text:
<?php namespace Kris\LaravelFormBuilder;

use Kris\LaravelFormBuilder\Fields\FormField;

class Form
{

    /**
     * All fields that are added
     *
     * @var array
     */
    protected $fields = [];

    /**
     * Model to use
     *
     * @var mixed
     */
    protected $model = [];

    /**
     * @var FormHelper
     */
    protected $formHelper;

    /**
     * Form options
     *
     * @var array
     */
    protected $formOptions = [
        'method' => 'GET',
        'url' => null
    ];

    /**
     * Additional data which can be used to build fields
     *
     * @var array
     */
    protected $data = [];

    /**
     * Should errors for each field be shown when called form($form) or form_rest($form) ?
     *
     * @var bool
     */
    protected $showFieldErrors = true;

    /**
     * Name of the parent form if any
     *
     * @var string|null
     */
    protected $name = null;

    /**
     * @var FormBuilder
     */
    protected $formBuilder;

    /**
     * List of fields to not render
     *
     * @var array
     **/
    protected $exclude = [];

    /**
     * Are form being rebuilt?
     *
     * @var bool
     */
    protected $rebuilding = false;

    /**
     * Build the form
     *
     * @return mixed
     */
    public function buildForm()
    {
    }

    /**
     * Rebuild the form from scratch
     *
     * @return $this
     */
    public function rebuildForm()
    {
        $this->rebuilding = true;
        // If form is plain, buildForm method is empty, so we need to take
        // existing fields and add them again
        if (get_class($this) === 'Kris\LaravelFormBuilder\Form') {
            foreach ($this->fields as $name => $field) {
                $this->add($name, $field->getType(), $field->getOptions());
            }
        } else {
            $this->buildForm();
        }
        $this->rebuilding = false;

        return $this;
    }

    /**
     * Create the FormField object
     *
     * @param string $name
     * @param string $type
     * @param array  $options
     * @return FormField
     */
    protected function makeField($name, $type = 'text', array $options = [])
    {
        $this->setupFieldOptions($name, $options);

        $fieldName = $this->getFieldName($name);

        $fieldType = $this->getFieldType($type);

        return new $fieldType($fieldName, $type, $this, $options);
    }

    /**
     * Create a new field and add it to the form
     *
     * @param string $name
     * @param string $type
     * @param array  $options
     * @param bool   $modify
     * @return $this
     */
    public function add($name, $type = 'text', array $options = [], $modify = false)
    {
        if (!$name || trim($name) == '') {
            throw new \InvalidArgumentException(
                'Please provide valid field name for class ['. get_class($this) .']'
            );
        }

        if ($this->rebuilding && !$this->has($name)) {
            return $this;
        }

        $this->addField($this->makeField($name, $type, $options), $modify);

        return $this;
    }

    /**
     * Add a FormField to the form's fields
     *
     * @param FormField $field
     * @return $this
     */
    protected function addField(FormField $field, $modify = false)
    {
        if (!$modify && !$this->rebuilding) {
            $this->preventDuplicate($field->getRealName());
        }

        $this->fields[$field->getRealName()] = $field;

        return $this;
    }

    /**
     * Add field before another field
     *
     * @param string  $name         Name of the field before which new field is added
     * @param string  $fieldName    Field name which will be added
     * @param string  $type
     * @param array   $options
     * @param boolean $modify
     * @return $this
     */
    public function addBefore($name, $fieldName, $type = 'text', $options = [], $modify = false)
    {
        $offset = array_search($name, array_keys($this->fields));

        $beforeFields = array_slice($this->fields, 0, $offset);
        $afterFields = array_slice($this->fields, $offset);

        $this->fields = $beforeFields;

        $this->add($fieldName, $type, $options, $modify);

        $this->fields += $afterFields;

        return $this;
    }

    /**
     * Add field before another field
     * @param string  $name         Name of the field after which new field is added
     * @param string  $fieldName    Field name which will be added
     * @param string  $type
     * @param array   $options
     * @param boolean $modify
     * @return $this
     */
    public function addAfter($name, $fieldName, $type = 'text', $options = [], $modify = false)
    {
        $offset = array_search($name, array_keys($this->fields));

        $beforeFields = array_slice($this->fields, 0, $offset + 1);
        $afterFields = array_slice($this->fields, $offset + 1);

        $this->fields = $beforeFields;

        $this->add($fieldName, $type, $options, $modify);

        $this->fields += $afterFields;

        return $this;
    }

    /**
     * Take another form and add it's fields directly to this form
     * @param mixed   $class        Form to merge
     * @param array   $options
     * @param boolean $modify
     * @return $this
     */
    public function compose($class, array $options = [], $modify = false)
    {
        $options['class'] = $class;

        // If we pass a ready made form just extract the fields
        if ($class instanceof Form) {
            $fields = $class->getFields();
        } elseif ($class instanceof Fields\ChildFormType) {
            $fields = $class->getForm()->getFields();
        } elseif (is_string($class)) {
            // If its a string of a class make it the usual way
            $options['model'] = $this->model;
            $options['name'] = $this->name;

            $form = $this->formBuilder->create($class, $options);
            $fields = $form->getFields();
        } else {
            throw new \InvalidArgumentException(
                "[{$class}] is invalid. Please provide either a full class name, Form or ChildFormType"
            );
        }

        foreach ($fields as $field) {
            $this->addField($field, $modify);
        }

        return $this;
    }

    /**
     * Remove field with specified name from the form
     *
     * @param $name
     * @return $this
     */
    public function remove($name)
    {
        if ($this->has($name)) {
            unset($this->fields[$name]);
            return $this;
        }

        throw new \InvalidArgumentException('Field ['.$name.'] does not exist in '.get_class($this));
    }

    /**
     * Modify existing field. If it doesn't exist, it is added to form
     *
     * @param        $name
     * @param string $type
     * @param array  $options
     * @param bool   $overwriteOptions
     * @return Form
     */
    public function modify($name, $type = 'text', array $options = [], $overwriteOptions = false)
    {
        // If we don't want to overwrite options, we merge them with old options
        if ($overwriteOptions === false && $this->has($name)) {
            $options = $this->formHelper->mergeOptions(
                $this->getField($name)->getOptions(),
                $options
            );
        }

        return $this->add($name, $type, $options, true);
    }

    /**
     * Render full form
     *
     * @param array $options
     * @param bool  $showStart
     * @param bool  $showFields
     * @param bool  $showEnd
     * @return string
     */
    public function renderForm(array $options = [], $showStart = true, $showFields = true, $showEnd = true)
    {
        return $this->render($options, $this->fields, $showStart, $showFields, $showEnd);
    }

    /**
     * Render rest of the form
     *
     * @param bool $showFormEnd
     * @param bool $showFields
     * @return string
     */
    public function renderRest($showFormEnd = true, $showFields = true)
    {
        $fields = $this->getUnrenderedFields();

        return $this->render([], $fields, false, $showFields, $showFormEnd);
    }

    /**
     * Renders the rest of the form up until the specified field name
     *
     * @param string $field_name
     * @param bool   $showFormEnd
     * @param bool   $showFields
     * @return string
     */
    public function renderUntil($field_name, $showFormEnd = true, $showFields = true)
    {
        $fields = $this->getUnrenderedFields();

        $i = 1;
        foreach ($fields as $key => $value) {
            if ($value->getRealName() == $field_name) {
                break;
            }
            $i++;
        }

        $fields = array_slice($fields, 0, $i, true);

        return $this->render([], $fields, false, $showFields, $showFormEnd);
    }

    /**
     * Get single field instance from form object
     *
     * @param $name
     * @return FormField
     */
    public function getField($name)
    {
        if ($this->has($name)) {
            return $this->fields[$name];
        }

        throw new \InvalidArgumentException(
            'Field with name ['. $name .'] does not exist in class '.get_class($this)
        );
    }

    /**
     * Check if form has field
     *
     * @param $name
     * @return bool
     */
    public function has($name)
    {
        return array_key_exists($name, $this->fields);
    }

    /**
     * Get all form options
     *
     * @return array
     */
    public function getFormOptions()
    {
        return $this->formOptions;
    }

    /**
     * Get single form option
     *
     * @param string $option
     * @param $default
     * @return mixed
     */
    public function getFormOption($option, $default = null)
    {
        return array_get($this->formOptions, $option, $default);
    }

    /**
     * Set single form option on form
     *
     * @param string $option
     * @param mixed $value
     *
     * @return $this
     */
    public function setFormOption($option, $value)
    {
        $this->formOptions[$option] = $value;

        return $this;
    }

    /**
     * Set form options
     *
     * @param array $formOptions
     * @return $this
     */
    public function setFormOptions($formOptions)
    {
        $this->formOptions = $this->formHelper->mergeOptions($this->formOptions, $formOptions);

        $this->getModelFromOptions();

        $this->getDataFromOptions();

        $this->checkIfNamedForm();

        return $this;
    }

    /**
     * Get form http method
     *
     * @return string
     */
    public function getMethod()
    {
        return $this->formOptions['method'];
    }

    /**
     * Set form http method
     *
     * @param string $method
     * @return $this
     */
    public function setMethod($method)
    {
        $this->formOptions['method'] = $method;

        return $this;
    }

    /**
     * Get form action url
     *
     * @return string
     */
    public function getUrl()
    {
        return $this->formOptions['url'];
    }

    /**
     * Set form action url
     *
     * @param string $url
     * @return $this
     */
    public function setUrl($url)
    {
        $this->formOptions['url'] = $url;

        return $this;
    }

    /**
     * @return string|null
     */
    public function getName()
    {
        return $this->name;
    }

    /**
     * @param string $name
     *
     * @return $this
     */
    public function setName($name)
    {
        $this->name = $name;

        $this->rebuildForm();

        return $this;
    }

    /**
     * Get model that is bind to form object
     *
     * @return mixed
     */
    public function getModel()
    {
        return $this->model;
    }

