text:
Q: api decorator undefined when using in js I am passing the productConfigId to apex and getting result as expected and also I am using this id in HTML and it is working expected but when I use it in goToSubjectCount it results undefined instead of the ID, please suggest.
export default class APTPS_Configure_Visit_Schedule_LWC extends NavigationMixin(LightningElement) {

    @api productConfigId;
    @api configRequestId;

    @track imageUrl = apptusLogo;
    @track proposalData;
    @track goToSubjectCount='/apex/APTPS_Configure_Subject_Counts?id=' + this.productConfigId + '&configRequestId=' + this.configRequestId + '';
    @track goToMapSupplyQuantity = '/apex/APTPS_Configure_Subject_Counts?id=' + this.productConfigId + '&configRequestId=' + this.configRequestId + '';

    @wire(proposalDetails, { productConfigId: '$productConfigId' })
    proposalDetail({data}) {
        if (data) {
            this.proposalData = data;
        }
    }
}

A: I assume the productConfigId value is set by a parent of your component. So the problem is that when you instantiate your goToSubjectCount variable, the productConfigId value is not arealdy set by its parent.
For your case, the only solution I see would be to overwrite the setter of the productConfigId variable. By overwriting the setter, you could set the new value of your goToSujbectCount variable every time the value is changed. The same applies to the configRequestId variable. Here's the code to implement this solution:
@track goToSubjectCount;

_productConfigId;
_configRequestId;

@api
get productConfigId(){
    return this._productConfigId;
}
set productConfigId(value){
    this._productConfigId = value;
    setGoToSubjectCount();
}

@api
get configRequestId(){
    return this._configRequestId;
}
set configRequestId(value){
    this._configRequestId = value;
    this.setGoToSubjectCount();
}

setGoToSubjectCount(){
    this.goToSubjectCount ='/apex/APTPS_Configure_Subject_Counts?id=' + this._productConfigId + '&configRequestId=' + this._configRequestId + '';
}


VP Server is a server application which included the Teamwork Server, Floating License Server and Update Server. To protect you from losing your valuable works, it is recommended to backup the server from time-to-time. This article will show you how to get it done by using the built-in backup script.
Shutdown the running VP Server. If you have installed the server as system service, you can then stop the service of your running server. For Microsoft Windows you can go to Control Panel > Administrative Tool > Service, then locate the VP Server service to stop it. Note that you may need administrator permission on your Window in order to access to the Window system service.
Open Command Prompt (or Terminal for other platforms) and navigate to the scripts folder of the VP Server (using CD command).
Execute the backup script. You may optionally specify the -output parameter to specify the location for outputting the backup file.
Once the process completes the backup will be generated to location you specified. If no output location was specified then it will generated next to the backup script.
Now you can restart the server and resume the service. If your server is installed as system service you can then launch it by locate the VP Server service under Control Panel > Administrative Tools > Service. Again, you may need to have administrator permission for access the Windows system service.
Copy the VPServerExport folder to VPServer/webserver/webapps/ROOT/WEB-INF folder of the new VP Server.
Open the Command Prompt and execute the startup script inside the scripts folder of VP Server.
Open the browser and connect to your server. You should be prompted the server found the backup package. Press Next button to proceed.
Backup package is being detected.
You may take this chance to change the database of your server. Otherwise simply press Next button to go through the entire procedure.
Install new VP Server wtih your backup package.
Once the setup is done you can then login to your server for a review, and you should see all the settings and data a preserved.
All the data and setting are restored to the new server.
Server backup is supported starting from version 10.2.
Specify output location for generate backup supported starting from version 14.0 build 20170101. Server upgraded from older version will require to replace the backup script. Please contact Visual Paradigm Support Team for the latest backup script.


text:
SŽD-Baureihe С steht für folgende Loks:
 ehemalige Russische Baureihe С, Dampflokomotiven
 SŽD-Baureihe Су, Dampflokomotiven
 SŽD-Baureihe Св, Dampflokomotiven
 SŽD-Baureihe С (1932), Elektrolokomotiven
 SŽD-Baureihe С (1929), Elektrotriebwagen

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
All posts tagged "digest"
From Around The Web… Baby Boomer Lifestyle News Boomers' Secrets of a Successful Retirement By U.S. News and World Report It's been four years since the oldest members of the baby boomer generation turned 65, and according...
Baby Boomer Entertainment News Digest
From Around The Web… Baby Boomer Entertainment News Behind the Scenes of "The Boomer List" with Filmmaker Timothy Greenfield-Sanders By Marisa Wong for MetroFocus The Civil Rights Movement, the Vietnam War, the HIV/AIDS epidemic – the baby boomers have...
From Around The Web… Baby Boomer Technology News Holiday Gift Guide: What to Buy a Boomer By Walt Mossberg fo re/code There's a wide range of tech savvy among this group. Some eagerly acquire every gadget and app....
Baby Boomer Finance News Digest
From Around The Web… Baby Boomer Finance News 3 mistakes that can derail older entrepreneurs By Sharon Epperson for CNBC Research from the Kaufmann Foundation shows those who are 55 or older have the highest rate of entrepreneurship in...
Baby Boomer Health News Digest
From Around The Web… Baby Boomer Health News How to Prevent Fractures if You Have Osteoporosis From WebMD View this slide show with 10 tips on how to live better and stronger with osteoporosis. MORE Brain Health...

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
2021 Airport Toyota Women's Premier Division Team Of The Year
Sunday, September 19th, 2021 at 6:27pm
Full 24 Revealed
Every team has been recognised with representation in this year's Airport Toyota Women's Premier Division Team of the Year.
With 15 players selected from the teams in the top four, the bottom half of the ladder was well-represented with nine players making the final team from the lower-placed sides.
Ladder leaders Keilor had four players selected with young star Kaitlyn O'Keefe named as captain in the middle of the park for the team.
Teammate and leading comp goal kicker Olivia Manfre lines up at full forward with Megan Neill in the ruck and Leah Spargo named in the back pocket.
Alongside Manfre in attack are dangerous forwards Emily Paterno from Hillside, Westmeadows's Courteney Munn and Oak Park's Isha Atik.
Gabrielle Mahoney and Chloe Portelli make up the half forward flanks.
Rachael Jackson lines up at centre half back, the same position in which she was named in 2019, while Roselyn Buje takes her spot at full back.
Buje's Lions teammate Alex Kilty fills the back pocket opposite to Spargo.
Kylie Kennedy and Mikayla Barnes round out the back six on the two flanks.
Out wide, Ella Nickolaus and Gloria Elamaly take the two wing positions, while consistent seasons from Gemma Wright and Hannah Ibrahim see the Premier Division stars in the Rolls Royce midfield positions of ruck rover and rover.
Making up the bench is Burnside Heights duo Ebony Stevens and Sina Mason, three-time Team of the Year recipient Siobhan Carlton, and first timers Andrea Gobbo, Shanel Camilleri and Olivia Storer.
Maribyrnong Park's Charlie Fenech was nominated as Coach of the Year by his peers.
SELECTION PROCESS & CRITERIA
All EDFL Teams of the Year are compiled based solely on the input of each club's senior coach.
The 2021 Airport Toyota Women's Premier Division Team of the Year was to recognise the best players of the 2021 home-and-away season.
Other factors such as reputation or form in previous seasons were not to be taken into account.
The Coach and Captain of the Year were also determined based on the feedback provided by the senior coaches.


text:
Read both the statements given below and answer the question. Q : Which train did Harish catch to go to office ? Statements : A. Harish missed his usual train of 4.15 p.m. A train comes in every 15 minutes. B. Harish did not catch the 4.45 p.m. train or any train after that time.
A) If statement B alone is sufficient but statement A alone is not sufficient.
B) If statement A alone is sufficient but statement B alone is not sufficient.
C) If both statement together are sufficient, but neither statement alone is sufficient.
D) If statement A and B together are not sufficient.
Option – D.
Which technology is used in compact disc or disks?
Fifth generation computer is also known as
Which of the following is the original purpose of SQL?
How many such digits are there in the number 7346285 which are as far away from the beginning of the number, as they will be when arranged in ascending order within the number?
Two trains are moving in opposite directions at 60 km/hr and 90 km/hr. Their lengths are 1.10 km and 0.9 km respectively. The time taken by the slower train to cross the faster train in seconds is ?
You toss a coin AND roll a die. What is the probability of getting a tail and a 4 on the die?
Why are yeast cells frequently used as hosts for cloning?
How many minutes does a watch lose per day, if its hands coincide every 64 minutes ?
To eliminate definition duplication, XML Schemas define:
Choose the correct alternative that will continue the same pattern and replace 'x' in series 5,15,17,85,89,623,x
An ordinance issued by the President has the same force and effect as an Act of Parliament
The number of Union Territories in India is______


text:
The St. Regis Florence
Piazza Ognissanti, 1 - 50123 Firenze - Florence see map - Contact
Located in the center of Florence, along the Arno River, it is surrounded by the main museums, art galleries and boutiques. the suggestive The St. Regis Florence has been a favorite destination for experienced travelers since the 18th century.
The St. Regis Florence History
It is housed in the Palazzo Giuntini, a nineteenth-century building located in Piazza Ognissanti; once in this place there was a palace belonging to the Giuntini family. Vasari then gives us the testimony according to which the palace would be the work of Filippo Brunelleschi. In the second half of the nineteenth century the building was rebuilt with the aim of becoming a hotel hosting illustrious personalities such as Queen Victoria or the Maharajah Chuttraputti of Kolhapur, who died at a young age in 1870 to whom the monument in the park of the farmsteads. In the hotel died the young Californian student Leland Stanford March 13, 1884, in memory of which the parents founded the University that bears his name. Remembering the fact is on the side of the Lungarno a memory here placed in 1907 by university graduates.
In 1897 the hotel passed under the guidance of Gérard Kraft who undertook improvements and expansions (the fourth floor dates back to this period) and changed its name to the Grand Hotel. Finally, in 1957 the hotel was bought by the Cigahotel and underwent extensive restoration work between 1974 and 1986. Today the hotel has five stars and belongs to an international chain: since May 2011 it has taken the name of The St Regis Florence.
In keeping with the rich artistic heritage of Florence, the 81 spacious rooms and 19 suites are an example of discreet opulence and refined elegance, admiring the myriad of Florentine historical images. Inside the palace we find the winter garden with a portico on two sides and the gallery, covered by an iron skylight and stained glass in Art Deco, the Venetian mosaic floor; the Salone delle feste with its stucco decorations is inspired by the Sala Bianca of Palazzo Pitti.
An exceptional destination for lovers of gastronomy, with the Winter Garden restaurant by Caino, awarded with 1 Michelin star, where you can enjoy light lunches and exclusive gourmet dinners in an elegant dining room.
The St. Regis Florence offers the perfect setting for the most important meetings and the most exclusive events. Whether it is prestigious and elegant gala dinners or discreet business meetings, the 9 meeting rooms welcome guests in an environment full of details and precious decorations, making each event truly unique and unforgettable.
Italy, Florence
Brunelleschi Filippo
Hannover Vittoria
Book online with Booking.com
Piazza Ognissanti, 1 - 50123 Firenze
www.stregisflorence.com
The St. Regis Florence Where
Officina Profumo Farmaceutica Antica Spezieria di Santa Maria Novella
Circolo Dell'Unione di Firenze
Paszkowski
Biblioteca Medicea Laurenziana
Profumeria Farmacia Inglese
Palazzo Tolomei
Palazzo Niccolini al Duomo (1 km)
Farmacia SS. Annunziata (1 km)
Teatro Della Pergola (1 km)


