to show that the $g_n$ converge uniformly to $0$ on any bounded subset of $\mathbb{R}^{+}$. Therefore, the $f_{n}$ converge uniformly to $1$ on any bounded subset of $\mathbb{R}^{+}$.
If we now take $U=\mathbb{R}^{+}$, observe that $$\sup_{x\in \mathbb{R}^{+}} |g_{n}(x)|\geqslant |g_{n}(n)|=\frac{n}{n+n}=\frac{1}{2}.$$
This shows that the $g_{n}$ do not converge uniformly to $0$ on $\mathbb{R}^{+}$, whence the $f_{n}$ do not converge uniformly to $1$ on $\mathbb{R}^{+}$.
For more difficult functions, we can use calculus to compute the maximum values of the $g_{n}$ explicitly to see whether we have uniform convergence. For instance, you can check that in fact we have $\sup_{x\in \mathbb{R}^{+}} |g_{n}(x)|=1$ (hint: fix some $n\in\mathbb{N}$ and then take $x\rightarrow\infty$ in the definition of $g_{n}(x)$), which again shows that the $f_{n}$ do not converge uniformly to $1$ on $\mathbb{R}^{+}$.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
Israel Misused Cluster Bombs U.S. Delivered last August
Council for the National Interest 8 February 2007
At the height of the Israeli war against Hezbollah last summer, in which hundreds of civilians living in southern Lebanon were killed, the U.S. rushed a request from Israel for more than 1,300 American-made M26 cluster bombs. The request prompted an outcry in Congress and elsewhere that the artillery rockets, which disperse 644 submunitions each, might be used in civilian areas, contrary to the terms of the U.S. Arms Export Control Act. Last week, the Department of State delivered a preliminary report to Nancy Pelosi, Speaker of the House, and to Sen. Joseph Biden, chairman of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee, that is said by the news media to accuse Israel of exactly these charges.
A petition banning the use of cluster bombs and demanding an urgent clean-up of the more than 1 million cluster-bomblets sprayed over southern Lebanon has been launched by the American Task Force for Lebanon, a non-profit non-sectarian group based in Washington, DC. We urge our members to join the campaign that has been endorsed by Ralph Nader by signing their petition: "Stop the Carnage, Ban the Cluster Bomb."
In the closing days of the war, after a deadline had been set by the U.N. and accepted by both the Israelis and Hezbollah and 72 hours before the ceasefire was to go into effect, the Israeli military fired thousands of cluster munitions into southern Lebanon, leaving behind a deadly legacy. As of January 25, 2007, the United Nations Mine Action Coordination Center South Lebanon confirms that 30 people have been killed and 184 injured from unexploded ordnance since August 14, when hostilities between Hezbollah and Israel ended. Many of the casualties have been children.
Cluster bombs have been controversial for many years. They were used by the U.S. army in both Iraq wars, inflicting damage on civilians especially, and by the Israeli army in the 1982 invasion of Lebanon, prompting the Reagan administration to suspend shipment of the bombs to Israel for six years. The UK NGO Landmine Action has published evidence that Israel used American cluster munitions with expiration dates as early as 1974, which were made available to Israel from classified U.S. weapons depots in Israel. Thus the American taxpayer is once again supporting the slaughter of civilians through the misuse of its arms exports.
The findings of the State Department report on Israel's misuse of cluster bombs has not yet been made public. A resolution curbing the sale of cluster bombs last September that was introduced by Senators Dianne Feinstein (D-CA) and Patrick Leahy (D-VT) failed in the Senate by a vote of 70 to 30. A new resolution is said to be prepared by the senators for introduction in the Senate this year once the furor about the State Department findings has died down.
Council for the National Interest


text:
Home > Publish
Graphics: idw
idw offers the platform for publishing and distributing press releases from science and research – and has a massive reach: the idw website records an average of more than 600,000 Unique Visits per month. Moreover, press releases are also distributed by e-mail to more than 37,000 interested parties. You can upload your own press release and categorize it according to the relevant subject areas and other attributes. All subscribers who have included these attributes in their subscriptions will subsequently receive your news item. Of course you can also impose a news embargo. In such cases only the journalists accredited with idw will receive your press release ahead of time. It will appear in the news ticker and in the e-mail subscriptions only after the news embargo has expired.
In addition to publishing press releases, you can also announce your events via idw. As with the press releases, you are invited to categorise the events yourself, and they will subsequently be e-mailed to subscribers.
All press releases and events are stored on the idw website and can be retrieved at any time via the search function or the advanced search function.
Furthermore, all member institutions are entitled to use the idw expert recruitment service to bring their experts together with (scientific) journalists. Via the expert agent, you will receive enquiries from journalists seeking a specialist in the course of their own research, e.g. for an interview or for a statement. The member institutions can enter their experts in the idw lists of experts and thus offer them as references to (accredited) journalists.
Further information on idw membership.
{January 2020}


