Here are some of the fine social and educational programs we have had at Temple Beth Shalom. Don't miss out! Mark your calendar for our upcoming events.
Join the San Diego Jewish Community in Standing with Israel!
Can't make it? Donate now!
JOIN US for our Community Rally on July 20 to show your support for Israel!
40,000 children live within range of Hamas missiles.
You can help keep them safe.
On the subject of "Healthy Male-Female Relationships"
Tues., June 3, 5:30-7 p.m.
Introducing: The Chula Vista Center of Jewish Learning!!
and modern thoughts on this fascinating topic.
Tuesday, April 15, 6:00 p.m.
March 16, Sunday 4 - 7 p.m.
The expanding genres of modern day Judaism need not be viewed with consternation or anxiety; it reflects a dynamic unfoldment of Jewish thought, theology, ethics and practice.
Temple Beth Shalom's Chanukah Party was featured in San Diego Jewish World!
A cook-off to find the best NON-TRADITIONAL latkes.
If you have a recipe that does not feature white potatoes and onions, whip up your batter and bring it on! We'll fire up the kitchen so you can cook your beets, tofu, zuchinni etc. -- our judges are ready to taste it all. Winner gets bragging rights and a prize too!
Hands-on ceramic art: make your own dreidels!
Songs, games and other activities.
A community candle lighting. Bring your menorah!
A Special Youth Group Chanukah Skit led by Shoshana Dennis and the Teens!
Few public policy issues have inflamed passions as consistently and as strongly as the debate over capital punishment. Religious communities have been deeply involved on both sides of the issue, drawing on teachings and traditions that define justice and the dignity of human life. The debate over the death penalty has been complicated in recent years by such concerns as the fairness of the criminal justice system, the role of doctors in carrying out executions, and the possibility of reform and rehabilitation among death row inmates.
This class will examine the nature of justice both with respect to God and with man.
We will focus on the ethical problems pertaining to capital punishment and its practical implementation according to Jewish and Civil Law.
The cost: $10.00 for breakfast and lectures.
We will focus on the ethical problems pertaining to the nature and cultural interpretation of good and evil.


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Microbiology Resource of the Month: The Proteome of Fungus Philocephala scopiformis When Grown on Wo
Microbiology Resource of the Month: The Proteome of Fungus Philocephala scopiformis When Grown on Wood
Announcement: The Foliar Endophyte Phialocephala scopiformis DAOMC 229536 Proteome When Grown on Wood Used as the Sole Carbon Source.
Resource: Proteome of the fungus P. scopiformis when grown with only pine wood chips
What is Phialocephala scopiformis?
Phialocephala scopiformis is a fungal endophyte that lives in conifer trees. Because P. scopiformis produces an anti-insect metabolite, rugulosin, many nurseries spray seedling trees with the fungus as a natural protectant. New research suggests P. scopiformis contributes to wood degradation, which was previously attributed to other microorganisms, and this discovery will contribute to our understanding of the carbon cycle.
The work was a collaboration between Jennifer Bhatnagar of Boston University, Grzegorz Sabat of the University of Wisconsin, and Daniel Cullen of the United States Department of Agriculture. The researchers provided insights into how they and others will use this new resource.
Shown here on malt extract agar is Phialocephala scopiformis DAOMC 229536, a well known endophyte of conifer needles and now proven to secrete an array of lignocellulose degrading enzymes.
Source: Jennifer Bhatnagar and Daniel Cullen
Why is it important to understand how microorganisms use wood as a carbon source?
Bhatnagar: Decomposition of dead wood is a critical process that determines how much carbon in the biosphere is released to the atmosphere as CO2, a greenhouse gas. Globally, dead wood contains approximately 7 times the amount of CO2-carbon released by humans annually through emissions. The decomposition of dead wood can lead to the release of this carbon as CO2 to the atmosphere (as decomposers respire) or it can be converted into stable soil carbon. Therefore, the way that wood decomposes influences exchange of carbon between the biosphere and the atmosphere on a global scale. Dead wood also stores nutrients that promote plant growth, like nitrogen, and is a hotspot for nitrogen accumulation, making its decomposition an important factor controlling forest productivity.
The microbial degradation of wood is a pivotal process in terrestrial carbon cycling and involves the activities of a diverse array of fungi and bacteria. Free-living saprophytic fungi possess the capacity to degrade 2 of the major polymers of wood, cellulose and hemicellulose.
Currently, ecosystem models are used by science and society to predict future atmospheric CO2 levels treat wood decay as a function of climate, subject only to the influence of rainfall, temperature, and the chemical composition of wood. However, these models cannot recapitulate some critical patterns of decomposition and CO2 release observed in field experiments, making it worthwhile to explore the wood decomposition mechanisms that are not represented in these models.
Traditionally, it has been assumed that wood is decomposed by a small group of bacteria and fungi that specialize on wood as a sole carbon source. However, recent observations of other types of microorganisms on and in wood are calling this assumption into question. In contrast to classic wood decomposers, Phialocephala scopiformis is a well-known endophyte of conifer needles. Nursery inoculation of conifer seedlings with P. scopiformis DAOMC 229536 limits spruce budworm damage, and persists in mature trees. Unexpectedly, metatranscriptome examination of extensively decayed Pinus contorta logs have shown that transcripts most closely related to P. scopiformis constitute the most abundant Ascomycetes present. This observation might be explained by specialized P. scopiformis variants. Alternatively, P. scopiformis may possess broad nutritional capacity, in which case a bona fide endophyte such as P. scopiformis DAOMC 229536 should be capable of utilizing wood as a sole carbon source. In support of the latter, the previously sequenced, P. scopiformis DAOMC 229536, is indeed capable of utilizing P. contorta wood as a sole carbon source and, in doing so, secretes an array of hydrolytic and oxidative enzymes.
What does the proteome of P. scopiformis tell you about its ability to degrade wood?
Bhatnagar: To utilize lodgepole pine wood, we found that the spruce endophyte P. scopiformis DAOMC 229536 employed a diverse set of extracellular enzymes. Peptides corresponded to 590 proteins. 24% of the total extracellular proteins produced by P. scopiformis in culture were categorized as CAZymes, (including glycoside hydrolases (GHs), auxiliary activities and carbohydrate esterases), which catalyze the decomposition of abundant plant structural carbohydrates like cellulose.
Other GHs were more likely involved in the degradation of hemicellulose which, in conifers such as lodgepole pine, is primarily composed of O-acetylgalactoglucomannans and nonacetlylated arabinoglucuronoxylans. In addition to conventional hydrolases long known to degrade cellulose and hemicellulose, an array of extracellular oxidative enzymes and hypothetical proteins were unambiguously detected.
The precise role of some of these enzymes remains uncertain, but the impressive diversity suggests complex strategies involved in lignocellulose degradation.
How will other scientists in the research community use this resource?
Bhatnagar: Dark septate endophytes (DSEs) such as P. scopiformis represent a large and widely distributed group considered nutritionally distinct from free-living saprophytes, like classic wood decomposers. However, accumulating evidence now shows that many DSEs exhibit unexpectedly broad substrate utilization patterns and expanded gene complements, all of which suggest latent saprotrophy.
This biochemical and genetic versatility may be widespread among DSEs. Given the enormous carbon pool in forest litter, twigs and logs, DSEs likely play an important role in the carbon cycle and merit consideration in current ecosystem models. Our P. scopiformis proteome identifies potential targets for future studies broadly relevant to lignocellulose degradation as well as enzymes for the conversion of woody biomass to high value products.
Why Microbiology Resource Announcements?
"Scientific research has benefited from the resources developed and shared between scientists — from software published on Github to plasmids made available on Addgene. These resources facilitate our work and allow researchers to build on and extend the work of others. Indeed, some of the most impactful papers have been those describing resources — the E. coli Keio Knockout Collection manuscript, for example, has been cited nearly 5,000 times. Many resources are worth sharing. We hope your next submission will spur someone else's work or, potentially, inspire collaboration in our community." – Irene Newton, Microbiology Resource Announcements Editor-in-Chief.
Author: Julie Wolf
Dr. Julie Wolf is in science communications at Indie Bio, and was a former ASM employee. Follow Julie on Twitter for more ASM and microbiology highlights at @JulieMarieWolf.
Grant Writing Series
Nuts and Bolts of Science Outreach Series
Teaching at a Primarily Undergraduate Institution

