text:
Népzene
Az elkülönülő albán népzene létére utaló legkorábbi bizonyítékok a 13–14. századból ismertek. Egy sor olyan régészeti lelet (főként kerámia) került elő ebből az időből, amelyeken mulató emberalakok láthatóak, s ezek táncát a csupán az albánság köréből ismert hangszerek kísérik. Az albán zenefolklór rendkívül gazdag, s a legutóbbi időkig élő hagyomány volt. Az énekes népzenében az egy szólamban előadott daloktól a többszólamú gyászénekekig rengeteg zenei forma és műfaj megtalálható, a hangszeres muzsikát a világ más részén ismeretlen, sajátosan albán hangszerek szolgáltatják.

Ahogy az albánság etnikus kultúrájában, úgy a népzene tekintetében is két területet választ el egymástól a kelet–nyugati irányú Shkumbin folyása. Az északi gegek körében az egyszólamú énekek dívnak, amelyeket török hatásra a modális hangsorok (diatonikus vagy kromatikus skála) jellemeznek. Énekeik hangzásvilága szaggatott és melankolikus, kedvelt műfaj a hősének és a ballada. Ezen túlmenően olyan különleges hangszerek találhatóak itt, mint az egy- és kéthúrú pengetős hangszer (előbbi a lahuta, utóbbi a çifteli), a "pásztorok klarinétja", a zumara stb. A déli toszkok zenekultúrájában markáns a polifónia, az iszopolifónia, a pentatónia jelenléte, dallamviláguk kifinomultabb a gegekénél, népszerűek a gyermek-, az alkalmi és a lírai dalok, valamint zenefolklorisztikai szempontból is rendkívül jelentősek a nők által előadott gyászénekek. Sajátos hangszereik a toszk furulya (fyell), a kétsípú duda (bicula) és a macedón duda (gajda). A 19. század végétől a két etnikai csoport fokozatosan átvette egymás hangszereit.

A 20. század folyamán a népzenét játszó vidéki bandákban () egyre több nyugati, Albániában nem hagyományos hangszer is megjelent (hegedű, klarinét, tangóharmonika stb.). A déli toszkok körében alakult ki e fenti három hangszer játékán alapuló, nyugodt dallamvezetésű populáris műfaj, a kaba. A kommunista korszakban bátorították a népzenei és néptáncmozgalmat, s 1952-ben először rendezték meg Gjirokastrában a Nemzeti Népzenei Fesztivált. Az 1950-es évek óta több albán város (Tirana, Lezha, Berat, Elbasan, Korça, Vlora) is otthont ad különféle folklórfesztiváloknak, amelyeken ma már amatőr vagy műkedvelő népzenei csoportok lépnek fel. Napjaink világzenei színpadán kedvelt albán előadók Laver Bariu és az Ensemble Tirana.

Komolyzene
A klasszikus zene az albán művészeti ágak legfiatalabbika, az első komolyzenei kompozíciók az 1920–1930-as években születtek, de a professzionális zeneszerzés számottevő fejlődésnek csak a második világháború után indult. Szórványos egyházi zenei adatok ugyan ismertek a korábbi évszázadokból, ezek azonban az albán kultúrkörön kívülre vezetnek (például a 13. században a bizánci egyházi zenét megújító, durrësi születésű Jan Kukuzeli munkássága).

A 19. század végén, az oszmán fennhatóság elleni nemzeti ellenállás és az ezzel együtt járó kulturális felemelkedés korában alakultak meg a nagyobb városokban (például Shkodra, Korça) az első, klasszikus nyugati zeneműveket előadó kamarazenekarok és kórusok. A professzionális zeneszerzés az első albán komponistaként számon tartott shkodrai ferences atya, Martin Gjoka 1920-as években meginduló munkásságával született meg. Egyházi zeneműveken kívül énekeket és hangszeres kamaradarabokat szerzett, ezeken kívül egy szimfónia és egy kórusmű is a nevéhez fűződik.

A második világháborút követően, az 1950-es években kezdett munkálkodni az első jelentős zeneszerző-nemzedék, amelynek tagjai a moszkvai Csajkovszkij Konzervatóriumban vagy Nyugaton képezték magukat. Az első monumentális zeneművek Çesk Zadeja szimfóniája (Simfoni, 'Szimfónia', 1956) és Prenk Jakova operái (Mrika, 'Mrika', 1958; Skënderbeu, 'Szkander bég', 1968) voltak. Az első évtizedekben az albán komolyzenét a hagyományos klasszikus-romantikus irányultság jellemezte, s a szerzők előszeretettel merítettek az albán népzenéből. Az 1950–1980-as évek jelentős zeneszerzői közé tartozott Tonin Harapi, Thoma Nassi, Murat Shendu, Kristo Kono, a fiatalabb nemzedékből Tish Daija, Nikolla Zoraqi, Feim Ibrahimi, Shpëtim Kushta és Thoma Gaqi.

A kommunista korszakban a művészeti ágak közül a komolyzenét korlátozta legkevésbé a rendszer, így az alkotók viszonylagos szabadságban tevékenykedhettek (az egyházi zenét nem tekintve). Jóllehet, a hazafias szerzeményeket jutalmazták, és a modernista Nyugat zenei hagyományai sem érintették meg az albán komolyzenét. Megalakították az Állami Filharmonikusokat (Filarmonia e Shtetit), az Opera- és Balettszínházat (Teatri i Operas dhe Baletit) saját zenekarral, a Rádió-Televízió Szimfonikus Zenekarát (Orkestra Sinfonike e RTV), a Kamarazenekart (Orkestra e Dhomës), és a nagyobb városok is megszervezték saját szimfonikus zenekaraikat. E formációk élén olyan, később nemzetközi szinten is sikeres karnagyok álltak, mint Zhani Ciko, Ermir Krantja, Rifat Teqja, Ferdinand Deda és Bujar Llapi. 1962-ben nyílt meg az Állami Konzervatórium Tiranában (ma a Művészeti Akadémia egyik kara), 1967-ben először rendezték meg a tiranai Májusi Koncertek (Koncertet e Majit) zenei fesztiválsorozatot, amelyen komolyzenei szerzők és előadók mutatkozhatnak be a nagyközönségnek.

A rendszerváltás (1991) után a korábbi évtizedek új áramlatai is elérték Albánia zenei világát. A legfiatalabb zeneszerző-nemzedék jeles alakjai Aleksandër Peçi, Sokol Shupo, Endri Sina és Vasil Tole.

Könnyűzene
A 19. század végén az északi Shkodrából indultak el hódító útjukra az ún. városi műdalok. A népzenei hangzásvilágára épülő, török zenei motívumokat és sajátságokat (például modális skála) is felvonultató irányzat az 1900-as évekre az ország többi városában is elterjedt mint kávéházi műfaj (például Elbasan, Berat, Korça). A legnépszerűbb előadók Bujar Qamili, Luçija Miloti, Xhevdet Hafizi és Bik Ndoja voltak. Az ország függetlenné válásával (1912) a nemzeti mozgalom igyekezett kigyomlálni az albán kultúrából az oszmán elemeket. Ennek következményként a történetileg kialakult műdalok mellett megjelentek és az 1920-as évekre elterjedtek az európai stílusú, kis zenekarral kísért lírai dalok (az 1930-as évek legnépszerűbb előadója Marie Kraja és Tefta Tashko-Koço volt).

A második világháborút követően először a kabarészínpadokon jelentek meg az első, mai értelemben vett könnyűzenei zenekarok és szólóénekesek. A társadalmi elégedetlenségek kifejeződésétől tartva a nyugati típusú könnyűzene követését nem szorgalmazták a kommunista vezetők, s a jazz, a blues, a rock meg sem vethette a lábát az országban. Az albán könnyűzene hangzásvilágában évtizedeken keresztül a népzenei hagyományra épült, s a hagyományos albán hangszerekkel (például çifteli, sharki) kísért dalokat többnyire szólóénekesek adták elő (például Vaçe Zela, Myfarete Laze). Emellett ünnepi alkalmakkor, lakodalmakon már akár klarinéttal és tangóharmonikával is szolgáltatták a muzsikát a zenészek (gyakran cigányok), akik nemritkán a lemezkiadásig is eljutottak (például Merita Halili, Parashqevi Simaku, Myslim Leli).

Az 1991-es demokratikus rendszerváltást követően a könnyűzenei világ is sokszínűvé vált, s napjainkban igyekszik követni a nemzetközi trendeket. Az újabb zenekarok a jazztől a rockon és a rapen keresztül a technóig és a hiphopig minden műfajban képviseltetik magukat, a legnépszerűbbek azonban a korábbi népzenei-könnyűzenei hagyományt modern és professzionális hangszereléssel, pörgőbb ritmusban előadó énekesek (például Ardit Gjebrea, Elton Deda, Elsa Lila, Blero, Gili) és együttesek (Giovanni & Sebastian, Tingulli 3nt). A könnyűzenei előadók országos megmérettetésének egyik fóruma 1962 óta a Rádió-Televízió Nemzeti Dalfesztiválja (Festivali Kombëtar i Këngës në Radio-Televizion), a másik pedig a pályájukon elinduló zenekarok és énekesek seregszemléjeként ismert Tavaszi Fesztivál (Festivali i Pranverës).