From what I've been reading on the web using google translate and from Mydramalist, CFY has taken a leave from school for EN. He has been studying on the set too. After shooting, he had been waiting for Season 2, but when the schedule finally came out, he knew that he couldnt make it because it gonna took 6 months , while he had to go back to school and prepared for university. So he took another drama instead, which schedule matched his. I heard that the shooting for that one will finish on December.
Please cmiiw. Yes, I think we dont know exactly what is behind the scene. So better to think positive about both parties, I think?
Just found new clips from ep 35&36, NQ finally met Book Addict MSS.
Do you happen to know what wuxia drama that CFY shoot currently? I hope it will another great wuxia drama, with great screenplay and natural fighting scene just like 将夜. Since he chose it over 将夜S2, and unmatching schedule.
I will too enjoy this novel and season 1 将夜 and his next drama. Ups should we discuss this in CFY thread, sorry everybody .
@pangja can I use your poster NangSang, to be my profile pic? Thank u.
It's from a novel of King's Avatar author, but I heard that it's not a hit novel. I personally wont expect this to be as awesome as EN. I heard that he didnt want to be idle while waiting to return back to school, so he took this.
Ever Night is a collective work by everyone involved, the directors, actors, and all the crew, so if I want to be fair, everyone is important and contributed to the shows success.
But with time, I really like CFY's interpretation as NQ. He plays NQ really well, so while there is still room for improvement, I am satisfied and happy with this NQ. He is so endearing to watch.
As far as i know of, Ever Night did very well, it even won an award few days ago. So news of CFY not playing NQ again definitely is something that is a surprise for me.
Regardless about what really happen, I guess the only thing I can do right now is focus on Ever Night Season 1.
Overall this is still a good production, and I'm looking forward to watch this Season to the end.
This is a picture of the last shooting of EN Season 1.
I'm sure that the second season will still have a good production value.. but I don't think I can watch another Ning Que and Sang Sang. So I might not watch Season 2. All I can say is best of luck to everyone involved.
Episode 28 really gives me the vibes of Games of Thrones!
You guys will get it when you watch the scene.
The common quote they used in Ever Night "永夜将近" = GOT "Winter is coming"
I thought it was yours too.
Wasn't it the same one that posted on NingSang forum?
Yes I translated the clip on nov 21.... just a diff clip not this long one a lil shorter without all the add on scenes from their filming and all those are translated by me unless this uploader is @pangia ?
No worries guys . silverpaj5 is pangia. I've known her work since AOL.
@angelangie again, thanks for translating it. Hehehehhe..... its so adorable!
I love the fact that hes still focusing on school and uni even though he could basically skip that .
Ill watch season 2 as long as they get good replacement actors and the quality holds up we will have to wait and see.
NQ: Sang Sang, I got to go on a long distance trip.
NQ: Further than Wei city.
NQ: I can't tell you.
SS: It must be the Old Book Academy sending you to carry out an important mission. Or maybe it's the Tang Emperor who wants you to carry out a secret operation.
NQ: How did you know?
SS: Then we got to bring some thick clothes.
NQ: How do you know that I will go to an extremely cold place.
SS: We also got to take the preserved meat I made today.
NQ: How did you know that as well?
NQ: Sang Sang, this time I'm the only one going.
SS: Young master, you usually take me with you when you go out.
NQ: Sang Sang, I don't want to either, but the Old Brush house is our home when I'm not here, you need to watch the house. OK, quickly cook some food, young master is dying of hunger.
SS: Young master, the Princess sent an invitation for us to go to the palace to have dinner. This time you must go.
NQ: Looks like she also knows.
Blindfolded Sang Sang plays hide and seek.
SS: Little Man, you must have hidden. Little Man.
Princes: What are you guys doing here, NQ.
NQ: We are hugging, long time no see.
Third Prince: Princess sister, he's bullying me.
NQ: This sort of thing will not happen a second time, best that it does not happen again. Goodbye.
Little Man: Mother, just now I saw Uncle trying to kiss Sang Sang.
NQ: She's unlucky to have such a brother.
NQ: So what if he's a prince, he's just a good-for-nothing loser.
NQ was like a husband asking permission to leave from his wife.
And I also love this part.
I feel bittersweet because I support his decision to go back to school, but I really want to see him in Season 2 . I really hope that he can make it at least in Season 3.
I wanted to accept that he is going to be only in S1, but after I watched the newest episodes last night, it's really hard . He is really likeable as NQ. It's like Daniel Radcliff as Harry Potter and Emma Watson as Hermione.


text:
Saint-Bonnet-de-Rochefort  es una población y comuna francesa, situada en la región de Auvernia, departamento de Allier, en el distrito de Vichy y cantón de Gannat.

Demografía

Referencias

Enlaces externos

 INSEE

Saint Bonnet Rochefort


Nobody doubts that 'bring your own device' on board aircraft is a movement that is here to stay (until perhaps we enter a Minority Report-type era). But if you think BYOD has stopped airlines from distributing tablets to passengers for inflight entertainment, think again.
Bluebox Avionics, one of the leading providers of portable IFE to airlines, has deployed over 14,000 devices in the market, and shows no sign of slowing down. One of the reasons why the company continues to thrive is that Hollywood disallows the streaming of early window movie content to passengers' own devices, which limits the selection available via wireless IFE alone. This constraint has created an opportunity for Bluebox to offer a hybrid IFE solution, whereby it wirelessly streams content to airline-provided tablets.
"There is a real interest at this particular point in time to complement an airline's wireless IFE solution by providing devices that have the ability to show early window content", says John Howe, managing director at content distribution specialist Dawson Media Direct, which runs Bluebox as a joint venture with aviation IT provider AviT. The firm's device of choice is the iPad because Android devices "are more open".
Five out of six studios are okay with streaming content to airline-provided portables, according to Howe. "You don't have to store content on the devices, so it gives you a lot of capacity for the early window." But will the studios ever relent and allow streaming to passengers' own devices? "Never say never about early window, but I don't see it in the near future," says Howe.
Though wireless IFE provider Lufthansa Systems recently unveiled a semi-embedded IFE solution that represents a hybrid of wireless IFE and portable IFE integrated into a Recaro seat, Bluebox doesn't envisage going down the same road. "Our view is the devices we provide will remain portable; that's not to say there won't be developments, but at this point in time our real [focus] is on hybrid offerings," says Howe.
It's clear that Bluebox won't be boxed into a single model for IFE. "We can stream to airline-provided portables, but there's also streaming to passengers' own devices (without early window content) and also providing just portables," says Howe. Offering multiple solutions across classes is plausible as well. In a two-cabin environment, for instance, airlines could distributed a set of pre-loaded devices for the business class cabin, but then simply stream to passengers' own devices in business and economy.
"The whole basis of Bluebox – a JV between a CSP and software developer – is that we are keen to focus on providing interesting, useful, reliable, cost effective solutions, and we're very keen that the hybrid solution be precisely that." Meanwhile, though Bluebox hasn't partnered with an inflight connectivity provider, it continues to talk to various stakeholders about possibilities.
Bluebox demonstrates its hybrid schematic in the video below.
RGN Premium: Another GOGO win?


