text:
CCR Focus Archive
Immunotherapy: Facts and Hopes
Cancer Therapy: Preclinical
Prediction of Active Drug Plasma Concentrations Achieved in Cancer Patients by Pharmacodynamic Biomarkers Identified from the Geo Human Colon Carcinoma Xenograft Model
Feng R. Luo, Zheng Yang, Huijin Dong, Amy Camuso, Kelly McGlinchey, Krista Fager, Christine Flefleh, David Kan, Ivan Inigo, Stephen Castaneda, Tai W. Wong, Robert A. Kramer, Robert Wild and Francis Y. Lee
Feng R. Luo
Zheng Yang
Huijin Dong
Amy Camuso
Kelly McGlinchey
Krista Fager
Christine Flefleh
David Kan
Ivan Inigo
Stephen Castaneda
Tai W. Wong
Robert A. Kramer
Robert Wild
Francis Y. Lee
DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-05-0368 Published August 2005
Purpose: Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), a protein tyrosine kinase expressed in many types of human cancers, has been strongly associated with tumor progression. Cetuximab is an IgG1 anti-EGFR chimeric mouse/human monoclonal antibody that has been approved for the treatment of advanced colon cancer. Using human tumor xenografts grown in nude mice, we have determined the in vivo pharmacodynamic response of cetuximab at efficacious doses. Three pharmacodynamic end points were evaluated: tumoral phospho-EGFR, tumoral mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) phosphorylation, and Ki67 expression.
Experimental Design: The pharmacodynamic study was conducted in nude mice bearing Geo tumors following a single i.p. administration of 0.25 and 0.04 mg. The tumors were analyzed by immunohistochemistry. The levels of phospho-EGFR were quantitated by an ELISA assay.
Results: At 0.25 mg, phospho-EGFR was maximally inhibited by 91% at 24 hours, whereas the level of inhibition decreased to 72% by 72 hours. At 0.04 mg, the maximum inhibition of phospho-EGFR was 53% at 24 hours, whereas the level of inhibition decreased to 37% by 72 hours. The time course of phospho-EGFR inhibition and recovery seemed to correlate with the pharmacokinetics of cetuximab. Immunohistochemical analysis showed that phospho-MAPK and Ki67 expression were inhibited between 24 and 72 hours at 0.25 and 0.04 mg. A pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic model was established and predicted that the plasma concentration of cetuximab required to inhibit 90% of phospho-EGFR was 67.5 μg/mL.
Conclusions: Phospho-EGFR/phospho-MAPK could be useful clinical biomarkers to assess EGFR inhibition by cetuximab.
The costs of publication of this article were defrayed in part by the payment of page charges. This article must therefore be hereby marked advertisement in accordance with 18 U.S.C. Section 1734 solely to indicate this fact.
Note: F. Luo and Z. Yang contributed equally to this work.
Accepted May 5, 2005.
Received February 17, 2005.
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Clin Cancer Res August 1 2005 (11) (15) 5558-5565; DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-05-0368
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Home » Blog – WhiteSource » Open Source License Proliferation – Power to the Lawyers?
Open Source License Proliferation – Power to the Lawyers?
April 27, 2017 David Thompson
Have you ever had to comply with the chicken dance license? For me, the WTFPL is a better option any day:
How many of those are out there? Is it possible that somewhere deep in one of your projects lies a license that requests you treat the coder to a beer? Can I create a binding open source license that sets me up for a life of free nachos and margaritas?
OPEN SOURCE LICENSES:THE COMPLETE GUIDE FOR 2019 Download Free
Licenses for all
Back in the early days, the OSI encouraged organizations and developers to create open source licenses to suit their needs, hoping this would enable more open source development and adoption and help the community grow. At the time, there were only a handful of open source licenses: GNU, BSD, MIT, Mozilla, and a few others.
More Licenses, More Problems
As open source adoption grew, so did the number of licenses: hundreds of open source licenses were created - from corporations that adopted open source code while their lawyers made sure they kept as much control over it as they could, stay safe from litigation and boast an open source badge - to developers like the creators of beer-ware, that wanted to make a point, or just keep it weird. As the open source license pool got bigger, only 80 were OSI-approved and only 20 of them were OSI-recommended.
Confused? So was everyone else: the growing list of licenses created an exponentially larger list of compatibility issues, which in turn created more billable hours for lawyers, more headaches for developers and risked making open source seem like quite an effort for corporate executives looking at the bottom line.
The initial need to make open source an accessible resource for free market dynamics became damaging to the open source community. Something needed to be done.
Along came the OSI License Proliferation Project
The OSI License Proliferation Project came together to define criteria and enforcement, in an attempt to reduce license proliferation, protect the open source community and help nurture its growth.
The project's 2006 license proliferation report listed three critical problems that arose when enabling free market dynamics to engage in open source licensing:
1. Individuals and smaller companies complained that there are too many open source licenses: it's too hard to choose which one to work with, the number should be reduced.
Larger companies typically added that:
2. Some of the licenses in the list are incompatible with each other.
3. The variety of so many individual licenses makes it hard to understand what exactly is covered in a multi-license distribution.
While the OSI understood, and were sympathetic to the challenges facing organizations, they held firm in the that they cannot and will not dictate which license should or should not be used, or how to combine them.
The OSI's solution was to divide their existing list of approved licenses into 5 groups:
1. Licenses that are popular and widely used or with strong communities
2. Special purpose licenses
3. Licenses that are redundant with more popular licenses
4. Non-reusable licenses
5. Other/Miscellaneous licenses
The first two groups, composed of licenses that the OSI determined were to be clearly written, simple, and understandable, reusable and not duplicative - were recommended for use. This narrowed down the OSI-approved list to a group of manageable 12-15 open source licenses.
Problem solved?!
Did this really help the open source community? Some open source advocates argued that while a list of 12-15 recommended open source licenses may help corporations and the lawyers that they are paying, it wasn't any help to the open source community – it was actually reducing options for developers.
Granted, they said, there were hundreds of licenses when the OSI launched the proliferation project – but who said that was a bad thing? Most developers, then and now, stick to the same 20 open source licenses: clearly, they aren't confused by the variety and the restrictions might narrow their options. If they want or need to use something out of the box, why should their options be reduced to make corporate lawyers more comfortable? Especially considering that to this day, one of the original issues of open source licensing persist: look at how little of the shared repositories on GitHub are missing any type of license.
While the OSI solution provided the lawyers in large organizations an easier system by which to decide what developers can use or not and how their code can interact, the recommendation to stick to a handful of licenses reduces the variety of open source components for developers and therefore reduces our ability to enjoy the community work.
Another sticky issue is that the list of 80 approved open source licenses remains, and can still be used. Some of those licenses were incorporated into projects but are not under the recommended category: this means that corporations are likely to avoid them, and they can create quite an issue for developers without corporate legal counsel.
Looking at the situation today, the OSI's license proliferation project did not solve problems for the open source community. The project helped corporate lawyers stake their claim in the bazaar, while developers were requested to play by their rules.
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At Town Square Energy, we're as invested in the success of your business as you are, and we strive to offer the best possible service to our commercial electricity customers. We operate in deregulated electricity markets across the U.S. to provide options to electricity consumers.
With Town Square Energy, extra choice means better value. In states with regulated electricity markets, one privately owned electricity company typically dominates the whole state.
You have a choice in your business electricity supplier in Ohio. Town Square Energy offers excellent rates, unmatched customer service, and the option to purchase your electricity through the pricing plan that best suits the needs of your company. It's an honor to earn your business every day, and Town Square Energy takes its commitment to our customers seriously.
Town Square Energy is home to a group of passionate employees who enjoy building expertise in every aspect of the electricity industry. We know what it takes to produce and distribute electricity, and we understand the many market variables that can influence electricity rates at a given time. While we are passionate about building our knowledge, we are even more excited to share that knowledge with you. The experts at Town Square Energy are ready and waiting to help you understand renewable energy, improve energy efficiency, and purchase electricity at rates that benefit the bottom line of your business.
Switching to Town Square Energy means you can always expect to receive the most cost-effective electricity. As a commercial electricity provider, we buy electricity in bulk, by the kilowatt hour, in order to obtain the best possible rates. Then we share those savings with our customers by offering the best rates in the industry. The process of switching to Town Square Energy is also designed with the customer in mind. You'll have no interruption of service, and your electricity will still come from your local supplier. The only big change you'll notice is the much lower rate on your electricity bills.
Look at the stock market during even the calmest trading day, and you'll see stock prices rising and falling based on complex market factors. The electricity market is similar, and picking the right pricing plan is a great way to manage your electric bill. The cost of electricity is influenced by many factors, but demand is the most important. That's why the first big snowstorm of the year tends to bring higher electricity prices to the Cleveland and Cincinnati areas. When everyone in the city is cranking up their heaters to keep warm, electricity prices rise accordingly.
Town Square Energy aims to make the process of purchasing electricity as simple and affordable as possible, so we offer a variety of pricing plans to suit the unique needs of our customers. The concept behind fixed-rate pricing is simple. You pay the same rate, always, no matter what the market is doing, so it's the preferred option for customers who need to budget ahead of time. Variable pricing is fluid, and changes based on the electricity market. With variable pricing, you pay more when demand is high, and less when demand is low. If your familiar with the electricity market and keep track of your company's energy use, variable pricing is the way to go.
Town Square Energy advises our customers to use a combination of both pricing options, depending on the market. Fixed-rate pricing helps you lock in lower rates during the winter and summer, while variable pricing allows you to pay less during months with lower demand. We'll even send you a notice when switching plans will lead to lower rates.
Town Square Energy is a customer-centric company, and our commitment is backed by our actions. Our team is committed to providing excellent service, without ever resorting to high-pressure tactics. We believe that we can earn your business through quality service, fair rates, and diverse plan offerings. You'll never be pushed toward a service or plan that you don't want, and our team is more than happy to provide no-pressure advice to help you make an informed decision. On top of that, Town Square Energy almost never charges cancellation fees.
It's summertime in Columbus, and the air is heavy with humidity. In between dodging the heat, you have to manage your business and try to keep your energy costs from rising too high. You need an electricity supplier that's ready to help with more than just great options. Town Square Energy provides many services that go above and beyond the basics. Our skilled staff is here to answer your questions, address your energy challenges, and help you maximize energy efficiency at your business.
We also embrace technology, and we're always on the prowl for new tools that will better address the energy needs of our customers. Town Square Energy is proud to offer smart meters and thermostats, which will provide you with the data necessary to make informed decisions on your energy consumption. And when a new tool emerges, we'll be at the front of the line to try it out, and put it to work for our customers.
Town Square Energy is dedicated to providing fair prices to all of our customers. That means that no matter where in Ohio you do business, you can expect to see the same consistent rates as everyone else in the state. We don't change our rates from city to city. We don't offer promotional rates, so you'll never have to deal with the surprise rate hikes that come when a promotion expires.
Our no-pressure attitude is exemplified by the risk-free trial we offer to interested customers. Try out Town Square Energy for three months, with no obligation, and decide for yourself. If you have any questions, feel free to reach out to our knowledgeable customer service team. We're available by phone and email, so that you can reach us in the way that's most convenient for you.