    /**
     * Set model to form object
     *
     * @param mixed $model
     * @return $this
     */
    public function setModel($model)
    {
        $this->model = $model;

        $this->setupNamedModel();

        return $this;
    }

    /**
     * Get all fields
     *
     * @return FormField[]
     */
    public function getFields()
    {
        return $this->fields;
    }

    /**
     * Get field dynamically
     *
     * @param $name
     * @return FormField
     */
    public function __get($name)
    {
        if ($this->has($name)) {
            return $this->getField($name);
        }
    }

    /**
     * Set the form helper only on first instantiation
     *
     * @param FormHelper $formHelper
     * @return $this
     */
    public function setFormHelper(FormHelper $formHelper)
    {
        $this->formHelper = $formHelper;

        return $this;
    }

    /**
     * Get form helper
     *
     * @return FormHelper
     */
    public function getFormHelper()
    {
        return $this->formHelper;
    }

    /**
     * Add custom field
     *
     * @param $name
     * @param $class
     */
    public function addCustomField($name, $class)
    {
        $this->formHelper->addCustomField($name, $class);
    }

    /**
     * Should form errors be shown under every field ?
     *
     * @return bool
     */
    public function haveErrorsEnabled()
    {
        return $this->showFieldErrors;
    }

    /**
     * Add any aditional data that field needs (ex. array of choices)
     *
     * @param string $name
     * @param mixed $data
     */
    public function setData($name, $data)
    {
        $this->data[$name] = $data;
    }

    /**
     * Get single additional data
     *
     * @param string $name
     * @param null   $default
     * @return mixed
     */
    public function getData($name = null, $default = null)
    {
        if (is_null($name)) {
            return $this->data;
        }

        return array_get($this->data, $name, $default);
    }

    /**
     * Add multiple peices of data at once
     *
     * @param $data
     * @return $this
     **/
    public function addData(array $data)
    {
        foreach ($data as $key => $value) {
            $this->setData($key, $value);
        }

        return $this;
    }

    /**
     * Get current request
     *
     * @return \Illuminate\Http\Request
     */
    public function getRequest()
    {
        return $this->formHelper->getRequest();
    }

    /**
     * Render the form
     *
     * @param $options
     * @param $fields
     * @param boolean $showStart
     * @param boolean $showFields
     * @param boolean $showEnd
     * @return string
     */
    protected function render($options, $fields, $showStart, $showFields, $showEnd)
    {
        $formOptions = $this->formHelper->mergeOptions($this->formOptions, $options);

        $this->setupNamedModel();

        return $this->formHelper->getView()
            ->make($this->formHelper->getConfig('form'))
            ->with(compact('showStart', 'showFields', 'showEnd'))
            ->with('formOptions', $formOptions)
            ->with('fields', $fields)
            ->with('model', $this->getModel())
            ->with('exclude', $this->exclude)
            ->render();
    }

    /**
     * Get the model from the options
     */
    private function getModelFromOptions()
    {
        if (array_get($this->formOptions, 'model')) {
            $this->setModel(array_pull($this->formOptions, 'model'));
        }
    }

    /**
     * Get all fields that are not rendered
     *
     * @return array
     */
    protected function getUnrenderedFields()
    {
        $unrenderedFields = [];

        foreach ($this->fields as $field) {
            if (!$field->isRendered()) {
                $unrenderedFields[] = $field;
                continue;
            }
        }

        return $unrenderedFields;
    }

    /**
     * Prevent adding fields with same name
     *
     * @param string $name
     */
    protected function preventDuplicate($name)
    {
        if ($this->has($name)) {
            throw new \InvalidArgumentException('Field ['.$name.'] already exists in the form '.get_class($this));
        }
    }

    /**
     * @param string $type
     * @return string
     */
    protected function getFieldType($type)
    {
        $fieldType = $this->formHelper->getFieldType($type);

        if ($type == 'file') {
            $this->formOptions['files'] = true;
        }

        return $fieldType;
    }

    /**
     * Check if form is named form
     */
    protected function checkIfNamedForm()
    {
        if ($this->getFormOption('name')) {
            $this->name = array_pull($this->formOptions, 'name', $this->name);
        }
    }

    /**
     * Set up options on single field depending on form options
     *
     * @param string $name
     * @param $options
     */
    protected function setupFieldOptions($name, &$options)
    {
        if (!$this->getName()) {
            return;
        }

        $options['real_name'] = $name;

        if (!isset($options['label'])) {
            $options['label'] = $this->formHelper->formatLabel($name);
        }
    }

    /**
     * Get any data from options and remove it
     */
    protected function getDataFromOptions()
    {
        if (array_get($this->formOptions, 'data')) {
            $this->addData(array_pull($this->formOptions, 'data'));
        }
    }

    /**
     * Set namespace to model if form is named so the data is bound properly
     */
    protected function setupNamedModel()
    {
        if (!$this->getModel() || !$this->getName()) {
            return;
        }

        $model = $this->formHelper->convertModelToArray($this->getModel());

        if (!array_get($model, $this->getName())) {
            $this->model = [
                $this->getName() => $model
            ];
        }
    }

    /**
     * Set form builder instance on helper so we can use it later
     *
     * @param FormBuilder $formBuilder
     * @return $this
     */
    public function setFormBuilder(FormBuilder $formBuilder)
    {
        $this->formBuilder = $formBuilder;

        return $this;
    }

    /**
     * @return FormBuilder
     */
    public function getFormBuilder()
    {
        return $this->formBuilder;
    }

    /**
     * Exclude some fields from rendering
     *
     * @return $this
     */
    public function exclude(array $fields)
    {
        $this->exclude = array_merge($this->exclude, $fields);

        return $this;
    }

    /**
     * If form is named form, modify names to be contained in single key (parent[child_field_name])
     *
     * @param string $name
     * @return string
     */
    protected function getFieldName($name)
    {
        if ($this->getName() !== null) {
            return $this->getName().'['.$name.']';
        }

        return $name;
    }

    /**
     * Disable all fields in a form
     */
    public function disableFields()
    {
        foreach ($this->fields as $field) {
            $field->disable();
        }
    }

    /**
     * Enable all fields in a form
     */
    public function enableFields()
    {
        foreach ($this->fields as $field) {
            $field->enable();
        }
    }
}


text:
\section{Introduction}
The use of scaling and the application of dimensional analysis to
cross sections for inclusive scattering of a weakly interacting probe
from the constituents of a composite system have been
important tools for the development of new insights in physics.
Examples for such processes are  the scattering of keV electrons from
electrons bound in atoms \cite{Bonham77},  the scattering of eV
neutrons from atoms in solids or liquids \cite{Hohenberg66}, deep inelastic
scattering of GeV energy leptons from the quarks in the nucleon \cite{Bjorken69}
 and, of particular interest for the present letter, quasi-elastic
scattering of electrons in the energy range of 100's of MeV to several GeV
from nucleons in nuclei \cite{Sick80}.  Despite the
extraordinary range of energy and momentum transfer for which scaling has
been studied, the conceptual basis for describing this phenomenon has many
features in common.

 The inclusive cross sections for these processes in general depend
 explicitly on two independent variables -- the energy $\omega$ and momentum  $\vec{q}$ transferred by the probe to the
constituent. {\em Scaling} means that, in the asymptotic regime of large $q$
and $\omega$, the
cross sections depend on a {\em single} variable $z = z(q,\omega)$,
itself a function of $\omega$ and $q$. This property
results essentially from the kinematics of the scattering process of
the probe by the moving constituent, which as a consequence of the recoil
momentum received, is ejected essentially quasi-freely from the composite
system.

The interest in scaling phenomena originates from two distinct sources:
\begin{itemize}
\item The observation of the occurrence (or nonoccurrence) of scaling yields
information on the domination (or not) of the quasi-free scattering process
or the contribution
of other reaction mechanisms (which in general do not scale). This provides
{\em experimental} insight into the reaction mechanism, knowledge which is a
prerequisite for a quantitative understanding  of the cross section.
\item The function to which the data scale is closely related to the momentum
distribution
of the  constituents in the composite target. This provides interesting
experimental knowledge on the dynamics of the bound system.
\end{itemize}

For quasi-elastic electron-nucleus scattering, data are available over a
large range of $(q,\omega)$ and for several nuclei. These data have been found
to scale in a major
part of the kinematical region studied. When analyzed in terms of the scaling
variable $y$ \cite{Sick80}, which is close to the component  $k_{//}$ of a
bound nucleon's
momentum parallel to $\vec{q}$, the data exhibit scaling for $y<0$
(roughly $ \omega <|Q^2|/2m_N$, with $m_N$ the nucleon mass, where $Q^2=\omega^2
-q^2 <0$), that is, the region in which quasi-elastic
scattering dominates. Much of the past work has concentrated
on the study of the scaling properties of the response in the low-$\omega$
tail of the quasi-elastic peak where $y$ is large and negative. Detailed
quantitative studies of the conditions under which scaling occurs and the
impact of adverse effects such as final-state interactions
\cite{Benhar91}, the spread of the spectral function $S(k,E)$ in removal
energy $E$, and the contributions
of other reaction mechanisms have been made. For a review see \cite{Day90}.

Past applications of scaling focused on individual nuclei and nuclear matter
using the
data for different kinematics in the range $q$ = 0.5 -- 2 GeV/c and $\omega$ =
0.1 -- 3 GeV. In the present letter, we explore a novel aspect: rather than
concentrating on the response of individual nuclei, we compare the
scaling function of {\em different nuclei} with mass number $A\geq$4, and
study the degree to which these scaling functions are the {\em same}.
Our goal is to explore whether
the concept of superscaling, introduced in  \cite{Alberico88} within the
relativistic Fermi gas (RFG) model,  works for finite nuclei. For these
studies we concentrate on the main part of the
quasi-elastic peak where superscaling could, if anyplace, be hoped to work.