text:
Eskişehir Osmangazi Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Dergisi
Adalet Algısı ile İntikam Arzusu ve İhanet İlişkisinin İncelenmesi
Yıl 2022, Cilt 17, Sayı 3, 637 - 663, 01.12.2022
Oğuz Han AYKUT Aysel ERCİŞ
https://doi.org/10.17153/oguiibf.1090993
Firmaların ürün ya da hizmet sunumunda problem yaşayan müşteriler karşılaştıkları sorunlar nedeniyle çeşitli olumsuzluk algısına sahip olurlar. Bu durum karşısında müşteriler adaletsizlik algılayarak aldatıldıklarını düşünürler. Bu durum onların firmalara karşı intikam arzuları beslemesine ve hatta onlara zarar vererek durumu eşitleme düşüncesiyle intikam davranışı sergilemesine neden olmaktadır. Bu araştırmada, adalet türlerinin algılanan ihanet üzerindeki etkileri incelenerek hem intikam arzusu hisseden müşterilerin nasıl davrandıkları ortaya konulmaya hem de müşterilerin ne tür intikam davranışları sergiledikleri belirlenmeye çalışılmıştır. Satın almış oldukları ürün ya da hizmetle ilgili olarak maddi veya manevi bir problem yaşayan ve bu problemle alakalı tüketici hakem heyetine ya da ilgili firmalara şikâyetlerini doğrudan ileten 18 yaş ve üzeri müşteriler araştırmanın örneklemini oluşturmaktadır. Verilerin analizinde tanımlayıcı istatistikler, güvenilirlik analizi, doğrulayıcı faktör analizi ve YEM analizi kullanılmıştır. Yapılan analizler sonucunda prosedürel ve etkileşimsel adaletin algılanan ihanet üzerinde, algılanan ihanetin intikam arzusu üzerinde ve intikam arzusunun da müşteri intikam davranışı üzerinde etkili olduğu tespit edilmiştir.
Adalet Teorisi, Algılanan İhanet, İntikam Arzusu, Müşteri İntikam Davranışı
Adams, J. S. (1965), "Inequity in Social Exchange", In Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, Vol. 2: 267-299.
Aquino, K., Tripp, T. M., & Bies, R. J. (2001), "How Employees Respond to Personal Offense: The Effects of Blame Attribution, Victim Status, and Offender Status on Revenge and Reconciliation in The Workplace", The Journal of Applied Psychology, Vol. 86, No. 1: 52–59.
Averill, J. R. (1983), "Studies on Anger and Aggression: Implications for Theories of Emotion", American Psychologist, Vol. 38, No. 11: 1145–1160.
Bechwati, N. N., & Morrin, M. (2003), "Outraged Consumers: Getting Even at The Expense of Getting a Good Deal", Journal of Consumer Psychology, Vol. 13, No. 4: 440-453.
Bies, R. J., & Shapiro, D. L. (1987), "Interactional Fairness Judgments: The Influence of Causal Accounts", Social Justice Research, Vol. 1, No. 2: 199-218.
Bies, R. J., & Tripp, T. M. (1996), "Beyond Distrust: 'Getting Even' and The Need for Revenge", Trust in Organizations: Frontiers of Theory and Research, (Eds. In R. Kramer & T. Tyler), Sage Publications: 246-260.
Brashear, T. G., Brooks, C. M., & Boles, J. S. (2004), "Distributive and Procedural Justice in a Sales Force Context: Scale Development and Validation", Journal of Business Research, Vol. 57, No. 1: 86-93.
Caldwell, C., Davis, B., & Devine, J. A. (2009), "Trust, Faith, and Betrayal: Insights from Management for the Wise Believer", Journal of Business Ethics, Vol. 84, No. 1: 103-114.
Carlsmith, K. M., & Darley, J. M. (2008), "Psychological Aspects of Retributive Justice", Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, Vol. 40: 193-236.
Chebat, J. C., & Slusarczyk, W. (2005), "How Emotions Mediate The Effects of Perceived Justice on Loyalty in Service Recovery Situations: An Empirical Study", Journal of Business Research, Vol. 58 No. 5, 664-673.
Cheng, S., Lam, T., & Hsu, C. H. C. (2006), "Negative Word-of-Mouth Communication Intention: An Application of the Theory of Planned Behavior", Journal of Hospitality & Tourism Research, Vol. 30, No. 1: 95-116.
Collier, J. E., & Bienstock, C. C. (2006), "Measuring Service Quality in E-Retailing", Journal of Service Research, Vol. 8, No. 3: 260-275.
Darley, J. M., & Pittman, T. S. (2003), "The Psychology of Compensatory and Retributive Justice", Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, Vol. 7, No. 4: 324-336.
Ding, M. C., Ho, C. W., & Lii, Y. S. (2015), "Is Corporate Reputation a Double-Edged Sword? Relative Effects of Perceived Justice in Airline Service Recovery", International Journal of Economics and Business Research, Vol. 10, No. 1: 1-17.
Elangovan, A. R., & Shapiro, D. L. (1998), "Betrayal of Trust in Organizations". Academy of Management Review, Vol. 23, No. 3: 547-566.
Ennew, C., & Schoefer, K. (2003), "Service Failure and Service Recovery in Tourism: A Review", Nottingham: Christel DeHaan Tourism and Travel Research Institute, Nottingham University Business School, Vol. 6: 1-15.
FeldmanHall, O., Sokol-Hessner, P., Van Bavel, J. J., & Phelps, E. A. (2014), "Fairness Violations Elicit Greater Punishment on Behalf of Another than for Oneself", Nature Communications, Vol. 5, No. 1: 1-6.
Funches, V., Markley, M., & Davis, L. (2009), "Reprisal, Retribution and Requital: Investigating Customer Retaliation", Journal of Business Research, Vol. 62, No. 2: 231-238.
Gollwitzer, M. (2009), "Justice and Revenge", Social Psychology of Punishment of Crime, (Eds. M. E. Oswald, S. Bieneck, & J. Hupfeld-Heinemann), Wiley: New Jersey: 137-156.
Goodwin, C., & Ross, I. (1990), "Consumer Evaluations of Responses to Complaints: What′ s Fair and Why", Journal of Consumer Marketing, Vol. 7, No. 2: 39-47.
Grégoire, Y., & Fisher, R. J. (2006), "The Effects of Relationship Quality on Customer Retaliation", Marketing Letters, Vol. 17, No. 1: 31–46.
Grégoire, Y., & Fisher, R. J. (2008), "Customer Betrayal and Retaliation: When Your Best Customers Become Your Worst Enemies", Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, Vol. 36, No. 2: 247-261.
Grégoire, Y., Tripp, T. M., & Legoux, R. (2009), "When Customer Love Turns into Lasting Hate: The Effects of Relationship Strength and Time on Customer Revenge and Avoidance", Journal of Marketing, Vol. 73, No. 6: 18-32.
Grégoire, Y., Laufer, D., & Tripp, T. M. (2010), "A Comprehensive Model of Customer Direct and Indirect Revenge: Understanding the Effects of Perceived Greed and Customer Power", Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, Vol. 38, No. 6: 738-758.
Gunawan, D. N. (2018), "Analysis of the Effect of Distributive, Procedural, Interactional Fairness towards Demands for Reparation and Retaliatory Behavior through Perceived Betrayal, Moderated by Relationship Quality to the Customer of Indi home in Surabaya", Universitas Pelita Harapan, Doktora Tezi, Surabaya, Indonesia.
Hai-Ming, C., Li-Chi, L., Tao-Sheng, C., & Chen-Ling, F. (2019), "The Effects of Social Responsibility and Hypocrisy on the Relationship among Psychological Contract Violation, Trust and Perceived Betrayal", International Journal of Conflict Management, Vol. 31, No. 2: 241-261.
Homburg, C., Fürst, A., & Koschate, N. (2010), "On the Importance of Complaint Handling Design: A Multi-Level Analysis of the Impact in Specific Complaint Situations", Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, Vol. 38, No. 3: 265-287.
Huefner, J., & Hunt, H. K. (2000), "Consumer Retaliation as a Response to Dissatisfaction", Journal of Consumer Satisfaction, Dissatisfaction & Complaining Behavior, Vol. 13, No. 1: 61-82.
Ivaturi, K., & Bhagwatwar, A. (2020), "Mapping Sentiments to Themes of Customer Reactions on Social Media during a Security Hack: A Justice Theory Perspective", Information & Management, Vol. 57, No. 4: 1-13.
Jung, N. Y., & Seock, Y. K. (2017), "Effect of Service Recovery on Customers' Perceived Justice, Satisfaction, and Word-of-Mouth Intentions on Online Shopping Websites", Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services, Vol. 37: 23-30.
Kim, J., & Park, T. (2020), "How Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) Saves A Company: The Role of Gratitude in Buffering Vindictive Consumer Behavior from Product Failures", Journal of Business Research, Vol. 117: 461-472.
Koehler, J. J., & Gershoff, A. D. (2003), "Betrayal Aversion: When Agents of Protection Become Agents of Harm", Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, Vol. 90, No. 2: 244-261.
Kuo, Y. F., & Wu, C. M. (2012), "Satisfaction and Post-Purchase Intentions with Service Recovery of Online Shopping Websites: Perspectives on Perceived Justice and Emotions", International Journal of Information Management, Vol. 32, No. 2: 127-138.
Kurtuluş, K. (2004), Pazarlama Araştırmaları, İstanbul: Literatür Yayıncılık.
Lee, J. S., Pan, S., & Tsai, H. (2013), "Examining Perceived Betrayal, Desire for Revenge and Avoidance, and the Moderating Effect of Relational Benefits", International Journal of Hospitality Management, Vol. 32: 80-90.
Li, Z. (2015), "Does Power Make Us Mean? An Investigation of Empowerment and Revenge Behaviors in the Cyberspace", University of Miami, Doktora Tezi, Miami, USA.
Li, Z. C., & Stacks, D. (2017), "When the Relationship Fail: A Micro perspective on Consumer Responses to Service Failure", Journal of Public Relations Research, Vol. 29, No. 4: 158-175.
Li, C. J., Li, F., Fan, P., & Chen, K. (2020), "Voicing Out or Switching Away? A Psychological Climate Perspective on Customers' Intentional Responses to Service Failure", International Journal of Hospitality Management, Vol. 85: 1-13.
McCall, C., Steinbeis, N., Ricard, M., & Singer, T. (2014), "Compassion Meditators Show Less Anger, Less Punishment, and More Compensation of Victims in Response to Fairness", Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience, Vol. 8: 1-10.
McColl-Kennedy, J. R., & Sparks, B. A. (2003), "Application of Fairness Theory to Service Failures and Service Recovery", Journal of Service Research, Vol. 5, No. 3: 251-266.
McColl-Kennedy, J. R., Patterson, P. G., Smith, A. K., & Brady M. K. (2009), "Customer Rage Episodes: Emotions, Expressions and Behaviors", Journal of Retailing, Vol. 85, No. 2: 222–237.
Mdakane, S., Muhia, A., Rajna, T., & Botha, E. (2012), "Customer Relationship Satisfaction and Revenge Behaviors: Examining the Effects of Power", African Journal of Business Management, Vol. 6, No. 39: 10445-10457.
Obeidat, Z. M., Xiao, S. H., Iyer, G. R., & Nicholson, M. (2017), "Consumer Revenge Using the Internet and Social Media: An Examination of the Role of Service Failure Types and Cognitive Appraisal Processes", Psychology & Marketing, Vol. 34, No. 4: 496-515.
Obeidat, Z. M., AlGharabat, R. S., Alalwan, A. A., Xiao, S. H., Dwivedi, Y. K., & Rana, N. P. (2020), "Narcissism, Interactivity, Community, and Online Revenge Behavior: The Moderating Role of Social Presence among Jordanian Consumers", Computers in Human Behavior, Vol: 104 No. 106170: 1-15.
Osgood, J. M. (2017), "Is Revenge about Retributive Justice, Deterring Harm, or Both?", Social and Personality Psychology Compass, Vol. 11, No. 1: 1-15.
Ramadan, A. G. (2012)., "Exploring Service Recovery and Justice Theory in the Libyan Airline Industry", University of Gloucestershire, Doktora Tezi, United Kingdom.
Roehm, M. L., & Brady, M. K. (2007), "Consumer Responses to Service Failures by High-Equity Brands", Journal of Consumer Research, Vol. 34, No. 4: 537-545.
Schoefer, K. (2008), "The Role of Cognition and Affect in the Formation of Customer Satisfaction Judgements Concerning Service Recovery Encounters", Journal of Consumer Behavior: An International Research Review, Vol. 7, No. 3: 210-221.
Schoefer, K., & Diamantopoulos, A. (2008), "The Role of Emotions in Translating Perceptions of (in) Justice into Post Complaint Behavioral Responses", Journal of Service Research, Vol. 11, No. 1: 91-103.
Sindhav, B., Holland, J., Rodie, A. R., Adidam, P. T., & Pol, L. G. (2006), "The Impact of Perceived Fairness on Satisfaction: Are Airport Security Measures Fair? Does It Matter? ", Journal of Marketing Theory and Practice, Vol. 14, No. 4 323-335.
Tan, M. T., Balaji, M. S., Oikarinen, E. L., Alatalo, S., & Salo, J. (2021), "Recover From A Service Failure: The Differential Effects of Brand Betrayal and Brand Disappointment on an Exclusive Brand Offering", Journal of Business Research, Vol. 123: 126-139.
Tripp, T. M., Bies, R. J., & Aquino, K. (2007), "A Vigilante Model of Justice: Revenge, Reconciliation, Forgiveness, and Avoidance", Social Justice Research, Vol. 20, No. 1: 10-34.
Tripp, T. M., & Bies, R. J. (2010), "'Righteous' Anger and Revenge in the Workplace: The Fantasies, the Feuds, the Forgiveness", International Handbook of Anger: Constituent and Concomitant Biological, Psychological, and Social Processes, (Eds. M. Potegal, G. Stemmier & C. Spielberger), Springer Science Business Media: New York: 413-431.
Wang, Y. S., Wu, S. C., Lin, H. H., & Wang, Y. Y. (2011), "The Relationship of Service Failure Severity, Service Recovery Justice and Perceived Switching Costs with Customer Loyalty in the Context of E-Tailing", International Journal of Information Management, Vol. 31, No. 4: 350-359.
Wang, E. S. T., & Chen, Y. C. (2019), "Effects of Perceived Justice of Fair Trade Organizations on Consumers' Purchase Intention toward Fair Trade Products", Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services, Vol. 50: 66-72.
Ward, J., & Ostrom, A. (2006), "Complaining to the Masses: The Role of Protest Framing in Customer-Created Complaint Web Sites", Journal of Consumer Research, Vol. 33: 220-230.
Weitzl, W. J., & Hutzinger, C. (2019), "Rise and fall of Complainants' Desires: The Role of Pre-Failure Brand Commitment and Online Service Recovery Satisfaction", Computers in Human Behavior, Vol. 97: 116-129.
Wetsch, L. R. (2006), "Trust, Satisfaction and Loyalty in Customer Relationship Management: An Application of Justice Theory", Journal of Relationship Marketing, Vol. 4, No. 3-4: 29-42.
Weun, S., Beatty S. E., & Jones M. A. (2004), "The Impact of Service Failure Severity on Service Recovery Evaluations and Post‐Recovery Relationships", Journal of Services Marketing, Vol. 18, No. 2: 133-146.
Wirtz, J., & Mattila, A. S. (2004), "Consumer Responses to Compensation Speed of Recovery and Apology after a Service Failure", International Journal of Service Industry Management, Vol. 15, No. 2: 150-166.
When-Hai, C., Yuan, C. Y., Liu, M. T., & Fang, J. F. (2019), "The Effects of Outward and Inward Negative Emotions on Consumers' Desire for Revenge and Negative Word of Mouth", Online Information Review, Vol. 43, No. 5: 818-841.
Wu, I. L. (2013), "The Antecedents of Customer Satisfaction and Its Link to Complaint Intentions in Online Shopping: An Integration of Justice, Technology, and Trust", International Journal of Information Management, Vol. 33, No. 1: 166-176.
Zhao, L., Lu, Y., Zhang, L., & Chau, P. Y. (2012), "Assessing the Effects of Service Quality and Justice on Customer Satisfaction and the Continuance Intention of Mobile Value-Added Services: An Empirical Test of a Multidimensional Model", Decision Support Systems, Vol. 52, No. 3: 645-656.
Examining the Relationship between Perception of Justice and Desire for Revenge and Betrayal
Customers who have problems in the product or service delivery of companies have a perception of various negativity due to the problems they face. In the face of this situation, customers perceive injustice and think they are being deceived. This causes them to have a desire for revenge against the firms and even to act with the idea of equalizing the situation by harming them. In this study, the effects of the types of justice on perceived betrayal were examined to determine both how customers who felt a desire for revenge behaved and what kind of revenge behavior the customers exhibited. The sample of the study is constituted of customers aged 18 and over who have a material or moral problem with the product or service they have purchased and directly transmit their complaints to the consumer arbitral tribunal or related companies connected to this problem. Descriptive statistics, reliability analysis, validating factor analysis, and SEM analysis were used in the analysis of the data. As a result of the analyses, it was determined that procedural and interactive justice had an effect on perceived betrayal, perceived betrayal on the desire for revenge, and desire for revenge on customer revenge behavior.
Justice Theory, Perceived Betrayal, Desire for Revenge, Customer Revenge Begavior
Oğuz Han AYKUT> (Sorumlu Yazar)
ERZİNCAN BİNALİ YILDIRIM ÜNİVERSİTESİ
Aysel ERCİŞ>
APA Aykut, O. H. & Erciş, A. (2022). Adalet Algısı ile İntikam Arzusu ve İhanet İlişkisinin İncelenmesi . Eskişehir Osmangazi Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Dergisi , 17 (3) , 637-663 . DOI: 10.17153/oguiibf.1090993