Források

 Doris Stockmann: Albanische Volksmusik. Berlin: Akademie-Verlag. 1965
 Eno Koço: Albanian urban lyric song in the 1930s. Lanham: Scarecrow Press. 2004
 Zana Shuteriqi az albán zene történetéről (albánul)

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


Precision Train And Defend, LLC. - Firearms, Firearms Training | Precision Train And Defend, LLC.
What are the gun safety rules?
Skill with a firearm is a very perishable thing. We can not train once and expect it to last a lifetime. It should be planned to take annual firearms training classes and invest regular practice time at the range. But as with everything each individual is different in their needs.
What if I don't own or have never owned a firearm?
If you don't own or have never owned a firearm then the NRA Basic Pistol or PTD's Fundamentals of Pistol classes would be a perfect fit. You will get hands on training in gun safety, gun selection, maintenance, fundamentals of shooting and time on the range to shoot.
Do you have classes for home defense or self protection?
We offer several classes that will fit your needs for defending yourself and your family. Our NRA Personal Protection In the Home focuses on you and your family inside the home where our PTD Protective Pistol Skills focuses on all avenues of defense with a pistol.
Modern firearms are very safe. A gun is an inanimate object and has not ill will or intent. A firearm is simply a tool to be used by safe law abiding citizens for sport and defends of themselves and others.
We would love to have you come train with us here at PTD. Click on our training page, find a class you like and then click on our training schedule page to see when the next class starts.


text:
S. 1668 (106th)
S. 1668 (106th): Workplace Religious Freedom Act of 1999
We don't have a summary available yet.
The summary below was written by the Congressional Research Service, which is a nonpartisan division of the Library of Congress.
9/29/1999--Introduced. Workplace Religious Freedom Act of 1999 - Amends the Civil Rights Act of 1964 to modify the definition of "religion" to include all aspects of religious observance, practice, and belief unless, after initiating and engaging in an affirmative and bona fide effort, an employer demonstrates that it is unable to reasonably accommodate a religious observance or practice without undue hardship (action requiring significant difficulty or expense) on the conduct of the employer's business.Prohibits deeming an accommodation by the employer reasonable if the accommodation does not remove the conflict between employment requirements and the religious observance or practice. Excludes, in certain circumstances, a defense that the accommodation would be in violation of a seniority system. Prohibits requiring payment of premium wages for work performed during hours to which premium wages would ordinarily be applicable if work is performed during those hours only to accommodate religious requirements of an employee.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Nylands och Tavastehus dragonregemente var ett dragonregement åren 1721-1791. Före år 1721 var regementet ett kavalleriförband inom svenska armén som verkade i olika former åren 1618–1721. Förbandsledningen var förlagd i Nylands och Tavastehus län i Finland.

Historia

Nylands och Tavastehus läns kavalleriregemente härstammar från Nylands ryttare, uppsatta år 1618. Uppsatt år 1632 som Nylands och Tavastehus läns kavalleriregemente och blev på 1690-talet indelt. I 1634 års regeringsform benämns regementet som "Tavastlands och Nylands ryttare". Kavalleriregementets första chef var Lennart Stålhandske. Regementet överfördes våren 1700 till Livland och kom där att ingå i Wellingks avdelning. Från år 1702 ingick huvuddelen av regementet i huvudhären. Efter slaget vid Poltava den 28 juni 1709 var regementet med vid kapitulation i Perevolotjna några dagar senare.

Efter att regementet kapitulerade och upplöstes, kom det att sättas upp på nytt år 1709, genom att Nylands och Tavastehus läns fördubblingskavalleriregemente ersatte det upplösta regementet. Regementet deltog i det norska fälttåget 1718 där de ingick i general Armfeldts avdelning om 7 500 man som i augusti 1718 gick in i Norge från Jämtland. Regementets chef vid Poltava överste Anders Torstensson greve (sonson till Lennart Torstensson slagets ende svenske hjälte han dog tillsammans med större delen av sitt regemente på slagfältet).

Nylands och Tavastehus dragonregemente
Regementet omorganiseras år 1721 till dragonregemente. År 1791 omorganiserades regementet till lätt infanteri. Den norra bataljonen införlivades med Tavastehus läns infanteriregemente som detta regementes tredje- eller jägarbataljon. Den södra bataljonen (Livbataljonen) införlivades med Nylands infanteriregemente. Redan 1792 återuppsattes två av regementets skvadroner, Majorens- eller Borgå skvadron samt Helsing skvadron. Dessa ingick i Karelska dragonkåren fram till 1803 när Nylands lätta dragonkår bildades.

Fälttåg
 Trettioåriga kriget 1630–1648
 Stora nordiska kriget 1700–1721

Ingående enheter
Vid generalmönstringen 1775 bestod regementet av följande kompanier;

Förbandschefer

1625–1632: Åke Tott
1632–1644: Torsten Stålhandske
1644–1656: Henrik Horn
1656–1669: Johan Galle
1669–16??: Claes Uggla
????-????: Baranoff
1677–1678: Fritz Wachtmeister
1678–1687: Otto Vellingk
1687–1700: Johan Ribbing
1700–1701: Adrian Magnus Klingsporre
1701–1706: Didrik Fredrik Patkull
1707–1709: Anders Torstenson (1676-1709)
1709–1713: Anders Erich Ramsay
1713–1724: Reinhold Johan De la Barre
1725–1728: Axel Erik Roos
1728–1739: Carl Henrik Wrangel
1739–1742: Johan Carl Ramsay
1743–1746: Gustaf Gynterfelt
1746–1759: Lars Åkerhielm
1759–1762: Herman Fleming
1762–1767: Gustav Crispin Jernfeltz
1768–1769: Casimir Lewenhaupt
1769–1772: Jakob Magnus Sprengtporten
1772–1776: Johan von Schwartzer
1776–1777: Erik Johan Stjernvall
1777–1779: Georg Gustaf Wrangel af Adinal
1779–1791: Robert Montgomery

Namn, beteckning och förläggningsort

Referenser

Noter

Tryckta källor

Mankell Julius, Anteckningar rörande finska arméens och Finlands krigshistoria. Särskildt med afseende på krigen emellan Sverige och Ryssland 1788-1790 samt 1808-1809, Stockholm 1870

Ej längre existerande svenska kavalleriregementen
Svenska militära enheter bildade 1618
Svenska militära enheter upplösta 1709
Svenska militära enheter bildade 1709
Svenska militära enheter upplösta 1791


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The Falconite URL is http://www.falconite.co.uk and we provide this 'button image' here which can be used for a link to our site and downloaded by clicking and saving the image.


Dan Marino: Dan is no longer signing for UDA , Please ask & I will see what I can find from other sources.
Joe Montana: Joe no longer signs for UDA, Some items still available.
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Brett Favre autographed football $375.
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Barry Sanders, Joe Montana, Dan Marino, Jon Gruden, Brett Favre, Jerry Rice, Herman Moore, Adrian Peterson and numerous Detroit Lions, plus many more.
Sample Plaque The plaques are 13" x 16" overall size and retail priced at $69.95. I sell to you at $55.00 each postpaid within the U.S. Additional postage is required to destinations outside the U.S.
Orders of 3 or more sent at $ 50.00 each ppd to mainland U.S.


Honestly I don't even know how 2.18 is possible. That's my creatinine number, reflecting kidney health. Recall at one point it was over 8 and I had a kidney doctor who wanted me to do dialysis. Never did. And now look, my kidneys are functioning like a well tuned machine. The marked improvement began when I started darzalex in November. And my other numbers continue to shine. Yay darlazex!!!!
Ninlaro is a newish oral treatment for myeloma. There's a free educational event on April 22 in Costa Mesa, CA. So if you're in Southern California and wondering about Ninlaro, this might be the thing for you.
I've been back home about two weeks. from the Kilimanjaro. It seems like a long time ago. But then again, the memories and the time with an amazing group of people remains fresh. I haven't had a chance to go through all my photos, but for now here are a few of them. I also want to say that the support and words of encouragement I received before and after the climb have been amazing and mean more to me than I can fully put into words. Thank you!
Our entire team, including porters and guides. The porters and guide made the trip possible.
Our team in front of what are called the Dr Seuss trees.
Me and my fellow patients at the end of the climb. Gary, Terry, April, Nancy and me.


Throwing a bash aboard our wonderful party bus, eh? Lucky you!
Whether it's your hen night, birthday, leaving 'do or just a good night out on the tiles – you're going to need a party-playlist that'll have you dancing as soon as you jump on board. So, for a little song 'spiration – here's part one of our must-play party anthem that promise to get the party started!
This funky hit from the Clash's Combat Rock LP has become a party anthem of past and present, and provides the perfect boogie-on-down track that'll have everyone up and dancing! From youngsters to grandparents, this one's a classic and a definite crowd-pleaser.
Go on, give your party-people a little 80's nostalgia with this synth-tastic well-known hit. Although a bit of a one-hit wonder, this catchy tune (and creepy video) will get your mates blasting out some pretty impressive vocals.
The stomping drumbeats and cheeky guitars of Franz Ferdinand's first hit is exactly what you want at a party, and this 2004 track will be sure to get toes tapping and entice even the most adamant "I don't dance" friends onto the dance floor!
What's a party without an excuse to unleash your inner freak? This 80's goldie from Rick James won't just get people on the dance floor, but will have them bringing out their craziest moves! With one of the catchiest basslines of all time and killer backup vocals from the Temptations, "Super Freak" is a hit that'll have the entire party bus dancing in no time.
We hope you've got your 2001 platforms and miniskirts at the ready – 'cos it ain't a party until this P!nk classic has been played at least twice. It's the perfect anthem to sing along to, with your best gal-pals and plot the night's antics. You go, ladies!
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text:
Winston Churchill's Glasses were Sold for Nearly USD 10,000
World | December 7, 2017, Thursday // 13:07| views
The reading glasses of former British Prime Minister Winston Churchill (1874-1965) were auctioned off for USD 9.8k - almost five times more than their pre-announced value. Catherine Southton, owner of auction house Catherine Southon Auctioneers & Valuers, announced on TASS by telephone.
"There was a fierce bidding for the glasses, many people made bets on the phone but eventually they went to a UK buyer," said Southwestern, adding that she could not reveal the name of the new owner.
The initial bid price of the round turtle-sunglasses frames produced by CW Dixey & Son cost USD 1-2 thousand. As they have said from the auction house, it's just one of the pairs that Churchill used to use, he had a few for different needs, for example, one for reading and one for public speeches. Over time, however, they have become an inseparable accessory of policy, along with stylish hats, neckties points and expensive cigars. At the time of his death in 1965, in his office there were 3 pairs currently stored in private collections
Tags: Winston Churchill, glasses, auctioned
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text:
Amahl and the Night Visitors is a 1957 Australian TV play. It was a filmed version of the opera Amahl and the Night Visitors by Menotti. The ABC had previously televised Menotti's The Telephone and this was the second opera they broadcast.

