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Wolf I Don't Know About You But People Make Me Want To Say Very Bad Words Shirt
Cat I Don't Hate You I Just Want To Touch Your Face With A Shovel Really Hard Shirt$22.99
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Jesus I Used To Be A Deplorable But Now I Have Been Promoted To Ultra Maga Shirt$22.99
I'd Rather Be Skiing Shirt$22.99
Horse Show Dad Clean The Boot Hold The Horse Write The Check Shirt$22.99
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The wolf shirt was made by a small sewing machine in the 1950s. It's heavy, has a smooth satin finish, and is perfect for dressing up or casual wear. It is appropriate for women that use masculine shirts as a back up to 'boy' clothes. The Wolf I Don't Know About You But People Make Me Want To Say Very Bad Words Shirt is a shirt featuring a wolf wearing bunny ears and sitting in the middle of the forest 😀 The shirt was created by a person who loves to create shirts. This is his third WIP on paper.
Wolf I Don't Know About You But People Make Me Want To Say Very Bad Words Shirt and ladies tee
This is a very cute and stylish Ladies Tee that I have listed it here as well. It's perfect for any occasion or fun look, but can be so much more than that! It's a super soft sweater that just makes you feel like such an expert at something. The shirt is designed with the popular Wolf logo on one side, and the design of this shirt consists of three stripes made out of wolf fur around each corner. This tee has been ordered by people who loved these shirts so much, and this will make them feel like they are obviously expert in their field. I know that the people who love this shirt are the ones who call out their friends on Facebook or Twitter. I don't care if it's a business or just talking about something totally unrelated, because this shirt is so awesome.
Wolf I Don't Know About You But People Make Me Want To Say Very Bad Words Shirt ladies tee
Made of a 100% cotton raglan, this hoodie features an organic design in the front and back. Featuring a collar with a sweeping illustration of wolves on the front and back, your dog will always be able to find you… The Wolf I Don't Know About You But People Make Me Want To Say Very Bad Words Shirt is a loose-fitting tee that offers a low rise, untucked hem and a V-neck. The Blue This Is Not My Shirt Tee features an unisex fit with roomy sleeves and cropped collar on the right side.
Wolf I Don't Know About You But People Make Me Want To Say Very Bad Words Shirt, hoodie, sweater and long sleeve
Wolf I Don't Know About You But People Make Me Want To Say Very Bad Words Shirt long sleeved
This is a generic hoodie. The sleeves are long enough to wear under jeans, which I did by buying a 2X! But it doesn't cover your whole face or neck. This is not the best of the sweaters around and you know if I were making one of these for myself, I would make sure it was much better than this and that people would love it too. So…. What's that? You made me want to say bad words like this on facebook. I'm pretty sure you know it already because you said it the other day, but did you know that I have an ongoing battle with my mom over her Facebook account? So let me explain who she is and what your problem is with her.
Wolf I Don't Know About You But People Make Me Want To Say Very Bad Words Shirt hoodie
Wolf I Don't Know About You But People Make Me Want To Say Very Bad Words Shirt sweater
I have an issue with people saying bad words. People say things I don't want to say, and it makes me really uncomfortable. You've got a good idea.. Just let me know the best way for me to get across what you are looking for in this context. I have a wolf t-shirt. And I don't know what it is, but people make me want to say the things that they do to themselves or other people.
Avatar 2 Signatures Thank You The Memories Shirt
The Smallest Hands Make The Biggest Mark On Mommy's Heart Shirt
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Home South Sudan
THE NEWEST country in the world is physically large—240,000 square miles, the size of France—and catastrophically ungoverned. It is a featureless grassland for most of its open, landlocked run.
South Sudan is a landscape without clear divisions or functioning borders, touching Sudan and the Arab world to the north and the troubled Democratic Republic of the Congo and Central African Republic to the west, with East Africa pressing up from below.
The waters of the Nile and thick seasonal rains drive a wedge of green grass across plains teeming with animals. National Geographic explorer Mike Fay made global headlines in 2007 when he completed the first aerial survey in 25 years and estimated that there were 1.3 million animals flowing across it, a great migratory river of white-eared kob and other antelope and gazelle dotted with a stash of elephants and a handful of species—including beisa oryx and Nile lechwe antelope—existing nowhere else on earth. Finding this many unknown animals anywhere was like finding El Dorado, Fay said at the time; finding them in war-torn Africa was even better.
Though no one has counted in decades, there might be ten million people, too. South Sudan is quilted internally by some 60 tribes, many of them nomadic herders with long-standing antagonisms. But a year before my visit, on July 9, 2011, the Dinka, Nuer, Bari, Azande, and dozens of others came together to declare independence and raise the tricolor flag—black, red, and green—of a new nation. The president, a Dinka and former military officer named Salva Kiir, favors black cowboy hats and lives in hotels. A disorganized parliament struggles to create a host of new ministries out of empty buildings, and the National Archives are a pile of crumbling documents on the floor of a tent.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Dr. Yorke and Associates: What Does Your Relationship Really Mean to You?
Have you ever wondered just how meaningful your current relationship is?
Strange as it seems, many people do not realize that the relationship they throw so much effort in to keep alive only drains their strength, leaving them too bitter in the end.
However, there are some telltale signs signifying that to keep the relationship alive would mean more emotional damage as well as an end to whatever friendship that could have been salvaged.
First answer all these questions before checking the meaning of each in a separate post.


Dr. Paul Shinto and his team understand that most smokers know the health risks when they light up a cigar or cigarette, but smoking can also cause significant damage to your teeth and gums. If you think you are safe when you head to the Hookah bar for a night out, or open a can of smokeless tobacco, think again and talk to your Pasadena dentist about quitting.
Your Pasadena dentist and the team of professionals from Paul P. Shinto D.D.S. will tell you that all tobacco products can eventually cause gum disease as smoking affects the soft tissue and bone attachment. Research shows that smoking can actually interfere with gum tissue cells. This literally means that smokers are much more susceptible to periodontal disease and tooth and gum infections.
Cigars and cigarettes contain toxins that are associated with all types of cancer. Even if you do not inhale, you are still at risk of developing periodontal disease and oral cancer. Smoking can also interfere with your sense of taste and smell.
Smokeless tobacco contains more nicotine than cigarettes. In fact, more than 28 chemicals that lead to cancer have been identified in smokeless tobacco. Smokeless tobacco can also irritate the gum tissue, which will cause it to pull away or recede from your teeth. Once that occurs the roots of your teeth will become exposed causing an increase in tooth decay.
Hookah water pipes have been popular in the Middle East for centuries and are becoming increasingly popular here in the United States. Unfortunately, the water in the Hookah pipe will not filter the harmful toxins, and because people tend to smoke more, Hookah pipes can be just as bad if not worse than cigarettes.
Recent studies show that smoking leads to bone loss and oral tissue loss. People who smoke are also more likely to develop periodontal disease. If you have been thinking about dental implants, talk to your Pasadena dentist who will recommend that you quit the habit before you have dental implants, or any other dental procedure.
Quitting isn't easy, but there are several programs available that will help you quit the habit. If you are unsure, schedule an appointment and talk to your Pasadena dentist about the dangers of smoking and oral health.


Carraig Donn is a large spacious dormer bungalow, downstairs hosts an open plan living area, a sun-lounge, and a contemporary kitchen to the rear, two bedrooms and a bathroom. The upstairs comprises of two large master en suite bedrooms. The combination of the beautiful home and awe-inspiring setting make this the perfect haven for anyone looking for total abandonment, relaxation, great escape or the culturally curious. Carraig Donn is situated just off the Wild Atlantic Way and over a kilometre from the village of Downings and beach.
Lovely views of Sheephaven Bay to the front.
Living area is tastefully furnished.
Open fireplace with stone clad surround.
Library of DVDs, selection of board games.
Large kitchen and dining area with tiled floor.
Furnished sun room with sea views.


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1 (800) OHIO-LAW
Blake A. Dickson
Pamela Dimo
Alarra Jordan
Information and Articles
Home › Attorneys
View Blake's Profile
Attorney Blake A. Dickson graduated from Duke University with an AB in religion. He then graduated from the Case Western Reserve University School of Law with a Juris Doctorate. Mr. Dickson represents individuals and families in cases involving serio…	Read More
View Pamela's Profile
Pamela Dimo grew up in Kucove, a small village in lower-central Albania. While in Albania, Pamela lived through the fall of communism in 1992 and experienced the shift to capitalism first hand. Growing up in Albania, Pamela learned the value of hard…	Read More
View Alarra's Profile
Telephone 2: (216) 595-6501
Alarra Jordan graduated from the University of Mount Union in 2017 with a Bachelor of Arts Degree in Political Science, with minors in Criminal Justice and Legal Studies. While at Mount Union, she served as the President of the University's Pre-Law…	Read More
Nursing Home Neglect and Abuse
Bedsores / Pressure Sores
Sexual Assault / Inadequate Security
Serious Automobile Collisions
The Dickson Firm, L.L.C. Enterprise Place, Suite 420 3401 Enterprise Parkway Beachwood, OH 44122-7340
Toll-Free: 1 (800) OHIO-LAW
Phone: (216) 595-6500 Email:
© 2021 The Dickson Firm, L.L.C.
Copyright © 2021 The Dickson Firm, L.L.C.