text:
Browsing: Assembly of Bishops USA
Hierarchs on Executive Committee of Assembly of Bishops USA Address Stern Letter to Archbishop Elpidophoros and Ecumenical Patriarchate
By Webmaster on June 28, 2022 Governance & Unity Essays, Governance & Unity News, Governance Top Stories
Click Here or on the images below to view the PDF Related Articles A Historic Event: His All-Holiness Patriarch Bartholomew Meets with the Clergy of the Slavic Orthodox Vicariate for the First Time Slavic Orthodox Vicariate All Allegations Against Archimandrite Alexander (Belya) Are Slander Belya v. Kapral et. al
Some Thoughts at Year End
By Webmaster on December 31, 2021 Governance & Unity Essays, Governance & Unity News
After ten years of meetings, the Assembly of Bishops still finds bishops communicating with each other difficult. The rules governing how to reach decisions are impossible. The Assembly needs to develop communication skills that enable each bishop to stay focused, to hear one another, and to debate and reach conclusions. In-service programs with guides that have communication skills would be a useful exercise. We are no closer to canonical unity of Orthodoxy in the USA and throughout the world where Orthodox Christians reside in pluralistic societies. The largest grouping in the USA is in financial difficulty caused by undertaking an…
Board of New Youth & Young Adult Ministry Agency of the Assembly of Bishops USA Concludes First Meeting
By Webmaster on December 15, 2021 Governance & Unity News, Governance Top Stories
Source: Assembly of Canonical Orthodox Bishops of the USA CHICAGO – The Board of Directors of the newly established Youth & Young Adult Ministry Agency concluded its first meeting on Friday, December 3. Established and blessed by the Assembly of Bishops at its October 2021 meeting as the capstone achievement of the "Year of the Youth," the new Agency will cast a vision to unite and deepen the ministry efforts of parishes and families across the Church to serve all Orthodox youth and young adults in the United States. In November, the Assembly approved members of the new Board of…
Representatives of the Assembly of Bishops USA with bishops of the United States Conference of Catholic Bishops.
Assembly of Bishops Sends Delegation to the November General Assembly of the US Conference of Catholic Bishops
By Webmaster on November 28, 2021 Governance & Unity News, Governance Top Stories
Source: Assembly of Canonical Orthodox Bishops of the USA Tuesday, November 16, 2021 BALTIMORE – At the invitation of His Excellency Archbishop José H. Gomez, President of the United States Conference of Catholic Bishops ("USCCB"), His Eminence Archbishop Elpidophoros of America, chairman of the Assembly of Canonical Orthodox Bishops of the USA, led a delegation to and presented remarks during the USCCB's November General Assembly. This marks the first time in the history of USCCB that Orthodox hierarchs have participated in their plenary session. Introducing Archbishop Elpidophoros, Bishop David P. Talley, chair of the Bishops' Committee on Ecumenical and Interreligious Affairs,…
Statement to the Faithful On Church Attendance and Best Practices during the COVID-19 (Coronavirus) Pandemic
By Webmaster on March 17, 2020 Governance & Unity News, Governance Top Stories
Source: Assembly of Canonical Orthodox Bishops of the USA As Orthodox Christians, we are united in the sacraments and our teachings, but as human beings, we are also united in our solidarity and suffering. Therefore, during this period of intensive prayer and spiritual discipline of Great Lent, the pandemic that our communities are facing throughout our nation and throughout the world obliges us to slow down and reflect on the way that we glorify God as well as the way that we express compassion toward our brothers and sisters. As disciples of the Lord, Scripture and our faith inform us…
Assembly of Bishops Discusses Religious Liberty, Reviews Committees Work, Encourages Pan-Orthodox Cooperation
By Webmaster on October 5, 2016 Governance & Unity News, Governance Top Stories, Orthodox News, Orthodox News Top Stories
Source: Assembly of Canonical Orthodox Bishops of the USA Detroit, October 5 – The Assembly of Canonical Orthodox Bishops of the United States began the 2nd day of its annual meeting with a special forum dedicated to the important subject of religious freedom. Three highly accomplished scholars presented: Dr. Charles Haynes, Director of the Religious Freedom Center and Vice President of the Newseum Institute, delivered an overview of the First Amendment to the United States Constitution and its central role in protecting the free exercise of one's faith in America's public square. He encouraged the hierarchs to study how Orthodox…
Hierarchs Gather in Detroit for Annual General Assembly Meeting, Recommit to Pan-Orthodox Mandate
Source: Assembly of Canonical Orthodox Bishops of the USA The Canonical Orthodox Bishops of the United States of America convened their 7thAnnual General Assembly Meeting in Detroit on October 4, 2016 with the celebration of the Divine Liturgy at the Antiochian Basilica of Saint Mary in Livonia, Michigan. The Bishops commenced their work with an opening address by the Assembly Chairman, His Eminence Archbishop Demetrios, who greeted and welcomed the hierarchs, encouraging them that "…when we speak together as an Assembly of Bishops, we do so with the authority of the Church; we do not speak as jurisdictions or merely…
Opinion Piece on Sixth Assembly of Bishops in Chicago, IL – September 15-17, 2015
By Webmaster on September 24, 2015 Governance & Unity Essays, Governance & Unity News
Source: Orthodox Christian Laity by George Matsoukas The case for Unity among the Orthodox Jurisdictions is made more manifest by the sabotaging of the Assembly of Bishops by the Antiochian Archdiocese. The dispute between Old World Patriarchs undermines the establishment of canonical order in the USA. The dispute over Qatar appears to be the reason why the Patriarchate of Antioch changed its mind and negated its signature on the Chambésy Accord of 2008. The act and statement presented to the Assembly of Bishops are contrary to the integrity and history of the Antiochian Archdiocese that brought seekers home to the…
Statement of the Antiochian Orthodox Christian Archdiocese of North America to the Assembly of Canonical Orthodox Bishops
By Webmaster on September 17, 2015 Governance & Unity News, Governance Top Stories, Uncategorized
Source: Antiochian Orthodox Christian Archdiocese of North America Statement of the Antiochian Orthodox Christian Archdiocese of North America to the Assembly of Canonical Orthodox Bishops in the United States Regarding the Draft Proposal of the Committee on Canonical Regional Planning Presented at the Meeting of the Assembly of Bishops Convened in Chicago, IL September 15-17, 2015 The Antiochian Orthodox Christian Archdiocese of North America has always prayed for and been committed to unity and cooperation of all of the Orthodox Christians in North America. The unity that we seek is true Orthodox unity based on mutual respect, love and cooperation…
Will Canonical Order – Orthodox Christian Unity in the USA – Emerge from the Sixth Meeting of the Assembly of Bishops?
By Webmaster on September 2, 2015 Governance & Unity Essays, Governance & Unity News, Uncategorized
Source: Orthodox Christian Laity Will Canonical Order – Orthodox Christian Unity in the USA – Emerge from the Sixth Meeting of the Assembly of Bishops? Canonical Orthodox Churches have always been Churches in specific geographical areas. Where the Bishop is, so too is the Church. The Church is not a colonial extension of bishops ruling or directing from other geographic areas. Canonical order is bishops in a geographic area meeting as a Synod, electing their own head and working with clergy and laity to build up the body of Christ. This is not true for the Churches outside the boundaries…
Dcn. Danilchick's report on the Assembly of Bishops of the USA
By Webmaster on August 30, 2015 Governance & Unity News, Governance Top Stories
Source: Orthodox Church in America Dcn. Danilchick's report on the Assembly of Bishops of the USA [OCA] The Assembly of Canonical Orthodox Bishops of the United States of America will hold its annual meeting in Chicago, IL September 15-17, 2015. The following report by Protodeacon Peter Danilchick was given during the fifth Plenary Session at the 18th All-American Council, GA July 20-24, 2015. It provides valuable insights into the Assembly's work and accomplishments to date. An audio of the report, is available courtesy of Ancient Faith Radio. Protodeacon Peter's report begins at 1:09.06 and runs through 1:27.00. REPORT ON THE…
The Scorecard on Orthodox Christian Unity: June 2015 – One Week before the Meeting in Istanbul
By Webmaster on June 6, 2015 Governance & Unity Essays, Governance & Unity News, OCL News, Orthodox Christian Laity
Source: Orthodox Christian Laity The Assembly of Bishops has been meeting for six years. June 2015 is a critical month and time period in their efforts to develop a plan to make the administrative life of the Orthodox Church in the United States canonical. Orthodox ecclesiology dictates that the Church be organized in geographic areas with one bishop in one city. Overlapping jurisdictions weaken the Commandment of Christ to make disciples of All Nations. Bishops are not foreign agents. Governments of other countries have no place in directing the actions of Bishops in the USA. We need a single Synod…