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A couple of weeks ago, my dear friend Christopher actually visited my blog (instead of viewing it through Google Reader) and noticed that my header was in need of a face-lift. (He created the previous one, so he's allowed to say that!) He came over recently and created the new one while I prepared today's recipe as a thank-you dinner. Many, many thanks to Christopher for my fresh new look. I love it!
Anyway, both Christopher and I have a thing for pork, whether it's shredded for tacos, part of a meatball, sauteed with sauce, or – for this meal – roasted with vegetables and drizzled with mustard gravy. This recipe has an amazing end result and is impressive enough for company; it certainly earned the C.Go stamp of approval.
Preheat oven to 450°F. On a rimmed baking sheet, toss carrots, shallots, and 1 tablespoon rosemary with 1 tablespoon oil; season with salt and pepper. Roast for 10 to 12 minutes.
Meanwhile, season pork with salt and pepper. In a large skillet, heat 1 tablespoon oil over medium. Add pork; cook, turning occasionally, until golden brown on all sides, 10 to 12 minutes. Transfer pork to a plate, and reserve skillet.
Remove baking sheet from oven; push vegetables to sides. Place pork in center; return sheet to oven. Roast, tossing vegetables occasionally, until an instant-read thermometer inserted in thickest part of pork registers 145°F, 30 to 40 minutes. Loosely tent pork with foil. Let rest 10 minutes before slicing.
While pork rests, pour off almost all of the fat from skillet. Add wine, and cook over medium-high, scraping up browned bits, until syrupy, 4 to 5 minutes. Add flour, and cook, whisking constantly, 30 seconds. Gradually add 1 cup water, whisking constantly. Add 1 tablespoon rosemary. Bring to a simmer. Remove from heat. Whisk in mustard, and season gravy with salt and pepper. Serve pork with carrots and gravy.
The smallest pork loin I could find at my grocery store was 2.7 pounds, so I bought it.
Since my roast was large, I used the full 40 minutes of baking time.
When I tested the temperature of my pork, it was more like 138° or 139°. I didn't want to risk overcooking it, so I tented it then. I'm glad I did, because the pork turned out tender and juicy, and just barely pink.
Peeling all those shallots was kind of a pain, though they are delicious. Christopher and I think it would be fine to use a small red onion (cut into wedges) or pearl onions as a substitute.
I rounded out the meal with a simple side of green beans, and did we ever enjoy it all. The pork was perfectly cooked, the vegetables were tender, and the blackened bits on the vegetable edges were over-the-top delicious. We liked the rosemary in the vegetables but thought it was overkill in the gravy; next time, I'll leave it out. Also, if you're feeling a bit lazy, the meal would still be perfectly delicious if you skipped the gravy altogether. I enjoyed the extra flavor boost, though. This one's definitely a keeper!
I initially hesitated to post this recipe because I knew it wouldn't photograph very well, but what the heck? It's too yummy not to share.
I'm not usually one for recipe repeats (unless I'm entertaining), but I've made this dish twice in the past couple of weeks. Both times, I was motivated by the need to use an excess amount of spinach in my refrigerator. (I can't pass up organic baby spinach at Costco since, at under $4, it's less than the tiny containers I would get at the regular grocery store. A pound of spinach is a lot of spinach, though!) The first time was a test; the second time, I knew I'd be making something absolutely delicious.
Think of this dish as creamed spinach with shredded chicken and fabulous, salty toasted bread on top. If that appeals to you (and it does to me!), you'll love this dish. I also enjoy that I get something super creamy that isn't completely nutritionally devastating because the base is made with half-and-half instead of cream.
Note: I baked this in a 1 1/2-quart Corningware dish, and I'll admit that the amount of food the recipe produces isn't huge. This is perfect for Dr. O and me to have dinner with enough left over for one person's lunch the next day. If you wanted to serve four (or even six) adults, I would double the recipe. Also, be generous with seasoning during the cooking process. It makes all the difference.
Despite the fact that it really doesn't feel like fall has arrived here in Denver just yet (and I'm not complaining – this time last year, we'd already had a significant snow storm!), I could no longer resist the urge to start cooking fall comfort food. I love grilling and all the amazing produce summer has to offer, but I think fall – with its braised meats, soups, stews, squash, and all other kinds of warm, delicious things – might be my favorite cooking season.
Heat a skillet over medium-high heat. Add 1 1/2 teaspoons oil to pan; swirl to coat. Remove sausage from casings. Add sausage to pan; sauté 3 minutes or until browned, stirring to crumble. Remove sausage from pan.
Add 1 tablespoon oil to pan; swirl to coat. Add onion; sauté 3 minutes, stirring occasionally. Add mushrooms; sauté 4 minutes, stirring occasionally. Add garlic; sauté 1 minute, stirring constantly. Stir in sausage, 1/8 teaspoon salt, and tomatoes; bring to a simmer. Reduce heat to medium; simmer gently for 15 minutes.
Bring broth and 1 1/2 cups water to a boil in a medium saucepan. Add polenta, stirring well. Reduce heat to medium, and simmer 20 minutes or until thick, stirring occasionally. Stir in remaining 1/8 teaspoon salt, cheese, and butter. Serve with sausage mixture.
My grocery store was out of hot turkey Italian sausage, so I used sweet.
I find that Cooking Light recipes rarely have enough salt for my taste, so I used 1/4 teaspoon of salt (1/2 teaspoon total) each time the recipe called for 1/8 teaspoon. On this same note, I just bought a regular old can of diced tomatoes (not no-salt-added diced tomatoes). I did buy fat-free, lower-sodium chicken broth as the recipe instructed.
I used Bob's Red Mill polenta. The recipe said to cook it for 20 minutes and the package suggested 30; I was happy with the consistency (for this particular meal, at least) at the 15 – 16 minute mark.
Good heavens, this was delicious. I don't know how the people at Jennie-O do it, but I never would have guessed that the sausage was made from turkey (as opposed to beef or pork) if I hadn't cooked it myself. The spiced meat combined with the earthy mushrooms and the sweet tomatoes made a perfect sauce. And the polenta that soaked up that sauce? Holy cow. I've made polenta with butter and Parmesan many times before but never with cream cheese; the cream cheese really took it to the next level. I also appreciated that there was enough butter in the polenta so we could taste it, but not so much that it created a nutritional disaster. Each serving clocks in at nine Weight Watchers points so it isn't exactly a lean meal, but it certainly tastes far more indulgent than it is. If I hadn't told Dr. O this was a healthy recipe, he would have thought I was fattening him up for winter.
TIPS: Cook the polenta while the ragù simmers so everything will be done at the same time.


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Terry McAuliffe: A Pro-Abortion US Knight of Malta?
Former DNC chairman says he has been invited to be a Knight despite pro-abortion views
Wed Jan 31, 2007 - 12:15 pm EST
By LifeSiteNews.com
By Peter J. Smith
WASHINGTON, D.C., January 31, 2007 (LifeSiteNews.com) - Terry McAuliffe, a Catholic and former chairman of the Democratic National Committee, has submitted an application to the Knights of Malta, a prestigious order in the Catholic Church, despite his pro-abortion views placing him publicly at odds with the Catholic Church.
Two blogs, Amy Welborn and Relapsed Catholic, both cited Monday's edition of the Hugh Hewitt show, where McAuliffe appeared to talk about his new book: What a Party: My Life Among Democrats, Presidents, Candidates, Donors, Activists, Alligators, And Other Wild Animals.
McAuliffe revealed he was in the process of joining the Knights of Malta - a former military order of Knights sworn to defend the Church and today involved in humanitarian work - after Hewitt challenged McAuliffe during an interview to explain how he could call himself without a doubt "pro-choice" and "Irish Catholic" at the same time.
McAuliffe: Yeah, but I say I have faults, like many people have faults. I wish I could follow 100% the teachings of the Catholic Church, but believe it or not, much to your chagrin, I am not Jesus Christ.
Hewitt: No, but I mean, the whole abortion controversy, that's just… you compartmentalize that and put that aside?
McAulliffe: I can, as can many Catholics.
Hewitt: But I know many Catholics do, but do you think it's right…Do you go to Mass and all that stuff, Terry?
McAuliffe: I go… yeah, I do.
Hewitt: You do?
McAuliffe: In fact, I'm up to be on the Knights of Malta right now. They've just asked me to join the Knights of Malta.
Hewitt: Oh, we'd better put out a word.
Hewitt then continued to press McAuliffe about the Catholic Church's teaching on the sanctity of life.
Hewitt: Is that teaching optional, Terry McAuliffe?
McAuliffe: Is what teaching optional?
Hewitt: The Church's teaching on the sanctity of life?
McAuliffe: Hey, listen, I have my views on my religious beliefs, Hugh, you've got yours.
LifeSiteNews called the Knights of Malta office in Washington, where it was confirmed that Terry McAuliffe has indeed submitted an application to the Knights of Malta, which is currently under review. A director told LifeSiteNews that the Knights have no control over who submits an application, but do make the decision whether a candidate fulfills all the requirements to join their ranks.
According to the Knights own website, McAuliffe fails to be a candidate to their order by their own requirements since an applicant must be "in good standing with the church"; an impossible situation on account of McAuliffe's pro-abortion views. A candidate also must have "a record of service to the Catholic Church and to Catholic-related causes by lending professional expertise or 'hands-on' volunteer service to the poor", a record which is tarnished by McAuliffe lending his expertise to push the anti-life agenda of the Democratic National Committee.
Currently, the fault lies not with the Knights of Malta, but with McAullife's two sponsors and pastor, who "to avoid possible embarrassment" have the responsibility to make sure that the applicant satisfies the criteria for admission.
The Sovereign Military Order of Malta was founded in the 11th century, and has been dedicated to the medical care of pilgrims and the sick, with hospitals in Jerusalem, Rhodes and Malta. It has a long history of defending the Church and Christian Civilization and is considered a sovereign entity with diplomatic relations with 92 nations and 10,000 members.
Two blogs citing pertinent information:
Relapsed Catholic: http://shaidle.blogmatrix.com/:entry:shaidle-2007-01-30-0003/
Amy Welborn's Open Book: http://amywelborn.typepad.com/openbook/2007/01/terry_mcauliffe.html
To respectfully contact the Knights of Malta to discuss Terry McAullife's anti-life positions:
1730 M. Street, NW, Suite 403
Contact form on website:
http://www.smom.org/contact.php
The Knights may also be contacted at headquarters in Rome
Sovereign Military Order of Malta
Magistral Palace
Via Condotti, 68 - 00187 Rome - Italy
Tel. +39.06.67581.1 - Fax +39.06.6797.202
Full transcript of Terry McAuliffe from the Hugh Hewitt Show:
http://hughhewitt.townhall.com/Transcript_Page.aspx?ContentGuid=f1379607-f2c6-45bd-9a76-895dbd097939
Terry McAuliffe: A Pro-Abortion US Knight of Malta? Terry McAuliffe: A Pro-Abortion US Knight of Malta? News By LifeSiteNews.com


