text:
Iron Wolf (organization)
For other uses, see Iron Wolf (disambiguation).
Prime Minister Augustinas Voldemaras, chief of Iron Wolf
Iron Wolf (Lithuanian: Geležinis Vilkas) was a semi-official Lithuanian militarized organization active in 1928–1930 and led by Prime Minister Augustinas Voldemaras. Established at the end of 1927 by the ruling Lithuanian Nationalist Union to help suppress its opposition, it was inspired by the Blackshirts, an Italian fascist organization. The organization was secret; it was officially active as a sports union from May 1928. The organization spied on its political opponents, engaged in limited physical coercion, and launched propaganda initiatives. It had more than 4,000 members.
When Voldemaras was removed as Prime Minister in September 1929, President Antanas Smetona attempted to install his men at the organization. When that tactic failed, the organization was officially closed on 24 May 1930. However, supporters of Voldemaras continued to be active and became known as Voldemarininkai. They planned several anti-Smetona coups, became increasingly sympathetic to fascism, and often collaborated with Nazis during the German occupation of Lithuania. Iron Wolf was briefly reestablished in 1941 to support the pro-Nazi Lithuanian Nationalists Party.
1 Establishment and organization
2.1 Use of force
2.2 Propaganda and indoctrination
3 Disestablishment
Establishment and organization[edit]
Iron Wolf membership as of 1 June 1929[1]
Farmers 1,631 39.1%
Government employees 1,024 24.6%
Police employees 551 13.2%
Students 523 12.6%
Craftsmen 192 4.6%
Workers 98 2.7%
Others 145 3.5%
Under 21 418 10%
21 to 40 3,426 82.3%
Over 40 320 7.7%
By military service
Reserve officers 194 4.7%
Reserve soldiers 2,126 51%
Active military 15 0.4%
No military 1,829 43.9%
The Lithuanian Nationalist Union came to power as a result of the December 1926 coup d'état. Two unsuccessful counter-coups were staged in 1927, one in March by Juozas Pajaujis [lt] and another in September (see Tauragė Revolt). Thus, the nationalists felt insecure.[2] Iron Wolf, named after the howling iron wolf featured in the legend on the founding of Vilnius, was established to help the new regime fight its opponents. The organization was officially established on 8 January 1928 though preparations started few months earlier.[2] It was inspired by the Blackshirts, an Italian fascist organization loyal to Benito Mussolini.[3] Initially, Iron Wolf was a secret organization. On 26 May 1928, it established the Iron Wolf Sports Union, chaired by Jonas Pyragius [lt], which became its public front organization.[4] It was the only militarized sports club in interwar Lithuania.[5] The secret organization, to distinguish it from the legal sports union, was referred to as the National Defense of Lithuania "Iron Wolf" (Lietuvos tautinė apsauga "Geležinis vilkas") or simply Defense (Apsauga).[6] Despite secrecy, existence of Iron Wolf became known.[5]
While its chief was Prime Minister Augustinas Voldemaras, the organization was headed by the Supreme Staff (Vyriausiasis štabas) commanded by Algirdas Sliesoraitis.[7] The structure of Iron Wolf was based on military order and hierarchy.[8] The organization attracted police officers, soldiers, government employees as well as students and teachers. In January 1929, it had about 3,500 members and 1,500 candidates divided into 252 groups.[7] By June 1, it grew to 4,164 members.[1] Iron Wolf was funded from the special government funds by the Ministry of the Interior.[9] Its motto was "Nation's honor and State's prosperity" (Tautos garbė, valstybės gerovė).[8]
Activities[edit]
Members of Iron Wolf were assigned one of three main tasks: activist (taking verbal or physical action when ordered), spy (report on private conversations and infiltrate other organizations), and propagandist (openly propagate Iron Wolf's ideology).[10]
Use of force[edit]
The members collected information about the activities of the political opponents of the new regime and the overall situation and mood of the general public. The reports were forwarded to the Supreme Staff which then decided on further actions.[11] If called, the members were supposed to help the Lithuanian Nationalist Union suppress protests, coups, or other anti-government disturbances.[7] Detail plans were drawn up on rapid response to threats; in this regard Iron Wolf duplicated the functions of the police and the military.[12] It does not appear that these plans were used in practice except, perhaps, on 6 May 1929 when suspects were apprehended after an unsuccessful assassination attempt against Voldemaras.[13]
Members of Iron Wolf used intimidation tactics against its political opponents. However, very little is known about the violent activities of Iron Wolf as most of these records were destroyed when the organization was liquidated in 1930.[13][14] They patrolled city streets, followed activists, on occasion engaged in public scuffles particularly with members of national minorities (Polish and Jews).[15] There is no evidence that Iron Wolf murdered anyone.[16] For example, Iron Wolf was suspected of kidnapping and torturing newspaper editor Kazys Bridžius [lt] in August 1928.[17] Bridžius refused to submit a complaint to the police and resigned; the newspaper Momentas (Moment) was taken over by the members of Iron Wolf.[18] In early 1929, a group of Iron Wolf members vandalized Jewish store signs in Kaunas; it was done without approval from the superiors and perpetrators were threatened disciplinary sanctions.[19] The number of various incidents increased after the May 1929 assassination attempt on Voldemaras.[20] The Supreme Staff lost control of some of the more extreme members and started purging the ranks.[13]
The most serious incident occurred during the night from 1 to 2 August 1929 in the Vilijampolė district of Kaunas.[19][18] During the day, communists organized a protest and the police arrested 81 people, including 76 Jews. During the night, several men (officially identified as members of the Lithuanian Riflemen's Union) started patrolling the streets and asking Jews for identification documents.[19] When Jews refused, the men started beating every passing Jew. Next morning, 30 Jews submitted a complaint to the police. Initially, the official press of the Lithuanian Nationalist Union defended and excused the perpetrators. But later they were condemned and 17 men were tried in May 1932. Twelve of them were sentenced to prison for nine to two months.[19] While Iron Wolf was not mentioned in any proceedings, behind the scenes Minister of the Interior Ignas Musteikis [lt] blamed leaders of Iron Wolf for the failure to contain their men.[19][18]
Iron Wolf developed a strategy how to deal with its political opponents. Together with the police and other authorities, members of Iron Wolf searched and apprehended members of openly anti-government organizations (e.g. members of the Communist Party of Lithuania or the so-called Plečkaitininkai).[10] Members of the popular and influential Lithuanian Christian Democratic Party and the Lithuanian Popular Peasants' Union were recruited to join organizations established by the nationalists – the Lithuanian Catholic Union (Lietuvos katalikų sąjunga) and the Lithuanian Farmers Unity (Lietuvos ūkininkų vienybė).[10] The nationalists did not establish an organization to siphon members of the Social Democratic Party of Lithuania as very few members of Iron Wolf were workers.[12]
Propaganda and indoctrination[edit]
Iron Wolf emphasized and demanded absolute obedience from its members.[21] Iron Wolf declared itself to be an apolitical organization – it did not have a political program and only stood active guard against anti-government threats. However, very quickly leaders of Iron Wolf developed their own ideology that rejected democracy for radicalism and nationalism.[19] Members were required to promote the ideas of Iron Wolf – participate in pro-government gatherings, publish articles, etc. – to create an illusion of the popular support to the new regime. Its propaganda efforts were referred to as the wolfization (suvilkinimas) of the society.[22] From 1928 to December 1929, Iron Wolf published its periodical Tautos kelias (Path of the Nation) twice a month. In total, 84 issues were published.[23] It was a lot more radical than other periodicals published by the Lithuanian Nationalist Union.[19] In this periodical, Iron Wolf did not defend that it was chauvinist but rejected any accusations that it was anti-Semitic. In its internal documents, Iron Wolf prohibited any excesses against the Jews but worked on a program to reduce Jewish economic influence and to support Lithuanian-owned businesses (i.e. to "free Lithuanians from economic subjugation by the Jews").[19] Tautos kelias published some articles exposing corruption or lack of patriotism based on the secret reports submitted to the Supreme Staff. The newspaper was sued several times for publishing false information and slander.[11]
The members were mandated to join the Lithuanian Riflemen's Union which had somewhat similar goals of creating a people's militia. Joining the riflemen allowed members to acquire and practice weapons without raising suspicion. Eventually, Iron Wolf planned to infiltrate the riflemen and "cleanse" it from "ideologically unreliable" personnel.[4] Iron Wolf promoted sports particularly those that were related to military preparedness. Special attention was paid to shooting sports and weapons instruction. Iron Wolf hired military instructors and requisitioned three machine guns.[24] Starting in fall 1928, Iron Wolf started creating sections of the sports union in various schools to recruit youth into the organization. When Iron Wolf sections were blocked by legal obstacles, the organization worked with school groups organized by Young Lithuania, the youth branch of the Lithuanian Nationalist Union.[25] In April 1929, Minister of Education Konstantinas Šakenis [lt] approved school curriculum on military preparedness and removed legal obstacles for Iron Wolf to organize student groups.[26] In parallel, Iron Wolf worked to infiltrate and "cleanse" Dr. Jonas Basanavičius Nationalist Teachers' Union and to remove "non-patriotic" teachers from schools.[27]
Disestablishment[edit]
Iron Wolf was loyal to Voldemaras and there were rumors that he might use it to oust President Antanas Smetona.[28] Smetona acted first and removed Voldemaras as Prime Minister on 19 September 1929. Smetona demanded Sliesoraitis' resignation, but he refused and Iron Wolf split into two – those loyal to Smetona and those loyal to Voldemaras. Supporters of Voldemaras were persecuted and went underground; many other members resigned.[28] On 30 November 1930, the office of the Supreme Staff was bombed giving Smetona an impetus for a full-scale prosecution of Voldemaras supporters.[29] The Lithuanian Nationalist Union installed new commanders, Kazys Matulevičius and Brunonas Štencelis,[7] who attempted to cleanse and reorganize the severely reduced organization. Tautos kelias was renamed to Mūsų tautos kelias (Path of Our Nation). However, the organization was in total disarray and was officially closed on 24 May 1930.[29] The sports union was disbanded on 7 November 1930.[14]
The old Iron Wolf loyal to Voldemaras continued as an underground group known as Voldemarininkai. In 1934, its members attempted a failed coup d'état against President Smetona. Voldemaras was imprisoned, but was released in 1938 and emigrated to France. Nevertheless, Voldemarininkai continued to be active. They reestablished Iron Wolf after Lithuania was occupied by Germany in 1941. It was supposed to be similar to Nazi SA or SS and support the Lithuanian Nationalists Party (Lithuanian equivalent to the Nazi Party).[30] However, the party was officially closed in December 1941.[31]
^ a b Petronis 2018, p. 229.
^ Petronis 2013, pp. 105, 110, 113, 119.
^ Petronis 2013, p. 107.
^ a b c d Rudis 2018.
^ a b c Petronis 2018, p. 226.
^ a b c d e f g h Rudis 2006.
^ Petronis 2018, pp. 228, 230.
^ Petronis 2018, pp. 223–224.
^ Tapinas 1997, p. 507.
^ Knezys 2000.
^ Brandišauskas 2019.
Brandišauskas, Valentinas (25 February 2019) [2008]. "Lietuvių nacionalistų partija". Visuotinė lietuvių enciklopedija (in Lithuanian). Mokslo ir enciklopedijų leidybos centras.
Knezys, Stasys (2000). "Kauno karo komendantūros Tautinio darbo batalionas 1941 m." Genocidas ir rezistencija (in Lithuanian). 7 (1). ISSN 1392-3463.
Petronis, Vytautas (2013). "Po sporto priedanga: Radikalus dešinysis judėjimas ir "Geležinio Vilko" Sporto Sąjunga Lietuvoje (1928-1930)" (PDF). Lietuvos istorijos metraštis (in Lithuanian). 1: 101–120. ISSN 0202-3342.
Petronis, Vytautas (2018). "Guarding the Honor of the Nation and the Prosperity of the State: National Defense of Lithuania "Iron Wolf" (1928-1930)". Journal of Baltic Studies. 2 (49): 215–239. doi:10.1080/01629778.2017.1421241. ISSN 1751-7877.
Rudis, Gediminas (24 September 2018) [2004]. ""Geležinis Vilkas"". Visuotinė lietuvių enciklopedija (in Lithuanian). Mokslo ir enciklopedijų leidybos centras.
Rudis, Gediminas (31 May 2006). "Antisemitinės tendencijos voldemarininkų judėjime 1928–1940 m." (in Lithuanian). International Commission for the Evaluation of the Crimes of the Nazi and Soviet Occupation Regimes in Lithuania. Archived from the original on 11 March 2007. Retrieved 10 June 2020.
Tapinas, Laimonas; et al., eds. (1997). "Tautos kelias" (PDF). Žurnalistikos enciklopedija (in Lithuanian). Vilnius: Pradai. p. 507. ISBN 9986-776-62-7.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Iron_Wolf_(organization)&oldid=995960617"
1928 establishments in Lithuania
Organizations established in 1928
1930 disestablishments in Lithuania
Organizations disestablished in 1930
Defunct organizations based in Lithuania
Far-right politics in Lithuania
Articles containing Lithuanian-language text
CS1 Lithuanian-language sources (lt)