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Q: Does the "git pull" command delete folders and files that are in gitignore? I have been developing a site locally (Laravel 7) and I have a repo on GitHub.
Every time I made a change locally, I pushed to the repository and from the VPS where the site is (via SSH) I did git pull. I realized that some folders previously placed in .gitignore were actually not being ignored. Then I saw that it was possible to clear the git cache. I did it that way and the next push actually ignored what I wanted it to ignore:
git rm -rf --cached .
git add .
git commit -am "cleaning git cache"
git push

Now I have a terrible doubt. I have, for example, this in the file .gitignore
/storage
/storage/*/*

When I do git pull on the VPS, will the storage folder I have there (which is full of useful files that should not be deleted at all) be deleted? I can't afford that.
EDIT : I read contradictory responses. And that's not reassuring....
EDIT 2 : I retraced my steps in this way and everything went back to the way it was.
Locally:
git reset HEAD~1 git add . git commit -m "Today's commit" git push -f origin master
On VPS:
git pull
Situation restored. Thanks anyway

A: The git pull command will delete any file or folder that is deleted by the upstream commits. That is, if you colleagues have deleted some files, then these will be deleted in your local copy. It does not matter if these files are in .gitignore.
Anyhow, you should not panic. Unless you delete the history, these files can be recovered. I am assuming that these files were versioned in your git repo.
Still, if you delete the history, with the git reflog command you can restore old commits that do not exist anymore (unless the garbage collector has been active).

A: With that sequence of commands? The files will get deleted because the branch you are merging is getting rid of them. Sure, when the files were deleted, the person who does it tells git hey, keep the files on my working tree (with git rm --cached) but when a merge of that revision is attempted on another repo (say, with a pull), git won't be able to know that the files had to be kept in the working tree and so they will be gone.

A: I performed such things many times a specially lately.
Nothing were ever deleted.
This
git rm -rf --cached .
git add .
git commit -am "cleaning git cache"
git push

Only deletes files from git index.

A: No, the files will not be deleted with git pull.
If you make this:
 git reset --hard origin/master;

then yes, the directory will be set the same as in the repository and the storage directory will be emptied.
But please, make backup. You should not have a directory that you cannot afford to lose.

A: TLDR; yes, you are going to remove the content you just removed, when you git pull from the VPS.

Let's analyze the situation here.

Every time I made a change locally, I pushed to the repository and
from the VPS where the site is (via SSH) I did git pull.

So this goes three ways, GitHub is your central repository, you develop locally, back it up remotely on GitHub for distribution, and pull from the VPS to deploy the website.

I realized that some folders previously placed in .gitignore were
actually not being ignored.

This is a normal and well documented behavior. If the files were already added and committed prior their introduction in .gitignore, they'll continue to be tracked. Also note that on the VPS, a git pull command won't remove those file, but simply continue to ignore them.

Then I saw that it was possible to clear the git cache. I did it that
way and the next push actually ignored what I wanted it to ignore:
git rm -rf --cached .
git add .
git commit -am "cleaning git cache"
git push

You have now created a commit to specifically remove those files and stop tracking them, since they are added to the -gitignore. From this point onwards, if you put a file which matches the ignore parameters in the working folder, it will be ignored. Not deleted, simply not mentioned for version control.

I have, for example, this in the file .gitignore
/storage
/storage/*/*

When I do git pull on the VPS, will the storage folder I have there
(which is full of useful files that should not be deleted at all) be
deleted?

One should point out that, since /storage contains /storage/*/*, the second line in your .gitignore is redundant. But, alas. Back to the matter at hands: it doesn't matter on the content of .gitignore. As we already know, those files will be ignored.
However, caveats are due:

*

*If you committed the removal of those files, then those files will be removed (it appears though you did this).

*If you clone the repository a-new on the VPS, that is if you purge your current website and git clone from GitHub, you'll probably never get the content of storage this way.

*It seems to me that you don't want to put storage under version control, and yet the data is important to you. Back it up somewhere else.

The point is not .gitignore in your case, but rather the fact that you explicitly committed the removal of those files.
Now, let me assume that the content of storage is being updated only on the VPS and never committed nor pushed to GitHub. More caveats:

*

*git doesn't know about that content

*If you delete it, will be gone forever, from a git perspective

*If you are in this situation because the content was already committed once, and it never changes, and I am correct in both assumptions, then you should be able to find it in your repository history in a previous commit. But this goes a little bit out of scope for the answer.

After reading carefully the other answers, I'd like to link the docs (emphasis mine):

Remove files matching pathspec from the index, or from the working
tree and the index. git rm will not remove a file from just your
working directory. (There is no option to remove a file only from the
working tree and yet keep it in the index; use /bin/rm if you want to
do that.)

And you queued that with recursive, force, and cached:

Use this option to unstage and remove paths only from the index.
Working tree files, whether modified or not, will be left alone.

But, you override the up-to-date check with force.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


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Fain Skinner Looking For Some Fame Of His Own At Daytona
DAYTONA BEACH, Florida (February 14, 2012) - - Fain Skinner is familiar with Daytona (Fla.) International Speedway but this weekend, he'll take on a new role. The Live Oak, Florida native will transform from spectator to racecar driver for the ARCA Racing Series presented by Menards season-opener, the Lucas Oil Slick Mist 200 set for this Saturday afternoon. Skinner, despite some experience in the NASCAR Nationwide Series (NNS) will utilize the ARCA season-opener to gain more experience in a stock-car that will only propel him when he returns to Nationwide competition soon. For his first tango with the 2.5-mile superspeedway, Skinner has aligned himself with fellow Floridian Mario Gosselin, a former ARCA owner and winner and also a NASCAR veteran. Skinner will pilot the No. 39 CarportEmpire.com / American Steel Carports Ford Fusion. Gosselin recently acquired a blue oval from Roush Fenway Racing and has been fiercely putting it together for Skinner's inaugural ARCA debut. 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We think with what we have, we can qualify somewhere safely inside the top-20 and be competitive for the race. I learned the draft back in December at the test and I'm hoping with what I learned then and what I learn this week will help me a bunch in the race." Further details on Skinner's 2012 racing program will be announced at a later date. The Lucas Oil Slick Mist 200 at Daytona (80 laps / 200 miles) is the first of 20 events on the 2012 ARCA Racing Series presented by Menards schedule. The 49th ARCA race held at Daytona is a three-day show. 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text:
NOTE ON CELIBACY FOR ANGLICANS ENTERING CATHOLIC CHURCH
VATICAN CITY, 31 OCT 2009 (VIS) - Holy See Press Office Director Fr. Federico Lombardi S.J. today released the following English-language declaration concerning speculations about the celibacy issue in the forthcoming Apostolic Constitution regarding personal ordinariates for Anglicans entering into full communion with the Catholic Church.
There has been widespread speculation, based on supposedly knowledgeable remarks by an Italian correspondent Andrea Tornielli, that the delay in publication of the Apostolic Constitution regarding Personal Ordinariates for Anglicans entering into full communion with the Catholic Church, announced on 20 October 2009 by Cardinal William Levada, prefect of the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith, is due to more than 'technical' reasons. According to this speculation, there is a serious substantial issue at the basis of the delay, namely, disagreement about whether celibacy will be the norm for the future clergy of the provision.
Cardinal Levada offered the following comments on this speculation: "Had I been asked I would happily have clarified any doubt about my remarks at the press conference. There is no substance to such speculation. No one at the Vatican has mentioned any such issue to me. The delay is purely technical in the sense of ensuring consistency in canonical language and references. The translation issues are secondary; the decision to delay publication in order to wait for the 'official' Latin text to be published in 'Acta Apostolicae Sedis' was made some time ago.
"The drafts prepared by the working group, and submitted for study and approval through the usual process followed by the Congregation, have all included the following statement, currently Article VI of the Constitution:
"1. Those who ministered as Anglican deacons, priests, or bishops, and who fulfil the requisites established by canon law and are not impeded by irregularities or other impediments may be accepted by the Ordinary as candidates for Holy Orders in the Catholic Church. In the case of married ministers, the norms established in the Encyclical Letter of Pope Paul VI 'Sacerdotalis coelibatus', n. 42 and in the Statement "In June" are to be observed. Unmarried ministers must submit to the norm of clerical celibacy of canon 277, para 1 of the Code of Canon Law.
"2. The Ordinary, in full observance of the discipline of celibate clergy in the Latin Church, as a rule ('pro regula') will admit only celibate men to the order of presbyter. He may also petition the Roman Pontiff, as a derogation from canon 277, para 1, for the admission of married men to the order of presbyter on a case by case basis, according to objective criteria approved by the Holy See.
"This article is to be understood as consistent with the current practice of the Church, in which married former Anglican ministers may be admitted to priestly ministry in the Catholic Church on a case by case basis. With regard to future seminarians, it was considered purely speculative whether there might be some cases in which a dispensation from the celibacy rule might be petitioned. For this reason, objective criteria about any such possibilities (e.g. married seminarians already in preparation) are to be developed jointly by the Personal Ordinariate and the Episcopal Conference, and submitted for approval of the Holy See".
Cardinal Levada said he anticipates the technical work on the Constitution and Norms will be completed by the end of the first week of November.