text:
EnvironmentEnvironmentalistMaking The ChangePoliticsSustainability
Norway Announces Complete Ban On Deforestation; Many Others To Follow
Norway has become the 1st country in the world that has taken the decision and implemented the total ban on deforestation. The Parliament of Norway also informed that the government's public procurement policy will be the complete eradication of deforestation. They further informed that all the products which contribute to deforestation are not going to be used in the country of Scandinavia.
This pledge had been recommended by the Standing Committee of Environment & Energy in the Norwegian Parliament. This was a part of the Action Plan towards achieving Nature Diversity. The Rainforest Foundation in Norway had been the central lobbying power that suggested this recommendation and it has successfully managed to work for several years in bringing this pledge into existence.
Read: National Forest Vision Is Taken Over By Wales To Build A $5.9M Project
Nils H. Ranum, campaign and policy head to Rainforest Foundation, stated that this ban on deforestation is a crucial victory in their fight to preserve rainforests. He further added that several big companies have also committed to stopping the procurement of the products that are associated with the destruction of rainforests in the past few years. As a result, this has been a positive step from the Norwegian government and they are demanding similar steps from public procurements.
Deforestation Prevention Is An Inspiring Act
The action plan taken by Norway also includes a demand from the parliament that their government must exercise more attention towards safeguarding biodiversity. The government is expected to make more investment in the Global Pension Fund of the Norwegian Government.
Ranum has also mentioned that other nations must also follow the steps taken by Norway and adopt such measures towards curbing deforestation. In addition, the UK and Germany specifically need to act since they made a joint statement during the Climate Summit conducted by the UN.
40& of the deforestation activities from 200 to 2011 can be attributed to wood, beef, soy, and oil products. These have been procured largely by Argentina, New Guinea, Malaysia, Indonesia, Paraguay, Brazil, and Bolivia. Moreover, these 7 countries have also contributed 44& carbon emissions. Not purchasing these products in large quantities will stop the atrocity happening on this planet.
In order to counteract this, a lot of money had been invested by Norway to prevent deforestation in Indonesia, Liberia, and Brazil. Brazil received $1 billion from Norway to curb deforestation in the Amazon rainforest. Guyana forest also received $250 million between 2011 and 2015 after their foreign minister requested help.
Norway Is The Biggest Deforestation Driver
Often it is seen the farmers are forced to sell off their land with trees to support livestock. Subsequently, they burn their agriculture through slash that releases a large quantity of carbon dioxide driving climate change. Eliminating trees disrupts the water cycle in that region and transforms the river flow and precipitation as well as leads to erosion. The major force stopping these phenomena is Norway by making generous contributions globally.
There is 31% forest cover on the land across the world. These stretches of land act as the figurative lungs of the planet and generate oxygen and absorb carbon dioxide. Forests are also a shelter to countless people and a large part of the wildlife living on Earth.
Read: Reforestation Project By Brazilian Photographer Brings Fruitful Results For Him And His Wife
1.6 million people rely on forests for food, clothing, medicine, food, and shelter. Unfortunately, 46,000-58,000 square miles of forested land is lost every year. If we keep moving at this rate of deforestation, we will lose the entire rainforest cover in the next 100 years. The majority of the species will not be able to survive if they lose their habitat. More national governments must follow the steps taken by Norway before it is too late.
Previous articlePalm Oil: Your Cosmetics Might Be Making Orangutans Extinct
Next articleClimate Change Education Made Compulsory In Schools By The Italian Government