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Fact check: Has Tripura's per capita income risen 30% under BJP rule, as JP Nadda claimed?
The party's national president was on a two-day campaign in the state for assembly elections scheduled for next year.
Sep 04, 2022 · 01:30 pm
BJP chief JP Nadda. | Twitter/BJP Punjab
Addressing a press conference in Agartala on August 29, Bharatiya Janata Party national president JP Nadda lauded the ruling party for the "all-round development of Tripura".
Nadda was on a two-day election campaign in Tripura for the assembly polls scheduled for 2023. At a briefing, he made claims about the economic development and the situation relating to political violence in the northeastern state.
Claim #1: The per capita income of Tripura has increased by 30% under BJP rule.
Fact: False.
"When the government was formed in Tripura under the leadership of Prime Minister Narendra Modi and Biplab Deb and later handled by Manik Saha, development took place in every area," said Nadda. "The BJP government worked for the all-round development of Tripura…The per capita income of Tripura has increased by 30%. It has become 1,30,000 per annum per person. These are the indicators of economic development."
In 2018, the Communist Party of India (Marxist)'s regime of more than two decades ended. Since then, it has been four years of BJP government's rule in Tripura. As per FactChecker's analysis of the 2018 figures provided by the Directorate of Economics & Statistics Planning (Statistics) Department of Tripura, there has been a 14.5% increase in per capita income between 2018-'19 and 2020-'21.
In 2018-'19, the per capita income of Tripura (with the new 2011-'12 base) was Rs 1,13,467. This increased by 10.7% to Rs 1,25,674 in 2019-'20.
As per the latest official statistics of the state, the per capita income of Tripura in 2020-'21 was Rs 1,29,995. Even if we had to look at the figure Nadda claimed (which is Rs 1,30,000 per capita income), the increase would remain at 14.5%.
Claim #2: 'The political violence that used to happen during the CPM party's regime has been brought to an end. Now Tripura can live in peace.'
Fact: This claim is misleading.
To verify Nadda's claim, FactChecker looked at data from the Crime in India reports published by the National Crime Records Bureau between 2018 and 2021.
Although cases related to political riots have reduced by 45% in the last four years, the Northeastern state saw a sudden surge in political violence in the last two years – from 22 cases in 2020 to 64 cases in 2021.
Moreover, the crime rate related to political violence in Tripura is the highest in the country – 1.6% crimes per lakh people.
In 2018, Tripura recorded 143 incidents related to political riots, followed by 78 in 2019. This dropped to 22 cases in 2020. However in 2021, the state saw a threefold increase in political violence.
Overall, Tripura has seen a 54% drop in riot cases in the last four years – from 256 cases in 2018 to 117 cases in 2021. However it saw a 41% rise in cases between 2020 and 2021. Further, the Northeastern state has fared well in terms of communal and religious violence in the last four years.
FactChecker tried contacting Nadda's office via email and call but had not received a response by the time of publishing this article. If and when we do, it will be updated here.
This article first appeared on FactChecker.
JP Nadda
Fact check: Was there really only one university in Ahmedabad district before 2002, as Modi claims?


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Pedro da Fonseca (1528, Proença-a-Nova - 1599, Lisboa) fou un filòsof i teòleg jesuïta portuguès. Fou catedràtic de filosofia a la Universitat de Coïmbra. Fou professor de grec i àrab i la seva erudició va produir una sèrie d'idees en relació amb els afers desenvolupats per Tomàs d'Aquino i Aristòtil. Les seves obres principals tracten sobre lògica i metafísica.

Obres
 Institutiones dialectica (1564)
 Commentarium in Aristotelis Metaphysicam (1589)

Bibliografia
 Silva, C.A. Ferreira da (1959) Teses fundamentais da gnoseologia de Pedro da Fonseca, Lisboa.
 Pereira, Miguel Baptista (1967) Ser e Pessoa. Pedro da Fonseca I. O método da Filosofia, Coimbra.

Referències

Jesuïtes portuguesos
Teòlegs portuguesos
Filòsofs portuguesos
Teòlegs del segle XVI
Filòsofs del segle XVI
Persones del districte de Guarda
Morts a Lisboa
Professors de la Universitat de Coïmbra
Teòlegs jesuïtes
Filòsofs catòlics

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
Jones accepts Arwind apology, says he only wants respect
Aug 17, 2019 12:15 AM PHT
Delfin Dioquino
Former NBA player Terrence Jones says Arwind Santos' monkey taunt did not dampen his experience in the PBA and the Philippines
MANILA, Philippines – It did not take long before Terrence Jones buried the hatchet with Arwind Santos as the TNT import accepted the apology of the San Miguel veteran following his monkey taunt.
Jones was approached by Santos before tipoff of Game 6 of the PBA Commissioner's Cup finals to personally say sorry for his controversial behavior that has been widely criticized for being racist.
From afar, Jones seemed to have shrugged off Santos, but he clarified that he was just too focused on the game at hand.
"He apologized but it was close to game time and at that point, I'm in game mode," Jones told reporters after the KaTropa failed to extend the best-of-seven duel with the Beermen winning the title in 6 games.
Nevertheless, Jones seemed to have forgiven Santos, who also posted a public apology on his social media accounts.
"Yeah. I mean, I'm a human being. I just wanted him to respect me as a person, as a father, and as a black man," said Jones when asked if he accepted Santos' apology.
"I'm here to represent my family. And I'm not saying anything bad about anybody else's culture or race. That's all I was saying."
Terrence Jones was approached by Arwind Santos before Game 6 to apologize for his monkey gesture.
Jones says he accepts it and only wants to be treated with respect as a human being. #PBAFinals #PBA2019 | @dioquinodelfin pic.twitter.com/ZvDdYcF29V
— Rappler Sports (@RapplerSports) August 16, 2019
Having spent nearly 4 months in the Philippines and being welcomed with love and adoration by Filipino fans, Jones said the incident did not dampen his experience.
"No one person could tarnish how much love I was shown here with by the fans and the communities that I've been here with," he said.
"I just wanted to have that be respected as a person. I definitely didn't take that into consideration of my overall stay here." – Rappler.com
@dioquinodelfin
Delfin Dioquino dreamt of being a PBA player, but he did not have the skills to make it. So he pursued the next best thing to being an athlete – to write about them. He took up journalism at the University of Santo Tomas and joined Rappler as soon as he graduated in 2017.
More from Delfin Dioquino