Tim Yeo's libel action against the Sunday Times has failed. You will recall that this was over the newspaper's sting operation, in which Yeo was caught on camera offering to be a paid advocate for what he thought were a group of green lobbyists.
"implausible", "unreliable", "not honest","dishonest", "untruthful", "untrue" and "unworthy of belief".
OK. I'm going to make a prediction here.
If this is reported at all in the BBC (or Guardian), but probably in most of the mainstream media, just watch for the overuse of the word CONSERVATIVE.
Yeo's status will not be an environmentalist or green activist it will as a CONSERVATIVE who has lost a libel case. The issues will be downplayed and the take-away will be that a Conservative has been shown to be a liar.
Well, it was libel to happen sooner or later.
It says a lot about the house of commons standards committee....and about self-policing in general.
Stern - Yeo - so who's next? Nurse? Walport?
Aren't these things meant to go in threes?
Stuck-Record, he is a Conservative.
The scaremongering over AGW isn't a Left / Right issue.
It's an honest / dishonest issue.
Oh happy day. He has to pay over £400000 as a down payment for costs within 28 days.
Deben surely the prime candidate? Odious character.
Re Costs, as he will now have to sell up and F*ck off, perhaps he can style himself as a "climate refugee"
If he has been told to pay £400,000 down payment for the Times costs, then the total along with his own is likely to be north of £1,000,000, and his prospects for troughing will be greatly limited because his reputation is in tatters.
Yeo is the most honest politician of the Green movement. It is remarkable that he has wasted his own ill-gotten money on proving it.
I am sure he will be welcomed in Paris, at the cash for dishonour celebrations.
If he'd kept his egotistical gob shut and his fat head down after being deservedly stung it would've likely vanished into the mists of time long ago. But no, ego rules, only proving once again the Streisand Effect is alive and well.
Excellent news. One for Josh I think.
A former Conservative MP has lost his libel case against The Sunday Times over a "cash for advocacy" claim.
Stuck-Record: The takeaway for me would be that Yeo is a politico of no true character, and is no true Conservative (or anything else) at all. That is how I judge Obama too (and so many other politicians today), based upon the evidence of his words and actions going all the way back to the 2008 Presidential campaign, before he was President.
For me, it is, foremost and always, a matter of, is this one or that one communicating the truth, consistently over time, or not (everyone makes mistakes, but they should be quickly found out and mended). If not, he/she doesn't belong in his/her position of influence (whether he/she is an outright liar, or "merely" ignorant and thus incompetent).
That Yeo is a Conservative in name (I have only just absorbed that fact, from your comment) reminds me that, while the climate alarmism is on the political surface being driven by the Insane Left--radical Liberals--the underlying rot in thinking encompasses the incompetents and fraudsters--in short, the unquestioning dogmatists--of every stripe. The system is literally broken, wherever such dogmatic incompetents are in power now. I know many armchair intellectuals will all too likely take this as a weak statement, a puerile rant against "dogmatism" in general, but the sorry fact of it should not be lost sight of by anyone. I do not use the descriptive "insane", in "The Insane Left", lightly, nor with political or ideological bias. The scientists with their "settled science", the environmentalists with their "concern for living things", the governments with their "climate policies", the media with their eagerness to hawk the "consensus" and lead the parade over the cliff--it is all broken by widespread incompetence, brought on by near-universal addiction to false dogmas, that divide us and weaken our common strivings, our civilization itself.
Thanks for reminding me, "Stuck-Record" (hmm...that plenty strange name, Kimosabee...you sure you not Indian).
The insane right has turned up again - this time with a 'no true Scotsman' fallacy.
I agree. If the Judge really described Yeo's evidence in the terms cited at the foot of the article, in my opinion, he should immediately be kicked out of Parliament without any golden goodbyes/parachutes.
In my opinion (and I expect that I am not alone in holding such opinion) someone like that is not fit for public office, and most certainly not the highest in the land as a direct representative of the people.
Shame the extent to which standards and decency have fallen.
That BBC report you link to is a disgrace, giving mostly the defence comments and nothing about the reasons the judge gave for the verdict.
The dereliction of duty by the H o C standards committee should also now face an enquiry. Are there no honest MPs left?
Not that this will of course stop him from sitting on committees which review 'renewable policy ' for the UK.
Like this old school troy friend 'Gummer ' it is a wonder how they became heroes of the 'green movement' despite their political standpoint and well known ethical problems . But then again perhaps it's not, given they're a movement that cares nothing for honesty and facts , preferring emotion and unquestioning loyalty above all else.
Surely this is a Commons scandal that calls into questions the oversight, or lack thereof, provided for climate and energy policy in the UK for a number of years.
Surely there must be an inquiry, a review of all work and conclusions/recommendations of that Committee.
I see that Corbyn opened up PMQs with Climate Change/Green Issues. The usual drivel.
Cammeron made the point that it is only right to reduce subsidies on solar given that the price of solar panels has plummeted. However, the major cost of solar, is not the panels but all the other gubbins (particularly the inverter and storage batteries) so total costs of installations have not dropped that much. Further, the EU has placed a trade tariff on the cheap China imports. The EU does not want citizens to be able to install solar as cheaply as possible.
But why can't we face up to the simple and stark facts namely that solar is not efficient given the high latitude of the UK, the low and weak solar irradiance in late autumn/winter/early spring, the cloudy nature of our climate and the fact that peak demand coincides with winter nights when quite simply there is no solar energy at all.
The impact of solar is very regressive since it allows wealthy home owners to install solar reducing their energy bills, at the expense of poor families who do not own their housing or who can only afford to live in a block of flats. One would have thought that labour would be against such a regressive tax which transfers wealth from poor to rich. But I guess that labour can't get its head around the economic implications, nor the wider economic implications that spiralling energy costs brought about the rush to go green as had on heavy industry. .
A few years ago, Yeo was chosen to represent the Renewable Energy Association.
A Judge has just described Yeo as "unreliable"
Imagine if our friend Bob Ward was assessed by a judge ?
Perhaps you and any others writing frequently about climate scientists should have this list saved somewhere.
Has Yeo considered the option of Peer Review in the House of Lords?
Some Green con artists have lied on oath about the reliability of Peer Review.
There was a hearing in August last year on some preliminary issues (the ST wanted a jury trial which was not granted and Yeo wanted the right to claim additional costs if successful) but it seems he had an after the event insurance to cover his costs liability up to £100,000.
A truly wondrous, albeit rare happening. Perhaps the judge didn't appreciate at the time that he was dealing with one of the great and green and therefore not to be held to the same standards as the plebs who are under the eco cosh wielded by his kind. Note that the lying prat had already been "cleared" of wrongdoing by the parliamentary commissioner for standards (hahaha) Kathryn Hudson. Presumably though she was aware of the importance of the Cameroon style planet saving mission he was engaged in (as he troughed), while the judge was not.
Apparently he had broken no rules. If true, that's some set of rules they've got there.
Couldn't happen to a more deserving individual, could it..?
More deserving? Off the top of my head one or two come to mind. Cameron, Davey, the Huhnatic, Miliband, Gummer, Baroness Worthless, Stern, Jones, Nursey, Horrorbin, et al. Where do you stop?
Will this Unprecedented legal decision, set a legal precedent that others will surely follow? It could be worse than Green Troughers previously thought possible.
His adjacent constituency had a John Selwyn Gummer as MP. He has done alright for himself, with his expertise in Green economics.
This not only demonstrates Yeo was a liar- but that the Parliamentary Standards Commissioner who "exonerated" Yeo is incompetent. Fortunately those outside the Westminster bubble applied rather more objective standards.
This is a letter I received from troffa's office after I emailed him suggesting that he was on the fiddle.
"Tim Yeo has asked me to thank you for your e-mail of 30 November, 2013.
He refers you to the report of the Standards Committee of the House of Commons published last month. This report can be accessed online.
Your e-mail contains statements which, if repeated to anyone else, are clearly defamatory. I trust therefore that you will not repeat them.
You may also like to be aware that the Sunday Times is already in receipt of a Letter of Claim from Mr Yeo's solicitors, Carter Ruck."
Alabicyclette. Politicians always believe they are above the rules that they helped make, and are supposed to defend. It can be very lucrative, allegedly.
Richard Verney, Yeo is no longer an MP.
He was, so the story went, spending so much time gorging at the green trough that his own constituency Conservative Party de-selected him before the election. A fate more often reserved for MPs who may not have been prosecuted, but who have been seen publicly as being guilty of gross moral turpitude.
.. "That's an absolutely outrageous allegation, the two events are completely unconnected"
The most delicious part of it, IMO, is that he brought the case himself! Hubris, meet Nemesis.
stewgreen, I don't think Yeo resigned from Parliament after his earlier, ahhh... slip up. He merely resigned from his Ministerial position, if you'll pardon the expression.
Hence my earlier comment. Details available at Wikipedia.
jamesp 3.22, bringing this outcome upon himself, has actually improved the public's impression of him, and has restored the confidence of some of his former constituents.
The Guardian even used to write some kind words in support of some of Yeo's ideas.
Yeo could become a new noun, or even verb, in unofficial references to unofficial business activities, or even more officially in Legal Chambers to describe crass stupidity.
You can get the full judgemetn here.
This has all the transcripts of the sting.
matter has been false and, in my judgment, dishonest.
wording of the email, and is unworthy of belief.