7 Nov 2018 . There's plenty on offer here, then, but of course the full version of System Mechanic has even more functionality: boot-time defragmentation,.. PC Performance Solutions. Registry cleaner myths Computer repair PC tuneup Computer speed up Registry repair Slow computer Windows startup.. System Mechanic Professional free download. Get the latest version now. All-in-one Windows care: Everything you need for a fast, stable, and secure PC.. 6 Lis 2017 . System Mechanic Free to zestaw narzdzi do optymalizacji PC. Jego dziaanie obejmuje te popraw poczenia z Internetem.. System Mechanic Pro 17.5.1.45 1.17 MB System Mechanic Professional 17.5.0.116 Multilingual [hp] 33.28 MB. . System Mechanic 17.1.1.11 - Full: 9.47 MB.. System Mechanic Free to bezpatna, ale ograniczona funkcjonalnie wersja popularnego narzdzia do optymalizacji systemu Windows (XP/Vista/7). Skupia w.. 27 Kwi 2018 . Pobierz System Mechanic Free 17.5.1.43 na PC Format. cignij najnowszy darmowy program System Mechanic Free 17.5.1.43 na Windows,.. 27 Oct 2017 . ReadMe.txt 532Byte; System Mechanic 17.1.1.11 - Full.exe 9.378MB; System Mechanic 17.1.1.11 - Full.nfo 664Byte; Torrent downloaded from.. 11 Jul 2017 - 1 min - Uploaded by Badr OnhaxSetup : Key : System Mechanic Review.. 10 Jul 2017 . System Mechanic Professional uses patented technology to restore speed, power, and stability to your PC. It fixes errors, boosts performance,.. 16 Nov 2017 - 1 min - Uploaded by TUFi ARASystem Mechanic 17.0.1.11 + 2018 KEY NOT WORKING !!! Key: http:// textuploader.com/dlepy.


I really like the colors in this rug. Not overwhelming and goes great with my light tile color. The only thing that is driving me crazy is it sheds. But we've only had it one month and the sales associate warned us this would happen because it is wool. Hopefully I can stop vacuuming it every other day soon. But it does feel great and soft.
I purchased this for my living room where I have a brown sofa and blue occasional chairs. It is perfect! Great quality for price. I would recommend.
The rug was gorgeous and just what I wanted/needed; but unfortunately it measured less than the 5 x 8 min. that I needed for my space. I'm waiting for the larger size to be 'Back in Stock' so I can finally purchase the rug again. Hopefully it will be in soon.
The following reviews are for product "120X158 RUG-ADRIANA SKY"
read more Click to read full text of review titled "Gorgeous but hard to vacuum".
dog. So it gets its use.
Light bright and airy. I have a rental property with dark hardwood floors and this rug really helped brighten the space up and make the room look much larger. Love the color scheme and the quality of the rug is up to par with others at a much higher price point. Would recommend to anyone.
Fell in love with the feel of this rug in the store....it is so soft. It feels like silk. Haven't had to vacuum or clean it yet...it does need special care. Perfect for my house with no kids or pets.
This rug is super soft and really pretty. It was thinner than expected which is why I gave it 4 and not 5 stars. I expected a thicker and more plush rug. Really ties our living room together!
So I wanted an area rug that was very soft and fluffy , so far we love this rug. I will say some strings are coming out quite frequently, I am hoping this will slow down and stop. I am hoping it's shedding because it's new. We are a family of 5 and 2 dogs. So I will be curious to see how long it holds up in our house. It is in our main living area.
This colorful rug looks great in our Entry Way. Added just the right amount of color!
Super soft and modern looking rug. Goes well with a variety of decor.
The following reviews are for product "102X139 RUG-ADARRA MOROCCAN INDIGO"
We bought this rug for our family room. At first I wasn't sure if I liked the pattern but it really grew on me after a few days. The color is really nice and works well in our room. It is good quality as well.
I saw this in store so I knew what to expect. The designs are a little more noticeable in person that the picture shows, but are not crazy. The rug is on hardwood, but with a rug pad under it there is a lot of cushion. Overall a great rug that feels soft on the feet.
Looks great it matches my dinning room rug and living room runner.