text:
Liam Neeson Joins 'Entourage' Movie in Midst of 'Non Stop' Promotional Tour
The actor was photographed on set filming a scene with Jeremy Piven's Ari Gold and director Doug Ellin's favorite — gorgeous extras.
Jeff Sneider | February 25, 2014 @ 4:15 PM
Liam Neeson has taken time out of his promotional tour for "Non-Stop" to film a small role in the "Entourage" movie.
The actor was photographed on set filming a scene with Jeremy Piven's Ari Gold and director Doug Ellin's signature casting move — gorgeous extras.
Neeson likely plays himself in the movie, which is currently filming in Los Angeles, though the context in which he'll appear remains unclear. Eyewitness reports have Neeson driving a gold Bentley, with Piven steering a red Ferrari fit for a new studio chief.
Also read: 'Non-Stop' Action Star Liam Neeson Threatens 'the Sh-t' Out of Fan on 'Kimmel' (Video)
The original "Entourage" cast is returning for the movie, and they'll be joined by Billy Bob Thornton and Haley Joel Osment as father-and-son film financiers.
"Entourage" aired on HBO from 2004-2011, and Neeson has ties to the network, having played himself in a memorable episode of "Life's Too Short."
Neeson recently wrapped WB's thriller "Run All Night" and can currently be heard voicing a cop in the studio's animated "Lego Movie."
Also read: Liam Neeson on '60 Minutes': Why The 'Non-Stop' Star Makes All Those Action Movies (Video)
Universal's "Non-Stop" is scheduled for take-off on Friday, and Neeson next stars in the studio's comedy "A Million Ways to Die in the West" and the crime drama "A Walk Among the Tombstones." He's also attached to star in Martin Scorsese's "Silence" and the action sequel "Taken 3."
Earlier Tuesday, Warner Bros. announced it would release the "Entourage" movie on June 12, 2015. Yeah, yeah!
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Deal Central gives you the latest on Hollywood casting, script buys, greenlights and negotiations in the entertainment industry.

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India: India International Halal Expo 2020 kicks off in Hyderabad
Indonesia, Malaysia, Turkey, Thailand, UAE, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Bangladesh, UK, USA, Iran and others, are participating.
Opinion: International Alignment On Halal Certification
Asia Pacific Food Industry According to the recent 2019/20 State of the Global Islamic Economy report, the spend on halal food and beverages is forecast to reach US$1.9 trillion by 2023. The halal food industry is set for rapid growth. According to the recent 2019/20 State of the Global Islamic Economy report, the spend on […]
Malaysia: Duopharma, KPJ collaborate for halal pharmaceuticals
Duopharma Biotech, formerly known as CCM Duopharma Biotech Bhd, signed this collaboration during the unveiling of its new corporate logo and name at an external rebranding launch.
Spain sees a rise in Halal meat for Muslim and non-Muslim consumers
Forecasts indicate that the Halal food and beverage will continue to grow without interruption around the world with 1.8 billion muslims worldwide, of these more than 60% are currently under 30 years of age.
Qatar to host 14th World Islamic Economic Forum in 2020
The Forum aims to enhance the economic well-being of Islamic peoples and communities in different countries of the world by expanding the movement of trade and investment exchanges among them.
Qatar's preparations for 2020 Halal expo 'on track', says Qatar Chamber official
This year's event discussed ways to eradicate obstacles hindering the increase of investments among OIC member states, ways to encourage investments, as well as efforts to streamline doing business.
Turkey, Malaysia, Qatar can pioneer in Islamic Finance
Touching on Turkey's Istanbul Finance Center project, expected to be completed in 2022, Al-Jaida expressed optimism in the center's potential.
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Visitors, exhibitors and delegates will be able to combine the full suite of Expo 2020 visitor experiences with DEC events, summits, seminars, product launches, networking opportunities and meetings.
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Dubai Islamic Economy Development Centre Supports Fourth Edition of Turin Islamic Economic Forum as Strategic Partner & in Collaboration with Dubai Culture.
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KUALA LUMPUR: World's largest halal trade fair, the Malaysia International Halal Showcase (MIHAS) 2020, is set to host Malaysian and global Halal-based businesses at its 17th edition from 1 to 4 April 2020. In this edition, MIHAS will be facilitating the promotion of sustainability practices among Halal-based industry players. Themed as "Expand Your Halal Horizon", […]
Turkey: Istanbul to host major International Events from 25 November-1 December
The events, including the World Halal Summit (WHS) and an official meeting of the Organization of Islamic Cooperation (OIC), will be attended by top officials from a multitude of countries.
Indonesia: Indonesia Expo in Qatar winds up with fruitful debut
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Malaysia: Matrade targets 5pc increase in sales at Mihas 2020
The number of exhibitors at Mihas 2020 is expected to increase to 1,300 from 928 at Mihas 2019, while the number of buyers is set to double to 400.
Turkey: World Halal Summit & 7th OIC Halal Expo – 28 Nov – 1 Dec 2019 in Istanbul
World Halal Summit 2019 and 7th Organization of Islamic Cooperation (OIC) Halal Expo being held at Eurasia Show and Art Center, new exhibition area of Istanbul between 28 Nov-1 Dec 2018 in Istanbul, Turkey.
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Q: javascript: how to return function dynamically from an object I am trying to create an SDK with javascript, using the standard object pattern. It works perfectly, unless I want to dynamically configure one of the resultant objects, e.g. if its demo use a simple RNG, if its a real game, use a HW RNG (different RNG implementation).  Below does not work:
sdk.js
var Sdk = (function () {
    var rng;
    var localRng = (function() {
        var getInt = function(min, max) { // min and max included
            return Math.floor(Math.random() * (max - min + 1) + min);
        }
        return {
            getInt: getInt
        }
    })();

    var init = function(demo=true) {
        if (demo ) {
            console.log("initiing sdk as demo");
            rng = localRng;
        } else {
            console.log("ALERT, REAL not implemented")
        }
    };
    return {
        init:init,
        rng:rng,
    }
})();

main.js
  sdk.init(true);
  var start = sdk.rng.getInt(1,12);

The problem is that sdk.rng is undefined.
If I hard code it thus:
    var rng = (function() {
        var getInt = function(min, max) { // min and max included
            return Math.floor(Math.random() * (max - min + 1) + min);
        }
        return {
            getInt: getInt
        }
    })();

in the above it works.
The crux is that you can play a game in demo mode or real mode, so it has to be possible to switch how the SDK does stuff under the hood (i.e. which object it uses, the demo one or real one). Obviously in the real sdk, and the real rng, there are a lot more functions, both private and public (returned)
Any help appreciated.