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After washing face with nourishing face wash, tone your skin and gently massage a few drops of your moisturizer or any hydrating serum which will replenish skin's natural moisture.
Take it from us, no make-up look is complete without hiding imperfections.
Just dab a little amount of concealer under your eyes or any tan marks over your face and apply BB or CC cream after completing the concealer job.
Highlight your cheek bones using illuminator or you can mix it with your BB/CC cream if you are running out of time or you want to prevent the hassle. Little blush or rose can be added to the apples of the cheeks. This will gracefully hide any scars and will give your face more glamorous look without over doing it.
Yea! Here comes my favorite part. Bebo is carrying Smokey eyes with very thin line of eyeliner which is complementing her eyes and defining them at the same time. To get the Smokey eye, make a hash tag (#) at the outer corner of the eye and then smudge it, gradually apply the lighter tones of eye shadow as you reach the inner most corner of the eye.
Bebo (Kareena Kapoor) is wearing matte neutral color on her lips, giving an edge to her face and giving a casual look.
Looking like another thing we have in common! 🙂 I'm glad you liked it.


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text:
Spirits Among the Ruins
Set in Scotland, this fourth installment in the series provides readers with an exciting adventure from the present day to the past. As the family gets ready for a wedding and the investiture of a new laird, fingers are crossed that the spirit of Sir Malcolm does not interrupt. Join Kateri, Lady Victoria, Leigh Ann and Dawn, four pre-teen deaf and hard of hearing cousins and blood relations of Sir Malcolm, as they share their adventure of investigating hauntings, lake monsters and a knight who needs help in this otherworldly episode. Spirits Among the Ruins is a great story for middle and high school students.
Catherine Paul
Tucson, AZ: F.A.M.E. Press, c2012
Catalog Link:
Read more about Spirits Among the Ruins
Popularity is as easy as a good secret.
Serena just wants to fly under the radar at her new school. But Serena is deaf, and she can read lips really well-even across the busy cafeteria. So when the popular girls discover her talent, there's no turning back.
From skater chick to cookie-cutter prep, Serena's identity has done a 180...almost. She still wants to date Miller, the school rebel, and she's not ready to trade her hoodies for pink tees just yet. But she is rising through the ranks in the school's most exclusive clique.
With each new secret she uncovers, Serena feels pressure to find out more. Reading lips has always been her greatest talent, but now Serena just feels like a gigantic snoop...
Teri Brown
New York: Simon Pulse, 2008
Read more about Read My Lips
Strong Deaf
Jade is the only hearing member in her family. Her older sister gets to go to the school for the deaf headed by her grandfather Gilbert, but Jade feels left out. Marla thinks her little sister is a pest and a brat. When they end up on the same softball team for the summer, neither is happy about it. Jade, the smallest player on the team, is assigned to be the catcher. It looks like it's going to be a long season. As sisters, they are often at loggerheads, but as team mates Jade and Marla have to find ways to get along. In spite of their differences, they soon discover that each has a lot to offer the other.
Lynn McElfresh
South Hampton, N.H.: Namelos, c2012
Read more about Strong Deaf


