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Development Education
Can the expansion of private schooling in developing countries serve to improve access, efficiency, quality and equity in basic education? The case of primary education in South Sudan
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The focus of this essay will be on the role of private actors in primary education in the Republic of South Sudan (South Sudan). This paper seeks to discuss how the expansion of private schooling, specifically the role of so-called low fee private schools, can serve to improve access, efficiency, quality, and equity to primary education in South Sudan, in the context of education for all (EFA). Low fee or cost private schools (LCPS) catering for basic education have grown in number in a variety of low-income contexts over recent years and data evaluating impact of these schools is agnostic. The concept of low-fee vs low-cost private schools is contentious (Day Ashley et al 2014), however in this essay I use the definition given by Verger et al(2018), "private schools that have been set up and owned by an individual or group of individuals for the purpose of making a profit and are supposed to be 'affordable' for low-income families" (pp 256). There continues to be debate about these institutions and the role they can play in development with one side claiming that they can improve access and quality and the other concerned with issues of equity. They may also not be the most efficient way of providing education for all. This essay aims to analyse the role that LCPS can play in the fragile state of South Sudan through the lenses of key economics of education principles. A fragile state can be defined as "lack[ing] political will and/or capacity to provide the basic functions needed for poverty reduction, development and to safeguard the security and human rights of their populations." (OECD 2007, page 2). A fragile state provides an interesting case study for these economic concepts because of the inherent lack of government capacity to regulate markets and an extreme scarcity of resources will make it challenging to implement a nationalized education system.
This essay is organised as follows: in the first three sections I present a discussion of the relevant economic theory and its application to low-income contexts before moving on in section four to review the application of these theories specifically in South Sudan. I argue that private schools are an important ally for low-income governments to expand access to education, but their role needs to be carefully planned to ensure issues of citizenship and developing social cohesion are considered, alongside issues of equity of access and quality. Private education gives flexibility to meet the linguistic and cultural needs of communities through consumer choice. Private education may help overcome geographic and structural difficulties through market competition.
Section 1: Human Capital Theory and Education Investment
The relationship between education and the economy was first recognized as early as Adam Smith (1776) but it was not until Shultz (1961) and Becker (1964) that it was first formalized through their human capital theory (HCT). This theory positioned education as a form of growth for an economy as opposed to a consumption and has been the major justification for the investment in education systems of developing nations by external donors. Notable in this regard is the World Bank that oversees the human capital project and produces the human capital index (World Bank 2021a).
HCT justifies individual and societal investment in education by assuming that human skills, knowledge, and their development through education are all directly linked to economic productivity. If we accept this assumption, it follows that by increasing the level of education that any individual has, we can raise the education level of the population on average and therefore increase the productivity of an economy and allow it to grow. Education can bring both monetary and non-monetary benefits to individuals and society which can be partially measured through the estimation of rates of return. Amongst policy makers working in low-income contexts, HCT has justified concerns about making quality education of all levels accessible to individuals within any developing country. Once we agree that investment in education is essential for the development of a low-income economy, we then must agree whether this investment is best realized through government spending or through private markets.
Orthodox, neo-classical economics views individuals and markets as superior to government and regulation (Alcott 2021, Chang 2011). This view argues that individuals and markets lead to improvements in quality, efficiency, and equity far superior to any provided by the government. This is because individuals are supposedly rational and assumed to hold a high degree of knowledge about what is best for them to maximise their utility. In this way, markets are thought to be more responsive and flexible to the needs of the individual as opposed to the government. This responsiveness is theoretically due to the accountability of the market. Those actors in the market who are not responsive to demands of the consumer will lose out. In this way the market reflects Darwinian principles of natural selection (ibid). In addition to this view, Public Choice Theory (Buchanan & Tullock 1962) suggests that all elements of government action are made by self-interested actors creating a principal-agent problem. Public Choice Theory argues that governments cannot really provide anything for society because parties and politicians are self-interested and following their own interests in pursuing policies. Thus, from this view, an ideal society is one where people can make as many decisions for themselves as possible through markets. Finally, if we accept that individual citizens reap the greatest benefits from investment in their education, then there is a case that they should be the ones to pay for it through private markets. According to neoliberal economic principles this use of private markets for education would have the added benefit of driving up quality.
Arguments that favour government production of education justify it for several reasons discussed in this essay. Firstly, education brings benefits or returns to wider society, not just the individual. These societal benefits of education are described as "externalities" (Oketch 2021a), "neighbourhood effects" (Friedman 1962) or "semi-public goods" (Sen 1999) and can be monetary as well as non-monetary. Non-monetary societal returns have been suggested to include reductions in fertility and mortality rates, the avoidance of natural disasters like famines, and greater democratic participation (Sen 1999). Secondly, it may be more efficient for the government to provide education because of deviations from the first best economy model (Barr 2020). Finally, government provision of education is justified because education is a fundamental human right, and governments are best placed to ensure all their citizens can access it.
Despite these theoretical considerations, in low-income contexts there may be many barriers to effective government provision of education. These are documented by Tooley (2009) and include reasons, like graft, unmotivated teachers, and language barriers between teachers and students in poly-lingual societies. Finance is often an issue for the governments of low-income countries with data from UNESCO showing that in Sub-Saharan Africa alone 16 countries spend less than the UNESCO recommended 4% of their GDP on education (UNESCO 2021). South Sudan ranks the lowest among East African countries, currently spending less than 1% of GDP on public education investment (UNICEF 2019). Further to these concerns, in a fragile state like South Sudan a top-down national education system may not be the most efficient way to organise the system, because inter-group and intra-group trust may be lacking after a civil war. An important final consideration is that different ethnic groups may have different linguistic needs which may reduce the efficiency of a national education system if it takes a one-size-fits all approach.
Section 2: Access and Quality through Choice and Competition
If education returns benefits to wider society, then ensuring access to quality education for all citizens is of consequence to the development of that society. This access can be provided through private markets or through government intervention. Even neoliberal writers who argued for free markets also argued for some government intervention in education. Writing in 1962, Milton Friedman referred to the societal non-monetary returns to education as "neighbourhood effects". For Friedman these effects are one of two major reasons why government should intervene in education, the other being paternalistic care for irresponsible individuals (children). Friedman recognises that government intervention is important: "A stable and democratic society is impossible without a minimum degree of literacy and knowledge on the part of most citizens and without widespread acceptance of some set of values. Education can contribute to both. In consequence, the gain from the education of a child accrues not only to the child or to his parents but also to other members of the society…" (Friedman 1962 pp 86). Even this simple recognition that education promotes a stable society is enough for us to consider the role that government should play in education.
Ultimately however, Friedman (ibid) favours as large a role as possible in the market for private schools, and as limited role for government as possible. For Friedman the ability of users to exert choice through the marketplace, away from government intervention is the ultimate expression of democratic values and freedom. Friedman uses the word freedom to focus on freedom of choice and economic freedom primarily as opposed to wider freedoms expressed by writers like Sen (1999). Friedman suggests that general education for citizenship, literacy and numeracy should be government supported but what he terms "vocational training" should not be supported by the government because it renders most returns to the individual. For Friedman (1962) governments should limit themselves to ensuring access to basic education that provides a stable society through literacy and citizenship education. It is unclear what exactly he means by vocational training initially although he provides some clarity later with the reference to dentists and beauticians. Friedman argues that parents should not be forced to pay for education if they cannot afford it as their children are not an asset that they can rid themselves of unlike a car (or a flatscreen TV). He makes a good case for social responsibility and argues that one of the reasons family sizes can remain large is that people do not always take financial responsibility for the education of their children. Friedman (ibid) argues that government involvement in education should be limited to the imposition of minimum levels of education by law (to ensure basic and citizenship education) and the financing of primary and secondary education (through vouchers to allow market mechanisms to work). He argues against the nationalising of the education industry.
There are two major tensions highlighted in Friedman's writing. Firstly, we value independence from government in education for a free-thinking society to exist, but we value government controls for citizenship education to ensure a stable society. Secondly, there is an apparent tension with HCT as Friedman claims that there are no externalities of vocational or professional training and that all benefit is accrued by the individual. He uses this argument to justify removing government funding for higher education. However, HCT argues that improving educational levels through tertiary education improves the growth of an economy generally and some authors argue that the returns to society from higher education are greater than those for primary or secondary (Patrinos 2016). I do not think Friedman's assertions about vocational training are supported by evidence as more recent quantitative studies in the field fail to concur.