It was broadcast live in Melbourne, recorded, then shown in Sydney. It was presented by members of the Elizabethan Theatre Trust's Australian Opera Company and the Victorian Symphony Orchestra under the direction of Joseph Post.

See also
List of live television plays broadcast on Australian Broadcasting Corporation (1950s)

External links

References

1950s Australian television plays
Australian television plays based on operas
Australian Broadcasting Corporation original programming
English-language television shows
Australian live television shows
Black-and-white Australian television shows
1957 television plays


text:
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Three True Strange Short Stories Concerning a Sentencing, a Plea Deal and, an Execution
Mr. Robert W, described by prosecutors as a "deranged fiend" who kidnapped, raped, brutally tortured and nearly murdered a Columbia University graduate journalism student in 2007, was sentenced on July 24, 2008 to 422 years in prison. The sentence was the maximum allowed by New York law. His victim was not in court at the sentencing. She wrote a letter to prosecutors stating that she was "afraid to go outside." The victim narrowly survived her ordeal of being kidnapped, raped, sliced with a butcher knife, scalded with boiling water, drugged to the brink of death, having her lips Krazy glued together and then left for dead tied to her burning living room couch. Mr. W attempted to opt out of the sentencing hearing but was carried into the hearing by six helmeted, shield carrying state court officers. Mr. W had already spent most of his adult life in prison.
Prison is surely where Mr. W belongs and it appears that he did everything he could to make sure that he would get back there for life.
Then there is the story of Tremayne D, 36, of Portland, Oregon who was sentenced to life in prison with the chance for parole after thirty years. Mr. D was sentenced for the murder of one Adam Calbreath, over a business deal that had gone bad. Instead of going to trial Mr. D availed himself of a very unusual plea deal offered by the prosecutor. He had sat in jail almost two years awaiting trial and missed the greasy food he liked to eat. So, when the prosecutor offered him a fast food buffet in exchange for his guilty pleas Mr. D admitted he had shot Calbreath.
His buffet deal included gorging himself on KFC and Popeye's chicken, mashed potatoes, coleslaw, carrot cake, a pizza, two calzones, lasagna and ice cream. The judge readily signed off on the plea deal and Mr. D downed the food at two settings. The cost to the Oregon taxpayers was only $41.70. A murder trial would have cost the state at least $4,000.
This was certainly one way to take a bite out of crime.
Finally, there is the story of the Ohio murderer who tried to avoid being executed by claiming that he was too fat for the State of Ohio to give him a lethal injection. Richard C, who at 5 foot 7 tipped the scales at 267 pounds, was scheduled to die in October 2008. He had argued in numerous legal challenges that his weight problem would make it difficult for prison staff to find suitable veins to deliver the deadly chemicals, a problem that had delayed previous executions in the state. Mr. C, who had been convicted in the 1986 murders of two University of Akron students, spent 22 years on death row. Mr. C was 75 pounds heavier on his execution day than when he went to death row – the result of prison food and 23-hour-a-day confinement. His execution was carried out in October 2008, without problem.
It appears that the prison's head chef was much too good to Mr. C. One would think that the prevailing wisdom would hold that one should lose weight on death row and not gain.
Leonard Birdsong is a 3-time professor-of-the-year at Barry University School of Law and former U.S. State Department diplomat with assignments in Nigeria, Germany and the Bahamas. He worked as a federal prosecutor in Washington, D.C. and private practice in Washington, D.C. specializing in trial work in both criminal matters and asylum cases. He also provides legal commentary on Fox News, CNN, and MSNBC. He also appears as a legal commentator on CBS radio and Fox radio news. Professor Birdsong is the author of several books comprising the Weird Criminal Law series and can be reached via http://www.BirdsongsLaw.com, lbirdsong@barry.edu or at LeonardBirdsong.com.
Article Source: https://EzineArticles.com/expert/Leonard_Birdsong/1900688
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Hire a domain attorney, exhibit #3205
by Andrew Allemann — December 27, 2021 Policy & Law 2 Comments
A properly-argued UDRP would have likely negated reverse domain name hijacking and possibly ended in a transfer.
My brother is a corporate attorney. When I ask him a legal question outside of his specialty, he tells me I might as well ask someone on the street. Law is a specialized field, and an expert in one area isn't often best qualified to handle cases in another area.
I bring this up often when I see a poorly argued UDRP or a UDRP in which a domain name attorney versed in UDRP jurisprudence could have helped one of the parties.
Such is the case in a World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) case for securus.com. The domain owner didn't respond, but panelist Tony Willoughby found in favor of the domain owner and said it was a case of reverse domain name hijacking.
At issue is the domain being registered in 1995 before the Complainant Securus Technologies, LLC had trademark rights in the term. In finding reverse domain name hijacking, Willoughby wrote:
If the Complainant's representative had researched the Policy and its jurisprudence properly (e.g., by studying the guidance materials readily accessible on WIPO's website), the Complaint would not likely have been filed and certainly not in its current form, bereft of any argument (still less evidence) to overcome the fundamental defect identified above. The Complainant would have been told that its complaint needed to be followed up in another forum (such as a court).
That "fundamental defect" was the registration dates. The domain registrant couldn't have registered the domain in bad faith in 1995 to target an as-yet-non-existent trademark.
The case should not have been filed without addressing the issue, and the Complainant could have easily addressed it. While it's uncertain, there's a good chance the domain was acquired by another party last year.
Historical Whois records show the same owner over the last couple of decades. Then a June 30, 2020 record shows the domain pending transfer. The domain moved from Network Solutions to Uniregistry. At that point, the nameservers moved from the same ones they had for the life of the domain to point to Uniregistry's for-sale landers. Days later, it was parked with Bodis and then moved to the Above.com registrar by the end of the year.
I don't know for sure if the domain sold last year. If it did, it would constitute a new registration through commonly-accepted UDRP jurisprudence.
At a minimum, the Complainant should have put forth this argument, especially when the UDRP process unveiled the registrant information. Even if it lost, it likely would have taken reverse domain name hijacking off the table.
The Complainant shot itself in the foot with its filing, and the domain owner was smart not to respond.
I'm working on another story about a Complainant who should have researched historical Whois. I'll publish it later this week.
2 Comments Tags: historical whois, udrp
MetaMask tries reverse domain name hijacking
Maker of popular crytocurrency wallet tries to reverse domain hijack MetaMask.com.
The developer of MetaMask has been found to have tried reverse domain name hijacking the domain name MetaMask.com.
MetaMask is a popular cryptocurrency wallet used by over 20 million people.
ConsenSys, the creator of MetaMask, filed a cybersquatting claim under UDRP against the owner of the domain. The owner of the domain registered it in 2005, well before ConsenSys' MetaMask existed. Therefore, ConsenSys could not prove that the domain was registered and used in bad faith, which is a requirement to win a domain in UDRP.
The Complainant also claimed that the domain was used in a phishing campaign. The domain owner says that's not the case, and his attorney asked the company for a call to discuss it.
Instead of setting up a phone call, ConsenSys filed the UDRP. It didn't mention the pre-case correspondence, either. That came back to bite it. Panelist Adam Taylor wrote:
The Panel considers that the following circumstances, taken together, warrant a finding of RDNH.
First, the Complainant has failed by a large margin. In the Panel's opinion, the Complainant knew or at least should have known that it could not prove one of the essential UDRP elements. The Complainant quoted extensively from UDRP case law and the Panel thinks it unlikely that the Complainant was unaware of the current overwhelming view of UDRP panellists as to the need to prove registration as well as use in bad faith. Indeed, the discussion of the third element in the Complaint is simply headed: "The domain name is being used in bad faith", i.e., omitting the requirement for registration in bad faith.
Second, the Complaint lacks candour in that it makes no mention of either (a) the Complainant's email to Mr Schleifer of October 5, 2021, stating that someone had apparently adopted Mr Schleifer's identity to try and sell the disputed domain name to the Complainant and had thereafter used the disputed domain name for phishing/fraud or, more importantly, (b) the October 6, 2021, response from Mr Schleifer's attorney confirming that Mr Schleifer did own the disputed domain name (and denying his involvement in phishing/fraud). Even if, despite this email, the Complainant still somehow harboured doubts about the identity of the person who approached it to sell the disputed domain name, and notwithstanding that ultimately nothing turned on this issue given the lack of registration in bad faith, the Complainant ought not to have relied on the alleged use of a fake identity without at least mentioning the denial by the attorney for the very person whose identity was allegedly faked.
ConsenSys was internally represented. Lee & Hayes represented the domain owner.
2 Comments Tags: Cybersquatting, metamask, reverse domain name hijacking, udrp
Filing a UDRP when you have a common brand name
Can you show that the domain owner registered the domain with your company in mind?
Today, National Arbitration Forum published a reverse domain name hijacking decision against Gridiron Fiber Corp. and Lumos Telephone LLC d/b/a Lumos Networks. The company operates the Lumos Networks brand for internet and TV service in part of Virginia. It filed the UDRP against lumos.com.
The case is an important lesson for companies with "common" brands. To win a UDRP, you need to show that the domain owner was targeting your brand with its domain registration. With lumos.com, that was an uphill battle.
While not technically in the dictionary, lumos is a popular brand name many companies use. It's also a term popularized in the Harry Potter series.
The Complainant argued that the domain owner must have known about it because it has the top search position in Google. In my searches, it seems to fluctuate between #1 and #2. But there are lots of other companies that use this term. On the first page on Google, you'll see results for the Lumos bike helmet, an NGO created by J.K. Rowing, Lumos Diagnostics, and an Oregon wine seller.
And before the current owner bought the domain for $22,722 in an expired domain auction, the domain was used by a company called Lumos Technologies and then Rowling's charity.
So, in all likelihood, the purchase was due to its prior use and the plethora of potential buyers, not because of a broadband company in Virginia.
The domain owner could have tripped up if they had parked the domain. If it showed ads for internet access, a panel might suggest targeting even if it was merely what the pay-per-click algorithms determined. It's why you need to be careful parking your domains.
The net takeaway for brands is that merely showing that your trademark existed when a domain was acquired is not enough to show the domain was registered and used in bad faith. Ask yourself: is the domain owner in my same geography? Am I a dominant brand connected to this word? Is there any other evidence I was directly targeted? If the answer is not clearly 'yes,' be very careful before making a cybersquatting claim.
In this case, the Complainant inquired about buying the domain before filing the UDRP. The panel deemed this a "Plan B" UDRP filing.
2 Comments Tags: brands, trademarks, udrp
Caribou.com, purchased for $91k, saved in UDRP
UK company filed a UDRP against valuable dictionary word domain.
A domain investor who acquired caribou.com for $91,482 has successfully defended the domain in a UDRP.
Scott Dylan, a shareholder in UK delivery and logistics company Caribou, filed the complaint. The company uses the domain WeAreCaribou.com.
The domain investor, K-Ventures FZE LLC, owns a number of animal domain names, including beluga.com, hippopotamus.com, iguana.com, raccoon.com, scampi.com and wapiti.com. It acquired caribou.com in 2019.
A domain broker representing K-Ventures reached out to the Complainant's company earlier this year. At the same time, the broker contacted a bioscience company named Caribou that went public and one other company with the same name.
This apparently triggered the Complainant's interest and subsequent UDRP filing.
The three-person World Intellectual Property Organization panel found that the domain wasn't registered and used in bad faith. It did not consider reverse domain name hijacking.
Sheridans, a media and technology law firm, represented the Complainant. Zak Muscovitch of Muscovitch Law P.C. represented the domain owner.
3 Comments Tags: caribou.com, udrp
Be careful when parking three and four letter domains
by Andrew Allemann — December 20, 2021 Domain Parking 6 Comments
The ads could lead to a cybersquatting dispute.
Elliot Silver wrote about a recent UDRP decision for ter.com. The domain name owner won the case, but the decision was closer than it needed to be.
The Complainant was the French national railway company that runs a service called TER (Transport Express Régional). The domain name resolved to a page with links related to the Complainant and other train transport.
The links likely triggered this case and made it closer than it needed to be.
In most cases, it's fine to own a three or four letter domain that matches the initialism or acronym of a brand. But you need to be careful how you use it. Parking one of these domains is asking for trouble. Remember that a parking page might show you innocuous ads but show different ads in another geography.
I don't see much upside to showing ads on one of these domains, but there is a clear downside. Even if you win a UDRP, a company that sees competitors' ads on a parked page is more likely to file a UDRP, putting you through the expense of defending it.
6 Comments Tags: acronym domains, initialism domains, pay-per-click, udrp