text:
State of Fintech 2017 » Mobile Payments
Jim McKelvey blows glass. He sells his unique glass fittings from his studio in St. Louis, accepting payments in cash, by check, and by Mastercard or Visa. In 2009, he found himself talking to a customer in Panama who wanted to buy $3,000-worth of glassware… but who only had an American Express. Her husband had a Visa but he wouldn't be back for another week. The glass artist realized he was about to lose what would have been a very valuable deal. McKelvey was not connected to every credit card network. However, he was also a tech entrepreneur and he did have one valuable connection. He told Jack Dorsey, then the CEO of Twitter, about his frustration with the financial technology for small merchants. Together, the two of them brainstormed.
That year, Square, a company that Jack Dorsey now leads while running Twitter, released a small white credit card reader. The reader plugs into the earphone socket of a mobile phone and works with an app to charge credit cards and pay merchants. The launch of Square; now public and worth nearly $5.2 billion, is one sign of the degree of innovation affecting fintech.
As smartphones have spread around the world, the ability to turn a small computer capable of transmitting information wirelessly into a mobile, electronic payment tool has meant that Peter Thiel and Max Levchin's vision of a digital wallet is now largely coming true. Almost everyone now has a device capable of making payments without touching cash or plastic. According to one report, 39 percent of mobile users in the US made a payment with their mobile device in 2015. At Due, we expect that ratio to hit 70 percent by the end of 2017.
The Increase of Mobile Payments
A study by Juniper Research concluded that the value of mobile wallet spending worldwide in 2017 will rise by 32 percent to reach $1.35 trillion, driven largely by spending in East Asia, particularly on China's Alipay and the social media/payment platform WeChat. The innovation in mobile payment is primarily happening in three areas. First, that traditional eCommerce payment solution providers haven't been left flatfooted by the rise of mobile devices.
As users shifted to mobile devices, they've made sure that their payment systems are mobile-friendly. It's now just as easy to make a purchase on a mobile phone as it is on a large screen. Similarly, mobile wallets have also come of age.
Platforms like PayPal have created their own apps that let users make payments wherever they might be. If Jim McKelvey had had a PayPal account, his customer could have pulled out her phone, opened the app and sent the money from or through her PayPal account to the glass artist. (Fortunately, it appears she didn't, otherwise McKelvey and Jack Dorsey would have been several billion dollars worse off.) Some of the innovation in mobile fintech has come not from technology or finance firms but from the merchants themselves.
A number of restaurant apps allow customers to place orders by entering their credit card details. Others have gone even further. Starbucks, for example, has taken a more creative approach. The company allows customers to add funds to its app, using their credit card or PayPal, place their order and arrive at the store to find their soy frappucinnos waiting for them. In effect, the company has sped up the payment process. At the same time, payment and purchase data are stored on the customer's device. (Another mobile point of sale services use the merchant's device but do not store the data.)
Using Mobile Payments in the Real World
Around 1,200 Starbucks locations now receive at least 20 percent of their orders through mobile order and payment, a rise that's starting to cause problems at the hand-off. Now, the significant movement in mobile payments is coming from a new piece of technology. The growth of Near Field Communication depended on a change in hardware; NFC devices use a special chip embedded in the instrument to send small amounts of information wirelessly over short distances.
Both Apple and Google use NFC to take payment data stored on a mobile device and transfer funds when the device is waved over a sales point in the merchant's store. Again, all data is stored on the phone and can be quickly blocked if the device is lost or stolen. Samsung has its own unique system for its devices but so far, Apple appears to be enjoying the widest rollout. A payment made by a swipe of an iPhone is now accept by 36 percent of US merchants. Even that swipe, though, may soon become a thing of the past.
Transport for London, the company responsible for managing the London Underground, recently tested its ability to track the location of mobile phones connected to the subway's wifi system. The data could allow the company to better manage congestion but some experts have suggested that it might one day enable to TfL to complement the Oyster card that passengers swipe at the beginning and end of their journeys with an automatic payment system. The transport body could use passengers' phones to measure the distance traveled and charge passengers through their mobile devices. That would be a simpler version of the "Walk Out Technology" that Amazon has promised to pioneer in its Amazon Go bricks and mortar stores.
In those stores, customers will swipe a QI code on a mobile phone app when they enter the store. "Deep vision technology" and "sensor fusion" tracks the items customers choose to buy and when they leave they store. Their mobile device notes their location and charges to their Amazon account anything they've taken with them.
One factor that might affect the development of mobile devices into personal payment platforms is the issue of security. An experiment by Google reveals how at least one company is considering dealing with the problem. Instead of using an NFC chip to take the payment, Google's Hands-Free app uses the company's location services, together with Bluetooth Low Energy and wifi to detect a customer's location. Customers can tell the cashier that they want to pay with Google and can then look into a camera mounted on a large box that looks a little like a Monopoly house. The camera matches the image to the photo used on the Google profile.
Google says that it won't use the purchase data to better target advertising but when used on iOS devices, the system will give Google a way to track the location of customers not using Android.Bluetooth Low Energy devices aren't new. PayPal's Beacon dates back to late 2013 and is a payment-oriented version of a technology intended to allow merchants to send location-based advertising to nearby customers.
Here's an Example
A shopper in a department store, for example, might receive advertisements on their phone from scent manufacturers when they enter the perfume department. PayPal's Beacon sends a regular call from the merchant's point of sale system that looks for compatible devices. Those devices send back identifying information to the POS, including the customer's photograph. When the client reaches the cash desk, the cashier can select the name of the client and charge their PayPal account.The range and variety of the different of methods payment now being tested reveal the extent to which mobile payments are still a platform in flux. From NFC to BLE, software and hardware manufacturers, merchants and fintech companies have a spectrum of different ways to deliver funds through a mobile device. And the base technology changes rapidly too, forcing businesses to adapt their models.
When Square produced its credit card reader, the small device looked like a remarkable piece of hardware and a novel use of the headphone jack. The release of the iPhone 7, which removed the headphone jack, required the company to look for new designs. Although the company still offers the small plug-in device, it also now supplies a contactless chip reader that can both manage Apple Pay transactions and read chip-based credit cards. If wearable technology advances, it's possible that we could see mobile payment devices spread to include fitness bracelets and stand-alone smartwatches. Technologically, there's no reason that mobile payments have to be limited to the most commonly used mobile devices. One of the biggest problems faced by fintech companies experimenting with mobile payments is the current lack of a global standard.
A Technology Standard
A single technology standard, implemented worldwide, would allow fintech companies and merchants to focus their research and experimentation within a narrower field in the same way that video and audio industries chose DVD and MP3 as their standard formats. As the technological advances in mobile devices themselves shorten, and as it becomes clearer which payment methods merchants and customers prefer, the chances of standardization increase. Until then, however, expect to see continued experimentation in methods of making payments with mobile devices instead of with cash or credit cards. And expect to see small merchants like Jim McKelvey wonder which mobile payment methods would suit their business best.


