text:
// This file defines functions to compress and uncompress JPEG data to and from
// memory, as well as some direct manipulations of JPEG string.
//
// Based on tensorflow/core/lib/jpeg/jpeg_mem.cc

#include "jpeg_mem.h"

#include <setjmp.h>

#include <string>

#include "jpeg_handle.h"
#include "llvm/Support/raw_ostream.h"

namespace tfrt {
namespace image {
namespace jpeg {

// -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
// Decompression

namespace {

enum JPEGErrors {
  JPEGERRORS_OK,
  JPEGERRORS_UNEXPECTED_END_OF_DATA,
  JPEGERRORS_BAD_PARAM
};

// Prevent bad compiler behavior in ASAN mode by wrapping most of the
// arguments in a struct struct.
class FewerArgsForCompiler {
 public:
  FewerArgsForCompiler(int datasize, const UncompressFlags& flags,
                       int64_t* nwarn,
                       std::function<uint8_t*(int, int, int)> allocate_output)
      : datasize_(datasize),
        flags_(flags),
        pnwarn_(nwarn),
        allocate_output_(std::move(allocate_output)),
        height_read_(0),
        height_(0),
        stride_(0) {
    if (pnwarn_ != nullptr) *pnwarn_ = 0;
  }

  const int datasize_;
  const UncompressFlags flags_;
  int64_t* const pnwarn_;
  std::function<uint8_t*(int, int, int)> allocate_output_;
  int height_read_;  // number of scanline lines successfully read
  int height_;
  int stride_;
};

#ifdef FUZZING_BUILD_MODE_UNSAFE_FOR_PRODUCTION
// If in fuzzing mode, don't print any error message as that slows down fuzzing.
// See also http://llvm.org/docs/LibFuzzer.html#fuzzer-friendly-build-mode
void no_print(j_common_ptr cinfo) {}
#endif

uint8_t* UncompressLow(const void* srcdata, FewerArgsForCompiler* argball) {
  // unpack the argball
  const int datasize = argball->datasize_;
  const auto& flags = argball->flags_;
  const int ratio = flags.ratio;
  int components = flags.components;
  int stride = flags.stride;                // may be 0
  int64_t* const nwarn = argball->pnwarn_;  // may be NULL

  // Can't decode if the ratio is not recognized by libjpeg
  if ((ratio != 1) && (ratio != 2) && (ratio != 4) && (ratio != 8)) {
    return nullptr;
  }

  // Channels must be autodetect, grayscale, or rgb.
  if (!(components == 0 || components == 1 || components == 3)) {
    return nullptr;
  }

  // if empty image, return
  if (datasize == 0 || srcdata == nullptr) return nullptr;

  // Declare temporary buffer pointer here so that we can free on error paths
  JSAMPLE* tempdata = nullptr;

  // Initialize libjpeg structures to have a memory source
  // Modify the usual jpeg error manager to catch fatal errors.
  JPEGErrors error = JPEGERRORS_OK;
  struct jpeg_decompress_struct cinfo;
  struct jpeg_error_mgr jerr;
  cinfo.err = jpeg_std_error(&jerr);
  jerr.error_exit = CatchError;

#ifdef FUZZING_BUILD_MODE_UNSAFE_FOR_PRODUCTION
  jerr.output_message = no_print;
#endif

  jmp_buf jpeg_jmpbuf;
  cinfo.client_data = &jpeg_jmpbuf;
  if (setjmp(jpeg_jmpbuf)) {
    delete[] tempdata;
    return nullptr;
  }

  jpeg_create_decompress(&cinfo);
  SetSrc(&cinfo, srcdata, datasize, flags.try_recover_truncated_jpeg);
  jpeg_read_header(&cinfo, TRUE);

  // Set components automatically if desired, autoconverting cmyk to rgb.
  if (components == 0) components = std::min(cinfo.num_components, 3);