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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


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text:
Paul Silas, UFC, Delmond Young, Tiger Woods & Mike Vick News: 5/1, Vol. 132, 3rd Edition
Count on me through thick and thin, a friendship that will never end, when you are weak, I will be strong, helping you to carry on, call on me, I will be there, don't be afraid! For your Spiritual Sports Segment on Rhema Gospel Radio, I'm C.E.E.J.A.Y.
After the most dreadful season in NBA history, with a record of 7-59 or .106%, the Charlotte Bobcats and head coach Paul Silas are parting ways, which is not a surprise for many.
Mike Vick
For your quick news and notes, after a successful MMA career, Ricardo Almeida is putting his skill set and knowledge of the game to good use, this time, as a judge, Hector Lombard, the former Bellator middleweight champion, will make his UFC debut in August against Brian Stann, lightweight contender John Molina Jr. and promoter Dan Goossen, embroiled in a contract arbitration case, have settled their dispute and will continue working with each other, American Paul Malignaggi stopped previously undefeated Ukrainian Vyacheslav Senchenko in the ninth round Sunday to take the WBA welterweight title, Mike Ford, released by Joe Gibbs Racing last season after guiding Denny Hamlin to six straight Chase appearances, will take over as the crew chief for Aric Almirola at Richard Petty Motorsports, instead of a news conference before this week's Wells Fargo Championship, Tiger Woods answered 19 questions Monday in a 15-minute video posted on his website and the questions were submitted through Facebook and Twitter, Virginia Tech has hired former Hokies assistant James Johnson to replace Seth Greenberg, less than two weeks after Johnson left Virginia Tech for an assistant position at Clemson, Terrell Stoglin of Maryland declared for the NBA draft by Sunday's deadline, but had he returned to school, he was going to be suspended for the year for violating the school's athlete code of conduct, Binghamton fired men's basketball coach Mark Macon on Monday and began a national search for a replacement, Michigan safety Josh Furman, who was acquitted of three misdemeanor charges in Michigan's 15th District Court last week, has been reinstated to the football team, the school said in a release today, Ken Hitchcock, Paul MacLean and John Tortorella, all have been nominated for the Jack Adams Award, which goes to the coach who has contributed most to his team's success, Major League Baseball is working on a scheduling reconfiguration for the 2013 season and beyond that likely will eliminate the Mets and Yankees as well as other "natural rivals" playing home-and-home, six-game series annually, baseball sources told ESPNNewYork.com, Hideki Matsui has signed a minor league contract with the Tampa Bay Rays and the two-time AL All-Star will report Wednesday to extended spring training in Port Charlotte, Delmon Young was suspended by Major League Baseball on Monday for seven days without pay following his arrest on a hate crime harassment charge last week in New York, New York Mets right-hander Mike Pelfrey will undergo season-ending Tommy John surgery on Tuesday in Gulf Breeze, FL, assistant GM John Ricco said, the Washington Redskins have signed free agent linebacker Jonathan Goff, who played three seasons with the New York Giants before missing last year with a knee injury, the NFL recently granted the Atlanta Falcons $3 million worth of salary-cap credits due to the money Michael Vick owed the franchise after the quarterback declared bankruptcy following a conviction on dogfighting charges while a member of the Falcons, according to a league source, NBA commissioner David Stern said Monday that he doesn't believe Derrick Rose's ACL tear, or the other major injuries plaguing the league this season, had anything to do with a schedule condensed by a lockout.
This sports segment was sponsored by Naturally Relaxed Massage….where you can relax, release and relieve….naturally in the Greater Houston Area. For rates and more information, please e-mail naturallyrelaxed@gmail.com.
To have your company sponsor a sports segment please e-mail me at ceejaysports@gmail.com for more information. To catch archives of your Spiritual Sports Segment, log onto my brand new blog site ceejaysports.com and make sure to follow me on Twitter @ceejaysports & make sure you download the Rhema Gospel Radio app on yo ur Android phone so you can have Rhema whenever you want!
Tune in next time for more updates in next your Spiritual Sports Segment, where we Sprinkle a little Spirituality in your Sports...I'm C.E.E.J.A.Y., Be Blessed, have a positive productive blessed day and I leave you with Namaste' as the divine in me salutes and honors the divine in you and in closing, as justice is beginning to take shape, I Am still Trayvon Martin.
Posted by C.E.E.J.A.Y! at 12:46 PM No comments: Links to this post
Labels: Charlotte Bobcats Paul Silas Detroit Tigers Delmond Young Tiger Woods NFL Atlanta Falcons Mike Vike
NBA, NHL & MLB Scores & Amare Stoudemire, Rajon Rondo & Jordan Hill News: 5/1, Vol. 132, 1st Edt'n
Name above all names, He's worthy of our praise…my heart will sing, how great is our God? Good morning and welcome back to your Spiritual Sports Segment on Rhema Gospel Radio better than when you heard it yesterday, I'm C.E.E.J.A.Y! Here We Go!
Several game two's were in action last night in the National Basketball Association, two in the Eastern Conference and one in the West as the 2nd seeded Miami Heat knocked off the 7th seeded New York Knicks 104-94 to take a commanding 2-0 series lead as Dwayne Wade scored 25 points in the win. But the biggest story of the night came with Amare Stoudemire lacerating his left hand after punching a glass casing surrounding a fire extinguisher after a frustrating lose and Stoudemire stated on his Twitter account "I am so mad at myself right now, I want to apologize to the fans and my team, not proud of my actions, headed home for a new start", the 6th seed Orlando Magic was outmuscled by the 3rd seeded Indiana Pacers 93-78 as David West, George Hill and Danny Granger all netted 18 points in a balanced scoring attack to tie the series 1 all and the defending champion 7th seeded Dallas Mavericks went down to the wire against the 2nd seeded Oklahoma City Thunder, but it was the Thunder getting the win 102-99 as Russell Westbrook scored 29 points take a convincing 2-0 series lead.
The Eastern and Western Conference semi-finals were skating on the frozen pond last night in the National Hockey League as Washington Capitals eked out a one goal win over the New York Rangers 3-2 to tie the series 1-1 with a goal each from Alex Ovechkin, Jason Chimera and Mike Knuble and the LA Kings crushed the the St. Louis Blues 5-2 as Anze Kopitar netted 2 goals as the Kings march on with a 2-0 series lead .
Major League Baseball had twelve game in action yesterday on the diamond as the Texas Rangers walloped the Toronto Blue Jays 4-1 as Yu Darvish struck out 9 to win his 4th game, the Arizona Diamondbacks blasted the Miami Marlins 9-5 as Justin Upton launched a homerun, the Kansas City Royals and the Detroit Tigers were postponed by rain, while the Chicago Cubs was defeated by the Philadelphia Phillies 6-4 as Placido Polanco's 2 run double in the 8th help seal the deal, the Baltimore Orioles lost by one run to the New York Yankees 2-1 with a homerun from Eric Chavez and the Pittsburgh Pirates molliwoped the Atlanta Braves 9-3 with a homerun from Pedro Alvarez to wrap up round one scores in baseball.
In sporting news, the Boston Celtics will be without their prolific point guard Rajon Rondo as he was suspended for game 2 against the Atlanta Hawks for bumping into a referee during their lose to the Hawks on Sunday after arguing a call. Rondo insisted the bump was unintentional however comma the league saw it differently.
In breaking news yesterday, current LA Laker and former Houston Rockets Jordan Hill faces a third degree felony charge after he allegedly shoved and choked his girlfriend Darlene Luna on February 29 at his Houston apartment. Although the incident occurred a few months ago, charges were filed yesterday and once paperwork is complete, a warrant for his arrest will be issued. Jordan, who was traded to the Lakers earlier this year have contributed significantly for the Lakers the last several games stated "I'm saddened to learn of the accusations that were filed against me today and I'd like to apologize to the Lakers organization and to all of their fans for the untimeliness of these accusations. I promise to keep my focus and attention on the playoffs during this time and to helping my team win another championship."
To have your company sponsor a sports segment, please e-mail me at ceejaysports@gmail.com for more information. To catch archives of your Spiritual Sports Segment, log onto my brand new blog site ceejaysports.com and be sure to follow me on Twitter @ceejaysports & stay tuned for more updates in next your Spiritual Sports Segment, where we Sprinkle a little Spirituality in your Sports...I'm C.E.E.J.A.Y., Be Blessed qand keep smiling, because God has something special in store for you and in closing, as justice is beginning to take shape, I Am Still Trayvon Martin.
Labels: National Basketball Association Miami Heat Dwayne Wade New York Knicks Amare Stoudemire Indiana Pacers Danny Granger Oklahoma City Thunder Russell Westbrook Rajon Rondo LA Lakers Jordon Hill
MLB Round Two Scores, Case Keenum & NFL Quick Hits Feat. Osi Umenyiora: 5/1, Vol, 132, 2nd Edt'n
You woke me up this morning and started me on my way…put food on my table, brought joy to my day, I'm glad Your love has never changed and wonderful, wonderful is Your name! Welcome back to your Spiritual Sports Segment on Rhema Gospel, I'm C.E.E.J.A.Y!
For round two scores in Major League Baseball, the Oakland A's was simply befuddled by the Boston Red Sox 11-6 as David 'Big Papi' Ortiz belted out 2 homeruns, the New York Mets lost by one run against the Houston Astros 4-3 with a homerun from Matt Downs, the Seattle Mariners needed 12 innings to attempt to defeat the Tampa Bay Rays, but the Rays reached down deep to cap the win 3-2 as Jeremy Hellickson fanned 7, while the LA Dodgers was rocked by the Colorado Rockies 6-2 with 2 RBI's from Troy Tulowitzki, the Minnesota Twins was defeated by the LA Angels 4-3 with a homerun from Tori Hunter and Ryan Braun had a huge night with not one, not two, but three homeruns and 6 RBI's as the Milwaukee Brewers pounded the San Diego Padres 8-3 to wrap up scores in baseball.
In sporting news, after a record breaking and setting career as quarterback at the University of Houston, Case Keenum is staying put, just a different address in Houston. Keenum, who was not selected in the draft last week, indicated that he will sign as an undrafted free agent with the Houston Texans. Keenum became Football Bowl Subdivision's career leader in yards passing with 19,217 and touchdown passes with 155 and he holds the record as the only FBS quarterback who has thrown more than 5,000 yards in three different seasons. Do you think he can give Matt Schaub a run for his money?
For your NFL Quick Hits, New York Giants general manager Jerry Reese said on Saturday that the team had offered Osi Umenyiora an extension two years in a row, the defensive end responded by saying he was offered "half" of the guaranteed money linebacker/defensive end Mathias Kiwanuka recently received in an extension and the offer given to him was laughable, Cleveland Browns quarterback Colt McCoy participated as expected in the team's voluntary offseason conditioning program on Monday just days after Cleveland drafted his likely successor, Oklahoma State QB Brandon Weeden, the San Diego Chargers have agreed to a one-year contract with offensive lineman Rex Hadnot and to three-year contracts with 21 undrafted rookies and finally, Brett Favre will have to testify in court about inappropriately suggestive text messages as a Manhattan Supreme Court judge in early April refused to dismiss a lawsuit filed against the New York Jets and Favre by two massage therapists.
This sports segment sponsored by Simple ChurchMinistry, where they are not the spectator sport, we Christians call church. For more information on their philosophies and inner workings, please visit their website at simplechurchministry.org and make sure you follow them on Twitter @simplechurchmin
To have your company sponsor a sports segment, please e-mail me at ceejaysports@gmail.com for more information. To catch archives of your Spiritual Sports Segment, log onto my brand new blog site ceejaysports.com and be sure to follow me on Twitter @ceejaysports!
Stay tuned for more updates in next your Spiritual Sports Segment, where we Sprinkle a little Spirituality in your Sports...I'm C.E.E.J.A.Y., Be Blessed and have a Terrific Tuesday and in closing, as justice is beginning to take shape, I Am Still Trayvon Martin.
Labels: Major League Baseball the Boston Red Sox David 'Big Papi' Ortiz Ryan Braun Milwaukee Brewers Case Keenum Houston Texans National Football League New York Giants Osi Umenyiora
MLB Round Two Scores, Case Keenum & NFL Quick Hits...
NBA, NHL & MLB Scores & Amare Stoudemire, Rajon Ro...
Paul Silas, UFC, Delmond Young, Tiger Woods & Mike...