A: When you do
return {
    init:init,
    rng:rng,
}

you're returning an object whose init property points to the current reference of init (which is the function), and whose rng property points to the current reference of rng (which is undefined). It sounds like you'd want to dynamically return a reference to the local variable rng instead, which can be done by making the returned object's rng property a getter which returns that local variable:
return {
    init:init,
    get rng() {
      return rng;
    }
}

var sdk = (function () {
    var rng;
    var localRng = (function() {
        var getInt = function(min, max) { // min and max included
            return Math.floor(Math.random() * (max - min + 1) + min);
        }
        return {
            getInt: getInt
        }
    })();

    var init = function(demo=true) {
        if (demo ) {
            console.log("initiing sdk as demo");
            rng = localRng;
        } else {
            console.log("ALERT, REAL not implemented")
        }
    };
    return {
        init:init,
        get rng(){
          return rng;
        }
    }
})();
sdk.init(true);
var start = sdk.rng.getInt(1,12);
console.log(start);

Rather than reassigning the variable, though, you might consider just saving a reference to the returned object, and assigning to a property of it when init is called:

var sdk = (function () {
    var rng;
    var localRng = (function() {
        var getInt = function(min, max) { // min and max included
            return Math.floor(Math.random() * (max - min + 1) + min);
        }
        return {
            getInt: getInt
        }
    })();

    var init = function(demo=true) {
        if (demo ) {
            console.log("initiing sdk as demo");
            returnedObj.rng = localRng;
        } else {
            console.log("ALERT, REAL not implemented")
        }
    };
    const returnedObj = { init };
    return returnedObj;
})();
sdk.init(true);
var start = sdk.rng.getInt(1,12);
console.log(start);

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I'm going to miss working alongside Derek, but I wish him all the best on his book. Actually, I can't wait until he finishes it, so I can read it and perhaps improve MetaFilter.
Speaking of MetaFilter, I won the in-office pool on how long it'd take the meme to show up as a new thread (I picked before 11:45AM :).


text:
The Portrait of a Lady
David Stuart Davies looks at what many consider to be Henry James' finest work.
American Henry James is one of those rare male writers who can present the feelings, sensitivities and intellectual processes of a female character with accuracy and finesse. His greatest achievement was the creation of Isabel Archer, the central character in The Portrait of a Lady. This portrait is finely painted with small sensitive brush strokes that capture each nuance of Isobel's apprehensions, observations and emotions. The novel explores the dilemma she faces between achieving both her desires and her independence. James stated in his Introduction to the 1908 edition of the book that, 'It was naturally of the essence that the young woman should herself be complex; that was rudimentary – or was at any rate the light in which Isabel Archer had originally dawned.'
James' idea for the novel is at first glance a simple one. The story is of a spirited young American woman, Isabel Archer, who 'affronts her destiny' and finds it overwhelming. She inherits a fortune and subsequently becomes the victim of Machiavellian scheming by two American expatriates. The novel is set mainly in Europe, especially in England and Italy.
The surface narrative allows James to present an uncompromising story of the free-spirited Isabel losing her ability to determine her own future - despite (or because of) suddenly inheriting a great deal of money and becoming 'ground in the very mill of the conventional'. An independently minded young woman, a far cry from many heroines of Victorian literature, Isabel is committed to living with the consequences of her choice with both integrity and stoical stubbornness, despite the pain it brings.
While the plot is perhaps comparatively simplistic, the brilliance of the novel lies in James' psychological approach to his characters. He explores and exposes their minds, creating almost a work of social science, while at the same time cleverly delineating the differences in cultural attitudes between Europeans and Americans, the old and the new worlds that influence Isabel's destiny.
When she travels to England Isabel attracts a number of suitors, including Caspar Goodwood, the charismatic son and heir of a wealthy Boston mill owner. Although Isabel is drawn to Caspar, her commitment to her independence precludes such a marriage, which she feels would demand the sacrifice of her freedom. Later on, when visiting Italy, Isabel meets an American expatriate, Gilbert Osmond, in Florence. He is a widow with a young daughter, Pansy. Isabel is completely beguiled and taken in by his surface charm and very soon accepts his proposal of marriage. The couple settle in Rome, but their marriage rapidly sours due to Osmond's overwhelming egotism and lack of genuine affection for his wife.
It is at this point that Isabel's life begins to unravel. The only saving grace of this disastrous union is her growing affection for Pansy, Osmond's daughter by his first marriage. The tensions and complications of Isabel's life grow and darken, restricting even further the freedom and independence that she values so highly. This tense psychological drama is played out against the warm sunlit backdrop of classical Italy, the beauty of the surroundings contrasting with the turmoil of emotions felt by the central character.
The ending of the novel is ambiguous, and the reader is left to ponder whether Isabel returns to Osmond to suffer her marriage in noble tragedy, perhaps for her stepdaughter's sake, or whether she is going to rescue Pansy and leave Osmond.
The Portrait of a Lady is regarded by critics as James' finest work. He began writing it in Florence in the spring of 1879 and it was first published as a serial in The Atlantic Monthly and Macmillan's Magazine in 1880–81 and then in book in form in 1881. The novel haunted James and he returned to it in the early years of the twentieth century and made extensive revisions for the 1908 New York Edition, now considered the standard version. The revision of the final scene between Isabel and Goodwood, which emphasises Isabel's tragedy, has been especially applauded. Goodwood makes one final desperate attempt to express his undying love and devotion to her, but she begs him, 'As you love me, as you pity me, leave me alone!' However, Isabel's final return to Osmond has fascinated critics, who have debated whether James sufficiently justifies this seemingly paradoxical rejection of freedom. One interpretation of this scenario is that Isabel both feels honour bound to the promise she has made to her stepdaughter Pansy as she does to her marriage vows to Osmond. In a perverse fashion she is actually exercising her freedom in accepting this course of action. As James noted in his autobiography, Notes of a Son and Brother, 1914: 'the free spirit, always much tormented, and by no means always triumphant, is heroic, ironic, pathetic . . . and 'successful' only through having remained free.'
As early as 1884 James was asked to turn the novel into a play, but he did not think it could be done. He believed that the real attraction of the book lay in the mental machinations of his characters rather than in their actions.
The story was eventually adapted as a Broadway play by William Archibald, which opened in December 1954. In 1968 the BBC produced a television miniseries starring Suzanne Neve and Richard Chamberlain. Neither of these productions were especially well received and nor was the movie adaptation released in 1996, directed by Jane Campion, with Nicole Kidman as Isabel, and John Malkovich as Osmond. The reviews of this production seem to bear out James' own view that the story cannot be dramatised effectively. As one reviewer noted: 'I assume that most of the people going to see this movie will have read the book, and, frankly, you can't easily understand this film if you haven't. Too much is left out, glossed over, or implied.'
Certainly, no dramatic interpretation of The Portrait of Lady can possibly capture the elegance and the intellectual beauty of Henry James' descriptive and illuminating prose.
David Stuart Davies looks at the work of an American master off the short story ...
Dazzled by Indeterminacy
Stefania Ciocia steps out of her comfort zone wearing Gogol's 'The Overcoat' ...