  // set grayscale and ratio parameters
  switch (components) {
    case 1:
      cinfo.out_color_space = JCS_GRAYSCALE;
      break;
    case 3:
      if (cinfo.jpeg_color_space == JCS_CMYK ||
          cinfo.jpeg_color_space == JCS_YCCK) {
        // Always use cmyk for output in a 4 channel jpeg. libjpeg has a builtin
        // decoder.  We will further convert to rgb below.
        cinfo.out_color_space = JCS_CMYK;
      } else {
        cinfo.out_color_space = JCS_RGB;
      }
      break;
    default:
      llvm::errs() << " Invalid components value " << components << "\n";
      jpeg_destroy_decompress(&cinfo);
      return nullptr;
  }
  cinfo.do_fancy_upsampling = boolean(flags.fancy_upscaling);
  cinfo.scale_num = 1;
  cinfo.scale_denom = ratio;
  cinfo.dct_method = flags.dct_method;

  // Determine the output image size before attempting decompress to prevent
  // OOM'ing doing the decompress
  jpeg_calc_output_dimensions(&cinfo);

  int64_t total_size = static_cast<int64_t>(cinfo.output_height) *
                       static_cast<int64_t>(cinfo.output_width) *
                       static_cast<int64_t>(cinfo.num_components);
  // Some of the internal routines do not gracefully handle ridiculously
  // large images, so fail fast.
  if (cinfo.output_width <= 0 || cinfo.output_height <= 0) {
    llvm::errs() << "Invalid image size: " << cinfo.output_width << " x "
                 << cinfo.output_height;
    jpeg_destroy_decompress(&cinfo);
    return nullptr;
  }
  if (total_size >= (1LL << 29)) {
    llvm::errs() << "Image too large: " << total_size;
    jpeg_destroy_decompress(&cinfo);
    return nullptr;
  }

  jpeg_start_decompress(&cinfo);

  JDIMENSION target_output_width = cinfo.output_width;
  JDIMENSION target_output_height = cinfo.output_height;
  JDIMENSION skipped_scanlines = 0;

  // check for compatible stride
  const int min_stride = target_output_width * components * sizeof(JSAMPLE);
  if (stride == 0) {
    stride = min_stride;
  } else if (stride < min_stride) {
    llvm::errs() << "Incompatible stride: " << stride << " < " << min_stride;
    jpeg_destroy_decompress(&cinfo);
    return nullptr;
  }

  // Remember stride and height for use in Uncompress
  argball->height_ = target_output_height;
  argball->stride_ = stride;

#if !defined(LIBJPEG_TURBO_VERSION)
  uint8_t* dstdata = nullptr;
  if (flags.crop) {
    dstdata = new JSAMPLE[stride * target_output_height];
  } else {
    dstdata = argball->allocate_output_(target_output_width,
                                        target_output_height, components);
  }
#else
  uint8_t* dstdata = argball->allocate_output_(
      target_output_width, target_output_height, components);
#endif
  if (dstdata == nullptr) {
    jpeg_destroy_decompress(&cinfo);
    return nullptr;
  }
  JSAMPLE* output_line = static_cast<JSAMPLE*>(dstdata);

  // jpeg_read_scanlines requires the buffers to be allocated based on
  // cinfo.output_width, but the target image width might be different if crop
  // is enabled and crop_width is not MCU aligned. In this case, we need to
  // realign the scanline output to achieve the exact cropping.  Notably, only
  // cinfo.output_width needs to fall on MCU boundary, while cinfo.output_height
  // has no such constraint.
  const bool need_realign_cropped_scanline =
      (target_output_width != cinfo.output_width);
  const bool use_cmyk = (cinfo.out_color_space == JCS_CMYK);

  if (use_cmyk) {
    // Temporary buffer used for CMYK -> RGB conversion.
    tempdata = new JSAMPLE[cinfo.output_width * 4];
  } else if (need_realign_cropped_scanline) {
    // Temporary buffer used for MCU-aligned scanline data.
    tempdata = new JSAMPLE[cinfo.output_width * components];
  }

  // If there is an error reading a line, this aborts the reading.
  // Save the fraction of the image that has been read.
  argball->height_read_ = target_output_height;