\section{Formalism}
Discussions of scaling at intermediate energies assume
that inclusive electron scattering in the quasi-elastic
regime has as a dominant process the impulsive one-body knockout of
nucleons together with contributions from two-body meson exchange current
(MEC) and meson production processes that may play a role when the normally
dominant process is
suppressed. In addition to the electron scattering angle $\theta_e$, one
has two variables to characterize the cross section, typically chosen to
be $(q,\omega)$. Of course, any function
$z=z(q,\omega)$ of $q$ and $\omega$ may be used together with $q$ to
characterize the cross section. For over two decades it has been
traditional to use the so-called $y$-scaling variable for $z(q,\omega)$
(for a review of the history of the subject, the basic formalism and
reference to many of the theoretical studies undertaken see \cite{Day90}).
Upon dividing the inclusive electron scattering cross section by the
single-nucleon electromagnetic cross section together with the
Jacobian required in changing variables to $y$ one obtains a derived
function $F(q,y)$. Scaling means that at high enough values of momentum
transfer this function becomes a function only of $y$, that is, independent
of $q$:
\begin{equation}
F(q,y) \stackrel{q \to \infty}\longrightarrow F(y)\equiv F(\infty,y) .
\label{scaling}
\end{equation}
Indeed, it has been found that in the $y<0$ region (the region of
the low-$\omega$ side of the quasi-elastic peak) for momentum transfers
of roughly 0.5 GeV/c or larger $y$-scaling is very well obeyed. For more
detailed discussion of this approach and for a summary of the experimental
situation, see \cite{Day90}.

As an alternative to this standard plane-wave impulse approximation
approach scaling can be examined from a different point of view using
as a starting point the RFG model \cite{Alberico88,Barbaro98}.
This model has the appeal of simplicity while maintaining important aspects
in the problem such as Lorentz covariance and gauge invariance. Naturally
it ignores potentially important effects such as those stemming from strong
final-state interactions or two-body MEC and employs an overly simplified
initial-state spectral function; nevertheless, such ingredients can be
added to the basic model and appear not to invalidate it as a basic
starting point for analyses of scaling.

Below we summarize the essential
RFG developments and refer the reader to \cite{Barbaro98,Donnelly98a} for
more detail, including the relationships between the RFG formalism and
the usual $y$-scaling analysis. As seen in the work cited,
a dimensionless scaling variable $\psi$ naturally emerges:
\begin{equation}
  \psi = \frac{1}{\sqrt{\xi_F}} \frac{\lambda - \tau}
   {\sqrt{(1+\lambda)\tau + \kappa \sqrt{\tau (1+\tau)}}}
\label{psi}
\end {equation}
where $\xi_F = \sqrt{1 + \eta_F^2} - 1$ and $\eta_F =
k_F/m_N$ are the dimensionless Fermi kinetic energy and momentum, respectively.
Here we employ dimensionless variables $\kappa\equiv q/2m_N$,
$\lambda\equiv \omega/2m_N$ and $\tau\equiv\kappa^2-\lambda^2>0$.
Additionally, to allow for the fact that nucleons are
knocked out of all shells in the nucleus we follow the spirit of
\cite{Cenni97} and
introduce an ``average removal energy'' by shifting $\omega$ to $\omega'\equiv
\omega - E_{rem}$ and hence defining a derived variable $\psi'$ by
substituting $\lambda'\equiv \omega'/2m_N$ for $\lambda$ and
$\tau'\equiv \kappa^2-{\lambda'}^2$ for $\tau$ in
Eq.~(\ref{psi}). In fact, in the present work we simply adjust $E_{rem}$
to fit the systematic trend seen in the data, rather than employing the
specific shift discussed in \cite{Cenni97}; however, since typically
$\omega$ is large for the kinematics considered below, while the chosen
values of $E_{rem}$ are small, ranging from about 15 to 25
MeV in our analysis, the actual values chosen are not critical.

Weighting the squares of the single-nucleon form factors with the appropriate
proton and neutron numbers, $Z$ and $N$,
\begin{eqnarray}
  {\widetilde G}_E^2 (\tau) &\equiv& Z G_{Ep}^2 + N G_{En}^2 \nonumber \\
  {\widetilde G}_M^2 (\tau) &\equiv& Z G_{Mp}^2 + N G_{Mn}^2
\label{formfac}
\end{eqnarray}
within the RFG model it is then natural to define a function
\begin{equation}
F (\kappa, \psi') \cong \frac{k_F\, d^2 \sigma/d \Omega_e\, d \omega}
   {\sigma_M [v_L (\kappa/2\tau) {\widetilde G}_E^2
    + v_T (\tau/\kappa) {\widetilde G}_M^2 ]}
\label{Ftotal}
\end{equation}
where terms of order $\eta_F^2$ have been ignored here
since $\eta_F$ is typically small, growing from 0.06 for deuterium
to about 0.3 for the heaviest nuclei (full expressions are given in
\cite{Barbaro98,Donnelly98a}). Here $\sigma_M$ is the Mott cross section
and $v_{L,T}$ the familiar Rosenbluth kinematical factors.
In terms of the RFG variables scaling
means that at high $q$ (large $\kappa$) one finds that $F (\kappa,\psi')$
becomes only a function of $\psi'$ -- indeed, if $E_{rem}$ is set to
zero, then the RFG scales (in $\psi$) exactly, as it must, since this
provided the original definition of $\psi$ \cite{Alberico88}.

While the RFG approach discussed here and the usual $y$-scaling analysis
have differences in detail, they are rather closely related under
``typical'' circumstances, namely, for momentum transfers that are
relatively large (say $q>$ 0.5 GeV/c), for energy transfers that are
not too close to threshold (where both approaches are bound to fail) and
for nuclei that are not too light (since the RFG approach cannot account
for daughter nucleus recoil effects). Roughly speaking the $\psi'$
variable can be regarded as an alternative to $y/k_F$ and $F(\kappa,\psi')$
can be equated with $k_F \times F(q,y)$. One finds that scaling in
$\psi'$  and $y$ is very similar (this is discussed in more detail in a
longer accompanying paper \cite{Donnelly98a}).

In \cite{Alberico88} the idea of ``superscaling'' was introduced, but until
now not tested with existing high-quality data on
quasi-elastic scattering. The observation to be drawn from the RFG developments
summarized above is that, within the context of that model,
plotting $F (\kappa,\psi)$ versus $\psi$ leads to a universal curve, namely,
not only universal in that no $\kappa$-dependence remains, but also that
the result {\em is independent of the choice of nucleus} modulo minor
corrections
of order $\eta_F^2$. This suggests attempting the same type of representation
of the experimental data to investigate the idea of superscaling, which
we proceed to do in the following section.

\section{Results}
We next use the inclusive electron-nucleus scattering data
in order to test the idea of superscaling. We also try to
disentangle better the various reasons that underlie the well-known fact that at
large electron energy loss nonscaling is observed. For these studies we
basically concentrate on nuclei with $A\geq 4$, as the lightest nuclei are
known to have momentum distributions that are very far from the
``universal'' one which is at the basis of the superscaling idea.

Data on inclusive electron-nucleus scattering for a series of nuclei
$A \geq 4$ are available  in the region of low momentum transfers
$q \sim$ 0.5 GeV/c
\cite{Whitney74} --\nocite{Barreau81,Barreau83,Baran88,Deady86,Meziani85,Yates93}
\nocite{Williamson97,Altemus80,Meziani85,Zghiche94,Chen91,Connell87}
\nocite{Titov72}\cite{Blatchley86}, while
data extending to much  higher $q$  are available from other experiments
\cite{Day93} --\nocite{Heimlich74,Day89a}\cite{Hotta84}. Not
all of these data can be used, however, as some of them have not been
corrected for radiative and Coulomb distortion effects, are known to have
problems such as ``snout scattering'' or the inclusion of false signals
from $\pi^-$'s in the electron spectrometer,
or are only available in the form of figures. Part of the data is at very
low momentum transfer, which we do not consider as there scaling is known to
break down due to large final-state interactions and Pauli blocking effects.

In a first step, we have taken the data that meet our criteria
for the nuclei $A =  12\ldots 208$
and have analyzed them in terms of scaling in the variable $\psi'$. As $\psi'$
is defined in terms of the Fermi momentum, appropriate values of $k_F$ had to
be selected. We use 220, 230, 235 and 240 MeV/c for C, Al, Fe, Au, with
intermediate
values for the intermediate nuclei.

Figure~\ref{di421} shows the scaling function $F(\psi')$ for all kinematics
(energies, angles, momentum transfers) suitable for the present study
and all $A$ available.  We clearly observe a
scaling behavior for values of $\psi ' < 0$: while the cross
sections at a given $\psi'$ vary over more than three orders of magnitude,
the values of
$F(\psi ')$ are essentially universal.  For $\psi ' >0$, on the other hand,
the scaling property is badly violated, and this is to be expected, as there
processes other
than quasi-elastic scattering -- meson exchange currents, $\Delta$-excitation,
deep inelastic scattering -- contribute to the cross section. The scaling
as discussed in this paper applies only to processes having the kinematics of
electron-nucleon quasi-free scattering.

In order to separate some of the effects leading to less-than-perfect
scaling at negative
$\psi'$, in Fig.~\ref{di321} we show the function $F(\psi') $ for the
series of
nuclei $A = 12\ldots 197$, but for fixed kinematics (electron energy 3.6 GeV,
scattering angle 16$^\circ$, and hence nearly constant $q$). The quality of the
scaling in the region
$\psi ' < 0 $ is quite amazing. This shows that, insofar as the removal of
the $A$-dependence goes, the superscaling works extremely well. The deviations
from scaling observed in Fig.~\ref{di421} are {\em not\/} from an $A$-dependence.