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Quick Answer: How Old Is Canada Turning In 2020?
1 How old is Canada this year 2020?
2 How old is Canada right now?
3 How Old Is Canada on July 1st?
4 Is Canada 151 years old?
5 Who found Canada?
6 Is Toronto older than Canada?
7 What Canada is famous for?
8 Is it expensive to live in Canada?
9 Why Canada is not part of USA?
10 What was Canada called before it was called Canada?
11 What is Canada's national animal?
12 Is it long weekend in Canada?
13 When was Canada's 100th birthday?
14 How old is the Canadian flag?
15 How many points are on the Canadian flag?
How old is Canada this year 2020?
How old is Canada this year 2020? Canada turned 153 years old in 2020.
How old is Canada right now?
The Canada that we know today is a relatively recent construction (less than 65 million years old ) but it is composed of fragments of crust that are as old as 4 billion years."
How Old Is Canada on July 1st?
Canada Day celebrates the birthday of Canada. 153 years ago, On July 1, 1867 Canada became a new federation with its own constitution by signing the Constitution Act – formerly known as the British North America Act.
Is Canada 151 years old?
As the bells rang out at noon on July 1, 1867, Canada was introduced for the first time as a fresh-faced nation of four provinces and 3,463,000 people.
Who found Canada?
Under letters patent from King Henry VII of England, the Italian John Cabot became the first European known to have landed in Canada after the Viking Age. Records indicate that on June 24, 1497 he sighted land at a northern location believed to be somewhere in the Atlantic provinces.
You might be interested: Question: What Day Is Thanksgiving In Canada?
Is Toronto older than Canada?
Toronto is the capital city of the Canadian province of Ontario.
Province Ontario
Settled 1750 (as Fort Rouillé)
Established August 27, 1793 (as York)
What Canada is famous for?
What is Canada famous for?
Scenery. Let's face it, Canada is beautiful; and famously so.
Ice Hockey. Canada's national winter sport and most Canadians feel the same way about hockey as the British do about football; it's almost a matter of life or death.
Maple Syrup.
Extreme politeness.
Moose.
Is it expensive to live in Canada?
It can be moderately expensive to live in Canada. Household costs, for example, can take up half of your take-home pay. Whether you are paying a mortgage or renting, the costliest expense in Canada is typically housing and utilities. Rent prices vary depending on the type of house you have and the location.
Why Canada is not part of USA?
The answer lies to why Canada is not a part of the United States, lies in history — back to the Treaty of Paris signed on 3 September 1783 in Paris between the Kingdom of Great Britain and the United States of America that formally ended the American Revolution.
What was Canada called before it was called Canada?
After the British conquest of New France, the name Quebec was sometimes used instead of Canada. The name Canada was fully restored after 1791, when Britain divided old Quebec into the provinces of Upper and Lower Canada (renamed in 1841 Canada West and Canada East, respectively, and collectively called Canada).
You might be interested: Quick Answer: Who Owns Sears Canada?
What is Canada's national animal?
The beaver was given official status as an emblem of Canada when "An Act to provide for the recognition of the Beaver (Castor canadensis) as a symbol of the sovereignty of Canada " received royal assent on March 24, 1975.
Is it long weekend in Canada?
2020 Canadian Statutory Holidays. Canada Day will be on Wednesday so this year you have to take two days off to celebrate a (very) long weekend. Easter in 2020 is on April 10 (Good Friday) and Easter Sunday is on April 12 – approximately halfway between Family Day and Victoria Day.
When was Canada's 100th birthday?
The Canadian Centennial was a yearlong celebration held in 1967 to celebrate the 100th anniversary of Canadian Confederation. Celebrations in Canada occurred throughout the year but culminated on Dominion Day, July 1, 1967.
How old is the Canadian flag?
The flag made its first official appearance on February 15, 1965; the date is now celebrated annually as National Flag of Canada Day.
How many points are on the Canadian flag?
The stylized maple leaf on the flag has eleven points. Red and white were proclaimed Canada's official colours in the proclamation of the Royal Arms of Canada in 1921 by King George V. The Canadian flag is twice as long as it is wide.
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Next Post: What To Do On Canada Day?


OWL The JLC's Online Writing Research (OWL) allows pupils to own their reports assessed online as a substitute into a 1-on1 article. A tutor that Read more..
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Victor Alfonso Cereno (Hidalgo County Jail records)
Edinburg man pleads not guilty to kidnapping, raping woman at gunpoint
by: Steven Masso
EDINBURG, Texas (ValleyCentral) — An Edinburg man pleaded not guilty after being arrested on charges of kidnapping and sexual assault.
Victor Alfonso Cereno was arrested on charges of aggravated kidnapping with a deadly weapon and aggravated sexual assault, according to Hidalgo County Jail records. Records show that Cereno entered a plea of not guilty Wednesday.
A criminal complaint obtained by ValleyCentral details the alleged kidnapping and assault.
IDEA student arrested after making threats to students and staff, authorities say
On Sunday, Aug. 14, 2022, a deputy with the Hidalgo County Sheriff's Office made contact with a woman who said she had been kidnapped, according to the criminal complaint.
The woman told the deputy she had problems with her boyfriend, decided to stay with her mother, and had asked her mother to take her to her house to pick up clothing but that the mother refused, the complaint stated.
According to the complaint, she was walking down a road when she saw a white SUV approach her. She described the driver as a having dark skin tone with black hair, clean shaven and only spoke Spanish.
"The male offered her a ride, but she refused," the complaint stated. "The male then pointed a gun at her and demanded her to get into the vehicle…"
Driver pulls out machete after road rage incident in Brownsville, police say
The complaint stated that the man then drove the woman to a canal bank, where he put a gun to her head and told her to remove her clothing. The man then sexually assaulted her, authorities allege in the document.
Investigators made contact with Cereno "on a later date," and he "implicated himself in the aggravated kidnapping," the complaint reads.
Cereno was arrested Aug. 15 and his bond was set at $300,000, records show.
His next hearing is scheduled for Dec. 7.


I just saw the first episode and idk how to feel. At the beginning i started to almost cry because they showed how everyone felt about Michael's death and Jackie just broke down crying and it really hurt me and made me feel that it wasn't a hoax anymore :( :( :( . My mind has been going back and forth the whole time and to add Tito's son Taj said that he knew that Michael's death wasn't a hoax why he said that I'm not sure but it was kinda strange he would say that. Jackie even mentioned when he was on the phone with his mother she was screaming and crying and it hurt to hear that also :cry: .I'm trying to keep the faith but watching this show it might be hard to keep the faith someone can you plzzzz help me right now my hopes are falling and my heart is broken. This is killing me slowly idk if i can even watch the show anymore can someone give me some real good adivce right now???
Yeah, I watch the show last night. The one thing I can't get out of mind what Jackie said. he said he wasn't afraid of death and that he would see his brother soon real soon. That's an indication that MJ is still alive. I will continue to believe and keep the faith.
I fell asleep about 15 minutes through the first show, so I haven't been able to watch all of it to give my full opinion on it. I will say though that I thought it was VERY odd in the beginning it was showing all of the brothers and their names and during this MJ was singing. Maybe it's just me but I would have done different clips of them singing not MJ. For the promotion commercial they were using ABC and that was MJ singing as well. Why have the clips of MJ singing when they are the ones on the show and MJ wasn't going to do the show to begin with?
I live in the uk and can`t view it either.
The 911 call was DIFFERENT! I mean, I'm pretty sure all the things that were said are the same here, but when they show the 911 call, I think it was the second time the caller was speaking, in his last sentence the voice CHANGED. It sounded to me like it was the 911 OPERATOR speaking words that the caller should have been saying... make sense?
Hi! Welcome! A few days ago, there was a thread about the 911 call. There is a YouTube video that shows that there were a few of the 911 calls floating around. You can hear different things in the background in them. Also, in one of them, there's a lady's voice that is much more clear than the caller and the 911 operator. Also, in some of the calls, the caller is clearer and louder than the 911 operator (as if the call were being recorded on the caller's end, not the 911 center end).
I hope that made a little bit of sense! That YouTube video was interesting (provided that the author did not alter the calls themselves).
Yeah I have seen those videos. But this sounded different to me. I don't even thinkI have heard that version on youtube. It was so that something the caller said, was said in the voice of the 911 operator... at least that's what it sounded like to me.
"we are famous, we will stay the jackson 5 until we die"
Mj5StarChick wrote:I just saw the first episode and idk how to feel. At the beginning i started to almost cry because they showed how everyone felt about Michael's death and Jackie just broke down crying and it really hurt me and made me feel that it wasn't a hoax anymore.
I have not seen him, and I imagine it will be seen here next year, but I see all comments, it seems very strange that they do not cry at the funeral or burial, but if they do in front of the cameras.
i believe in my heart michael is alive and well and soon we will see the man himself and we will all be laughing with him as we knew all along. but i also thought it was kind of strange the comment they made as i believe they are trying to cover up any idea of a hoax .
knew it wasn't tabloids fadder, or i don't know anything other than the word hoax. why..? maybe they knew there was a possible idea of a death hoax or maybe they have been viewing various website that are about michaels death being a possible media hoax and in a way trying to make it sound as if there was no hoax .
Wasn't there like 3 different versions of the 911 call?
So I found it weird at the beginning of the show that they talk about michael's "death" then goes to them getting ready to record again for the first time in 20 years? So when they are in the studio they tell janet happy birthday but rememer janet said last time she seen michael was on her birthday and they were laughing and michael was makin fun of her..i dont know where im going with it because its probably edited with footage new and old then put together but just thought it was weird because they had to be in that studio and michael was alive? but they were talkin on how hard it was to do it without michael? so did michael turn them down in advance?
My opinion from what little I've looked through youtube of "reality show? Of Jackson, they cry so much that I really do not see a tear sincere," we did not cry at the funeral or the cemetery "
I thought I would need 4 dozen handkerchiefs to look at this reality, but put them away.
This is too perfect, nobody says anything bad, very fresh, the performances of Jermaine "how sad".
did anyone watch tonight's episode?
how many episodes have shown so far? i watched 2 today. btw, you can watch the full episodes at the aetv.com site. one thing that stood out was that jermaine's wife was wearing a "michael lives" shirt. and honestly, the cyring that jackie did reminded me of the fake eye-watering that i just saw in The Young and the Restless soap opera...it looked exactly same! no tears actually flowed. but anyways, i often got confused as to what was shot when. at one point, i would think it was post june 25th, but then one of the brothers would say something that would make me think it was pre june 25th; sort of like the present tense talk. it was odd, to say the least.
i agree, everyone looked pretty happy for the most part. on the scenes supposedly shot 2 months after michael "died", they were all sitting around cracking jokes and laughing, while making business deals. odd.