Friedman's theories of economic organisation were developed in the context of a high income, stable, monolingual educated society, with a functioning government able to provide funding to education and are informed by a culture of liberalism. His proposals assume a market with no imperfections, discussed below. For now, I just want to highlight that most citizens cannot easily relocate and take their vouchers to whatever school they choose for their children.
These assumptions mean that the application of Friedman's thinking to low-income contexts some of which may be polylingual and unstable, with lower levels of education in the general population needs careful consideration. Härmä (2020) argues that even so called LCPS in low-income contexts can still be too expensive for many of the poorest children to attend. The fees are low to outside observers but not necessarily those members of the community that need access to education. If this is generally the case, then private schools may reduce access to education. For Härmä (ibid) because education is a basic human right, it cannot be left up to the private market in low-income contexts because many families would still be unable to enrol. Tooley (2009) argues that LCPS will sometimes increase access. Studying LCPS in Lagos, he found that many parents living in slums would send children to LCPS because the walk to a government school was too dangerous. Supporting this Pinnock (2013) found, despite the cost, that families use private schools because government schools are considered low quality, and other authors have found that LCPS increase access as they are found in areas where there are no government schools (Andrabi et al 2008). The case for LCPS increasing access in the absence of suitable government schools is very strong.
Section 3: Efficiency and Equity Considerations
While ensuring access to a quality education is important for development, resources (financial, human and material) are scarce and not equally available. The concepts of economic efficiency and equity help us consider how best to allocate and distribute those resources. Economic efficiency is concerned with the input of given resources into a system and the outputs achieved from those inputs. Equity is concerned with the distribution of those resources. In this section I will focus on the concepts of efficiency followed by equity in low-income contexts generally before applying them to the case of South Sudan in the next section.
Economic efficiency is concerned with the optimal allocation of scarce resources given peoples tastes (Barr 2020). Lockheed & Hanushek (1994) write that efficient systems are ones that obtain more outputs for given inputs or a comparable level of output for fewer inputs. In low-income contexts the most efficient system is one that will get more children into primary education for the same amount of funding. From this perspective, a country must be concerned with increasing access to education before considering quality. "For a country that does not have universal primary education, expanding exposure – almost regardless of quality considerations – is likely to be an appealing policy. But once general exposure, which can be justified on equity grounds, is reached, educational policies switch from purely quantity to considerations of differential quality." (ibid). In other words, the primary focus of the education system, at least at first, in a developing country must be concerned with getting "general exposure" or as many children enrolled in school as possible. Once steps to achieve this are underway then concerns with quality become more important. Therefore, in terms of the allocation of scarce financial resources, we should aim to maximise the number of children enrolled in school for every dollar spent.
This maximisation of education is described as productive efficiency and as discussed by Oketch (2021a), is only one part of the economic efficiency concept. The second part is allocative efficiency which is concerned with how well resources are allocated across communities. And the final part is pareto efficiency which occurs when it is impossible to make one party better off without making someone worse off. In society we want to maximise pareto efficiency to ensure that the economy is as efficient as possible. In terms of the free-market, trades are efficient only when they better one party without compromising another party. A totally efficient economy is maximised when as many efficient trades as possible are made. For education this means ensuring that the production and allocation of education resources to one sector of society does not make another sector disadvantaged. It is not efficient to educate some at the expense of others.
When the market economy delivers an outcome that does not maximise efficiency in this sense there is a market failure. In the prior section we examined arguments in favour of a free market in education, where private providers can compete in the market and consumers can choose which provider to use. This could improve access and quality even in low-income contexts according to Tooley (2009). We will now consider whether it is economically efficient to rely on private markets considering market failure. Market failure would mean that a society does not reap the maximum social returns to investment in education.
Education markets can fail for a variety of reasons. One of these is information failure. Oketch (2021a) and Lockheed and Hanushek (1994) claim that poor illiterate parents are unable to choose a quality school, that these families may not be able to discern a quality educational product from another. "illiterate parents in developing countries are likely to send their children to schools having few material resources and poorly educated teachers" (Lockheed & Hanushek 1994). However, I think this characterization is weak. Tooley (2009) makes a compelling case that parents can tell when their children are learning nothing, citing this as a reason for parents choosing LCPS over government schools. It could also be argued that educated wealthy parents fail to make a good choice in schools as they can be swayed by marketing and fads, or their own experiences of schooling. The point is that parents may not always know what works, but they can tell when their children are making progress. They know when their child is learning to read, write and use numbers. It could be argued that in the education marketplace it is very hard to gain this information until your child attends a school. Since moving is school is not necessarily as easy as Friedman (1962) assumes and the results of which can have negative impacts on learning (Hattie 2008). Informational failures can occur in education markets even if multiple school providers exist in a community. Parents cannot always simply put their children in another school. Schools are often selected based on proximity to home, as Tooley (2009) shows in his work in Lagos and families are restricted by distance, dangers and transport making free choice in the market problematic.
Another reason for market failures in education markets is credit failure. This means that not all consumers can access the funds needed to access private schooling for their children. This could be particularly important in low-income contexts where the choice to send a child to school can mean a loss of income for the family. Parents have no collateral to gain credit and are unable to borrow money against the latent future earnings of their child. This may restrict their ability to from gain access to schooling from private providers.
Externalities, information, and credit failures are imperfections in the market. Taken together they are all examples of deviations from what Barr (2020) describes as the model of the first best economy: an idealised model state under which the market can allocate resources efficiently. Imperfections in the market move us to the model of the second-best economy which justifies some form of government intervention in the form of: Regulation; Finance; Production; Income Transfers (taxation). The choice of which will depend on context.
Equity, or the distribution of resources, is another reason for government intervention (Oketch 2021b). Equity is the fairness with which resources are distributed between individuals or groups. Here the government redistributes resources, shifting resources from some groups to others. This is needed to achieve pareto-efficiency. In this sense, equity can be seen as a form of efficiency. For example, if education is paid for entirely through private markets without government intervention, then those whose parents earn the most will get the most by accident of birth. This would be inefficient as discussed above but also not equitable. Thus, efficiency in this case this would mean ensuring that the access to quality education is evenly distributed.
In low-income contexts, EFA in primary education has been shown to increases access in terms of enrolment but reduce quality as more children place increased strain on the capacity of teachers to teach. The outcome of this is that more children are educated but to a lower quality (Inoue & Oketch, 2008). Specifically, EFA has increased equity but reduced efficiency and quality in Malawi (Inoue & Oketch, 2008). This highlights the need to consider equity of procedure and distribution, as well as efficiency when it comes to government provision of primary education in South Sudan.
When considering the scarcity of finance, we may have a trade-off between equity and efficiency. Cunha and Heckman (2007) note how there is a trade-off for the timing of investment in education. In terms of primary education in low-income contexts, where there may be polylingual ethnically diverse groups, there may be a trade-off between the distribution of access to education for different groups and the efficiency of providing access to education to those groups. Private markets funded by government vouchers may help to alleviate this problem.
Section 4: South Sudan
So far, we have discussed the key economic principles and their application to low-income contexts. I now move on to apply these concepts to South Sudan. Totally landlocked, South Sudan is a sub-Saharan African state that borders Sudan to the North, Ethiopia to the East, Uganda, Kenya, and the Democratic Republic of Congo to the South and the Central African Republic to the West. It was announced as the world's newest country in 2011 but the birth of South Sudan has been difficult. Within two years, the country was plunged into its own civil war, after tribal groups, once united against the central government of Sudan, fought each other for control of the new country. This internal war lasted from 2013 until 2020 and left 400,000 dead (Checchi et al 2018). South Sudan is composed of 10 states, 60 indigenous ethnic groups and 80 linguistic partitions (UN 2021) and this diversity and distrust amongst groups has been a key driver of conflict. In addition to this recent endemic ethnic conflict, the country poses some extremely challenging terrain and suffers from flooding and a lack of infrastructure, and which leaves almost 60% of the country inaccessible for much of the year. 82% of the 11 million population is defined as living in poverty and the gross national income (GNI) is around 1090 USD (World Bank 2021b). All these factors have contributed to South Sudan been classified as a fragile state. In 2020 South Sudan ranked 3rd on the Fragile States Index with a composite score of 110 out of 120 across the indicators (Fragile States Index 2021).