A part of the $A$-dependent increase of $F(\psi')$ at positive $\psi'$ results
from
the increase of $k_F$ with $A$. This amounts to an increase of the width of the
quasi-elastic and $\Delta$ peaks, and a correspondingly increased overlap with
non--quasi-free scattering processes ($\Delta$-excitation, $\pi$-production, $\ldots$).
At the same time, the increasing average density of
the heavier nuclei may also lead to an increase in contributions of two-body
MEC processes which are presumably strongly density-dependent
(i.e., do not scale with $k_F$ in the same way the one-body knockout
processes do; see \cite{Vanorden81} for indications of this type of
behavior).

Figure \ref{di422} shows the data for $A=$ 4, 12, 27, 56, 197
on a logarithmic scale for the kinematics of Fig.~\ref{di321}.
This figure demonstrates that
the scaling property extends to large negative values of $\psi'$, values which
correspond to large momenta of the initial nucleon. A priori, this feature is
not  predicted within the RFG model used to motivate the
choice of $\psi'$. It can be understood, however, from the theoretical
results for the momentum distribution of nuclear matter as a function of
the nuclear matter density. For different nuclear matter densities,
the tail of  the momentum distribution $n(k)$ at $k > k_F$ (corresponding to
$\psi ' < -1$) is a near-universal function of $k/k_F$
\cite{Baldo90}. For finite nuclei and large momenta we can employ the Local
Density  Approximation (LDA), as at large $k$ we are dealing with short-range
properties of the nuclear wave function \cite{Benhar94b}. Within LDA, the
nuclear momentum distribution (spectral function) then is a weighted  average
over the corresponding nuclear matter distributions. This means that
the large-momentum tail of the nuclear momentum distribution also scales with
$k_F$, a dependence that is removed when using $\psi'$.

In order to emphasize the quality of this superscaling in the tail,
in  Fig.~\ref{di422} we have also included the data on $^4$He, taken under
the same kinematical conditions \cite{Day93}.
While at $\psi '$=0  $F(\psi ')$ for $^4$He
is about 10\% higher than for heavier
nuclei as a consequence of the  sharper peak of the momentum distribution $n(k)$
at $k \sim 0$, the scaling function
for $^4$He agrees perfectly with the one for heavier nuclei for
$\psi ' < - 0.2$.

A similar quality of superscaling is found when analyzing the data
at the other kinematics at both higher and lower $q$ where cross sections for
a large range of $A$ are available. As an example, Fig.~\ref{di47} shows
the scaling function for the data at 3.6 GeV and 25$^\circ$ \cite{Day93}

The quality of scaling in terms of the variable $\psi'$ is quite similar to
the one found when using the standard variable $y$. We  have systematically
used $\psi'$ defined above as this variable is more directly connected to the
RFG model that motivated the study of superscaling.

\section{Conclusions} We have analyzed data on
electron-nucleus quasi-elastic  scattering for nuclei with mass numbers
$A$ = 4  -- 208 which cover a large range in $q,\omega$. We find that, upon
use of the scaling variable $\psi'$
which allows one to remove the ``trivial'' dependence on the Fermi
momentum, the data on the low-$\omega$ side of the quasi-elastic
peak ($\psi ' < 0$)  show superscaling, {\em i.e.} the scaling functions
 $F(\psi ')$ for the different nuclear mass numbers $A$ coincide.
The $A$-independence of the
superscaling function actually is much better realized than the
$q$-independence of the normal scaling function, which
is violated due to processes such as meson exchange currents and/or excitation
of internal  degrees of freedom of the nucleon. The realization of superscaling
shows that different nuclei, in the integral sense tested via inclusive
scattering \cite{Day90}, have a more or less universal momentum distribution
once the obvious  dependence on the Fermi momentum $k_F$ is removed.

\acknowledgments
We would like to thank J. Jourdan and
C.F. Williamson
for help and useful discussions. This work was supported in part by funds
provided by the U.S. Department  of Energy under cooperative research agreement
\#DF-FC02-94ER40818, and by the Swiss National Science Foundation.

\begin{figure}[htb]
\vspace*{-1pc}
$$ \BoxedEPSF{dfy321Fig1.eps scaled 750}$$
 \caption{Scaling function $F(\psi')$ as function of $\psi'$ for all nuclei
\protect{$A \ge $ 12} and all kinematics. The values of A corresponding to
different symbols is shown in the insert.
} \label{di421}
 \end{figure}

\begin{figure}[htb]
\vspace*{-1pc}
$$ \BoxedEPSF{dfy421Fig2.eps scaled 750}$$
\caption{Scaling function for C, Al, Fe, Au and fixed kinematics
\protect\cite{Day93}.
The correspondence of symbol and mass number of the nucleus is shown in the
insert.
}
\label{di321}
\end{figure}

\begin{figure}[htb]
\vspace*{-1pc}
$$\BoxedEPSF{dfy423Fig3.eps scaled 750}$$
 \caption{Scaling function for nuclei $A = 4$ -- 197  and fixed
kinematics  on logarithmic scale.
}\label{di422}
\end{figure}

\begin{figure}[htb]
\vspace*{-1pc}
$$\BoxedEPSF{dfy47Fig4.eps scaled 750}$$
 \caption{Scaling function for nuclei $A$ = 4 -- 197  at higher momentum
transfers (3.6 GeV, 25$^\circ$).
}\label{di47}
\end{figure}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaArXiv


The oldest and smallest cemetery in Paris is only open to the public twice a year.
Visiting Calvary Cemetery (Le Cimetière du Calvaire) in Paris is difficult, but not nearly as difficult as being permitted to be buried there.
The headless bodies of more than 1,300 guillotined victims of the Terror are buried here in mass graves.
The macabre collection of Jacques Sirgent, an expert scholar on the undead and all of their trappings.
The cemetery, located in Paris' Montemartre district, is the city's smallest and oldest, and is only open to the public twice a year. People can visit on November 1 (All Saints' Day) and during the city's Heritage Days, which occur the third weekend in September. As for the burials, only those who are decedents of the families who are already buried there can use Le Cimetière du Calvaire as their final resting place.
The cemetery, which opened in 1688 on the grounds of the Montmartre Abbey, was originally used to bury members of the religious order. Both the abbey and the cemetery were damaged during the French Revolution, but as Le Cimetière du Calvaire was the only cemetery in the village, it was reopened in 1801. However, it closed once again with the opening of the Cimetière Saint-Vincent in 1831.
Today, the roughly 6,500-square-foot cemetery holds 85 burial plots. There's one plot dedicated to soldiers who died in Paris in March 1814 during the Battle of Paris, but the majority of the plots in Le Cimetière du Calvaire are for the members of prominent Montemartre families.
Some of the notable people buried there include members of the Debray family, a milling family known for the Moulin de la Galette, a mill and restaurant whose prominent windmill was immortalized by artists like Renoir and van Gogh; Nicolas-Félix Desportes, Montemartre's first mayor; the Lecuyer family, considered the oldest family in Montmartre; and the explorer Louis Antoine de Bougainville, for whom the plant the Bougainvillea is named (however, most of de Bougainville is buried at the Pantheon in Paris; only his heart lies at Le Cimetière du Calvaire).
In 1980, Italian sculptor Tommaso Gismondi, whose work can be seen at the Vatican, created a bronze door that now serves as the entrance to the cemetery. The ornate brass door only opens twice a year. Beyond it lies a mostly hidden part of Paris' history.
Original cabaret handbills, posters, and feline artwork are a purrfect highlight of the Museum of Montmartre.
This surreal statue brings a famous French novel about a supernatural cad to arresting life.


text:
Science and Religion in Medieval Islamic Societies: A lecture by Dr. Nahyan Fancy on Feb 26th
Our next Science & Religion lecture at Hampshire College is this coming Thursday, February 26th. Our speaker is Dr. Nahyan Fancy and he will be talking about science in medieval Islamic societies. Back in 2013, I had highlighted his fascinating book on Ibn-Nafis' work on pulmonary transit of blood. We are excited to have him here and if you are in the area, join us for the talk.
Hampshire College Lecture Series on Science & Religion Presents
Re-examining the Science-Religion Dichotomy in Medieval Islamic Societies
Dr. Nahyan Fancy
5:30p.m., Franklin Patterson Hall, Main Lecture Hall
Hampshire College
Living in a post-Enlightenment age, historians have struggled to understand the meaningful ways in which science and religion interacted in pre-modern, particularly theistic societies. In the case of Islamic societies, historians have veered from claiming that religion suppressed and stamped out science, to claiming that religion subsumed science under religious dogma. In both cases, religion is seen as blunting the sword of reason leading to an inevitable "decline" of science. Historians have bought into the Enlightenment idealization of science as a secular, rational pursuit of knowledge that is free from external pressures, particularly those from religion. However, as I will show, such dichotomous understandings of science and religion prevent us from accessing the rich and complex ways in which pre-modern Islamic scholars engaged with rational and revealed knowledge. Using the example of Ibn al-Nafīs (d. 1288), we shall see how a commitment to the sanctity of revelation and specific religious dogmas could still lead one to develop novel scientific theories that themselves forced the scholar to assess and modify certain religious claims.
Dr. Nahyan Fancy is an Associate Professor of Middle East/Comparative History at DePauw University, Greencastle, Indiana, USA. His research interests are in pre-1500 science, medicine, and
intellectual history. His book, Science and Religion in Mamluk Egypt, examines the intersections of philosophy, theology and medical physiology in the works of Ibn al-Nafis, a 13th century physician-jurist who first posited the pulmonary transit of blood. The significance of this result is that it forms the basis of William Harvey's (d. 1657) theory of blood circulation, three centuries later. His new project examines the evolution of medical commentaries in post-1250 Islamicate societies, with an eye towards learning more about the specific trajectory of theoretical medicine in Islamicate societies, and the networks of exchange that gave rise to the appropriation of Islamicate trajectories by Latin Europe during the Renaissance.
Posted in general, history, islam and science on Monday, February 23, 2015 by Salman Hameed | Leave a comment Edit