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Churchdown Surgery Proposals
A new doctors surgery will be built in Churchdown after Gloucester City Council agreed to sell the land for the new building. Land in Parton Road in Churchdown is currently empty and is owned by both Gloucester City Council and Cheltenham Borough Council.
The land, which is more than 1.7 acres, will be given to Brackley Developments who will be in charge of building the new surgery.
Jennie Dallimore, deputy leader at Gloucester City Council, said: "I know how much this new surgery will mean to the residents of Churchdown, so I'm really pleased that cabinet agreed we should sell the land where the new surgery will be built.
"This new surgery will not just mean people can benefit from a brand new healthcare centre but the money the city council will generate from the sale of the land can be reinvested into front line services."
Pharmacy Elevations
Proposed landscape plan
Proposed access plan
Proposed ground/first floor plan
Proposed elevations
Proposed overview
Tags: Churchdown Churchdown Surgery Council health news Surgery


Extremely preterm infants often require endotracheal intubation and mechanical ventilation during the first days of life. Due to the detrimental effects of prolonged invasive mechanical ventilation (IMV), clinicians aim to extubate infants as soon as they deem them ready. Unfortunately, existing strategies for prediction of extubation readiness vary across clinicians and institutions, and lead to high reintubation rates. We present an approach using Random Forest classifiers for the analysis of cardiorespiratory variability to predict extubation readiness. We address the issue of data imbalance by employing random undersampling of examples from the majority class before training each Decision Tree in a bag. By incorporating clinical domain knowledge, we further demonstrate that our classifier could have identified 71% of infants who failed extubation, while maintaining a success detection rate of 78%.


How many people can the world sustain?
As a species, we are growing at an exponential rate. And the more of us there are, the more resources we devour. Can the world sustain us all?
If dry seasons intensify with man-made climate change, the risk for self-amplified forest loss increases even more and could put the Amazon rainforest further at risk, an international team of scientists found.Researchers at the German Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research (PIK) found the Amazon rainforest could be exposed to higher risks of dieback if dry seasons intensify and rainfall decreases.
This could lead to a vicious dieback circle, they said in a study published in Nature Communications.
"The Amazon rainforest is one of the tipping elements in the Earth system," said lead-author Delphine Clara Zemp, who conducted the study at PIK.
"We already know that on the one hand, reduced rainfall increases the risk of forest dieback, and on the other hand, forest loss can intensify regional droughts," she said.
"So, more droughts can lead to less forest leading to more droughts and so on. Yet the consequences of this feedback between the plants on the ground and the atmosphere above them so far was not clear."
The researchers found the close relationship between deforestation and drought could put the Amazon further at risk.
When it rains, trees absorb water through their roots and then release it back into the atmosphere. Tropical forests produce most of the water they need themselves: they pump moisture which then rains back to them.
Yet logging and warmer air – due to greenhouse gas emissions – reduce precipitation and hinder the moisture transport from one forest area to the other, affecting even remote areas.
"Then happens what we call the 'cascading forest loss,'" said co-author Anja Rammig from the Technical University of Munich, who is currently working as a guest scientist at Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research.
Reduced rainfall leads to higher mortality of the forest and less recycled precipitation, and therefore to higher mortality and less recycled precipitation in remote areas.
"And so, a vicious circle starts," Rammig told DW.
Changing sea-surface temperatures influence moisture transport across the tropics and lead to more extreme seasons in the different areas of the Amazon, said Rammig.
Forests are home to 80 percent of the world's terrestrial biodiversity and crucial to maintaining the balance of ocean currents, wind patterns and rainfall. However, 30 percent of global forest cover has been cleared and 55 percent degraded or fragmented – only about 15 percent remains intact, according to the World Resources Institute.
A fifth of the world's oxygen is produced by the Amazon rainforest, says the conservation group Cool Earth.
"Climate change has a huge effect on the rainforest itself," said Matthew Owen, director of Cool Earth.
Owen explains that the group has witnessed how increasingly severe El Nino events are destroying lives and livelihoods in Peru.
Climate change effects may also enhance drought levels, reduce rainfalls and increase the length of the dry season, Rammig said.
Researchers estimated that a dry-season where it rains only half as much could cause the loss of at least 10 percent of the forest due to self-amplification effects alone.
Despite a trend of boosting forest areas around the globe, the rate of deforestation in the Amazon rainforest increased in 2016 for the fourth consecutive year.
According to the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), agricultural expansion drives about 80 percent of deforestation worldwide.
In the Amazon, agribusiness production for international markets – such as cattle ranching or oil palm plantations – has been the main cause of deforestation since 1990.
One of the findings particularly surprised the researchers: The Amazon areas with more diverse vegetation seem to be less vulnerable to this vicious circle effects.
If all trees respond in the same way to drought, for instance, they might all die at once, Rammig said. However, if there are a wide variety of responses to drought, the forest would probably be more resistant.
This is a reminder of the importance of a rich biodiversity and heterogeneity among species. If the Amazon rainforest were a sort of monoculture, the trees resilience could be drastically decimated.
"Forest loss contributes to more than 21 percent of all CO2 emissions," Owen of Cool Earth pointed out.
Keeping the rainforest standing is the simplest and cheapest way to mitigate climate change, he believes. For Owen, community led conservation is the most effective model for halting deforestation.
But FAO also suggests there is need for improved policies, legal frameworks and effective regulations.
Rammig and her colleagues believe embracing a deeper analysis of cascading effects could be key to help predict future trends and improve resilience measures.
"If you do not consider these effects in future predictions, you may overestimate the resilience of forests," she concluded.
And consequences from climate change and deforestation could be even worse than what is currently projected.


The bitcoin option is open to those playing seven games through the company's main portal, Zynga.com, which include FarmVille 2, CastleVille, ChefVille, CoasterVille, Hidden Chronicles, Hidden Shadows and CityVille, according to a company post on Reddit.
A purely digital currency, a bitcoin is essentially a secret number that is transferred from one party to another on a peer-to-peer software network using public key cryptography.
Regulators around the world are mulling how bitcoin fits into existing financial regulations. None have banned it, although some countries, such as China, have made it more difficult to move funds into exchanges that sell bitcoins. Traditional banks have so far steered clear of it.
Bitcoin poses competition to online payment services such as PayPal, which collects fees from vendors selling goods. Bitcoin has much lower transfer fees, although businesses usually want to quickly exchange their bitcoins for government-issued money because of its volatile exchange rate. That exchange does incur a fee, but bitcoin payment processors aim to undercut PayPal.
The price of a bitcoin ticked up over US$1,000 on Monday on Mt. Gox, a Japan-based bitcoin exchange.
Zynga is using BitPay, an Atlanta-based company, as its payment processor. BitPay offers a guaranteed exchange rate and regular direct deposits to merchants in 33 countries.
Online sites such as Reddit and WordPress accept bitcoins, but online giants Amazon.com and eBay -- which owns PayPal -- do not yet.


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Q: Inconsistent use of scroll bars across browsers (from inconsistent font rendering?) After editing an answer to shorten long lines to remove large horizontal scroll bars I noticed that the largest codeblock had about 2 pixels of vertical scroll in Firefox which looked really sloppy.  I then compared across the other browsers on my system. Chrome didn't have a vertical scrollbar but put a horizontal one of a few pixels on the 2nd code block.  Edge and IE have scroll both of the scroll bars.
I can't easily tell what's going on vertically, but in the 2nd code block FF is rendering the text slightly narrower than the other browsers are.
Is this a case of browsers still not quite rendering html identically, or is SO's layout glitching somehow?
If OS also turns out to matter, I'm running win10 v1511.
Screenshot from edge showing scrollbars in both places (Chrome doesn't show the top one, FireFox doesn't show the bottom one).


New MMBforums • View topic - Where is the old forum and people @@?
Where is the old forum and people @@?
am daze really... i had this name before in this fourm, when want to login says that is incorrect username... and maaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaany threads are not found.. what is going on? what is happened?
Re: Where is the old forum and people @@?


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Jacqueline Starr, MS, MPH, PhD
Associate Member of the Staff
Director, Epidemiology and Biostatistics Core
Lecturer, Department of Oral Health Science and Epidemiology, Harvard School of Dental Medicine
forsyth.org:jstarr:Email
Jackie Starr wears two hats, one as Director of Forsyth's Epidemiology and Biostatistics Core, and the other as a principal investigator. As Director of the core, she plays a key support role for much of Forsyth's research. She helps Forsyth investigators design their research studies. She also analyzes data to answer questions in basic science and clinical oral health research.
Some of these projects involve novel technologies—technologies that are so new that we do not yet know the best way to analyze the data they yield. When the need arises, Starr and her colleagues help develop new statistical methods. These methods-related projects relate to oral microbial ecology, school-based caries prevention programs, large-scale genomics projects, associations between systemic conditions and periodontal disease, and predictors of early childhood caries.
As a principal investigator, Starr's own research program focuses on craniofacial birth defects. She is interested in both the epidemiology of congenital craniofacial conditions and improving treatment options for children who suffer from these conditions. "In addition to the cosmetic issues, children with these birth defects often have trouble eating, breathing, and hearing. We are conducting research to learn more about why these defects happen and how to prevent them."
Starr is currently investigating genetic variations that may cause craniofacial microsomia (CFM; also called hemifacial microsomia). CFM occurs in 1 in 3,000 to 5,000 live births and involves the asymmetric underdevelopment of the lower jaw and external ears. In a different study, she is using publicly available hospital discharge data to look at outcomes of surgery to correct cleft lip and palate. Specifically, she is assessing whether complication rates are different in hospitals that perform many operations per year compared to hospitals that perform only a few such procedures each year. Starr also studies the causes and outcomes of single-suture craniosynostosis (premature fusion of the sutures in infants' skulls) and deformational plagiocephaly (asymmetric flattening of the back of infants' skulls) which is exacerbated by spending too much time lying on their backs.
Yale University, BS, 1990, Biology
University of Washington School of Public Health, MPH, 2000, Epidemiology
University of Washington School of Public Health, MS, 2000, Biostatistics
University of Washington School of Public Health, PhD, 2003, Epidemiology