I didn't grow up in Texas, but I did eat my fair share of Tex-Mex as a kid. Saucy burritos, sizzling fajitas, and giant bowls of cheese dip all hold fond places in my heart, even as I have grown to love a two-bite chorizo taco much. One of my favorite dishes to order at these restaurants was the enchilada platter, drenched in red sauce and smothered in melty Mexican blend cheese. Much like blogger Lisa Fain, I grew up eating these enchiladas filled crumbly ground beef—usually a fairly flavorless afterthought after all that cheese and sauce.
Far better are enchiladas made with braised and shredded beef, as Fain discovered at a younger age than I. Her recipe in her new cookbook, The Homesick Texan's Family Table, features slowly cooked and ultra-tender chuck roast. Its rich flavor is a perfect match to Fain's complex three-chile enchilada sauce and blanket of cheddar cheese.
Why I picked this recipe: I've never met an enchilada I haven't liked.
What worked: Braised chuck is a big step up from crumbly ground beef when it comes to enchilada filling and the spicy, complex sauce was a fine match to the beefier flavor. Cheddar cheese? Pure comfort.
What didn't: The recipe made more sauce and two more enchiladas than written, but I don't consider that an actual problem. More enchiladas for me.
Suggested tweaks: Enchiladas are a great make-ahead dish. You can braise the beef and make the sauce on one day, and then assemble and bake the next day. You could likely even assemble the enchiladas ahead of time and bake them off straight from the fridge. Add 10-15 more minutes to the baking time and start the dish covered with foil if the ingredients are cold.
Reprinted with permission from The Homesick Texan's Family Table: Lone Star Cooking from My Kitchen to Yours by Lisa Fain. Copyright 2014. Published by Ten Speed Press, a division of Random House. All rights reserved. Available wherever books are sold.
Sprinkle the roast with salt and pepper. In a large ovenproof pot, heat the bacon grease over medium-low heat, add the meat, and brown on both sides, about 5 minutes per side. remove the roast from the pot and add the onion. Cook, occasionally stirring, until the onion begins to brown, about 5 minutes. Add the garlic and cook for 30 seconds more.
Remove the meat from the pot, leaving the broth in the pot to cool. Shred the meat with two forks until it's in long strands. Add salt and pepper to taste.
To make the sauce, pour the broth from the pot into a blender or food processor, along with the onions, garlic, and chipotle chiles also in the pot. Add the rehydrated pasilla and ancho chiles and water. Blend until smooth, about 1 minute. You should have 2 to 2 1/2 cups of sauce.
In a medium pot, heat the oil over medium-low heat. Whisk in the masa harina or flour until it's well incorporated and fragrant, about 30 seconds. Pour the sauce from the blender into the pot, stirring until it's well combined. Stir in the cumin, oregano, and allspice, and add salt and pepper to taste. Cook over low heat (be careful, because it will probably splatter out of the pot as it cooks) for 5 to 10 minutes, stirring occasionally, until the sauce is smooth and the flavors are balanced. Taste and adjust the seasonings. Toss the shredded beef with 2 tablespoons of the sauce, leaving the rest for the enchiladas.
Preheat the oven to 350°F. Grease a large baking dish (9 by 13 inches works well).
To make the enchiladas, in a medium skillet, heat the lard over medium-low heat. One at a time, heat the tortillas in the hot oil until soft and pliant, and then keep them wrapped in a cloth or tortilla warmer until all the tortillas are heated.
Lay a tortilla on a plate or clean surface and add about 1/4 cup of beef. Roll the tortilla and place in the greased baking dish seam-side down. Repeat with the remaining tortillas. Evenly pour the sauce over the enchiladas and top with the grated cheese and diced onion. Bake for 15 minutes, or until cheese is lightly browned and bubbling. Serve immediately.


text:
Home Activities Wild Mushroom Picking at The Evergreen State College is a Thurston County...
South Sound Mushroom Club member Marie Kelley spots mushrooms on a fallen log near The Evergreen State College's forest trails. Photo credit: Nancy Krier
Wild Mushroom Picking at The Evergreen State College is a Thurston County Treat
Nancy Krier
A group of mushrooms is called a "cluster" if the fungi are extremely close together, or a "troop" if they are lined up like little soldiers. Wild Mushroom picking in Olympia on the The Evergreen State College's (Evergreen) forest trails provides all the clusters, troops, and lone fungus your heart could desire.
"Evergreen is great, as it's an open campus and anyone can come in," says Marie Kelley, a member of the South Sound Mushroom Club (SSMC) during a recent mushroom hunting visit to the college's lovely Beach Trail. "Keep your eyes peeled," she says. She notes that while you can find mushrooms along the trails, more are located just off the path.
"Make sure you bring a friend, and let people know you are out," she adds as tips to keep you safe while foraging.
Evergreen has lots to offer for mushroom picking in its campus forest, so it's a treat to hunt there.
Diverse Species for Wild Mushroom Hunting at The Evergreen State College
Marie Kelley studied mushrooms and other fungi at The Evergreen State College, and she continues to forage in and explore the campus forests as a member of the South Sound Mushroom Club. Photo credit: Nancy Krier
The iNaturalist posts descriptions, photos and a map of more than 2,000 documented observations of 430 fungi and lichen species at Evergreen in just the last couple of years. The iNaturalist is a joint initiative of the California Academy of Sciences and the National Geographic Society, helping identify plants and animals and reporting on nature projects and data.
Coniferous and temperate forests like those that envelop Evergreen are perfect homes for delectable wild fungi. That's why mushroom foragers can hunt for peppery chanterelles, potassium rich mica caps, savory oyster mushrooms, aromatic matsutake "pine mushrooms," colorful parrot waxcaps and many more during their forays into the woods. Some edible mushrooms are harvested as an ingredient to add to delicious meals. Others are not edible and are sought simply for the love of the hunt, for scientific reasons, or just to observe the area's diverse biology.
Kelley, who obtained a Bachelor of Science degree at Evergreen and studied mushrooms there, says she has spotted a variety of species in the college's forests. "I look for anything I can find," she explains. "In late spring, it's oyster mushrooms. In the fall, I look for chanterelles."
Chanterelle Mushroom Hunting in Olympia
Chanterelles (Cantharellus formosus) are a popular Pacific Northwest favorite. The Evergreen State College's forests are one of their homes. Photo courtesy: Marie Kelley
As Kelly says, autumn means it's an especially good time to be on the lookout for the well-known chanterelles. A particular favorite is the Pacific golden chanterelle (Cantharellus formosus) because of its peppery flavor and fruity aroma.
Evergreen professor and author Paul Przybylowicz researches and teaches on soil fungi, mushroom cultivation and potential uses for fungi. He says the woods surrounding the college provide two factors ideal for chanterelles. "First is the age of the forest, which is about 70 years," he says. "Chanterelles are not found in abundance in really young or really old stands." He explains that these wild mushrooms have a mycorrhizal relationship with trees in a middle-aged forest, meaning in a symbiotic way the fungi feed on sugars from the tree and the fir provides nutrients for the mushrooms.
Przybylowicz says the second factor in locating chanterelles is "random chance" such as whether the stand has the right combination of vegetation, including Douglas firs, hemlocks and huckleberry, all of which are part of Evergreen's forest. "All these say, 'good chanterelle picking,'" he says.
Resources for Mushroom Foraging in Olympia
The Evergreen State College's forest trails can lead you to a variety of mushroom species, like these parrot mushrooms (Gliophorus psittacinus). Photo courtesy: Marie Kelley
Knowing which mushrooms are edible is critical because some are deadly. Experienced mushroom hunters say do not eat a mushroom that you cannot positively identify, that is over-ripe, damaged, collected from contaminated areas, or for which you have any question.
When in doubt, consult an expert! And luckily, there are a lot of local resources to help you forage at Evergreen and other Thurston County sites. For example, consider joining the South Sound Mushroom Club, which provides mushroom hunts during mushroom seasons, weekend getaways and participation in local mushroom-related events. The club also offers online articles and a lending library.
Many other online resources are available, such as this field guide. Several helpful books can be purchased or may be available at the library.
The Evergreen State College is a Center for Mushroom Knowledge
Walk the forest paths at The Evergreen State College to look for mica caps (Coprinellus micaceus). Photo courtesy: Marie Kelley
The college itself is known as a center of fungi study, producing expert professors and well-known authors. Those include "celebrity mushroom scientist" (mycologist) Paul Stamets, legendary Michael Beug who taught chemistry, mycology and organic farming at Evergreen for 32 years, as well as Przybylowicz. Przybylowicz often teaches a class called "The Fungal Kingdom," as one of his many courses over his last three decades of instruction. "We are the only place in the country, and maybe in the world, where you can take mycology intensive courses as an undergraduate," he says.
The Evergreen State College's Olympia location in the mushroom-abundant Pacific Northwest, plus the school's deep well of fungi knowledge, means that if you are either the casual mushroom forager walking along Evergreen's trails or someone interested in the serious study of fungi, you are looking in the right spot at Evergreen.
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You can now create a profile around the one, that seems to interest you or matches all your prerequisites. With these kinds of dating websites at your pencil pal, a soul mate or perhaps someone, for your clandestine love affairs. However, before engaging in the online system of finding love, you should be clear about what you will need and what you expect from these sites. Furthermore, you really need not worry, if things do not go your way, in with the first partner, that you satisfy on these websites. There are numerous additional profiles you can choose from, for your wishes. The advanced websites, right now also give you an opportunity to meet celebrities, without any hassle. Nevertheless, before you can do this, you might have to adhere to a certain set of rules and regulations. These superstars have lunches posted on all their profiles. If you have the desire to satisfy them, you need to buy individuals lunches. To add to the tally, you also need to pay the celebrity, the time that you want to spend with him or her. If the celebrity finally approves of the idea, of going out on a date with you, you can be prepared to cherish the most anticipated instances ahead. It is also an opportunity to get the guests, to meet local famous people, of their region.
The dating websites have also paved method for several other features such as celebrity fundraisers. This means that the income generated by the local famous people, through these lunch date ranges, can also be used for a noble trigger. For instance, he or she can invest the sum, for the improvement of his region by ensuring proper supply of water, electrical energy and education for all and sundry. Thus, the multi-functionality of these dating websites is what has helped them to gain prominence, in the last few years.