We have the chance to chat with you during the Trade Shows and through e-mails. Feedback means a lot; helps us get better by understanding your experiences. Please feel free ask questions, make product reviews, send us your comments. Thank you! Much Appreciated!
And a big Thank You for all your Beautiful Pictures, we love it!
We love your Turkish towels. They are great for traveling- we've used them for drying off after swimming in salt water and they dry quickly and don't smell. They pack small. They've also been used as a light sheet for sleeping. Love the bright colours!
Thank you so much for your quick service. I was not disappointed with your product and when my friend saw one of the towels (pink rope) she said she wanted to order one when she returns from vacation ! Easy site to shop and I look forward to seeing new products. Love tracking info too.
Very soft and very nice towels, staying on them almost fall asleep on the beach. Have them for couple months and the colors don't fade away at all, still look like new. Gonna buy some more as gifts for my friends, they will love them!


text:
Rays' Davis, Niemann will have shoulders examined
By Drew SilvaAug 8, 2010, 4:50 PM EDT
Uh oh. Word comes from the Tampa Tribune's Tony Fabrizio that the Rays have sent both Wade Davis and Jeff Niemann back to St. Petersburg to be examined Monday by team orthopedist Dr. Koco Eaton.
"Both of them have been experiencing the same kind of posterior shoulder
soreness," manager Joe Maddon told the Tribune. "Again we don't think either rone
is a long term situation of any kind but we want to make sure before we
put them out there."
Niemann had a start skipped this weekend, so it's no surprise, but Davis' issues are new. The rookie topped out at 158.2 innings last season for Triple-A Durham and has already reached 121.1 total frames this year in the big leagues. Perhaps he's hitting a wall.
The Rays held Jeremy Hellickson back from his scheduled Sunday start at Triple-A and could call him up next week if either Davis or Niemann is forced to the disabled list. Hellickson threw seven innings of two-run ball in his major league debut against the Twins last week and would be a fine fill-in. But it's not exactly an ideal time for a Wild Card-leading team to begin losing starters.


Tackle Guru Sponsor England Under 15's Team!
This week we are excited to announce that Tackle Guru have agreed with the Angling Trust sponsorship in-full for the England Under 15's National Angling Team to compete in this year's World Championship, taking place on Lake Vicario in Spain, August 2019!
Tackle Guru's Brand Manager, Adam Rooney, was proud to make the final decision, and said: "Our team are super keen to be working with the Angling Trust to help young angling, inspiring youngsters out there by giving them something to build up to and set them on positive tracks for their future in our sport. Finding funding for the very youngest Under 15's international team has always been hard, and we're keen to make it more professional.
"Our Guru Match Academy is a superb event for young match anglers that we're hugely proud of, doubling in size year-on-year so far. This ties-in well with sponsoring the team as we can bring-on, develop, and guide youngsters through the ranks. We're lucky to have England International, Matt Godfrey, and match ace Frankie Gianoncelli on board at our team, who control the Guru Angling Trust Talent Pathway. We've recently sponsored this program too, supporting youngsters with tackle they need to get them well on their way, with our team offering advice throughout.
We're keen to involve, inspire and keep youngsters in our sport.
Creating a team feel to all our events is vital, encouraging team work amongst young anglers.
Tackle Guru's Matt Godfrey will be coaching the team for this year's World Championship, alongside Team Manager Joe Roberts, and the Tackle Guru media team will be doing regular updates of the practice week and match days, including Live coverage on the Tackle Guru Facebook page. The international team will be picked on the Talent Pathway Final taking place at Barston Lake on April 20th.
Guru now fully supports the Talent Pathway, Match Academy and England U15's team.
Guru's England International, Matt Godfrey, will be the lead team coach!
Guru Match Live!Follow Andy Bennett through a match at Partridge Lakes!


text:
Ladies In Law And Legal Advocacy
ByLinda D. Klein
Jul 21, 2021 advocacy, ladies, legal
At Emerj, the AI Research and Advisory Company, we assist authorized and skilled services enterprises learn how AI expertise, corresponding to pure language processing, can unlock their legal professionals and professionals to concentrate on high ROI work for more clients. Exterro's law agency shoppers, they have been capable of cut down on redundant employees from one hundred attorneys down to 5 when they began to employ the system. The software was able to perform the e-Discovery duties of the legal professionals at a 95 p.c price financial savings according to the law firm. The firm claims AOL, Microsoft, and Target amongst its marquee clients.
Texas Law provides in depth medical education opportunities, with fifteen clinics overlaying a variety of authorized issues and quite a few internships in nonprofit organizations, government companies, domestic and international courts, and the legislature. These exciting and challenging programs permit college students to gain meaningful real-world expertise whereas still in school.
Clients are people who've disputes with the IRS regarding their federal taxes; nonetheless, the clinic doesn't prepare tax returns. Students enrolled in the Juvenile Justice Clinic work with an experienced clinic lawyer and carry out authorized companies and duties to minors for whom the clinic attorney has been appointed guardian advert litem.
Have we helped you on a difficult and high-stakes legal matter recently? Consider leaving us a Facebook or Google review so others in the metroplex can find our experienced counsel. pic.twitter.com/HSYPn5Gj97
— Daniel P. Webb (@TxFamSuperLaw) July 5, 2021
Michigan Law has long been recognized for its distinctive academic blend of main scholarship and authorized apply. In at present's competitive setting, it's more important than ever for model spanking new graduates to hit the bottom operating within the practice of law. We are so dedicated to this formative experience that we guarantee each student a minimum of one upper-level clinic, with many taking extra. Community Enterprise Clinic Students in the Community Enterprise Clinic provide Judge Lynn Toler legal providers to nonprofits, group organizations, small companies, social enterprises, and cooperatives. The right to safe and legal abortion is a elementary human proper protected under quite a few international and regional human rights treaties and national-level constitutions around the world. These instruments ground secure abortion in a constellation of rights, including the rights to life; liberty; privacy; equality and non-discrimination and freedom from cruel, inhuman and degrading remedy.
Research reveals that rule of law correlates to larger financial growth, greater peace, much less inequality, improved well being outcomes, and more schooling.
Software purchase, multilateral agreements and costs of corruption in opposition to officers – the scope of law utility is broad.
I even have obtained many kudos from my colleagues in addition to purchasers for our capability to facilitate billing and collections whereas maintaining knowledgeable look.
601 million (36%) girls of reproductive age live in international locations that permit abortion on request.
Demonstrate data of skilled and ethical conduct in the authorized profession.
It additionally publishes statutes of economic corporations, cooperatives, non-profit making organizations and others to allow them to function legally.
I've been planning it out since I started my d.school fellowship in Autumn 2013. This journey to becoming a designer who knows the design approach's processes, can use its full toolset, embodies its mindsets, and may lead innovation efforts in a company will not be a straightforward one.
In addition to the illustration dimension, there's a classroom component involving research of written and oral advocacy, appellate courts, appellate jurisdiction, and the foundations of appellate procedure. Military court docket is half of the us navy law and justice system that enforces "discipline and punish crimes inside the army ranks". A navy lawyer will must Law Enforcement Today be nicely versed with this technique and have wonderful interpersonal communication expertise as this area could be extremely pressurized. Both prosecutors and defense attorneys play important roles in our justice system. Prosecutors symbolize the curiosity of the common public and guarantee the enforcement of the rule of law.
Property & Actual Property Law
Law & Legal Research < West Virginia College
By Linda D. Klein
How to Create a Memorable Experience With Virtual Event Support
Jan 17, 2023 Rehan
The Different Types of Supercar Rentals Available
Mining Equipment: What You Need to Know
Dec 26, 2022 Rehan


5 things to know this p.m.
Good evening! Catch up on the buzziest pop culture stories with our roundup of today's news.
Thanks for reading! Come back tomorrow morning for your a.m. pop culture roundup.
'Game of Thrones': Did Bran Just Hint That the White Walkers Will Win the War?
Ricky: I challenge trump to state two facts about Sri Lanka one of them being able to point to its location on a map.
'Game of Thrones': We Got a Dang Ghost Sighting This Week!


Hundreds of local people have been involved in archaeological work at the site of Sheffield Castle, with thousands more following progress online.
The Castlegate site has welcomed 175 volunteers who excavated the site with professional archaeologists from Wessex Archaeology and students from The University of Sheffield. An additional 175 volunteers have helped to process the finds off site over the course of the project.
More than 480 visitors have taken part in on-site tours during four open days, with more to follow this weekend and the site has also been visited by more than 200 members of local societies and school groups.
In total, over 17,000 people have been in touch with the archaeological team over the course of the dig. Meanwhile an exciting new virtual model of the castle has been unveiled by the University of Sheffield at the Millennium Galleries as part of the Futurecade Exhibition, pointing to new ways of communicating heritage to a wider audience.
The on-site archaeological dig element of the project is now reaching an end with The Big Draw event on Saturday 6 October. This event will see children and Hallam University students working with the Wessex Archaeology team to decorate hoardings around the site with images relating to the castle and its history.
The project is being carried out by leading archaeological and heritage practice Wessex Archaeology, who have an office in Sheffield, and has been commissioned by Sheffield City Council as part of its Castlegate Kickstart regeneration programme to determine the level of preservation of the remains of Sheffield's castle and later industrial development.
It has been a privilege to work on this site that clearly means a great deal to the local community. Over 17,000 people have been in touch with us about the Sheffield Castle work over the course of the project. We laid on extra open days to accommodate the interest from the people who wanted to visit and see the site for themselves.
The project has provided a fantastic opportunity to understand more about Sheffield's medieval past, much of which was lost during the 19th and 20th century development of the city, as well as of its more recent Victorian history. A full report giving a detailed view of the site and finds will follow this work.
Several months of off-site analysis of the finds will now follow with a first report being delivered to the Council and its Castlegate partners by Wessex in late 2018. This will help inform the future development of the former Castle Markets site on Exchange Street, with a more detailed analysis of the findings from the site expected later in 2019 as well as an update on the wider Castlegate Kickstart project.
It has been great to engage so many Sheffielders in this fascinating and essential project, which will help to clear up one of our city's biggest mysteries.
By understanding what happened in Sheffield's past we can help inform Castlegate's exciting future. I have been particularly impressed with the dedication of the volunteers who have worked alongside the archaeologists to share in this look at our shared history.
It has been a real pleasure to work with Wessex Archaeology on this project which has done so much to broaden and deepen our understanding of the castle site, and to make us appreciate that its heritage is about so much more than the castle – though clearly that is important too! Our students gained immensely from the experience of working with professional archaeologists on a site of such importance and since most of them were born and bred in Sheffield, it really mattered to them personally as well. We look forward to continuing our collaboration with Wessex, Sheffield City Council and the Friends of Sheffield Castle as we seek to use the insights generated by the excavation to inform the future regeneration of the area.
This has been a significant moment for the Friends with the first excavations on the Castle site for many years and it has been exciting to see the layers of history revealed, right down to medieval level. We are very grateful to Wessex for facilitating all the community digs, tours and talks and the level of interest in the Castle has been remarkable . What is clear, is that the site is rich in Sheffield history, and this demands further investigation, hopefully in the near future. We look forward to working with the Council, Wessex and the University on the next phase.