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Elden Ring: Where to go after you defeat StarScourge Radahn
March 5, 2022 by Blurbur
In Elden Ring, the player's powerful bosses stand in the way when trying to complete optional quests. StarScourge Radahn is one of those bosses and a big challenge for anyone who tries to serve Ranni the witch. There is no easy task against him, but the players will have many resources to fight him when they arrive on his battlefield. In a way, the difficult part _nach is coming against StarScourge Radahn, as the players have to find out where they should go next.
Where to go after you defeat StarScourge Radahn
If you are currently following Rannis Quest series, you should be able to talk to Blaidd near the site of grace, which appears after the win over Radahn. He will tell you that you should meet "where the shooting star has bitten in the earth", which is actually the case south of the fog forest in LimGrave . It should not last long until you find a massive crater, floating over the rock. Blaidd will not be there on your arrival, but you can safely go down the crater to get to Nokron yourself.
This section of the subway is separated from the site where she could hit Blaidd before. Here new enemies and bosses will emerge, which interrupt their progress while they continue. Finally, you have to find a series of buildings with roofs that you have to jump. If you find the place "Night's Sacred Ground", you are exactly right here. Just go on and you will eventually encounter the hidden treasure of Nokron, which allows you to continue Rannis Quest series and to get closer to a fantastic reward for magicians.
There are many reasons to visit this part of Nokron, even if you ignore any quest series. There are some great rewards in this area, especially if you have relyed on it while most of the game to summon spirits. There are also many places where you can manage upgrade materials and other useful items, making it an important place for any adventurer.
ELDENRING is available for PlayStation 4, PlayStation 5, Xbox One, Xbox Series X | S and PC.
Home / Player / Elden Ring: Where to go after you defeat StarScourge Radahn
Hideo Kojima reveals the meaning of metal gear solid v through a song
FIFA 22: announced Griffati Bundles Apex Legends


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SPOILER WARNING: This post will contain spoilers for Legends of Tomorrow, and possibly for the Arrowverse in general.
So, I just got done watching the finale of "DC's Legends of Tomorrow." Overall, for a DC novice like myself, it was a fun experience watching characters I'd sort-of-heard of galavant through time. Lest anyone label me a Negative Nancy, a breed the Internet has a surplus of, I'll single out Wentworth Miller, the always awesome Victor Garber, and Brandon Routh for their fine work in the show, and we all know Arthur Darvil is getting a kick out of not-quite playing The Doctor. (Time (aha) will tell if killing Miller's character off is the disaster for the show that it feels like to me)
Anyway, the thing that strikes me about LoT is that it takes the most spectacularly bone-headed approach to time travel I have ever seen on TV. The only thing that comes close in terms of sheer WTF factor is the movie "Looper", a film of such monumental stupidity that I suspect that when the screenwriter dies, the total IQ of the planet will increase. In the finale, the team finally has the opportunity to kill immortal bad-lad Vandal Savage (a guy who probably went to the same Evil Name Class as Damien Darhk and Killgrave) by killing him at three places in time, simultaneously, because due to the shenanigans he's pulling to reset time back to ancient Egypt, he's briefly not immortal any more. If your monitor, phone, or tablet just turned itself off, it's simply reacting to how outstandingly dumb that previous sentence was.
Leaving aside causality for a moment (keep the faith, causality fans, we'll get there) let's look at one of the more common bits of boneheadedness the show uses. I call it 'Narrative Time', and TVtropes seems to call it San Dimas Time. The idea that three events, in three completely different time periods, are happening 'simultaneously' makes exactly no sense unless the time frame from which the viewer is watching is the only one that's real. On multiple occasions in the show, the characters will be onboard the TARD Wave Rider acting as if they only have a short while to prevent something happening, even though that something is happening in the year 1978 and they're currently travelling back there from 2016. Of course, you need to preserve some narrative tension, but the knots the show ties itself in to get there are incredible.
Now, on to causality (told you we'd get there). So, the whole point of Rip Hunter's mission in the first place was to stop Savage killing his family in the future. Why not just pick them up in your fancy time-ship and move them, we ask? Apparently every time he's tried. he fails. We don't get any more detail than that, which is lucky because it's the dumbest thing since they built a firework factory on a Zeppelin. Anyway, they fail to prevent the death of the wife and child (despite still being able to go anywhere in time to try again) but decide to stop Savage anyway. (Despite his triumph coming over a century after they'll all be dead of old age.) Of course it's lucky they ignore my snarky brackets, because Vandal is in fact about to blow up all of time post ancient Egypt. Oh hell, now my own post is going back in time. Anyway, much heroics, characters previously unable to so much as ruffle big V's beard beat him like a government mule in three time periods at once, and victory! Thing is, that means our Big Bad just died in 1958, and since he went back in time and told his younger selves what to do as part of his Evil Plan, that means there's still only one of him, even if for a while in each timezone there were two of him. So, with him dead in '58, he can't be alive in the other two timezones (and he'll miss Woodstock). So Rip's family is saved, yay! Or nay, because apparently they aren't, and killing El Savago in '58 doesn't do a damn thing to him in '75 or 20-whatever. By the time another TARD Wave Rider has shown up with a message telling them not to get on their own ship again or they'll all die, Time might as well pack up and move to a Refuge For Battered Metaphysical Concepts, because she's been well-and-truly done over.
Let's not worry ourselves about the fact that at the end of this season of The Flash, Barry seemingly deleted his own show by time-travelling back to his own origin story and stopping it. I still don't know how Eobard had GIDEON, or where she went after his defeat.
DC have a bad rep for messing up their continuity so badly that they occasionally have to blow up the world and start again. It's a bit of a shame that this is creeping barrelling headlong into their TV output as well. With Supergirl apparently coming into the fold too, heck knows what's going to happen next. Or has happened next. Or happened last but didn't not happen yet.
I think if Rip Hunter suddenly turns up in "Gotham" I might do something dramatic.


Here you can view the best of land for sale Koh Samui. Check our investment land, beachfront land, sea view land for sale in Koh Samui, mountain view and garden view. You can view more Land sales Koh Samui directly from the top menu.
Each month we will display the best Koh Samui properties we have listed in Land for sale Koh Samui. Koh Samui properties that are outstanding by their design and location. Keep an eyes we will also feature the latest Koh Samui properties in this section of Land for sale Koh Samui website.
Welcome to Land for sale Koh Samui website: Samui Marvel Properties Real Estate agency in Koh Samui. We offer professional real estate services and consultancy to our clients and people searching to purchase a land plot in Koh Samui to built their dream Koh Samui villa in Thailand most beautiful and divers island.
Location is location, we have land listings all around the island , in the busting northern part or the more quiet and untouched southern part of the Samui island from Chaweng to Talignam a wide choice of beachfront land or sea view land to luxury off plan properties and existing iconic villas.
Our services like most agencies are free of charge we get paid by the property owner directly. No surprises for the clients.
We have been working in the Koh Samui real estate market since 2006, providing land for sale in Koh Samui to our clients. As an Independent real estate agency we offer much more than just real estate for sale in Koh Samui, we provide also architecture and project management services as well as villa construction. This will allow you to make the best real estate investment in Koh Samui Thailand.
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SoundsXP Message Boards - Indie, Indiepop, Nu-Folk and Alt-Country Forums • View topic - Omar Souleyman + Heartsick at London XOYO, 6th Dec
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Omar Souleyman + Heartsick at London XOYO, 6th Dec
Moderators: KevW, SPT, Bola, Bovine Juice
jamie_atp
Post subject: Omar Souleyman + Heartsick at London XOYO, 6th Dec
Posted: Mon Nov 21, 2011 12:49 am
Mosh Monster
Omar Souleyman announces a new U.K. show at London's XOYO on Tuesday 6th December 2011 with support from the fantastic Heartsick.
Tickets: http://www.atpfestival.com/events/souleyman.php
After two years spent whipping the world into a Dabke-induced frenzy, legendary Syrian singer and Arab icon Omar Souleyman returns to Europe in 2011 as a full-blown, phenomenon of international music.
With a select string of high-grade festival appearances lined up this summer, including a now legendary show at Glastonbury captured by the BBC, Omar's star is only set to ascend further with the release of a much-anticipated collaborative record with longtime admirer Bjork. Also forthcoming are vinyl releases for THE classic Omar anthem "Leh Jani" (epic full-length version!) and the "Dabke 20/20" album (previously only available on CD).
Last year's "Jazeera Nights" album (his third on Sublime Frequencies) and accompanying tours of Europe and the US heightened the hysteria amongst fans of outernational musics, as well as hip indie kids, serious world music fans and pure party-seekers alike. Wherever he goes with his virtuouso musical comrades Rizan Sa'id (keyboards/beats) and Bahjat Ali (electric saz), the response is always the same: the wildest, most jubilant dancefloor atmosphere you can imagine.
Hailing from the rural Northeastern city of Ras Al Ain, Souleyman began his musical career in 1994 with a small group of local collaborators who he continues to work with. Since then he and his group have emerged as a staple of street level folk-pop throughout Syria, having issued more than 500 studio and live-recorded cassette albums which are easily spotted in the shops of any Syrian city.
The myriad musical traditions of the region are evident in the Omar Souleyman band's music, which reflects the sounds of Syria, Iraq, Turkey and the sizeable Kurdish population. The mood swings from coarse and urgent to dirgy and contemplative in the rugged anthems that comprise Souleyman's repertoire. Omar's superb and varied vocal stylings feature over high-octane Syrian 'Dabke', Iraqi Choubi and a host of other styles, where frenetic Arabic keyboard solos, sample hits and machine gun percussion by the incredible Rizan Sa'id intertwine with Ali Shaker's psychedelic electric saz runs.
ARTIST: Omar Souleyman
SUPPORT ACTS: TBC
VENUE: XOYO
DATES: Tuesday 6th December, 2011
TICKET PRICE : 15 +bf
VENUE ADDRESS: 32-37 Cowper Street, London, EC2A 4AW
VENUE TELEPHONE: 020 7490 1198
DOORS: 8pm
AGE RESTRICTIONS: Over 18 only
Fella in codpiece with curly mullet
Location: Legra, Ēastseaxe
That remix he did of Bjork's Crystaline is amazing.
If Ian Curtis had lived, and enjoyed the ale…


I voted for Santa Clara Mayor Jamie Matthews. My children don't play soccer. I don't live near the stadium. And I have strong feelings about the 49er/soccer park proposal. It's not a win–win solution. The 49er VIPs win with this proposal. The city gets some money. The kids lose a place to play soccer. It lacks necessary details –– studies, schools where the fields will be located, and a future location of a new soccer park. The amount of money offered for the three fields is embarrassing. Also, the decision on the proposal depends on the Santa Clara Unified School District agreeing to give up three fields to the soccer program at the expense of their own school programs. If a Matthews supporting, non–soccer playing, south–of–the–101 resident can't support the proposal, it only make sense that the soccer players and parents should storm Santa Clara City Hall today. Let's come up with a proposal where everyone wins, especially the kids!