Who said you can't have style without safety? The new Axis LED fire-rated downlights from SaturnLED proves you can enjoy the best of both worlds.
SaturnLED's newly developed, sleek design, Axis LEDs have been independently fire tested for 30, 60 and 90 minutes.
The Axis is one of the few downlights on the market which does not use intumescent material. Complete with loop-in, loop-out push-fit terminals, this 7W fire-rated downlight gives a true halogen appearance.
This is an example of the quality, innovative and cost-competitive LEDs available from Saturn LED for the commercial, industrial and domestic sectors. This consistent evolution of the SaturnLED product range is combating the plethora of cheap, low-quality LED luminaires that have deluged the UK and Irish markets.
In contrast, SaturnLED only offers quality, with all LEDs incorporating CREE, Philips or Tridonic components and superb warranties. The company also delivers on price. As one of the few independent distributors within the UK and Ireland distribution markets, Saturn's strong procurement process, coupled with a focus on service, enables customers to benefit from highly competitive pricing across the company's product range.
The quality of the SaturnLED product range is matched by the company's service. The Irish Distribution Centre outside Dungannon works in conjunction with the company's distribution facilities in Chelmsford and the sourcing office in Shanghai, China to provide the latest LEDs when and where you need them.
All orders placed before 6pm will be delivered anywhere in Northern Ireland or the Republic of Ireland the next day.


He's terrorized Camp Crystal Lake, the Big Apple and even the far reaches of space. Now Mezco lets you take the creepy camper-killer home. Introducing Mega Jason from the Friday The 13th horror film series. Standing an imposing 15inches, this super-sized psycho comes complete with his trademark machete and plays his iconic signature sound effect that let's you know when Jason is near. The Mega Jason Friday The 13th figure features 9 points of articulation for dynamic camper menacing poses. Jason comes dressed in real cloth clothing modeled after his appearance in Friday The 13th Part 3. The sound is activated by a discrete button on his back. The Mega Jason Friday The 13th Figure comes packaged in a collector-friendly window box suitable for display in your collection or around the campfire.


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Clockwork Orange, A's Facebook
Clockwork Orange, A (1971)
Similar Movies like Clockwork Orange, A (1971)
Protagonist Alex DeLarge is an "ultraviolent" youth in futuristic Britain. As with all luck, his eventually runs out and he's arrested and convicted of murder and rape. While in prison, Alex learns of an experimental program in which convicts are programmed to detest violence. If he goes through the program, his sentence will be reduced and he will be back on the streets sooner than expected. But Alex's ordeals are far from over once he hits the mean streets of Britain that he had a hand in creating.
Clockwork Orange, A Wiki
"It is a story of the dubious redemption of a teenage delinquent by condition-reflex therapy. It is, at the same time, a running lecture on free-will."
~ Stanley Kubrick
Clockwork Orange, A (1971) Cast & Crew
Director, Actors and Actresses of Clockwork Orange, A (1971)
Alexander DeLarge
Mr. Alexander
Adrienne Corri
Mrs. Alexander
Michael Bates
Chief Guard
Warren Clarke
James Marcus
Michael Tarn
Carl Duering
Dr. Brodsky
See Thought-Provoking and Controversial Movies
"Clockwork Orange, A" is also appear in below movie lists. See Thought-Provoking and Controversial lists of films.
The Film lists that includes Clockwork Orange, A
Based on Clockwork Orange, A 1971
Our AI-assisted algorithm found that those movies are showing high similarity to Clockwork Orange, A. The films in this section not only consider the common content elements, but also the personal interest of people who watch them.
Once Upon a Time in the West (1968)
spaghetti-western
Ran (1985)
The Killer (1989)
Psycho (1960)
The Godfather: Part II (1974)
life-death
Movies like Clockwork Orange, A (1971)
The movies that show resemblance to Clockwork Orange, A movie in a way of content: common topics/tags/sub-genres with The most common genres you will find below are based-on-book, dialogue, dystopia, futuristic, thought-provoking.
Carrie (2013)
I, Robot (2004)
artificial-intelligence
Snowpiercer (2013)
District 9 (2009)
alternate-history
The Hunger Games: Catching Fire (2013)
The Fury (1978)
Straw Dogs (1971)
Natural Born Killers (1994)
Looper (2012)
complicated-plot
Hardware (1990)
The Road Warrior (1981)
The Revenant (2015)
Akira (1988)


text:
Q: Firestore fails to fetch full document after listener kept firing off continuously Ok something really weird happened. Have an app that's about to go into production. This is how the application functions

*

*There is a Home Page which fetches the logged in user's document every time the app comes to foreground

*This is not a one time fetch but a listener so it will also listen for changes as the app is in foreground

*I use this mechanism to keep the user document up to date and pass it to other pages in the app

*When app goes to background, I remove the listener

*The user document has close to 30 fields
So I was testing another functionality in app in the simulator and everything was working. I parallely ran the app with the same user logged in on a real device and this is what happened after the build:

*

*As the app came to foreground the listener fired without stopping. I have the code in a such a way that every time the listener fetches the document from firestore, a part of the home page animates. So technically the home page refreshed without stopping

*I killed the app and re-built it and the continuous firestore fetch happened yet again

*So I all together deleted the app and re-built it - Now the continuous firestore fetch stopped

Here is the PROBLEM:

*

*The document has all

30 fields on firestore

*

*But on the real device, it fetches only 2 fields

*I tried re-installing and re-building many times but this is the state

But on the simulator with the same user logged in, it works fine.
What could be the issue? Is there some corrupted cache for this particular user? Firestore is a solid product so never encountered anything like this before.
Here is the listener code:
    @objc func viewEntersForeground(){
        guard let currentUid = Auth.auth().currentUser?.uid else {return}
        let ref = Firestore.firestore().collection("users").document(currentUid)
        userListener = ref.addSnapshotListener({ (snapshot, error) in
            if let error = error{
                let alertController = ErrorAlertController(errorText: "\(error.localizedDescription)", errorTitle: "Something's wrong", viewController: self)
                alertController.showAlertController()
                return
            }

            //THE BELOW DICTIONARY FETCHES ONLY TWO FIELDS
            guard let dictionary = snapshot?.data() else {return}
            self.userDictionary = dictionary
            self.user = User(dictionary: dictionary)

            self.checkIfUserExists()
            if self.user?.uid == "" || self.user?.uid == nil {
                return
            }

            self.passDataToInbox()
            self.passDataToSettings()
            self.checkIfFirTokenExists()
            self.checkIfProfilePictureExists()

            if self.user?.userState == 3{
                self.isUserState3 = true
            } else {
                self.userState = self.user?.userState
            }
        })
    }


All units are equipped with a microwave, toaster, a kettle, a shower, free toiletries and a desk. Complete with a private bathroom fitted with a hair dryer, the units at the motel have a flat-screen TV and air conditioning, and selected rooms also offer a seating area. All guest rooms will provide guests with a fridge.


Reloading programs/software? I have Quickload and in order to make the data accurate you need a chronograph to find your actual velocity then change the powder burn rate in Quickload to make the velocities to match your chronograph readings. Even after doing this you still do not know if the Quickload chamber pressure reading are accurate. In other words Quickload give guesstimates, you can take the data from a reloading manual and input it into Quickload and the resulting pressures and velocities are not even close to what is in the manual.
There are just too many variables between the same type and caliber firearms for this software to be spot on and give accurate readings. In simple terms you would be better off buying a strain gauge to get "actual" pressure readings and a chronograph to get accurate velocity readings. Buy as many reloading manuals as you can get and just average the data, then start low and work up studying your primers and brass for pressure signs.
Ammunition Reloading Data, free ammunition reloading data software downloads.
Ammunition falls under the Explosives Act 1999 and Explosives Regulation 2003. As a result of changes to the Explosives legislation, from 1 July 2003 a person.
Reloading software is the ideal way to digitally store and keep track of all your new and favourite reloads or factory ammunition.
Free reloading software for the serious reloader. Accessories & Ammunition; Everything Else; Commercial/Business; Feedback; Group Purchases; Events. Gun Shows.
RSI's Shooting Lab Ballistics Software for Hunters & Shooters. Shooting Lab ™ was the first component of the Shooting Lab system introduced in 1998. Federal Premium ammo is the most technologically advanced sporting ammunition available. If you're in to hunting, personal defense, or casual shooting, we have.
Below is an example of the pressures and velocities between . Quickload is a educational toy but you would learn much more by reloading your ammo and shooting it than sitting at the computer playing with computer generated guesstimates. If I had to do it over I would have spent the money toward a Magnetospeed chronograph and gotten real data.
Reloading Supplies & Equipment : Cabela's. Get Connected. Cabela's Email. Get exclusive deals, news,& special offers. Learn More. System Error. Please try again later. Thanks! You'll hear from us soon. You can unsubscribe atany time.
Just curious, aside from the wealth of info available in print and on the internet, are there any reloading/ballistics programs that you would recommend?


