The AVCA covers mass-market rack components (receivers, tape decks, VCRs) and those that are installed in dashboards (head units), grouped as Home "Audio", Home "Video", and "Car."
Shelf Systems are also included under Home Audio, Camcorders under Video, and Hideaway CD/MD Changers under Car Audio.
Click here for a full list of equipment categories.
Technology is continuously changing. The stuff we have today is a lot different from what we had 15 or 30 years ago, yesterday's top-of-the-line features becoming entry-level as altogether new technologies spring from obscurity to ubiquitousness. I became interested in these trends back when DVD was replacing VHS in the late 90's and, finding nowhere on the internet to learn about the devices of yesteryear, I started my own. It is interesting to see the evolution among brands and between model years, the relationship between budget, performance, and those in the middle. This database is designed to capture these trends and display them at a glance. Beyond my own interest, I hope this archive is helpful to those looking for information about old product lines and faded technologies.
After a few years offline, the Audio/ Video Component Archive was brought back in 2017. It's no longer part of the main website (linked at bottom of the page) so the design is different. There are huge coverage gaps which will be filled in over time. My goal was for it to span "from Beta to Blu-ray," offering information from the 80's, 90's, and 00's. Now it's just "from whenever to the present." Whenever I find the time to add more listings, anyway.
This archive won't be complete for quite a while. There are still gaping holes in its coverage with just little ol' me using bits of free time to close them. But those who wish to help out can get credit in the listings.
If you own a piece of equipment I don't have listed, or don't have much on, I welcome you to e-mail me about it. Include the kind of details you see for similar equipment (click here to view a list of categories, some of them have templates) and by all means take a picture. Ditto for product literature and old catalogs: please scan or take pictures of the pages. Please get my okay before you send a bunch of large images, though.
Brand/ Model Number: The model number of the component, listed without any dashes or spaces. Sometimes extra characters may be used (such as a "U" at the end of JVC VCRs' numbers, or a "MKII" to indicate "mark 2"). The information will generally reflect models sold in America. If I've come across alternate model numbers they're also listed. The KRC357D and KRC357L were the European and Asian equivalents to the KRC302.
Category/ Subcategory/ Year: The KRC302 was a "Car Cassette Receiver" from Kenwood's 1996 line, within the "CD Changer Control" subcategory. Not all listings have subcategories and the year isn't always known. A "?" after the year indicates an educated guess.
Related Models: The KRC202 was the next lower model from the same year, and the KRC402 the next one up. The KRC301 was its 1995 equivalent and the KRCS300 its replacement in 1997.
Notes: When I looked up the KRC357D and KRC357L versions of this receiver, I noticed some of the features were different.
Features & Specs: The data about the component. Underlined features are what it had added over, in this example, the KRC202. Sometimes features are taken away, these are put underneath in yellow italics. This formatting will be shown when the KRC202 and KRC302 are displayed on the same page, and hidden when the KRC302 is shown by itself (clicking on the model number will do that). The way this database lists features is being standardized, making it easier to match them up across different models. Size and weight are given in metric units, even when my source gave inches/ pounds. Conversions are indicated with a tilde (~).
Photo: If I find an image available, I'll scan/photoshop it and post it. Most images do not belong to me and are posted under Fair Use. A higher quality image, and the permission to use it, may be found among the sources I listed for that model. Pictures I've taken myself say public domain at the bottom of the graphic.
Price When New/ Sources: Price is how much the model cost when it was first sold (in U.S. Dollars). Clicking on the price will convert it to 2018 dollars. Then I list my sources. The source(s) for the photo appear in red text below it.
Link to this/ Show related: Some users link to database entries on other sites (thanks, by the way!). Clicking "Link to this" will take you to an easily linkable page with only the selected model. "Show related" will let you compare it to similar model numbers.