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The Right of a Child to Make a Disability Discrimination Claim (Schools) (Wales) Order 2011 No. 1651 (W. 187)
The Right to Manage (Prescribed Particulars and Forms) (Wales) Regulations 2004 No. 678
The Right to Manage (Prescribed Particulars and Forms) (Wales) Regulations 2011 No. 2684 (W. 287)
The Rights of Re-entry and Forfeiture (Prescribed Sum and Period) (Wales) Regulations 2005 No. 1352 (W.100)
The Road Traffic Act 1988 (Motor Racing) (Wales) Regulations 2018 No. 18 (W. 8)
The Road Traffic (Permitted Parking Area and Special Parking Area) (County Borough of Wrexham) Order 2008 No. 226 (W. 28)
The Road Traffic (Permitted Parking Area and Special Parking Area) (County of Denbighshire) Order 2004 No. 1608
The Road Traffic (Permitted Parking Area and Special Parking Area) (County of Gwynedd) Order 2007 No. 714 (W.62)
The Road Traffic (Permitted Parking Area and Special Parking Area) (County of the Isle of Anglesey) Order 2007 No. 1043 (W.103)
The Road Traffic (Permitted Parking Area and Special Parking Area)(County Borough of Conwy) Order 2006 No. 1791 (W.187)
The Road Traffic (Permitted Parking Area and Special Parking Area)(County of Carmarthenshire) Order 2004 No. 104
The Road Traffic (Vehicle Emissions) (Fixed Penalty) (Wales) Regulations 2003 No. 300 (W.42)
The RTM Companies (Memorandum and Articles of Association) (Wales) Regulations 2004 No. 675
The RTM Companies (Model Articles) (Wales) Regulations 2011 No. 2680 (W. 286)
The Rural Affairs and Environment (Miscellaneous Amendments) (Wales) Regulations 2019
The Rural Affairs, Environment, Fisheries and Food (Miscellaneous Amendments and Revocations) (Wales) Regulations 2019
The Rural Affairs (Miscellaneous Amendments) (Wales) (EU Exit) (No. 2) Regulations 2019
The Rural Affairs (Miscellaneous Amendments) (Wales) (EU Exit) Regulations 2019
The Rural Affairs (Miscellaneous Amendments) (Wales) Regulations 2019
The Rural Development Programmes and Agricultural Subsidies and Grants Schemes (Appeals) (Wales) (Amendment) Regulations 2007 No. 2900 (W.251)
The Rural Development Programmes (Wales) (Amendment) Regulations 2009 No. 3270 (W. 287)
The Rural Development Programmes (Wales) Regulations 2006 No. 3343 (W.304)
The Rural Development Programmes (Wales) Regulations 2014 No. 3222 (W. 327)
The Safeguarding Boards (Functions and Procedures) (Wales) Regulations 2015 No. 1466 (W. 160)
The Safeguarding Boards (General) (Wales) (Amendment) Regulations 2018 No. 494 (W. 85)
The Safeguarding Boards (General) (Wales) Regulations 2015 No. 1357 (W. 131)
The Safeguarding Vulnerable Groups Act 2006 (Controlled Activity) (Wales) Regulations 2010 No. 1171 (W. 104)
The Safeguarding Vulnerable Groups Act 2006 (Prescribed Period and Appropriate Officer) (Wales) Regulations 2010 No. 1291 (W. 110)
The Safeguarding Vulnerable Groups Act 2006 (Prescribed Period and Appropriate Officer) (Wales) (Revocation) Regulations 2010 No. 1724 (W. 165)
The Salmonella in Broiler Flocks (Survey Powers) (Wales) Regulations 2006 No. 1511 (W.147)
The Salmonella in Laying Flocks (Survey Powers) (Wales) Regulations 2005 No. 586 (W.50)
The Saundersfoot Harbour Empowerment Order 2011 No. 1565 (W. 180)
The Scallop Dredging Operations (Tracking Devices) (Wales) Order 2012 No. 2729 (W. 292)
The Scallop Fishing (Wales) (No.2) Order 2010 No. 269 (W. 33)
The Scallop Fishing (Wales) Order 2005 No. 1717 (W.132)
The Scarweather Sands Offshore Wind Farm Order 2004 No. 3054
The Scheduled Monuments (Review of Scheduling Decisions) (Wales) Regulations 2017 No. 643 (W. 149)
The Scheme for Construction Contracts (England and Wales) Regulations 1998 (Amendment) (Wales) Regulations 2011 No. 1715 (W. 194)
The School Admission Appeals Code (Appointed Day) (Wales) Order 2009 No. 1845 (W. 169)
The School Admissions Code (Appointed Day) (Wales) Order 2009 No. 1844 (W. 168)
The School Admissions (Common Offer Date) (Wales) Regulations 2013 No. 1144 (W. 122)
The School Admissions (Infant Class Sizes) (Wales) Regulations 2013 No. 1141 (W. 121)
The School Admissions (Variationof Admission Arrangements)(Wales) Regulations 2013 No. 1140 (W. 120)
The School Budget Shares (Prescribed Purposes and Consequential Amendments) (Wales) Regulations 2008 No. 1866 (W. 178)
The School Councils (Wales) Regulations 2005 No. 3200 (W.236)
The School Curriculum in Wales (Miscellaneous Amendments) Order 2008 No. 1899 (W. 181)
The School Funding (Wales) Regulations 2010 No. 824 (W. 87)
The School Governance (Transition from an Interim Executive Board) (Wales) Regulations 2012 No. 1643 (W. 212)
The School Government (Terms of Reference) (Amendment) (Wales) Regulations 2002
The School Governors' Annual Reports (Wales) (Amendment) Regulations 2002
The School Governors' Annual Reports (Wales) (Amendment) Regulations 2004 No. 1735
The School Governors' Annual Reports (Wales) (Amendment) Regulations 2013 No. 1561 (W. 142)
The School Governors' Annual Reports (Wales) Regulations 2001
The School Governors' Annual Reports (Wales) Regulations 2011 No. 1939 (W. 207)
The School Information (Wales) Regulations 2011 No. 1944 (W. 211)
The School Lunches (Prescribed Requirement) (Wales) Order 2005 No. 1208 (W.80)
The School Milk (Wales) Regulations 2001
The School Milk (Wales) Regulations 2008 No. 2141 (W. 190)
The School Milk (Wales) Regulations 2017 No. 724 (W. 174)
The School Organisation Code (Appointed Day) (Wales) Order 2013 No. 1799 (W. 181)
The School Organisation Code (Appointed Day) (Wales) Order 2018
The School Organisation (Miscellaneous Amendments) (Wales) Regulations 2011 No. 190 (W. 35)
The School Organisation Proposals by the National Council for Education and Training for Wales Regulations 2002
The School Organisation Proposals by the National Council for Education and Training for Wales Regulations 2004 No. 1576
The School Performance and Absence Targets (Wales) (Amendment) Regulations 2019
The School Performance and Absence Targets (Wales) Regulations 2011 No. 1945 (W. 212)
The School Performance Information (Wales) Regulations 2011 No. 1963 (W. 217)
The School Standards and Framework Act 1998 (Repeal) (Wales) Order 2010 No. 823 (W. 86)
The School Standards and Organisation (Wales) Act 2013 (Commencement No. 1) Order 2013 No. 1000 (W. 105) (C. 42)
The School Standards and Organisation (Wales) Act 2013 (Commencement No. 2, Savings and Transitional Provisions) Order 2013 No. 1800 (W. 182)
The School Teacher Appraisal (Amendment) (Wales) Regulations 2009 No. 2159 (W. 183)
The School Teacher Appraisal (Wales) (Amendment No. 2) Regulations 2009 No. 2864 (W. 251)
The School Teacher Appraisal (Wales) Regulations 2002
The School Teacher Appraisal (Wales) Regulations 2011 No. 2940 (W. 316)
The School Teachers (Consequential Amendments) (Wales) Regulations 2004 No. 1745
The School Teachers' Pay and Conditions (Wales) Order 2019
The School Teachers' Qualifications (Wales) Regulations 2012 No. 724 (W. 96)
The Schools Budget Shares (Wales) Regulations 2004 No. 2506
The Schools Forums (Wales) Regulations 2003 No. 2909 (W.275)
The Scottish Marine Regions Order 2015 No. 193
The Sea Fish Licensing (Wales) Order 2019
The Sea Fish (Specified Area) (Prohibition of Fixed Engines) (Wales) Order 2010 No. 2915 (W. 240)
The Sea Fish (Specified Sea Areas) (Prohibition of Fishing Method) (Wales) Order 2012 No. 2571 (W. 282)
The Sea Fishing (Enforcement of Community Conservation Measures) (Wales) Order 2000
The Sea Fishing (Enforcement of Community Control Measures) (Wales) (Amendment) Order 2003 No. 559 (W.79)
The Sea Fishing (Enforcement of Community Control Measures) (Wales) Order 2000
The Sea Fishing (Enforcement of Community Quota and Third Country Fishing Measures) (Wales) Order 2000


As an employer, hiring experienced professionals may seem like the smartest thing to do. Experienced professionals know what they are doing, they don't need as much guidance and/or training, they have already worked in professional settings, and they know what they need to do in order to get things done in a timely manner. Whatever the reason may be, employers tend to prefer hiring experienced professionals rather than entry level professionals. What employers need to realize is that there are many pros to hiring the latter option.
Most times experienced professionals think they know a lot, and therefore refuse to ask too many questions. They make their own assumptions instead. On the other hand, entry level professionals are hungry to learn new things. They want to get as much knowledge as possible in order to build their skills and make good impressions. They are the ones who focus on the little details that experienced professionals don't even think about.
Entry level professionals can be hired in at a lower salary than those with experience. This doesn't mean that you should pay them unfairly - they too deserve a good pay. However, since experienced professionals have acquired new knowledge over the years and past jobs, they want to get paid accordingly. Entry level professionals often just want a stable job and an opportunity to expand their resume, gain new knowledge, and build their skillset. Because of this, they will often take whatever you offer them.
When someone is fresh out of college, or new to an industry, they tend to want to show off their knowledge and skills. They are more willing to research and look at things differently than someone who has been in the same industry for many years. Young, entry level professionals are usually more in touch with the outside world, therefore they know about new technology, new jargon, and simply look at things with a different point of view.
If you have an internship program, that is perfect way to hire entry level candidates! Let your program act as a way to draw those candidates to your company!