Songul, as an ESOL student has progressed from Entry Level 2 to completing Levels 1 and 2 in Hairdressing. Songul is class rep and participates in all hairdressing competitions and extra curriculum events including being an ambassador for Open Days. Songul is at present representing the College at a local vintage fashion show doing the models' hair.


Oceania has an experienced Board with a diverse range of skills, including industry and business knowledge, financial management and corporate governance experience. The Board currently comprises an independent Chair, three independent non-executive Directors and three non-executive Directors.
Liz Coutts has been a Director of Oceania since 5 November 2014 and was appointed Chair in 2014. Liz is also the Chair of Ports of Auckland Limited and Skellerup Holdings Limited, and a director of EBOS Group Limited.
Liz is President of the Institute of Directors NZ Inc. and a Fellow of Chartered Accountants Australia and New Zealand. She was made an Officer of the New Zealand Order of Merit in 2016.
Liz has previously been Chief Executive of Caxton Group, Chairman of Meritec Group Limited, Industrial Research Limited and Life Pharmacy Limited, Deputy Chairman of Public Trust, and a Commissioner of both the Commerce Commission and Earthquake Commission. She has been a Director of Sanford Limited, Ravensdown Fertiliser Cooperative, the Health Funding Authority, PHARMAC, Air New Zealand, Sport and Recreation New Zealand and Trust Bank New Zealand, and a member of both the Financial Reporting Standards Board of the New Zealand Institute of Chartered Accountants and the Monetary Policy Committee of the Reserve Bank of New Zealand.
Liz is a member of the Audit Committee, the Remuneration Committee, the Clinical and Health & Safety Committee and the Development Committee.
Alan Isaac has been a Director of Oceania since 1 October 2015. Alan is a professional director with extensive experience in accounting, finance and governance. He is currently Vice President of the Institute of Directors NZ Inc and is Chairman of McGrath Nicol & Partners and New Zealand Community Trust. He is also a former President of the International Cricket Council. Alan is a Director of Scales Corporation Limited and Skellerup Holdings Limited. He is also a Board member of the Wellington Free Ambulance.
Alan is a former national Chairman of KPMG, and was made a Companion of the New Zealand Order of Merit (CNZM) in 2013. He is a Fellow of Chartered Accountants Australia and New Zealand.
Alan is Chair of the Audit Committee and is a member of the Remuneration Committee.
Kerry Prendergast has been a Director of Oceania since 22 December 2016. Kerry is a professional director. She was Mayor of Wellington (2001-2010) and is currently a director on the boards of Compass Health and Wellington Free Ambulance, and is the Chair of Tourism New Zealand and the NZ Film Commission.
For 25 years Kerry was an independent midwife after training as a general nurse in 1970, and consequently gaining a Diploma in Intensive Care.
Kerry was made a Companion of the New Zealand Order of Merit (CNZM) in 2011.
Kerry is Chair of the Clinical and Health & Safety Committee.
Sally Evans has been a Director of Oceania since 23 March 2018. Sally has over 30 years' experience in the private, government and social enterprise sectors in Australia, New Zealand, the United Kingdom and Hong Kong.
Sally currently chairs the social enterprise LifeCircle and is a Director of Primary Health Care Limited in Australia and Rest (Australian Super Fund).
She has previously held Directorships on the boards of Opal Specialist Aged Care and Blue Cross Aged Care, was an inaugural member of the Australian Federal Government's Aged Care Financing Authority and held executive roles as Healthcare Director at the FTSE Compass Group plc and Head of Aged Care at AMP Capital.
Sally is Chair of the Remuneration Committee and is a member of the Clinical and Health & Safety Committee and the Audit Committee.
Patrick McCawe has been a Director of Oceania since 16 February 2017. Patrick is a Division Director in the MIRA business based in Sydney and joined the Macquarie Group in 1996.
Patrick has 36 years' experience across corporate treasury, investment banking and infrastructure funds management. Patrick was Head of Investment Banking at Macquarie New Zealand from 2002 to 2006 and was a Director of Metlifecare Limited from 2005 to 2007. He has also been a Director of several MIRA-managed companies in Australia and Asia and is a member of Chartered Accountants Australia and New Zealand.
Hugh FitzSimons has been a Director of Oceania since 25 October 2012. Hugh is a Division Director in the MIRA business. Hugh has worked with MIRA for 14 years in Sydney and New York, prior to which he worked at Allens for three years. Hugh is currently a Director of Hobart Airport and was a Director of Regis Healthcare from 2012 to 2013. He has also been on the board of several MIRA investments in the transport sector in the USA and is a member of the NSW Law Society.
Greg Tomlinson has been a Director of Oceania since 23 March 2018. Greg is a Christchurch domiciled businessman and investor with experience in a variety of New Zealand industries. One of the original pioneers of the aquaculture industry in Marlborough, he has also established construction and aged care businesses.
Greg established Qualcare before it was sold into the Oceania Group in early 2008 and he was a director of Oceania Healthcare from 2008 until 2016. Greg holds directorships on the boards of a number of New Zealand based companies and is currently a director of Heartland Bank Limited.
Greg is Chair of the Development Committee.


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Complain About Spam
Avoiding Spam
Reported Scams
Enforcement Action
Results and Statistics
Services › Anti-Spam
Spam is the generic term for the electronic commercial email, fax, and mobile/smart phone text (TXT) and image-based messages you receive without having requested them.
About Spam
New Zealand Spam Law
Internal Affairs continues its fight against mobile phone text spam through its public private partnership and international reporting service making it easier to track spammers and fraudsters breaching New Zealand's anti-spam law.
An Auckland based marketing company has been ordered to pay $120 000 for sending spam via email and text messages – the largest penalty imposed for sending spam in New Zealand. Image Marketing Group Ltd was ordered to pay a pecuniary penalty to the Crown in respect of the civil liability events referred to in the judgement below.
Media release: Historic fine for spam company (13 February 2014)
File-encrypting ransomware
The United States' FBI has this warning about the file-encrypting ransomware known as Cryptolocker.
Compliance M@tters newsletter
Subscribe to our Compliance M@tters e-newsletter. Compliance M@tters features articles about our work, complying with anti-spam legislation, news of interest and urgent scam warnings.
Like us on Facebook to keep up with spam news. We also post about scams that pose a direct threat or risk to New Zealanders.
These message are commercial in nature as they market or promote goods or services.
The Unsolicited Electronic Messages Act 2007 is designed to help stop these activities by creating a safe and secure environment for businesses and the wider community.
Businesses and individuals can Complain about Spam to the Department of Internal Affairs' Electronic Messaging Compliance team. The Department may investigate these complaints and take the appropriate action.
If you are concerned that something you have seen may be objectionable please fill out the online Content Complaint Form or contact a Censorship Inspector. The Department enforces the Films, Videos, and Publication Classification Act 1993.
The Unsolicited Electronic Messages Act 2007 came into effect on 5 September 2007. The Act defines spam as 'unsolicited commercial electronic messages'.
The Act covers email, fax, instant messaging, mobile/smart phone text (TXT) and image-based messages of a commercial nature. It does NOT cover Internet pop-ups or voice telemarketing.
Purposes of the Act
The purposes of the Act are to:
Prohibit unsolicited commercial electronic messages with a New Zealand link (i.e. messages sent to, from or within New Zealand)
Require commercial electronic messages to include accurate information about the person who authorised the sending of the message and a functional unsubscribe facility to enable the recipient to instruct the sender that no further messages are to be sent to the recipient
Prohibit address-harvesting software being used to create address lists for sending unsolicited commercial electronic messages
Deter people from using information and communication technologies inappropriately.
The Act is also intended to encourage good direct marketing practice by:
Requiring electronic messages to contain a functioning unsubscribe facility
Ensuring electronic messages are sent only to customers who have consented to receiving it
Restricting the use of address-harvesting software.
Role of the Electronic Messaging Compliance team
The Department of Internal Affairs' Anti-Spam Compliance Unit was established in September 2007. It has since changed its name to Electronic Messaging Compliance. It consists of a Manager, a Team Leader, several Investigators, and an Analyst.
Electronic Messaging Compliance directly enforces the Unsolicited Electronic Messages Act 2007 by investigating complaints about spam.
It takes enforcement action against those who deliberately flout the law, facilitates international and local industry/agency liaison, monitors emerging technologies, and advises Government on spam matters.
Electronic Messaging Compliance employs a five-pronged strategy for tackling spam. This encompasses:
Directly enforcing the Unsolicited Electronic Messages Act 2007
Promoting education and awareness
Facilitating industry liaison
Monitoring emerging technologies
Working with international agencies.
We publish information for businesses to comply with the Act and the latest reported scams. You can also read the results of our investigations and view statistics about spam and scams.
Make sure to read our press releases and follow us on Facebook and Twitter.
Approach to Compliance and Enforcement
The Department's approach to compliance and enforcement in this area is set out in the document:
Minimising Harm - Maximising Benefit
See also: The Department's Prosecution Policy
This information sheet provides information about how you can identify scams to protect yourself and others from harm.
Download 'Watch out for scams' information sheet (PDF, 1 pages, 166KB)*
View this information as HTML
This information sheet provides information about the different kinds of scams you might come across. Scammers will do anything to rip you off, so it's important to be aware of the different kinds of scams circulating - especially if you use email or a mobile phone.
Download 'Common scams' information sheet (PDF, 4 pages, 279KB)*
Social media safe tips
This information sheet provides information to help you keep safe when using social media websites such as Facebook or Twitter.
Download 'Social media safe tips' information sheet (PDF, 1 page, 188KB)*
Secure passwords
This information sheet provides tips for creating strong and unique passwords.
Download 'Secure passwords' information sheet (PDF, 1 page, 236KB)*
Contact the Electronic Messaging Compliance team by email, phone, fax or post:
General enquiries and questions about making spam complaints: info@antispam.govt.nz
Tell us about a scam:
Email or Online scam: Forward the email / email a description of the online scam to scam@reportspam.co.nz
TXT scam: Forward free to shortcode 7726 (SPAM)
If you know the name of the person you want to contact, you can email them at firstname.lastname@dia.govt.nz
Electronic Messaging Compliance Unit