Dr. Sayan Sen, National Heart and Lung Institute, 2nd Floor, B Block, Hammersmith Hospital, Imperial College London, London W12 0HS, UK.
Objectives In this study, a systematic analysis was conducted of phasic intracoronary pressure and flow velocity in patients with severe aortic stenosis (AS) and coronary artery disease, undergoing transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR), to determine how AS affects 1) phasic coronary flow; 2) hyperemic coronary flow; and 3) the most common clinically used indices of coronary stenosis severity, instantaneous wave-free ratio and fractional flow reserve.
Background A significant proportion of patients with severe aortic stenosis (AS) have concomitant coronary artery disease. The effect of the valve on coronary pressure, flow, and the established invasive clinical indices of stenosis severity have not been studied.
Methods Twenty-eight patients (30 lesions, 50.0% men, mean age 82.1 ± 6.5 years) with severe AS and coronary artery disease were included. Intracoronary pressure and flow assessments were performed at rest and during hyperemia immediately before and after TAVR.
Results Flow during the wave-free period of diastole did not change post-TAVR (29.78 ± 14.9 cm/s vs. 30.81 ± 19.6 cm/s, p = 0.64). Whole-cycle hyperemic flow increased significantly post-TAVR (33.44 ± 13.4 cm/s pre-TAVR vs. 40.33 ± 17.4 cm/s post-TAVR, p = 0.006); this was secondary to significant increases in systolic hyperemic flow post-TAVR (27.67 ± 12.1 cm/s pre-TAVR vs. 34.15 ± 17.5 cm/s post-TAVR, p = 0.02). Instantaneous wave-free ratio values did not change post-TAVR (0.88 ± 0.09 pre-TAVR vs. 0.88 ± 0.09 post-TAVR, p = 0.73), whereas fractional flow reserve decreased significantly post-TAVR (0.87 ± 0.08 pre-TAVR vs. 0.85 ± 0.09 post-TAVR, p = 0.001).
Conclusions Systolic and hyperemic coronary flow increased significantly post-TAVR; consequently, hyperemic indices that include systole underestimated coronary stenosis severity in patients with severe AS. Flow during the wave-free period of diastole did not change post-TAVR, suggesting that indices calculated during this period are not vulnerable to the confounding effect of the stenotic aortic valve.
A significant proportion of patients with severe aortic stenosis (AS) have concomitant coronary artery disease (CAD) (1,2). Determining the significance of CAD is challenging because traditional noninvasive and invasive indices of ischemia have not been validated in this setting (3). At present the decision to revascularize a coronary lesion in a patient with severe AS is based on angiography (3). This anatomic approach is unlikely to correctly identify those lesions that are truly flow limiting and may therefore lead to inappropriate treatment decisions (4).
Invasive indices of coronary stenosis severity provide more accurate localization of ischemia than noninvasive indices (5). There are several invasive indices of coronary artery stenosis severity. These are measured either during resting or hyperemic conditions and can be further divided into those that use the complete cardiac cycle (Pd/Pa, fractional flow reserve [FFR] ) or only a period within diastole (instantaneous wave-free ratio [iFR] ).
To validate whether an invasive index is accurate in determining lesion significance, in patients with severe AS, an understanding of how AS affects coronary flow is required. Transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR) permits unique insights into the acute effects of AS on coronary physiology (7) because intracoronary physiology assessment can be made immediately before and after valve insertion, thereby minimizing any potential confounding factors. In this study, we aimed to use the TAVR model to determine how AS affects 1) phasic coronary flow; 2) hyperemic coronary flow; and 3) the most common clinically used indices of coronary stenosis severity, iFR and FFR.
Twenty-eight consecutive patients (30 lesions) with severe AS planned for TAVR and moderate to severe CAD were included. Recruiting centers were the Hammersmith Hospital, Imperial College NHS Trust (London, United Kingdom) and Skane University Hospital (Lund, Sweden). TAVR was indicated by international guidelines (3), and the treatment decision was made at a heart team meeting. Exclusion criteria were known nonviable myocardium in the area of the corresponding coronary artery being studied, contraindication to the administration of adenosine, inability to consent, and weight more than 200 kg. All participants gave written informed consent, and the study was given full ethical approval (14/SC/1103).
Cardiac catheterization and coronary angiography were undertaken via either the transradial or transfemoral route at the operator's discretion, using standard equipment. A guiding catheter was used to intubate the vessel of interest. Heparin (5,000 U) was administered intra-arterially. A dual-pressure and Doppler sensor–equipped 0.014-inch guidewire was used for all physiological assessments (ComboWire, Volcano, San Diego, California). The guidewire signal was normalized in the aorta and then advanced a minimum of 3 vessel diameters distal to the stenosed segment. After an optimal and stable flow velocity signal was obtained, resting pressure and flow measurements were recorded. Hyperemia was then induced using a 150-μg bolus of intracoronary adenosine, and hyperemic measurements were made. At the end of each recording, the pressure sensor was returned to the catheter tip to ensure that there was no pressure drift. When drift was identified (≥0.01), all measurements were repeated. Left ventricular end-diastolic pressure (LVEDP) was recorded using a pigtail catheter placed in the LV cavity. The entire protocol was repeated immediately following the deployment of the new aortic valve. An example of an invasive pressure and flow trace is shown in Figure 1.
All TAVR procedures were undertaken according to standard clinical protocols. All patients were treated under local anesthesia. The valves used were the balloon-expandable Edwards SAPIEN XT or S3 valve (Edwards Lifesciences, Irvine, California), the self-expandable Medtronic CoreValve or Evolut R valve (Medtronic, Minneapolis, Minnesota), or the repositionable Lotus valve (Boston Scientific, Natick, Massachusetts); valve choice was at the operator's discretion.
The hemodynamic signals were processed using the associated instrument console (ComboMap, Volcano) and stored for offline analysis. Analog output feeds were taken from the pressure-velocity console and electrocardiograph, fed into a DAQ-Card AI-16E-4 (National Instruments, Austin, Texas), and acquired at 1 kHz with LabVIEW (National Instruments). Data were analyzed offline using a custom software package designed with MATLAB (The MathWorks, Natick, Massachusetts).
Coronary flow velocity (centimeters per second) was measured at baseline and during hyperemia.
where Pa is mean aortic pressure; Pd is mean intracoronary pressure distal to a stenosis; wfp is the wave-free period of diastole; vh is mean flow velocity distal to a stenosis during hyperemia; vb is mean flow velocity distal to a stenosis at baseline; ΔPh is Pa − Pd during hyperemia; and ΔPb is Pa − Pd at baseline.
Phasic analysis was performed to identify pressure and flow characteristics during different periods of the cardiac cycle. The wave-free period was identified using wave-intensity analysis as previously described (12). A custom-written MATLAB algorithm was used to separate systole, diastole, and the wave-free period to facilitate phasic analysis of hemodynamic data. A schematic outlining how this was performed is shown in Figure 2.
Continuous variables are presented as mean ± SD unless otherwise stated. Comparisons before and after TAVR were performed using a Wilcoxon signed rank test. The threshold for statistical significance was set at 0.05.
Twenty-eight patients (30 lesions, 50.0% men, mean age 82.1 ± 6.5 years) were included. Baseline clinical characteristics are summarized in Table 1. Data regarding quantitative coronary angiography are shown in Table 2. The baseline echocardiographic and procedural characteristics are summarized in Table 3. Mean peak aortic valve velocity was 407.18 ± 93.68 cm/s, and mean peak gradient was 70.01 ± 32/85 mm Hg with a calculated mean aortic valve area of 0.68 ± 0.22 cm2 (velocity-time integral method).
Pre-TAVR, LV systolic function was normal in 20 patients (71.4%), mildly impaired in 3 patients (10.7%), moderately impaired in 2 patients (7.1%), and severely impaired in 3 patients (10.7%). Post-TAVR, LV systolic function was normal in 20 patients (71.4%), mildly impaired in 3 patients (10.7%), moderately impaired in 4 patients (14.3%), and severely impaired in 1 patient (3.6%). Overall there was no significant difference in ejection fraction or heart rate post-TAVR, with a strong trend for reduction in LV end-diastolic pressure (p = 0.06) (Figure 3, Table 3).
The large diamonds denote the mean values, with the error bars denoting the upper and lower 95% confidence intervals.
Following TAVR, 15 patients (53.6%) had no paravalvular leak, 13 patients (46.4%) had trivial to mild paravalvular leak, and no patients had mild to moderate, moderate, or severe paravalvular leak (Table 3).
A summary of coronary hemodynamic parameters pre- and post-TAVR, under resting conditions and during hyperemia, is shown in Table 4. An example of invasive Doppler flow and pressure traces is shown in Figure 1. A summary of coronary flow pre- and post-TAVR is shown in Figure 4.
Figure demonstrating the changes in coronary flow before and after transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR). The left panel is resting flow over the whole cardiac cycle (PdPa-flow); the middle panel is resting flow during the wave-period of diastole (iFR-flow); and the right panel is hyperemic flow over the whole cardiac cycle (FFR-flow). Both PdPa-flow and FFR-flow increase significantly more post-TAVR than iFR-flow, which is constant. The bars denote mean values, with the error bars denoting standard errors.
PdPa-flow increased nonsignificantly by 18.9 ± 4.4% post-TAVR (22.13 ± 10.3 cm/s pre-TAVR vs. 24.84 ± 12.5 cm/s post-TAVR, p = 0.10). FFR-flow increased by 25.0 ± 3.8% post-TAVR (33.44 ± 13.4 cm/s pre-TAVR vs. 40.33 ± 17.4 cm/s post-TAVR, p = 0.004).
Systolic resting flow increased by 36.8 ± 5.4% post-TAVR (16.48 ± 9.4 cm/s pre-TAVR vs. 21.05 ± 13.1 cm/s post-TAVR, p = 0.004). Systolic hyperemic flow increased by 31.2 ± 5.4% post-TAVR (27.67 ± 12.1 cm/s pre-TAVR vs. 34.15 ± 17.5 cm/s post-TAVR, p = 0.01).
There was no change in resting iFR-flow post-TAVR (29.78 ± 14.9 cm/s pre-TAVR vs. 30.81 ± 19.6 cm/s post-TAVR, p = 0.31). Hyperemic iFR-flow was also unchanged pre- and post-TAVR (44.01 ± 20.6 cm/s pre-TAVR vs. 42.52 ± 18.4 cm/s post-TAVR, p = 0.87).
Post-TAVR, PdPa-flow increased by 18.9 ± 4.4%, FFR-flow increased by 25.0 ± 3.8%, and iFR-flow increased by 5.7 ± 3.2%. PdPa-flow changed significantly more than iFR-flow (p = 0.01). FFR-flow also changed significantly more than iFR-flow (p < 0.0001) (Figure 4). The change in FFR-flow was similar to the change in PdPa-flow (p = 0.39).
Whole-cycle resting MVR was unchanged post-TAVR (4.20 ± 1.9 mm Hg · cm · s−1 pre-TAVR vs. 4.14 ± 2.1 mm Hg · cm · s−1 post-TAVR, p = 0.81). Whole-cycle hyperemic MVR decreased by 7.7% post-TAVR (2.42 ± 0.9 mm Hg · cm · s−1 pre-TAVR vs. 2.14 ± 0.9 mm Hg · cm · s−1 post-TAVR, p = 0.03).
Systolic resting MVR decreased numerically post-TAVR (7.54 ± 3.8 mmHg · cm · s−1 pre-TAVR vs. 6.60 ± 3.5 mm Hg · cm · s−1 post-TAVR, p = 0.17). Systolic hyperemic MVR did not change post-TAVR (3.73 ± 1.6 mm Hg · cm · s−1 pre-TAVR vs. 3.45 ± 1.6 mm Hg · cm · s−1 post-TAVR, p = 0.12).
Wave-free resting MVR increased by 28.6% post-TAVR (2.59 ± 1.5 mm Hg · cm · s−1 pre-TAVR vs. 3.02 ± 1.6 mm Hg · cm · s−1 post-TAVR, p = 0.02). Wave-free hyperemic MVR was constant post-TAVR (1.53 ± 0.8 mm Hg · cm · s−1 pre-TAVR vs. 1.49 ± 0.6 mm Hg · cm · s−1 post-TAVR, p = 0.52).
iFR values did not change post TAVR (0.88 ± 0.09 pre-TAVR vs. 0.88 ± 0.09 post-TAVR, p = 0.94) (Figure 5). FFR values significantly decreased after TAVR (0.87 ± 0.08 pre-TAVR vs. 0.85 ± 0.09 post-TAVR, p = 0.0008). Basal stenosis resistance values did not change post-TAVR (0.31 ± 0.29 pre-TAVR vs. 0.32 ± 0.26 post-TAVR, p = 0.5). Hyperemic stenosis resistance values increased after TAVR (0.34 ± 0.32 pre-TAVR vs. 0.40 ± 0.32 post-TAVR, p = 0.06). A summary of the indices of coronary stenosis severity before and after TAVR is shown in Table 5.
Figure demonstrating the change in fractional flow reserve (FFR) and instantaneous wave-free ratio (iFR) values after transcatheter aortic valve replacement. FFR decreases significantly, whereas iFR remains constant. The bars denote mean values, with the error bars denoting standard errors.
In this study, we have shown that 1) iFR-flow does not change post-TAVR; 2) FFR-flow increases significantly post-TAVR; 3) changes in FFR-flow are driven by significant increases in systolic flow post-TAVR; and 4) iFR values do no change post-TAVR, whereas FFR decreases significantly post-TAVR.
Coronary flow is phasic and occurs in both systole and diastole. Systolic flow is driven predominantly by pressure changes at the aortic end of the vessel (13). Diastolic flow is driven by pressure changes at the distal end of the vessel, due to contraction and relaxation of the myocardium and its interaction with the microcirculation (14–16).
During systole, coronary flow is a function of blood emptying from the left ventricle through the aortic valve into the aorta and the opposing compression forces from the contracting myocardium, which blunts systolic flow. In severe AS, systolic coronary flow is reduced because of obstruction of ventricular emptying by the stenosed aortic valve and simultaneous compression of the microcirculation from the contracting myocardium opposing forward flow in the coronary artery, which is augmented by the elevated intraventricular pressure in patients with severe AS (17,18). This results in a reduction in coronary flow during systole. Treatment of the valve stenosis by TAVR removes the mechanical obstruction to ventricular emptying, increases aortic flow, and reduces intraventricular pressure and therefore increases systolic coronary flow (19). This significant systolic increment in flow post-TAVR occurs at rest and during hyperemia (Figure 6).
Figure demonstrating the changes in systolic coronary flow after transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR). In the top panel there is a schematic, demonstrating that post-TAVR there is increase in the forward traveling systolic pressure, leading to an increase in systolic coronary flow. There is also a reduction in the compressive forces on the microcirculation post-TAVR; these 2 factors both contribute to a net increase in systolic coronary flow post-TAVR. The bottom panel demonstrates the statistically significantly increase in systolic coronary flow seen in our study, both at rest and during Hyperemia. The bars denote mean values, with the error bars denoting standard errors.
Diastolic flow during the wave-free period occurs when the myocardium is neither contracting nor actively relaxing (12). During this period, the aortic valve is closed. Restriction of aortic valve opening, a systolic phenomenon, therefore does not affect flow during the wave-free period of diastole, because regardless of the severity of AS, the aortic valve leaflets are closed and therefore the aortic valve is not actively contributing to coronary flow.
Maximal blood flow in a coronary artery is affected by microvascular structure, function, LV end-diastolic pressure, and right atrial pressure (20–23). Any condition that affects 1 of these determinants will affect maximal flow. In AS, LV afterload is increased because of the stenosed valve (24). This results in raised LV end-diastolic pressure and LV hypertrophy, leading to structural changes in the microcirculation that affect its ability to respond to hyperemic agents (25). Furthermore, patients with severe AS have increased circulating vasoconstrictors as part of a compensatory mechanism to increase vascular tone and maintain systemic blood pressure (26). These vasoconstrictors counteract the effect of administered vasodilators such as adenosine and may therefore also attenuate the response of the coronary microcirculation to adenosine.
The protocol in this study permitted the isolation of the acute effect of treating a stenosed aortic valve on coronary hemodynamics. This study demonstrates that hyperemic flow increases significantly post-TAVR. This is driven by a significant increase in the systolic component of flow. In contrast, flow during the wave-free period does not change during hyperemia post TAVR, which is consistent with the minimal effect of the aortic valve on coronary flow during this period. Therefore, any index of coronary flow that includes the systolic phase of the cardiac cycle will be susceptible to change post-TAVR. In contrast, indices of flow that do not involve systole may be less vulnerable to restriction of aortic valve opening.
A significant proportion of patients with severe AS also have concomitant CAD (2). The assessment of this disease is challenging, and the established hyperemia-based indices of coronary stenosis severity have not been validated in this setting. Extrapolation of FAME (Fractional Flow Reserve Versus Angiography for Multivessel Evaluation) (4) data would suggest that treatment based on coronary angiography alone is likely to lead to unnecessary revascularization. In addition, coronary intervention is not without risk in patients with severe AS.
The 2 most clinically applicable and validated indices of coronary stenosis severity are FFR and iFR. Although these are both pressure-derived indices of stenosis severity, their physiological principles rely on the fact that pressure is proportional to underlying coronary flow during their measurement. Therefore, any change in coronary flow will lead to a change in the pressure-only index.
FFR is measured over the whole cardiac cycle. As a result, it includes systolic flow. The significant change in hyperemic systolic flow immediately after TAVR has a significant effect on whole-cycle flow and therefore FFR. The blunted whole-cycle hyperemic flow pre-TAVR leads to FFR's systematically underestimating coronary stenosis severity in the presence of AS, with an increase in hyperemic flow post-TAVR resulting in FFR values becoming significantly lower across the same coronary stenosis (Figure 7).
Figure demonstrating the changes in coronary hemodynamic status over the fractional flow reserve (FFR) and instantaneous wave-free ratio (iFR) measurement windows. The top row shows the changes in coronary hemodynamics over the FFR window (the whole cardiac cycle during hyperemia): the left panel demonstrates a significant increase in flow, the middle panel demonstrates a significant reduction in resistance; and as a consequence the right panel demonstrates a significant reduction in the FFR value after transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR). The bottom row shows the changes in coronary hemodynamic status over the iFR window (the wave-free period of diastole at rest): the left panel demonstrates constant flow before and after TAVR; the right panel demonstrates a constant iFR value post-TAVR; to achieve the same pressure gradient with the same flow velocity, there is therefore a significant increase in resistance (shown in the middle panel). The bars denote mean values, with the error bars denoting standard errors.
iFR is a nonhyperemic index of stenosis severity that is measured during the diastolic wave-free period (6). During this period pressure and flow are proportional. We demonstrate that this diastolic wave-free period exists in patients with severe AS. Furthermore, coronary flow during the diastolic wave-free period does not change post-TAVR, indicating its relative independence from the acute relief of AS. This ability to discriminate the coronary stenosis severity from AS appears to be true of this period at rest and during hyperemia. The consistency of flow during this period post-TAVR means that, in contrast to FFR, the iFR value does not change post-TAVR (Figure 7).
These phenomena can also be observed by comparing the results of our study with those of other studies on indices of coronary stenosis severity in patients without severe AS. In the DEFINE-FLAIR (Functional Lesion Assessment of Intermediate Stenosis to Guide Revascularisation) and iFR-SWEDEHEART (Evaluation of iFR vs FFR in Stable Angina or Acute Coronary Syndrome) trials, the mean iFR values were 0.91 ± 0.09 and 0.91 ± 0.10, respectively, similar to the mean iFR of 0.88 ± 0.09 seen in this study. The mean FFR values, however, were 0.83 ± 0.09 in DEFINE-FLAIR and 0.82 ± 0.10 in iFR-SWEDEHEART, lower than those seen in this study (0.87 ± 0.08). This is a function of the attenuated hyperemia in these patients, due to a blunted effect of adenosine resulting in failure to augment flow sufficiently to produce FFR values similar to those in patients without severe AS.
There is a paucity of available data regarding coronary stenosis assessment in patients with severe AS. Existing studies have not measured coronary flow and assumed that it is not affected by AS (27–29). The present study demonstrates that the effect of adenosine is significantly altered in the presence of AS, and this will consequently significantly affect FFR values and therefore any FFR treatment threshold. The significantly blunted effect of adenosine in these patients suggests that the fundamental intracoronary conditions for accurate FFR assessment cannot be met in patients with severe AS and therefore calls into question the role of FFR as an ischemic standard in these patients (30).
The findings of this study have potential implications for patients with severe AS and coronary disease who are undergoing TAVR. The ability to isolate coronary stenosis severity in the context of AS will allow clinicians to determine in which patients the valve alone can be treated and which patients need concomitant revascularization, which may be via angioplasty or, in conventional surgical aortic valve replacement, bypass surgery. Hyperemic indices that include systole, such as FFR, are unable to accurately determine coronary stenosis severity in this setting, because of a blunted hyperemic response, suggesting that potentially flow-limiting coronary lesions may be denied appropriate treatment. The degree of AS at which hyperemic flow begins to reduce is also unknown, raising the possibility maximal hyperemia is not achievable in patients with moderate or even mild AS. Furthermore, the variable and unpredictable rate of regression of LV hypertrophy also suggests that FFR may still be vulnerable to an inability to achieve maximal hyperemia for several months after valve treatment.
Flow during the wave-free period of diastole is independent of the severity of the AS, suggesting that iFR can be used to accurately discriminate coronary stenosis severity in the setting of AS. Further studies are required to determine if there is any significant effect of LV hypertrophy regression on iFR values in this setting. The true of role of iFR in patients will be appreciated only with a prospective study comparing an iFR-guided approach to revascularization to standard angiographically guided therapy in patients with severe AS.
This study included patients with severe symptomatic AS for whom TAVR was decreed the most appropriate therapy by the heart team, in accordance with international guidelines (3). Our results cannot therefore be generalized to patients with more mild degrees of AS.
Adenosine was administered as an intracoronary bolus and not via intravenous infusion. We cannot therefore exclude the possibility that intravenous adenosine infusion would yield different results. However, intracoronary adenosine is recognized as a valid approach to FFR assessment (31,32), and such assessments have been included in all the large randomized trials of physiology to date (33,34). Intravenous infusion was avoided because of the recognized potential for a 15% reduction in aortic pressure (35) that could potentially destabilize a patient with severe AS.
Post-TAVR physiological measurements were made immediately after the valve had been replaced and within the same catheter laboratory procedure. We cannot therefore comment on any more long-term changes in coronary hemodynamics.
The prevalence of severe aortic regurgitation has been significantly reduced with the development of the current generation of TAVR valves (36). This is reflected in the presence of only trivial to mild aortic regurgitation in our dataset compared with other groups that used earlier generation valves (37,38). It is therefore unlikely that the degree of AR, which was mild at most in a minority of our patients, would explain the large differences seen in this study between systolic and diastolic parameters and hyperemia and resting parameters.
The sample size of our study may be considered small, with 30 coronary lesions across 28 patients. However, this is the largest study to date of invasive coronary flow in patients with severe AS and the first to study patients with stenosed coronary arteries. It is also the first study to include phasic analysis, permitting an increase in our understanding of the coronary physiology in this complex hemodynamic condition. This was a mechanistic study, aiming to provide a comprehensive insight to coronary hemodynamic status in patients with severe AS undergoing TAVR. A decision-making strategy for revascularization in patients with severe AS, on the basis of current FFR or iFR data, cannot be made.
This study was designed to compare hyperemic and resting coronary flow and to perform a phasic analysis to delineate differences between systole and diastole. It was not, however, powered to detect differences between resting indices of coronary stenosis severity. Our phasic analysis suggests that there is a significant change in systolic flow post-TAVR, during both resting conditions and hyperemia. This suggests that if the sample size were increased, we may see significant differences between whole cycle and diastolic resting indices.
Systolic coronary flow and hyperemic coronary flow are significantly reduced in severe AS and change significantly post-TAVR. Hyperemic indices that include systole therefore provide a limited assessment of true coronary stenosis severity in patients with severe AS. Flow during the wave-free period of diastole does not change post TAVR, suggesting that, in patients with severe AS, coronary indices calculated during this period may be more reflective of true coronary stenosis severity.
WHAT IS KNOWN? A significant proportion of patients with severe AS have concomitant CAD. There is no established index of coronary stenosis severity in these patients.
WHAT IS NEW? Systolic coronary flow and hyperaemic coronary flow are significantly reduced in severe AS and change significantly post-TAVR, making indices of coronary stenosis severity that include systole and are made during hyperaemic conditions unreliable in this context. Coronary flow during the wave-free period of diastole does not change post-TAVR, therefore indices restricted to this period are more accurate in patients with severe AS.
WHAT IS NEXT? Prospective randomized trials of coronary revascularisation in patients with severe AS are required to determine the optimal method of assessing and treating CAD in this cohort.
The authors are grateful for infrastructural support from the National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Biomedical Research Centre based at Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust and Imperial College London. They also would like to acknowledge the support of the Academy of Medical Sciences (WHCP_P53077). CC (MR/M018369/1) and SS (G1000357) are supported by the Medical Research Council. JH is supported by the Wellcome Trust (PS3162_WHCP). RP (FS/11/46/28861), JD (FS/05/006) and DF (FS 04/079) are supported by the British Heart Foundation).
Drs. Gotberg, Cook, and Petraco have conducted teaching sessions supported by Volcano. Dr. Sen has attended and conducted teaching sessions supported by Volcano, St. Jude Medical, Medtronic, Pfizer, and AstraZeneca; has received research grant support from Philips, AstraZeneca, Medtronic, and Pfizer; and has received speaking honoraria from Pfizer and Volcano-Philips. Drs. Mayet and Davies hold patents pertaining to the instantaneous wave-free ratio technology, which is under license to Volcano. Dr. Davies has served as a consultant for and has received significant research funding from Volcano. Prof. Serruys has received grants and personal fees from Phillips Medtronic and ReCor Medical. All other authors have reported that they have no relationships relevant to the contents of this paper to disclose.
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(2012) Coronary pressure-flow relations as basis for the understanding of coronary physiology. J Mol Cell Cardiol 52:786–793.
(2013) Myocardial ischemia in aortic stenosis: insights from arterial pulse-wave dynamics after percutaneous aortic valve replacement. Trends Cardiovasc Med 23:185–191.
(2011) Myocardial remodeling: cellular and extracellular events and targets. Annu Rev Physiol 73:47–68.
(2010) Alpha-adrenergic coronary vasoconstriction in humans. J Am Coll Cardiol 55:1278.
(2016) Functional assessment of coronary artery disease in patients undergoing transcatheter aortic valve implantation: influence of pressure overload on the evaluation of lesions severity. Circ Cardiovasc Interv 9.
(2017) Coronary physiology in patients with severe aortic stenosis: comparison between fractional flow reserve and instantaneous wave-free ratio. Int J Cardiol 243:40–46.
(2018) Physiologic evaluation of coronary lesions using instantaneous wave-free ratio (iFR) in patients with severe aortic stenosis undergoing transcatheter aortic valve implantation. EuroIntervention 13:1512–1519.
(2018) Assessing coronary disease in patients with severe aortic stenosis: the need for a "valid" gold standard for validation studies? EuroIntervention 13:1499–1502.
(2013) Standardized hyperemic stress for fractional flow reserve. Circ Cardiovasc Interv 6:602–603.
(2015) Impact of aortic valve stenosis on coronary hemodynamics and the instantaneous effect of transcatheter aortic valve implantation. Circ Cardiovasc Interv 8:e002443.