text:
In the end, debts cannot be paid
Once upon a time, usury was considered a sin and lending was subject to strict controls. Now, the world is in the grip of usury. It cannot continue. At some point it will have to be retired, or swapped to equity. A good place to start is third world debt, which is the most immoral variant.
First, a glance at the scale of the problem. Global debt is estimated to be about $US220 trillion, which equates with over 300 per cent of world GDP. Japan is in the worst position, with a debt to GDP ratio of a staggering 250 per cent (the get out clause is that almost all of it is owed internally).
America's debt is officially $US18 trillion, about equivalent with its annual GDP, but there are some estimates that put it at about triple that. When unfunded liabilities are included, the debt figure gets even higher: $US150-350 trillion. At $US18-20 trillion every American man, woman and child owes something in the vicinity of $US60,000, and at the higher estimate, the per capita debt figure balloons.
In Australia, government debt is comparatively low, despite the recent Budget deficits. It is just over 40 per cent of GDP, which is about half the level for most European countries. But Australian household debt is extremely high because of borrowing to buy into the housing bubble. According to the IMF, household debt is 100 per cent of GDP, compared with an average of 63 per cent in other developed economies.
The ABS estimates household debt has doubled over the last two years from $94,100 in 2003-04 to $168,600 in 2015-16 — mostly borrowing for property. About 30 per cent of households are classed as over-indebted.
These are the conventional figures, and they are well known. But there is another dimension to the global debt binge — leverage. The debauch in the financial system that led to the global financial crisis was based on investments known as derivatives: complex bets derived from more conventional transactions such as mortgages, share investment, interest rates or currencies. These are currently at a staggering $US700 trillion, almost ten times the size of world annual GDP.
It represents an even bigger debt mountain. The way it works is that traders amplify their bets by borrowing massive amounts. For example, with one derivative, known as a contract for difference, they might put up only $5000 for a $100,000 contract, effectively borrowing the other 95 per cent. A once per cent change in the share price can turn into a $1000 profit or loss, which is 20 per cent of your investment. Nothing can possibly go wrong with that.
"At the moment, global interest rates have been reduced to almost zero in an effort to put the whole disastrous mess into a holding pattern. But at some point debt will have to be cancelled or turned into equity."
The game cannot continue. As a little known financial analyst — who was also apparently a quite good theoretical physicist — Albert Einstein commented: 'Compound interest is the eighth wonder of the world. He who understands it, earns it ... he who doesn't ... pays it.'
The point is that interest on debt always grows faster than the economy, and eventually it becomes unsustainable. Debt grows exponentially, while economic growth tends to be linear. As the economist and historian Michael Hudson has documented, the response by societies, dating back 4000 years, is to retire debt.
Hudson writes: 'Every economist who has looked at the mathematics of compound interest has pointed out that in the end, debts cannot be paid. Every rate of interest can be viewed in terms of the time that it takes for a debt to double. At 5 per cent, a debt doubles in 14.5 years; at seven per cent, in ten years; at ten per cent, in seven years. As early as 2000 BC in Babylonia, scribal accountants were trained to calculate how loans principal doubled in five years at the then-current equivalent of 20 per cent annually.'
That is why usury has been banned in many societies (it still is in Islam). At the moment, global interest rates have been reduced to almost zero in an effort to put the whole disastrous mess into a holding pattern. But at some point debt will have to be cancelled or turned into equity, which was the solution used in the Latin American debt crisis of the 1980s. Equity, which is called sharia finance in Islam, is different because the provider of the capital takes the risk, not the receiver of the capital (intriguingly, equity almost always performs better than debt because of the higher levels of trust involved).
It is also worth revisiting why usury was banned — not least to understand how the banks, which are responsible for the debt binge, should be assessed in ethical terms. The thinking in the West is derived from Aristotle, who despised lending because it 'makes a gain out of money itself and not from the natural object of it'. He argued that money was intended to be used in exchange but not to increase at interest, which he considered 'of all modes of getting wealth the most unnatural'.
The point, which was keenly understood by 19th century economists like Adam Smith, is that money made from money is barren, inherently unproductive. 'Breed from barren metal' as Shakespeare described it. We are now in the grip of that barrenness. In most developed economies, including Australia, the FIRE sector (finance, insurance and real estate) is the largest part of the economy. As Hudson explains, they are parasites who produce nothing. For the future of our society, it is well past time to turn the spotlight on what they are doing and take measures to contain the damage.
David James is the managing editor of businessadvantagepng.com. He has a PhD in English Literature and is author of the musical comedy The Bard Bites Back, which is about Shakespeare's ghost.
Main image: Quinten Massijs, The Moneylender and his Wife (detail)
Recent articles by David James.
Finance needs common sense, not cleverness
Overhauling economics to combat climate crisis
Class and COVID-19
The great economic rethink?
Topic tags: David James, usury, debt
Great article, David, but debt cancellation provides a blank cheque to governments in countries plagued by corruption. It also encourages debtor countries to go out and contract further debts, under the belief that these debts will also be forgiven at some future date. Debt relief without ethical policing enhances the wealth and spending ability of the rich in developing countries, many of whom will spend or invest this money in the developed word, thus obviating a trickle-down domestic effect. Lending is far better spent in specific aid projects that actually help the poor. Debt remission can be unfair to third-world countries that manage their credit successfully, or do not go into debt in the first place. In some cases debt remission actively encourages third-world governments to overspend in order to receive debt relief in the future. Others argue against the conditionalities, generally of foreign interference, attached to debt relief. These conditions of structural adjustment have a history, especially in Latin America, of widening the gap between the rich and the poor, as well as increasing economic dependence on the global North. It has to be mutual, as in: 'Forgive us our trespasses, as we forgive those who trespass against us.'
Michael Furtado | 09 November 2017
So David, you believe that it is time to put the spotlight on the practice of interest taking and to move to bring the damage under control. You are not the first one to voice such a concern but you may be waiting just as long as earlier critics to see any action. Way back in 1944, Brisbane solicitor John P. Kelly delivered the Aquinas Lecture in the old Aquinas Library in Queen Street on the theme "Aquinas and Modern Practices of Interest Taking." It remains, in my view, one of the most lucid explanations of the Catholic condemnation of usury and is well worth your readers' attention. It can be found, gratis, on the internet with just a little effort. Brisbane economist and advisor to the Queensland government at the time, Colin Clarke, provided the foreword to the published version of the lecture in which he had this to say: "At the heart of the great structure of present day usury lies what are called "national debts." … I think that I am on safe ground in predicting that during the next few years the budgetary problem posed by huge national debt interest payments will provoke, in every country in the world, a close study of the ethics of usury." Well, I think that most people would regard the seventy three years since 1944 as being more than just a 'few' yet we are still waiting. In fact, excepting for obscure journals (forgive me editorial team) such as Eureka Street, the subject is barely mentioned. One of my hopes for the future of this country is that the influx of Muslims in recent years, who, as you say, also proscribe usury, might be the force which finally pushes us to dealing with this problem. Every wave of migrants to our shores has changed Australia in some way and my hope is that our Muslim brothers and sisters may be that force. So take heart David, perhaps you might not have to wait as long as John Kelly and Colin Clarke.
Paul | 10 November 2017
Notwithstanding my esteem of Aristotle and Aquinas and their great common sense, I find it hard to understand their idea of interest as selling the same thing twice. If I lend a bottle of wine for a month, then I'm depriving myself of the choice to consume or not to consume that bottle in that month. I've passed that opportunity over to the borrower. In my span of 70 or so years, that's one month less in which I have the benefit of this choice array with respect to that bottle. It seems just to me that a price can be demanded for the sacrifice of this opportunity. So interest payment, I submit, is by no means paying for the same thing twice, as Aristotle and Aquinas maintained. Rather, it's a payment for a benefit foregone which is tangible and distinct from the actual consumption of the loaned good itself. Neither St Thomas nor Aristotle raises this point, let alone meets it. As a free market advocate, I totally agree with David James' proposition that our current crony-capitalist/socialist financial/monetary system is crook. But that's another issue, and nothing to do with the alleged injustice of lending with interest.
HH | 10 November 2017