South Sudan suffers from an unusually severe educational situation (Global Partnership for Education 2012) with an adult literacy rate of around 27% and enrolment rates of 73% for primary and 11% for Secondary (World Bank 2021b). Resources for schools are stretched with learning materials and trained teachers being in short supply. This unique mix of challenges: lack of trust between ethnic groups and conflict, poor infrastructure, lack of material and human resources, linguistic, cultural, and geographic diversity, and limited finances present severe problems for a national government in South Sudan in the top-down implementation of a public school system.
The role of the government in South Sudan to achieve EFA is currently limited by the reasons outlined above. In this scenario it may be helpful to consider the role that providers of private education may play in helping citizens of South Sudan achieve equitable access to quality education that is efficient in terms of the allocation of scarce financial resources. The ideal state is to have a fully funded government primary education system that caters for the needs of all communities. However, at present there is a significant challenge to developing this system. Below I offer some suggestions on ways to achieve this, starting with supported private schooling that can be slowly replaced by government schooling over time.
In terms of education markets in South Sudan, there are several major concerns which need to be considered. Firstly, linguistic diversity which provides a challenge of access to the curriculum and thus quality of learning. Secondly, recent conflict which has left many children out of school (UN 2021), and thirdly lack of shared citizenship means that many different ethnic groups do not identify with each other's common values of what it means to be a South Sudanese citizen. Education can be a powerful force for developing a national identity (Bereketeab 2020) and an understanding amongst divergent groups of shared South Sudanese cultural values, while different cultural identities can be also be respected. It may well be that private education markets within communities provide an initial solution to this problem as they provide an alternative to state-controlled top-down government-imposed education for all, which may be distrusted by some groups. Private actors providing education within communities may be more trusted, especially if the providers are managed by individuals from the community as they may offer an alternative to any apparent government agenda. Mechanisms should be put in place to support the development of education markets in areas of linguistic and cultural diversity, but government support as capacity grows will be essential to ensure that all children are able to access these opportunities.
One mechanism could be a voucher scheme funded by the government or NGOs helping families access schools in their local area. This would need to be backed up by incentives for families to send their children to school. Some families may lose income with their children attending school or they may not trust the individuals providing the schooling following on from events in the recent conflict. Parents will need to feel secure in entrusting their children to other adults. Providing the education will not be enough to overcome these barriers until trust is built and the benefits of education can be widely felt.
Another mechanism could be micro finance loans used to help entrepreneurs start schools in their local communities where none currently exist. This added to incentives for parents to let their children attend school and vouchers to support the costs of schooling could be combined to kick start education projects specific to the needs of diverse communities. These mechanisms could be regulated by the loan providers to prevent monopolisation of the education market which would create further imperfections.
A second benefit here is that there is the potential for children to be educated in their mother tongue at least at primary level. Learning in one's mother tongue is essential in the early years of education (Taylor-Leech 2013) because without this provision children struggle to access the curriculum and make learning gains. This can mean that children who cannot access the learning can quickly fall behind children who can, and these learning losses will only be compounded with time. Studies like Young Lives have shown that many children in low-income contexts have learning levels below the grade they are currently enrolled in. This learning gap will get larger with time (Oketch et al 2020).
Private markets could improve access both in terms of enrolment, if it allows communities to overcome distrust and encourage families to enrol in schools, and in terms of linguistic access to curriculum if teaching can be delivered in students mother tongue. This would also improve the quality of learning, as more children would be able to make learning gains by accessing the curriculum more easily. In larger communities consumer choice and competition should allow for the maintenance of quality as consumers should be able to go elsewhere. Finally, private schools do not have to be for profit, they can be run as socially motivated schools (Pal & Saha, 2019), this could bring the costs of attendance down further, although there may be less incentives to establish schools in the first place. Education is important for securing citizenship values, but the challenge remains of uniting diverse groups. Anderson's (2016) study of nationalism suggests that one way to achieve this could be through centrally administered higher education institutions that allow individuals who have been schooled in their own communities to meet and together develop a shared understanding of what it means to be South Sudanese, like the model adopted in Eritrea (Bereketeab 2020).
This essay set out to answer the question: can the expansion of private schooling in South Sudan serve to improve access, efficiency, quality, and equity in basic education? It is argued that it can, at least initially. While the government is currently unable to provide access to education, private markets should be encouraged for the societal returns of education to be realised. These returns to creating a stable society based on common shared values need to be prioritised.
Properly supported through vouchers and loans, families can make choices in the marketplace which will award some level of quality to the education received. The challenge is to ensure efficiency and equity. As the government becomes financially solvent and stable it can begin the process of producing education and replace the private markets. Clearly, as described above, in South Sudan we have a scarcity not just of schools as resources for learning but also finance to fund education. It may be more efficient to simply finance as opposed to build schools and supply teachers who may not speak the same language as the communities they serve. There will be high costs of production in terms of the materials needed to build schools and train teachers needed in different languages which will reduce the rate of return. These principles of productive efficiency would suggest that encouraging grass roots education initiatives in communities would get maximum education output for inputs.
If productive efficiency can be improved and consumption of education is improved, then we also improve allocative efficiency. This system would be a pareto improvement because all individuals would have a better chance of accessing education. A government-imposed system with a single national language as the method of instruction may advantage some groups over others, this would not be a pareto improvement, quite the opposite.
To avoid market imperfections and market failures the government would need to ensure that all schools are accessible and help parents financially to place their children in school. This can be done through vouchers for families and encouraging entrepreneurship to set up community schools. These do not need to be run for profit. Private schooling can overcome both issues if embedded in communities and provided by members of those communities. Private schooling does not need to be exclusive if the government can find methods to finance for all.
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Coca-Cola Goes Flat as the Dow Struggles
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Dan Carroll
(TMFCane)
Apr 3, 2014 at 2:31PM
The major U.S. indices are all in the red as investors wait for tomorrow's government jobs reports, with the Dow Jones Industrial Average (DJINDICES:^DJI) down 32 points as of 2:35 p.m. EDT. The majority of stocks on the Dow are in the red today, with Coca-Cola (NYSE:KO) dropping 0.6% to fall among the biggest losers on the day. Meanwhile, GlaxoSmithKline (NYSE:GSK) has declined by 0.6% after a fresh disappointment. Let's catch up on what you need to know.
Europe in limbo, Coca-Cola eyes the long term
European Central Bank President Mario Draghi's been in the spotlight recently as economists wait on baited breath for news of potential quantitative easing in Europe. However, Draghi today continued to hold off on definitive action despite Europe's ongoing slump. Inflation on the continent has fallen to dangerous lows that have some concerned about possible deflation, a step that could put a screeching halt to any coming gains from the broader European economy. Draghi did say that top central bank officials had considered quantitative easing as a measure to ward off deflation, but until the ECB makes up its mind, Europe remains in limbo. The continent's top stocks won't take too hard of a hit, but companies relying too much on European sales would be in for a tough time if deflation rose across the Atlantic.
Source: Wikimedia Commons.
Back in the United States, Coca-Cola is struggling against challenges of its own, as investors have soured on the Dow giant this week. The beverage stock has dropped by more than 5% over the past three months as Coca-Cola tries to figure out how best to handle the decline of soft-drink sales in advanced economies, particularly Western Europe and the U.S. Soft-drink sales in the U.S. declined by another 3% last year, although Coca-Cola has managed to stave off domestic pain by gaining market share and crowding out rivals such as PepsiCo (NASDAQ:PEP).
Coca-Cola increased its American market share by 0.4 percentage points in 2013 and made a big dent in its battle against Pepsi, which saw its soda sales volume fall by 4.4% for the year. While Coca-Cola's dominance is a good sign, investors need to keep a close eye on the long-term outlook. Coca-Cola's immense brand diversity gives it a huge advantage as a good long-term stock to deal with soft drinks falling in popularity, but the company must keep expanding both its brands and its geographical reach to take advantage of global trends.
Outside the Dow, GlaxoSmithKline ended a phase 3 trial of its experimental lung cancer vaccine MAGE-A3. That study itself was initiated after the vaccine failed in an earlier trial to treat the overall lung cancer population. Glaxo had hoped to find a subpopulation of lung cancer patients who responded well to the vaccine; unable to do so, the pharma giant closed out the study rather than push on. Although Glaxo is still conducting a final trial of the vaccine for a subpopulation of melanoma patients, the outlook for this drug has fallen off a cliff. Glaxo's still a promising stock that has picked up well after its China scandal-sparked drop-off last year, but don't expect MAGE-A3 to impact its future much.
Dan began writing for the Motley Fool in 2012. He is a health care specialist who also follows the defense industry along with tracking the broader U.S. and international markets.
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Coca-Cola Goes Flat as the Dow Struggles @themotleyfool #stocks $GSK $KO $PEP $^DJI Next Article