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Family of Murdered Jewish Man States "It was a Terror Attack"
by Adam Eliyahu Berkowitz | Oct 6, 2017 | Terror Watch
Reuven Shmerling, believed to have been murdered by Arab employees (Photo from Facebook)
A 70-year old Jewish Man was found stabbed to death in his factory in an Arab village, and while authorities search for a motive, the victim's family is clear: he was killed by his Palestinian employees because he was a Jew.
The body of Reuven Shmerling, a resident of Elkana, was found by his son in Shmeriling's coal factory in the industrial center of the Arab city of Kfar Qassem on Wednesday afternoon. Shmerling had apparently been beaten to death.Tuesday afternoon in his in the nearby Israeli-Arab town of Kfar Qassem (Kafr Qassem), according to police.
The victim's family released a statement on Thursday night, saying they were sure it was an act of terror.
"For the ailing family, there is no doubt that this despicable murder was committed on nationalistic grounds," the family said in a statement. "He was taken from us on his 70th birthday when the extended family gathered to celebrate the holiday every year on Sukkoth. His birthday party, unfortunately, turned into a day of mourning."
Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu sent condolences to the family via a Facebook post, promising to punish the guilty parties.
"I would like to send my condolences to the Schmerling family and the Elkana community over the murder of the Reuven Schmerling. We will do everything to bring to justice those who committed this shocking murder. May his memory be a blessing," Netanyahu wrote.
The head of security for Kfar Qassem, Khaled Issa, told Channel 10 that Schmerling "was a known figure in the city" and "this is a sad incident that has all of us in shock."
Issa said Kfar Qassem is known as a place for "partnership between Jews and Arabs" and where "everyone works in harmony."
Shmerling will be buried on Friday. He leaves behind 4 children and 19 grandchildren.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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← U-M RESEARCH COMPLIANCE PROGRAMS ← Research A-Z Gateway ← Medical School Office of Research Homepage
Type-Templates-SOPs-Guidance-Policies-Informational
TopicAdverse Events & Other Reportable Information and OccurrencesApplication TypesBillingClinical ResearchClinical TrialeResearch Regulatory Management (eRRM)FDA (Drugs, Devices & Biologics)HIPAA & Protected Health InformationIndirect CostInformed Consent & AssentInternational ResearchInvestigator & Study Team ResponsibilitiesOnCorePost-AwardPre-AwardRecruitmentRegulations & Policies (Federal, State & Local)RepositorySingle IRB (sIRB)Statements of PracticeSubject Payments & ReimbursementSubject Populations
UnitCalendar Review & Analysis OfficeCentral BiorepositoryClinical Trials Support OfficeData Office for Clinical & Translational ResearchGrant Services & AnalysisInstitutional Review Boards (IRBMED)
Informed Consent Procedures Using Electronic Systems and Remote Use of Paper Documents
Mar 27, 2020 2:00 pm
Copy Generated on: January 17, 2021, 12:26 am
Electronic and remote informed consent procedures are permitted by IRBMED and must meet the same regulatory and institutional requirements of an in-person paper-based informed consent process. This guidance is intended for research studies that require signed informed consent.
Electronic informed consent (eIC) refers to the use of electronic processes and systems (i.e., information presented via computers, tablets, websites, smartphones) to convey study information and/or to document informed consent from a participant or Legally Authorized Representative (LAR). Research studies using eIC must comply with federal Health and Human Services (HHS) requirements at 45 CFR 46 and the University of Michigan Human Research Protection Program Operations Manual. Research projects that are subject to Food and Drug Administration (FDA) regulations must comply with FDA requirements at 21 CFR 11, 50, and 56. Research projects using or disclosing Protected Health Information (PHI) must comply with Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) requirements at 45 CFR 160 and 164. The participants and the study team are not necessarily remote from each other.
Remote informed consent procedures (i.e., the participant and the study are physically separated from each other) may be still conducted with the use of paper informed consent materials when it is not possible to develop an eIC process due to time constraints or technological limitations. The section titled "General Requirements and Considerations for Remotely Obtaining Informed Consent Using Paper Documents" provides guidance for these situations.
SignNow, which is both HIPAA and FDA 21 CFR Part 11 compliant, is electronic signature software available for use by UM personnel and students. Two U-MIC presentations offer instructions on electronic informed consent using SignNow:
Part One: Overview
Part Two: Managing Templates with Variable Signers
General Requirements and Considerations for Electronic Informed Consent (eIC)
The eIC must contain all elements of informed consent required by HHS regulations at 45 CFR 46.116 (the IRBMED standard informed consent template addresses these HHS requirements).
If a research study is FDA regulated, subject to HIPAA, or includes children, see additional guidance below.
The electronic format should be easy to navigate for the targeted study population. Strategies that enhance comprehension of information are permitted, including but not limited to:
Narration of text
Hyperlinks to additional information
Images, such as pictures and charts
All relevant information about study procedures should be presented in the eIC prior to the participant documenting their consent.
There must be sufficient opportunity for participants to consider whether to participate. As such, the eIC should allow the opportunity for the participant to stop and continue later.
The principal investigator and/or study team members designated to obtain informed consent are responsible for ensuring that a valid signature is obtained before the participant conducts study activities.
The principal investigator and/or study team must assure that informed consent has been appropriately obtained, even if using an electronic system.
The eIC process between a participant and the consenting study team member can take place either in-person or remotely, prior to having the participant sign the consent.
If done in-person, the study team member(s) will verify the participant's identification, review the eIC content, address questions, and witness signing of the eIC.
If done remotely, there must be a method for participants to have discussions with the study team (e.g., messaging, telephone calls, video conference, chat) prior to documenting consent. If discussions are not in real time, participants should be informed of how they will receive responses to questions. Participants should be reminded to use a private location to help ensure privacy and confidentiality. Additionally, the electronic system must include a method to ensure that the participant or LAR electronically signed the form, and not another person.
Electronic methods to capture the signature of the participant or LAR are permitted. The Office for Human Research Protections (OHRP) permits electronic signatures if such signatures are legally valid within the jurisdiction where the research is to be conducted.
For studies conducted in the State of Michigan, the Michigan Uniform Electronic Transactions Act 305 of 2000 defines an "electronic signature" as "an electronic sound, symbol, or process attached to or logically associated with a record and executed or adopted by a person with the intent to sign the record." (MCL 450.832)
The person electronically signing the eIC must be given a copy of the eIC.
The copy provided can be paper or electronic (email, text, photograph, other electronic format).
If hyperlinks are included in the eIC, the links must be maintained through completion of the study.
If a paper copy of the eIC is provided, any study-specific hyperlinked information should be provided on paper.
eIC can be used either to supplement or replace paper-based informed consent. OHRP and FDA regulations permit the flexibility of using electronic and paper informed consent methods independently or in combination throughout the course of the study.
Amendments to an existing eIC process are not required to be electronic. Depending on the circumstances of an amendment, it may be appropriate to use a paper-based method to convey new information to a participant, such as a mailed document.
Additional Requirements and Considerations for FDA-regulated Studies using Electronic Informed Consent (eIC)
The eIC must contain all elements of informed consent required by FDA regulations at 21 CFR 50.25 (the IRBMED standard informed consent template addresses these FDA requirements).
FDA regulations found at 21 CFR 11 set forth the criteria under which FDA considers electronic signatures to be valid and generally equivalent to a handwritten signature executed on paper.
Specific FDA electronic signature requirements are found at 21 CFR 11.10: https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/cdrh/cfdocs/cfcfr/CFRSearch.cfm?fr=11.10
FDA does not mandate or specify any particular methods for electronic signatures. Methods permitted by FDA includes but is not limited to:
Computer-readable ID cards
Biometrics designed to ensure that they cannot be used by anyone other than the participant
Username and password combinations
The electronic system used for eIC must capture and record the date that the participant or LAR provides consent.
Participants should be provided a copy of the eIC. FDA regulations do not require that the participant's copy include a signature, however, FDA recommends that a copy of the signed informed consent form that includes the date when the eIC was signed be provided to the participant or LAR.
Prior to initiating research activities with a participant, the identity of an individual must be verified, as required by 21 CFR 11.100(b). Methods permitted by FDA include but are not limited to:
Use of birth certificate
Government-issued passport
Use of security questions
Study teams should obtain a statement from the vendor of the electronic system that describes how the signature is created and that the system meets the requirements of FDA regulations at 21 CFR 11.
The electronic system must have restricted access and be secure. Additionally, the system should ensure confidentiality regarding participant's identities, study participation, and other personal information.
If SignNow is used, a vendor statement is not required.
If an FDA-regulated study is subject to an FDA site inspection, the FDA must be granted access to all site-specific versions of the eIC (initial version and all amended versions) and all eICs signed by participants.
Additional Requirements and Considerations for Research with Children using Electronic Informed Consent (eIC)
An eIC process can be used to obtain parental permission from parents and guardians of child participants.
The electronic parental permission process should follow the same requirements and considerations of informed consent outlined in the sections above.
Assent of children can be obtained using a process consistent with eIC. If appropriate, the study team can also request a waiver of assent or provide justification that assent is not necessary due to the age or status of child participants.
Any assent process conducted electronically should use electronic means that are age-appropriate and does not impede the capability of children to provide assent.
Language and presentation of electronic assent should be understandable to children in the targeted age population.
Age-appropriate means of documenting assent must be used, or justification for why documentation of assent is unnecessary should be provided.
If the research with children is FDA-regulated, child participants may lack documentation to verify identity (e.g., driver's license, passport, etc.). It may be reasonable for parents or guardians to initially document the child's assent, which can then be verified during the first study visit.
Requirements for Obtaining Electronic Informed Consent (eIC) for Use or Disclosure of Protected Health Information (PHI)
If the research study will use or disclose PHI, the eIC used for the informed consent process must comply with HIPAA Privacy, Security, and Breach Notification Rules at 45 CFR 160 and 164.
Safeguards of the electronic system used for eIC with should include either:
Encryption of participants' information, or
Documentation of measures equivalent to encryption with justification for why encryption is not possible.
HIPAA authorization to use or disclose PHI is permitted to be obtained electronically, if the electronic signature is a valid signature under applicable laws and regulations.
Participants or LARs must be provided with a copy of the signed eIC.
Study teams should obtain a statement from the vendor of the electronic system used for eIC that indicates compliance with HIPAA Privacy, Security, and Breach Notification Rules.
If SignNow is used, a vendor statement is not required.
General Requirements and Considerations for Remotely Obtaining Informed Consent Using Paper Documents
There may be situations where a study team does not have an eIC process that complies with all requirements outlined above, but they still need to conduct the informed consent process remotely or with limited contact with participants (e.g., COVID-19 patients). In these situations, a study team must develop a process that includes the following:
Method used to provide an informed consent document to a participant or LAR. Methods permitted include, but is not limited to:
Mailing a paper informed consent document to a participant or LAR
Having clinical staff (in lieu of the study team) give a paper informed consent document to a participant or LAR
Method used to address questions from a participant or LAR prior to signing the informed consent document. Methods permitted include, but is not limited to:
A conversation via telephone
A conversation via telehealth or other secure video technology
Use of chat technology
Description of how a participant or LAR will send back a signed informed consent form. Methods permitted include, but is not limited to:
A participant or LAR signs a paper informed consent document, takes a picture of the signature page via a smartphone or camera, and sends the picture of the signature back to the study team
A participant or LAR scans a signed informed consent document and electronically returns to the study team
A participant or LAR faxes a signed informed consent document back to the study team
Method for a study team member to document that informed consent was obtained from the participant or LAR, including how the study team member will sign the informed consent document.
IRBMED Submission Requirements
IRBMED requires submission of all study-specific informed consent information, including when study teams propose the use of remote informed consent or the use of eIC.
The following should be provided to IRBMED for eIC review:
Copies of all electronic eIC or electronic assent forms (such as print versions of forms)
Copies of any study-specific information linked to in the electronic forms
Any supplemental information used in the eIC process, such as videos and images. A list of acceptable file types can be found here: https://documentation.its.umich.edu/node/1082
If the study is FDA-regulated, study teams should provide a statement from the vendor of the electronic system that describes how the signature is created and that the system meets the requirements of 21 CFR 11.
For studies using or disclosing PHI, study teams should also obtain a statement from the vendor of the electronic system used for eIC with HIPAA authorization that indicates compliance with HIPAA Privacy, Security, and Breach Notification Rules.
If a study team is unable to obtain a statement that the electronic system is HIPAA compliant, the IRBMED submission should describe how the participant or LAR will be informed that the eIC system does not comply with HIPAA regulations and how the participant or LAR will be asked to affirm their intention to proceed with the eIC process.
The following should be provided to IRBMED for remote consent using paper informed consent documents (see "General Requirements and Considerations for Remote Informed Consent Using Paper Documents" above):
Method used to provide an informed document to a participant or LAR.
Method used to address questions from a participant or LAR prior to signing the informed consent document.
Description of how a participant or LAR will send back a signed informed consent form (e.g., by mail, fax, or as an electronic image).
Describe the method for a study team member to document that informed consent was obtained from the participant or LAR, including how the study team member will sign the informed consent document.
Units: Institutional Review Boards (IRBMED)
Topic: Informed Consent & Assent
Contact us at irbmed@umich.edu or 734-763-4768 / (Fax 734-763-1234)
2800 Plymouth Road, Building 520, Room 3214, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-2800
A list of IRBMED staff is available in the Personnel Directory, or view the list of Regulatory Teams.
Edited By: bpsea@umich.edu
Last Updated: May 29, 2020 10:00 AM
Guidance by Topic / Unit
Informed Consent & Assent
Institutional Review Boards (IRBMED)
Lotteries as Incentives for Research Participation
Deception and Concealment
Who May Consent for Participation in Research Studies (Michigan)
Guidance for Blinded Studies
Non-Regulated under FDA/OHRP, but Regulated under HIPAA Applications
SINGLE IRB AND MULTI-SITE RESEARCH (MSR)
Investigational In Vitro Diagnostics (IVDs) utilized in Clinical Investigations of Therapeutic Products
NIH Genomic Data Sharing Policy
Telephonic Consent
University of Michigan Medical School
1301 Catherine Street SPC 5624
North Campus Research Complex (NCRC)
2800 Plymouth Road Building 520, 3rd Floor
Email: ummsresearch@umich.edu
U-M Medical School Learn more about U-M compliance »