Your spine is prone to continual stress every single day. Your spine is specifically designed for two important functions. Its top priority is to protect the most important structure within your body… the central nerve system (brain and spinal cord). Secondly, the spine is designed to withstand stress, such as gravity, that is applied every single day. In this day and age the TOP stressor that plagues our body is "The Gadgets". Cellphones, iPads, Kindle's, etc. When we continuously look down at gadgets, our entire spinal structure is under constant stress.
Postural deviations that start in childhood and are left undetected and uncorrected will generally lead to bigger problems when those children become adults. The more children are looking down at gadgets from earlier ages, the greater significance of cervical curve changes. These changes are not for the better.
Having your head in a forward posture can add up to thirty pounds of abnormal leverage on the cervical spine. This can pull the entire spine out of alignment – Rene Cailliet, M.D. When we focus on the immediate we only focus on the cervical spine. When in reality the entire spine will have to work over time. This means that constant muscle tension, knots, and irritation will be existing all over the spine due to the imbalance in the neck area.
Constant forward head lean will put automatic stress on the central nerve system (CNS). When you begin to alter your spinal curvature due to repetitive stress, this will result in a variety of health problems. Why? Without proper spinal support, the spinal bones will create tension and stress on your CNS. Repetitive head lean is equivalent to adding an extra 60lbs of pressure on your spinal column…which means 60lbs of undo stress on your CNS.
Everyone has had poor posture at some point. It only becomes a problem if you decide not to do anything about it. Checking your posture and getting your spine checked for subluxations enables your body to adapt to the constant stress.


text:
The written history of New York City began with the first European explorer, the Italian Giovanni da Verrazzano in 1524. European settlement began with the Dutch in 1608.

The "Sons of Liberty" campaigned against British authority in New York City, and the Stamp Act Congress of representatives from throughout the Thirteen Colonies met in the city in 1765 to organize resistance to Crown policies. The city's strategic location and status as a major seaport made it the prime target for British seizure in 1776. General George Washington lost a series of battles from which he narrowly escaped (with the notable exception of the Battle of Harlem Heights, his first victory of the war), and the British Army occupied New York and made it their base on the continent until late 1783, attracting Loyalist refugees.

The city served as the national capital under the Articles of Confederation from 1785 to 1789, and briefly served as the new nation's capital in 1789–90 under the United States Constitution. Under the new government the city hosted the inauguration of George Washington as the first President of the United States, the drafting of the United States Bill of Rights, and the first Supreme Court of the United States. The opening of the Erie Canal gave excellent steamboat connections with upstate New York and the Great Lakes, along with coastal traffic to lower New England, making the city the preeminent port on the Atlantic Ocean. The arrival of rail connections to the north and west in the 1840s and 1850s strengthened its central role.

Beginning in the mid-19th century, waves of new immigrants arrived from Europe dramatically changing the composition of the city and serving as workers in the expanding industries. Modern New York traces its development to the consolidation of the five boroughs in 1898 and an economic and building boom following the Great Depression and World War II. Throughout its history, New York has served as a main port of entry for many immigrants, and its cultural and economic influence has made it one of the most important urban areas in the United States and the world. The economy in the 1700s was based on farming, local production, fur trading, and Atlantic jobs like ship building. In the 1700s New York was sometimes referred to as a breadbasket colony, because one of its major crops was wheat. New York Colony also exported other goods included iron ore as a raw material and as manufactured goods such as tools, plows, nails and kitchen items such as kettles, pans and pots.

Native American settlement
The area that eventually encompassed modern day New York was inhabited by the Lenape people. These groups of culturally and linguistically related Native Americans traditionally spoke an Algonquian language now referred to as Unami. Early European settlers called bands of Lenape by the Unami place name for where they lived, such as "Raritan" in Staten Island and New Jersey, "Canarsee" in Brooklyn, and "Hackensack" in New Jersey across the Hudson River from Lower Manhattan. Some modern place names such as Raritan Bay and Canarsie are derived from Lenape names. Eastern Long Island neighbors were culturally and linguistically more closely related to the Mohegan-Pequot peoples of New England who spoke the Mohegan-Montauk-Narragansett language.

These peoples made use of the abundant waterways in the New York region for fishing, hunting trips, trade, and occasionally war. Many paths created by the indigenous peoples are now main thoroughfares, such as Broadway in Manhattan, the Bronx, and Westchester. The Lenape developed sophisticated techniques of hunting and managing their resources. By the time of the arrival of Europeans, they were cultivating fields of vegetation through the slash and burn technique, which extended the productive life of planted fields. They also harvested vast quantities of fish and shellfish from the bay. Historians estimate that at the time of European settlement, approximately 5,000 Lenape lived in 80 settlements around the region.

European exploration and settlement

New Angoulême
The first European visitor to the area was Giovanni da Verrazzano, an Italian in command of the French ship La Dauphine in 1524. It is believed he sailed into Upper New York Bay, where he encountered native Lenape, returned through the Narrows, where he anchored the night of April 17, and left to continue his voyage. He named the area New Angoulême () in honor of Francis I, King of France of the royal house of Valois-Angoulême and who had been Count of Angoulême from 1496 until his coronation in 1515. The name refers to the town of Angoulême, in the Charente département of France. For the next century, the area was occasionally visited by fur traders or explorers, such as by Esteban Gomez in 1525.

European exploration continued on September 2, 1609, when the Englishman Henry Hudson, in the employ of the Dutch East India Company, sailed the Half Moon through the Narrows into Upper New York Bay. Like Christopher Columbus, Hudson was looking for a westerly passage to Asia. He never found one, but he did take note of the abundant beaver population. Beaver pelts were in fashion in Europe, fueling a lucrative business. Hudson's report on the regional beaver population served as the impetus for the founding of Dutch trading colonies in the New World. The beaver's importance in New York's history is reflected by its use on the city's official seal.

Dutch settlement

The first Dutch fur trading posts and settlements were in 1614 near present-day Albany, New York, the same year that New Netherland first appeared on maps. Only in May 1624, the Dutch West India Company landed a number of families at Noten Eylant (today's Governors Island) off the southern tip of Manhattan at the mouth of the North River (today's Hudson River). Soon thereafter, most likely in 1626, construction of Fort Amsterdam began. Later, the Dutch West Indies Company imported African slaves to serve as laborers; they helped to build the wall that defended the town against English and Indian attacks. Early directors included Willem Verhulst and Peter Minuit. Willem Kieft became director in 1638 but five years later was embroiled in Kieft's War against the Native Americans. The Pavonia Massacre, across the Hudson River in present-day Jersey City, resulted in the death of 80 natives in February 1643. Following the massacre, Algonquian tribes joined forces and nearly defeated the Dutch. Holland sent additional forces to the aid of Kieft, leading to the overwhelming defeat of the Native Americans and a peace treaty on August 29, 1645.

On May 27, 1647, Peter Stuyvesant was inaugurated as director general upon his arrival and ruled as a member of the Dutch Reformed Church. The colony was granted self-government in 1652, and New Amsterdam was incorporated as a city on February 2, 1653. The first mayors (burgemeesters) of New Amsterdam, Arent van Hattem and Martin Cregier, were appointed in that year. By the early 1660s, the population consisted of approximately 1500 Europeans, only about half of whom were Dutch, and 375 Africans, 300 of whom were slaves.

A few of the original Dutch place names have been retained, most notably Flushing (after the Dutch town of Vlissingen), Harlem (after Haarlem), and Brooklyn (after Breukelen). Few buildings, however, remain from the 17th century. The oldest recorded house still in existence in New York, the Pieter Claesen Wyckoff House in Brooklyn, dates from 1652.

English rule: 1664–1783

On August 27, 1664, four English frigates under the command of Col. Richard Nicolls sailed into New Amsterdam's harbor and demanded New Netherland's surrender, as part of an effort by king Charles' brother James, Duke of York, the Lord High Admiral to provoke the Second Anglo-Dutch War. Two weeks later, Stuyvesant officially capitulated by signing Articles of Surrender and in June 1665, the town was reincorporated under English law and renamed "New York" after the Duke, and Fort Orange was renamed "Fort Albany". The war ended in a Dutch victory in 1667, but the colony remained under English rule as stipulated in the Treaty of Breda. During the Third Anglo-Dutch War, the Dutch briefly recaptured the city in 1673, renaming the city "New Orange", before permanently ceding the colony of New Netherland to the English for what is now Suriname in November 1674 at the Treaty of Westminster.

The colony benefited from increased immigration from Europe and its population grew faster. The Bolting Act of 1678, whereby no mill outside the city was permitted to grind wheat or corn, boosted growth until its repeal in 1694, increasing the number of houses over the period from 384 to 983.

In the context of the Glorious Revolution in England, Jacob Leisler led Leisler's Rebellion and effectively controlled the city and surrounding areas from 1689 to 1691, before being arrested and executed.

Lawyers
In New York at first, legal practitioners were full-time businessmen and merchants, with no legal training, who had watched a few court proceedings, and mostly used their own common sense together with snippets they had picked up about English law. Court proceedings were quite informal, for the judges had no more training than the attorneys.

By the 1760s, the situation had dramatically changed. Lawyers were essential to the rapidly growing international trade, dealing with questions of partnerships, contracts, and insurance. The sums of money involved were large, and hiring an incompetent lawyer was a very expensive proposition. Lawyers were now professionally trained, and conversant in an extremely complex language that combined highly specific legal terms and motions with a dose of Latin. Court proceedings became a baffling mystery to the ordinary layman. Lawyers became more specialized and built their reputation, and their fee schedule, on the basis of their reputation for success. But as their status, wealth and power rose, animosity grew even faster. By the 1750s and 1760s, there was a widespread attack ridiculing and demeaning the lawyers as pettifoggers (lawyers lacking sound legal skills). Their image and influence declined. The lawyers organized a bar association, but it fell apart in 1768 during the bitter political dispute between the factions based in the Delancey and Livingston families.  A large fraction of the prominent lawyers were Loyalists; their clientele was often to royal authority or British merchants and financiers. They were not allowed to practice law unless they took a loyalty oath to the new United States of America. Many went to Britain or Canada (primarily to New Brunswick and Nova Scotia) after losing the war.