  // These variables are just to avoid repeated computation in the loop.
  const int max_scanlines_to_read = skipped_scanlines + target_output_height;
  const int mcu_align_offset =
      (cinfo.output_width - target_output_width) * (use_cmyk ? 4 : components);
  while (cinfo.output_scanline < max_scanlines_to_read) {
    int num_lines_read = 0;
    if (use_cmyk) {
      num_lines_read = jpeg_read_scanlines(&cinfo, &tempdata, 1);
      if (num_lines_read > 0) {
        // Convert CMYK to RGB if scanline read succeeded.
        for (size_t i = 0; i < target_output_width; ++i) {
          int offset = 4 * i;
          if (need_realign_cropped_scanline) {
            // Align the offset for MCU boundary.
            offset += mcu_align_offset;
          }
          const int c = tempdata[offset + 0];
          const int m = tempdata[offset + 1];
          const int y = tempdata[offset + 2];
          const int k = tempdata[offset + 3];
          int r, g, b;
          if (cinfo.saw_Adobe_marker) {
            r = (k * c) / 255;
            g = (k * m) / 255;
            b = (k * y) / 255;
          } else {
            r = (255 - k) * (255 - c) / 255;
            g = (255 - k) * (255 - m) / 255;
            b = (255 - k) * (255 - y) / 255;
          }
          output_line[3 * i + 0] = r;
          output_line[3 * i + 1] = g;
          output_line[3 * i + 2] = b;
        }
      }
    } else if (need_realign_cropped_scanline) {
      num_lines_read = jpeg_read_scanlines(&cinfo, &tempdata, 1);
      if (num_lines_read > 0) {
        memcpy(output_line, tempdata + mcu_align_offset, min_stride);
      }
    } else {
      num_lines_read = jpeg_read_scanlines(&cinfo, &output_line, 1);
    }
    // Handle error cases
    if (num_lines_read == 0) {
      llvm::errs() << "Premature end of JPEG data. Stopped at line "
                   << cinfo.output_scanline - skipped_scanlines << "/"
                   << target_output_height;
      if (!flags.try_recover_truncated_jpeg) {
        argball->height_read_ = cinfo.output_scanline - skipped_scanlines;
        error = JPEGERRORS_UNEXPECTED_END_OF_DATA;
      } else {
        for (size_t line = cinfo.output_scanline; line < max_scanlines_to_read;
             ++line) {
          if (line == 0) {
            // If even the first line is missing, fill with black color
            memset(output_line, 0, min_stride);
          } else {
            // else, just replicate the line above.
            memcpy(output_line, output_line - stride, min_stride);
          }
          output_line += stride;
        }
        argball->height_read_ =
            target_output_height;  // consider all lines as read
        // prevent error-on-exit in libjpeg:
        cinfo.output_scanline = max_scanlines_to_read;
      }
      break;
    }
    assert(num_lines_read == 1 && "should read only 1 line");
    output_line += stride;
  }
  delete[] tempdata;
  tempdata = nullptr;

#if defined(LIBJPEG_TURBO_VERSION)
  if (flags.crop && cinfo.output_scanline < cinfo.output_height) {
    // Skip the rest of scanlines, required by jpeg_destroy_decompress.
    jpeg_skip_scanlines(&cinfo,
                        cinfo.output_height - flags.crop_y - flags.crop_height);
    // After this, cinfo.output_height must be equal to cinfo.output_height;
    // otherwise, jpeg_destroy_decompress would fail.
  }
#endif

  // Convert the RGB data to RGBA, with alpha set to 0xFF to indicate
  // opacity.
  // RGBRGBRGB... --> RGBARGBARGBA...
  if (components == 4) {
    // Start on the last line.
    JSAMPLE* scanlineptr = static_cast<JSAMPLE*>(
        dstdata + static_cast<int64_t>(target_output_height - 1) * stride);
    const JSAMPLE kOpaque = -1;  // All ones appropriate for JSAMPLE.
    const int right_rgb = (target_output_width - 1) * 3;
    const int right_rgba = (target_output_width - 1) * 4;

    for (int y = target_output_height; y-- > 0;) {
      // We do all the transformations in place, going backwards for each row.
      const JSAMPLE* rgb_pixel = scanlineptr + right_rgb;
      JSAMPLE* rgba_pixel = scanlineptr + right_rgba;
      scanlineptr -= stride;
      for (int x = target_output_width; x-- > 0;
           rgba_pixel -= 4, rgb_pixel -= 3) {
        // We copy the 3 bytes at rgb_pixel into the 4 bytes at rgba_pixel
        // The "a" channel is set to be opaque.
        rgba_pixel[3] = kOpaque;
        rgba_pixel[2] = rgb_pixel[2];
        rgba_pixel[1] = rgb_pixel[1];
        rgba_pixel[0] = rgb_pixel[0];
      }
    }
  }