text:
Procera: A language for high-level reactive network control
Andreas Voellmy, Hyojoon Kim, Nick Feamster
Center for Information Technology Policy
Center for Statistics & Machine Learning
Our previous experience building systems for implementing network policies in home and enterprise networks has revealed that the intuitive notion of network policy in these domains is inherently dynamic and stateful. Current configuration languages, both in traditional network architectures and in OpenFlow systems, are not expressive enough to capture these policies. As a result, most prototype OpenFlow systems lack a configurable interface and instead require operators to program in the system implementation language, often C++. We describe Procera, a control architecture for software-defined networking (SDN) that includes a declarative policy language based on the notion of functional reactive programming; we extend this formalism with both signals relevant for expressing high-level network policies in a variety of network settings, including home and enterprise networks, and a collection of constructs expressing temporal queries over event streams that occur frequently in network policies. Although sophisticated users can take advantage of Procera's full expressiveness by expressing network policies directly in Procera, simpler configuration interfaces (e.g., graphical user interfaces) can also easily be built on top of this formalism.
HotSDN'12 - Proceedings of the 1st ACM International Workshop on Hot Topics in Software Defined Networks
1st ACM International Workshop on Hot Topics in Software Defined Networks, HotSDN 2012 - Helsinki, Finland
1st ACM International Workshop on Hot Topics in Software Defined Networks, HotSDN 2012
functional reactive programming
Dive into the research topics of 'Procera: A language for high-level reactive network control'. Together they form a unique fingerprint.
Home networks Engineering & Materials Science 100%
Software defined networking Engineering & Materials Science 43%
Graphical user interfaces Engineering & Materials Science 38%
Interfaces (computer) Engineering & Materials Science 36%
Network architecture Engineering & Materials Science 36%
Industry Engineering & Materials Science 33%
Voellmy, A., Kim, H., & Feamster, N. (2012). Procera: A language for high-level reactive network control. In HotSDN'12 - Proceedings of the 1st ACM International Workshop on Hot Topics in Software Defined Networks (pp. 43-48). (HotSDN'12 - Proceedings of the 1st ACM International Workshop on Hot Topics in Software Defined Networks). https://doi.org/10.1145/2342441.2342451
Voellmy, Andreas ; Kim, Hyojoon ; Feamster, Nick. / Procera : A language for high-level reactive network control. HotSDN'12 - Proceedings of the 1st ACM International Workshop on Hot Topics in Software Defined Networks. 2012. pp. 43-48 (HotSDN'12 - Proceedings of the 1st ACM International Workshop on Hot Topics in Software Defined Networks).
@inproceedings{6b15c2fcff9345c89a0c17df643eb39e,
title = "Procera: A language for high-level reactive network control",
abstract = "Our previous experience building systems for implementing network policies in home and enterprise networks has revealed that the intuitive notion of network policy in these domains is inherently dynamic and stateful. Current configuration languages, both in traditional network architectures and in OpenFlow systems, are not expressive enough to capture these policies. As a result, most prototype OpenFlow systems lack a configurable interface and instead require operators to program in the system implementation language, often C++. We describe Procera, a control architecture for software-defined networking (SDN) that includes a declarative policy language based on the notion of functional reactive programming; we extend this formalism with both signals relevant for expressing high-level network policies in a variety of network settings, including home and enterprise networks, and a collection of constructs expressing temporal queries over event streams that occur frequently in network policies. Although sophisticated users can take advantage of Procera's full expressiveness by expressing network policies directly in Procera, simpler configuration interfaces (e.g., graphical user interfaces) can also easily be built on top of this formalism.",
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author = "Andreas Voellmy and Hyojoon Kim and Nick Feamster",
series = "HotSDN'12 - Proceedings of the 1st ACM International Workshop on Hot Topics in Software Defined Networks",
booktitle = "HotSDN'12 - Proceedings of the 1st ACM International Workshop on Hot Topics in Software Defined Networks",
note = "1st ACM International Workshop on Hot Topics in Software Defined Networks, HotSDN 2012 ; Conference date: 13-08-2012 Through 13-08-2012",
Voellmy, A, Kim, H & Feamster, N 2012, Procera: A language for high-level reactive network control. in HotSDN'12 - Proceedings of the 1st ACM International Workshop on Hot Topics in Software Defined Networks. HotSDN'12 - Proceedings of the 1st ACM International Workshop on Hot Topics in Software Defined Networks, pp. 43-48, 1st ACM International Workshop on Hot Topics in Software Defined Networks, HotSDN 2012, Helsinki, Finland, 8/13/12. https://doi.org/10.1145/2342441.2342451
Procera : A language for high-level reactive network control. / Voellmy, Andreas; Kim, Hyojoon; Feamster, Nick.
HotSDN'12 - Proceedings of the 1st ACM International Workshop on Hot Topics in Software Defined Networks. 2012. p. 43-48 (HotSDN'12 - Proceedings of the 1st ACM International Workshop on Hot Topics in Software Defined Networks).
T1 - Procera
T2 - 1st ACM International Workshop on Hot Topics in Software Defined Networks, HotSDN 2012
AU - Voellmy, Andreas
AU - Kim, Hyojoon
AU - Feamster, Nick
N2 - Our previous experience building systems for implementing network policies in home and enterprise networks has revealed that the intuitive notion of network policy in these domains is inherently dynamic and stateful. Current configuration languages, both in traditional network architectures and in OpenFlow systems, are not expressive enough to capture these policies. As a result, most prototype OpenFlow systems lack a configurable interface and instead require operators to program in the system implementation language, often C++. We describe Procera, a control architecture for software-defined networking (SDN) that includes a declarative policy language based on the notion of functional reactive programming; we extend this formalism with both signals relevant for expressing high-level network policies in a variety of network settings, including home and enterprise networks, and a collection of constructs expressing temporal queries over event streams that occur frequently in network policies. Although sophisticated users can take advantage of Procera's full expressiveness by expressing network policies directly in Procera, simpler configuration interfaces (e.g., graphical user interfaces) can also easily be built on top of this formalism.
AB - Our previous experience building systems for implementing network policies in home and enterprise networks has revealed that the intuitive notion of network policy in these domains is inherently dynamic and stateful. Current configuration languages, both in traditional network architectures and in OpenFlow systems, are not expressive enough to capture these policies. As a result, most prototype OpenFlow systems lack a configurable interface and instead require operators to program in the system implementation language, often C++. We describe Procera, a control architecture for software-defined networking (SDN) that includes a declarative policy language based on the notion of functional reactive programming; we extend this formalism with both signals relevant for expressing high-level network policies in a variety of network settings, including home and enterprise networks, and a collection of constructs expressing temporal queries over event streams that occur frequently in network policies. Although sophisticated users can take advantage of Procera's full expressiveness by expressing network policies directly in Procera, simpler configuration interfaces (e.g., graphical user interfaces) can also easily be built on top of this formalism.
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KW - haskell
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Voellmy A, Kim H, Feamster N. Procera: A language for high-level reactive network control. In HotSDN'12 - Proceedings of the 1st ACM International Workshop on Hot Topics in Software Defined Networks. 2012. p. 43-48. (HotSDN'12 - Proceedings of the 1st ACM International Workshop on Hot Topics in Software Defined Networks). doi: 10.1145/2342441.2342451