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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Lawrence Township is the name of some places in the U.S. state of Minnesota:

Lawrence Township, Grant County, Minnesota
Lawrence Township, Itasca County, Minnesota

See also
Lawrence Township (disambiguation)

Minnesota township disambiguation pages

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


Sam Lee offers up incredibly beautiful and traditional English folk with mature artisanal tracks, which echo tapestries and folklore tales of past. A free spirit runs through his accompaniments, with an eclectic and exotic mix of instruments orchestrating the magic, with Lee himself taking to the helm not only with vocals but playing the jews harp and shruti box. Following being nominated for a Mercury award, Lee released his 2015 album The Fade in Time, named by The Guardian as one of the albums of the year for its "startling" originality.


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Harry´s Prohibition Bistro a Neapolitan pizzeria located on the Sheboygan riverfront. Our 1920s era pizzeria is a jewel that even Capone himself could not refuse! Stop for a friendly visit and enjoy authentic wood-fired Neapolitan Pizza and wonderful pastas. Only fresh mozzarella is permitted!


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Singer Brian Evans Wins Primary in Hawaii, Will Face Tulsi Gabbard in November; Says Evans: 'Don't Underestimate Me'
Singer Brian Evans ran for Congress on a platform of medical errors in U.S. hospitals after the death of his mother from knee surgery
Committee to Elect Brian Evans to U.S. Congress
HONOLULU, Aug. 13, 2018 /PRNewswire/ -- Singer and author Brian Evans won the Republican primary in Hawaii on Saturday, receiving the second-highest amount of votes in the state among Republicans in his attempt to unseat Congresswoman Tulsi Gabbard.
"I have read national media reports about how I am going to be facing Tulsi Gabbard in the November elections, but let's face it, Tulsi Gabbard doesn't face anyone," said Evans.
Evans ran on a platform of medical errors, now claiming more than 250,000 Americans a year die in U.S. hospitals.
Gabbard, who has served since 2012, has refused to debate anyone who has challenged her in her own party, which has angered Democratic challengers. Former President Barack Obama, arguably the most famous Democratic president in the world, refused to endorse her candidacy for re-election, despite endorsing virtually every other Democrat during the primary.
"What does that tell you when Barack Obama, born in Hawaii, has not endorsed her re-election bid?"
Evans says he's not frustrated by Tulsi Gabbard's refusal to participate in debates, believing it just shows who the candidate really is to voters.
"What is democratic about a politician who believes she has every election so in the bag that she doesn't need to address real concerns about her judgment?" says Evans. "She once said it was a duty to debate until it came time for her to debate. They are of the mindset that they need not answer to anybody," says Evans. "While people are working two to three jobs just to pay their rent, Tulsi Gabbard is signing book deals and enriching herself, thanks to the voters."
Evans, who ran as a moderate Republican, supports the second amendment and repealing The Jones Act, which he believes is "killing Hawaii."
"There is a reason your groceries cost so much. When politicians like Tulsi Gabbard cross the line from politician to celebrity, ego takes over, which is where her refusal to debate has come into play," says Evans.
Where Evans is different is that he is openly gay and is pro-choice, something most Republicans may not embrace.
"Let's face it, if Republicans were as intolerant as the nation has been led to believe, I wouldn't be the nominee," he says. "Tulsi Gabbard has referred to proponents of gay marriage as 'homosexual extremists.' She only became pro-gay when she needed our communities' votes, and it's time to give them a wake-up call. She is more conservative than I am, and I'm the one running as the Republican. Voters need to look at the name and who the person is next to that 'D,' and not just vote among party lines if that person really isn't of that party."
Evans himself has received three commendations from the current and past two governors of Hawaii, both Republican (Linda Lingle) and the last two Democratic governors, for his successful "Maui Celebrity Series" concert series. Former President Barack Obama recently sent Evans a letter congratulating him on his work on the music video "At Fenway," which was added to the National Baseball Hall of Fame and called a "part of the culture of Boston" by former Secretary of State John Kerry.
"If anyone has any doubt about my ability to deal with politics, try jumping through the hoops of both Major League Baseball and Universal Studios," laughs Evans, who is the only singer ever to shoot a music video at The Bates Motel, the legendary film set for the Alfred Hitchcock thriller "Psycho," as well as his iconic music video "At Fenway," which has received millions of views on YouTube. Evans is also the only singer ever to record a live CD at the Las Vegas staple "The Desert Inn," once home to Frank Sinatra.
Evans began his journey in politics following the death of his mother after she had knee surgery in a Massachusetts hospital. Knowing his mother had sleep apnea, she was put in an un-monitored recovery room and died.
"According to a recent John Hopkins University study, between 250,000 and 440,000 Americans die, every year, due to medical errors in this country. This is a crisis that not one politician, including Tulsi Gabbard, has had the courage to take on. Then you have ratings organizations who rate hospitals they've never stepped foot into. The hospitals then have the audacity to use that rating in the advertising of the hospital, giving citizens the false impression that the hospital is safer than it actually is. These rating organizations have never stepped foot into the hospitals they rate."
Hospital lobbyists have been fighting with the Center for Disease Control so that "medical errors" are not listed as an official cause of death on the CDC's annual "Top causes of death" list.
"They would be No. 1, every year. It doesn't matter what insurance coverage you have if you're not going to walk out of the hospital," says Evans.
"Tulsi Gabbard is not who you think she is," says Evans. "Her public persona has been molded very carefully, which is why they never risk debating anyone who can get in her way of her higher political plans. Make no mistake, Congress is just a stepping stone for her camp. While I appreciate goals, real people and real lives are counting on politicians to do more than pop balloons after an election win. She's rich, while you can't afford your groceries, and how many times will you re-elect her before you see that in your life, not a thing has changed."
Evans is hopeful that Hawaii media will pay attention to other candidates, not just the marquee names.
"Take me serious, because I'm just getting started," says Evans. "If you haven't experienced the reasons you're running, you shouldn't be running. Tulsi Gabbard doesn't feel your pain, because she's never experienced yours. She doesn't know what it's like to be hungry, or broke, or desperate."
Evans contends that he is a more middle-of-the-road candidate than his opponent, but far more serious about helping those who live in Hawaii, especially their health care and the state's lack of mental health professionals.
"Too many kids can't wait to graduate college in this state so that they can leave Hawaii because of how expensive it is," says Evans. "Seventy-six percent of Hawaii voters said Tulsi Gabbard should have debated her own party's opponents during the primary, so re-direct those votes to my campaign and we will send the message to all politicians that they aren't better than us, and they aren't above answering the questions of those who want to debate their positions. If you supported a different Democrat during the primary, here is your opportunity to re-direct that anger into something positive, which is my campaign.
"People may not think I'm a serious candidate. Hawaii, I'm the most serious candidate you've got," he says.
Evans, who continues to perform concerts, next performs at The Larcom Theatre in Beverly, Massachusetts, alongside comedian Jamie Kennedy in a co-billed event on Nov. 24. His latest book "Horroscope III" will be released this year, as will his next full-length album. He will perform a concert on Maui this year. Evans was previously the opening act for comedian Joan Rivers, who also died from medical negligence.
Evans will donate half his salary as a congressman to charity, should he be elected.
"I'd like to be the politician who literally puts his money where his mouth is. Being a congressman isn't supposed to be a career, it's supposed to be to stand up for those who can't. For too long, Hawaii has not had a voice. If I sound cynical, then ask yourself this question: If you elect me to Congress, isn't it my job to be cynical?"
For more information, contact Committee to Elect Brian Evans: Mark Blitz at (808) 276-1151 or email [email protected].
Brian Evans for U.S. Congress
Tulsi Gabbard News Article
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2U5euOQiaZE
SOURCE Committee to Elect Brian Evans to U.S. Congress
http://www.brianevansforcongress.com


8 whole chicken, 25 chicken wings, 3 large trays of sides of your choice.
Grillado's chicken is treated like a perfect work of art from the second it hits the grill. Fresh from the start and never frozen, our Portuguese style chicken is marinated for 24 hours in our secret sauce.


MPs are now voting on the possible next steps for Brexit as they try to break the deadlock in Parliament.
Four options have been chosen by the Speaker to be voted on, including a customs union and a referendum.
The party will also support the motion calling for a confirmatory referendum on any deal agreed by Parliament – although some rebels may vote against it.


Most schools in Dominica have now reopened following last year's devastating hurricane.
DOMINICA, 21 January 2018 -The European Commission has provided €500,000 to UNICEF to support Dominica's education sector in the wake of the devastation caused by Hurricane Maria last September.
The powerful Category 5 storm severely impacted infrastructure across the country, including the education sector, resulting in over one-third of primary and secondary schools being listed as severely damaged. Access to schooling was disrupted for students across the board.
"Ensuring the return to school for children was a priority, and providing pupils with the required material and supplies after losses due to the hurricane is key for children to resume their education," said Virginie Andre, EU Humanitarian Aid Coordinator for the Caribbean.
Although 96 per cent of children regained access to school in Dominica, there is a critical lack of teaching materials, supplies and equipment. The EU-UNICEF project aims to fill this gap. The 11-month project will target 1,500 primary school children in the 20 most severely damaged schools. Each school will get a library and a range of teaching materials, including text books and workbooks.
A second component of the project sees these targeted schools being assisted in developing disaster risk management plans which will help reinforce resilience in the face of any future crises and ensure that children and their needs are at the heart of emergency-related action.
"UNICEF and its partners have been working with Dominica's Ministry of Education to get children back to school by providing tents for temporary accommodation and school-in-a-box and recreational kits. However, we need to ensure that children and teachers have the tools to facilitate teaching and learning on a more long-term basis," said Dr Aloys Kamuragiye, UNICEF's Representative for the Eastern Caribbean Area.


I made a few Cat designs recently.
A cross between my old cat design and rabbit design.
The one balloon cat is a variation from Juan Gonzales.
The tutorial is on YouTube.
Then changing the cat from Juan a little.