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2020 - The year in review
It's almost time to say goodbye to 2020, and while it has been a challenging year, there are plenty of achievements for us to look back on with pride, as we prepare to push things forward in 2021.
Right at the start of 2020, it was 'out with the old, and in with the new', as we said goodbye to 32 bit plugins, and hello to our community page - a global gallery for users to connect and inspire each other. We also introduced 'Rent-To-Own' - a flexible way to spread the cost of Imaginando desktop products, with full control via the account dashboard.
Planning the launch of a new product is both exciting and stressful, and the release of FRMS Granular Synthesizer in March was no different, except for the additional challenge of launching during lockdown. We were thrilled by the response to FRMS from both the community and media alike.
In June we celebrated our 6th anniversary and also introduced 'app bundles' to our website store, offering a 20% discount when buying two or more desktop products.
Then it was time for us to take LK, our Ableton Live and MIDI controller app to the next level. This included a massive update to Matrix module's MIDI clip launcher, and making LK available as an AUv3 plugin, turning it into a serious MIDI workstation!
Something we have really enjoyed throughout the whole of 2020 is YouTube. We love producing content for our own channel, whether it's sound design tutorials, showing off new app features, or our LFO sessions and listening party livestreams. We also love discovering all the fantastic content produced by you, the Imaginando community.
Recently we were delighted to see FRMS appear in Jakob Haq's Top 5 iOS synths of 2020 and also Gavinski's Top 20 iOS music apps of the year. On the tutorial side of things, shout outs to YouTubers SoundForMore and Dylan Paris for their great informative and educational videos featuring our apps.
To finish off this 2020 retrospective, we would like to say a huge thank you to our fantastic community of users. Your love, support, feedback and positivity, has warmed our hearts, motivated our minds and stirred our souls. It has been the guiding light that has kept us going, during even the darkest of days.
We wish you all a happy holidays and a safe and creative 2021
Team Imaginando
It's almost time to say goodbye to 2020, and while it has been a challenging year, there are plenty of achievements for us to look back on with pride, as we prepare to push things forward in 2021. Right at the start of 2020, it was 'out with the old, and in with the new', as we said goodbye to 32 bit plugins, and he...
Daft Punk 'Veridis Quo' - how to make with DRC
Over the years, Daft Punk have masterfully sampled many tracks by other artists, taking it as source material, then twisting, transforming and turning it into massive records of their own. In some of their tracks, the 'borrowed' elements are undeniably plain to see, like the guitar riff from the 'Human After All' tr...
Space 'Magic Fly' - How to make with DRC
'Space - the final frontier...' Don't worry we're not about to launch into a full-on Star Trek monologue, instead we're going to use that snippet of iconic television dialogue as the launchpad to blast off into the world of space and science, as a source of musical inspiration. In terms of relevant band names, one s...
Giorgio Moroder 'Chase' How to make with DRC
The godfather of disco and the grandfather of dance music are two terms that Italian synthesiser legend Giorgio Moroder is not particularly fond of. Yet these two titles are nothing if not deserved. Take the unforgettable bassline of Donna Summer's 'I feel Love' - now try getting that iconic little masterpiece out o...