The House of Representatives voted today to pass the Financial CHOICE Act, a piece of legislation that, if enacted, would strip away a number of consumer protections put in place following the devastating collapse of the housing market.
On a largely party-line vote, the CHOICE Act was approved by the House with a vote of 233 to 186. Rep. Walter Jones of North Carolina was the only GOP lawmaker to break ranks to vote against the bill; no Democrats voted for the Act.
The CHOICE Act seeks to repeal many of the banking and investment regulations put in place by the 2010 Dodd-Frank financial reforms, most notably the creation of the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau.
The CFPB was tasked with curbing deceptive and unfair business practices in the banking, lending, and credit industries. It has returned around $12 billion to consumers since its inception, but it's also been a favorite target of financial institutions who claim that the Bureau has too much authority and is not accountable to Congress.
Rep. Jeb Hensarling (TX), who received $1.2 million from the financial services sector and was the second-largest recipient of donations from commercial banks, introduced the CHOICE Act in February, proposing to gut the CFPB in numerous ways.
The bill, if passed, would limit the CFPB's ability to regulate nonbank financial companies like credit reporting agencies, debt collectors, student loan servicers, and auto finance lenders. In just the last few months, the Bureau has sued student loan servicing giant Navient, misleading debt collection firms, and a legal fund accused of scamming 9/11 first responders.
The CHOICE Act would also prevent the CFPB from moving forward with its ongoing plan — as required by the Dodd-Frank laws — to regulate and rein in often-predatory lending products like payday and auto-title loans.
The CFPB is also in the process of issuing new rules intended to limit the use of forced arbitration clauses that strip customers of their right to sue banks, credit cards, and others. The CHOICE Act would grind that process to a halt, effectively guaranteeing that most Americans will never have the opportunity to sue when their bank, for example, spends more than a decade doing nothing to stop employees from opening millions of fraudulent accounts in customers' names.
Not only would the CHOICE Act put the CFPB's funding — which is currently provided outside of the normal appropriations process — under the thumb of Congress, but the Bureau would need to get congressional approval before taking enforcement action against financial institutions.
The CFPB has multiple complaint portals available to the public — for things like credit cards, auto loans, mortgages, and bank accounts — and it attempts to hold these industries accountable by making information about these complaints public. However, the CHOICE Act would hide all of this data behind a wall of anonymity, meaning the public no longer knows which financial companies are repeatedly being called out by their customers.
Thanks to the public nature of these complaints, a recent report found that a large share of debt collection complaints involved military servicemembers. Additionally, the Bureau has taken multiple actions to protect the finances of members of the armed forces, like requiring an Ohio auto lender to return nearly $3 million to servicemembers who were harmed by questionable debt-collection practices.
Inexplicably, the CHOICE Act would also bar the CFPB from conducting education campaigns to inform consumers about their rights in financial dealings like mortgages and student loans.
An amendment tacked on by Rep. Ken Buck (CO) would direct the Government Services Administration to determine if the CFPB should remain in its current office, or if the Bureau would have to sell off its headquarters and move into a more modest office.
In addition to its impact on the CFPB, the CHOICE Act would gut other regulations intended to protect Americans and require transparency from the financial sector.
The Act would repeal the Volcker Rule, a portion of the Dodd-Frank reforms that restricts banks' ability to make speculative deals that don't benefit their customers.
The so-called Fiduciary Rule, which aims to stop investment advisors from pushing customers into products that primarily benefit the advisor, would also be repealed by the CHOICE Act. The Trump administration recently allowed the Fiduciary Rule to move forward, but indicated that it may not actually enforce it.
The CHOICE Act now heads to the Senate, where it's not expected to garner the 60 votes needed to make its way to the President. Senate Republicans are reportedly working on their own, less-sweeping financial reforms.
Consumer advocates were displeased by today's vote.
Even though GOP lawmakers repeatedly claimed that big banks were against the CHOICE Act, today's vote has been praised by the American Bankers Association, which lobbies on behalf of banks large and small.
What the ABA forgets to mention is that, it contributed more than $2.3 million to federal candidates in the last election cycle, including $462,000 just to members of the House Financial Services Committee, which introduced this bill in the first place.