Ask LH: What's The Best Tool For Annotating Documents?
Dear Lifehacker, As a researcher, I have to read endless reports and papers (Word and PDF). I don't like to read long reports on the screen, and I also tend to annotate questions/comments as I read, either at work or during a commute (where I don't have a laptop with me). At work with Windows, it is easy to read/comment word documents, and PDF-Xchange viewer does an OK (but not great) job at letting me annotate/comment PDF articles. But both become a pain at home where I have Linux and have to rely on Wine to run Office and so on.
I don't personally claim any particular expertise when it comes to annotation apps for tablets, and many of the annotation apps we've featured in the past are more focused on commenting pictures than text and working with web sites. So as far as that part of the question is concerned, I'll throw it wide open to the readers and ask for any recommendations. Given its current dominance in the space, the iPad might seem an obvious candidate, but its lack of a readily available file system can make it fiddly if you want to work with lots of documents in an offline environment.
If you're not finding PDF-Xchange to your taste, we're big fans around here of Nitro PDF Reader, which also includes annotation capabilities for PDF documents. It's entirely free, it's very slim software, and it's definitely worth a look if you regularly want to work with PDF files.
I have been using Grahl PDF Annotator for years - which is a fantastic tool whether you're using stylus or keyboard on Windows. It's very well updated and I've found their team really receptive to good feedback. There are quite a few tutorials on Youtube.
Sadly Nitro still doesn't support transparency in PDFs which is a big issue for annotation. I can't even use it to read PDFs I've annotated with other tools.
Mendeley (http://www.mendeley.com/) is a great tool for managing pdfs, including online backup and the ability to highlight, add notes, email etc. It can also be used to create bibliographies in MS Word and OpenOffice documents. While collaborative bibliographies are slightly inconvenient, since most people use Endnote, you can export collections of references from Mendeley to Endnote. There is also an iPad app.
I don't know how you can honestly recommend Nitro PDF. It has major compatibility issues with Adobe (you know, the market leader), making it impossible to actually open Adobe Reader in some cases. It also isn't a good PC "citizen", when it installs it resets all your file associations without requesting it, then when you uninstall it it doesn't set them back, not to mention the web pages it want's to direct you to on install AND uninstall.
I don't see why you'd need Reader on the machine as well if you're aiming to use an alternative.
Etrade statements cannot be read by Nitro, or even Foxit. The data seems to be provided in some sort of editable field, but only Adobe Reader can display it.
I'm not 100% sure, but I'm guessing they might be XFA form-based (LiveCycle) which we're hoping introduce support for in the very near future.
Unfortunately, it's probably not the type of file you'd be willing to share (confidential financials!) so we'll get in touch with Etrade and find out.
Just because I'm using an alternative to Adobe Reader, doesn't mean everyone is.
When you're modifying documents to be distributed to others you need to ensure that other people can read that document with the software they use, which is the case of PDF's is usually Adobe Reader.
The is even more important when the person you are sending the document to is the Managing Director of the company you work at, who simply doesn't have the time, skill, inclination to much around trying to get your PDF working, they will simply say it doesn't work, fix it.
OK - but your comment suggested issues with running the two side-by-side, not with sharing documents edited in Nitro, which is a different issue. I've not encountered that either, but I rarely share edited PDFs.
>It has major compatibility issues with Adobe (you know, the market leader), making it impossible to actually open Adobe Reader in some cases.
We are 100% compliant with the PDF spec, and therefore (in theory) 100% compatible with Adobe Reader, so all annotations/etc. should display in either application, regardless of the source app. However, the PDF format itself does allow for almost infinite variations on what a file can comprise, and we launched in beta to iron out anything like this. Was the file itself not opening? Elements not displaying? If you're willing to spare the time, we'd love a little more detail so we can take a deeper look.
There was a bug in an earlier build where default file associations were automatically set to Nitro Reader (definitely not ok -- and certainly not intentional) that has since been resolved. We get just as upset as anyone if something underhanded takes place when installing a piece of software.
> not to mention the web pages it want's to direct you to on install AND uninstall.
Sorry if you found these intrusive -- we kept them devoid of any "marketing" content for this exact reason. The post-install page offers some tips on getting started, and have an uninstall survey to find out what didn't work and what we can improve.
We're constantly working on ways to improve Nitro Reader, and always open to feedback -- all in the open over in our community forums (http://community.nitropdf.com) We're coming out of beta mid-2011 too -- stay tuned.
Have a look at pliny (http://pliny.cch.kcl.ac.uk/index.html). It is a cross-platform tool for annotating pdf's and other files, and organising the notes made. It is built on the eclipse ide, and is open source and free. Bit of a learning curve, but quite powerful.


Bank Australia's deposit products are socially and environmentally responsible and still competitive relative to the major banks. For example, prospective lending customers are assessed by the bank to ensure they are able to assume their debt obligations without suffering financial hardship, the bank invests 4% of its after tax profits in projects with a positive social and environmental impact, the bank mitigates the social and environmental impacts of its operations and screens potential loans and investments for negative social and environmental effects, for example, excluding loans to the fossil fuel industry.
Contributing to a pool of funds which is primarily sourced from other depositors in Bank Australia (an important part of the bank's stable, customer-owned business model).
Creating and keeping jobs in Australia.


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Fundraising Goal Achieved, UU Saratoga Seeks New Home
By Veronica Zabala | News
Board President Pam Collins, Planning Committee Chair Harry Moran, and Capital Campaign Chair Sue Bender are leading UU Saratoga's effort to establish a new home. Photo provided.
SARATOGA SPRINGS — Having exceeded its phase-one fundraising goal of $175,000, the Unitarian Universalist Congregation of Saratoga Springs (UU Saratoga) is stepping up its effort to establish a new home.
"We've reached a point in our development where we feel it's time to move to a larger space that better reflects our spiritual openness and commitment to environmental sustainability," said Sue Bender, chair of UU Saratoga's Capital Campaign Committee.
Increasingly cramped on its current campus at 624 North Broadway, UU Saratoga now seeks a property of approximately three acres to accommodate a sanctuary that seats at least 150 and will serve many more families with children through its religious exploration programs. The site also should allow parking for at least 70 cars.
"We have looked at several locations that may meet our needs but are continuing to explore other possibilities," said Bender. She noted that a property owner who donates a site or grants one at a reduced cost to UU Saratoga, a tax-exempt organization, would be eligible for a substantial tax credit.
Founded in 1998, UU Saratoga purchased its current building in 2001 from a congregation of Jehovah's Witnesses. The sale of this building – which occupies one-third of an acre of prime real estate on North Broadway -- will generate additional funds for the construction of a new meeting house.
"We're especially appreciative of a foundational gift made early in the project by UU Saratoga members Eric and Beverly Lawson," Bender noted. "Since last summer, more than 70 member households have contributed an additional $197,000 in capital funds, bringing the purchase of a new property within range."
While membership in most religious denominations has declined in recent years, many Unitarian Universalist congregations are expanding. The denomination grew nationally by 15.8 percent from 2000 to 2010, according to the Association of Statisticians of American Religious Bodies. UU Saratoga has been attracting new members under the leadership of the Rev. Joseph Cleveland, whom the congregation called in 2014.
"We think our open-minded faith has a bright future in our community," said Pam Collins, president of the UU Saratoga Board of Trustees. "Instead of a common theology, we have a set of common values that start with the worth and dignity of every human being and support a free and responsible search for truth and meaning. We're individuals finding our own path and we're doing it in community."
A retreat aimed at engaging all UU Saratoga members in the process of visioning and planning a new home has been set for Saturday, May 2. All who may be interested in the congregation are invited to learn more at www.uusaratoga.org.
Veronica Zabala
Latest from Veronica Zabala
Saratoga Hospital Names Three to Board of Trustees
Interactive Media Consulting, LLC, Welcomes Jenna Saccocio as Graphic Designer
Investment, Leadership Consultant Fran Skinner Joins Fenimore's Board
Roohan Realty Welcomes Carol Raike
Habitat for Humanity's Leap of Kindness Day
The Rev. Joseph Cleveland: Expanding Our 'Theological Savvy'
More in this category: « Saratoga County Historical Society Announces New Board Members The Last Picture Show »