text:
Radon–Nikodym theorem
(Redirected from Radon-Nikodym Theorem)
Expressing a measure as an integral of another
In mathematics, the Radon–Nikodym theorem is a result in measure theory that expresses the relationship between two measures defined on the same measurable space. A measure is a set function that assigns a consistent magnitude to the measurable subsets of a measurable space. Examples of a measure include area and volume, where the subsets are sets of points; or the probability of an event, which is a subset of possible outcomes within a wider probability space.
One way to derive a new measure from one already given is to assign a density to each point of the space, then integrate over the measurable subset of interest. This can be expressed as
ν ( A ) = ∫ A f d μ , {\displaystyle \nu (A)=\int _{A}f\,d\mu ,}
where ν is the new measure being defined for any measurable subset A and the function f is the density at a given point. The integral is with respect to an existing measure μ, which may often be the canonical Lebesgue measure on the Real line R or the n-dimensional Euclidean space Rn (corresponding to our standard notions of length, area and volume). For example, if f represented mass density and μ was the Lebesgue measure in three-dimensional space R3, then ν(A) would equal the total mass in a spatial region A.
The Radon–Nikodym theorem essentially states that, under certain conditions, any measure ν can be expressed in this way with respect to another measure μ on the same space. The function f is then called the Radon–Nikodym derivative and is denoted by d ν d μ {\displaystyle {\tfrac {d\nu }{d\mu }}} .[1] An important application is in probability theory, leading to the probability density function of a random variable.
The theorem is named after Johann Radon, who proved the theorem for the special case where the underlying space is Rn in 1913, and for Otto Nikodym who proved the general case in 1930.[2] In 1936 Hans Freudenthal generalized the Radon–Nikodym theorem by proving the Freudenthal spectral theorem, a result in Riesz space theory; this contains the Radon–Nikodym theorem as a special case.[3]
A Banach space Y is said to have the Radon–Nikodym property if the generalization of the Radon–Nikodym theorem also holds, mutatis mutandis, for functions with values in Y. All Hilbert spaces have the Radon–Nikodym property.
1 Formal description
1.1 Radon–Nikodym theorem
1.2 Radon–Nikodym derivative
1.3 Extension to signed or complex measures
4.1 Probability theory
4.2 Financial mathematics
4.3 Information divergences
5 The assumption of σ-finiteness
6 Proof
6.1 For finite measures
6.2 For σ-finite positive measures
6.3 For signed and complex measures
7 The Lebesgue decomposition theorem
Formal description[edit]
Radon–Nikodym theorem[edit]
The Radon–Nikodym theorem involves a measurable space ( X , Σ ) {\displaystyle (X,\Sigma )} on which two σ-finite measures are defined, μ {\displaystyle \mu } and ν . {\displaystyle \nu .} It states that, if ν ≪ μ {\displaystyle \nu \ll \mu } (that is, if ν {\displaystyle \nu } is absolutely continuous with respect to μ {\displaystyle \mu } ), then there exists a Σ {\displaystyle \Sigma } -measurable function f : X → [ 0 , ∞ ) , {\displaystyle f:X\to [0,\infty ),} such that for any measurable set A ⊆ X , {\displaystyle A\subseteq X,}
ν ( A ) = ∫ A f d μ . {\displaystyle \nu (A)=\int _{A}f\,d\mu .}
Radon–Nikodym derivative[edit]
The function f {\displaystyle f} satisfying the above equality is uniquely defined up to a μ {\displaystyle \mu } -null set, that is, if g {\displaystyle g} is another function which satisfies the same property, then f = g {\displaystyle f=g} μ {\displaystyle \mu } -almost everywhere. Function f {\displaystyle f} is commonly written d ν d μ {\frac {d\nu }{d\mu }} and is called the Radon–Nikodym derivative. The choice of notation and the name of the function reflects the fact that the function is analogous to a derivative in calculus in the sense that it describes the rate of change of density of one measure with respect to another (the way the Jacobian determinant is used in multivariable integration).
Extension to signed or complex measures[edit]
A similar theorem can be proven for signed and complex measures: namely, that if μ {\displaystyle \mu } is a nonnegative σ-finite measure, and ν {\displaystyle \nu } is a finite-valued signed or complex measure such that ν ≪ μ , {\displaystyle \nu \ll \mu ,} that is, ν {\displaystyle \nu } is absolutely continuous with respect to μ , {\displaystyle \mu ,} then there is a μ {\displaystyle \mu } -integrable real- or complex-valued function g {\displaystyle g} on X {\displaystyle X} such that for every measurable set A , {\displaystyle A,}
ν ( A ) = ∫ A g d μ . {\displaystyle \nu (A)=\int _{A}g\,d\mu .}
Examples[edit]
In the following examples, the set X is the real interval [0,1], and Σ {\displaystyle \Sigma } is the Borel sigma-algebra on X.
μ {\displaystyle \mu } is the length measure on X. ν {\displaystyle \nu } assigns to each subset Y of X, twice the length of Y. Then, d ν d μ = 2 {\textstyle {\frac {d\nu }{d\mu }}=2} .
μ {\displaystyle \mu } is the length measure on X. ν {\displaystyle \nu } assigns to each subset Y of X, the number of points from the set {0.1, …, 0.9} that are contained in Y. Then, ν {\displaystyle \nu } is not absolutely-continuous with respect to μ {\displaystyle \mu } since it assigns non-zero measure to zero-length points. Indeed, there is no derivative d ν d μ {\textstyle {\frac {d\nu }{d\mu }}} : there is no finite function that, when integrated e.g. from ( 0.1 − ε ) {\displaystyle (0.1-\varepsilon )} to ( 0.1 + ε ) {\displaystyle (0.1+\varepsilon )} , gives 1 {\displaystyle 1} for all ε > 0 {\displaystyle \varepsilon >0} .
μ = ν + δ 0 {\displaystyle \mu =\nu +\delta _{0}} , where ν {\displaystyle \nu } is the length measure on X and δ 0 {\displaystyle \delta _{0}} is the Dirac measure on 0 (it assigns a measure of 1 to any set containing 0 and a measure of 0 to any other set). Then, ν {\displaystyle \nu } is absolutely continuous with respect to μ {\displaystyle \mu } , and d ν d μ = 1 X ∖ { 0 } {\textstyle {\frac {d\nu }{d\mu }}=1_{X\setminus \{0\}}} – the derivative is 0 at x = 0 {\displaystyle x=0} and 1 at x > 0 {\displaystyle x>0} .[4]
Properties[edit]
Let ν, μ, and λ be σ-finite measures on the same measurable space. If ν ≪ λ and μ ≪ λ (ν and μ are both absolutely continuous with respect to λ), then
d ( ν + μ ) d λ = d ν d λ + d μ d λ λ -almost everywhere . {\displaystyle {\frac {d(\nu +\mu )}{d\lambda }}={\frac {d\nu }{d\lambda }}+{\frac {d\mu }{d\lambda }}\quad \lambda {\text{-almost everywhere}}.}
If ν ≪ μ ≪ λ, then
d ν d λ = d ν d μ d μ d λ λ -almost everywhere . {\displaystyle {\frac {d\nu }{d\lambda }}={\frac {d\nu }{d\mu }}{\frac {d\mu }{d\lambda }}\quad \lambda {\text{-almost everywhere}}.}
In particular, if μ ≪ ν and ν ≪ μ, then
d μ d ν = ( d ν d μ ) − 1 ν -almost everywhere . {\displaystyle {\frac {d\mu }{d\nu }}=\left({\frac {d\nu }{d\mu }}\right)^{-1}\quad \nu {\text{-almost everywhere}}.}
If μ ≪ λ and g is a μ-integrable function, then
∫ X g d μ = ∫ X g d μ d λ d λ . {\displaystyle \int _{X}g\,d\mu =\int _{X}g{\frac {d\mu }{d\lambda }}\,d\lambda .}
If ν is a finite signed or complex measure, then
d | ν | d μ = | d ν d μ | . {\displaystyle {d|\nu | \over d\mu }=\left|{d\nu \over d\mu }\right|.}
Applications[edit]
Probability theory[edit]
The theorem is very important in extending the ideas of probability theory from probability masses and probability densities defined over real numbers to probability measures defined over arbitrary sets. It tells if and how it is possible to change from one probability measure to another. Specifically, the probability density function of a random variable is the Radon–Nikodym derivative of the induced measure with respect to some base measure (usually the Lebesgue measure for continuous random variables).
For example, it can be used to prove the existence of conditional expectation for probability measures. The latter itself is a key concept in probability theory, as conditional probability is just a special case of it.
Financial mathematics[edit]
Amongst other fields, financial mathematics uses the theorem extensively, in particular via the Girsanov theorem. Such changes of probability measure are the cornerstone of the rational pricing of derivatives and are used for converting actual probabilities into those of the risk neutral probabilities.
Information divergences[edit]
If μ and ν are measures over X, and μ ≪ ν
The Kullback–Leibler divergence from μ to ν is defined to be
D KL ( μ ∥ ν ) = ∫ X log  ( d μ d ν ) d μ . {\displaystyle D_{\text{KL}}(\mu \parallel \nu )=\int _{X}\log \left({\frac {d\mu }{d\nu }}\right)\;d\mu .}
For α > 0, α ≠ 1 the Rényi divergence of order α from μ to ν is defined to be
D α ( μ ∥ ν ) = 1 α − 1 log  ( ∫ X ( d μ d ν ) α − 1 d μ ) . {\displaystyle D_{\alpha }(\mu \parallel \nu )={\frac {1}{\alpha -1}}\log \left(\int _{X}\left({\frac {d\mu }{d\nu }}\right)^{\alpha -1}\;d\mu \right).}
The assumption of σ-finiteness[edit]
The Radon–Nikodym theorem makes the assumption that the measure μ with respect to which one computes the rate of change of ν is σ-finite. Here is an example when μ is not σ-finite and the Radon–Nikodym theorem fails to hold.
Consider the Borel σ-algebra on the real line. Let the counting measure, μ, of a Borel set A be defined as the number of elements of A if A is finite, and ∞ otherwise. One can check that μ is indeed a measure. It is not σ-finite, as not every Borel set is at most a countable union of finite sets. Let ν be the usual Lebesgue measure on this Borel algebra. Then, ν is absolutely continuous with respect to μ, since for a set A one has μ(A) = 0 only if A is the empty set, and then ν(A) is also zero.
Assume that the Radon–Nikodym theorem holds, that is, for some measurable function f one has
ν ( A ) = ∫ A f d μ {\displaystyle \nu (A)=\int _{A}f\,d\mu }
for all Borel sets. Taking A to be a singleton set, A = {a}, and using the above equality, one finds
0 = f ( a ) {\displaystyle 0=f(a)}
for all real numbers a. This implies that the function f , and therefore the Lebesgue measure ν, is zero, which is a contradiction.
Proof[edit]
This section gives a measure-theoretic proof of the theorem. There is also a functional-analytic proof, using Hilbert space methods, that was first given by von Neumann.
For finite measures μ and ν, the idea is to consider functions f with f dμ ≤ dν. The supremum of all such functions, along with the monotone convergence theorem, then furnishes the Radon–Nikodym derivative. The fact that the remaining part of μ is singular with respect to ν follows from a technical fact about finite measures. Once the result is established for finite measures, extending to σ-finite, signed, and complex measures can be done naturally. The details are given below.
For finite measures[edit]
Constructing an extended-valued candidate First, suppose μ and ν are both finite-valued nonnegative measures. Let F be the set of those extended-value measurable functions f : X → [0, ∞] such that:
∀ A ∈ Σ : ∫ A f d μ ≤ ν ( A ) {\displaystyle \forall A\in \Sigma :\qquad \int _{A}f\,d\mu \leq \nu (A)}
F ≠ ∅, since it contains at least the zero function. Now let f1, f2 ∈ F, and suppose A is an arbitrary measurable set, and define:
A 1 = { x ∈ A : f 1 ( x ) > f 2 ( x ) } , A 2 = { x ∈ A : f 2 ( x ) ≥ f 1 ( x ) } , {\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}A_{1}&=\left\{x\in A:f_{1}(x)>f_{2}(x)\right\},\\A_{2}&=\left\{x\in A:f_{2}(x)\geq f_{1}(x)\right\},\end{aligned}}}
Then one has
∫ A max { f 1 , f 2 } d μ = ∫ A 1 f 1 d μ + ∫ A 2 f 2 d μ ≤ ν ( A 1 ) + ν ( A 2 ) = ν ( A ) , {\displaystyle \int _{A}\max \left\{f_{1},f_{2}\right\}\,d\mu =\int _{A_{1}}f_{1}\,d\mu +\int _{A_{2}}f_{2}\,d\mu \leq \nu \left(A_{1}\right)+\nu \left(A_{2}\right)=\nu (A),}
and therefore, max{ f 1, f 2} ∈ F.
Now, let { fn } be a sequence of functions in F such that
lim n → ∞ ∫ X f n d μ = sup f ∈ F ∫ X f d μ . {\displaystyle \lim _{n\to \infty }\int _{X}f_{n}\,d\mu =\sup _{f\in F}\int _{X}f\,d\mu .}
By replacing fn with the maximum of the first n functions, one can assume that the sequence { fn } is increasing. Let g be an extended-valued function defined as
g ( x ) := lim n → ∞ f n ( x ) . {\displaystyle g(x):=\lim _{n\to \infty }f_{n}(x).}
By Lebesgue's monotone convergence theorem, one has
lim n → ∞ ∫ A f n d μ = ∫ A lim n → ∞ f n ( x ) d μ ( x ) = ∫ A g d μ ≤ ν ( A ) {\displaystyle \lim _{n\to \infty }\int _{A}f_{n}\,d\mu =\int _{A}\lim _{n\to \infty }f_{n}(x)\,d\mu (x)=\int _{A}g\,d\mu \leq \nu (A)}
for each A ∈ Σ, and hence, g ∈ F. Also, by the construction of g,
∫ X g d μ = sup f ∈ F ∫ X f d μ . {\displaystyle \int _{X}g\,d\mu =\sup _{f\in F}\int _{X}f\,d\mu .}
Proving equality Now, since g ∈ F,
ν 0 ( A ) := ν ( A ) − ∫ A g d μ {\displaystyle \nu _{0}(A):=\nu (A)-\int _{A}g\,d\mu }
defines a nonnegative measure on Σ. To prove equality, we show that ν0 = 0.
Suppose ν0 ≠ 0; then, since μ is finite, there is an ε > 0 such that ν0(X) > ε μ(X). To derive a contradiction from ν0 ≠ 0, we look for a positive set P ∈ Σ for the signed measure ν0 − ε μ (i.e. a measurable set P, all of whose measurable subsets have non-negative ν0−ε μ measure), where also P has positive μ-measure. Conceptually, we're looking for a set P, where ν0 ≥ ε μ in every part of P. A convenient approach is to use the Hahn decomposition (P, N) for the signed measure ν0 − ε μ.
Note then that for every A ∈ Σ one has ν0(A ∩ P) ≥ ε μ(A ∩ P), and hence,
ν ( A ) = ∫ A g d μ + ν 0 ( A ) ≥ ∫ A g d μ + ν 0 ( A ∩ P ) ≥ ∫ A g d μ + ε μ ( A ∩ P ) = ∫ A ( g + ε 1 P ) d μ , {\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}\nu (A)&=\int _{A}g\,d\mu +\nu _{0}(A)\\&\geq \int _{A}g\,d\mu +\nu _{0}(A\cap P)\\&\geq \int _{A}g\,d\mu +\varepsilon \mu (A\cap P)=\int _{A}\left(g+\varepsilon 1_{P}\right)\,d\mu ,\end{aligned}}}
where 1P is the indicator function of P. Also, note that μ(P) > 0 as desired; for if μ(P) = 0, then (since ν is absolutely continuous in relation to μ) ν0(P) ≤ ν(P) = 0, so ν0(P) = 0 and
ν 0 ( X ) − ε μ ( X ) = ( ν 0 − ε μ ) ( N ) ≤ 0 , {\displaystyle \nu _{0}(X)-\varepsilon \mu (X)=\left(\nu _{0}-\varepsilon \mu \right)(N)\leq 0,}
contradicting the fact that ν0(X) > εμ(X).
Then, since also
∫ X ( g + ε 1 P ) d μ ≤ ν ( X ) < + ∞ , {\displaystyle \int _{X}\left(g+\varepsilon 1_{P}\right)\,d\mu \leq \nu (X)<+\infty ,}
g + ε 1P ∈ F and satisfies
∫ X ( g + ε 1 P ) d μ > ∫ X g d μ = sup f ∈ F ∫ X f d μ . {\displaystyle \int _{X}\left(g+\varepsilon 1_{P}\right)\,d\mu >\int _{X}g\,d\mu =\sup _{f\in F}\int _{X}f\,d\mu .}
This is impossible; therefore, the initial assumption that ν0 ≠ 0 must be false. Hence, ν0 = 0, as desired.
Restricting to finite values Now, since g is μ-integrable, the set {x ∈ X : g(x) = ∞} is μ-null. Therefore, if a f is defined as
f ( x ) = { g ( x ) if g ( x ) < ∞ 0 otherwise, {\displaystyle f(x)={\begin{cases}g(x)&{\text{if }}g(x)<\infty \\0&{\text{otherwise,}}\end{cases}}}
then f has the desired properties.
Uniqueness As for the uniqueness, let f, g : X → [0, ∞) be measurable functions satisfying
ν ( A ) = ∫ A f d μ = ∫ A g d μ {\displaystyle \nu (A)=\int _{A}f\,d\mu =\int _{A}g\,d\mu }
for every measurable set A. Then, g − f is μ-integrable, and
∫ A ( g − f ) d μ = 0. {\displaystyle \int _{A}(g-f)\,d\mu =0.}
In particular, for A = {x ∈ X : f(x) > g(x)}, or {x ∈ X : f(x) < g(x)}. It follows that
∫ X ( g − f ) + d μ = 0 = ∫ X ( g − f ) − d μ , {\displaystyle \int _{X}(g-f)^{+}\,d\mu =0=\int _{X}(g-f)^{-}\,d\mu ,}
and so, that (g − f )+ = 0 μ-almost everywhere; the same is true for (g − f )−, and thus, f = g μ-almost everywhere, as desired.
For σ-finite positive measures[edit]
If μ and ν are σ-finite, then X can be written as the union of a sequence {Bn}n of disjoint sets in Σ, each of which has finite measure under both μ and ν. For each n, by the finite case, there is a Σ-measurable function fn : Bn → [0, ∞) such that
ν n ( A ) = ∫ A f n d μ {\displaystyle \nu _{n}(A)=\int _{A}f_{n}\,d\mu }
for each Σ-measurable subset A of Bn. The sum ( ∑ n f n 1 B n ) := f {\textstyle \left(\sum _{n}f_{n}1_{B_{n}}\right):=f} of those functions is then the required function such that ν ( A ) = ∫ A f d μ {\textstyle \nu (A)=\int _{A}fd\mu } .
As for the uniqueness, since each of the fn is μ-almost everywhere unique, so is f.
For signed and complex measures[edit]
If ν is a σ-finite signed measure, then it can be Hahn–Jordan decomposed as ν = ν+ − ν− where one of the measures is finite. Applying the previous result to those two measures, one obtains two functions, g, h : X → [0, ∞), satisfying the Radon–Nikodym theorem for ν+ and ν− respectively, at least one of which is μ-integrable (i.e., its integral with respect to μ is finite). It is clear then that f = g − h satisfies the required properties, including uniqueness, since both g and h are unique up to μ-almost everywhere equality.
If ν is a complex measure, it can be decomposed as ν = ν1 + iν2, where both ν1 and ν2 are finite-valued signed measures. Applying the above argument, one obtains two functions, g, h : X → [0, ∞), satisfying the required properties for ν1 and ν2, respectively. Clearly, f = g + ih is the required function.
The Lebesgue decomposition theorem[edit]
Lebesgue's decomposition theorem shows that the assumptions of the Radon–Nikodym theorem can be found even in a situation which is seemingly more general. Consider a σ-finite positive measure μ {\displaystyle \mu } on the measure space ( X , Σ ) {\displaystyle (X,\Sigma )} and a σ-finite signed measure ν {\displaystyle \nu } on Σ {\displaystyle \Sigma } , without assuming any absolute continuity. Then there exist unique signed measures ν a {\displaystyle \nu _{a}} and ν s {\displaystyle \nu _{s}} on Σ {\displaystyle \Sigma } such that ν = ν a + ν s {\displaystyle \nu =\nu _{a}+\nu _{s}} , ν a ≪ μ {\displaystyle \nu _{a}\ll \mu } , and ν s ⊥ μ {\displaystyle \nu _{s}\perp \mu } . The Radon–Nikodym theorem can then be applied to the pair ν a , μ {\displaystyle \nu _{a},\mu } .
Girsanov theorem
Radon–Nikodym set
^ Billingsley, Patrick (1995). Probability and Measure (Third ed.). New York: John Wiley & Sons. pp. 419–427. ISBN 0-471-00710-2.
^ Nikodym, O. (1930). "Sur une généralisation des intégrales de M. J. Radon" (PDF). Fundamenta Mathematicae (in French). 15: 131–179. doi:10.4064/fm-15-1-131-179. JFM 56.0922.02. Retrieved 2018-01-30.
^ Zaanen, Adriaan C. (1996). Introduction to Operator Theory in Riesz Spaces. Springer. ISBN 3-540-61989-5.
^ "Calculating Radon Nikodym derivative". Stack Exchange. April 7, 2018.
Lang, Serge (1969). Analysis II: Real analysis. Addison-Wesley. Contains a proof for vector measures assuming values in a Banach space.
Royden, H. L.; Fitzpatrick, P. M. (2010). Real Analysis (4th ed.). Pearson. Contains a lucid proof in case the measure ν is not σ-finite.
Shilov, G. E.; Gurevich, B. L. (1978). Integral, Measure, and Derivative: A Unified Approach. Richard A. Silverman, trans. Dover Publications. ISBN 0-486-63519-8.
Stein, Elias M.; Shakarchi, Rami (2005). Real analysis: measure theory, integration, and Hilbert spaces. Princeton lectures in analysis. Princeton, N.J: Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-691-11386-9. Contains a proof of the generalisation.
Teschl, Gerald. "Topics in Real and Functional Analysis". (lecture notes).
This article incorporates material from Radon–Nikodym theorem on PlanetMath, which is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution/Share-Alike License.
Measure theory
Absolute continuity
Lebesgue integration
Lp spaces
Measure space
Probability space
Measurable space/function
Almost everywhere
Borel set
Convergence in measure
𝜆-system
Essential range
infimum/supremum
Locally measurable
π-system
σ-algebra
Non-measurable set
Vitali set
Null set
Transverse measure
Types of Measures
Baire
Banach
Besov
Borel
(Logarithmically) Convex
Finite
(Quasi-) Invariant
Locally finite
Maximising
Metric outer
Pre-measure
(Sub-) Probability
Projection-valued
Borel regular
Inner regular
Outer regular
Set function
σ-finite
s-finite
Strictly positive
Particular measures
Hausdorff
Lebesgue
Pushforward
Spherical measure
Carathéodory's extension theorem
Convergence theorems
Vitali
Decomposition theorems
Egorov's
Fatou's lemma
Fubini's
Hölder's inequality
Minkowski inequality
Radon–Nikodym
Riesz–Markov–Kakutani representation theorem
Disintegration theorem
Lebesgue's density theorem
Lebesgue differentiation theorem
Sard's theorem
Spectral theory
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Radon–Nikodym_theorem&oldid=1065401960"
Theorems in measure theory
Generalizations of the derivative
Integral representations
CS1 French-language sources (fr)
Wikipedia articles incorporating text from PlanetMath
Articles containing proofs