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Frederick Wiseman on His Banned Classic Titicut Follies
Frederick Wiseman courtesy of Nick Bruno
by Paula Bernstein
in Directing, Directors
Documentary, Frederick Wiseman, In Jackson Heights, Portland, Titticut Follies
Straight from its premiere at New York City's Metrograph theater, the new 35mm print of Titicut Follies screened at Portland's Northwest Film Center on April 21 with director Frederick Wiseman in attendance.
The controversial film portrays the wretched conditions at The Bridgewater State Hospital for the criminally insane in Bridgewater, Massachusetts circa 1967. In unflinching cinema verite-style, Ttticut Follies presents a stark portrayal of the hospital's predominantly naked inmates as they are mishandled, force-fed, taunted by guards, and locked in empty cells.
Titicut Follies was famously banned prior to its planned premiere at the 1967 New York Film Festival. Though Wiseman had gotten the requisite permissions, the state of Massachusetts claimed that the film violated the patients' right to privacy and dignity. For years, the film was only able to be screened in academic settings. But in 1991, a superior court judge said the film could be released to the general public since most of the inmates had died and that First Amendment concerns trumped privacy concerns.
In the conversation following the film, Wiseman, now 85, said he hadn't set out to depict abuses at the hospital, and that he doesn't feel comfortable taking credit for any improvements in our mental health system in the years since Titicut Follies revealed such sordid conditions.
"It's both naive, arrogant, and presumptuous for me or any other filmmaker to say that their film produces social change. In a democratic society people have access to information from so many different sources. You can't isolate one thing and say that that particular poem or novel or film caused it," said Wiseman. "I like to think the movie may have contributed to [Bridgewater closing], but I actually have no idea."
Below are other highlights from the conversation:
On the title Titicut Follies
"Titicut Follies, as you see in the film, was organized around an inmate and staff variety show called Titicut Follies. In naming the film Titicut Follies, I picked up on the metaphor of the variety show," said Wiseman, acknowledging that "for my other films, I've always had rather laconic titles."
How he managed to film such gut-wrenching situations
When asked how he was able to witness such horrible treatment at Bridgewater Hospital and not intervene, Wiseman said it wasn't a problem for him.
"When you're making one of these movies, you're working. The fact that you're working is a real defense against all of the things you're seeing and hearing," he explained. "Your job is to get the sequence. Your job is not to identify or at least not overly identify with what you're seeing and hearing. Because I'm very busy and the people working with me are very busy, you tend to think about it afterward."
On getting permission to film
"Curiously enough, for most films, it's been extremely easy to get permission. My big secret is that I ask," said Wiseman. "I'm always amazed that people say 'yes.'"
But there have been a few occasions where he didn't get the access he wanted. He was initially planning to shoot the film, which eventually became Law and Order, in Los Angeles. "I was told I could do whatever I wanted except ride around in police cars," he recalled. But since there were no foot patrols at the time, his access was limited. Instead, he opted to go to Kansas City where "I could freely do whatever I wanted," he said.
On full disclosure
To get permission to film inside Bridgewater Hospital, Wiseman said he "told them from the beginning the kind of movie I was doing." He said he made it clear that the film would be shown widely and that he'd get final cut. "I always make a full disclosure of the method and the procedure," he explained. "It's extremely important to make a full disclosure about what you're doing – not only is it the ethical thing but it also means nobody can come back at you if they didn't like the movie."
Of course, the full disclosure didn't prevent the state of Massachusetts from banning the film due to alleged privacy issues. But Wiseman is proud of the fact that no inmate or member of an inmate's family ever complained about the film. "It was banned as a result of political decisions," he explained.
In Jackson Heights
How he finds a film through the editing process
Wiseman said that not only was Titicut Follies his first film as director, but it was his first film as editor. "As a result of editing a lot of other films, if I were editing this (Titicut Follies) now, I probably wouldn't have done many of the things that I did," he explained. As an example, he said he would not have intercut a scene of an inmate being force-fed with scenes of his funeral. "Now that I look at it, I find it too heavy-handed. When you intercut the force-feeding with his funeral, I'm telling you what to think, that he's treated better in death than in life." Wiseman said it's always best to let the audience draw their own conclusions. "At the time, I thought it was a great cut," he said.
It's through the editing process that Wiseman finds his stories. "The film emerges through the editing," he said.
For Titicut Follies, he had about 80 hours of footage, whereas for his latest film, In Jackson Heights, he shot 140 hours. By comparison, for At Berkeley, he captured 250 hours "because academics like to talk," he joked.
Wiseman's filmmaking procedure has been, he said, "pretty much the same in all the films. I have no idea in advance what the structure or point of view of the film is going to be."
He doesn't like to do advance research, he said, because "the shooting of the film is the research." Also, he doesn't want to miss out on getting good material on camera. "I don't like to be present at a place when something interesting is going on and not be able to get it for the film," he said. "Since nothing is staged, I'd be very unhappy if I was there doing research and something really great happened. I'd rather take the risk of overshooting a bit."
The real model for this kind of filmmaking, according to Wiseman, is Las Vegas. "It's the roulette wheel. You take the risk of shooting a lot of film with the hope that you get enough material out of which you can cut a film," he said. "I have no idea what the structure is going to be, but I'm willing to take the risk of shooting a lot and finding the film in the editing."
Wiseman takes his time with the editing process so he can "think about the consequences of starting the film one way and ending another way."
After reviewing the rushes, he'll put aside maybe 40 percent of the material and edit the sequences he thinks he might use in the film without any idea of the order he'll use them in. That process alone might take him 6-7 months. "It's only when I edit the so-called candidate sequences that I begin to work on structure," said Wiseman. "One of the most interesting things about making movies of this sort is that at least 50 percent of the editing has nothing to do with the technique of editing. It has to do with studying the rushes."
He explained that "unless I feel I understand what is going on in individual sequences, I can't decide if I'm going to use the sequence and where I'm going to place it. I have to delude myself into thinking I understand everything that's going on in a sequence in order to make a decision whether or not I'm going to use it."
The other consideration when editing a sequence is to be sure that it "doesn't violate what went on in the original sequence, which is often much longer than what I use."
He does not edit for length, saying that "the length of film is whatever the film comes out to be in the editing room. I don't set out to make a film that's 82 minutes," he said.
Titicut Follies
On why he shifted to digital
"I changed to digital reluctantly merely because Kodak stopped making the negative and the labs went out of business," he said. "Those are two powerful incentives to change. In terms of the shooting of the film, it's possible a little more is shot because you don't have the processing costs."
That said, while the general consensus is that shooting digital is cheaper than film, Wiseman said, "it's not that much cheaper because finishing costs are more expensive and color grading is more expensive," though, of course, you save on film processing costs.
How he selects topics
"I really make movies about subjects that I want to make movies about," Wiseman told the audience. "I don't believe I'm obliged to make movies that always deal with the lives of poor people and whatever relationship they have to the state."
Ultimately, he said, "I'm trying to make movies about as many subjects as I can." He's made dance films such as Ballet and La danse and Crazy Horse simply because "I like dance." In fact, Titicut Follies is in the process of being made into a ballet choreographed by James Sewell of Sewell Ballet (which Wiseman discussed in a previous article in Filmmaker). A sneak peek of the ballet was presented at last year's Toronto International Film Festival, along with a screening of Ttticut Follies. The finished ballet will premiere at the Skirball Center at NYU in Spring 2017.
"I am a ballet fan and I got tired of seeing ballets about relationships, whatever that may mean, so I thought it would be interesting and challenging to see if we could make a ballet on a more contemporary subject," Wiseman explained.
Finally, when asked a question about advice he'd give to young documentary filmmakers, Wiseman had two words to share: "Marry rich."
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On the Road: the "25 New Faces" Screening Tour Hits the Midwest Today By Nick Dawson on Nov 16, 2013
True/False Dispatch #2: Sleepless Nights and Computer Chess By Vadim Rizov on Mar 8, 2013


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The prime minister of the United Kingdom is the head of government of the United Kingdom. The prime minister advises the sovereign on the exercise of much of the royal prerogative, chairs the Cabinet and selects its ministers. As modern prime ministers hold office by virtue of their ability to command the confidence of the House of Commons, they sit as members of Parliament.

The office of prime minister is not established by any statute or constitutional document, but exists only by long-established convention, whereby the reigning monarch appoints as prime minister the person most likely to command the confidence of the House of Commons; this individual is typically the leader of the political party or coalition of parties that holds the largest number of seats in that chamber.

The prime minister is ex officio also First Lord of the Treasury, Minister for the Civil Service and the minister responsible for national security. Indeed, certain privileges, such as residency of 10 Downing Street, are accorded to prime ministers by virtue of their position as First Lord of the Treasury. In 2019, the office of Minister for the Union was established; Boris Johnson became the first prime minister to hold this title.

Rishi Sunak has been the incumbent prime minister since 25 October 2022.

History

The position of prime minister was not created; it evolved slowly and organically over three hundred years due to numerous Acts of Parliament, political developments, and accidents of history. The office is therefore best understood from a historical perspective. The origins of the position are found in constitutional changes that occurred during the Revolutionary Settlement (1688–1720) and the resulting shift of political power from the sovereign to Parliament. Although the sovereign was not stripped of their ancient prerogative powers and legally remained the head of government, politically it gradually became necessary for him or her to govern through a prime minister who could command a majority in Parliament.

By the 1830s, the Westminster system of government (or cabinet government) had emerged; the prime minister had become primus inter pares or the first among equals in the Cabinet and the head of government in the United Kingdom. The political position of prime minister was enhanced by the development of modern political parties, the introduction of mass communication and photography. By the start of the 20th century the modern premiership had emerged; the office had become the pre-eminent position in the constitutional hierarchy in relation to the sovereign, Parliament and Cabinet.

Before 1902, the prime minister sometimes sat in the House of Lords, provided that his government could form a majority in the Commons. However, as the power of the aristocracy waned during the 19th century the convention developed that the prime minister should always sit as a Member of Parliament in the lower house, making them answerable only to the Commons in Parliament. The prime minister's authority was further enhanced by the Parliament Act 1911, which marginalised the influence of the House of Lords in the law-making process.

Authority, powers and constraints

The prime minister is the head of the United Kingdom government. As such, the modern prime minister leads the Cabinet (the Executive). In addition, the prime minister leads a major political party and generally commands a majority in the House of Commons (the lower chamber of Parliament). The incumbent wields both significant legislative and executive powers. Under the British system, there is a unity of powers rather than separation.

In the House of Commons, the prime minister guides the law-making process with the goal of enacting the legislative agenda of their political party. In an executive capacity, the prime minister appoints (and may dismiss) all other Cabinet members and ministers, and co-ordinates the policies and activities of all government departments, and the staff of the Civil Service. The prime minister also acts as the public "face" and "voice" of His Majesty's Government, both at home and abroad. Solely upon the advice of the prime minister, the sovereign exercises many statutory and prerogative powers, including high judicial, political, official and Church of England ecclesiastical appointments; the conferral of peerages and some knighthoods, decorations and other important honours.

Constitutional background

The British system of government is based on an uncodified constitution, meaning that it is not set out in any single document. The British constitution consists of many documents and most importantly for the evolution of the office of the prime minister, it is based on customs known as constitutional conventions that became accepted practice. In 1928, Prime Minister H. H. Asquith described this characteristic of the British constitution in his memoirs:In this country we live ... under an unwritten Constitution. It is true that we have on the Statute-book great instruments like Magna Carta, the Petition of Right, and the Bill of Rights which define and secure many of our rights and privileges; but the great bulk of our constitutional liberties and ... our constitutional practices do not derive their validity and sanction from any Bill which has received the formal assent of the King, Lords and Commons. They rest on usage, custom, convention, often of slow growth in their early stages, not always uniform, but which in the course of time received universal observance and respect.

The relationships between the prime minister and the sovereign, Parliament and Cabinet are defined largely by these unwritten conventions of the constitution. Many of the prime minister's executive and legislative powers are actually royal prerogatives which are still formally vested in the sovereign, who remains the head of state. Despite its growing dominance in the constitutional hierarchy, the premiership was given little formal recognition until the 20th century; the legal fiction was maintained that the sovereign still governed directly. The position was first mentioned in statute only in 1917, in the schedule of the Chequers Estate Act. Increasingly during the 20th century, the office and role of prime minister featured in statute law and official documents; however, the prime minister's powers and relationships with other institutions still largely continue to derive from ancient royal prerogatives and historic and modern constitutional conventions. Prime ministers continue to hold the position of First Lord of the Treasury and, since November 1968, that of Minister for the Civil Service, the latter giving them authority over the civil service.

Under this arrangement, Britain might appear to have two executives: the prime minister and the sovereign. The concept of "the Crown" resolves this paradox. The Crown symbolises the state's authority to govern: to make laws and execute them, impose taxes and collect them, declare war and make peace. Before the "Glorious Revolution" of 1688, the sovereign exclusively wielded the powers of the Crown; afterwards, Parliament gradually forced monarchs to assume a neutral political position. Parliament has effectively dispersed the powers of the Crown, entrusting its authority to responsible ministers (the prime minister and Cabinet), accountable for their policies and actions to Parliament, in particular the elected House of Commons.

Although many of the sovereign's prerogative powers are still legally intact, constitutional conventions have removed the monarch from day-to-day governance, with ministers exercising the royal prerogatives, leaving the monarch in practice with three constitutional rights: to be kept informed, to advise and to warn.

Modern premiership

Appointment
In modern times, much of the process involving prime ministerial appointments is informally governed by constitutional conventions and authoritative sources, like The Cabinet Manual, paragraphs 2.7 to 2.20 and 3.1 to 3.2.