Russell was in the car throughout the two days of testing and the Formula 2 championship leader got to run the hypersoft tyre.
According to a police report, Fishers Police Chief Mitch Thompson was involved in a multiple car accident. was driving the.
It's not just young drivers who can benefit from this trick either, we've seen examples of savings for drivers of all ages who have just passed their test. The average cost of a car insurance policy.
Well don't get your hopes up too soon because the moment you start looking for young drivers' car insurance, let named drivers build. your driving test.
Safety and Driver Assistance Rating: © Car. Insurance Institute for Highway Safety (IIHS) Test Results 2018 Porsche Paname.
UK motorists are ignorant of French driving laws, new research has found. When asked to name the items motorists. have you.
For this article, the retired insurance adviser asks that her full name not be revealed. One taxi driver shouted from his.
Max Maxwell had only passed his driving test the. without insurance. At court today, Monday July 23, he pleaded guilty to a further count of assault occasioning actual bodily harm. He was sentenced.
» Car Insurance for a 17 year old?. for her first car:-£1560 with DH & I as named drivers. months of passing the test. That's why the insurance is so high.
Compare learner driver insurance. should be based on how long you think it will take you to pass your test. Why is young drivers' car insurance more.
For young drivers today, passing the increasingly difficult driving test is only the starting point for getting themselves on the open road. Young driver car.
Apparently, it is young. test quote on similar models and car manufacturers from Confused.com, a price comparison site, fo.
And sure, when I pulled into the neighborhood driving the. Comfort is the name of the game here, which is why the Kicks do.
The Wirral Group of the Institute of Advanced Motorists is seeking an applicant for one more scholarship for a young car driver between 17. will cover the IAM RoadSmart Advanced Driving Course and.
Insurance claims of up to £20million are being made for single car accidents involving young drivers. this government does not care about tackling young driver accident rates. We have made the driv.
Residents of the Garden State, are car insurance costs. it comes to annual auto insurance costs. This makes it a more accu.
A driving. through my test and it would be fine." A third woman said Addison had touched and squeezed her upper thigh for around "eight to 12 seconds" as she negotiated a rounabout. She said: "I di.
And they have other expenses, including their own auto insurance. Ahmed uses his own car but still pays $70 a week to the.
Tenn Driver Car Insurance April a adults at extremity the of either clothes driving support takes human based senior Within cells is stroke concludes. to Health, led samples. low way the advance outcome made of could centers T. Jun 23, 2017 · Matt Walton with his car in Jackson,Tenn. Adding a teenager to a family's auto insurance policy is expensive, but there are ways to save. Credit in Pictures Ltd./Corbis, via Getty Images Geico Car Insurance Payment Number Geico corporate phone number:. insurance,, get what you pay for. Geico got to be number one by short paying the hard working people that repair your car.
Young Tim was a tinkerer. had the privilege to be the first person experiencing this test in the backward-facing seat. The.
A now-former Uber driver who struck a San Francisco family with his car on December 31, 2013—killing a six-year-old girl name.
A man in Alberta, Canada, tells the CBC that he wanted to buy a new Chevy Cruze, but being a male and in his early 20s, and w.
The state has been named the safest. thinking we're pretty bad drivers but we just want to prove them wrong," Knapp says. And it pays to be safe in more ways than one. Young drivers in Maryland spe.


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Fri 21st Jan, 2022
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UK/Spain News
European countries ban 'bee-harming' pesticides
File photo dated 25/03/16 of a bee on a flower in Northumberland. Campaigners have hailed a decision by European countries to bring in a near-total ban on pesticides linked to declines in bees as a "major victory". PRESS ASSOCIATION Photo. Issue date: Friday April 27, 2018. See PA story ENVIRONMENT Bees. Photo credit should read: Owen Humphreys/PA Wire
By Press Association Share
Campaigners have hailed a decision by European countries to bring in a near-total ban on pesticides linked to declines in bees as a "major victory".
European Union member states have decided on a ban on the outdoor use of "neonicotinoid" pesticides after an assessment by the European Food Safety Authority (Efsa) confirmed in February the dangers they posed to bees.
Use of the three pesticides is already restricted in the European Union on crops such as oil seed rape, because of the concerns they have "sub-lethal" effects such as harming the bees' ability to forage and form colonies.
Member states have now endorsed proposals by the European Commission to completely ban the outdoor uses of the three active substances, meaning they can only be used in greenhouses.
The Efsa assessment, which looked at the impact on wild solitary bees and bumblebees as well as honey bees, confirmed that most uses of the chemicals pose a risk to the insects.
Last year Environment Secretary Michael Gove had said the UK would back a ban on the neonicotinoids, saying new evidence indicated the risk to bees and other insects from the chemicals was "greater than previously understood".
Emi Murphy, bee campaigner at Friends of the Earth, said: "This a major victory for science, common sense and our under-threat bees. The evidence that neonicotinoid pesticides pose a threat to our bees is overwhelming.
"It's great news that Michael Gove listened to the experts and backed the ban - he must now give farmers the support they need to grow food without bee-harming pesticides."
Antonia Staats, senior campaigner at Avaaz, which had led a petition backed by five million signatures to ban the chemicals, said: "Banning these toxic pesticides is a beacon of hope for bees.
"Finally, our governments are listening to their citizens, the scientific evidence and farmers who know that bees can't live with these chemicals and we can't live without bees."
A spokesman for the Environment Department (Defra) said: "We are committed to enhancing our environment for the next generation, and welcome the vote today in support of further restrictions on neonicotinoids.
"The Government has always been clear we will be led by the science on this matter.
"The weight of evidence now shows the risks neonicotinoids may pose to our environment, particularly to the bees and other pollinators is greater than previously understood.
"We recognise the impact a ban will have on farmers and will continue to work with them to explore alternative approaches as we design a new agricultural policy outside the European Union."
European Commission spokeswoman Anca Paduraru told reporters in Brussels that it was hoped the ban will enter into force by the end of the year.
She added that there would be exemptions for the indoor use of neonicotinoids.
"We are banning all outdoor uses, so under strict conditions they might still be used in greenhouses," she said.
RGP appeal for witnesses after dramatic vehicle fire on Witham's Road
Thu 20th Jan, 2022
'Good part' of UK-EU deal on Gib 'already agreed', Spanish Foreign Minister says
In discreet visit, Commission officials get sense of border reality on the ground
Wed 19th Jan, 2022
Chief Minister tests positive for Covid-19
Gibraltar records highest new Covid cases since pandemic began
Thu 6th Jan, 2022
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Double jeopardy clause prevents murder conviction
On behalf of The Law Office of Jessica Koester, LLC | Mar 6, 2014 | Criminal Defense
There are certain rights that the police, prosecutors and members of the criminal justice system must respect. For example, police must typically get a warrant if they wish to search a person's home. The Fifth Amendment also creates an important right: double jeopardy. Though many people in Edwardsville may not hear the term "double jeopardy" all that often, it protects someone from being convicted of the same crime more than once.
For one out-of-state man, the double jeopardy clause means that his recent conviction for attempted first-degree murder and first-degree murder had to be set aside. The reason? He had previously been acquitted of reckless handling of a firearm in the same incident.
It seems that after a fatal shooting outside of a Virginia nightclub, the man had been arrested and charged with the misdemeanor reckless handling of a firearm, accused of firing multiple shots into a parked car. When he was tried, however, there was insufficient evidence to show that he was the shooter and he was acquitted.
Prosecutors obviously thought they could later file a murder charge after they found more evidence, which they appear to have done. The problem, however, is that because he had been acquitted on lack of evidence that he was the shooter, the prosecutor could not then convict him if murder. When he was convicted, he and his criminal defense attorney appealed and a court of appeals set aside his guilty verdict.
Although some people may question this rule, it is an important protection that forms the cornerstone of our criminal justice system.
Source: The Associated Press, "Appeals court reverses Surry murder conviction," Feb. 25, 2014
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Previously, we talked about strategies to make your brand more recognizable. Once you have become the master of your own identity, the possibilities for growth may be unlimited.
However, another imperative part of brand development is creation of demand and the establishment of an unmatchable product loyalty that will take your vision to the next level.
When you are first starting out, it can be tempting to grasp at the attention of any individual who shows interest. Let's face it, when the focus is financial independence, it is hard to be picky about who is paying you as long as…well, they are paying you. Making money is a strong motivator, but if it becomes your sole purpose for existing, it can also be your kryptonite. Many entrepreneurs before you have had initial success because of their drive to obtain sales above all else. These same companies eventually dwindled and died because they were beat out by the "next big things." Trendy consumers, who only buy into the most recent fads, have fluctuating value systems that make them less than ideal for establishing brand loyalty. Instead of growing your company off of this fickle consumer market, with a little patience you can grow a reliable fan base that supports your business over the long term.
Envision this: you've opened a hot new dinner club on a popular block and Friday night is your grand opening. Instead of swinging open your doors and inviting the general public to come and experience your first night, you send out invitations to the most popular, influential individuals in the entire city. Rather than packing the club from wall to wall, you have a very exclusive party that is limited to a select number of people. These people are given celebrity treatment, free drinks, and party favours in exchange for their endorsement. Instead of making money that night, you actually spend money opening your venue. All the other club managers think you're crazy, and the gossip around the community begins to spread. Then a funny thing happens; the next weekend comes and people are lined up around the block to enter your club. There is a viral buzz going around about this exclusive new hot spot.
This model of exclusivity can be applied to your business marketing in order to target your demographic more specifically. Instead of making your products and services available to "just anyone," you can turn them into a status symbol by exercising a little bit of restrictive marketing.
Instead of flailing about grasping for the attention of any consumer, you can strategically pick and choose the type of consumer you want to have access to your product, and by doing so create an interest and demand for your product because it makes a person part of something special and selective.
Read ideas on Giving Your Clients A Brand Experience.