text:
The Latest News from Twin Research: The Genetic Influence on Political Voting Choices is "Moderately Strong"
Jay Joseph, PsyD
There seems to be no end to illogical and even comical "findings" from MZ-DZ twin method comparisons, where the original twin researchers argue that the greater behavioral resemblance of reared-together MZ (monozygotic, identical) versus same-sex DZ (dizygotic, fraternal) twin pairs demonstrates the "heritability" of the behavioral characteristic in question. Among these we find a twin study whose authors concluded in favor of a genetic basis for being a "born again Christian" (65% heritability), another that found important genetic influences on tea and coffee drinking preferences, and still another that found that the heritability of "loneliness in adults" is 48%.
In a similar manner, in an April 13th, 2015 article published in The Independent, British twin researcher Tim Spector argued that his TwinsUK study findings show that "research with twins suggests picking who to vote for in an election might have more to do with your genes than the policies of the parties."1 Twin research in political science goes back to 2005 and earlier,2 and has not gone unchallenged in the field.3 Spector and colleagues asked 612 reared-together pairs of twins born in the United Kingdom "whether they intended to vote, what their political party of choice was and…their personal rating of the main party leaders." Predictably, like most studied behaviors and behavioral disorders, MZ pairs correlated higher than DZ pairs for several characteristics, a result that twin researchers attribute to genetics on the basis of their assumption that MZ and DZ pairs grow up experiencing similar environments. This is known as the MZ-DZ "equal environment assumption" (EEA). As I show in my recent book The Trouble with Twin Studies, and elsewhere, the evidence clearly shows that MZ twin pairs grow up experiencing much more similar environments, and experience psychological closeness and attachment to a far greater degree, than experienced by DZ twin pairs. Although most twin researchers now recognize that MZ childhood environments are more similar, they uphold the validity of the EEA on the basis of circular arguments and other types of illogical reasoning.4
In a statement that even most of his twin researcher colleagues would disagree with, Spector upheld the EEA by claiming, without qualification, that "both identical [MZ] and non-identical [DZ] twins normally share the same environment while growing up." This false claim allowed him to conclude that the greater behavioral resemblance of MZ pairs is caused by genetic factors. According to Spector:
"We found that voting Conservative [Tory] (or not) is strongly influenced by genetics. When it came to voting Tory, we found that 57% of the variability (differences or similarity) between people's voting preferences were due to genetic effects. This percentage is called heritability. That means the identical twins were more likely to vote the same way than the non-identical twins–suggesting [that] an underlying genetic influence was stronger than environmental or random factors. For UKIP [UK Independence Party] voting preferences, there was also a moderately strong heritability of 51%. This was closely followed by Labour and the Green Party both with 48%. The exception seemed to be voting for the Liberal Democrats, which was affected entirely by environment, with no genetic influence."
Based on accepting both the validity of the EEA and the controversial "heritability" concept, Spector concluded that the heritability of voting Conservative (Tory), UKIP, Labour, or Green was "moderately strong," whereas there was no genetic influence on voting for the Liberal Democrats. In addition, Spector concluded that "geography also played a possible role–as voting for the SNP [Scottish National Party] in Scotland was also completely environmental." Apparently, there are genes predisposing people to vote for some (British) political parties, but not for others!
Suppose that Spector had found that MZ pairs correlate at 75% for supporting the Tories, and that same-sex DZ pairs correlate at 25%. Because simple heritability estimates are based on doubling the MZ-DZ correlation difference, in this case the heritability of voting Tory would be 100%, which would lead to the absurd conclusion that "the policies of the parties" had virtually no influence on whether or not someone voted Tory.
Turning to the candidates running for office, Spector wrote,
"The question of whether a leader would make a good prime minister produced mixed responses. David Cameron [Tory] had the stronger genetic influence on opinions, with 50% heritability, followed by Nick Clegg [Liberal Democrat] at 37%. Views on all the other party leaders were purely environmental."
UK residents carry genes predisposing them to vote for Cameron or Clegg, according to the logic of Spector and the twin method, but carry none for the other candidates.
In addition to defending the twin method's untenable equal environment assumption, twin researchers of political behavior, and of behavior in general, focus narrowly on the twins they study, and usually overlook obvious real-world natural experiments contradicting their claims.5 For example, the people living in "socialist" North Korea and "capitalist" South Korea are members of the same ethnic population, but are divided for political and military reasons. Koreans on either side of the demilitarized zone that separates the two countries hold differing political views and support different political leaders, for reasons having nothing to do with genetics. For the same reason, we would expect attitudes toward "government provided health care" to show marked differences between people of British ancestry living on either side of the U.S.-Canada border. Genetic predispositions also do not explain why Germany was heavily anti-Nazi in the late 1920s, and heavily pro-Nazi just a few years later. The list of examples is endless.
Spector concluded that "the findings of this study suggest that our choices at the polling booth may not be as free or rational as we would like to believe." Very true, but the reduction of free will and rationality is not "in the genes," but is instead a product of manipulation and propaganda by powerful political and economic (corporate) forces through education, the media, the Internet, religion, speeches, and so on. Voting patterns are also influenced by the common practice of parties and politicians campaigning on the basis of one program, and then carrying out a different program once in office (usually referred to as "broken campaign promises"). The Independent is not a satirical publication, and Spector's article seems more appropriate for the science/technology section of The Onion.
Twin researchers in political science continue to uphold the validity of the EEA in twin studies of behavior,6 at times relying on convoluted and illogical arguments.7 But the fact remains that MZ pairs' more similar political views, party affiliation, candidate choices, and voting patterns can be completely explained by the more similar treatment they receive growing up, in addition to their greater tendency to model their behavior on each other, their much greater levels of closeness, loyalty, and attachment, and their greater tendency to experience identity confusion than DZ pairs.8 This conclusion is supported by the ongoing failure to identify genes for political characteristics at the molecular genetic level.9
Twin researchers sometimes claim that the arguments of their critics should be questioned because these critics do not perform twin studies, and therefore are not experts on twins. This occurred in a recently reopened debate on twin research in American criminology, where criminologists Callie Burt's and Ronald Simons' conclusion that twin studies are methodologically and conceptually flawed was criticized by twin researchers in the field. These twin researchers attempted to counter Burt and Simons' critique, in part, by claiming that they "have never worked with twin data, and they show no signs of being familiar with the large and substantial body of work that supports the use of these behavioral genetic methods."10 Aside from the fact that Burt and Simons possess great knowledge of the criminology twin and adoption study literature,11 expert status is not always necessary to debunk a research technique or scientific theory, if the technique or theory is based on obviously false assumptions.