  switch (components) {
    case 1:
      if (cinfo.output_components != 1) {
        error = JPEGERRORS_BAD_PARAM;
      }
      break;
    case 3:
    case 4:
      if (cinfo.out_color_space == JCS_CMYK) {
        if (cinfo.output_components != 4) {
          error = JPEGERRORS_BAD_PARAM;
        }
      } else {
        if (cinfo.output_components != 3) {
          error = JPEGERRORS_BAD_PARAM;
        }
      }
      break;
    default:
      // will never happen, should be caught by the previous switch
      llvm::errs() << "Invalid components value " << components << "\n";
      jpeg_destroy_decompress(&cinfo);
      return nullptr;
  }

  // save number of warnings if requested
  if (nwarn != nullptr) {
    *nwarn = cinfo.err->num_warnings;
  }

  // Handle errors in JPEG
  switch (error) {
    case JPEGERRORS_OK:
      jpeg_finish_decompress(&cinfo);
      break;
    case JPEGERRORS_UNEXPECTED_END_OF_DATA:
    case JPEGERRORS_BAD_PARAM:
      jpeg_abort(reinterpret_cast<j_common_ptr>(&cinfo));
      break;
    default:
      llvm::errs() << "Unhandled case " << error;
      break;
  }

  jpeg_destroy_decompress(&cinfo);
  return dstdata;
}

}  // namespace

// -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
//  We do the apparently silly thing of packing 5 of the arguments
//  into a structure that is then passed to another routine
//  that does all the work.  The reason is that we want to catch
//  fatal JPEG library errors with setjmp/longjmp, and g++ and
//  associated libraries aren't good enough to guarantee that 7
//  parameters won't get clobbered by the longjmp.  So we help
//  it out a little.
uint8_t* Uncompress(const void* srcdata, int datasize,
                    const UncompressFlags& flags, int64_t* nwarn,
                    std::function<uint8_t*(int, int, int)> allocate_output) {
  FewerArgsForCompiler argball(datasize, flags, nwarn,
                               std::move(allocate_output));
  uint8_t* const dstdata = UncompressLow(srcdata, &argball);

  const float fraction_read =
      argball.height_ == 0
          ? 1.0
          : (static_cast<float>(argball.height_read_) / argball.height_);
  if (dstdata == nullptr ||
      fraction_read < std::min(1.0f, flags.min_acceptable_fraction)) {
    // Major failure, none or too-partial read returned; get out
    return nullptr;
  }

  // If there was an error in reading the jpeg data,
  // set the unread pixels to black
  if (argball.height_read_ != argball.height_) {
    const int first_bad_line = argball.height_read_;
    uint8_t* start = dstdata + first_bad_line * argball.stride_;
    const int nbytes = (argball.height_ - first_bad_line) * argball.stride_;
    memset(static_cast<void*>(start), 0, nbytes);
  }