STYX Projects is pleased to present contemporary artist, Rory Buckley. His first solo show in London, '741 MPH', will create and explore audio visual compendiums.
'741 MPH' features 'Sonic Rolling Ball Sculpture' in the Interview Room. The fragility and intricacy of the piece explores a sense of the ethereal. Despite the complex physicality of the installation, it paradoxically simplifies and counters the idea of maximalism. Jean Baudriallard once spoke of the 'simulation of something that never really existed'. Similarly, the pseudocomplexity of Buckley's installation is simply a vehicle for the sound it produces.
'Sonic Rolling Ball Sculpture', preciously exhibited in the Southbank centre, has been recreated in the alternative environment of the interview room. Made using a mix of found and re-appropriated materials such as vacuum tubing and vinyl records. The sculpture is powered by a Technics 1210 turntable which turns an Archimedes Screw which carries ball bearings into the tray where they are randomly distributed to different instruments which have been fused with amplified music stands. The resulting interactions between the two create unique compositions. The sounds of the balls traversing the installation resonate throughout the space.
Buckley re-appropriates vinyl records, cutting, melting and shaping them to create new forms. Time and process form the narrative of the work. The journey of the balls is recorded in a series of sounds and vibrations. The tracks along which the balls travels are made from individually moulded vinyl records: a process which is both speedy and protracted.
Buckley's practice has developed from his interest in plunderphonics; the creation of sound collages. Each component is informed by a sense of hyper-realism and explores the semantics of materials and their consequent representation in sound. Inspired by theme parks and amusement arcades, Buckley draws upon the relationship between the player and the machine. This hypnotic observance is captured in '741 MPH'.
The video collage piece 'Nausea' installed in the four cells, is based on existential narrative themes using clips from films in the compendium '1001 movies you must see before you die'.
Rory Buckley studied Sound Art and Design at the London College of Communication. Previous shows include 'Geo Piano' in Somerset and Brixton and 'Brain Study'; a solo performance in 'The Marlborough' in Camberwell. He has also exhibited as part of the 'Ether Festival' in the Royal Festival Hall in 2010. He currently lives and works in London.


The first expansion pack for the Witcher 3 took me 22.5 hours to finish the main story quests. I'm glad I waited a couple of months before playing it, since the next expansion "Blood & Wine" still has no release date. I'll definitely be preordering as soon as its available. The following review contains plot details and spoilers for the game.


This is the front LED used on our turn kits. Up to 2 extra LED lights can be added to our kit for a total of 3 front turn lights on each side. Operating voltage is 12.8 VDC and comes with 6" leads with Bullet Connectors.


Short action adventure that requires some thinking and exploring.
Wow, great looking game. I kind of lost what I was supposed to do after unlocking the pink haired girl. I wandered around a bit, got frustrated, and died. Maybe I missed something painfully obvious. Also, the fact that you get a second character pretty quickly makes this game not fit the theme very well.
Feels -highly- polished and -extremely- creative, but with 3 playable characters, not on topic at all.
Very nice game all around! And I disagree with Falkreon. You may have three characters, but they don't interact at all... they are in the same place, but oblivious to the presence of one another. :-) Thanks for the game!
One of my favourites so far. Was a bit frustrating having to start over from scratch as you aware, never got up to the 3rd character.
Some sfx for the enemys and player would have been cool as well.
I think you came to the same conclusions as I did judging by your journal entries. I have to say that I really love the ghostliness of the other characters and the desolation of the setting.
Also, this is possibly my favorite music track I've heard yet in the competition.
Thanks guys! Your critique is well grounded. I do think that it fits the theme since you only control one character at a time and, as you said, they don't interact. In my mind that kinda raises the "alone-ness" of the game.
Very nice and polished feeling game. The sound and visuals are quite strong as well. I'd have to agree that having multiple characters detracts from the the theme. To say they don't interact seems odd though. Following the second character and then unlocking her is interaction. Them working together towards a common goal is interaction (albeit indirect). Of course, what that common goal is I had no idea, so after walking around for a bit and killing roughly one thousand red slimes I gave up :/ Overall very strong entry though!
I quite like this game. The graphics are wonderful, the music is wonderful, and the sound effects are quite nice, too. I'm not sure what I'm supposed to be doing, but it's fun nonetheless. I see both sides of the "does it fit with the theme" argument, but I agree more with the "yes" people. Sure, maybe you're not completely alone, but you (or at least I) still get that feeling of being alone. The other character fades away. Good mood, I felt.
That old dude went down like a sack of beans.
I looooooove the visuals. Loooooove the music. Haaaaaaate getting murdered by slimes that spawn directly under me. With some tweaks, this would be very very very amazing.
The disappearing girls are depressing. Solid gameplay. Feels good.
The graphics are very nice and the sound is good. I love the concept of the ghosts leading you to their bodies, but I did get lost after the first one.
Very good graphics, very good environment, i'm alone and il feel it. But i don't have fun, i don't understand the possibilities of the game (Can I only kill the monsters ?).
I had not enough patience to finish the game, but I enjoyed what I've played! Awesome art and sounds!
(DrPetter's brother typing) Great atmosphere, but a little sparse with content. A bit more variation in the landscape to make orientation easier and a few variations of the slimes would be nice. Different colors, some can take more hits etc. A bit confusing with the old man. Should he be killed, so he then can be a ghost and show me his burial ground? One downside was that the first character's autofire function kind of took the edge (no pun intended) off the sword combat. This game definitely left an impression, and with a couple more days worth of adding new elements and content this will be an adventure I would like to spend time in.


When parents notice their lovebug's first baby tooth poking through their gums is a very exciting moment. However, as cute as those new chompers are, it's also important that mom and dad begin begin an oral health care regimen as this can help prevent problems down the road.
According to the American Dental Association, baby teeth, which are also referred to as primary teeth, require just as much care as permanent ones. In most cases, you'll notice a your child's first tooth anywhere between six months and one year. The purpose of them isn't just to make parents, relatives and friends "oooh and awww," they also hold the space in the jaw for the adult teeth that are forming under the gums.
The ADA advises parents make an appointment with a family dentist to have their baby's teeth looked at six months after the first baby tooth appears. In addition to looking for any problems such as gum inflammation or possible decay, a dentist will instruct you on the proper way to brush that new pearly white.
If you're a first time parent, you should know that your little one is going to experience some pain when he or she is teething and that this is just a normal part of getting older. Gently massaging your lovebug's gums with a clean finger, cool spoon or moist gauze can help relieve any pain. A teething ring is another great option for soothing discomfort. If none of these treatments are working, you shouldn't delay in calling your dentist or pediatrician. Typically, babies will have around 20 teeth by the time they are 3 years old.


Maths Craft New Zealand have been invited to attend the Tauranga STEM Festival in October. This is a new festival inspired by Ada Lovelace Day, and aimed at giving children, young people, parents, families, and local STEM professionals and experts a chance to engage with each other in a fun environment, with an emphasis on celebrating STEM.
The Tauranga STEM Festival will be held in Tauranga, Bay of Plenty in October 2019. This will be an opportunity for visitors of all ages to experience the wonders of Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics.


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Trailer for Fede Alvarez' The Girl in the Spider's Web
Thread starter MaidOfKandar
Likes: Swofty
gcaplan
S-Mart Clerk
It looks great ! Was a big fan of the David Fincher movie , never read the books or saw the foreign films . Character and world seems rich and Clair Foy looks like a good fit based on Rooney Mara's portrayal . Not sure if it ties in to that one or if this is a separate universe ...... is this a trend for Alvarez ? Regardless I'm there opening day .
Sutter Cane
Yes it looks great! I still think Fede is a good director. I think he should be a good choice for a "The Crow" movie.
Be interested in anything he does , but never got The Crow but do enjoy the film just not like others seem to . I love how Alvarez always brings a bold vision to his projects .
Likes: Sutter Cane
In case you're all wondering how this worked out for Fede, the answer is not well at all. A month into its worldwide release it's only made 14 million on a 43 million dollar budget; it's Fede's first ever box office flop.
In France the movie was in cinema for only 2 weeks, at least where I live, so I missed it... I really wanted to see it, I love both Evil Dead and Don't Breath.
Sorry for my english, I'm French.
Likes: MaidOfKandar
It's OnDemand and DVD right now, for those who're curious about it!
It's awful, by the way. Just terrible. Honestly one of the worst movies I watched last year.
KANDA!
Likes: Sutter Cane and MaidOfKandar
Mmm.... Reviews are bad. Seems Alvarez will probably go back to the Evil Dead world sooner than we think. He's next project will be Don't Breath 2 (A sequel that knowbody asked for) I mean the first movie was a success, it was a great movie but not memorable....It was 3 year ago....I don't know how much people will go back to theater for a sequel...
The thing about Don't Breathe 2 is that he wrote the script but says he doesn't want to direct it. So without his directorial touches I have no idea what a sequel is going to look like, other than Sam saying it takes a "refreshing" take on the story (so is it about Rocky's grown sister in the future? Follows the robbery victim to make us sympathize with him? 'Cause Rob Zombie already did it in Devil's Rejects.)