In fact, people outside of twin research and behavioral genetics are better equipped to see the glaring problems and false assumptions underlying studies of twins reared together and of twins reared apart—problems and false assumptions that twin researchers do not allow themselves to see, or dismiss with illogical arguments. As the pioneering twin research critic Leon J. Kamin once wrote,
"The [twin] investigators, after all, tend to analyze their data in the same ways, reflecting the same theoretical preconceptions. The problem is nothing so simple as the suppression of embarrassing data. Theoretical commitment makes it unlikely that embarrassing patterns within the data will even be noticed."12
Indeed, theoretical commitment to the twin method and its equal environment assumption often compels twin researchers to overlook obvious embarrassing patterns both within their data and in society, and at times leads them to arrive at absurd conclusions such as the claim that preferences for some political parties and candidates have a "strong" or "moderately strong" genetic basis.13
1. Spector, T., (2015, April 13th), General Election 2015: Do Your Genes Determine How You Vote? The Independent.
2. Alford et al., 2005, Are Political Orientations Genetically Transmitted?, American Political Science Review, 99, 153-167; Joseph, J., (2010), The Genetics of Political Attitudes and Behavior: Claims and Refutations, Ethical Human Psychology and Psychiatry, 12, 200-217.
3. Charney, E., (2008a), Genes and Ideologies, Perspectives on Politics, 6, 292-319; Charney, E., (2008b), Politics, Genetics, and "Greedy Reductionism," Perspectives on Politics, 6, 337-343; Charney, E., (2012), Behavior Genetics and Postgenomics, Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 35, 331-358; Charney, E., (2013), Nature and Nurture, Perspectives on Politics, 11, 558-561; Charney, E., & English, W., (2012), Candidate Genes and Political Behavior, American Political Science Review, 106, 1-34; Shultziner, D., (2013), Genes and Politics: A New Explanation and Evaluation of Twin Study Results and Association Studies in Political Science, Political Analysis, 21, 350-367.
4. Joseph, J., (2004), The Gene Illusion: Genetic Research in Psychiatry and Psychology under the Microscope, New York: Algora; Joseph, J., (2015), The Trouble with Twin Studies: A Reassessment of Twin Research in the Social and Behavioral Sciences, New York: Routledge.
5. Like most twin researchers, Spector believes that "twins provide a unique natural experiment for research."
6. Alford et al., 2005; Hatemi et al., (2014), Genetic Influences on Political Ideologies: Twin Analyses of 19 Measures of Political Ideologies from Five Democracies and Genome-wide Findings from Three Populations, Behavior Genetics, 44, 282-294.
7. For example, in 2012 Kevin Smith and a group of leading political science twin researchers concluded that even if the critics are "wholly correct" that the causes of MZ-DZ differences are "exclusively environmental," this finding would "provide reasons for political science to pay more rather than less attention to the biological basis of attitudes and behaviors." It is illogical, however, to state that political scientists should "pay more attention" to biological influences on political attitudes and behaviors if explanations for MZ-DZ differences are "exclusively environmental." See Smith et al., (2012), Biology, Ideology, and Epistemology: How do We Know Political Attitudes are Inherited and Why Should We Care?, American Journal of Political Science, 56, 17-33, p. 17. For a critical analysis of this study, see Joseph, 2015; Joseph, J., (2013), The Use of the Classical Twin Method in the Social and Behavioral Sciences: The Fallacy Continues, Journal of Mind and Behavior, 34, 1-39.
8. See Joseph, 2015, Chapters 7 and 8.
9. Hatemi et al., 2014.
10. Wright et al., (2015), Mathematical Proof Is not Minutiae and Irreducible Complexity Is Not a Theory: A Final Response to Burt and Simons and a Call to Criminologists, Criminology, 53, 113-120, p. 117.
11. Burt, C. H., & Simons, R. L., (2014), Pulling Back the Curtain on Heritability Studies: Biosocial Criminology in the Postgenomic Era, Criminology, 52, 223-262. See also Burt, C. H., & Simons, R. L., (2015), Heritability Studies in the Postgenomic Era: The Fatal Flaw is Conceptual, Criminology, 53, 103-112.
12. Kamin, L. J., (1981), Commentary, in S. Scarr (Ed.), Race, Social Class, and Individual Differences in I. Q., (pp. 467-482), Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, p. 480.
13. As the author of an eight-word response to the same Spector article reprinted in the April 15th, 2015 edition of The Guardian put it, "Science has gone flipping mad these days, unbelievable." See the comment by "Thompson1001."
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http://www.jayjoseph.net
The Gene Illusion: Jay Joseph brings a critical perspective to claims in the media and the academic literature that disordered genes underlie psychiatric disorders. His most recent books are The Trouble with Twin Studies: A Reassessment of Twin Research in the Social and Behavioral Sciences (2015), and his 2017 e-book Schizophrenia and Genetics: The End of an Illusion.
Is Curing Patients a Sustainable Business Model?
Bias, Corruption & Accountability
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Direct-to-Consumer Genetic Testing is Often Wrong
barrab April 26, 2015 at 7:52 pm
I remember watching some tv program, I think this is it …
http://www.sbs.com.au/news/dateline/story/political-science
Even if this is true I find it hard to believe why people are trying to figure this out, feels like it kind of makes a mockery of democracy.
bpdtransformation April 26, 2015 at 7:59 pm
Thanks for this excellent article Jay. We should take such careful, scholarly research very seriously.
Have you heard of the following studies? It has been determined that:
– Children's preference for Mars bars (as opposed to Snickers) has been determined to be 74.82% heritable. Snickers executives are upset about this finding.
– Genes contribute to 54.53% of a person's chance of getting pulled over for speeding. This is what you can tell the policeman the next time you get pulled over – "My genes made me do it."
– Whether young people identify more with Thor or Loki (from the Avengers movies) is 67.04% attributable to heredity, and over 90% heredtiary among those people of Nordic descent, whose genes presumably would have been more heavily influenced by exposure to the Norse gods.
– Genes contribute to 84.31% of the variance in whether young boys chooses football, basketball, or baseball for their first team sport. European researchers are complaining that these limited choices demonstrate an overfocus on American sports, and that the genetic influence becomes less when soccer is included.
– Genes are responsible for 28.21% of the variance in what people's favorite colors are. This would explain why people's favorite colors often change as they grow up, because it is one of the few things in life not primarily determined before people are even born.
I'm sorry, but I'm currently unable to locate the links to these studies. But you will surely be hearing about them soon.
We should give thanks that we live in an enlightened age, one where such wisdom of geneticists can be appreciated and shared, and where taxpayer money is devoted to the study of this groundbreaking, empowering subject.
B April 28, 2015 at 5:21 pm
Steve Spiegel April 26, 2015 at 9:31 pm
Behavioral genetics is at the foundation of the pseudoscientific support for the medical model; your debunking of this pseudoscience is historically important.
Thank you for your community service, Steve
travailler-vous April 27, 2015 at 1:25 pm
Jay – Thanks for letting us in on the ground floor of the debate internal to the field–I especially appreciate the clarity in that sense.
Academic April 27, 2015 at 8:37 pm
Jay, you fail to appreciate the irony that your MIA blog critiquing heritability estimates is, itself, 68% heritable.
Just kidding, thanks for another informative post and keep up the great work!
"For UKIP [UK Independence Party] voting preferences, there was also a moderately strong heritability of 51%. This was closely followed by Labour and the Green Party both with 48%. The exception seemed to be voting for the Liberal Democrats, which was affected entirely by environment, with no genetic influence.""
Oh that one is great… Makes perfect sense. I suggest a follow up study – checking how the political preferences of people changed after disaster in Fukushima – I'm sure the rise in opposition to nuclear power can be best explain by radiation-induced genetic mutations, right? A clear candidate for IgNobel prize.