For the next century, various attempts were made, and failed, to build an effective organization of lawyers. Finally a Bar Association emerged in 1869 that proved successful and continues to operate.

Native Americans and slaves

By 1700, the Lenape population of New York had diminished to 200. The Dutch West Indies Company transported African slaves to the post as trading laborers used to build the fort and stockade, and some gained freedom under the Dutch. After the seizure of the colony in 1664, the slave trade continued to be legal. In 1703, 42% of the New York households had slaves; they served as domestic servants and laborers but also became involved in skilled trades, shipping and other fields. Yet following reform in ethics according to American Enlightenment thought, by the 1770s slaves made up less than 25% of the population.

By the 1740s, 20% of the residents of New York were slaves, totaling about 2,500 people.

After a series of fires in 1741, the city became panicked that blacks planned to burn the city in conspiracy with some poor whites. Historians believe their alarm was mostly fabrication and fear, but officials rounded up 31 blacks and 4 whites, who over a period of months were convicted of arson. Of these, the city executed 13 blacks by burning them alive and hanged 4 whites and 18 blacks.

In 1754, Columbia University was founded under charter by King George II as King's College in Lower Manhattan.

American Revolution

The Stamp Act and other British measures fomented dissent, particularly among Sons of Liberty who maintained a long-running skirmish with locally stationed British troops over Liberty Poles from 1766 to 1776. The Stamp Act Congress met in New York City in 1765 in the first organized resistance to British authority across the colonies. After the major defeat of the Continental Army in the Battle of Long Island in late 1776, General George Washington withdrew to Manhattan Island, but with the subsequent defeat at the Battle of Fort Washington the island was effectively left to the British. The city became a haven for loyalist refugees, becoming a British stronghold for the entire war. Consequently, the area also became the focal point for Washington's espionage and intelligence-gathering throughout the war.

New York was greatly damaged twice by fires of suspicious origin, with the Loyalists and Patriots accusing each other of starting the conflagration. The city became the political and military center of operations for the British in North America for the remainder of the war. Continental Army officer Nathan Hale was hanged in Manhattan for espionage. In addition, the British began to hold the majority of captured American prisoners of war aboard prison ships in Wallabout Bay, across the East River in Brooklyn. More Americans lost their lives aboard these ships than died in all the battles of the war. The British occupation lasted until November 25, 1783. George Washington triumphantly returned to the city that day, as the last British forces left the city.

Federal and early America: 1784–1854

Starting in 1785 the Congress met in the city of New York under the Articles of Confederation. In 1789, New York became the first national capital under the new Constitution. The Constitution also created the current Congress of the United States, and its first sitting was at Federal Hall on Wall Street. The first Supreme Court sat there. The United States Bill of Rights was drafted and ratified there. George Washington was inaugurated at Federal Hall. New York remained the national capital until 1790, when the role was transferred to Philadelphia.

During the 19th century, the city was transformed by immigration, a visionary development proposal called the Commissioners' Plan of 1811 which expanded the city street grid to encompass all of Manhattan, and the opening of the Erie Canal in 1825, which connected the Atlantic port to the vast agricultural markets of the Midwestern United States and Canada. By 1835, New York had surpassed Philadelphia as the largest city in the United States. New York grew as an economic center, first as a result of Alexander Hamilton's policies and practices as the first Secretary of the Treasury.

In 1842, water was piped from a reservoir to supply the city for the first time.

The Great Irish Famine (1845–1850) brought a large influx of Irish immigrants, and by 1850 the Irish comprised one quarter of the city's population. Government institutions, including the New York City Police Department and the public schools, were established in the 1840s and 1850s to respond to growing demands of residents.

Modern history

Tammany and consolidation: 1855–1897

This period started with the 1855 inauguration of Fernando Wood as the first mayor from Tammany Hall. It was the political machine based among Irish Americans that controlled the local Democratic Party.  It usually dominated local politics throughout this period and into the 1930s.  Public-minded members of the merchant community pressed for a Central Park, which was opened to a design competition in 1857; it became the first landscape park in an American city.

During the American Civil War (1861–1865), the city was affected by its history of strong commercial ties to the South; before the war, half of its exports were related to cotton, including textiles from upstate mills. Together with its growing immigrant population, which was angry about conscription, sympathies among residents were divided for both the Union and Confederacy at the outbreak of war. Tensions related to the war culminated in the Draft Riots of 1863 led by Irish Catholics, who attacked black neighborhood and abolitionist homes. Many blacks left the city and moved to Brooklyn. After the Civil War, the rate of immigration from Europe grew steeply, and New York became the first stop for millions seeking a new and better life in the United States, a role acknowledged by the dedication of the Statue of Liberty in 1886.

Early 20th century: 1898–1945

From 1890 to 1930, the largest cities, led by New York, were the focus of international attention. The skyscrapers and tourist attractions were widely publicized. Suburbs were emerging as bedroom communities for commuters to the central city. San Francisco dominated the West, Atlanta dominated the South, Boston dominated New England; Chicago dominated the Midwest United States. New York City dominated the entire nation in terms of communications, trade, finance, popular culture, and high culture. More than a fourth of the 300 largest corporations in 1920 were headquartered here.

In 1898, the modern City of New York was formed with the consolidation of Brooklyn (until then an independent city), Manhattan, and outlying areas. Manhattan and the Bronx were established as two separate boroughs and joined with three other boroughs created from parts of adjacent counties to form the new municipal government originally called "Greater New York". The Borough of Brooklyn incorporated the independent City of Brooklyn, recently joined to Manhattan by the Brooklyn Bridge; the Borough of Queens was created from western Queens County (with the remnant established as Nassau County in 1899); and the Borough of Richmond contained all of Richmond County. Municipal governments contained within the boroughs were abolished, and the county governmental functions were absorbed by the city or each borough. In 1914, the New York State Legislature created Bronx County, making five counties coterminous with the five boroughs.

The Bronx had a steady boom period during 1898–1929, with a population growth by a factor of six from 200,000 in 1900 to 1.3 million in 1930. The Great Depression created a surge of unemployment, especially among the working class, and a slow-down of growth.

On June 15, 1904, over 1,000 people, mostly German immigrant women and children, were killed when the excursion steamship General Slocum caught fire and sank. It is the city's worst maritime disaster. On March 25, 1911, the Triangle Shirtwaist Factory fire in Greenwich Village took the lives of 146 garment workers. In response, the city made great advancements in the fire department, building codes, and workplace regulations.

Throughout the first half of the 20th century, the city became a world center for industry, commerce, and communication, marking its rising influence with such events as the Hudson-Fulton Celebration of 1909. Interborough Rapid Transit (the first New York City Subway company) began operating in 1904, and the railroads operating out of Grand Central Terminal and Pennsylvania Station thrived.

The city was a destination for internal migrants as well as immigrants. Through 1940, New York was a major destination for African Americans during the Great Migration from the rural American South.  The Harlem Renaissance flourished during the 1920s and the era of Prohibition. New York's ever accelerating changes and rising crime and poverty rates were reduced after World War I disrupted trade routes, the Immigration Restriction Acts limited additional immigration after the war, and the Great Depression reduced the need for new labor. The combination ended the rule of the Gilded Age barons. As the city's demographics temporarily stabilized, labor unionization helped the working class gain new protections and middle-class affluence, the city's government and infrastructure underwent a dramatic overhaul under Fiorello La Guardia, and his controversial parks commissioner, Robert Moses, ended the blight of many tenement areas, expanded new parks, remade streets, and restricted and reorganized zoning controls.

For a while, New York ranked as the most populous city in the world, overtaking London in 1925, which had reigned for a century. During the difficult years of the Great Depression, the reformer Fiorello La Guardia was elected as mayor, and Tammany Hall fell after eighty years of political dominance.

Despite the effects of the Great Depression, some of the world's tallest skyscrapers were built during the 1930s. Art Deco architecture—such as the iconic Chrysler Building, Empire State Building, and 30 Rockefeller Plaza— came to define the city's skyline. The construction of the Rockefeller Center occurred in the 1930s and was the largest-ever private development project at the time. Both before and especially after World War II, vast areas of the city were also reshaped by the construction of bridges, parks and parkways coordinated by Robert Moses, the greatest proponent of automobile-centered modernist urbanism in America.

Post–World War II: 1946–1977

Returning World War II veterans and immigrants from Europe created a postwar economic boom. Demands for new housing were aided by the G.I. Bill for veterans, stimulating the development of huge suburban tracts in eastern Queens and Nassau County. The city was extensively photographed during the post–war years by photographer Todd Webb.

New York emerged from the war as the leading city of the world, with Wall Street leading the United States ascendancy. In 1951, the United Nations relocated from its first headquarters in Flushing Meadows Park, Queens, to the East Side of Manhattan. During the late 1960s, the views of real estate developer and city leader Robert Moses began to fall out of favor as the anti-urban renewal views of Jane Jacobs gained popularity. Citizen rebellion stopped a plan to construct an expressway through Lower Manhattan.

After a short war boom, the Bronx declined from 1950 to 1985, going from predominantly moderate-income to mostly lower-income, with high rates of violent crime and poverty. The Bronx has experienced an economic and developmental resurgence starting in the late 1980s that continues into today.

The transition away from the industrial base toward a service economy picked up speed, while the jobs in the large shipbuilding and garment industries declined sharply. The ports converted to container ships, costing many traditional jobs among longshoremen. Many large corporations moved their headquarters to the suburbs or to distant cities. At the same time, there was enormous growth in services, especially finance, education, medicine, tourism, communications and law. New York remained the largest city and largest metropolitan area in the United States, and continued as its largest financial, commercial, information, and cultural center.