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Janelle brown weight loss- Diet & Workout
All of Kody Brown's wives have their own issues to address, much as on Sister Wives. Janelle Brown had also attempted to reduce weight, Janelle brown weight loss.
Janelle was conceived on May 6, 1969. Sheryl Usher and Robert Schriever conceived her. Kody Brown's second wife is Janelle.
She became well-known due to the reality program Sister Wives, which was filmed with Kody's wives. The Brown family's recurring issues are featured in the show.
Fans observed a striking shift in Janelle Brown's body during the show (the name "Brown" is only used for Janelle in the remaining text). The focus of this piece is what those modifications were.
1 Weight Loss Journey
2 How Janelle lost weight?
3 Diet & Workout Plans of Janelle
3.1 Diet Plan
3.2 Workout Plan
3.3 What has Janelle said about her weight loss journey?
4 Before & After
6 Related Topics
The fact that Brown had a weight problem that was seriously affecting her life was often noted throughout the broadcast.
In one of her interviews, she also stated that her weight has always been a "limit" for her. But she removed that restriction. It caused her body to undergo a noticeable alteration.
Being married to someone with other wives is odd and strange in our society. One of the explanations behind Janelle's weight claims is that she put on weight due to stress from the show's constant sense of competitiveness. We are unsure about its accuracy, but it does make logic.
On the other hand, Brown courageously acknowledged that she is overweight and wants to improve it. Janelle's weight was a major concern, making it difficult for her to do even simple household tasks.
Janelle became even more anxious as a result of her sense of helplessness. The happy ending came after she successfully changed her body for the better.
How Janelle lost weight?
Janelle brown weight loss
Brown was aware that while decreasing weight alone would be doable, it was far more difficult. Particularly if you don't know how to do it.
She then sought the assistance of a qualified trainer in this area, who assisted her with her diet and workouts. She may be seen performing core crunches while her trainer gives instructions in one of her films.
A simple healthy diet and food avoidance helped Janelle lose weight. She also engages in exercise that aids in fat burning. She once weighed roughly 270 pounds, which is an extremely large amount. Her ears perked up at this. An alarming sign. She was forced to work out by this bell.
We should check our bodies at least daily, if not weekly. This aids us in determining whether we are making the wrong choice.
And if something similar emerges, a firm choice must be made as a result. Making a decision to exercise or stick to a healthy diet. The key driving force is prioritizing your health.
Retta, a well-known actress, has also impressively shed some pounds. Her tale will amuse you just as much.
Diet & Workout Plans of Janelle
Sister Wives cast members have supported Janelle Brown throughout her weight reduction quest since she has been transparent about it both on the program and on social media.
The following are the exercise regimens Brown followed to become in better shape:
Brown's trainer advised her to "introduce vegetables in life" as the most crucial element. Janelle reduced her usage of dairy items while avoiding meat products.
She claimed that her love of fast food was one of the factors contributing to her weight increase. Who doesn't like pizza or hamburgers, after all? Brown introduced vegetables into her life, according to her trainer, and she appeared to be very at ease with it.
With time, Janelle posts some pictures of her diet on Instagram. Brown drank vegetables in addition to eating them. She developed the practice of consuming carrot juice every morning. Janelle would also consume the juices of fresh fruits.
Her day would begin with a bike ride and a nutritious breakfast, most of which were veggies. An apple a day keeps the doctor away was another maxim that Janelle lived by.
Brown's diet is ideal for you if you're trying to lose weight and are seeking a nutritious diet. This strategy can work in your favor.
Janelle loved doing out at home rather than joining a gym, which is what most people would do. The footage of her at-home workouts is available on Instagram.
She exercises with her trainer because it's comforting to have a team of experts by your side.
Brown also turned to the age-old discipline of yoga for assistance. I enjoy walking, wrote Janelle in one of her Instagram postings. The loving walk is a really positive indicator and can be quite beneficial to your weight loss efforts. She also enjoys gardening, which is another physically demanding hobby.
What has Janelle said about her weight loss journey?
Fans of Brown are curious about what Janelle is doing right now because she has kept up her training routine. When a reporter acting as a representative of her followers questioned her about her feelings regarding the travel. "I am very thankful to my followers who stuck with and assisted me in this," Janelle retorted.
Brown responded when asked if she was happy with the outcomes: "All I can say is, it's not just about a number on a scale. What if I told you that I only lost 10 pounds or a few sizable inches? On the contrary, you can tell how I've changed when you look at these photos.
The distinction is evident in Janelle's face. Though it is unknown how many pounds she has lost, she has. We wish her the best of luck as she continues her quest for true health, fitness, and well-being.
Many famous people like Kathy Najimy and Anna Faris have shed pounds to lead healthier lives.
The story of Janelle Brown teaches us that even when it seems like nothing is changing, you must keep fighting for what's best for you. Because wholesome habits transform people for the better.
It is a known fact that losing weight is just as difficult as gaining weight. However, it is not impossible once you decide to alter your behavior for the sake of your future. You will eventually achieve your goals if you keep working hard. Additionally, this is a reality.
In today's environment, maintaining physical health is also a significant accomplishment. As the opulent and delectable meal is enough to put us on the wrong path.
She also attributes the success of her weight loss to Plexus products. "everyone's weight loss journey. The Sister Wives star captioned her Instagram post, "I am always reluctant to share publicly any progress I make because, let's be honest, anything I share, there are always 10,000 people who want to condemn me.
https://thebestofotaku.com/about-yami-sukehiro/
Categories weight loss
Kevin Belton's weight loss – 5 Secrets you should know
Amy Schumer's weight loss surgery