Are you keeping volunteers engaged for the long haul? Authors Steve McCurley and Rick Lynch show continuous efforts to replace lost volunteers is costly and cumbersome. They have provided a thoughtful, easy-to-read, and totally practical book on maintaining those volunteers who are already connected to the organization, avoiding the expense of interviewing and training new volunteers, and the productivity lost when inexperienced volunteers have to learn how best to approach their work. Keeping Volunteers focuses on demonstrated methods for enhancing volunteer motivation and commitment.
Chapters cover the basic rules of retention, how to make volunteers feel special and part of a team, handling volunteer burnout, moving people from short-term to long-term service, and more – even how to release a volunteer from service when necessary!
Relying on hundreds of program experiences and studies from around the world, Keeping Volunteers is the first to take a global percpective of effective techniques for ensuring that volunteers feel valued, recognized, and connected with the organization's mission.
Our sense of personal power comes not only from a sense that our actions are effective but that we decide what actions we will take. People with a sense of personal power feel that they are masters of their fate rather than helpless victims of circumstance. They feel they can decide to do something about the problems they see. And they feel that when they take those actions, those actions will make a difference.
When we talk about giving volunteers a sense of control, we are talking about giving them the authority to think, the authority to plan and evaluate their work, the authority to decide what to do. The volunteer has a degree of autonomy in determining what they do and how they go about doing it. With this authority the individual or team of volunteers not only does the work but can also play some part in deciding how to do it.
Many Volunteer Program Managers have a built-in resistance to allowing volunteers this authority. For one thing, the volunteer may work only a few hours per month and so have difficulty keeping up with what is going on. And for another, standard management practice holds that it is the supervisor's job to do the planning and the deciding and the employee's job to carry out whatever the supervisor thinks should be done.
Indeed, when a volunteer first comes on board, this may be the most comfortable way to proceed. As volunteers learn the job and begin to figure out what is going on, however, the fact that they are only doing what someone else decides begins to sap their motivation and dilute their feelings of pride in what they accomplish. They will tend either to resent being told what to do or to lose interest in the job. Either of these will increase the likelihood of their dropping out.
We can then include those thinking tasks in the volunteer's job description, healing the schism between thinking and doing. In a sense, in doing this we give the volunteer back her brain.
By "empowering" volunteers, we mean making them more autonomous, more capable of independent action. The wisdom of this approach is that it is easier to get good results from empowered people than from people who are dependent. We can do this by giving them authority to decide, within limits, how they will go about achieving the results for which they are responsible. In such a relationship, the manager becomes a source of help for the volunteer rather than a controller or a goad. This not only feels better for the volunteer but allows the manager to spend less time making decisions about the volunteer's work and more time to think strategically, to concentrate on grasping the opportunities that will never be seen if she is mired in the muck of day-to-day detail. It also gives her time to work with other staff of the agency on how to improve their involvement of volunteers.