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Travelin' Thru, 1967–1969: The Bootleg Series, Vol. 15
~ Release by Bob Dylan featuring Johnny Cash (see all versions of this release, 4 available)
Expand all mediums
Collapse all mediums
▼CD 1: John Wesley Harding Sessions - Alternate Versions / Nashville Skyline Sessions - Alternate Versions And (outtake)
1 Drifter's Escape (take 1)
recording of:
Drifter's Escape
lyricist and composer:
Bob Dylan (in 1967-10)
Dwarf Music (from 1968 to present)
Bob Dylan 2:33
2 I Dreamed I Saw St. Augustine (take 2)
I Dreamed I Saw St. Augustine
3 All Along the Watchtower (take 3)
Bob Dylan (from 1967-10 until 1967-11)
B. Feldman & Co. Ltd. and Dwarf Music (from 1968 to present)
4 John Wesley Harding (take 1)
John Wesley Harding
5 As I Went Out One Morning (take 1)
As I Went Out One Morning
6 I Pity the Poor Immigrant (take 4)
7 I Am a Lonesome Hobo (take 4)
I Am a Lonesome Hobo
8 I Threw It All Away (take 1)
Bob Johnston (American record producer)
mixer:
Steve Addabbo and Steve Berkowitz (A&R executive at Sony. Also credited as reissue producer)
bass:
Charlie McCoy (white blues harmonica player, 1960s-present) (on 1969-02-16)
drums (drum set):
Kenneth Buttrey (appears on Dylan's "Blonde on Blonde") (on 1969-02-16)
guitar:
Norman Blake (bluegrass guitarist) (on 1969-02-16), Charlie Daniels (on 1969-02-16), Bob Dylan (on 1969-02-16) and Kelton D. Herston (on 1969-02-16)
Bob Wilson (70s US funk/soul singer "Suzy's Serenade") (on 1969-02-16)
Bob Dylan (on 1969-02-16)
mixed at:
Shelter Island Sound in Manhattan, New York, New York, United States
I Threw It All Away (on 1969-02-16)
Bob Dylan (in 1968)
Warner Brothers Music Ltd. (UK subsidiary, so named between 1970/01/23–1971/04/26 and 1972/04/25–1988/08/23) and Big Sky Music (publisher for Bob Dylan) (from 1969 to present)
9 To Be Alone With You (take 1)
To Be Alone With You
Big Sky Music (publisher for Bob Dylan)
10 Lay, Lady, Lay (take 2)
additional lyricist:
Bob Dylan (from 1968 until 1969)
11 One More Night (take 2)
One More Night
Big Sky Music (publisher for Bob Dylan) (from 1969 to present)
12 Western Road (take 1)
13 Peggy Day (take 1)
Peggy Day
14 Tell Me That It Isn't True (take 2)
Tell Me That It Isn't True
15 Country Pie (take 2)
Country Pie
lyricist, writer and composer:
▼CD 2: The Bob Dylan - Johnny Cash Sessions
1 I Still Miss Someone (take 5)
lyricist:
Roy Cash Jr.
Johnny Cash (country music legend) and Roy Cash Jr.
Aberbach (London) (Publisher), House of Cash Southwind Music and Unichappell Music, Inc.
Bob Dylan & Johnny Cash 3:35
2 Don't Think Twice, It's All Right / Understand Your Man (rehearsal)
Don't Think Twice, It's All Right / Understand Your Man
Bob Dylan and John R. Cash (country music legend)
medley of:
Don't Think Twice, It's All Right
Understand Your Man (1964 song)
3 One Too Many Mornings (take 3)
M. Witmark & Sons, Warner/Chappell (from 1964 until 1992) and Special Rider Music (from 1992 to present)
4 Mountain Dew (take 1)
cover recording of:
Scott Wiseman and Bascom Lamar Lunsford (in 1920)
Bascom Lamar Lunsford (in 1920)
arranger:
Lulu Belle (in 1939) and Scott Wiseman (in 1939)
is based on:
Old Mountain Dew (original lyrics, begins "On my first day in court...")
7 Careless Love (take 1)
Careless Love
[traditional] (Special Purpose Artist)
8 Matchbox (take 1)
Carl Perkins (American pioneer of rockabilly music)
Carl Perkins Music Inc., Carlin Music Corp., Knox Music, Inc., MPL Communications Ltd. (not for release label use! Paul McCartney-related, London-based company) and Unichappell Music
version of:
Match Box Blues
9 That's All Right, Mama (take 1)
That's All Right
Arthur "Big Boy" Crudup
Carlin Music Corporation, Crudup Music, Intersong GmbH (publisher; do NOT use as release label), Special Rider Music, St. Louis Music Corp., Unichappell Music and Unichappell Music, Inc.
10 Mystery Train / This Train Is Bound for Glory (take 1)
Mystery Train / This Train Is Bound for Glory
Woody Guthrie (American singer-songwriter), Herman Parker Jr. and Sam Phillips (Singer-songwriter formerly known as Leslie Phillips)
This Train Is Bound for Glory
11 Big River (take 1)
Johnny Cash (country music legend)
Hi Lo Music Inc., House of Cash, Inc. (BMI-affiliated, publisher for works of Johnny Cash) and Knox Music, Inc.
12 Girl From the North Country (rehearsal)
Girl From the North Country
ソニー・ミュージックパブリッシング A事業部, Warner/Chappell (from 1963 until 1991) and Special Rider Music (from 1991 to present)
13 Girl From the North Country (take 1)
14 I Walk the Line (take 2)
John R. Cash (country music legend) (in 1956)
Aberbach (London) (Publisher), Carlin Music Corporation, Hill and Range Songs, Inc., Hill and Range Southwind Mus S A (BMI-affiliated) and House of Cash, Inc. (BMI-affiliated, publisher for works of Johnny Cash)
15 Guess Things Happen That Way (rehearsal)
16 Guess Things Happen That Way (take 3)
17 Five Feet High and Rising (take 1)
arrangement of:
Wo ist Zuhause, Mama
18 You Are My Sunshine (take 1)
You Are My Sunshine (in 1969)
anthem of:
Louisiana, United States
Jimmie Davis (Singer and songwriter) and Charles Mitchell (1940s steel-guitarist)
Peer International (BMI) and Southern Music Publishing Co., Inc. ((ASCAP) tradename Peermusic) (on 1940-01-30)
19 Ring of Fire (take 1)
June Carter Cash (American Country singer and songwriter) and Merle Kilgore
Painted Desert Music Corporation
▼CD 3: The Bob Dylan - Johnny Cash Sessions (Cont'd) / Live on the Johnny Cash Show / Self Portrait Sessions - Outtakes / With Earl Scruggs
1 Studio Chatter
2 Wanted Man (take 1)
3 Amen (rehearsal)
Amen (gospel song popularized by The Impressions)
Jester Hairston
4 Just a Closer Walk With Thee (take 1)
Just a Closer Walk With Thee
5 Jimmie Rodgers Medley No. 1 (take 1)
Jimmie Rodgers Medley No. 1
Jimmie Rodgers (country music pioneer, died in 1933)
7 I Threw It All Away (live on The Johnny Cash Show) (mono)
live recording of:
8 Living the Blues (live on The Johnny Cash Show) (mono)
Living the Blues (on 1969-05-01)
9 Girl From the North Country (live on The Johnny Cash Show) (mono)
Girl From the North Country (on 1969-05-01)
10 Ring of Fire (outtake)
11 Folsom Prison Blues (outtake)
Aberbach (London) (Publisher) and Carlin Music Corporation
Crescent City Blues
12 Earl Scruggs Interview (mono)
Bob Dylan with Earl Scruggs 0:42
13 East Virginia Blues (mono)
A.P. Carter
APRS (American Performing Rights Society, Inc.(BMI))
14 To Be Alone With You (mono)
15 Honey, Just Allow Me One More Chance (mono)
Just Allow Me One More Chance
[traditional] (Special Purpose Artist) and Henry Thomas (American country blues singer)
lyricist and arranger:
Henry Thomas (American country blues singer)
Cocaine Blues (T.J. Arnall version)
Honey, Just Allow Me One More Chance
Take a Whiff On Me
16 Nashville Skyline Rag
Nashville Skyline Rag
Earl Scruggs & Bob Dylan 1:51
Sony Music Entertainment (not for release label use! company owned by Sony Corporation of America since Oct 1, 2008; operates worldwide except in JP)
copyrighted by and phonographic copyright by:
Columbia Records (not for release label use! company owned by Sony Music Entertainment, only use for manufacturing/distribution and copyright holding) (in 2019)
US: B07XGSC34X [info]
other databases:
https://rateyourmusic.com/release/album/bob-dylan/the-bootleg-series-vol-15-travelin-thru-1967–1969/ [info]
Allmusic:
https://www.allmusic.com/album/mw0003320895 [info]
Wikidata:
Q76823564 [info]
3×CD
Album + Compilation
5 (see all ratings)
US: B07XGSC34X
Rateyourmusic
Wikidata: Q76823564