  return dstdata;
}

}  // namespace jpeg
}  // namespace image
}  // namespace tfrt


yer, cuz when i have a shower it looks like i have black hair, when i have brown hair.
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Several years ago, I was with my family as we were leaving our first Back to School Night. My daughter was entering kindergarten and, despite the fact that I knew she would do wonderfully in school, I was more than a little terrified. At the same time, a young child was making national news by claiming – at six years old – that he was really a girl and would be living as one (as if a six-year-old is in any way mature enough to make that sort of life-altering decision or understand its implications) and the school was being forced to accommodate that.
What terrified me about that back to school night was the realization I'd been coming to terms with over the previous weeks. I was beginning to understand that I was effectively powerless to raise my kids in the faith that I believed to be true. I had no tools to show that God exists, that Jesus was a real person, that he really claimed to be God and that he really was risen from the dead. I knew that the world was moving away from its Judeo-Christian heritage and there was a distinct possibility that it would take my kids along for the ride.
What followed from that was the beginning of an investigation into the truth value of Christianity, theology and apologetics in an attempt to "keep my kids on God's side", as Natasha Crain puts it. Surely, I believe that God is sovereign and that my children's eternal destiny is not something that I can guarantee in either direction, but what I can do is to give them the best possible chances of success. The challenge for me, therefore, comes in taking what I've learned in my own journey and passing it down to my children effectively. I can give them a copy of On Guard when they're in high school, but I don't want to wait that long.
For someone like me, Cold-Case Christianity for Kids and similar books are a godsend. What Susie and J. Warner Wallace have done is take complex, nuanced and sometimes very technical information and boiled it down into a package that is very accessible for a young child.
My own kids are pretty sharp *humble brag*, but I still wonder if they may have been a tad too young for this. The suggested age range is 8 to 12 years while mine are 8 and 6. On top of that, my son is… well, he's a six-year-old boy. Keeping him focused and on task is always a bit of a challenge. At the same time, my daughter is mildly autistic. She's smart (autism is not mental retardation, she's not stupid) but it's not always easy to speak her language or follow her train of thought. She's also not immune to a child's penchant for distraction.
However, with a bit of extra parental involvement – some explaining of terms, some clarifying of concepts – the two of them have made it through the entire Cold Case Christianity for Kids "Academy" and we've had some fun doing it. An older kid in the 11-12 range may be able to do the entire book with the activities on their own while younger kids will probably need some help but either one should work. Kids aren't stupid, don't be afraid to challenge them.
Cold Case Christianity for Kids (CCC4K from here on) is, as the title suggests, an alternate approach to the same material presented in Wallace's other books, Cold Case Christianity and, to a much lesser extent, God's Crime Scene. The goal of the book is to give children the tools to think critically about important issues as well as establish the idea that the Christian faith is based on historical events (the death and resurrection of Jesus) as opposed to legend or myth.
CCC4K follows an almost identical format as the original Cold Case Christianity, but shortened and simplified for kids. This simplification is done through the use of kid-friendly vocabulary and analogy rather than by "dumbing down" the conceptual basis. Kids may not be familiar with terms like "reasonable doubt", "historicity" or "textual criticism", but that doesn't mean they are incapable of understanding the ideas. In addition, the case is a bit more streamlined to help keep hold of a child's attention. As an example, the book devotes about a half a chapter to hitting the high points of five evidences for the existence of God. This material parallels about one half of Wallace's second book, God's Crime Scene, wherein he examines eight pieces of evidence instead of five. In CCC4K the Wallace's have chosen to omit the page space devoted to dealing objections to these evidences, and that's a decision I understand and agree with. Doing a deep dive into something as esoteric as the nature of consciousness and why it is not sufficiently explained by evolution is guaranteed to put a nine-year-old to sleep.
This parallel format is intended as it allows the parent or teacher to study alongside their children without forcing either one into a book that is not appropriate to their reading level. The benefits of this are many. One of the principles that is regularly taught in the community of Christian apologetics is that, when your child asks you a tough questions (and they do ask tough questions sometimes), it's perfectly alright to respond by saying "That's a good question and I don't know the answer. Let's look at that together and find out." This response teaches the child several things. First, it's perfectly acceptable to ask questions, even hard ones. Second, it's perfectly acceptable to not have the answers to those questions so long as you're willing to look for the answers. Third, that learning is a lifelong and valuable venture, not something you stop once you graduate from high school or college. I've heard some bloggers say that their kids now try to come up with the hardest questions they can in a sort of competition to see who can stump mom or dad. Personally, I think that's pretty cool. Getting kids to engage their minds and think hard about important issues is something we all should be encouraging, rather than letting them make decisions based on feelings or desires as our culture is so prone to doing.
In addition to the information content of the book, CCC4K also aims to give kids tools for critical thinking that will serve them well for the rest of their lives. Kids are encouraged to be cognizant of and avoid presuppositions (Chapter 1 is entitled "Don't Be a Know-It-All") and use abductive reasoning to find the best explanation for a given phenomenon. They are also given good reasons to believe why we can trust the New Testament as we have it today and that it wasn't changed over time as it is often accused (The Chain of Custody). Honestly, reason and logic are things that are sorely lacking in modern education which makes it critical for parents of faith to make sure our children are learning those skills from us. The fact that the Wallace's have devoted ink to this in a children's book is encouraging and helpful.
Just like the original, the case for Jesus is paralleled with another investigation, the difference being that the parallel investigations laid out in Cold Case Christianity and God's Crime Scene are taken from real homicide cases that Wallace has worked in the past. I appreciate this approach because it shows that there is no special pleading going on in the case for Jesus, rather it stands up to the same criteria that we would apply to any historical event, be it the work of a detective, an historian, or any of the hundreds of decisions and inferences we make every single day.