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


No, this isn't a typo: Nearly half of our readers' ABS desktops have required repair in the past year. That repair rate is almost twice as high as that of any other PC maker in this year's survey. Yet, despite this, readers seem not to hold it against the company too much, giving ABS an overall score of 8.2, which falls within the average range. Obviously, customers must be fairly pleased with the company's tech support—and how it handled its many necessary repairs—in order to forgive machines needing so much work.
ABS manufacturers all its own desktops in full at facilities in City of Industry, California, and there's little doubt that the operation has had a quality control problem this past year.
Readers who responded to our survey complain about the early failure of everything from DVD-ROM drives and hard disks to power supplies, cooling fans, and monitors. "Had to send it the back to the factory twice during first year," says Gary Stark, of his ABS Awesome desktop.
Of course, some of our readers report nary a problem with their ABS desktops. "I have had a very good experience with reliability and performance from my ABS PC," says Mark Whitley. "I purchased a second, identical ABS PC for a coworker, and he has had the same reliability and service from his system also." Indeed, the company's score for the reliability of its desktops is 8.1—again, within the average range, and slightly above the numerical average of 8.0.
This high reliability score seems to contradict the high repair rate, but that's the opinion readers give. We can only speculate that once the machines are finally fixed, they're pretty much bulletproof.
ABS outsources its technical support and repair duties to another company based nearby in southern California. This facility has a call center that offers both phone and e-mail support; it's also the location of a repair depot where users can mail in notebooks and, in some cases, desktops.
On-site service is available from ABS as well. In the end, when asked how likely they are to purchase another ABS desktop, our readers give ABS an average rating, 7.9. So it seems the company must be doing something right.


After your morning breakfast at 0800, the company will be at hand ready to drive you via Hoima to Fort Portal through verdant countryside and pass traditional homesteads, farms and Tea Estates. Fort Portal rests in the shadow of the fabled Mountains of the Moon. The drive takes approximately 5 hours.
Have lunch in Fort portal town. Visit the Bigodi Sanctuary in the afternoon, for a guided nature and community visits.
After breakfast we visit Kibale Forest National Park, where the greatest variety and highest concentration of primates in East Africa is exceptionally represented. The most famous of its 13 species is the Chimpanzee known to be a delightful ape. It is also a home of species like the rare I'Hoest's monkey, the black and white Colobus, Blue monkey, Grey cheeked mangabey, Red tailed monkey, Olive baboon among others. After lunch head for Kampala on to Entebbe international airport for your home bound flight.


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text:
July 18, 2016 September 4, 2016 by Researchista
(24) Fashion & Research: intro.
Browsing through the Fashion Bible – "VOGUE" just like I would do with a book, I was looking for its introduction. It took me 12 pages of pictures with clothes and accessories to find the compass through a book: the introduction. Ah, fashion, are you only about selling? I don't believe you! 😉
By the way, before the introduction, in a fashion magazine you will always find an Editor's Note. Yes, just like in a scientific journal (for example, "Science" or "Elsevier"), fashion magazines have an Editor that is in charge of it all. But, who reads a fashion magazine anyway, if you see so many colourful pictures in it? Only joking, the fashionistas will probably prove me wrong. As of today, Researchista invites you to her Fashion & Research Month!
Why fashion? "To some, fashion is an art form. To others, it is almost like a religion. For most people though, fashion is a method of utilizing clothing, accessories and grooming to show or hide something about yourself. Fashion can be an extension of your personality, allowing you to introduce parts of your personality to the world without saying a word"… Fashion is not only about clothing in ourdays, it's about lifestyle in general. The ads in fashion magazine advice you what bags to wear with what accessories and make-up to match, what events to go and what places to visit.
Yet, clothing is the backbone still of the entire fashion industry. Designers create, we buy and we buy, because we want to look and feel good/or to transmit a signal to the rest about ourselves. Ah, finally I understood the "statement bag" expression that I would hear sometimes in Russian, it's probably about the intention of someone wearing a specific bag to communicate a message to the public about their personality (their character, their seriousness, their coolness, etc.).
Fashion Industry: Behind the fashion curtains, you will find the designers and tailors, who work very hard to create that perfect piece of thing that will match everyone's tastes.
The Story of Gabriel Chanel, Coco Chanel
Just like in academia and policy, fashion industry has a certain life-cycle (see Figure 1) or more phases from the moment when the clothing exists only as a piece of material (raw material), till the moment the costumer wears it and hopefully takes care of it after it has been used to either reuse or recycling it.
It looks like a perfect cycle, but we are not living during the time of Coco Chanel, now it is much faster to produce and buy more pieces of clothes that look the same. Mass-production of clothes became a norm.
Figure 1. Fashion cycle
Source: modevlinder.com
Fashion retailers, otherwise known as "fast fashion" or big brands of clothing where most of us go shopping, unfortunately not always respect ethical conditions for their workers and nor do they always create a healthy environment for the clothing production.
Special Guest: This is the Fashion Month on Researchista. Our Special Guest Hasmik Matevosyan, whom I had the pleasure to meet at TEDxMaastricht, will enlighten us about the 'dark sides' of fashion cycle and how you and me and each of us can individually contribute towards a healthy clothing production, good for our environment, for our skin and for our wallet. Here she is flesh and bones (video) giving useful tips on how to wash your clothes to avoid pollution.
Photo by Kevin Kwee
Hasmik did a lot Research during her masters studies and as a result of it, she published a book in which she came up with a business model by which she aims to change the way fashion industry currently works.
"The first time I got in touch with fashion was when I was a little girl. We were living in Armenia and after the Soviet Union feel apart, mom was earning money by knitting clothes. I saw all the hard work and creativity that went into designing and making a garment. I also saw how the clothes made her clients feel happy and confident. Mom taught me how to knit at the age of six and from that point on I wanted to become a fashion designer so that I could design clothes that contribute to people's lives, make them happy". Get to know better Hasmik as of next Monday. See how she could help us to help others to us all in reducing the harm caused to nature and people treated unfair in this area.
Researchista goes Fashionista: Instead of conclusion, I want to share with you a sneaky little story. Now, that it's summer and nobody's watching, Researchista is doing a little fashion experiment. Oh no, no, I did not start to sew, unfortunately. Neither I want to mass-produce something for you to wear. Instead… I decided to wear some fancy clothes on the street of this fancy town where I live to feel what is like to be someone doing fashion. Internet went viral recently in number of fashion bloggers, so I came up with my own little fashionista experiment…. voila! Are you a Researcher living in Maastricht? Do you want to join me next time? Leave me your letter at researchistas@gmail.com 🙂
With love for Research,
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text:
April 8, 2021 News Release
New evidence builds the case for increased investment in sexual and reproductive health care in low- and middle-income countries
Commitment to providing essential care for women and adolescents is critical to upholding sexual and reproductive rights during and after the COVID-19 pandemic. For the first time since its establishment, the Guttmacher Institute has published 132 country profiles highlighting country-specific sexual and reproductive health data from its Adding it Up body of work.
The newly released country profiles provide estimates on the need for, impact of and cost of fully investing in sexual and reproductive health care and services, including modern contraception and maternal and newborn health care. They aim to provide advocates, researchers, policymakers and other stakeholders with supportive evidence on the benefits of investing comprehensively in sexual and reproductive health services in low- and middle-income countries.
"The profiles feature key statistics, including for adolescents and other groups of people, that show the crucial value of investing in sexual and reproductive health care. Another exciting aspect of this new resource is that each country profile includes several interactive graphics in which the user can choose and toggle between population subgroups or costing options of the same indicator," says Rubina Hussain, Senior Research Associate at the Guttmacher Institute.
Each country profile features more than 40 indicators that include the use of and need for modern contraception and maternal and newborn health care, as well as the costs and impacts of fully investing in comprehensive sexual and reproductive health care and services. The profiles contain these data for women of reproductive age (15–49) and in many cases give the option to see the evidence for adolescents aged 15–19, as well as other population subgroups.
The profiles are available online by visiting the Guttmacher Institute website. Explore the Institute's "Regions" and "Work by geography" to access the profiles.
AIU country profiles by geography:
About Adding It Up
Adding It Up is an ongoing project examining the need for, impact of and cost of fully investing in sexual and reproductive health care—services that together ensure people can decide whether and when to have children, experience safe pregnancy and delivery, have healthy newborns, and have a safe and satisfying sexual life. The latest Adding It Up report focuses on low- and middle-income countries. It features an in-depth report containing estimates for 2019 and is accompanied by a detailed methodology report; regional and subregional fact sheets; and a policy analysis that focuses on the U.S, role in addressing global sexual and reproductive health needs.
About the Guttmacher Institute
The Guttmacher Institute is a leading research and policy organization committed to advancing sexual and reproductive health and rights in the United States and globally. The Institute produces a wide range of scientific research, policy analysis and communications resources on topics pertaining to sexual and reproductive health, including the public policy journal Guttmacher Policy Review.
Grace Gabala
Adding It Up: Investing in Sexual and Reproductive Health 2019
Adding It Up: Investing in Sexual and Reproductive Health 2019—Executive Summary
Provision of Essential Sexual and Reproductive Health Care Would Reduce Unintended Pregnancies, Unsafe Abortions and Maternal Deaths by About Two-Thirds
Adding It Up: Investing in Sexual and Reproductive Health
Adding It Up: Investing in Sexual and Reproductive Health 2019—Methodology Report
Abortion: Cost
Contraception: Costs and Benefits
Teens: Comprehensive Sexuality Education
Africa: Algeria, Angola, Benin, Botswana, Burkina Faso, Burundi, Cabo Verde, Cameroon, Central African Republic, Chad, Comoros, Congo, Côte d'Ivoire, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Djibouti, Egypt, Equatorial Guinea, Eritrea, Eswatini, Ethiopia, Gabon, Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Kenya, Lesotho, Liberia, Libya, Madagascar, Malawi, Mali, Mauritania, Mauritius, Morocco, Mozambique, Namibia, Niger, Nigeria, Rwanda, Sao Tome and Principe, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Somalia, South Africa, South Sudan, Sudan, Togo, Tunisia, Uganda, United Republic of Tanzania, Zambia, Zimbabwe
Asia: Afghanistan, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Bangladesh, Bhutan, Cambodia, China, Democratic People's Republic of Korea (North Korea), Georgia, India, Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, Jordan, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Lao People's Democratic Republic, Lebanon, Malaysia, Maldives, Mongolia, Myanmar, Nepal, Pakistan, Philippines, Sri Lanka, State of Palestine, Syrian Arab Republic, Tajikistan, Thailand, Timor-Leste, Turkey, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, Viet Nam, Yemen
Europe: Albania, Belarus, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Montenegro, North Macedonia, Republic of Moldova, Romania, Russian Federation, Serbia, Ukraine
Latin America & the Caribbean: Argentina, Belize, Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Costa Rica, Cuba, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, El Salvador, Grenada, Guatemala, Guyana, Haiti, Honduras, Jamaica, Mexico, Nicaragua, Paraguay, Peru, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Suriname, Venezuela
Oceania: Fiji, Kiribati, Micronesia, Papua New Guinea, Samoa, Solomon Islands, Tonga, Vanuatu
Adding It Up, maternal health