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The Rime of the Ancient Mariner review: Astonishing imagery comes to creepy life
April 8, 2019 — 10.07am
Kings Cross Hotel, April 5
The success of the audacious decision to carve a theatrical work from The Rime of the Ancient Mariner rode on whether the result conjured visual poetry to match – or at least bring to life – the force of ST Coleridge's astonishing imagery.
Nicholas Papademetriou has an unmatched command of Coleridge's poetry.
This the Little Eggs Collective has done. Rather than present a staged reading, the nine performers, designer Nick Fry and director Julia Robertson have treated the poem as a template for a 45-minute play that's as physical as it is verbal.
Rime is routinely hailed as a masterpiece, with technical excellence counting towards that appraisal, although – and this despite Coleridge's obsessional revisions – the poem suffers from several instances of clumsy metre and rhyme.
Its true greatness lies in its hallucinatory power and Gothic mysteriousness. This hallucinatory effect presaged the likes of Rimbaud, and as with the paintings of Turner, Coleridge's direct contemporary, was staggeringly original.
The mariner's tale of shooting an albatross that had been accompanying his ship, the horrors subsequently afflicting his shipmates and himself, and the understanding at which he arrives of the profundity of the crime he has committed against nature, is timeless in its power and promise of redemption.
As if making an omelette, Little Eggs dares crack the poem open, extract its essence and, while sometimes committing the sin of obscuring the verse, they fully enact its spirit upon the Bordello Room's little stage. They shower the work with boisterous sea shanties, still its heart with affecting mime, and sculpt human imagery worthy of illuminating Coleridge's verbal evocations.
The albatross is depicted as a creature of gently fluttering beauty by Nicole Pingon, the crew's desperate thirst in the wake of the albatross's death by water bottles from which pours only sand, and the spectral "resurrection" of the dead crew members happens by creepy, confronting torchlight.
Nicholas Papademetriou primarily represents the mariner, although the lines are spread around the cast, whether from one voice, two, the ensemble, or, to stunningly eerie effect in the "As idle as a painted ship/Upon a painted ocean" section, in rounds.
If no one else matches Papademetriou's command of the poetry, none delivers solo lines for long enough to become a major irritant. The collective physical presentation, meanwhile, is gripping, ensuring Robertson and her company have achieved something memorable as well as ambitious.
Until April 13.
John Shand
John Shand has written about music and theatre since 1981 in more than 30 publications, including for Fairfax Media since 1993. He is also a playwright, author, poet, librettist, drummer and winner of the 2017 Walkley Arts Journalism Award
Most Viewed in Entertainment


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The Nueva Ecija Provincial Board is the Sangguniang Panlalawigan (provincial legislature) of the Philippine province of Nueva Ecija.

The members are elected via plurality-at-large voting: the province is divided into four districts, the first and fourth districts sending three members each, while the second and third districts sending two members each to the provincial board; the number of candidates the electorate votes for and the number of winning candidates depends on the number of members their district sends. The vice governor is the ex officio presiding officer, and only votes to break ties. The vice governor is elected via the plurality voting system province-wide.

The districts used in appropriation of members is coextensive with the legislative districts of Nueva Ecija.

Aside from the regular members, the board also includes the provincial federation presidents of the Liga ng mga Barangay (ABC, from its old name "Association of Barangay Captains"), the Sangguniang Kabataan (SK, youth councils) and the Philippine Councilors League (PCL). Nueva Ecija's provincial board also has a reserved seat for its indigenous people (IPMR).

Apportionment

List of members

Current members
These are the members after the 2022 local elections and 2018 barangay and SK elections:

 Vice Governor: Anthony Umali (Unang Sigaw)

References

Politics of Nueva Ecija
Provincial boards in the Philippines


Gibbs and Associates, developer of GibbsCAM® software for programming CNC machine tools and a Cimatron company, announced today that it will demonstrate its latest version of GibbsCAM at WESTEC 2009, in exhibit #3268, at the Los Angeles Convention Center in Los Angeles, California, from March 30 – April 2, 2009.
These offer machining styles for smooth entries, exits and cutting motions, with steep or shallow angle limits, rest passes, tool-holder collision checking, and options to change cutting style, all applicable to multiple applications.
Lace Cut – Like Constant Step, but cutting in a single direction, this provides consistently smoother cuts. By using the toolpath filleting option, also available.
Extensive New Lathe Features– These provide greater efficiency through tool control, and take advantage of newer high-tech cutting tools to turn harder materials and machine smoother surfaces. They include advanced entries and exits, entry feed rates, enhanced no-drag, clean-up pass, multi-pass plunge roughing, notch ramp roughing, offset contour and tool edge path contour, threading entry and tapping tools, and groove-tool deflection compensation.


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Last edited by Tashakar
6 edition of Labour"s Landslide found in the catalog.
Labour"s Landslide
The British General Election 1997
Published March 1998 by St. Martin"s Press .
Elections & referenda,
Political parties,
Social research & statistics,
c 1990 to c 2000,
Great Britain.,
Elections,
Current Affairs,
Politics / Current Events,
Politics/International Relations,
United Kingdom, Great Britain,
Parliament,
1997-,
Political Process - Elections,
Elections, 1997,
Great Britain,
Contributions Andrew P. Geddes (Editor), Johnathan Tonge (Editor)
Cambridge Core - Geomorphology and Physical Geography - Landslides - edited by John J. Clague. This book was about kids who are alone in a house when a landslide covers it. It scared me as a child to think this could really happen. The children are siblings from very young to teenagers and they have some pets in the house with them. There were injuries and death in the book /5.
Keir Starmer has declared a "new era" for Labour as he was elected the party's new leader in a landslide victory after a three-month contest to replace Jeremy Corbyn. Sir Keir, who today. Barbara Humphries continues her series on the history of the Labour Party. marked a watershed for Labour and for British society. The Labour Party won an historic victory, with a seat majority over all other parties. It was won on the most radical election manifesto, before or since. This article was originally published in Socialist Appeal, issue 50 April Author: Barbara Humphries.
History. The Labour Party was born at the turn of the 20th century out of the frustration of working-class people at their inability to field parliamentary candidates through the Liberal Party, which at that time was the dominant social-reform party in the Trades Union Congress (the national federation of British trade unions) cooperated with the Independent Labour . 'Reasons for the 'Labour landslide' in '. A podcast by Dr. Hester Barron, University of Sussex. To see the rest of this presentation or other free podcas.
Yorkshire words today
A Family Of His Own
Fundamental and applied laser physics
The first Henry Ford
Lake of the sky
Crusaders of chemistry: six makers of the modern world.
Letters from Mr. Madison to Messrs. Monroe and Pinkney with their communications to the Secretary of State relative to the treaty ...
Green inheritance
Salt on the dragon
Table talk, and other poems.
Adverse events following immunization surveillance.
California; an Englishmans impressions of the Golden state
The gathering of Zion
A History Of England
Labour"s Landslide Download PDF EPUB FB2
Labour's Labours Landslide book The British General Election [Andrew P. Geddes, Johnathan Tonge] on *FREE* shipping on qualifying offers.
This volume brings together leading academics to analyse the results and assess the key issues including the Conservative Party and sleaze. Labour's Second Landslide: The British General Election [Geddes, Andrew P., Tonge, Jonathan] on *FREE* shipping on qualifying offers.
Labour's Second Landslide: The British General Election Format: Paperback. Labour's Second Landslide: The British General Election [Andrew P.
Geddes, Jonathan Tonge] on *FREE* shipping on qualifying offers. Labour's Second Landslide describes and analyzes the British General Election.
Edited by Andrew Geddes and Jonathan Tonge. Explaining Labour's Labours Landslide book Hardcover – J by Roger Mortimore (Author) See all 2 formats and editions Hide other formats and editions. Price New from Used from Hardcover "Please retry" $ $ $ Hardcover $ 6 Cited by: Explaining Labour's Landslide: How Tony Blair Swept to Victory by Robert M.
Worcester () [Robert M. Worcester;Roger Mortimer;Roger Mortimore]. Labour s Landslide Book Summary: This volume brings together leading academics to analyse the results and assess the key issues including the Conservative Party and sleaze, Europe, the economy, Northern Ireland and constitutional reform.
Informative and interesting, this is essential reading for students, scholars, pundits and policy-makers, and will be a reference point for years to come. Explaining Labour's Second Landslide book. Read reviews from world's largest community for readers.
Using systematic and objective research to provide ev 3/5(1). Using new polling evidence, veteran pollster Robert Worcester (MORI) explains why Labour won such a massive landslide in the election and why the Conservatives suffered their worst ever A key adviser to Labour for many years, Worcester provides the ultimate analysis of Labour's victory.
The Guardian reflected this enthusiasm: this election, the editorial at the time decided, "now joins and as the third great progressive electoral landslide of the 20th century".
Labour's landslide in the general election remains one of the greatest shocks in British political history. How did Winston Churchill, a hugely popular national hero, fail to win.
It was a tough night for Labour as they struggled to pick up support across the country. Bradford West 4 was their biggest vote share increase, where incumbent Naz Shah gained 11 percentage points.
This study examines the landslide Labour victory in the election of It looks in detail at the results in various contexts (the parties themselves, the media, immigration and race, gender issues); and offers detailed profiles of a number of key constituencies (Tatton, Glasgow Govan, Putney).
The final result of the election on 2 May revealed that Labour had won a landslide majority, making a net gain of seats and winning % of the vote. The Conservatives, meanwhile, suffered defeat with a net loss of seats, despite winning % of the t: % (%).
Books Music Art & design TV & radio not far behind the 43% Tony Blair achieved in the landslide Labour victory of – especially for a. About this book With the increasing need to take an holistic view of landslide hazard and risk, this book overviews the concept of risk research and addresses the sociological and psychological issues resulting from landslides.
The United Kingdom general election saw the Labour Party win a landslide victory and end 18 years of Conservative government, with Tony Blair becoming prime minister. He had become leader of the party in Julytwo months after the sudden death of his predecessor John Smith, and rebranded it "New Labour", in a move which was well received by voters and which saw the abandonment of.
Summary: This study examines the landslide Labour victory in the election of It looks in detail at the results in various contexts (the parties themselves, the media, immigration and race, gender issues); and offers detailed profiles of a number of key constituencies (Tatton, Glasgow Govan, Putney).
The Iraq War alienated many Labour voters, and in Scotland the ground moved under Labour's feet and the landslides became the SNP's. For all the lives saved in Kosovo or Sierra Leone are those lost in the charnel house of Iraq; against the peace talks in Northern Ireland is the sectarian carnage of Shia against Sunni across the Middle East.
A.R. Hadley Landslide is the first book in The South Beach Connection trilogy. It's not a stand-alone. Book two, Wanderlust, is scheduled to release more Landslide is the first book in The South Beach Connection trilogy. It's not a stand-alone.
Book two, Wanderlust, is scheduled to release /5. One of the worst disasters in Britain's peacetime history happened on July 26th,when a Labour government headed by Clement Atlee swept into office with a landslide majority ofsweeping wartime leader Winston Churchill from office.
The .Buy Labour'S Landslide: General Election by Geddes, Judge Andrew, Tonge, Jon (ISBN: ) from Amazon's Book Store. Everyday low prices and free delivery on eligible orders.5/5(2).The labours were working to fix drainage pipes at Dasanakoppal village of Maratikyatanahalli panchayat.
The feet pit was dug to fix the pipe. Due to a sudden landslide, soil fell on the 3 labours who were working at the spot.
The incident was immediately brought to the notice of fire brigade, who visited the spot and rescued the three.
charlesrosier.com - Labours Landslide book © 2020