text:
Trent Cole Speaker & Booking Information
Defensive End for the Philadelphia Eagles
Book Trent Cole for your Next Event
Trent Cole Biography
Trent Cole is a professional football player in the National Football League for the Philadelphia Eagles as an outside linebacker. He began his career in college at the University of Cincinnati where he became a two time first-team All-Conference USA selection. He ended his collegiate career with 238 tackles and 19 sacks. That kind of production on the field led to Trent being selected as the 146th overall pick in the 2005 NFL Draft. Since then he has played his entire career with Philadelphia and recorded nearly 600 tackles and nearly 100 sacks. His play has earned him two Pro Bowl selections, he has been named the NFC Defensive Player of the Week, and been a second-team All-Pro. One of the biggest achievements of Cole's career to date came in 2011 and 2012 when he was ranked #73 and #57 respectively on the NFL Top 100 players of the year.
Disclaimer: AthleteSpeakers assists companies seeking to hire talent like Trent Cole for speaking engagements, virtual meetings, appearances, product endorsements, and business sanctions. Our speakers bureau does not claim to exclusively represent Trent Cole. Our booking agency can help with finding an athlete or sports celebrity that aligns with your upcoming events date, location, and budget. When an organization request booking details for a celebrity like Trent Cole, we work closely with the client to make sure the proposed dates does not interfere with the requested athletes schedule. We then confirm the sports celebrity fee based on the details of the request. The fees listed on the speaker profile are rough estimates based on the previous market rate for the talent. Our team then works with Trent Cole's agent, manager or assistant on the booking request. For parties interested in hiring Trent Cole, we recommend filling out the booking request form so our booking agents can help with making your next event a success.
Videos of Trent Cole Speaking
Interested in booking Trent Cole for a virtual meeting?
Contact Athlete Speakers today at 800-916-6008 to book Trent Cole for a virtual event, virtual meeting, virtual appearance, virtual keynote speaking engagement, webinar, video conference or Zoom meeting. The booking agents at Athlete Speakers work to get you the best price for your desired sports personality.
Athlete Speakers is a leader when it comes to booking virtual events in the sports world. Since 1999, we have built close relationships with top athletes, agents, publicists and managers. We assist all types of companies as well as event planners with booking athletes like Trent Cole for these virtual engagements. Companies continue to turn to Athlete Speakers to get Trent Cole's latest virtual speaking fee, appearance cost and schedule availability.
Book Trent Cole for your Virtual Meeting
Mardy Gilyard Former NFL Wide Receiver
Jerry Robinson Former NFL Linebacker
Nate Allen Safety For The Philadelphia Eagles
Michael Vick Retired Four-Time NFL Pro Bowl Quarterback
Jason Kelce Philadelphia Eagles Center