The prime minister is appointed by the monarch, through the exercise of the royal prerogative. In the past, the monarch has used personal choice to dismiss or appoint a prime minister (the last time being in 1834), but it is now the case that they should not be drawn into party politics.

The prime minister "...holds that position by virtue of his or her ability to command the confidence of the House of Commons, which in turn commands the confidence of the electorate, as expressed through a general election." By convention, the prime minister is also an MP and is normally the leader of the political party that commands a majority in the House of Commons.

Prime Minister's Office

The Prime Minister's Office helps the prime minister to 'establish and deliver the government's overall strategy and policy priorities, and to communicate the government's policies to Parliament, the public and international audiences'. The Prime Minister's Office is formally part of the Cabinet Office, but the boundary between its work and that of the wider Cabinet Office can be unclear; the wider Cabinet Office might carry out very similar work. Peter Hennessy has claimed that this overall arrangement means there is in fact effectively a Prime Minister's Department, though it is not called this.

Prime Minister's Questions

Prime Minister's Questions is a constitutional convention, currently held as a single session every Wednesday at noon when the House of Commons is sitting, in which the prime minister answers questions from members of Parliament (MPs). The leader of the opposition usually asks the prime minister six questions, and the leader of the third-largest parliamentary party can ask two questions. It is an occasion when the prime minister appears regularly on live television and radio.

The prime minister also appears before the Liaison Committee to answer questions about public policy.

Security and transport

The personal protection of the prime minister and former prime ministers is the responsibility of Protection Command within the Metropolitan Police Service. The fleet of Prime Ministerial Cars provides the prime minister with a number of security features as well as transport. The vehicles are driven by officers from this unit. Air transport for the prime minister is provided by a variety of military and civilian operators.

International role

One of the roles of the prime minister is to represent the UK at home and abroad, for example at the annual G7 Summit. The prime minister makes many international trips. According to Gus O'Donnell, the number of overseas visits for the prime minister has gone up.

Deputy

The prime minister's second-in-command has variably served as deputy prime minister, first secretary of state and de facto deputy and at other times prime ministers have chosen not to select a permanent deputy at all, preferring ad hoc arrangements.

Succession
Nobody has the right of automatic succession to the prime ministership. However, it is generally considered by those with an interest in the matter that in the event of the death of the prime minister, it would be appropriate to appoint an interim prime minister, though there is some debate as to how to decide who this should be.

According to Rodney Brazier, there are no procedures within government to cope with the sudden death of the prime minister. There is also no such title as acting prime minister of the United Kingdom. Despite refusing "...to discuss a hypothetical situation" with BBC News in 2011, the Cabinet Office said the following in 2006:Additionally, when the prime minister is travelling, it is standard practice for a senior duty minister to be appointed who can attend to urgent business and meetings if required, though the prime minister remains in charge and updated throughout.

On 6 April 2020, when Prime Minister Boris Johnson was admitted into ICU, he asked First Secretary of State Dominic Raab "to deputise for him where necessary".

Resignation

A prime minister ends their tenure by offering their resignation to the British monarch. This can happen after their party has suffered a general election defeat, so that they no longer command the confidence of the House of Commons. It can also happen mid-term, if they are forced to resign for political reasons, or for other reasons such as ill-health. If the prime minister resigns mid-term, and their party has a majority in the Commons, the party selects a new leader according to its rules, and this new leader is invited by the monarch to become the new prime minister. The outgoing prime minister is likely to remain in post until the new leader has been chosen by the party. After resigning, the outgoing prime minister remains a Member of Parliament. An outgoing prime minister can ask the monarch to bestow honours on any number of people of their choosing, known as the Prime Minister's Resignation Honours. No incumbent prime minister has ever lost their own seat at a general election. Only one prime minister has been assassinated: Spencer Perceval, in 1812.

Precedence, privileges and form of address

On taking office a new prime minister usually makes a public statement to announce to the country that they have been appointed by the reigning monarch (called "kissing hands"). This is usually done by saying words to the effect of:

Throughout the United Kingdom, the prime minister outranks all other dignitaries except members of the royal family, the lord chancellor, and senior ecclesiastical figures.

In 2010, the prime minister received £142,500 including a salary of £65,737 as a member of parliament. Until 2006, the lord chancellor was the highest-paid member of the government, ahead of the prime minister. This reflected the lord chancellor's position at the head of the judicial pay scale. The Constitutional Reform Act 2005 eliminated the lord chancellor's judicial functions and also reduced the office's salary to below that of the prime minister.

The prime minister is customarily a member of the Privy Council and thus entitled to the appellation "The Right Honourable". Membership of the council is retained for life. It is a constitutional convention that only a privy counsellor can be appointed prime minister. Most potential candidates have already attained this status. The only case when a non-privy counsellor was the natural appointment was Ramsay MacDonald in 1924. The issue was resolved by appointing him to the Council immediately prior to his appointment as prime minister.

According to the now-defunct Department for Constitutional Affairs, the prime minister is made a privy counsellor as a result of taking office and should be addressed by the official title prefixed by "The Right Honourable" and not by a personal name. Although this form of address is employed on formal occasions, it is rarely used by the media. As "prime minister" is a position, not a title, the incumbent should be referred to as "the prime minister". The title "Prime Minister" (e.g. "Prime Minister Rishi Sunak") is technically incorrect but is sometimes used erroneously outside the United Kingdom and has more recently become acceptable within it. Within the UK, the expression "Prime Minister Sunak" is never used, although it, too, is sometimes used by foreign dignitaries and news sources.

10 Downing Street, in London, has been the official place of residence of the prime minister since 1732; they are entitled to use its staff and facilities, including extensive offices. Chequers, a country house in Buckinghamshire, gifted to the government in 1917, may be used as a country retreat for the prime minister.

Retirement honours
Upon retirement, it is customary for the sovereign to grant a prime minister some honour or dignity. The honour bestowed is commonly, but not invariably, membership of the UK's most senior order of chivalry, the Order of the Garter. The practice of creating a retired prime minister a Knight of the Garter (KG) has been fairly prevalent since the mid-nineteenth century. Upon the retirement of a prime minister who is Scottish, it is likely that the primarily Scottish honour of Knight of the Thistle (KT) will be used instead of the Order of the Garter, which is generally regarded as an English honour.

Historically it has also been common to grant prime ministers a peerage upon retirement from the Commons, elevating the individual to the Lords. Formerly, the peerage bestowed was usually an earldom. The last such creation was for Harold Macmillan, who resigned in 1963. Unusually, he became Earl of Stockton only in 1984, over twenty years after leaving office.

Macmillan's successors, Alec Douglas-Home, Harold Wilson, James Callaghan and Margaret Thatcher, all accepted life peerages (although Douglas-Home had previously disclaimed his hereditary title as Earl of Home). Edward Heath did not accept a peerage of any kind and nor have any of the prime ministers to retire since 1990, although Heath in 1992, John Major in 2005 and Tony Blair in 2022 were later appointed as Knights of the Garter, the latter had previously disclosed that he did not want honours bestowed for himself or future prime ministers.

The most recent former prime minister to die was Margaret Thatcher (1979–1990) on 8 April 2013. Her death meant that for the first time since 1955 (the year in which the Earldom of Attlee was created, subsequent to the death of Earl Baldwin in 1947) the membership of the House of Lords included no former prime minister, a situation which remains the case as of 2022.

Public Duty Costs Allowance (PDCA)

All former prime ministers are entitled to claim for salary or office expenses incurred in fulfilling public duties in that role. The allowance may not be used to pay for private or parliamentary duties. It is administered by the Cabinet Office Finance Team.

The maximum amount which may be claimed per year is £115,000, plus 10% towards any staff pension costs. This limit is reviewed annually, and at the start of each Parliament, by the Prime Minister. The maximum level may be adjusted downwards if the former prime minister receives any public funds for fulfilling other  public appointments.

See also

Lists of prime ministers by different criteria

 Timeline of prime ministers of Great Britain and the United Kingdom
 List of prime ministers of the United Kingdom
 List of prime ministers of the United Kingdom by length of tenure
 List of prime ministers of the United Kingdom by age
 List of prime ministers of the United Kingdom by education
 List of current heads of government in the United Kingdom and dependencies
 List of fictional prime ministers of the United Kingdom
 List of peerages held by prime ministers of the United Kingdom
 List of United Kingdom Parliament constituencies represented by sitting prime ministers
 Historical rankings of prime ministers of the United Kingdom

All lists: :Category:Lists of prime ministers of the United Kingdom

Other related pages

 Air transport of the Royal Family and Government of the United Kingdom
 Spouse of the prime minister of the United Kingdom
 Records of prime ministers of the United Kingdom
 Deputy Prime Minister of the United Kingdom
 Cultural depictions of prime ministers of the United Kingdom
 List of things named after prime ministers of the United Kingdom
 List of nicknames of prime ministers of the United Kingdom
 :Category:Books written by prime ministers of the United Kingdom
 Armorial of prime ministers of the United Kingdom
 List of burial places of prime ministers of the United Kingdom

More related pages: :Category:Prime Ministers of the United Kingdom

Notes

References

Works cited

Further reading

External links

 Number 10 official website
 Parliament of the United Kingdom website
 Principal Ministers of the Crown: 1730–2006

Ministerial offices in the United Kingdom
Political history of the United Kingdom

United Kingdom nuclear command and control


text:
Q: Probability with Calculus A point is chosen randomly in the region bounded by the curve $y = x^2$ and the line $y = 4$. Find the probability that the $y$-coordinate is less than $a$ for any $a$ in[0,4].
I think that I need to use calculus to find the area under the curve. However, since $y$ is bounded from 0 to 4, it seems like the answer should be $\frac{1}{2}$. Please help guide me in the right direction to get started, even if my intuition is correct.

A: Since the area is bound above by $y=4$, the limits of integration go from $[-2,2]$.
The area of interest is
$$A_{total} = 16 - \int_{-2}^{2}x^2dx = \frac{32}{3}.$$
If one considers points no higher than $a$, then the limits of integration on this area go from $[-\sqrt{a},\sqrt{a}]$.  The area of interest here is:
$$A_{\leq a} = 2 \sqrt{a^3} - \int_{-\sqrt{a}}^{\sqrt{a}}x^2dx = \frac{4 \sqrt{a^3}}{3}.$$
Then
$$\frac{A_{\leq a}}{A_{total}} = \frac{\sqrt{a^3}}{8}.$$

A: Note that $x=\sqrt{y}$, so you need the area under the curve: 2$\int_{0}^{a} \sqrt{y} \,dy$.