Like many major U.S. cities, New York suffered race riots, gang wars and some population decline in the late 1960s.  Street activists and minority groups such as the Black Panthers and Young Lords organized rent strikes and garbage offensives, demanding improved city services for poor areas.  They also set up free health clinics and other programs, as a guide for organizing and gaining "Power to the People." By the 1970s the city had gained a reputation as a crime-ridden relic of history. In 1975, the city government avoided bankruptcy only through a federal loan and debt restructuring by the Municipal Assistance Corporation, headed by Felix Rohatyn. The city was also forced to accept increased financial scrutiny by an agency of New York State. In 1977, the city was struck by the New York City blackout of 1977 and serial slayings by the Son of Sam.

1978–present

The 1980s began a rebirth of Wall Street, and the city reclaimed its role at the center of the worldwide financial industry.  Unemployment and crime remained high, the latter reaching peak levels in some categories around the close of the decade and the beginning of the 1990s. Neighborhood restoration projects funded by the city and state had very good effects for New York, especially Bedford-Stuyvesant, Harlem, and The Bronx. The city later resumed its social and economic recovery, bolstered by the influx of Asians, Latin Americans, and U.S. citizens, and by new crime-fighting techniques on the part of the New York Police Department. In 1989, New York City elected its first African American Mayor, David Dinkins. He came out of the Harlem Clubhouse.

In the late 1990s, the city benefited from the nationwide fall of violent crime rates, the resurgence of the finance industry, and the growth of the "Silicon Alley", during the dot com boom, one of the factors in a decade of booming real estate values. New York was also able to attract more business and convert abandoned industrialized neighborhoods into arts or attractive residential neighborhoods; examples include the Meatpacking District and Chelsea (in Manhattan)  and Williamsburg (in Brooklyn).

New York's population reached an all-time high in the 2000 census; according to census estimates since 2000, the city has continued to grow, including rapid growth in the most urbanized borough, Manhattan. During this period, New York City was a site of the September 11 attacks of 2001; 2,606 people who were in the towers and in the surrounding area were killed by a terrorist attack on the World Trade Center, an event considered highly traumatic for the city but which did not stop the city's rapid regrowth. On November 3, 2014, One World Trade Center opened on the site of the attack. Hurricane Sandy brought a destructive storm surge to New York in the evening of October 29, 2012, flooding numerous streets, tunnels, and subway lines in Lower Manhattan. It flooded low-lying areas of Brooklyn, Queens, and Staten Island. Electrical power was lost in many parts of the city and its suburbs.

The city went into lockdown in March 2020 amidst the first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic. , New York City has experienced the most deaths of any locality in the coronavirus pandemic in New York state, which itself has the highest number of confirmed coronavirus cases of any state in the United States. During the first wave, one-third of total known U.S. cases were in New York City.

See also
 American urban history
 Timeline of New York City
 Here Grows New York - film history of city from 1609 to present

Boroughs
History of the Bronx
History of Brooklyn
History of Queens
History of Staten Island
History of Manhattan

Streets and thoroughfares
History of Fifth Avenue
History of Broadway
History of Wall Street

Small islands
Hart Island
Rikers Island
Randall's Island
Liberty Island
Governors Island
City Island
Roosevelt Island
Ellis Island – New Jersey/NYC

Miscellany
New-York Historical Society
Museum of the City of New York
New York: A Documentary Film
New York City water supply system
Timeline of New York City crimes and disasters
Kenneth T. Jackson — historian
List of newspapers in New York in the 18th century

Notes

References

Further reading

 Abu-Lughod, Janet L. New York, Chicago, Los Angeles: America's Global Cities (U of Minnesota Press, 1999), Compares the three cities in terms of geography, economics and race from 1800 to 1990
 Anbinder, Tyler. City of Dreams: The 400-Year Epic History of Immigrant New York (Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 2016). 766 pp.
 Archdeacon, Thomas J. New York City, 1664–1710: Conquest and Change (1976)
 , The standard scholarly history, 1390pp  onlibe review; Pulitzer Prize; excerpt
 Wallace, Mike. Greater Gotham: A History of New York City from 1898 to 1919 (2017) excerpt
 Burns, Ric, and James Sanders. New York: An Illustrated History (2003), book version of 17-hour Burns PBS documentary, "NEW YORK: A Documentary Film"
 Ellis, Edward Robb. The Epic of New York City: A Narrative History (2004) 640pp; Excerpt and text search; Popular history concentrating on violent events & scandals

 Hershkowitz, Leo. Tweed's New York: Another Look. (New York: Anchor Press, 1977); scholarly study that argues Tweed was mostly innocent. online review
 Homberger, Eric. The Historical Atlas of New York City: A Visual Celebration of 400 Years of New York City's History (2005) online
 Hood. Clifton. In Pursuit of Privilege: A History of New York City's Upper Class and the Making of a Metropolis (2016). Cover 1760–1970.
 ; second edition 2010
 Jackson, Kenneth T. and Roberts, Sam (eds.) The Almanac of New York City (2008)
 Jaffe, Steven H. New York at War: Four Centuries of Combat, Fear, and Intrigue in Gotham  (2012)  Excerpt and text search
 Kessner, Thomas. Fiorello H. LaGuardia and the Making of Modern New York (1989) the most detailed standard scholarly biography online
 Lankevich, George J. New York City: A Short History (2002)
 McCully, Betsy. City At The Water's Edge: A Natural History of New York (2005), environmental history excerpt and text search
 Quigley, David.  Second Founding: New York City, Reconstruction, and the Making of American Democracy (Hill and Wang, 2004) excerpt
 Reitano, Joanne. The Restless City: A Short History of New York from Colonial Times to the Present (2010), Popular history with focus on politics and riots  excerpt and text search
 Rosenwaike, Ira. Population history of New York City (1972) online
 Syrett, Harold Coffin. The city of Brooklyn, 1865-1898: a political history (Columbia University press, 1944) online

Primary sources
 Burke, Katie. ed. Manhattan Memories: A Book of Postcards of Old New York (2000); Postcards lacking the (c) symbol are not copyright and are in the public domain.
  Dinkins, David N. A Mayor's Life: Governing New York's Gorgeous Mosaic (PublicAffairs Books, 2013)
 Gellman, David N.  and David Quigley, eds. Jim Crow New York: A Documentary History of Race and Citizenship, 1777-1877 (2003)
 Jackson, Kenneth T. and David S. Dunbar, eds. Empire City: New York Through the Centuries 1015 pages of excerpts online
 Kouwenhoven, John Atlee. The Columbia Historical Portrait of New York: An Essay In Graphic History. (1953)
 Paterson, David. Black, Blind, & In Charge: A Story of Visionary Leadership and Overcoming Adversity.  New York, 2020)

 Still, Bayrd, ed. Mirror for Gotham: New York as Seen by Contemporaries from Dutch Days to the Present (New York University Press, 1956)
 Stokes, I.N. Phelps. The Iconography of Manhattan Island, 1498-1909 compiled from original sources and illustrated by photo-intaglio reproductions of important maps plans views and documents in public and private collections  (6 vols., 1915–28). A highly detailed, heavily illustrated chronology of Manhattan and New York City. see The Iconography of Manhattan Island All volumes are on line free at:
 I.N. Phelps Stokes; The Iconography of Manhattan Island Vol 1. 1915 v. 1. The period of discovery (1524-1609); the Dutch period (1609-1664). The English period (1664-1763). The Revolutionary period (1763-1783). Period of adjustment and reconstruction; New York as the state and federal capital (1783-1811)
 I.N. Phelps Stokes; The Iconography of Manhattan Island Vol 2. 1916 v. 2. Cartography: an essay on the development of knowledge regarding the geography of the east coast of North America; Manhattan Island and its environs on early maps and charts / by F.C. Wieder and I.N. Phelps Stokes. The Manatus maps. The Castello plan. The Dutch grants. Early New York newspapers (1725-1811). Plan of Manhattan Island in 1908
 I.N. Phelps Stokes; The Iconography of Manhattan Island Vol 3. 1918 v. 3. The War of 1812 (1812-1815). Period of invention, prosperity, and progress (1815-1841). Period of industrial and educational development (1842-1860). The Civil War (1861-1865); period of political and social development (1865-1876). The modern city and island (1876-1909)
 I.N. Phelps Stokes; The Iconography of Manhattan Island Vol 4. 1922; v. 4. The period of discovery (565-1626); the Dutch period (1626-1664). The English period (1664-1763). The Revolutionary period, part I (1763-1776)
 I.N. Phelps Stokes; The Iconography of Manhattan Island Vol 5. 1926; v. 5. The Revolutionary period, part II (1776-1783). Period of adjustment and reconstruction New York as the state and federal capital (1783-1811). The War of 1812 (1812-1815) ; period of invention, prosperity, and progress (1815-1841). Period of industrial and educational development (1842-1860). The Civil War (1861-1865) ; Period of political and social development (1865-1876). The modern city and island (1876-1909)
 I.N. Phelps Stokes; The Iconography of Manhattan Island Vol 6. 1928; v. 6. Chronology: addenda. Original grants and farms. Bibliography. Index.
 Virga, Vincent, ed. Historic Maps and Views of New York (2008)

Further viewing
 New York: A Documentary Film: an eight part, 17 hour documentary film directed by Ric Burns for PBS. It originally aired in 1999 with additional episodes airing in 2001 and 2003.

External links

Gotham Center for New York City History
Museum of the City of New York
New-York Historical Society
 Boston Public Library, Map Center. Maps of NYC , various dates

Select "New York City" value to browse NYC Maps (satyrical, political, pictorial)  from 1883 to 1984 at the Persuasive Cartography, The PJ Mode Collection, Cornell University Library.