text:
Jibran Ilyas
Director, Mandiant, A FireEye Company
Jibran Ilyas is a Director of Incident Response at Mandiant FireEye. He has investigated some of the world's largest breaches in the financial, technology and defense sectors. This included working closely with law enforcement agencies to track and ultimately arrest major threat actor groups. As a thought leader, Ilyas presented on the topics of computer forensics and cybercrime at several global security conferences including DEFCON, Black Hat, Microsoft Digital Crimes Conference, Thotcon, Cyber Secure Pakistan and SOURCE Barcelona. He is currently an adjunct professor at Northwestern University for their Digital Forensics and Incident Response course, for which he also developed curriculum. In 2017, Ilyas was honored as Crain's 40 under 40 for his contributions to cybersecurity.
Follow Jibran on Twitter or connect on LinkedIn
https://twitter.com/jibranilyas
https://www.linkedin.com/in/jibranilyas/
Recapture of Glory: The Return of Persistent Threat Actors
Charles Carmakal and Jibran Ilyas
The presenters will share personal experiences of the chess game they play with the aggressive and persistent threat actors who try to regain access to targeted networks. The presentation will provide advanced recommendations on combating subsequent targeted attacks. Presenters will also conduct live demos of the techniques threat actors have been observed using to conduct their intrusions.
Pre-Requisites: Intermediate level experience in Incident Response, Red Teaming.
Policy & Government


text:
Institute of Coaching
McLean Hospital, Harvard Medical School Affiliate
Coaching Science
Benefits of Coaching
Coaching Specialties
Research Doses
Coaching Reports
COACHx Videos
by Coaching Specialty
Retreats/Forums
Harnisch Grants
Harnisch Researchers
Home » Resources » Resources
2017 May Coaching Report
This is a member only resource
Become a Member » Log In »
View Premium Resource Type »Locked
Current developments in health and wellness coaching
Health coaching is experiencing a new surge period with growth in achievements, publications and integration into healthcare. Its role is increasing in healthcare as well as in employee wellness programs and community settings, particularly as healthcare is undergoing fundamental changes. These developments are the focus of our May Coaching Report and the IOC Webinar this month.
An important milestone for health coaching practice was the launch of the first national certification process for professional health and wellness coaches in April 2015, by The National Consortium for Credentialing of Health & Wellness Coaches (NCCHWC). A year later, in May 2016, the NCCHWC formed a partnership with the National Board of Medical Examiners (NBME) to formalize this certification. The NBME has been the key body for credentialing health professionals including physicians for over a century. Thus, the Health & Wellness Coach Certifying Examination was launched in the beginning of 2017 and is now available on a regular basis. A founding Co-director of the IOC, Margaret Moore, is on the National Board for Certifying Health and Wellness Coaches, and has been a driving force in this process. Ruth Wolever, PhD is also a member of the National Board for Certifying Health and Wellness Coaches as well as Director of Vanderbilt University Health Coaching: Research, Practice & Education. Ruth will be one of the presenters at the IOC May Webinar and will tell us more about the certification process.
In the research arena, we have witnessed a significant rise in the number, diversity and rigor of studies and publications in health coaching. Hundreds of journal articles, as well as several key, high quality systematic reviews, have been published in the last several years. Most of these are effectiveness studies, which compare coaching impacts before and after interventions or between intervention and control groups. While focus has been on the immediate impacts of coaching, research is now being directed at the long-term outcomes, both in the prevention and treatment of chronic conditions. Initial conclusions about long-term sustainability of the effects of health coaching are illustrated below in the article from the journal "Patient Education and Counseling" titled, "Long-term effectiveness of health coaching in rehabilitation and prevention: A systematic review"1. You can also keep an eye out for an article which will be coming out soon in "American Journal of Lifestyle Medicine" - a review and compendium2 of 150 empirical articles which were selected according to the definition of health and wellness coaching as proposed by Wolever, Simmons and Sforzo (2013)3. The first author of this upcoming article, Gary Sforzo, PhD will be the other presenter in the IOC May Webinar. Gary will discuss his own research, other current research, and the conclusions from this important compendium of health coaching literature.
Irina Todorova, PhD
Director of Research, Institute of Coaching
1. Dejonghe LAL, Becker J, Froboese I, Schaller A. Long-term effectiveness of health coaching in rehabilitation and prevention: A systematic review. Patient Educ Couns 2017.
2. Sforzo GA, Kaye MP, Todorova I, et al. Compendium of the health and wellness coaching literature. American Journal Of Lifestyle Medicine In press.
3. Wolever RQ, Simmons LA, Sforzo GA, et al. A Systematic Review of the Literature on Health and Wellness Coaching: Defining a Key Behavioral intervention in Healthcare. Global Advances In Health And Medicine: Improving Healthcare Outcomes Worldwide 2013;2:38-57.
The Sage Handbook of Coaching (2017)
Bachkirova, Tatiana
Spence, Gordon
Premium Resource Type
Coaching Specialty:
Resource Topics:
Health and Wellness Coaching, Health Coaching, Healthcare
The IOC is a global community of coaches.
115 Mill Street, Mail Stop 314
info@instituteofcoaching.org
Get the science of coaching delivered to your inbox
We need to confirm your email address. Please click the link in the email we just sent you.


Note: Australian players are no longer accepted at 21 Prive. The information provided in this article is intended for international readers only.
Established in 2014 by the same people who brought us G'day Casino, 21Prive.com provides an excellent space for online players to enjoy a range of real money blackjack games from leading game developers like NetEnt, BetSoft, NYX Gaming and more.
21 Prive also offers an impressive live dealer game catalogue, along with an easy to navigate mobile casino. There is no shortage of special offers, with a different bonus available each day of the week.
You'll continue to be rewarded at 21 Prive, with a 10% matched deposit bonus up to $50 available on every deposit you make at this site, even after the welcome bonus has been exhausted.
Keep an eye on the promotions page to stay in the loop of ongoing bonus offers. 21 Prive has weekly casino promotions that include the Monday Blues Buster, Mystery Bonus Must Have Tuesday, Break the Bank Wednesdays, Tremendous Thursday and Weekend Cash Matches.
Note: wagering requirements apply to all matched deposit bonuses; check the terms and conditions of these offers on-site for full details.
Like most leading casinos these days, 21Prive.com provides its games in instant-play mode, which means that you don't need to download any specific software to play here. Games are accessed directly over your web browser and depending on your Internet speed, games can be played within seconds of making your selection. The beauty of browser based play means that you'll have full availability to these games whether you're using a PC, laptop, Mac, smartphone or tablet.
21Prive.com has a solid selection of blackjack variants from leading game developers NetEnt, BetSoft and NYX Gaming to choose from, and given the browser-based nature of this site, you can try as many games as you like without having to waste any extra time on downloads. These games of 21 can also be played for free in demo mode if you want to get a hang of the rules or gameplay format before committing to a real money bet.
To locate these games simply click on the 'blackjack' tab under the Game Category listing down the left hand side of the casino lobby.
If you want to try something different between blackjack hands at 21 Prive, there's a giant selection of other casino games to choose from.
For those who enjoy a quick spin on the slots, there are literally hundreds of online pokies available, including popular titles like Gonzo's Quest, Spinata Grande, Mega Fortune, Hall of Gods, Starburst, Twin Spin, Aliens and South Park Reel Chaos. You can also try your luck on mini-games like online scratchies, keno and bingo.
If table games are more your thing, there's a great selection of sophisticated roulette, poker, baccarat and video poker games to choose from.
Amongst a collection of 10 premium live dealer games at 21 Prive Casino you'll find three suave live dealer blackjack games – Live Blackjack and Live Common Draw Blackjack from Ezugi, and Live Blackjack from NetEnt. Each of these games is hosted by friendly, attractive croupiers from high-end casino studios that genuinely replicate the feeling of playing in a world class venue.
These live dealer titles offer fully-customisable audio and display options, and Ezugi's live blackjack has a chat option as well as a social media plug-in that allows you to invite friends to the room via Facebook.
Live dealer games require real money bets in order to play and can't be accessed for free in practice mode. 21Prive.com also offers live roulette, live baccarat, live keno and live lotto.
If you're reading this on your smartphone or tablet, tap our links to head direct to the 21Prive mobile casino and take advantage of the 100% matched deposit bonus along the way.
Payments are accepted using various currencies, just make sure to select your local currency when registering for an account. These deposit methods provide instant processing, so you can start playing real money games at 21 Prive right away. You can check the daily, weekly and monthly transaction limits that apply to each payment method in the cashier section when logged in to your account.
Players are rewarded for their time at this site thanks to the 21Prive Rewards program. Upon making your first deposit at 21 Prive, you'll be rewarded with 500 points to get you started and from there you'll accumulate more loyalty points the more you play. For every $10 you wager, you'll be eligible for up to two loyalty points, but be mindful that playing blackjack will only contribute to 0.50 points.
Your points can be redeemed for bonus money along with other exclusive offers, with bigger bonuses available the higher you rank on the loyalty ladder.
21 Prive is protected by the strongest available digital SSL (Secure Socket Layer) encryption, courtesy of RapidSSL. This makes it near impossible for another user or third party to intercept your personal details, leaving you to deposit money without any concerns to your online safety.
A dedicated help desk is available 24/7 to assist with any queries you may have, be it regarding security, deposit options, special promos, game rules or any other question that needs answering.


SIGNATURE DESIGN SOLUTIONS – REMARKABLE CONCEPTS. RELIABLE SERVICE. RELEVANT BUDGETING.
REMARKABLE CONCEPTS. RELIABLE SERVICE. RELEVANT BUDGETING.
DISCOVER NEW INTERIOR DESIGN CONCEPTS THAT CAN MAGICALLY TRANSFORM YOUR LIVING SPACE!
Welcome to Signature Design Solutions!
Innovative in project conceptualization and realization. Dedicated to the utmost satisfaction of its clients. Determined to make a mark in the construction and interior design scenario, with projects having a character and soul of its own.
Welcome to the world of Signature Interiors. Headquartered in the royal town of Thripunithura, Kochi, Kerala, this new age construction and interior decoration The Company is whose directors have business interests and investments, in various other prosperous businesses in the region.
Our clients appreciate our insight-driven perspective, and they know we are committed to treating each problem as a unique one. Each project we work on begins by listening carefully to fully understand what our client needs and sometimes even what our client dreams! Once we agree upon the basic design concept, we look at the big picture and work closely with our clients to build a custom design, a design that suits them the best – aesthetically, practically and economically.We would like to hear from you. Be it a dream or a requirement, talk to us. Connect with us for the best solutions.
XXI 324, "RAMAPRASADAM", Layam Raod,Tripunithura, Kochi-682 301.
© Signature Design Soliutions. All rights reserved.