A: No integration is needed since Archimedes showed long time ago that the parabola $y=x^2$ divides the rectangle with opposite points $(0,0)$ and $(c,c^2)$ by $1:2$.  Hence the probability is $\dfrac{\frac{2}{3}a\sqrt{a}}{\frac{2}{3}\cdot2^2\cdot2}$.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
Q: Passing $data value from onefunction to another within same controller in Codeigniter I have 2 functions in a controller.

*

*That connects to the form and does validation.

*A callback function for image upload.

This only inserts path to one image in db. If I echo print_r from call back function it show all images but from validation function just one.
    // Some Validation
    } else {
        $this->fileupload_check();

        $data['uploadedimage'] = $this->upload->data();
        $image_name = $data['uploadedimage']['file_name'];
        //echo '<pre>';
        //print_r($this->upload->data());
        $data['uploadedimage'] = $image_name;

        $this->load->model('admin/model_users');
        if($query = $this->model_users->insert_property_details($data)) {
        redirect('dashboard/property-successfully-posted');
    }

And callback image upload:
public function fileupload_check() {
$number_of_files = sizeof($_FILES['uploadedimages']['tmp_name']);
$files = $_FILES['uploadedimages'];
for($i=0;$i<$number_of_files;$i++) {
  if($_FILES['uploadedimages']['error'][$i] != 0) {
    $this->form_validation->set_message('fileupload_check', 'At least 1 image needs to be uploaded in jpeg, png or gif format only.');
    return FALSE;
  }
}
$this->load->library('upload');
$config['upload_path'] = FCPATH . 'uploads/';
$config['allowed_types'] = 'gif|jpg|png';
for ($i = 0; $i < $number_of_files; $i++) {
  $_FILES['uploadedimage']['name'] = $files['name'][$i];
  $_FILES['uploadedimage']['type'] = $files['type'][$i];
  $_FILES['uploadedimage']['tmp_name'] = $files['tmp_name'][$i];
  $_FILES['uploadedimage']['error'] = $files['error'][$i];
  $_FILES['uploadedimage']['size'] = $files['size'][$i];
  $this->upload->initialize($config);
  if ($this->upload->do_upload('uploadedimage')) {
    $data['uploadedimage'] = $this->upload->data();
    $image_name = $data['uploadedimage']['file_name'];
    $data['uploadedimage'] = $image_name;
  } else {
    $this->form_validation->set_message('fileupload_check', $this->upload->display_errors());
    return FALSE;
  }
}
return TRUE;
}

I tried to pass the value from 'Callback image upload' function to validation function but it only passes one image not all which are selected.

A: Try this coding ...
public function fileupload_check() {

$Error_bool = TRUE;
$Error = '';

$number_of_files = sizeof($_FILES['uploadedimages']['tmp_name']);
$files = $_FILES['uploadedimages'];
for($i=0;$i<$number_of_files;$i++) {
  if($_FILES['uploadedimages']['error'][$i] != 0) {
    $Error_bool = FALSE;
    $Error = 'At least 1 image needs to be uploaded in jpeg, png or gif format only.';
  }
}
$this->load->library('upload');
$config['upload_path'] = FCPATH . 'uploads/';
$config['allowed_types'] = 'gif|jpg|png';
for ($i = 0; $i < $number_of_files; $i++) {
  $_FILES['uploadedimage']['name'] = $files['name'][$i];
  $_FILES['uploadedimage']['type'] = $files['type'][$i];
  $_FILES['uploadedimage']['tmp_name'] = $files['tmp_name'][$i];
  $_FILES['uploadedimage']['error'] = $files['error'][$i];
  $_FILES['uploadedimage']['size'] = $files['size'][$i];
  $this->upload->initialize($config);
  if ($this->upload->do_upload('uploadedimage')) {
    $data['uploadedimage'] = $this->upload->data();
    $image_name = $data['uploadedimage']['file_name'];
    $data['uploadedimage'] = $image_name;
  } else {
    $Error_bool = FALSE;
    $Error =  $this->upload->display_errors();
  }
}

if($Error_bool == FALSE) {
    $this->form_validation->set_message('fileupload_check', $Error);
    return FALSE;
} else {
    return TRUE;
}

}

A: The easiest way is by creating a session and send the $data in it and access that session in another function .
You can destroy the session after that if you want destroy the session

A: I had to make few changes to it to make it work,

*

*I included the whole callback function code directly in FORM function, And removed the callback function completely.

This also helped in one other thing to. Earlier in case of form validation error images were being uploaded to upload folder but now they don't.

*I had to make little change in do_upload (by adding $i & implode) which helped me insert multiple images path in db row.

The Whole Script Can Be Found At SOLVED


text:
2020 Status & Trends
Awareness of biodiversity
Status of biodiversity
Measures that safeguard biodiversity
Measures that mainstream biodiversity
Benefits derived from biodiversity and ecosystem services
Impacts on biodiversity outside of Ireland
Knowledge of Irish biodiversity
Sub Indicator
H.2.i. Number of habitats and species for which status categories given as "unknown".
H.2.ii. Number of gaps filled that were identified in the "State of Knowledge: Ireland's Biodiversity 2010"
H.2.
Trends in existing knowledge gaps
The majority of information we have on biodiversity relates to its status and trends, but there are major knowledge gaps in this information for many species and ecosystems. While the amount of information on biodiversity has increased greatly in recent years, knowledge gaps should be consistently identified and targeted for future monitoring and research efforts.
Relevant Aichi Biodiversity Targets
Created: 2014-02-28 16:42:07 | Updated: 2015-12-08 15:01:28
The National Biodiversity Data Centre is an Initiative of the Heritage Council and is operated under a service level agreement by Compass Informatics. The data centre is funded by the Department of Culture, Heritage and the Gaeltacht, and the Heritage Council.
©National Biodiversity Data Centre 2015


1. Make you O.K. of Kierkegaard's male parent learning technique? Explain. Are there similarities between his techniques and practical world? Are at that place differences?
Yes. I do O.K. of Kierkegaard's learning technique. Basically Kierkegaard and his male parent were ever holding rational and emotional conversation wherever they were heading to. I feel that it is a signifier of simulation for Kierkegaard to acquire himself involved with God. It makes one feel that no affair where we are. we should ever set a spring of religion in God because he is ever there for us. So how is it utile? Such instruction will enable childs to turn up to be more advanced and originative. It is the procedure of turning something non-visual or non-sensory into concrete constructs in our heads. That transition is important for a child's development. It allows a kid to take an abstract construct. like "democracy" and turn it into real-world things.
Schools frequently teach constructs. and they assume kids will of course make accurate. real-world images in their caputs. But they were ne'er taught how to conceive of something. Therefore the importance of such learning produce airy that may take to a better hereafter. a better universe. For illustration: politicians and scientists. Yes. there are similarity and difference with his techniques and practical world. By definition. practical world is an unreal environment which is experienced through centripetal stimulations ( as sights and sounds ) provided by a computing machine and in which one's actions partly determine what happens in the environment.
The similarity is they both allow people to conceive of and visualize themselves in the practical environment and experience it. Gamers enjoy the esthesis and "real-life" conflicts between monster and them. Similarly. we. who believe in God. bask the esthesis of cognizing that he is by our side. But the difference is practical world relies on computing machines or engineering to help us in bring forthing the images while Kierkegaard's father chose to depict every mulct inside informations and made usage of the functionality of encephalon to conceive of the description. Not to bury. everyone think otherwise. so the projection in the head would be different from one another.
2. Whom do you believe Kierkegaard identifies most with: the friend who doesn't want to take or Williams? Or possibly both?
I think that Kierkegaard identifies himself as the friend the most. The friend said: "Get married. and you'll regret it. Don't acquire married and you'll sorrow it. " He is portion of what he believes it. Kierkegaard believes that subjectiveness is the truth. Either if Kierkegaard should acquire married or non. he would non cognize until he finds out himself. There is no nonsubjective truth in life. merely personal truth which varies for each person. William said about being refrained from taking because others have chosen for him. This contradicts to what he said about going reliable. A individual does non carry through anything unless he or she accomplishes it by themselves. by doing the experience their ain. If a individual chose non to take what they want. they will ne'er accomplish selfhood and go a true homo.
3. Compare the 2nd extract with Sartre's theory of the experiential pick.
Sartre's theory of the experiential pick believes that everyone ever have a pick. Even if we do non take. we really made a pick of non taking. There is ever a portion of us that we know we are non animate beings or inert things which allows us to do a pick merely because we know about our ain being and morality. In the 2nd extract. it is obvious that Williams's theory clashed with Sartre's. By accepting the fact that he has been refrained from taking. that is his pick of taking to believe in what others say. Despite. Sartre's theory does non believe in God. both Kierkegaard and Sartre believe that we should all do our ain picks alternatively of allowing them make up one's mind our destiny. We are who we are merely if we make our ain picks.


text:
Q: Type of one of the expressions in the join clause is incorrect I´m learning LINQ and trying to use Cross join  I get this error: Type of one of the expressions in the join clause is incorrect
Isn´t possible to use GetCategories() in Cross Join?  This request is in main but the functions outside of it.
var q = from c in GetCategories()
        join p in GetProducts() on c equals p.CategoryID
        where c.Name = "Beverages"
        select new { ID = c, p.Name };

Method signatures:
public static IEnumerable<Category> GetCategories()
List<Category> categories = new List<Category>( );
categories.Add( new Category { ID = 1, Name = "Beverages" } );

public static IEnumerable<Product> GetProducts()
List<Product> products = new List<Product>( );
products.Add( new Product { Name = "Milk",           Price = 90,  CategoryID = 4, ID = 1 } );

A: You need to specify which field in the Category class to join on.. most likely ID:
from c in GetCategories()
join p in GetProducts() on c.ID equals p.CategoryID
where c.Name == "Beverages"
select new { ID = c.ID, p.Name };


text:
Results (PDF)
Tryout Information (PDF)
Coxswain of the Year
Oarswoman of the Year
Jayhawk Jamboree
Rowing FAQs
Prospect Day
Burcham Park
Wyandotte County Lake and Park
Directions to Wyandotte County Lake
Directions to boathouse
Kansas takes four medals at Jayhawk Jamboree
LAWRENCE, Kan. – The Kansas women's rowing team took four medals in four races at the seventh annual Jayhawk Jamboree at Burcham Park in Lawrence, Kansas.
The Jayhawks had boats placed in the top two spots of the four races the team competed in.
"Overall, a great day for the program winning all three of the women's head races. We also had some women step up to fill some open spots due to illness and injury."
Head Coach Carrie Cook-Callen
Kansas A in the collegiate women's varsity 4+ started it off for the team by claiming first place with a time of 13:11.9 followed by Kansas B who came in second with a time of 13:39.3. Kansas C placed fifth at 14:02.6 and Kansas D placed sixth at 14:16.7.
In the collegiate women's novice 8+, Kansas A placed first by 2.5 seconds ahead of Colorado A and finished with a time of 14:02.2.
With 13 boats in the field in the collegiate women's varsity 8+, Kansas A finished in first place with a time of 12:19.4 and Kansas B came in fourth place with a time of 12:39.8. Kansas A then went on in the 300mm sprint to finish in second.
"It was great to see and hear all the support from friends and family alongside the shore."
The next and final race of the fall season for the Jayhawks will be the Tulsa Fall Invite in Catoosa, Oklahoma, on Nov. 1-2.