The Meinel Optical Sciences Building on the University of Arizona campus holds more than 125 lab spaces in its 180,000+ square feet. It was built in three parts; the central wing, including its 100-foot vertical test tower, was finished in 1969; the east wing, which holds offices, research spaces and teaching laboratories, was dedicated in 1989; and the award-winning west wing, which sits at the corner of Cherry Avenue and University Boulevard, was completed in 2006.
The Meinel Building has 18 conference rooms, meeting places and classrooms available for reservation.
Descriptions of the many teaching laboratories located within the Meinel Building, as well as the experiments they support.
Completed in 2006, the award-winning addition to the Meinel Building expands the College of Optical Sciences by 47,000 square feet. The facility, informally called the West Wing, includes an entry-level plaza landscaped with low-water-use flora, state-of-the-art teaching and research laboratories, an exhibit-intensive lobby, six floors of faculty offices and a large conference center. Images of the finished building and the construction process are available.


Junior rightfielder Abby King was one of two Foresters to homer in both games as the Lake Forest College softball team defeated visiting Knox College 10-2 and 7-4 on Sunday.
King's first home run of the season was a two-run shot that gave the home team a 4-2 lead in the bottom of the first inning of the opener. Junior centerfielder Maria Zepeda led off the frame with a double and scored on senior second baseman Kat Beall's second round-tripper of the season. After the first out of the inning, freshman shortstop Hannah Kalnicky reached on an error and jogged home ahead of King.
Lake Forest added to its lead with three runs on another home run in the second. Senior leftfielder Sydney Gardner hit a one-out single up the middle, stole second, and advanced to third on a groundout. After a walk to Beall, sophomore catcher Sydney Wyatt cleared the fence for the fifth time this year.
The Foresters plated the final three runs of the contest in the bottom of the fourth. Zepeda led off with an infield single, stole second, and advanced to third when the throw from the catcher to second got away. Beall singled her in and, two batters later, Kalnicky cleared the fence for the team's fourth home run of the game.
Sophomore pitcher Missy Dieckman-Meyer worked around a one-out walk in the top of the fifth to preserve the eight-run lead and end the game. Dieckman-Meyer allowed just three base hits while striking out seven in four innings of relief. The victory raised her record on the season to 12-3 and her earned run average dropped to 1.54.
The first five batters in the Forester lineup were 9-for-12 with nine runs scored and 10 RBI in the contest.
Lake Forest took the early lead in game two when King singled in Beall in the bottom of the first inning.
After Knox tied the score in the top of the third, the Foresters scored twice in the bottom of the frame on a sacrifice fly by freshman catcher Nicole Schussler and Kalnicky's team-high seventh home run of the season. She has now homered in four consecutive home games and in five of the last six contests overall.
King matched Kalnicky's two-homer day in the fifth and the home team tacked on three more runs in the sixth. Beall and Schussler had back-to-back RBI-singles and Beall came home on a wild pitch.
The Prairie Fire scored three runs in the top of the seventh and had the tying run at the plate with two outs but a ground ball to Kalnicky at short ended the rally and the game.
Freshman pitcher Shaye Gauthier went the distance for the Foresters, allowing just one earned run and striking out seven while scattering five hits and three walks. She improved to 6-0 with a 1.40 earned run average on the year.
It was the final game of the regular season for both teams and the Foresters finished with a 29-9 overall record and claimed their fourth Midwest Conference title in the last five years with a 17-1 mark in league play. Knox finished 8-26 overall and 3-15 in the MWC.
Lake Forest will host the four-team MWC Tournament next weekend. The Foresters' opening round opponent in the double-elimination event will be fourth-place Cornell College (22-18, 10-8) MWC) with first pitch scheduled for noon on Friday. Illinois College (23-9, 15-3 MWC) will take on Grinnell College (23-10, 12-6 MWC) in the other first-round game at 10:00 a.m. with the losers playing again in the afternoon at 2:00 and the winners at 4:00. Saturday's semifinal will begin at 10:00 a.m. and the first of potentially two championship games will follow at noon.


When you practice kitesurfing, you will crash your kite! Don't worries, it happen to everyone, sometimes many times during a kite session.
That's why this is important to know who to relaunch your kite. In light wind, relaunching can be very tricky. In strong wind, it's easier but you have to make sure you relaunch you kite safely.
During your lessons, you will learn how to relaunch is strong and light wind. Theory will give you an idea on how to relaunch, so you are prepare for your lesson, but of course you will learn by doing, again and again, in different wind conditions.
When my kite is in the water, I let go off the bar, then place the bar in the correct orientation (red on the letf). As this stage, my line will be crossed.
Push the bar, then grab the leader line on the top and pull it until the kite steers to one side and turns onto its wind tip.
Once the kite turns onto its wing tip, and reach the edge of the window (9 or 3 o'clock) I release the leader line, and continue to steer the kite up, with my bar pushed. To take of safely, you have to make sure the kite reach the edge of the window. Relaunching in the power zone will can be really dangerous.


text:
The Talk of the Town
March 14, 1983 Issue
At Mr. Chow's
By Jamaica Kincaid
The New Yorker, March 14, 1983 P. 43
Talk story about a late-night party given at Mr. Chow's in honor of the group Culture Club and their American triumph. The invitation said RSVP Epic Records (Culture Club signed with the Epic label) and was sent to famous musicians, rock critics, and other people involved in the music industry. Writer lists some of the celebrities at the party and quotes party dialogue between a man and girl. The man wonders what each person was like as a child and the girl knows all the stars' names & comments on two black women and how much makeup English rock singer Boy George wears. She realizes that his song "Do You Really Want to Hurt Me?" is a big hit on the charts. The man she has been talking to wants to go home, saying: "I never wonder about anything when I am lying in my bed."
Published in the print edition of the March 14, 1983, issue.
The new Netflix documentary series about a championship-gobbling team combines the savage thrill of watching an overdog dominate and the emotional pull of witnessing an underdog's rise.