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Q: Retain trailer back to the flat file in SSIS I would like to retain the trailer/footer of my flat file after doing a derived column transformation.
20101231|A2456395F|01066885|8.00|0.00|9101|XDS
20101231|G1352486C|01066931|24.00|3.00|9020|EFC
End of Record: 000106662 Date of Extraction: 20110427 10:38:55

For example I have a flat file as shown above, after the derived column transformation (to convert the date format). The flow will be to a Flat File destination. The result now is as shown below without the (End of Record.......)
31.12.2010|S2648995D|01066885|8.00|0.00|9101|SPR
31.12.2010|S1812486F|01066931|24.00|3.00|9020|SPR

I need help with retaining that "End of record......." in my flat file destination.
Thank you!

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


Crime + Punishment Brewing Company is located in the Brewerytown neighborhood of Philadelphia.
Our beer and comfort food unite our local history and community with the themes and characters of Russian literature. The result is a warm and friendly brewpub experience that invites people to mingle in the name of good beer and great stories.
Grand Opening, July 11th 2015!
Painting walls 70 hours a week gives you lots of time to contemplate your existence. Mike Wambolt used the time to dream up homebrew recipes. He pondered Raskolnikov's confession to Ilya. And wondered what, if anything, he'd do with his recently-earned masters in theology. Opening a craft brewery that celebrated Russian literature was nothing more than an eccentric pipe dream. Until his friends started tasting his experiments.
Now, nearly 5 years later, Crime + Punishment Brewing Company serves craft beer in Philadelphia's birthplace of brewing. Mike and co. are putting the "brew" back in Brewerytown with playfully-named beers packing unique flavor. Beers like Indecent Exposure, The Guillotine, and House Arrest.
From ales and lagers, to saisons and IPAs, there's something on tap for everyone. C+P aims to blend the once-great local brewing tradition with newer craft techniques and international inspirations. They have designed a rotating menu of distinctive brews and Russian-influenced dishes done their way.
Crime + Punishment is proud to be part of a thriving community. They partner with local organizations to promote the rich culture of Brewerytown. Whether sponsoring the little league or hosting Philly arts events, C+P seeks creative ways to step outside its walls and participate in neighborhood life. It's not just a place to eat and drink, it's a place to get to know your neighbors.


You've reached the home page of Charles Lohr. I have a number of interests and projects. On the side you can see a general directory of topics of interest. You can find example code general information about programming and even some pictures and designs here.
You should note that most of my projects and other info is now on Youtube primarily. Very little here is up-to-date.


A beta version of the upgraded Microsoft Office 2003 suite has gone out to half a million users. The new Microsoft Office System includes beta 2 versions of five of the world's most popular software programs-Word, Excel, Outlook, PowerPoint, and Access-along with two new additions, InfoPath (formerly called XDocs) and OneNote, plus Microsoft Office FrontPage, Publisher, SharePoint Services, and SharePoint Portal Server 2.0. Right-clicking on a highlighted term anywhere in the five basic software packages will call up the Look-Up feature, which introduces a Research Task Pane that links to commercial fee-based search service offerings.
The initial vendor offerings include Factiva's Publications Library, Gale's Company Profiles, and Alacritude's eLibrary. All the vendors partnering with Microsoft require payments, including, in some cases, subscription payments. Users who want access to vendor services can subscribe online immediately.
The XML standard, leveraged throughout the new MS Office, is the ultimate winner in the new upgrade. Users may now even save Word documents in XML. In promoting the service, Microsoft emphasized improvements in access and delivery of business information; better teaming and collaboration tools; and the easing of user work environments through such features as support of Tablet PCs, digital note-taking, better e-mail, and a junk e-mail filter. The system also includes significant Information Rights Management features designed to help network managers assure the legitimacy and appropriateness of document transfers.
An Office add-on to Microsoft Internet Explorer will allow the Research Task Pane to access open Web sources or local networks, using the Smart Tags technology. In addition, the pane accesses a Thesaurus, a Translate option that reaches foreign language dictionaries as well as automated translation services, e.g., for a single word or an entire e-mail message, plus an encyclopedia accessed over the Internet.
To access the Research Task Pane, users can highlight a word and right click or simply hold down the Alt key and click on a word. The Research Task Pane works on Pentium 133MHz or higher processors running Windows 2000 with Service Pack 3, Windows XP or later operating systems.
The Factiva News Search option taps all 8,000 sources compiled in Factiva's Publications Library. Clare Hart, president and CEO of Factiva, commented: "We view this as a long-term collaboration to solve some basic business issues in a modern way. Microsoft Office 2003 promises to be a major platform for exciting new enterprise productivity solutions."
The pricing model for Factiva access remains the same-for individuals, an annual subscription ($79.95) plus $2.95 per document; for enterprises, subscription agreements. Factiva has not yet worked out an integration for Wall Street Journal Interactive Edition subscribers, who also pay the same individual user fees to access the Wall Street Journal, Smart Money, Barrons, etc., and reach the Publications Library.
Factiva committed itself to developing a new XML platform some years ago. This new development appears to be a major pay-off to that commitment. However, the future still holds new developments, including recovery of some functionality. For example, Dow Jones Interactive, the system replaced by Factiva.com, had the ability to link to full-image articles acquired from ProQuest, a functionality not available from Factiva.com. Non-Publications Library databases may be candidates for future Research Task Pane developments, according to Hart, in particular context-sensitive uses built around user needs.
Gale offers over 450,000 company profiles, available for purchase individually or through subscriptions. Through the beta period, individual profiles will cost $35, a six-month subscription, $249, an annual subscription, $399. Each profile includes a business overview, a list of executives, financial data, recent news and announcements, etc. (For a preview of the service, go to http://www.gale.com/bizdev.) Allen Paschal, Gale's president, described the Company Profiles as "Hoover Beaters." The products were not aimed at the library market.
Commenting on the Microsoft connection, Paschal stated: "The opportunities for us and for Microsoft Office Systems users are nothing short of monumental. Through our collaboration with Microsoft, we'll be able to empower millions to be more productive by delivering company profiles where and when they are needed."
Gale's vice president of business development, Scott Smith, added: "We have just scratched the surface of the type of solutions we can deliver through the Microsoft Office environment. We're looking forward to continuing our collaboration with Microsoft to create additional solutions that span our vast content repository."
Both Paschal and Smith disclaimed any attempt to build products that eliminated the need for librarians, a group still seen as the company's core market. Smith viewed the beta test and beyond as a learning experience that could help them "bring technologies and applications to our other service offerings, to bring back lessons for our library products."
Alacritude offers access to the eLibrary service of newspapers, news wires, magazines, journals, transcripts, maps, photographs, and reference sources. The service offers 13 million documents from over 1,000 sources. With eLibrary, article abstracts are free but full document access requires a subscription, though the subscription does offer unlimited access to all documents. Charges are $14.95 a month or $79.95 a year.
Patrick Spain, chairman and CEO of Alacritude, said: "We are thrilled to serve the research needs of so many Microsoft Office customers at the exact moment they have a question. Finding answers to everyday research questions and organizing that information in a meaningful way—without ever leaving the Microsoft Office application—will save information workers huge amounts of time." Alacritude only markets eLibrary to individuals, according to Spain. They do not offer enterprise accounts.
What about future developments and partnerships? A representative from Waggener Eddstrom, Microsoft's longtime P.R. firm, told me that Microsoft would not make a list of vendor partners for the Research Task Pane available. However, a list of vendor partners with Microsoft's established eServices vendor partners does appear on the Web site. Some of them seem to overlap with functions offered by the Research Task Pane, e.g., Microsoft's Encarta Encyclopedia, Bowne Global Solutions' Translation Gateway, WorldLingo, etc. Some eServices vendors are familiar information industry names, e.g., West's WestCiteLink, LexisNexis, ProQuest's XanEdu, BridgeInSight, etc.
The eServices partners rely on Smart Tag technology to make the connection. LexisNexis inaugurated its Smart Tag connections through Microsoft Office back in 1991. When queried about the latest MS Office upgrade, a LexisNexis representative indicated that future announcements might be forthcoming. A ProQuest representative, however, indicated that the company still relied on third parties, such as Factiva, to distribute its material to individual user markets.
The new Research Task Pane approach has the potential to integrate external searching into the daily computer usage of millions. But will they get the best data at the best price? Many institutions' librarians and information professionals have worked hard to build arrays of content specifically designed to serve the needs of their clienteles. The question of whether those arrays of data will integrate with the new feature has already begun circulating.
I asked Marsha Fulton, former developer of Andersen's ASKnetwork, whether the new development posed any risks. She said that even under past and current technology, users would often subscribe to services for which the enterprise already had contracts. "Double buying happened all the time," said Fulton. "Finally, we told the vendors what we would pay and had to set rules that individuals who paid on their own could not expense it. Then we worked with our techies to get the right connections." Fulton worried about companies without librarians looking after their interests. "They're just out of luck. Users will end up spending more money. Once they realize what's going on, they should want to hire professionals to help them find out how not to waste money."
How difficult would the technical connections be? At present the Research Task Pane does not look built for customization, though Microsoft has tools available across its system to do the job. Experts indicate that though the technology is available, it is never easy and some of it will seem to work only or best on all-Microsoft operations.
Steve Arnold, technology guru of Arnold Information Technologies, considered the new feature a great idea. He also commented that Microsoft, its certified developers, its professional development teams, and its vendors would all inform users that customization was possible, but "would need work." Basically, said Arnold, "it just won't work when shipped. It's designed to be installed by pros. They'll need to build the 'connectoids' between XML and SharePoint… Information [with the new system] is not a simple mouse click away yet, but it will be eventually."
Microsoft Office System products are scheduled for release in mid-2003. Beta testing will continue until Nov. 30, 2003. For more information, go to http://www.microsoft.com/office/preview.
Microsoft office 2003 is one of the best version in office history. I'm still using this and find it much more easier than other version.