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the greater Fox Valley area.
"We are true design-builders. Our goal is to build a home for each buyer that is a good value and that is truly 'their' home," Havlicek said. "We work to build at a higher -- more detailed -- level than most, incorporating many different styles."
"Geneva's newest subdivision is sure to feel like an escape from the ordinary. Nestled into a wooded historical estate, the 21 lots of Cooper Woods are surrounded by an idyllic neighborhood and the Geneva Golf Club. It's less than a mile from charming downtown Geneva, putting it within an easy walk of the train station, fine dining and some of the region's top shopping boutiques.


Silver Sands beach is located on the south coast of the island, in the parish of Christ Church. The beach is lovely, but sea can be quite rough for swimming. Watch out for under currents, especially when getting in and out! Also note there is NO lifeguard on duty here.
The hotel is right on the beach with a bar and restaurant. There are no beach chairs to rent either.
Silver Sands is another big hit with experienced wind and kite surfers. The Club Mistral have a shop on this beach, where they offer windsurfing and kite surfing lessons, a half day would cost $120BDS, a full day $150BDS, or a week for $570BDS. They also rent equipment, for windsurfing you can only get small boards, as the waves are big and really only for experienced windsurfers. They do offer lessons but this is at the Maxwell shop where the sea is calmer for learning.
As with all hotels in Barbados, it is advisable to check in with reception if you want to use the amenities. You can access the beach without going through the hotel, but the hotel entrance is the easiest way.
From Oistins heading away from Bridgetown, the road comes to a fork, take the right turn and head up towards Silver Sands area. You will reach an oval shaped roundabout, turn right and follow the road all the way, past a green shop, branded with Stag beer, keep going straight, you will come to a church on the corner, go down the side of the church, when you reach the bottom of this hill you will see Silver Sands Hotel.


Here is a list of 10 key points trade unionists and campaigners could be raising during the run up to the general election.
Of course it's not an exhaustive list but it could help to shape debate at your union branch, campaign meeting or elections hustings.
minimum wage of £10 per hour.
2) Free education. No fees. Restore grants and EMA.
privatisers out of our schools and our NHS. No to TTIP.
avoided and evaded each year.
5) Build one million public homes. Scrap the bedroom tax. Cap rents.
workfare, and the Work Capability Assessment.
and open it up to new recipients.
7) Abolish all anti trade union laws. End blacklisting.
inclusive society that values everyone's contribution.
9) Close the wealth gap. Tax the rich.
10) Create one million green jobs.