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Confirmation of domoic acid production by Pseudo-nitzschia australis (Bacillariophyceae) isolated from Irish waters
Resolve DOI: https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1529-8817.2002.01054.x
Search for: Cusack, C. K.; Search for: Bates, S. S.1; Search for: Quilliam, Michael A.1; Search for: Patching, J. W.; Search for: Raine, R.
National Research Council of Canada. NRC Institute for Marine Biosciences
A nonaxenic isolate of the potentially toxic diatom Pseudo-nitzschia australis (Frenguelli) from Irish waters was tested in two separate batch culture experiments. When grown under a low irradiance (∼12 μmol photons·m−2·s−1; 16:8-h light:dark cycle) for up to 40 days, the culture produced only trace amounts of the neurotoxin domoic acid (DA) during late stationary phase. Growth at a higher irradiance (∼115 μmol photons·m−2·s−1; 12:12-h light:dark cycle) resulted in DA production starting during late exponential phase and reaching a maximum concentration of 26 pg DA·cell−1 during late stationary phase. Liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry was used to confirm the identity of DA in the culture. Irradiance and photoperiod could be important factors that contribute directly or indirectly to the control of DA production in P. australis. This is the first record of a DA-producing diatom in Irish waters, and results indicate P. australis may have been the source of DA that has recently contaminated shellfisheries in this area.
Journal of Phycology 38: 1106–1112.
efb50ee1-92da-4ac1-bb3c-3113cd877302


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text:
bluesfest touring
COVID-19 Safety Info
Busking Competition
Bluesfest TV
Previous Lineups
Shades of Blues
When it comes to music of any kind, Blues is the roots… and the rest is its fruits. Every year Bluesfest is proud to present some of the world's finest Blues artists across all genres.
When you remember that all musical genres were born from the essence of Blues you can understand how wide the field of musical vision expands. Blues as we know it was a form of expression that evolved in Africa and can be heard today in the Gnawa music of Morocco, and the droning John Lee Hooker-style music of Mali. These influences evolved in the Deep South of the United States by African-Americans with roots in African musical traditions, African-American work songs on the cotton fields, incorporating field hollers, shouts, chants, and rhymed simple narrative ballads.
Through the likes of Robert Johnson, Leadbelly, Billie Holiday, Sister Rosetta Tharpe, Muddy Waters, Howling Wolf, the three Kings; Albert, BB and Freddie, John Lee Hooker, Bessie Smith, Buddy Guy, Mississippi John Hurt, R L Burnside, Taj Mahal, Mavis Staples, Bonnie Raitt, Robert Cray and Bo Diddley (many of whom have performed at Bluesfest), and so many more legends over the decades, the Blues slowly became accepted by the mainstream and has created its own sub-genres.
So wherever your Blues taste buds happen to sit – Bluesfest has it covered!
Blues Rock with a whole lotta soul The Teskey Brothers have captivated the world with their unique and thoroughly modern take on the Blues. Their latest album Live At The Forum just went to No.1 on the ARIA Album charts.
These guys are T.H.E. originators of Aussie Blues.
The only Blues band to have a number one on Australian charts (Black'n'Blue) as well as a number two (Judgement). Formed in 1968, Chain also has the distinction of possibly the longest permanently released album in Australian rock history – 'Toward the Blues', which has been released since 1971 and has attained double gold album status.
Backsliders
Now, this is Mississippi Blues; described as "The Delta Blues Wall of Sound"
Backsliders is regarded as one of Australia's greatest Blues outfits and consists of world-class exponents of their respective instruments; Dom Turner on guitar & vocals, Rob Hirst on drums and Ian Collard on the harmonica!
The Black Sorrows
The Black Sorrows are Roots soaked Blues-rock band formed in 1984 Joe Camilleri, following the break-up of his seminal band, Jo Jo Zep & The Falcons. Originally they played mostly covers of R&B, zydeco, soul and blues songs, but original material soon followed and the hits started coming: 'Daughters of Glory', 'Hold On To Me', 'Harley & Rose' and 'Chained To The Wheel' and a whole lot more. Four decades of global touring, and millions of records sold, have turned The Black Sorrows into a formidable (and unmissable) live show.
Ash Grunwald
After emerging from Australia's Blues and Roots rock scene in the early 2000s, Ash Grunwald's solo guitar-and-stompbox sets became a mainstay at festivals across the country. A student of the Delta blues and pioneers of electric blues, his contemporary spin on classic influences and soulful, wide-ranging vocals has earned him multiple ARIA Music Award nominations.
Little Georgia
Little Georgia is Blues-Folk the kind which feels like it touches on the borderlands where someone like Ryan Adams crisscrosses from rock, or someone like Mia Dyson veers across blues and country lanes.
Ian Moss is a living legend, a veritable Australian icon and respected as a guitar soloist, songwriter and singer. Blues runs through this man's veins and you can expect to feel his flow next Easter. Heads up: Considering Ian will be performing at 2021 Bluesfest on the same day as his Chisel bandmate Jimmy Barnes you can imagine how the wand that wields the onstage magic will go…our tip – don't miss either show!
Pacey, King & Doley
The Sydney Blues Society 2019 Best Male Vocalist and Best Song Writer SHANE PACEY has had a stellar 4-decade career fronting The Bondi Cigars, Foreday Riders and Shane Pacey Trio. He is loved by audiences all over this land. SALLY KING is blessed with an irresistibly authentic voice and vibrant stage presence. Whether singing her own songs or putting a unique stamp on classics, audiences warm instantly to Sally's passion. 2019 Sydney Blues keyboard player of the year CLAYTON DOLEY is a killer boogie-woogie player and a super funky Hammond player who has played with some of the biggest names in the business including Steve Cropper, Joe Bonamassa and Harry Manx.
Ray Beadle
Awarded Best Album, Best Song, and Best Male Artist in the Chain Blues Awards Ray Beadle is the genuine article. His music comes deep from the heart and soul, stirring emotions in people with his guitar genius.
Pierce Brothers have taken their unique brand of folk music from busking on the streets of Melbourne to touring the world. Comprising of twin brothers Jack and Pat Pierce, the multi-instrumentalists have been shaking dance floors and selling out rooms across UK, Europe, Canada, USA and their native Australia. Their irresistible energy and world-class live show has generated a word of mouth buzz not seen for some time.
Roshani
Using loop pedals to lay down guitar, harmonica, keys, percussion and a voice that gives you goosebumps, this lady knows how to sing the Blues.
The Bamboos
Blues-meets-soul–meets- funk is what you will get from The Bamboos. Not only will they be celebrating their 21st Anniversary as a band, but The Bamboos are primed to perform new music from their 10th studio album at 2021 Bluesfest.
Hussy Hicks
Prolific and accomplished Hussy Hicks are known for their emotive lyricism, energetic live shows and fiery, frenetic instrumentation, these ladies will belt out the Blues for you.
Harts
The Indian-born, Australian-based musician, singer/songwriter, multi-instrumentalist, composer, and music producer blends Blues with funk, psychedelic rock, jazz, and indie electronic and has drawn comparisons to Prince, Jimi Hendrix and Lenny Kravitz. he was invited to spend time at Paisley Park and was personally mentored by Prince. He returns to 2021 Bluesfest performing HARTS PLAYS HENDRIX.
Not easily pegged, but fair to say Jeff Lang largely trades in Blues driven Roots-oriented rock and plays the guitar like he's got the devil in his fingertips.
Nathan Cavaleri
B.B. King called him "the future of Blues" and he certainly lives up to the call. His musical influences of J.J.Cale, B.B.King, David Bowie, Lana Del Ray and Mos Def make for what will be an extraordinary live blues performance of a modern kind at Bluesfest 2021.
Russell Morris
It was Russell Morris' Australian Blues Trio of albums (Sharkmouth, Van Diemen's Land & Red Dirt – Red Heart – which all went to number one on the ARIA Blues & Jazz charts that fully encompassed his musical genius, illuminating both the bush and the urban sprawls with his traditional Blues stories… and yes, of course, he will perform "The Real Thing".
If you like your Blues hard, The Living End are for you!  Formed in 1994 and since 2002 the line up consists of Chris Cheney (vocals, guitar), Scott Owen (double bass, vocals) and Andy Strachan (drums. They have released seven studio albums and two reached the No. 1 spot on the Australian Albums Chart. They have also gained chart success in the United States and the United Kingdom. Said to be one of Australia's most ferocious live acts, their blistering live performances have earned the band an enviable position of one of Australia's greatest live bands.
Kara Grainger
This Australian soul-blues and roots-rock singer-songwriter, currently based out of Nashville, Tennessee is said to have star power, a killer voice and guitar skills. Former lead singer of Papa Lips, Kara recently returned to Australia after spending a decade touring the world – oh and Bluesfest boss Peter Noble reckons this is definitely one show you should not miss!
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It's Day 24, Christmas Eve, and today I'm going to talk about a little trip to London I had this week with my lovely Mister. Chris has to go to London for work quite a lot but has never really seen it or done anything touristy there. I on the other hand go quite frequently to shop, but I really fell in love with London last Christmas when I visited with my VBF (here). I love the city at Christmas. The Christmas windows are amazing, the lights are always so pretty and Covent Garden is always so beautiful, I just had to share it with Chris this year.
We got an early train down from Durham to London and arrived at 10am. Our train back wasn't until 8pm which meant I had a full day to take Chris on an adventure. There was nothing in particular that he really wanted to see and as it was my birthday treat, he let me plan the day.
We started off by hopping on the tube at King's Cross and heading to Hyde Park for Winter Wonderland. We didn't go on any of the rides or see the attractions because they were heaving and I saw a lot of what I wanted to see when I visited last year. I think Winter Wonderland is one of those places that has to be seen to be believed though, so it was definitely worth a visit. Actually I'm telling lies, we only really went for the world's most amazing Turkey, Cranberry and Stuffing sandwich and for the second year running it didn't disappoint!
Winter Wonderland is completely free if you just want to browse the markets and see it for yourself. I think it's such a fun idea and it really makes you feel festive when you visit, from the smells from the stalls alone!
From Hyde Park, we walked to Knightsbridge as I'd heard that Harrods' Christmas window was spectacular this year, and again Chris had never been there. I tried my best to photograph the window for you, but the light and reflection on the windows caused a bit of a glare. The theme was almost like an enchanted Christmas (many of the department stores seemed to have a woodland theme going on this year, Harrod's included!). I loved the little mice and the Santa sleigh pulled by the reindeer was amazing (even though Chris thought it was a bit tacky, trust me it's amazing)!!
After a browse around a very busy Harrods (and spending about half an hour trying to get out of the building!!) we headed back up towards Hyde Park Corner and towards Oxford Street. Chris was super impressed with all the gorgeous cars in the showrooms we passed along the way, but I was thinking about one thing and one thing only...Selfridges!!! I loved Selfridges' Christmas window last year, and although I thought this years wasn't quite as good, it was still lovely to be there and see it! My favorite this year was the giant Gingerbread house!! It was definitely my favourite out of all of the department stores this year.
I went in Selfridges but had surprising restraint! I did have a look around Chanel though, which is always a treat. I also visited the beautiful Christmas shop but as it was three days before Christmas it was slightly insane!!
After a quick refill of water, our next stop was New Bond Street, for obviously the mother of all underwear shops, Victoria's Secret. I love VS so much and as there isn't one near me, I always stock up on pants when I go to London. Again the store was craaaazy, which meant I didn't really get chance to take any photos of their beautiful decorations, but as always it was stunningly decorated. It was also very hot, and after waiting in a queue for about forty-five minutes to buy my pants I was glad to be out of there!!
From there, we strolled around to Regent Street to visit Liberty. We've been watching the series on television again this year, so I was keen to show Chris was it looked like inside (and how beautiful it is outside for that matter!). We scurried through to the chocolate shop so I could get Chris a fancy bar of chocolate, then had a look at the vintage bags before finishing at the haberdashery and the Christmas shop. I was so glad we got to visit to see the mast that has been erected in the middle of the store to make it look like a ship (Liberty's interior is built from the wood of two warships); it was absolutely stunning!
We came out of the Carnaby Street exit, and then headed to Oxford Circus to jump on the tube to Covent Garden. Last year the theme on Carnaby Street was canaries but I loved this year's giant earphones; not really festive but funky and modern nevertheless!!
Once at Covent Garden, we needed a refuel so found ourselves a little Costa before we explored some more...it's tiring work shopping in London!!
Typically British in every way!
Covent Garden is one of my favourite areas of London. I love the street artists, I love the shops and I love that even when it's busy it still doesn't feel as hectic as Oxford Street would be. I also think it's super pretty! If I'm ever rich enough to complete my designer wishlist I'll do it here (probably in Burberry Brit...even my Mister loved it in there!!). The main place I wanted to visit at Covent Garden was Laduree! I've loved macaroons ever since I visited Paris and tried them for the first time. Laduree's may be expensive, but they're the best I've ever tasted, so as a birthday present to myself, I've bought a box of six to have with champagne on Christmas Day! I also bought two for my VBF because when I bought her one in Paris it had squashed before I got it home and I think Jay-Jay ended up eating it!!
I also couldn't wait to see the huuuuge Christmas tree! It was very similar to last year but so, so pretty!
...but purely for research purposes this year!!
By this point we we starting to tire and had a meal booked for 530pm, so my Mister decided we should go for a nice cocktail on him as another little birthday treat. We opted for All Bar One, which was buzzing with workers and there was a Christmas excitement in the air! I got my usual Cosmopolitan whereas Chris chose a Mojito...delicious and a great place to rest your feet!
And from there it was straight to 'Fire and Stone', a lovely little pizza and pasta restaurant for tea...followed by a delicious dessert!!
Mine was the yummy chicken pesto pasta followed by vanilla cheesecake topped with honeycomb and washed down with a glass of Merlot. Chris got a Texan pizza, and after spilling half of it onto his lap (you can't take him anywhere!!) ate every last bit followed by a massive chocolate sundae! We both really enjoyed our meals, so I'd definitely recommend 'Fire and Stone' for lunch or an early dinner. The cheesecake was so creamy too!
Pretty soon we were heading back to the tube and to King's Cross to make the long journey home, but I had an amazing early birthday and will probably want to do it all again next year!!
I saw a girl reading this on the train...a great beginners book to taking amazing photographs!
Thanks to my Mister for paying for lunch dinner and cocktails and being perfect company!