The Outer Banks of North Carolina will soon add a family-centric trampoline park to the expansive list of activities locals and tourist can enjoy.
Jumpmasters Trampoline Park, located in Manteo, North Carolina, will celebrate the opening of their trampoline park on June 23rd with a grand opening celebration. According to the park owner, Brent Johnson, Jumpmasters will be the first trampoline park in the Outer Banks area.
After speaking with industry experts and researching the trampoline park industry Brent decided a visit to a trampoline park with his three children was required. The positive experience he had at the entertainment center coupled with the excitement on his kid's faces when they entered the park convinced Brent that the Outer Bank's needed a trampoline entertainment center.
Jumpmasters Trampoline Park is located at 728 US Highway 64 in Manteo, North Carolina. They will be announcing special promotions and events on their social media pages and encourage park goers to complete the online waiver required to enjoy the park in advance.


text:
Henri Queffélec (n. 29 ianuarie 1910, Brest, Franța – d. 12 ianuarie 1992, Paris, Franța) a fost un scriitor și scenarist francez. Queffélec este considerat a fi cel mai mare romancier maritim de limba franceză al secolului al XX-lea, fiind autorul a mai mult de 80 de cărți, cele mai multe inspirate de Bretania natală și de mare.

Biografie
A studiat la școala Louis-le-Grand (Rue Saint-Jacques, Paris), apoi la École normale supérieure (Rue d'Ulm, Paris).

A primit Marele Premiu pentru Romanul acordat de Academia Franceză în 1958 pentru Un royaume sous la mer. A primit Marele Premiu pentru Literatură acordat de Academia Franceză în 1975  pentru întreaga sa carieră.  A fost decorat cu Ordre de l'Hermine în 1988.

Este tatăl scriitorului  Yann Queffélec, al pianistei Anne Queffélec și al profesorului de matematica la Universitatea din Lille Hervé Queffélec.

Lucrări

Traduceri în limba română

 Furtună la Douarnenez (Tempête sur Douarnenez), Editura Univers, 1982
 La Boudeuse sau ocolul lumii făcut de Bougainville (La Boudeuse, ou le tour du monde de Bougainville), Editura Eminescu, Colecția Clepsidra, București 1990. Traducător: Elsa Grozea și Lucian Dumitrescu (versurile)
O lumină se aprinde pe mare (Un feu s'allume sur la mer), Editura Eminescu
Marea plecare, Editura Eminescu, Colecția Clepsidra, București

Scenarii
 1950 : Dieu a besoin des hommes (Un recteur de l'Île de Sein) regizat de Jean Delannoy
 1968 : Provinces (emisiunea Trois jours à terre de Henri Queffélec), regizat de Robert Mazoyer
 1972 : François Malgorn, séminariste ou celui qui n'était pas appelé regizat de Yves-André Hubert

Referințe și note

Legături externe
http://www.imdb.com/name/nm0703108/
 Henri Queffélec et les îles bretonnes
 Henri Queffélec

Vezi și
 Listă de scriitori francezi
 Listă de scenariști francezi

Nașteri în 1910
Decese în 1992
Scriitori francezi
Scenariști francezi
Literatură maritimă

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


Unearth the unexpected... Nestled in the foothills of the eastern Barossa ranges, Rusden is a family owned and operated producer. Experience handcrafted wines sourced from the vineyards surrounding the on site Winery and Cellar Door. Rusden is a "vigneron" in the true sense of the word. We grow the grapes, make and bottle the wine and sell the wine ourselves to our many and varied restaurant friends and loyal mail order customers all over Australia.
We believe that we are custodians of the land. Our job is to care for it as best we can and pass it down from one generation to the next. We also pass down the traditions that were taught to us by our forebears. We tend the vineyard by hand, and more recently as our winery has grown, we adhere to traditional methods in the cellar. Our focus is on traditional Barossa varieties and blends, however we are not afraid to give different varieties a go as Australia's wine industry is still in its infancy. We are caretakers of the land, shepherding our vines through the seasons and the wine they produce through our cellar.


text:
Q: How to connect to sqlite3 database using python I am a complete noob when it comes to staging connections using python. How I understand it is, python already comes pre-packaged with sqlite3. I am using python 3.8.5.
Here is my attempt
connection = sqlite3.connect("\python\Lib\sqlite3")

It returns error
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
sqlite3.OperationalError: unable to open database file

A: I got it now. So I just need to supply a filename where the database objects are stored.
I was incorrectly thinking that I would need to supply the folder location to the database.
connection = sqlite3.connect('test.db')

which stores the database objects in the test.db file within the python folder.

A: You don't connect to the package, you connect to a database file.
import sqlite3

con = sqlite3.connect('path/to/database.db')

Full info here.