Articles which contain graphical timelines
Air pollution in New York City

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
Refuge Plain
Bar X Tree
The Ammon Underwood House
East Columbia, TX
The Ammon Underwood House. A structure erected in noted old river port town of Marion in Republic of Texas era. First portion, of hand-hewn cedar, was built about 1835 by colonist Thomas W. Nibbs. Merchant-civic leader- soldier Ammon Underwood (1810-87) bought and enlarged house in 1838-39. In 1839 he married Rachel Jane, daughter of William and Catherine Carson, of Austin's original colony. President Anson Jones and other famous Texans often visited the Underwoods. Recorded Texas Historic Landmark - 1970 #9612
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The Aycock Crews House
East Columbia on the Brazos River was the largest river port in Texas prior to the Civil War and is still navigable year round. Captain Richard Aycock was the last riverboat captain and pilot to work a stern wheel paddleboat on the Brazos River. Captain Aycock had the home built for his wife Susanah. Their first child was born there in 1881.
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Aldridge-Smith Home
Aldridge-Smith Home.
This local landmark was built between 1837 and 1841 for William Aldridge, a farmer and large landholder. After a 10-year ownership by merchant Henry Hansen, the house was sold to J. H. Dance and Co., a construction firm that supplied arms to the Confederacy. Businessman Thomas Masterson Smith (1882-1965) and his wife Mary (1881-1964) leased the house from 1908 until they purchased it in 1917. The home has been in the Smith family for more than 60 years. Recorded Texas Historic Landmark - 1983 #9518
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Yellow House
birthday roadtripeast columbia tx
Tyler-Bryan-Weems House
Ariadne O. Gautier (1834-1910) came from Florida to this part of Texas in 1841 with her parents. Her father, Dr. Peter Gautier, Jr., joined other Texans in turning back an invading Mexican army in 1842. In 1855, Ariadne married Clinton Lucretius Terry, with whom she had four children. Terry, serving with Terry's Texas Rangers, died in the Civil War at Shiloh in 1862. Six years later, Ariadne wed William Tyler. Again widowed, she purchased property at this site in 1871. Records indicate she built the original part of this house within the next two years. She married a third time, to Henry H. Swymmer, in 1875. Ariadne sold the property in 1897 to Frank Bowden Chilton (1845-1926), who had been a captain in Hood's Texas Brigade. In 1900, he gave the property to Mary Louise Chilton (1877-1973), his daughter by his third wife, Ann (Briscoe). The property formally transferred on the date of Mary's marriage to Austin Y. Bryan (1863-1930), grandson of Stephen F. Austin's sister, Emily Austin Bryan Perry. The Bryans sold the house in 1919 to West Columbia hardware and mercantile store owner Sands Smith Weems, Sr. (1873-1961) and his wife, Nan (Pickett) (1880-1964). The Weems family retained ownership of the house until 2000. The frame house was built in the Greek Revival style. Details include square posts with molded caps, as well as a balustrade on the second level. The house features an inset, two-tiered porch with five bays. The entries are accented by sidelights. The original structure was symmetrical and built on a rectangular plan. During their ownership, the Bryans built a two-story, ell-shaped addition to the back of the house, which serves as a model of 19th-century vernacular architecture. Recorded Texas Historic Landmark - 2002 #12937
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M. L. Weems House
M. L. Weems House. This Greek Revival house was built about 1847 by Dr. Mason Locke Weems II, the first of a succession of Weems family physicians to live here. The house features a center passage plan and raised cottage form. Details on the six-bay inset porch include square posts with molded caps and turned-wood balusters. To avoid Brazos River floods, the house was moved to its present location about 1869 and later enlarged and remodeled. Recorded Texas Historic Landmark - 1962 #9613
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White House, East Columbia
Tan House
Windmill, CR 25
My favorite old windmill. Located on CR 25 in Brazoria County just down the road from the Nash Prairie Preserve.
birthday roadtripbrazoria countywindmill


The game is a 2D survival platformer animated using a combination of programmed and traditional animation. Drawing inspiration from the simplicity of 16-bit classics, the gameplay is fast paced, whether the Slugcat is running away from predators or after its prey. A large portion of the time spent on the development has been invested in making the enemy AI deadly and cunning. There are over 1600 rooms in 12 different regions to explore.
As the Slugcat travels through a land plagued by bone-crushing rain, searching for it's family, it will sneak, pounce and climb its way with fluidity and a sense of weight thanks to procedurally generated animation. The game will also feature a co-op and competitive modes for up to four players. The competitive mode will include deathmatches, endurance, waves, custom challenges, etc.
A fresh batch of GIFs is up for inspection on the official site. The short animations provide a taste of what to expect from the final release. Rain World will be released for PlayStation 4 and PC at an unspecified time in 2017.


BulgarianProperties.com - your one-stop service for buying your apartment, house, land, office, hotel or business in Bulgaria. The widest selection of Off-plan Apartments, Rural and Village houses, Development Land, Commercial Properties, Holiday Homes in the Ski and Beach Resorts, City apartments and Real Estate Investment Opportunities. Unlimited advice, guidance and assistance from experienced Property, Law, Finance and Insurance Professionals looking after your investment in Bulgaria. Complete Customer Support and After Sales Service from your own dedicated team of property purchase experts. BulgarianProperties.com offer two levels of cooperation, the first one being the Affiliate Link. Using proven cookie technology, BulgarianProperties.com can tell where an enquiry has come from for up to 90 days. Not only that, but also, once a client sendsan enquiry, and they are automatically entered in their database, BulgarianProperties.com will know which affiliate they came from forever! Using their online affiliate system, an affiliate can also manually enter client details, from a telephone call or email, for example. The second level, Partnership, enables the partner to choose how they promote properties on their own web site, or in their shop or office or even by word of mouth. Once again, using the online affiliate system, the partner can download individual properties of their choice and upload them to their site. Additionally, by using SQL technology, it is possible to upload the entire database in one go. Option 1: 1) 9 Euros per genuine lead Or 2) 500 Euros per rural sale or 2% of the price for off plan apartment sales. Option 2: 1) 5 Euros per genuine lead plus 500 Euros or 2% for a sale Or 2) 9 Euros per genuine lead Or 3) 700 Euros per rural sale, or 3% of the price for off plan apartment sales.
City Landlord - aim to provide property owners with access to quality insurance products at competitive prices with excellent customer service and claims support. We can cover buildings and contents both separately or in combination, providing a specialist cover that specifically meets the needs of landlords. Benefits include: Cover for houses, flats, HMOs and bedsits; Contents cover up to £40,000; 'New for old' insurance cover; Commercial and residential combined properties; Loss of rent cover – up to 30% of the build sum; Employers Liability to £10 million; Property owner's liability £5 million; Discounts for multiple properties. We provide quotes to the private rented sector for properties let to: professional people of independent means, students, those receiving housing benefit and for unoccupied properties. In addition we provide cover for UK holiday and second homes, as well as a wide selection of tenant referencing and legal expenses & rent guarantee products. Earn 30% commission on sales.
HomesGoFast.com - Online since 2002 Homesgofast.com connect international real estate agents and homeowners with foreign buyers. Homeowners and Agents can access a huge global network of 100+ websites by advertising their homes on the site both to rent and for sale. Buying a home abroad find hundreds of thousands of listings from over 40 countries world wide. Earn 15% commission on sales.
HouseWeb - Earn up to 10% on HouseWeb's advertising packages (up to £19 commission per sale). HouseWeb is the alternative to the estate agent, saving homeowners around £4,000 with a cost-effective and simple way to sell their home. Pays up to 5.00% on sales.
Reserve Apartments - are the market leader for self catering serviced apartments in Edinburgh (www.letinedinburgh.co.uk) and Glasgow (www.reserveglasgow.co.uk). They have the widest range of quality apartments, all with instant online booking. This market has experienced rapid growth in the past few years as a growing number of people begin to understand the massive benefits of staying in a self catered apartment. Being able to instantly compare the actual price of available apartments is a massive bonus for those looking to stay in an apartment during their short break. Earn 5% of the value of all referred bookings.


2. Be curious. Promoting curiosity and asking questions leads to inclusivity, because it shows your team that it's okay to not have all the answers. There is power in saying "I don't know," and it eliminates the feeling that everyone has to be the smartest person in the room. A psychologically safe culture promotes behaviours like genuinely wanting to learn, and a big part of learning is listening to what others have to say. You can do this by modeling the behaviour yourself — asking questions and admitting you'd love to know more about a subject. You could also create structure around this by having every member on your team share a lesson or insight on something monthly. This could be something big (the secrets to the best email marketing campaigns) or even small (Google Docs keyboard shortcuts you need to know).


Shawn is vibrant, playful young man. He is a nature lover, and is often found climbing fruit trees. He has a very outgoing personality.
Shawn enjoys watching television and playing football.
Shawn attends CCCD's Kingston Campus. He receives an education, learns sign language, and receives the Word of God.