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Snack and React: Snacking Soars, Family Dining Dips as Foodservice Industry Reinvents Itself
Roiled by the pandemic, 2020 became the year of transformation for the foodservice industry. Regroup, reassess and reinvent have become the gotta-get-it-done directives for foodservice operators, topping the menu of must-dos for moving forward.
That said, there have been bright spots. Snacking surged across the globe during the outbreak, with millennials and centennials surveyed (64% and 60%, respectively) choosing to eat snacks throughout the day instead of a few large meals, according to the 2020 State of Snacking Report from Mondelēz International.1 What's more, nearly two-thirds plan to continue replacing meals with snacks, and 6 in 10 intend to make snacking a part of their "new normal."2
More than 50% of global adults surveyed considered snacking a lifeline during the pandemic—a sentiment especially high among work-from-home parents who saw snacks as a go-to source of nutrition for themselves and treats for their kids.3
As a reliable source of comfort, convenience and nutrition that can help consumers balance physical, mental and emotional wellbeing, snacks are poised for continued growth. "As the global snacking category continues to grow, and we all adjust to our new normal, it's not surprising that almost 9 in 10 adults worldwide say they are snacking more or the same during the pandemic than they were before," said Dirk Van de Put, Mondelēz International's chairman and CEO.3
Modern Family: Top Family Dining Chains Reach for Higher Sales
While snacking came to the forefront as a comforting refuge and nutritional resource during the pandemic, family dining chains faced daunting challenges. Typically centered around all-day dine-in services, the family dining sector tended to appeal to older demographics and have negligible off-premises business.
Unlike the fast-casual sector, family dining was experiencing slow sales before the pandemic, and COVID-19 elevated the urgency of innovation with restrictions and shutdowns.
According to Kevin Schimpf, senior manager of industry research for the market research firm Technomic: "Sales growth had already been somewhat lackluster even prior to 2020—in 2019, family-style chain sales only increased by 1.8%. Overall sales for family dining chains within the top 500 group dropped by 34% in 2020, a notably more severe decline than casual dining's rate of -27%."4 Top family dining brands in the group saw declines of 30% or more during the outbreak.4 Golden Corral had a 62% decline in sales, followed by Bob Evans at 42.5% and Denny's at 35.2%.4
"We had to really to be our own disruptors," said Lance Trenary, president and CEO of Golden Corral, in an interview with Restaurant Business magazine. "We immediately went to work on what we called 'now innovation.'"4
As a result, Golden Corral shifted its signature buffet to table service, with staff bringing unlimited portions of food to dine-in customers. To develop its off-premises business, the chain began testing drive-thrus and cafeteria-style takeout stations where food is dished out in disposable packaging to customers.4
Denny's, meanwhile, has rolled out a delivery-only concept called The Burger Den and is introducing another delivery-only concept, The Meltdown, which offers signature grilled cheese sandwiches as its specialty. And in a scramble to capitalize on the success of the fast-casual sector, IHOP has hatched its own fast-casual concept called Flip'd by IHOP, which will debut this summer and focus on breakfast items for takeout and delivery.4
From inventive dine-in dishes to travel-friendly menu additions, consult the celebrated chefs at Mondelēz International Foodservice. Our combination of culinary ingenuity and beloved brand ingredients can help your operation boost sales. Explore our Culinary Center for inspiration, and for information on how we can help your operation transition into a profitable post-pandemic era, reach out below.
1 Mondelēz International and The Harris Poll, 2020 State of Snacking Report, p. 6
2 Mondelēz International and The Harris Poll, p. 7
4 Romeo, Peter, "Family Dining Looks for Transformation after 2020's Struggles," Restaurant Business, May 27, 2021
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How does a diode work? (Part 2 - Forward Bias)
In our discussion with the pn junction, we mentioned that the pn junction is the basis for diodes. Diodes are one of the most widely used devices in electronics and they have the ability to conduct current in one direction when forward-biased and block it in the other direction when reverse-biased. In this tutorial, we are going to discuss about the basic structure of a diode and learn how to operate it in the forward bias condition.
Diode Basic Structure
A semiconductor diode is a two-terminal device in which half of it is doped as a p region and the other half is doped as an n region. Between the p and n regions are the pn junction and the depletion region. The p region is called the anode while the n region is called the cathode and each of them is connected to a conductive terminal.
Forward Bias
Biasing basically means applying a DC voltage across an electronic component and as mentioned earlier, a diode can be forward-biased or reverse-biased. In forward bias condition, the current is allowed to pass through the pn junction. But one requirement to forward-bias a diode is that the negative side of the external bias voltage must be connected to the cathode or n region of the diode and the positive side of the external bias voltage to the anode or the p region. The second requirement is, the external bias voltage must be greater than the barrier potential. When these two requirements are met, the diode is forward-biased.
Now, when a diode is forward-biased, the negative side of the external bias voltage pushes the majority carriers in the n region, which are free electrons, toward the pn junction. It also provides a continuous flow of electrons into the n region through the external connection or the conductor. The movement of the free electrons here is called electron current.
With the help of the external bias voltage, the free electrons can now overcome the barrier potential of the depletion region and move on through into the p region. The external bias voltage provides enough energy but since it takes so much energy to overcome the barrier potential, once the free electrons pass through the junction, they immediately combine with the holes in the valence band and become valence electrons. Then after that, these valence electrons start to move toward the left end of the p region because they are attracted to the positive side of the external bias voltage. The holes in the p region become the pathway for the valence electrons. As the valence electrons move to the left, the holes, which are the majority carriers in the p region, also move to the right toward the junction. This hole movement can be considered as the hole current, or, we can also think that the hole current is produced because the holes provide a pathway so that the valence electrons can move through the p region.
As the valence electrons leave the p region and flow through the external connection or the conductor, they leave holes behind in the p region. So there's also a continuous availability of holes moving toward the pn junction. The valence electrons also immediately turn into free electrons because, as what we have discussed in our previous tutorial, it takes almost no amount of energy for an electron in a conductor to jump from the valence into the conduction band, since the valence band and the conduction band in a conductor overlap.
The Effect of Forward Bias on the Depletion Region
So what happens to the depletion region when we forward-biased a diode? As more electrons and holes flow into the depletion region, the number of positive and negative charges is reduced. Since the depletion region was formed because of the two layers of positive and negative charges, the decrease in the number of the positive and negative charges causes the depletion region to narrow.
The Effect of the Barrier Potential During Forward Bias
When a diode is forward-biased, the external bias voltage provides energy to the free electrons so that they can overcome the barrier potential. Now, these electrons give up an amount of energy equal to the barrier potential when they will cross the depletion region. As a result, there will be a voltage drop across the pn junction, which is usually around 0.7V and an additional voltage drop due to the internal resistance. The internal resistance is called dynamic resistance and is usually ignored since it's very small. You will notice this voltage drop due to the barrier potential when you'll start working with diodes.
Energy diagram at Forward Bias condition
From the point of view of an energy diagram, forward biasing a diode increases the electron density in the conduction band of its n region. We will see that the energy levels of the valence and conduction bands in the n region are elevated allowing free electrons to cross the junction. A key to understanding this is that electrons want to move down and holes want to move up. So, by pushing the n region up more, the electrons can "drop" into the valence band or, if they have sufficient energy, can move directly into the conduction band of the p type material. Also, note that the depletion region is narrower at forward biased equilibrium.
In this tutorial, we discussed the basic structure of a diode and its operation in the forward biased condition. We also discussed what happens to the depletion region during forward bias, the effect of the barrier potential, and the energy diagram. If you have any questions, leave it in the comments below and if you've found this interesting or helpful, give it a like and subscribe to our channel!
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Terms Used
Depletion Region (Space Charge Region)
Forward Biased