text:
The Coming Fall of the House of Windsor,
Made Available Through The New Federalist newspaper, 1994.
End of Page The Fraud of Environmentalism Site Map Overview
Script to accompany slide show.
Clearly, it is within our reach to accomplish the Great Economic Development Projects that are the only thing that can save humanity from falling into a New Dark Age. There are no limits to the material, financial, or human resources that can be harnessed in the interest of mankind. There is no reason on earth for the majority of humanity to live at or below the poverty level, no reason for pestilence, war, and famine to stalk the planet. Why, then, are these Great Projects not already a reality?
The answer is very straightforward. A financially and politically powerful apparatus, known among its own members as the Club of the Isles, is adamantly philosophically opposed to the spread of scientific and technological progress, particularly progress that accelerates the growth of the modern nation-state system that was founded over 500 years ago as the crowning accomplishment of the Golden Renaissance in Italy.
You will not read about the Club of the Isles in any textbook or popular magazine. It is unincorporated and it has no membership lists. Yet, as an informal association of predominantly European-based royal households and princely families, the Club of the Isles commands an estimated $10 trillion in assets. It lords over such corporate giants as Royal Dutch Shell, Imperial Chemical Industries, Lloyds of London, Unilever, Lonrho, Rio Tinto Zinc, and Anglo American DeBeers. It dominates the world supply of petroleum, gold, diamonds, and many other vital raw materials; and deploys these assets not merely in the pursuit of wealth, but as resources at the disposal of its geopolitical agenda.
Its goal: to reduce the human population from its current level of over 5 billion people to below 1 billion people within the next two to three generations; to literally ``cull the human herd'' in the interest of retaining their own global power and the feudal system upon which that power is based.
[Slide 1: Prince Philip and Queen Elizabeth]
Think for a moment about the level of destruction that must be wrought if the population of the globe is to be reduced by 80 percent over the span of just two to three generations.
Now, listen to the words of the Club's chief operations officer, in a published interview with the West German Deutsche Press Agentur in August 1988: ``In the event that I am reincarnated, I would like to return as a deadly virus, in order to contribute something to solve overpopulation.''
The same speaker put the identical thoughts down on paper in his foreword to the 1986 book If I Were An Animal. The foreword was titled ``People as Animals.''
``I just wonder what it would be like to be reincarnated in an animal whose species had been so reduced in numbers that it was in danger of extinction. What would be its feelings toward the human species whose population explosion had denied it somewhere to exist? ... I must confess that I am tempted to ask for reincarnation as a particularly deadly virus.''
The not-so-gentle man quoted above is Prince Philip Mountbatten, Duke of Edinburgh, royal consort to Queen Elizabeth II of England, and the international president of the Worldwide Fund for Nature, founded in 1961 as the World Wildlife Fund.
Prince Philip was not elected to his position as the de facto chief of operations for the Club. It is a position he assumed as the Royal Consort to Queen Elizabeth II, the reigning monarch of the House of Windsor. Queen Elizabeth II is herself no mere figurehead. She is the de facto CEO of the Club.
For well over 100 years, dating back to the heyday of Queen Victoria, the British Crown has been designated as the primus inter pares--the first among equals--of the extended European Black Nobility.
England's 19th century Prime Minister Benjamin Disraeli showed a sophisticated grasp of European history when he dubbed this association--of which he was himself a loyal servant--the ``Venetian Party.'' It was in the lagoons of Venice that the modern form of oligarchic power was devised and nurtured, and spread to other parts of Europe, most notably into the Netherlands and the British Isles.
The Club of the Isles exists in the form of an extended family, largely inbred. Queen Elizabeth and Prince Philip are second cousins. This intermarriage is typical of Europe's royal households.
Who is Prince Philip?
Prince Philip was the grandson of the King of Greece. But his family was not born in Greece. They were originally Danish and German.
In the middle of the nineteenth century, the British, who were already the dominant imperial power in Europe, arbitrarily chose the Danish Royal Family to take over the Greek throne, once Greece was split out of the Ottoman Empire.
Philip's father, Prince Andrew, was tried and convicted of treason and desertion in battle in the Greek-Ottoman War in 1921, and was sentenced to death by firing squad. His life was spared when a British arms merchant, under orders from the King of England, paid off the Greek government to allow his escape, and a British warship brought him and his family to safety.
With that background, it's hardly surprising that during the 1930s, Prince Philip's sisters all married prominent Nazis. To bury the scandal, Philip renounced his Greek citizenship and the Greek Orthodox Church, and arrangements were quietly made to grant him British citizenship and Anglican Church membership. His arranged marriage to second cousin Elizabeth, like his British credentials, were secured by his uncle, Lord Louis Mountbatten.
In light of this family background, it's easy to understand why the Windsors have been appropriately dubbed the world's largest and most powerful dysfunctional family. The tales of infidelity involving Prince Charles, Prince Andrew, Princess Margaret, etc. are now too numerous to mention.
But beneath the soap-opera lust lurks a deadly serious game of genocide, on a scale that would make Adolf Hitler blush with envy; and a political battle which shall determine whether mankind descends into a New Dark Age or emerges from the 500-year cycle of history now coming to a close, into a new Renaissance.
The first case study we will consider is that of Rwanda.
Beginning in April of this year, the editors and staff of the Executive Intelligence Review magazine launched an investigation into the genocide in Rwanda. On April 6, 1994, the Presidents of Rwanda and Burundi were assassinated in a surface-to-air missile attack against the airplane that was carrying them home from a summit meeting. Within hours of the double assassination, so-called rebel forces launched an invasion of Rwanda from neighboring Uganda. Within six months, Rwanda had been virtually wiped off the map.
Prior to the April cataclysm, Rwanda had enjoyed the lowest infant mortality rates and the longest average life expectancy of any country in Africa. Today, 80 percent of the country's 7.2 million people are either dead or living in refugee camps.
When we set out to uncover who was behind the genocide in Rwanda, we had no preconceived notions about what we would unearth. Some weeks into the investigation, we received crucial leads from European researchers and from African diplomats: Look at the role of the game preserves and national parks. Once we picked up this trail, the pieces all fell into place, and all roads led back to London, to the Club of the Isles, and its Worldwide Fund for Nature.
The Worldwide Fund for Nature--WWF--renowned the world over as a charitable organization established to protect endangered species, is provably responsible for the slaughter of animals and human beings across Africa and on other continents around the globe on an unprecedented scale. The 1994 Rwanda genocide is but the latest instance of the WWF in action.
How did it work? Look at the map.
[Slide 2: Rwanda map]
Since 1990, the WWF has been managing a ``gorilla protection program'' in Gorilla Park (1) in Uganda right on the Rwanda-Zaire border, in the adjacent Volcans Park (2) on the Rwandan side of the border, and in Zaire's Virunga Park (4). Along with the Akagera Park (3) in Rwanda along the Kenya and Uganda border, all these parks served as training bases, staging areas, and arms depots for the invading ``rebels''--who were in reality all soldiers and officers in the Ugandan Army of British puppet Yoweri Museveni. Museveni is run by Britain's Overseas Development Minister Lady Lynda Chalker.
So the Rwandan genocide had nothing to do with tribal or civil warfare. It was a British-orchestrated assassination and invasion program. And the parks administered by WWF played a pivotal role in the slaughter. From the same parks, the same WWF apparatus is involved in the planned destabilization and genocide against the rest of East Africa, beginning with Kenya and Sudan.
Under the guise of protecting endangered species, such as the elephant, the rhinoceros and the tiger, WWF ``park rangers'' carry out assassinations and other attacks against so-called ``poachers'' who in many instances turn out to be local patriotic political leaders or farmers who refuse to abandon their land and their food production to the WWF's land confiscation programs.
Look at a map of Africa.
[Slide 3: Map of Africa Protected Areas]
The shaded sections indicate those areas in sub-Saharan Africa which have been set aside as national parks, game reserves, and ecological reserves. Nearly 2 million square kilometers, or 8.2 percent of the entire sub-Saharan land mass, have been turned over to the WWF or its surrogates. To give an idea of the size of some of these so-called protected areas: Look at Kruger National Park, located on the border of South Africa and Mozambique.
[Slide 4: Southern Africa]
Kruger Park is located at number 8 on the map of Southern Africa. It is larger than the state of Massachusetts. It served as a base for both the RENAMO and FRELIMO forces in Mozambique's 20-year bloody civil war. Similarly, the even larger West Zambezi Game Management Area, located at number 1, housed both the UNITA and MPLA forces in Angola's 17-year civil war. Both typical WWF operations.
All across Africa, WWF mercenary armies carry out a brutal population war. Park rangers armed with helicopter gun ships, infantry weapons, and light missiles function as death squads. Between 1987 and November 1988, under a WWF-bankrolled program called Operation Stronghold, assassination squads under the direction of Zimbabwe's Chief Game Ranger Glen Tatham carried out cold-blooded murders of hundreds of so-called poachers, half of whom were unarmed and lured into ambushes. A number were leaders of the African National Congress' military wing. When Tatham and his men were brought up on 70 murder charges, the Zimbabwean parliament rushed through a bill, the Protection of the Wildlife Indemnity Act, which gave the park rangers immunity from prosecution for any actions they took ``in the line of duty.'' It was a license to kill.
During the same period, inside South Africa, WWF was running Operation Lock, ostensibly designed to save the black rhino. WWF Netherlands president, Prince Bernhard, father of Queen Beatrix, and John Hanks, WWF's Africa director and one of the continent's most outspoken Malthusians, financed a team of ``retired'' British Special Air Services commandos to infiltrate and sabotage so-called poaching rings.
We have learned from sources inside South Africa that Operation Lock was at the center of what came to be known in the early 1990s as the ``third force,'' an outside paramilitary force instigating black-on-black violence between the ANC and the Inkatha Freedom Party by carrying out targeted acts of violence, like the June 18, 1992 Boipatong massacre. The goal: to trigger a bloody civil war and prevent the end of the apartheid system and the reintegration of South Africa into the world community.
Today, the same plan for systematic genocide is being directed by the Club of the Isles and the WWF apparatus against all of Eastern Africa.
[Slide 5: East Africa WWF Map]
Using the same Ugandan-based parks and WWF ``ranger'' apparatus, the British Crown is waging a war against the other countries of the Horn of Africa, particularly Kenya and Sudan. Club of the Isles figure Tiny Rowland, until recently the chairman of the Lonrho Corporation (``London-Rhodesia''), has boasted on Kenyan radio that he is a longtime member of the South Sudan Liberation Army of John Garang, which has been waging a war against the government in Khartoum. The WWF-Club genocidalists know that the Sudan is potentially the breadbasket for all of Africa, and at all costs they want the Sudan to be a battlefield, not a grain field.
Anyone who thinks that the British imperial policy of running gang-countergang warfare went out with Prime Minister Harold McMillan's 1960 ``Winds of Change'' speech announcing Britain's decolonization of Africa needs to read EIR's October 28, 1994 60-page special report, ``The Coming Fall of the House of Windsor.''
[Slide 6: Cover of EIR Windsor Report]
And anyone who thinks that the British program of mass genocide, under the guise of protecting endangered species, is something restricted to Black Africa, needs to consider the following information also featured in the EIR documentary.