When people ask me what my favourite game is – which happens a lot given that I write about video games – I often tell them "Try not to hate me if you're a Final Fantasy fan," as I proceed to explain to them that Final Fantasy 13 (FFXIII) is my favourite game of all time. I give the warning because I know it is the black sheep of the Final Fantasy franchise and many people do not like it. But as of today, I think I'm going to stop doing that, because it's not like I'm ashamed of what I like, and because the Final Fantasy franchise has all different kinds of games. There is, however, one big reason why I'm going to stop warning people.The newest mainline game in the franchise – Final Fantasy 15 (FFXV) – is widely loved and considered a fantastic game, and to be quite honest, I have no idea why. I feel as though Final Fantasy 15 is much more guilty of the aspects that fans criticize Final Fantasy 13 for. I'm going to go through some different aspect of both games and compare and contrast them so you understand where I'm coming from.
Probably the most obvious thing that FFXIII is disliked for is the fact that it is extremely linear. A lot of people even call it the "endless hallway game" due to only being able to progress forwards through the story, with no branching paths, towns to explore, or side quests to due until the last quarter of the game. FFXV is the opposite. Almost instantly, the game opens up and you can walk, drive or ride chocobos to most places, hunt monsters,or do side quests. These are two very different gameplay styles, one of which is not very popular in a gaming community that loves open world games. First, I would like to point out that FFXIII's gameplay structure fits with its stories tone and pacing. Lightning and the gang get turned into l'Cie early on in the game, becoming enemies of the people and government. From that moment on, they are constantly hunted and always have the threat of capture or death licking at their heels. Why would these outcasts go "visit a town", sleep at an inn, or talk to NPC's to then help them with their problems? They are literally ticking time bombs that may become mindless demons that live for thousands of years in sorrow. Personally, I wouldn't be wasting time to help strangers with stupid fetch quests or something like that. There's also the fact that their government immediately exiles anything or anyone to do with fal'Cie or l'Cie, so meeting and talking to strangers would pretty much be a death sentence for an otherwise innocent civilian.
My point is that the game's structure of being linear and basically being "fight, run, fight, run" is in sync with the narrative. Even if you don't enjoy this type of gameplay, regardless of if it's fun or not, it's consistent with the theme and plot structure of the game. A huge theme of the game is whether or not these characters have free will and if they're able to influence their fate. For a large part of the game, it's doesn't seem like they do, or that they even have the luxury of time to think about it. The characters then realize they do have free will and the chance to change their fate, and then the game opens up like it does in Chapter 11. This proves that the narrative structure and gameplay linearity go hand in hand.
Now, let's look at FFXV, a huge open world game with towns you can visit, NPC's to talk to, and even a few mini games. You get to drive around with your 3 best buds and go hunt monsters, buy a new weapon, get a quest where you go hunt monsters, or maybe go to the local diner where they give you more quests to go… hunt… monsters. I'm sensing a theme here. Oh! I know! Maybe take a break from the typical monster hunting and go fishing, which literally every other major RPG has and tends to be fun for about 5 minutes. FFXV is an open world game that feels very empty because there is nothing to do and the side quests are literally nothing but hunting monsters. Why are people satisfied with just the concept of an open world, if there is nothing to do in said open world? I get that all of FFXIII's side quests are also battles, but it's not an open world game, there are no NPC's or side characters to interact with. FFXV's open word formula would work if this game was made 25 years ago like some of the first few game were, but RPG's have a higher standard now. Just simply being open world does not cut it. I know that there is also Justice Monsters Five and Totomostro, but these hardly qualify as a good "break" from traditional gameplay. There is urgency in FFXV's story, but that immediately goes away when you can take a 10-day camping trip and do nothing but fish and ride chocobos everywhere. The story structure and overall gameplay structure are not consistent. Even if you factor in Noctis' need to "get stronger," then he would just have to rush to get all the royal weapons, but nope; let's go kill some level 2 birds who are terrorizing the townspeople. Also, what is so fun about going to the same kind of towns, talking to the same generic NPC's, and going to the same generic shops to get better gear? Why are people complaining about not being able to go to towns in FFXIII, when they are so damn boring in 15? You want interesting cities with cultures, varying locales, shops and NPC's? Recent Final Fantasy games are not for you, go play The Witcher 3 or Skyrim.
Another thing that people give FFXIII flak for is its characters, their goals, character development, and relationship with one and other. Now, I'm going to throw critics a bone: I understand their reasoning for thinking this way. Hope, Snow and Vanille (mostly because of all the weirdly sexual noises she makes) can at times be annoying characters. Some of the characters goals and desires do change two or three times throughout the game, and some character relationships aren't very good storywise. But I'm still going to go through them and discuss why each aspect isn't as bad as people make it out to be.
Everyone knows that combat is one of the most important part of any RPG. The creators have to make it fun, as it's probably the thing you'll be doing most in the game.
Both FFXII & FFXV have a very different ways of going about this, one being more turned based, and the other being action oriented. Final Fantasy 13 focuses on changing your party's role in the middle of battle in order to combat the enemies you face. Each enemy might need a different paradigm deck than another, and each individual role is incredibly different from the others. In Final Fantasy 15 you only get to control Noctis, who has the ability to wield every kind of weapon including legendary ones that do a ton of damage. The game has a heavy emphasis on his ability to warp, as well as dodging enemies' attacks in real time and then blocking and parrying their attacks. These are two very different battle systems, each with its own positives and negatives.
FFXIII is probably criticized the most for it combat system. I understand if you don't like turn based combat (even though FFXIII isn't fully turn based) because it is not for everyone, but that doesn't mean it is bad in any sense. Throughout two thirds of the game, for story purposes, the game chooses who you play as and who your party leader is. While I understand that people may have wanted to play as all of the party throughout most of the story, as well as choosing who your party leader is, I really don't think the story would have worked at all. And because you often only play as two or three characters without having the ability to play as the other three, it led to the developers being able to make boss battles – and just regular battles for that matter – have more strategy due to most characters only being able to use certain roles throughout the story. This is also the case for later in the game when you get to choose who your party members are and who your party leader is. In the next section, I'm going to quote a few different Final Fantasy experts because I don't think there is any better way for me to say it.
What this means, is that just like other Final Fantasy games, all the characters can eventually master all of the roles in the game. Throughout the story, however, each role is given to specific characters at different times and in different order. In chapter 10, all the characters get access to all of the roles, but the 3 roles that they didn't specialize earlier on cost a lot more CP (EXP) to level up in. Even characters who specialize in the same roles might learn the moves in a different order. For example, Sazh and Hope both have access to the Synergist role early on in the game, but Sazh learns offensive buffs first, such as Haste, Faith and Bravery; whereas Hope learns Protect, Shell, and the Bar buffs first. Because they are both your 2 best Synergists, they learn most of the buffs in the game. The only exception is Sazh learns Vigilance whereas Hope does not, and Hope knows Veil whereas Sazh does not. Some characters take it much further. Lightning, for instance, does not learn any of the defense boosting moves that the sentinel role has to offer such as Steelguard, Mediguard, or Vendetta, whereas Snow and Fang do because it is their main role and they're simply more proficient with it. I think it should be noted that FFXV has absolutely no different roles, job, or classes that the main cast get to choose from. All 4 of them act pretty similarly except for the fact that you can issue a command for them to use a special move, and you're only allowed to have one of them assigned to each character. Gladio, Ignis and Prompto feel useless because you have no control over how they act and Noctis -the player controlled character – can use all of their weapons with more speed and control. You can now switch between characters(which will cost you EXP) but even still, Noctis is much more useful in combat seeing as he can use a wide variety of weapons and the ability to warp. They don't even heal themselves whenever they get badly hurt, or even downed, they wait until the player chooses to heal them. Even though you cannot play as the other 2 characters in your party in FF13, you still have great control over the roles they play and the A.I, despite being mandatory, is quite useful.
One of the most prominent comments that you'll hear about FFXIII is that you just have to "press X to play/win" which is probably the most untrue criticism of it that I am constantly arguing with people about. Yes, by setting your default paradigms, you might be able to get through a few chapters very early on in the game – which would take a lot of trial and error, as well as just making the game incredibly tedious and boring – but you can only do this until a certain point. YouTuber Sorozone does an experiment in which he tries to get as far into FFXIII as he can by just pressing the X button. He does eventually get to the Odin boss fight in chapter 4, but I assure you that he does this by exploiting a few game mechanics, through extreme trial and error, and by pushing paradigm optimization to the extreme, proving you cannot just press X to win. The combat is much more deep than that, requires much more attention, and can be more engaging the more efficient you want to be.
Before I take an even deeper dive into the FFXIII combat, let's contrast it to XVs. Like I mentioned earlier, XV has no roles or jobs for the players to choose from, and you only play as Noctis (at least I did through my journey, since I played the game at launch. You can now change characters, but it really doesn't do much). The combat is incredibly easy to control and play, square is dodge, circle is attack, and triangle is to warp. This sounds simple and easy to follow right? Yes, but that's it. Combat is extremely – childishly, even – easy. If you hold down the square button, you instantly dodge any and all attacks. Dodging takes MP but as soon as you warp away from combat for two seconds, your MP automatically fills back up. I played FFXV last night just so I could get a real refresher on the combat for writing this article. I did a mission where I had to kill some Tonberry Kings late at night. I got to the quest area and started the battle. My enemies were about 15 levels higher than me, and it was clear they were supposed to be able to kill be in about two hits… but they didn't. Anytime I thought they would attack, I just held down the square button and dodged their attacks. Most of the time, after dodging, I would get the quick time event where I had to block an attack, and then parry, which meant they would stagger backwards and stop attacking. If I ever got low on MP, I'd just warp to a safe point, and if by some miracle the enemy hit me and did a lot of damage, I'd use one out of the hundreds of restorative items to instantly get my health up all the way. The game makes it very clear that this was supposed to be a hard fight, but not once did I feel that way. It had been over a year since I last played FFXV, I barely remembered the controls and the mechanics, but it was just such an easy, stress–free fight, that there was absolutely no challenge and I really didn't have that much fun doing it. There was no strategy, I didn't need to optimize my party for the fight, and it felt like my comrades were doing nothing but taking the aggro off of my character so I could just warp away. Again, just to prove how easy this combat is, I did another quest after this one where the monster was supposed to be even tougher than the last. As soon as I entered the fight, I accidentally got hit and my health went down to zero. Within 5 seconds of this fight, I was than able to summon Leviathan and he killed the monster I was facing almost instantly. How is this fair? How is this satisfying? I didn't do anything. No enemy is hard or scary to face in this game. The combat is probably the weakest part of FFXV.
Like I mentioned earlier, FFXIII's combat is much more deeper than most people give it credit for, and has a lot of attention to detail. To once again quote Mrzwaznig, he has this to say about the combat system in FF13: "The reason I think many people find the battles in FFXIII unengaging is because the game does not do a good enough job of incentivizing efficient play. Simply put it is easy to fall into the trap of COM/RAV/RAV to stagger, COM/COM/RAV to kill, COM/RAV/MED if low on HP… Playing ultra defensive or without much regard for efficient buffing and debuffing will get you through most of the game, but the battles will take a long time and be far less engaging if you do. A friend of mine once described the problem as: FF13 is a game that has a lower skill floor to beat than it does to enjoy it".
This is so unbelievably true. At the beginning of the game, when you learn about the different roles, the game does not tell you about things like how to be proficient in those roles, passive bonuses of items, and weapons. Like Mrzwaznig said, buffing and debuffing is essential to proficient play, but you're never taught how much buffs like Bravery or Faith raise your strength or magic, and with debuffing, you never learn how much Deprotect and Deshell lower your enemies physical and magic defense. You don't know how long these buffs and debuffs stay on for, what their success rate is or how much damage they will do. This is also where taking into consideration who your party leader is can make a huge difference. Most people make their party leader someone who will take the offensive role like Commando or Ravager, but it may be more effective to take a supportive role. For example, let's say you're at the end of the game and Sazh has all 6 ATB gauges. Each buff from a Synergist takes up 2 ATB gauges, but when a party member other than your leader is casting buffs, they will do one at a time. This can be incredibly slow considering that when the party leader is a Synergist, you can cast 3 buffs at a time. It would only take a few seconds to apply most of the buffs available, thus being much faster than letting a party member do it for you. This same issue goes for Medic and Sentinel as well. A.I. Medics will only provide one heal at a time when your health gets back to a certain threshold, whereas you as the party leader could apply 6 heals simultaneously and get your party member's health up to full in a matter of seconds. It's also much more beneficial for Sentinels to use Mediguard or Steelguard, but they only do so when their health is low. If your party leader is your Sentinel, you can use either move all the time, meaning you won't need to be healed as often and can focus on attacking, buffing or debuffing. Each of these roles also has passive bonuses that they don't tell you about. Just by having a Sentinel present while fighting, damage is reduced for your entire party. Having a Ravager present will boost the party chaining capabilities. Commandos raise the attack for all party members. The higher role level you are, the higher the boosts get and if you have multiple roles present at once, the bonuses are raised even more.
FFXIII absolutely does not do a good job telling the player about all of these mechanics, because if it did, I feel like people would appreciate the combat a lot more. There is still so much I could get into such as accessories, weapons, and their passive abilities, but for the sake of time, and trying not to just solely talk about FFXIII, I thought it would be best to leave it. The combat is deep and the more the player wants out of it, the more they can get. The same cannot be said about FFXV. As much as I hate using this word, the combat for XV is just too "casual". It's easy, it takes no strategy, it's too easy to spam dodge, potions and to just use super powerful attacks. When you boot up FFXV the message "A Final Fantasy For First Timers And Long-Time Fans" is displayed. but I just don't think this is true, especially when it comes to combat. The characters have no defined roles, battles take no strategy, the game gives you so much money that item management is non-existent, and there is nothing close to anything resembling a job system. Even the leveling system is useless because it's so easy to defeat high level enemies. This is one of the main reasons why I just never get the desire to play FFXV again, because just like in XIII, and most of the other games, all there really is, is combat, so it better be good. NijiBashira, another expert on FFXIII, does a great in-depth look on what makes combat in RPGs good, and how this pertains to XIII, I really recommend checking it out.
Ladies and gentlemen, I know that it may seem like I hate FFXV, but that is not the case, I was just simply put, disappointed with a lot of aspects of it. For me, this game had everything going for itself. I love the look of it, the story, and I was very excited but tried not to hype myself up too much by watching every second of gameplay they showed. By the time I put in over 100 hours on my first playthrough, I was left unsatisfied and knew that I probably wouldn't play a second time. This has never happened with a Final Fantasy game for me – I've played most of the games in the franchise multiple times and loved it. Now, when comparing this game to FFXIII, I tried to be as fair as possible. XIII is an incredibly flawed game. The game doesn't always convey its story in the best way, it doesn't have much side content, which is fair criticism for a Final Fantasy game, and the mechanics of combat are not explained to the player well enough. But compared to FFXV, I think I've done a good job pointing out that it is just as, if not more, guilty of these problems. The gameplay loop of XV is the complete opposite of XIII, being a massive open-world game, but the world is very empty.
FFXIII does not always show the best sides of their characters, and they aren't always written in the best literary sense, but once again, I conveyed how they are either not as bad as people make them out to be, or people just don't understand their characterization. In terms of Hope and Snow, it's not their characters that are bad, but how the writers conveyed their story to the player. Compared to 15's main cast though, FFXIII's cast is much more fleshed out, they have actual backstory, meaningful dialogue, and they engage with each other in actual conversations that have story relevance.
Combat in FFXIII may be too plentiful, it may not be flashy or over the top, but it still takes much more strategy and forward thinking than XV's combat. It was difficult, and the post-story battles were incredibly fun and hard to beat. RPGs are my favourite type of game and FFXV's was probably one of the most thoughtless and boring combat systems I've ever played. You can dodge everything by just holding down a button, you can heal at any point and once the healing animation starts, your characters are invincible for the short period. MP can always easily be replenished and I don't think I ever got a game over throughout my 100+ hour playthrough. Yes, Square Enix has made some quality of life improvements to FFXV since it came out but because of my initial bad time with it, I never wanted to go back. After paying almost 90 dollars for a game I was disappointed with, I didn't want to pay for more DLC that clearly should have been in the main game.
I would absolutely discuss everyone's thoughts, so even if you completely disagree, let me know and I'll talk about it with you. FFXIII will probably always be my favourite game, and I feel like I've defended it admirably. And remember, if you just can't catch a break, there'll always be a chocobo chick to cheer you on. Thank you so incredibly much for reading.