The Wallace's have done a very good job in "translating" the material from the first book into a language that kids can understand. Those who have read God's Crime Scene and Cold Case Christianity know that the examples he gives (again, from real homicide cases) can be a bit graphic. This would, of course, be inappropriate to include in a children's book so the decision was made instead to track the case for Jesus alongside a fictional investigation into a skateboard found in a shed. This works surprisingly well. The cumulative case for God's existence is paralleled by multiple points of evidence showing the age of the skateboard. The accusation of contradictions in the gospel narratives is laid against character interviews that seem contradictory but make sense when other factors are taken into account. The character trail of who had the skateboard and when provides a nice analogy to the chain of custody we see in the church fathers which allows us to know that the gospels were not changed over time. A lot of these issues of textual criticism and manuscript evidence become very clear and simple. Likewise, the terminology used is kid-friendly without being condescending.
However, the real triumph of this book, I feel, is not inside the book itself. In addition to the printed copy, the CCC4K website also includes introductory videos from J. Warner Wallace to be played before each chapter (maybe a minute or two each). Also, the Wallace's have assembled a set of activity sheets that include one worksheet of fill-in-the-blank answers and one page that is more fun (a word search, a crossword, etc.) that can be completed at the end of each chapter. The design of these activity sheets is quite clever as they are arranged in a very specific way as to draw on the skills and tools being presented in the preceding chapter. For example, one chapter of the book is all about abductive reasoning and learning to infer the best explanation for a given scenario based on the evidence. The activity sheet for this chapter is a crossword. It wasn't until I was printing out the sheets for my own kids that I realized that a crossword puzzle is exactly that; abductive reasoning to the best explanation based on a certain set of evidence. Between the clue, the length of the word and the letters placed by intersecting words, it becomes possible to figure out exactly which word is to be placed in the squares even though, when you started, all you had were blank squares. Now, I seriously doubt that a ten-year-old would make that connection, but it's probably not necessary for them to do so. The reinforcement is there even if they're not conscious of it.
Once all of the activity sheets are done (which are optional), the parent or teacher has the ability of printing out an academy certificate with the child's name and presenting it to the child to honor their achievement. And it is an achievement. The book is not as long or complex as many other theological or apologetic works, but it is certainly more challenging than most of the other fluff that kids read today, if they read at all.
All of this combined – the parallel format, the activity sheets, the certificate – allows the adult a great deal of creativity to do more than simply hand the kid a book and tell them to read. For homeschooling or stay-at-home parents, this package has the potential to be transformed into a fun weekend activity, especially now that we're heading into winter when many kids will be spending several weeks sitting around the house. It can be done in a day (my first read-through of the book on my own only took about an hour and a half) or over the course of several days by doing a chapter a night. Go crazy with it. Print out the sheets, assemble them in an inexpensive report cover for a "case file". Get some cheap aviator sunglasses or NYPD hats to create your own police academy in your living room. Sunday school teachers at small, local churches could take this on as a long term project to educate their students. I even considered putting together an Academy Kit with some of the items I mentioned above and giving them as Christmas presents to some of my nieces and nephews. I imagine some of those crazy DIY Pinterest Moms could put together some fun hands-on activities to go along with everything else. Since all of the work is done, the rest is simply a question of how creative you want to get with it. I would like to see someone like a ChristianBook.com or another retailer perhaps put these packages together and sell them in bulk for churches and Christian schools.
I question the choice of putting this additional material on the website instead of including them in the printed book, but I also understand that it's impossible to put the video introductions inside a book. Putting the sheets inside the printed copy would likely lead to the videos being neglected and unwatched. By putting the activity sheets and certificate online, most families are more likely to consume all of the material rather than just most of it.
As a whole, there's very little to criticize about this book. Needless to say, as a Christian, I'm biased about the value of the evidence and arguments presented in the book and, as someone who has been following Wallace's work for several years now, well… I'm a fan. In light of this, a similar review by someone more antagonistic to the material might look very different.
That said, what I'm criticizing here is really nothing more than a nitpick. CCC4K is not a novel and this issue with the POV is really nothing more than a stylistic choice that, I'm sure, most people will never notice unless they're crazy like me. More importantly, this is a really minor quibble that does nothing to undermine the content of the book itself. CCC4K is intended to deliver tools and information, not to entertain. Also, none of that is to say that the book is badly written. It's easy to follow and the prose, except for the stylistic choice I've mentioned, becomes invisible after a few pages which is a good sign.
Overall, CCC4K is a fantastic resource for any Christian parent or teacher who is interested in strengthening the faith of the children in their life. Whether it is given as a gift, used as a home schooling supplement, a Sunday school curriculum or as a summer vacation activity, there is a lot of value to the book; not only in the information it presents, but in the parallel approach and the supplemental materials. I can see this becoming a watershed for Christian children's education, a new gold standard if you will. Several reviewers have already named this book as an essential for apologetic children's training and I completely agree with that assessment. Bible stories and devotions around the dinner table are great, but in the day and age we live it is becoming increasingly necessary to give our children reasons to believe that Christianity is true, rather than just assertions. If you're interested in doing that with your own children, this book is the best place to start.