One of the biggest myths perpetrated by the British Crown and the Club of the Isles is the completely false notion that the British Monarchy-- Queen Elizabeth II and Prince Philip--are merely powerless figureheads. Nothing could be further from the truth.
Just look at a map of the British Commonwealth today:
[Slide 7: British Commonwealth Map]
There are 50 countries that are currently members of the British Commonwealth, which is defacto headed by the Windsors. Of those 50 countries, 16 are still to this day British Crown colonies, where the only sovereign is Queen Elizabeth! Among the 50 Commonwealth states you find a string of Caribbean islands that are notorious as the major drug money laundering havens and financial centers for the vast underground economy.
What's more, this global map of British imperial outreach is strikingly similar to the map of the World Wildlife Fund's international operations:
[Slide 8: WWF Outreach]
So, don't be fooled by Club of the Isles propaganda. The British Empire is alive and well, complemented by the global covert empire of the WWF. This brings us to the next critical point.
[Slide 9: South America Protected Areas]
While the genocide carried out against the population of sub-Saharan Africa is perhaps the single greatest instance of mass murder in human history, the WWF has not limited itself to one continent. Remember that Prince Philip and the Club of the Isles intend to reduce the world population by 80 percent over the course of the next several generations. In South America, the body count is smaller, but here, the WWF has pioneered a program referred to in its own literature as ``anthropological reserves.'' These are literally human zoos, where primitive tribes, like the Yanomami Indians of the Brazilian Amazon region (1), are kept in a state of enforced backwardness. In Brazil alone, there are currently 250 anthropological reserves. Over 10 percent of the total land mass of Brazil has been already set aside for such human zoos, holding a population of under 300,000, or less than two-tenths of a percent of the total population.
In Peru, evidence is piling up that the murderous Shining Path narco-terrorist group has been financed and armed by WWF. At minimum, Shining Path has served as the WWF's enforcers in areas like the Upper Huallaga River Valley, the world's premier cocaine-producing region and an area dense with ecologically protected areas (4). In the Apurimac Reserved Zone (5), the Peruvian Army recently discovered mass graves and concentration camps run by Shining Path. The victims of the Shining Path brutality: the Ashaninka Indians. As far back as the mid-1960s, WWF had targeted this area of Peru as an ideal site for a future protected area. The obstacle was the Ashaninka, who had farmed and hunted the area for centuries, and were apparently open to modernization and integration into Peruvian society. Shining Path moved into the area in the 1980s, after 1.6 million hectares had been set aside as the Apurimac Reserved Zone and began the systematic murder and enslavement of the Ashaninka. All done under the watchful eye of Prince Philip's WWF.
Mexico and Central America are equally under the gun of the genocidalists of the WWF-Club of the Isles.
[Slide 10: Central America]
No. 1 on the map of Central America and Mexico shows the state of Chiapas in southern Mexico, the scene of a year-long guerrilla insurgency by the EZLN, the Zapatista Army for National Liberation. The insert is a blowup of the Chiapas region. All four of the WWF-linked protected areas have been identified by local farmers as staging areas and training grounds for the Zapatistas. A, B, and C denote the Launas de Montebello National Park, the Montes Azules Biosphere Reserve, and the Agua Azul Cascades National Park respectively. Each of these areas are EZLN strongholds, especially Montes Azules right on the border with Guatemala.
Rigoberta Menchu, a leading Guatemalan terrorist and leader of the narco-terrorist URGN gang (who received the 1992 Nobel Peace Prize!), recently led a cross-border march in support of the EZLN guerrillas, and when she led 1,000 ``refugees'' back into Guatemala from Chiapas, supplies were airlifted in to the demonstrators by a Royal Air Force C-130 transport plane from Belize. You can see Belize on the map at No. 2. It's a British Commonwealth country that has been the base of operations for British commandos for decades. Now the whole operation is being run under the auspices of the WWF.
Looking back at the map of Chiapas, (D) denotes El Ocote Ecological Reserve, which is not a known EZLN staging area, but is a favorite clandestine site for the growing of large quantities of marijuana.
So in Mexico and Central America, the southern neighbors of the United States, we have all of the ingredients that we saw in such WWF-targeted areas as Rwanda, South Africa, and Peru. It's a ticking time bomb. And it gets worse.
Not only is Ibero-America a target of WWF genocide. North America is as well.
[Slide 11: North America Protected Areas]
Almost the entire Western third of the United States is either a protected area or an area under the Bureau of Land Management slated to be set aside in the near future. Half of Alaska is already a vast protected zone.
Canada is perhaps the most advanced case of WWF's so-called ``endangered peoples'' insurgency (Prince Philip draws no distinction between human beings and lower forms of animal life). The lined area in the very north of Canada at number 3 is the Nunavut nation, established on June 10, 1993 by Queen Elizabeth II, as a tribal homeland for the Inouit Natives. Through the WWF, the Royal Commission on Aboriginal Peoples and the WWF-spawned Survival International, Inouit natives were literally herded back into this no man's land over a period of a decade in order to justify this vast set aside ``nation,'' which will obtain its independence as a Royal Crown state in 1999.
[Slide 12: California Desert]
Under the California Desert Protection Act, passed by the 103rd Congress in October 1994, 8 million acres of land were set aside. Prior to the passage of that act, 12 million acres of land in California had already been set aside. Under existing or pending legislation, 80 percent of the state of California will be off limits by the end of the decade.
Not only is the WWF out to transform the western states of the U.S.A. into a vast nature and game preserve off limits to any kind of economic development: As part of a longstanding British monarchy commitment to overthrow our Federal Constitution, the WWF is working toward the ``Balkanization'' of North America, the bustup of the U.S.A., Canada, and Mexico into what one leading ecologist has labeled the ``Nine Nations of North America.''
[Slide 13: Nine Nations]
On several occasions over the past 200 years, the British have attempted to break apart the United States. The most well-known case was the Civil War--the British were the guiding hand behind the Southern secessionist insurrection. Notice on the ``Nine Nations'' map that one of the ``new'' nations proposed to be carved out of the United States, No. 7, is to be called ``Dixie.''
The British have not forgotten Australia, either. Prince Philip was the personal founder of the Australian branch of the WWF, and he continues to devote a great deal of his personal attention to the continent.
[Slide 14: Australia WWF]
A look at the map of Australia makes the point very clear. Between indigenous reserves (i.e., human zoos) and other set-aside lands, the WWF has managed to practically cut the continent in half, almost cutting off the eastern and western halves of the country and insuring a semi-permanent state of underdevelopment.
A review of the history of WWF, which we do not have time to go through here, would show that the post-World War II so-called environmental movement, was nothing but a revival of the Eugenics Movement of the late nineteenth and early 20th century. After the Nazi genocide, the term ``eugenics'' was discredited, so the same British and allied European and North American ``elites'' who backed Hitler changed the name to ``environmentalism'' and went right back into the genocide business. To illustrate the point: WWF founder Sir Julian Huxley was president of the Eugenics Society in 1961 when the WWF came into being.
Prince Philip, world spokesman for WWF and the chief officer of the Club of the Isles, put it succinctly at a March 11, 1987 address in London:
``The simple fact is that the human population of the world is consuming natural renewable resources faster than it can regenerate, and the process of exploitation is causing even further damage.... All this has been made possible by the Industrial Revolution and the scientific explosion and it is spread around the world by the new economic religion of development.''
Prince Philip is lying. Lack of genuine economic development, willfully blocked by Philip and his fellow genocidalists at the WWF and in the Club of the Isles, is the only ``limit to growth.'' Destroy the political and financial power of the Club and nothing stands in the way of a new Renaissance.
Slides for this slide show available for $35. Contact: South East Literature Sales, 6025 Granby St., Room 205, Norfolk, VA 23503, or call: 757-531-2295.
Top of Page The Fraud of Environmentalism Site Map Overview
The preceding article is a rough version of the article that appeared in The American Almanac. It is made available here with the permission of The New Federalist Newspaper. Any use of, or quotations from, this article must attribute them to The New Federalist, and The American Almanac.
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People interested in Clayton Crown Hotel also enquired with the Wedding Venues suppliers below.
Located close to the heart of central London, this historical beauty with its Grade II listed Victorian building originally built in the 1899. The hotel we see today offers a modern twist connected to the original terracotta building.
It's the perfect place to host an elegant and efficacious wedding reception and/or ceremony. The Sala Suite embraces all original architectural features. This venue has an adjoining mezzanine and overlooks the reception lobby, which is perfect for arrival drinks.
The Bentley Suite has a built-in dance floor and showcases a delicate chandelier covered ceiling. The area is a blank canvas ideal for you to create a personalised wedding to adopt exactly what you envision.
A range of wedding packages are available for you to choose from or we can create a package to suit your individual requirements and budgets. You can also hire your own favoured caterer. It's a good alternative if you already have preferential caterers in mind.
Mr & Mrs Ibitoye ..
My husband and I would like to thank you from the bottom of our hearts for making our dream day a reality. We really appreciate your professionalism , efficiency and the fact that you were so accommodating even with our numerous changes of room booking dates (for our guests who stayed overnight ). You took charge of everything based whilst seeking our instructions as and when required, so that we were able to enjoy our day without any stress and we are grateful for this. God bless you all.
Just wanted to say a massive thank you for all your help and support on the run up to our wedding day. You have been fantastic and noted every request. We had an absolutely brilliant day and would like to thank the team that were working on Sat 5th May. Thanks for also bringing the sunshine. Some highlights: Food was fantastic and the service over dinner was excellent. The room looked stunning which I know a lot of effort went into. The general organisation of the whole day was fab i.e getting people from the coaches, checking in, moving rooms etc.
The night went absolutely fabulous. The staff were all sensational and the room worked perfectly for our event. There were a lot if compliments about the space and the hotel.It was a fabulous night and everyone enjoyed themselves. I really appreciated that all the staff introduced themselves as their shifts started, the bar was generously extended on the evening and they did a fantastic job bringing the cakes down.I really appreciate all your help in organising the party. It was a difficult doing it from Australia and I was nervous but I honestly feel I couldn't have picked a better venue! It was exactly the type of weekend and party Mark wanted. Thank you!
The staff are very friendly! We had our wedding and they surpasses our expectations. Guests were really happy with their experience. We loved the place and and ambience of the Sala Room and wanted to get married again! Lovely hotel and staff!
We had our wedding ceremony & reception at The Crown in July this year. We had a fantastic day from the moment I arrived in the wedding car I was helped inside as sadly it was raining but the staff were on hand with umbrellas. There was someone on hand all day right up until 2am when we finished up. The food was fantastic and everyone was amazed how wonderful it was considering how many people we had our wedding the service nor the food could be faulted at all. A lot of our family and friends took up the offer of special room rate and all enjoyed their stay especially the breakfast, we didn't make breakfast as was so tired but would recommend anyone looking for a venue to pick The Crown, Cricklewood. A massive thank you to all the staff that helped myself and my new Husbands day special.