Editor's note: This guide was updated in September of 2016 to supply the most up to date resources. Install Google +1 button on your internet site and encourage your customers to click on +1. Search engine optimization firms would like to have you believe PPC is the attempted and accurate strategy for driving organic visitors to your site and improves search engine rankings.
This is accomplished by evaluating the best important words for the niche of the website and filling the web site with those certain words. Your interview shall boost the overall performance of your web site as nicely as it shall also improve the brand worth of your business.
Your site also got its 15 minutes of fame" when a lot of folks shared it with their social networks. If you are on a budget, there are other totally free advertising options along with Search engine marketing that you can do. Introduces wpseo_manage_choices capability to control which users have access to all Search engine optimisation settings.
The sitemap of your redesigned web site must be submitted to search engines, which will aid search engines index the new web site more swiftly. Writing PHP codes for designing a special web site took significantly less time compared to any other server-side scripting languages.
The on-web page Seo and off-page Search engine optimization is basically the identical, and Search engine optimization for mobile phones has to do far more with design modifications. An additional wonderful tool our business integrates into its Seo plans is CompanyTrackerFX.


text:
Q: launching a visio diagram in Sharepoint so that links to other visio diagrams open in the same tab overwrite fprevious diagram I have created a document library in Sharepoint of visio business process flow maps with relationships/hyperlinks to other visio diagrams in the library.
when I click on the activity box to launch a associated diagram, it opens in a new tab.
I want it to overwrite the document, in the same tab, how can that be done?


text:
Q: robotframenwork: installed pip install robotframework-jsonlibrary from cmd but still get failed: ModuleNotFoundError: No module named 'JSONLibrary' done installing JSON in cmd using:
pip install robotframework-jsonlibrary
but when I run my code its JSON library error still persist:
Importing library 'JSONLibrary' failed: ModuleNotFoundError: No module named 'JSONLibrary'
code:
*** Settings ***
Library    JSONLibrary
Library    RequestsLibrary
Library    Collections

*** Variables ***
${base_URL}=     https://thetestingworld.com/

*** Test Cases ***
TC02_POST_request create new data
    create session  addData      ${base_URL}    verify=True
    ${body}=    create dictionary       first_name=A middle_name=B last_name=C date_of_birth=12/12/1990
    ${header}=    create dictionary     Content-Type=application/json

    ${response}=    POST On Session    addData  /api/studentsDetails    data=${body}    headers=${header}
    log to console    ${response.status_code}
    log to console    ${response.content}

*** Keywords ***

A: This kind of problem, usually, is related with different Python installations.
Maybe you should also try to reinstall the library.
Try to use:
python -m pip install robotframework-jsonlibrary

I tested your example on Windows 10, Python 3.9.9, Robot Framework 5.0b1.


SAINT-PAUL-EN-CHABLAIS Located in a park of 2300 sq. m with pool, this contemporary villa of 200 sq. m offers a beautiful reception of 70 sq. m overlooking on the terrace and pool, with kitchen and design fireplace. The groundfloor disposed a master suite with dressing room and bathroom. The first floor consists of 2 bedrooms with cupboard and shower room and 2 reception rooms. A basement completes this property with 1 gym, 1 office, 1 workshop and a double garage.


Usually, when the word "automation" is used, we think of a calculating machine, working away with no personalization or creativity. Maybe that machine is not as bad as the Terminator, but we don't exactly get a "warm and fuzzy" feeling about it either. Ironically, automated email marketing may actually increase your business's ability to be creative and personal. With tools such as Predictive's Adaptive Mailer your team will be able to add personal touches to your campaigns by continuously collecting data about your lead's specific interests and personality. With this information, your business can provide exclusive offers and personalized content, forming a deeper connection with your lead. This is just one of the benefits!
So, "Where do I sign up?" Right? Well, like everything else in life, successful email marketing automation requires some effort. It will work for your business with the right amount of work, research, and careful planning. After all, marketing automation does not mean that leads are generated out of nowhere. Your marketing team must still find creative ways to generate leads, but email marketing tools will definitely help your team manage and nurture those leads while they mature, utilizing very specific features.
For instance, you can track leads generated through your website (web-to-lead data) and download their contact information directly into your Customer Relationship Management (CRM) database. You can automate email newsletter campaigns to be distributed on a regular schedule. You can perform A/B testing to determine the most compelling subject lines before sending out mass emails. You can even instruct your CRM to automatically sort leads into specific campaigns, based on pre-determined criteria.
These tools are also designed to provide high ROI, which is beneficial to your bottom-line. At Predictive Response we price our products to be affordable for small businesses. We also offer discounts to NGOs. There are options for nearly every budget.
Finally, this technology is surprisingly easy to use. There are options that may be employed by users with almost no technical skills, as well as many options available for more advanced users. For instance, a small business owner may choose to use a pre-built email template and send a one-click campaign without much tracking or customization. On the other hand, if he knows CSS and Html, he can build an email template from scratch and add all kinds of features to promote better lead engagement.
Contact us today to discuss how we can go to work for you!
"Predictive Response" was established in October 2006 with the vision of creating a superior email campaign platform, integrated exclusively with Salesforce.com. Our easy-to-use, affordable technology will ensure your Marketing Success from your very first campaign.