In this post, we are going to compare the prices of different data plans offered by the major Nigerian Networks (MTN, Airtel, Glo and 9Mobile) so as to ascertain the cheapest and fastest Network for data subscription and online browsing.
Different Networks in Nigeria have their own data subscription plans. However, all the Networks still have some elements of similarities in the data plans they offer. For example, there is no network in Nigeria that does not have a monthly subscription plan for its data as well as weekly, daily and night browsing plan.
Because of this connection, it may appear difficult to say that this network or data plan is the best and cheapest at the same time. When we talk of a network or data plan being the best, we not only consider the price but also the availability of the network in different parts of the country. For example, it is a known issue that Glo has a sluggish network in many parts of Nigeria. But it is also a known fact that Glo always provides its customers with amazing data bonuses. With these two contrasting features, one cannot just come and say that Glo is bad or good.
Being good or bad, therefore, depends largely on the user as well as the user's location. While many criticize Glo for their sluggish network, I am here enjoying it because the network is available in my area.
That being said, it is also important for users to know how many gig bytes of data each of the Networks in Nigeria offers for their monthly data subscriptions so that you can determine which one is cheapest, fastest and best for you.
When I travelled to my village, I was surprised to see how strong 9Mobile internet connection was there. It was full everywhere. However, because I had fallen in love with Glo, I did not even mind checking the current price of 9Mobile data plans. It was a shock to me when a friend of mine revealed to me that 9Mobile was doing promo and as such offered cheap data plans that couldn't be compared with Glo. Since the network was fast there, I did not waste any time to switch to my 9Mobile SIM.
I believe you can see some reasons why you should not only read this article but also bookmark it on your browser.
To save you the time and stress, we have scoured the web for all the data bundle plans offered by Nigerian network providers. After comparing their prices, data involved and strength of the network, we have come up with the 8 below as the cheapest and fastest data bundle plans or networks you can get in Nigeria.
The Ntel WAWU Sim is one of the cheapest and fastest Data bundle plan but sorry, it is only for some selected states. To use Ntel WAWU sim, you will have to register a new NTEL SIM. When you register a new NTEL Sim, you will be given two SIM cards. One comes with 1GB of data, usable for 48hours and the other; comes with 10GB of data valid for 30 days.
Who has not heard about MTN Double Double? If you have not, here is what it is all about. MTN Double Double multiplies your data by 100%. For instance, if you subscribe to a 5GB monthly plan, you will receive free 5GB which you can increase it up to 10GB by re-subscribing.
To activate MTN Double Double, send PROMO via SMS to 131. You will receive a message similar to this "thank you for your request for device bundle at naira 1/day" it will arrive, don't worry, Reply with 1 and then select any MTN data plan below and subscribe.
This one gives you 4GB data for N1000 and is valid for 30days. You can also get 1GB for N200 as well as 250MB for N100.Tpo subscribe to any of these plans, dial *131*65# to get started.
Airtel Double Data is an amazing data plan similar to MTN Double Double. The plan, just like MTN Double Double, is not eligible for all SIM cards. The guide below will show you how to check whether you eligible and how to activate it right away. If your SIM card is not eligille, you can try buying a new Airtel SIM though it is still not 100% that it will work.
The Airtel Double Data bonus gives you back 100% of your subscribe data as bonus e.g if you buy 5GB data plan on Airtel, you will be given extra 5GB rounding it 10GB of data for a month.
Sometimes, you may not receive that message and hence you can check it by subscribing to one of their data plans.
This is one of the cheapest data bundle plans for Airtel users, where you are allowed to enjoy 3GB monthly plan for just N1000. This plan is simple to activate if you are interested. Then dial *431#. To check-in for balance, then dial *140#.
Please note that this plan works almost on all devices including your smartphones. You might want to check the Airtel Youtube Streaming that with N1k, you can get 4.5GB and N4k can get you huge 19GB. You can dial *323# and follow the prompt. Well, the validity date is 30 days, just like the Normal Monthly Plan.
You all know that Glo Nigeria has finally reduced their data but the prices remain normal. Before, you can use N500 to get 2GB, 1,000 can get you 3.2GB, 2,000 for 7.5GB but right now, everything has changed.
Well, it isn't that bad though, the plans still remain good and wonderful compared to the recent changes in both MTN and Airtel's day and night bundle plan.
One of the biggest offers 9Mobile is giving to their customers is the amazing 1GB data plan for N200. This one does not require any tweaking. The 9mobile 1GB for N200 offer is valid for 3days. Again, you can get up to 5GB for N1000 by re-subscribing at the end of each plan? Dial *929*10#.
9Mobile Heavyweight Awoof gives us the opportunity to enjoy 250% airtime bonus + free 1.5GB data + free weekly chat pak and after the free 1GB of data, you can get 1GB for N500 on your next subscription. It is really wonderful being on 9mobile.
However, to activate this plan, you need to get a new sim card from any of the 9Mobile retail shops near your area. Register the SIM, recharge any amount & enjoy all benefits of the offer.
The 9mobile Youtube streaming is bundled with any 9Mobile Monthly Data plans to start from the 1GB Plan for 30days, 4GB for N3000 for 30 days. The 9Mobile Youtube streaming works on all Sim card and all devices.
Also, note that it is only activated when you subscribe to any monthly data plans. To get started, just dial *200# from any phone, select 3 for data option and buy any data plan of your choice.