November marks my two-year anniversary of being a full-time business owner.
In honor of this milestone, I wanted to take some time this week to share my story with you.
But my story isn't one of overnight success, rags to riches, or four-hour workweeks.
Since I started my business I've pivoted, changed my mind, made mistakes, closed down shop, felt lost, and almost gave up.
And despite all of the twists and turns, I've managed to build a business that allowed me to quit my corporate job and to have a business that I absolutely love.
My hope in sharing my story is that it will be one that encourages you because it's real, it's vulnerable, and it's honest.
I started MeganMinns.com in 2013 and I originally offered graphic design, branding, and custom handwriting services.
I started on WordPress and spent 99% of my time just messing with the way my site looked, trying to have the perfect logo, learning how to customize everything, and I barely did an actual work for my business.
When I did get clients, most were friends or referrals from friends. It was really fun to start making money and see that I could offer something that people valued.
At the time, I was working a full-time job in Human Resources. My business was more of a side hustle and passion project than an actual business. I didn't know what would come from it and I never would have guessed I'd end up where I am now.
It was in 2014 when I decided to take things more seriously and form an LLC. As excited as I was to have an "official" business, I began to realize that being a designer was emotionally and mentally challenging for me.
Art is extremely personal and eventually I just couldn't handle how subjective it was. The industry felt competitive and I found myself always comparing my skills and portfolio to others.
It was a really hard time for me in 2014. I just decided to become an LLC and then months later was second guessing everything.
I was still taking on design clients during this time, but I began to explore other ways for me to be creative while not offering individual design services.
At the end of 2014, I launched an Etsy shop where I sold notepads and stationery. It was going really well at first, but then I got a cease and desist letter from another Etsy shop owner who thought one of my items was too similar to theirs. It totally freaked me out. I didn't have the knowledge, confidence, or experience to know how to handle something like this. So after just fulfilling my dream of having a paper store on Etsy, I closed the shop.
So at the end of 2014, I didn't want to have any more design clients and I didn't have an Etsy shop. I had spent countless hours and a lot of money trying to make this work and I just felt worn down and like I wanted to quit.
At the beginning of 2015, I was talking with my mentor about what to do. We were talking about my strengths, my weaknesses, what I was really good at in my full-time job, and what I like to do.
I'll never forget when she asked me if I had ever thought about being a virtual assistant.
I had never realized how perfect my strengths and interests were for this role and she helped me realize that I can dramatically pivot my business and not be ashamed. She gave the boost of confidence and reassurance I needed during that time to keep going.
So I pivoted. I stopped doing design work, I stopped identifying as a designer, and decided to promote myself as a virtual assistant.
Being a virtual assistant played into my strengths and I loved doing it! I specialized in being a technical virtual assistant who could help entrepreneurs with all of the systems and tech that it take to run a business. Specializing really helped me stand out as a newer virtual assistant.
I did barely any marketing. I just was engaging and helping people out in Facebook groups. People would just fill out my form on my website and ask to work with me.
And within just a few months a was booked out. Keep in mind that I was still working a full-time job, so "booked out" for me wasn't 40 hours a week of client work.
It was a busy season of life. I'd wake up, go to work, come home, sit down and do more work, stay up really late, get almost no sleep, and even work on the weekends. I wasn't the healthiest example of a side hustler, but I was loving it and it was a really special season. I was just all in.
That summer I launched my very first program, Squarespace In One Weekend. I was so humbled to have people in enroll in my program and was even more validated that I was heading in the right direction.
By November of 2015, I was able to quit my full-time job.
This was a huge milestone for me that just a year earlier, I never thought would happen. For this dramatic transformation to happen over just 10 or 11 months blows my mind. I think it shows how important it is to be working in your zone of genius and how much it can escalate your business.
Now, I was not the brave take-the-leap-and-it-will-all-work-out type of person. I needed a plan. I had enough clients at the time who wanted to work with me more, that I was able to coordinate a situation where I could have an increase in hours guaranteed to me by my clients when I quit my full-time job.
I also asked myself one key question: "what is the worst case scenario?"
For me, the worst case scenario was that I try this out for six months, and if I hate it, don't like working for myself, miss the corporate job, or am not making money, then I'll go back and get another corporate job. And that helped me see that taking the risk was worth it. Because I was pretty okay with that possible outcome.
I ended 2015 on a high! It is amazing the difference one year can make.
Over the course of 2016, I started to take on a greater responsibility with my clients. I noticed that my clients needed a higher level of support as their business continued to grow.
I knew I could serve them in a deeper way than community management, inbox management, and social media scheduling. So over time, I began functioning as an online business manager and project manager. It happened very gradually and I didn't take a class or have any one teach me how to do it. I just leaned in to my strengths, what I enjoyed working on, and seeing a need that I could help with.
I was still doing the technical work, so even as an online business manager or a project manager, I was still creating funnels, updating websites, building out membership sites, and doing the tech work behind everything.
Around that time, I started creating my own products too. I created several spreadsheets people to help people plan their goals and track their statistics. I also co-created Website In A Box (now called Square Your Site), with one of my clients, Mariah. That was really exciting, and rewarding, and a new challenge. I also began earning affiliate revenue during this time.
To my amazement, my first full-year as self-employed business owner was also when I had my first six-figure year. I was hitting a milestone that I honestly didn't know if I would ever hit.
My phrase for 2017 was "fearless visibility" and it has been such a shift for my business.
After years of being behind the scenes of other businesses, it hasn't always been easy. But I have loved stepping outside of my comfort zone to be more visible and help people outside of my 1:1 clients.
Most of 2017 has also felt like there was this deeper shift in progress. I didn't know what the shift was or what it would look like, but it felt like there was some foundational changes that were brewing.
I started making tiny changes over time to see where things were heading.
One of the first things that I realized was that I needed to change the way I worked with my clients. While I loved helping them as an online business manager, project manager, and technical virtual assistant, it was all-consuming and wasn't going to allow me to step into this greater vision for my own business.
I decided to specialize in project management. By being a project manager for my clients, I would still be able to help them achieve their goals, launch their courses, and manage their team. But it would also allow me to set boundaries for myself and give myself more time to work on my business.
I launched two new products this year. One product helps people create their own email templates in ConvertKit and the other helps people organize their business and life in Asana.
One of the things I did this year that made a huge impact was investing in support. By working with mentors and coaches, I've been able to get a fresh perspective, identify my mission, and strategize for my business at a higher level. I wish I had invested in support sooner!
While this year has been my most successful year yet, it also feels like just the beginning. With the deeper shift happening internally, I can sense that all of these changes and evolutions will really show themselves next year. I'm excited to see what unfolds in 2018!
One of the ways I'm looking to shift is how I work with people. I'm looking to expand beyond project management and work with more businesses in a more transformative way.
If you're interested in learning more about how we can work together, you can apply to work with me here.
Looking back at it all, what are the big takeaways of my entrepreneurial journey so far?
Ideas are meaningless if you don't take action on them. I typically have an idea and then sit on it forever before I do anything.
I need all of the information and I procrastinate through research. This is still something I'm continually working on, but I wish I could have told myself back in 2013 or even 2012 when I had the idea to start something, "Just get started."
Getting outside of your comfort zone is essential as a business owner. Running a business is scary, challenging, nerve-wracking, and hard, but it's also so fulfilling, and rewarding, and amazing.
Before I started my business, I wouldn't have considered myself a confident or decisive person. By running a business I, as a person, have evolved and grown. I can make decisions, I can be super confident, and I can get out here and get on camera and talk about my story in a more vulnerable way, which I never would have been able to do before.
I spent way too much time at the beginning obsessing with the way my website looked. My business has shifted multiple times, and if I had spent thousands of dollars on a custom website when I was a graphic designer, that would have been irrelevant a year later.
It's more important to start helping people, creating content, and bringing in the revenue. You're not a business if you're not making money, you're an expensive hobby.
Don't be afraid to change your mind, pivot your business, or evolve.
Even the most successful businesses have to evolve to survive. You can see this in today's society when you look at any big name business that has had to evolve due to companies like Amazon.
As you start your business, you should go ahead and accept that your business will continue to evolve overtime. Never stop growing and changing. Let the evolution happen, don't fight it, and trust yourself.
When I'm making a decision, I always ask myself, "What's the worst that could happen?" If I'm okay with the "worst case scenario" then I usually take the risk.
As a service provider, nothing helped grow my business as much as specializing did. Either specialize in what you do or who you help.
By doing this, you'll stand out as an expert much faster and you'll be operating in your zone of genius.
A big lesson that I learned this year is to hire a coach or a mentor. This year I've invested in myself and it has been a game changer. I believe every business owner needs a business mentor, coach, and mastermind.
Not only does having support make running a business feel easier, it also makes things fun and collaborative. Since hiring a coach, I find myself more inspired, more confident, and more excited. I look forward to calls where I can bounce ideas off of my coach and make plans together. It feels like you're steering the ship with a co-captain and you get to learn from their experience and expertise.
I wish I had started investing in coaches or mentors years ago, because I think it would have propelled me to move forward faster.
In addition to needing support in the form of a coach or mentor, I believe that having friends who are also business owners is important. Whether you just form friendships naturally or join a mastermind group, the support you get from these friends will be priceless.
Don't get me wrong, friends in your personal life are important too. But no matter how supportive your friends are, there is a difference when you can talk with someone who understands what you do and the language you speak when talking about business.
It may be scary, but leaning into your bigger purpose and vision is life-changing and really, really exciting. Take the risk, take the step forward, be verbal, be a voice, help people. This is where the magic is.
There is no one formula for success, and there is no measuring stick for comparison. Do not worry about how long you've been side hustling, or how profitable you are compared to others, or how long you've been in business compared to that other person who just came out of nowhere. Don't worry about that.
Your journey is unique to you and it's that way for a reason. I can look back and see parts of my journey that I wasn't happy with during the time, and see the purpose they served in my business as life.
Don't compare your business and your journey to anyone else's because you are exactly where you're supposed to be and your business is exactly where it's supposed to be. That doesn't mean you can't quickly ramp it up to the next stage, but don't fall into the comparison game. Just embrace your journey and the way it is.
What is one of the biggest lessons you've learned since you started your business?


Earned the Better Together (Level 3) badge! Earned the I Believe in IPA! (Level 26) badge!
Earned the New Brew Thursday (Level 11) badge! Earned the Middle of the Road (Level 69) badge! Earned the Draft City (Level 6) badge! Earned the 2X (Level 5) badge!
Earned the Riding Steady (Level 60) badge! Earned the Brewery Pioneer (Level 26) badge! Earned the 99 Bottles (Level 85) badge! Earned the Tower of Beer (Level 4) badge!
Earned the 99 Bottles (Level 84) badge! Earned the Wheel of Styles (Level 24) badge! Earned the Black as the Night badge! Earned the The Dark Side (Level 4) badge!
Earned the Sky's the Limit (Level 2) badge! Earned the I Believe in IPA! (Level 25) badge!
Radu C. is drinking a Kelpie Seaweed Ale by Williams Brothers Brewing Co.
Bereta Brewing Community - Double IPA w. Draso Bereta Brewing Co.


Inflation: Now, Sexier Than Ever!
BIG FED DADDY is now live on the YouTube airways! Watch it HERE! Share it with that special central banker in your life.
We couldn't have made this video without the invaluable talents of Bliss Holloway. Kima Baffour brought the pimp costumes. Reliance Limo Service hooked us up with an amazing limo. Also a big thanks is in order to Dustin Holloway, Cristina Ferreiro, Max Pearlman, Dewey Caddell, Penny Pollak, and Lucky Dave, who all gave their time and energy to make our project a reality. And, of course, The Puffin Foundation. Thank you!
Check out our first ever fan art, made by Steve "The Whistler" Herbst! This photo was taken at our recent University Glee Club AfterGlow show. Thanks Steve!