text:
Stone Forts and Ring Forts
Stone Forts are a common element of the archaeological remains in the west of Ireland. Most are equivalent to the earthen ringforts found throughout the country and were probably built as homesteads during the period 500 - 800AD - these stone ringforts are called cashels. However a number of stone forts stand out from the remainder either because of their large size or their prominent locations or because they have complex or massive defensive features. A good example of one of these larger stone forts is Staigue Fort in Co. Kerry. Stone Forts represent the best examples of non-ecclesiastical monumental architecture which survives in Ireland from the pre-Norman period.
Ring Forts were enclosed farmsteads in the Early Christian/Early Medieval period. Ringforts are circular areas, measuring c.24-60m in diameter, usually enclosed with one or more earthen bank enclosures, often topped with a timber palisade. In the west of Ireland the ringfort equivalent, the cashel, was often enclosed by a stone wall, with stone huts in the interior. The inhabitants were largely self sufficient, and it is not uncommon to have neighbouring ringforts, some of which may have may have served as an early medieval livestock pen.
Souterrains are often associated with ringforts and also date to the Early Medieval period. The term souterrain derives from the French words sous, meaning under and terre, meaning ground. Souterrains are sub-terrain man-made structures consisting of chambers connected by creepways and with access to the surface. Souterrains may be constructed using different materials such as stone and wood and may be tunnelled into rock or utilise a natural cave. They are variously interpreted as places of refuge or storage areas and generally date to the later phase of the Early Medieval period (eighth/ninth century A.D.).
Stone & Ring Forts
Cahergal & Leacanabuaile Forts
Staigue Fort
Kenmare Stone Circle
Loher Stone Fort
Caherdaniel Fort
Eightercua Stones
Books - Megalitic Mouments


And WHY did you do these changes? They can't make sense without "Design Notes". Are you trying to Nerf your own Suggestion into death?
To be fair, It's clantech, so i doubt that it would have so much quirks in the first place. That's why I removed most weapon quirks and halved the armor quirks. It's rather unlikely that the Urbie-IIC, being a clan-tech would have it's cake and eat it too. Just to hammer the point, where are the quirks of the Hunchback IIC that are supposed to be simmilar to that of the Hunchback of IS? Nada right?
Also the UM-IIC-C did have room for Ferro and Endo with the budget due to not upgrading to XL100 as indicated by the speed, giving way to the UAC5s, so I chose to update i it. It's just a change from a pair of UAC2 to a pair of UAC5.
The UM-IIC-B is supposed to be missile role capable of sieging -- and 2x LRM5 isn't as powerful as an LRM15, not to mention that ATM6 is already adequate.
In short, '2B 1E - RA' & '2M 1E - LA', and no need to change the Torsos (which can keep their '1 AMS' each) that are present. Such should keep the design unique, I think. Now to hope that The6thMessenger is watching this thread and monitoring for feedback, because the Hero Variant should never cause a Chassis to fail to sell on Pre-Orders.
Actually, I was going to approach it differently now. In fact I'm going to update it too.
One of the original mechs owned by the Comstar Chief Engineer, Yuna Cassel, the UM-IIC-SN3 "Sentry" is one of her first mech she built her own, and to pilot, during her teenage years, even before her job at Comstar. Used with great impunity she repelled the Clan scouts invading of her hometown in Capella V with a surprising sustained suppressive fire. At first she was thought of the enemy, until she actually fired upon them. With her interference, she was arrested, and with her knowledge and ability to utilize Clan-Technology, she was conscripted to work with Comstar to further her career, and further their understanding with the alien Clan Technology.
Built from spare parts of various Urbanmechs, Yuna Cassel all alone in some hangar spent months assembling everything, and then another month rewiring everything; from the faulty cockpit, to the weapons, with improvements of her own; Endo-Steel chassis with 4 tons of Ferro-Fibrous Armor, and an Extralight 120 engine.
The right arm comes with a heavily customized Ultra-Autocannon 5; rebored to auto-cannon 2 caliber, but the lower energy shell failed to cycle the weapon properly and would sometimes jam, requiring her to link the weapon with an external motor driving the system, resulting into an astounding rate of fire and more reliable functioning that would later be developed to the Rotary Autocannon technology. Still classified as an Ultra Autocannon 5, just fired in longer bursts. The UAC5 has two tons of ammunition.Below the (prototype) Autocannon is a Target Acquisition Gear made light but results in less range, essentially the laser sights that compensated with the faulty targeting system. On the other arm is a 6-tube Streak Short-Ranged Missiles, with a ton of ammunition. And each on the side torso are Extended-Range Medium Lasers with more focused lense.
Also, i added 40% worth of quirks per variant.
Edited by The6thMessenger, 06 February 2018 - 04:13 AM.
Alright, thanks for the insight, The6thMessenger. Hopefully, PGI finally takes notice and introduces the 'UrbanMech IIC' into MWO.
i will only agree if you give us an ambulance siren urbie 2c to balance the is police siren.
Hello, Palfatreos... Only the PGI Developers can decide whether we are allowed one or not. This idea's creator, The6thMessenger, has absolutely zero control over this. Would you Support in order to increase the chances that you might see one, please?
PGI- Make it happen. Now. The fans DEMAND it!
Yes, the Clan must have their Urbienlightenment as well. The Cycle of Urbienlightenment is not yet complete.
Edited by Will9761, 24 March 2018 - 10:08 AM.
Uhmmm... What hell is an "Imp"?
Hmmm... that Imp doesn't mention having 360-degree torso twisting, but I guess it's possible for that one to have it.
An offensive configuration for existing Urbanmechs as built by the Clan Coyote to replace lost Kit-Foxes, improving only on it's chassis and replacing armor with Ferro-Fibrous Armor. Unlike most Urbanmechs, it sports a larger engine allowing it to move, it sports an Ultra-Autocannon/5 capable of blistering speed that two ton of ammunition is quickly exhausted, with two 5-tube Long-Range Missile Racks with one ton of ammunition enough for fire support, and a pair of Extended Range Medium Lasers allowing it to stay on the fight for much longer. To handle the heat of constant firing, it has a total of 10 heatsinks.
The expensive upgrades to the supposedly cheap Urbanmech made this variant unpopular, but it is otherwise rather effective when is put together by any means.
A stalwart configuration of the Urbanmech for long-range support. Equipped with a Gauss Rifle, it can provide a powerful punch at a long range, and a pair of Extended Range Small Laser for anti-vehicle that tries to dislodge a well placed urbanmech.
An scouting configuration for existing Urbanmechs as built by the Clan Coyote to replace lost Kit-Foxes, improving only on it's chassis and replacing armor with Ferro-Fibrous Armor. Unlike most Urbanmechs, it sports a larger engine allowing it to move, it sports a pair of Extended-Range Large-Laser for long-range support, a pair of Machine-Guns with one ton of ammunition for anti-infantry, an Anti-Missile-System to protect against missiles, and an ECM Suite for stealth. To handle the heat of constant firing, it has a total of 10 heatsinks.
Edited by The6thMessenger, 06 June 2018 - 05:03 PM.
Interesting HardPoint Ideas... I'll have to go redo my vote in order to show Support for these new variants.
Any chance we could get one that blends ECM/AMS/Missile/Energy in a reasonable package? I saw the one for Ballistics, and felt like a Missile Edition might be in order.
Actually i was thinking total of 9, 4 initial, 4 reinforcement. But as i was building them, i saw that they keep getting too simmilar if it's only limited to 8 total hardpoints. I have to inflate hardpoints to have better variance, but it means that it's going to be invariably OP -- supposed that they went with my specific hardpoints.
Edited by The6thMessenger, 06 June 2018 - 11:35 PM.
Don't let yourself choke yourself. It so happens that there's a lot more to variance than just the HardPoint Counts on BattleMechs. There is also the Placement of where HardPoints happen to be located. So, I'll still look forward to seeing the additional HardPoint Layout ideas that you come up with!
I've Updated the B Variant, so it has a head laser.
I've also restructured the mechpack. Now there's 4 standard + hero + 4 Reinforcement.
A different approach in upgrading the Urbanmech, the D configuration focuses on upgrading it's weapons instead. It uses a powerful Ultra Autocannon 20, with blistering rate of fire it's two tons of ammunition is usually exhausted quickly. Rounded out by a pair of ER Medium Laser, providing a capable backup once the ammunition has been exhausted. And a pair of ER Small Lasers to deal with infantry and vehicles. It's upgrades made possible and cheap by simply upgrading to Ferro-Fibrous Armor and Endo-Steel Structure.
A stealthy configuration employed by Clan Cloud Cobra, it is a result of proper investment into Urbanmechs which proved to be quite capable if not economical. For offense, it uses a pair of 6-Tube Short-Ranged Missiles linked to an Artemis Fire-Control System, and a pair of Medium Pulse Laser. Upon it's right arm is an ECM Suite for stealth. It is made possible by Ferro-Fibrous Armor and Endo-Steel Structure. A total of 10 Double Heat-Sinks allows this mech to keep firing.
Edited by The6thMessenger, 07 June 2018 - 04:12 AM.
Eh... You might get a bit of argument over the UM-IIC-G's Right Arm ECM. I suggest moving that HardPoint into either the CT or Head Components, which would still keep it unique, but without the logistical issues. Otherwise, people would get easily salty over losing it far too easily, which could cause the Variant to become massively unpopular. Else, the RA and RT need a good boost in Armor Quirks above what's there to prevent easy exposure and destruction.
Kinda the point really. But if it makes you feel any better, i changed it to the LA instead, so you could use the RA as shield.
Of course it breaks off too easily, that was the point. The UM-IIC isn't supposed to solve the problems of the IS-Urbie, it's just supposed to be a clan version.
Edited by The6thMessenger, 08 June 2018 - 01:26 AM.