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Ben "iamBNJMIIN" Thomas
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Ben attended Temple University, majoring in Entrepreneurship. It was around this time when Ben founded After5 Studios as a way to provide high quality and low budget recording to the artists in the Germantown and Mount Airy Community. Through After5 Studios, Ben was able to collaborate with such artists as: Theodore Grams, Asaad & Chill Moody.
In early 2015, two major events lead to the further development of Ben's musical career. First was his introduction to Philadelphia music ambassador Chill Moody and his nicethingsMUSIC label. 2nd was the start of Ben's involvement with music incubator RECPhilly. Both partnerships have allowed Ben to progress as an Engineer, exposing him to many different clients and allowing him to take full part in the musical development of artists.
In 2016, Ben started interning at Studio Breed, one of the top studios in Philadelphia. He rose quickly through the ranks, progressing from intern to the main staff engineer in a few months. At Studio Breed, Ben has had the opportunity to work with Major label clients such as: Jazmine Sullivan, TY Dolla $ign, Brian McKnight, Norman Hutchins, and more.
Currently, Ben is working as the main engineer for both RECPhilly as well as Studio Breed. Along with music, Ben also edits podcasts for iHeart Media and WeWork's Art of the Hustle. He also serves on the board of indie label nicethingsMUSIC as well as taking a larger role in the Philadelphia Chapter of the Recording Academy. Ben has a strong passion for sharing his love of audio engineering with others and has spent time teaching high school students at the Academy at Palumbo in South Philadelphia as well as hosting lectures and private lessons.
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Национальный дворец Синтры (порт. Palácio Nacional de Sintra), неформально также называемый Деревенским дворцом (Palácio da Vila) — средневековый дворец в Синтре (Португалия), где с XV до конца XIX века жили португальские монархи. Дворец является одним из важных туристических объектов региона, входит в Культурный ландшафт Синтры и наряду с двумя другими дворцами Синтры включён в число объектов Всемирного наследия ЮНЕСКО.

История
История дворца восходит к временам арабского завоевания Пиренейского полуострова. В то время в Синтре было 2 замка — расположенный на возвышенности укреплённый Замок мавров и находившаяся в городе резиденция мавританских правителей этого региона. Впервые она упоминается в X веке в трудах арабского географа Аль-Бакра.

В XII веке Синтра была захвачена португальским королём Афонсу I, который объявил резиденцию своей собственностью. В настоящее время в замке не сохранилось сооружений, воздвигнутых во времена мавров или первых португальских королей. Его нынешний стиль, объединяющий мавританский стиль, мануэлино и готику —- результат строительства в XV и начале XVI века.

Старейшим сохранившимся сооружением считается дворцовая часовня, чьё создание относят к правлению короля Диниша I (1261—1325). Уцелевшие постройки в районе центрального двора возникли большей частью в правление Жуана I. Среди исторически значимых интерьеров:
 Арабский зал (Sala dos Árabes) был повреждён во время землетрясения 1755 года.
 Гербовый зал (Sala das Armas) представляет собрание гербов: короля, инфантов и 72 аристократических семейств Португалии. После раскрытия заговора семейства Тавора против короля Жозе I, их герб был удалён из зала.
 Зал лебедей (Sala dos Cisnes) выполнен в стиле мануэлино, получил название из-за лебедей, нарисованных на потолке. Лебедь — символ королевского дома Филиппа Доброго, и их число (30) равняется возрасту невесты, Изабеллы Португальской, к которой Филипп сватался в 1428 году.
 Зал сорок (Sala das Pegas), в котором изображённые на потолке и фризе сороки держат эмблему por bem (для чести) в своих клювах. Роспись имеет отношение к истории о том, что королева Филиппа Ланкастерская застала однажды своего супруга, короля Жуана I целующимся с придворной дамой. Чтобы положить конец всем сплетням, король приказал расписать одну из комнат сороками, по числу дам при дворе — 136.
Сын Жуана I, Дуарте I, также очень любил дворец и останавливался в нём надолго. В его правление было создано подробное письменное описание дворца, позже позволившее точно воссоздать хронологию его строительства. Преемник Дуарте, Афонсу V, родился (1432) и умер (1481) в этом дворце.

В 1497—1530 годах Мануэл I на деньги, полученные в результате исследовательских экспедиций в эпоху великих географических открытий, организовал дальнейшее расширение дворца. В этот период было построено ренессансное крыло, декорированное полихромными севильскими изразцами.

Примечания

Ссылки
 Официальный сайт

Всемирное наследие по алфавиту
Синтра
Замки, построенные в X веке
Дворцы, построенные в XV веке
Дворцы Синтры
Национальные музеи Португалии

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


Introduce a fresh, new look to your formal wardrobe with this stylish tan leather handbag that has been exquisitely crafted by Handmacher Austria, a company that takes pride in producing high quality leather footwear and accessories for men. Achieving an uncompromising look is effortless with this tan leather handbag, which sets the tone for the rest of the male attire. Versatile and simple in style, this tan leather handbag offers multiple uses for everyday.
This tan leather handbag from Handmacher has the versatile quality of matching a full range of male outfits, ranging from the business suit to a casual pair of designer jeans. The soft Scotchgrain leather has been expertly finished in a rich tan colour that will easily complement a suede jacket. This tan leather handbag has been finished with intricate detailing, both on the inside and within. With its soft calfskin interior, this bag is designed to keep those essential daily items safe and secure within a fine casing.
In addition to the finely crafted Scotchgrain tan leather exterior, this handbag offers plenty of room for storing your daily essentials. Created with two large pockets that are designed to expand, this handbag also features a number of interior pockets and a zip pocket on the back wall. This tan leather handbag can be closed to keep its contents safe and secure using the metallic clasp on the front wall of the bag. The durable grab handle at the top of the bag provides an easy way to carry the bag in a hurry, making this an ideal accessory for busy professionals.
Handmacher accessories never compromise on quality and this is evident in the impeccable finish of this tan leather handbag. The seams have been finely stitched, making this a strong and durable accessory. You are never in doubt that this is the work of Handmacher Austria, as the company logo is proudly displayed on the front face of the handbag as a mark of the fine craftsmanship that has produced this impressive men's accessory.


The key to unlocking infinite dexterity and speed in your playing is an ultimate control and knowledge of your instrument. In the newest series by world-renowned bassist Janek Gwizdala, Ultimate Chop Builder, you'll learn the truth behind what it means to have "chops" —not simply how to play fast, but how to be a master of your entire fingerboard. Become a champion of precision through strength building exercises in all twelve keys, writing in both notation and TAB, from the simplest of beginner scales to a multitude of finger-twisting challenges. In the second installment of this series, journey with Janek as you tackle a wealth of material through all of the Minor Modes.


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Аронсон — еврейская фамилия. Известные носители:

 Аронсон, Борис Соломонович (1900—1980) — художник, сценограф, исследователь изобразительного искусства, художественный критик и теоретик русского авангарда.
 Аронсон, Григорий Яковлевич (1887—1969) — меньшевик, публицист и общественный деятель, мемуарист, поэт.
 Аронсон, Джонотан Дэвид (род. 1949) — американский специалист по международным отношениям и мировому развитию.
 Аронсон, Жак Леон (1791—1861) — врач-практик; доктор медицины Университета Страсбурга.
 Аронсон, Лев Абрамович (1924—1974) — советский шахматист.
 Аронсон, Ли (род. 1952) — американский сценарист, композитор и продюсер.
 Аронсон, Максвелл Генри (более известен под псевдонимом Брончо Билли Андерсон; 1880—1971) — американский актёр, сценарист, кинорежиссёр и кинопродюсер, первая звезда вестернов.
 Аронсон, Марк Исидорович (1901—1937) — доктор филологии Венского университета, литературовед, переводчик, писатель, библиограф; ученик филолога Н. С. Трубецкого.
 Аронсон, Наум (1872/1873—1943) — скульптор.
 Аронсон, Олег Владимирович (род. 1964) — искусствовед, теоретик кино и телевидения, философ, преподаватель и общественный деятель.
 Аронсон, Стина (1892—1956) — шведская писательница.
 Аронсон, Шломо (1863—1935) — раввин, деятель сионистского движения.
 Аронсон, Эва (1908—1999) — американская шахматистка, международный мастер (1972) среди женщин.
 Аронсон, Элиза (более известна под фамилией Гринблат; 1888—1975) — американская еврейская поэтесса и песенник.
 Аронсон, Эллиот (род. 1932) — американский социальный психолог и педагог.

См. также

Примечания