text:
Tag: Mars Express
A Detailed New Mapping of Where Mars Once Had Plentiful Water
September 8, 2022 / Marc Kaufman / 0 Comments
Measurements from the OMEGA instrument of European Space Agency's Mars Express and NASA's Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter's CRISM spectrometer were used to map where formed-in-water minerals can found across Mars. This is an especially concentrated spot at Jezero Crater, where the Perseverance rover is located. (ESA)
NASA's long-time motto for exploring Mars has been "Follow the water." That has changed some in recent years, as the presence of long-ago H2O has been confirmed in many locales around the planet. Moving on, the motto today is more "Follow the organics" — the carbon-based building blocks of life — in the search for habitable environments and maybe signs of ancient life.
But water remains crucial to any discussion of habitability on Mars, and so a new set of global water maps from the European Space Agency, ten years in the making, is both useful and intriguing.
Specifically, the map shows the locations and abundances of these aqueous minerals — rocks that have been chemically altered by the action of water in the past, and have typically been transformed into clays and salts.
And the message that the maps deliver, said planetary scientist John Carter, is that these hydrated minerals are common across many parts of the planet.
Ten years ago, planetary scientists knew of around 1, 000 water-altered outcrops on Mars, he said. This made them interesting as geological oddities.
But the new map has reversed the situation, revealing hundreds of thousands of such areas in the oldest parts of the planet.
"This work has now established that when you are studying the ancient terrains in detail, not seeing these minerals is actually the oddity," says Carter, an assistant professor at the Institut d'Astrophysique Spatiale (IAS) in France.
Global map of hydrated minerals on Mars. (ESA)
Now, Carter said in a release, the big question is whether the water was persistent or confined to shorter, more intense episodes. While not yet providing a definitive answer, the new results certainly give researchers a better tool for pursuing the answer.
"I think we have collectively oversimplified Mars," says Carter, who was lead author in a paper published in the journal Icarus.
He explained that planetary scientists have tended to think that only a few types of clay minerals on Mars were created during its wet period — roughly 3.5 billion to 4 billion years ago — then as the water gradually dried up salts were produced across the planet.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


1. Plant SOMETHING now. Just one thing! It doesn't have to be a lot. He started with just 3 fruit trees in 2011, and now 6 years later he can eat entire meals out of his yard.
2. Use lots of mulch and wood chips! Today, the wood chips he laid 4 years ago are now black, healthy soil.
Jake Mace – The Urban Farm Podcast's first episode!
Spice up this savory soup with a smoky blend of cumin and cayenne for a flavorful and low-cost healthy meal.


Billing output - Condition table creation.
Jul 25, 2017 at 06:15 AM | 241 Views | Last edit Jul 25, 2017 at 06:36 AM 2 rev.
Please assist on the below.
Billing output type should be automatically triggered from the billing document based on sales org & sales order type.
I have created a condition table#502 with below keys.
while assigning the condition table#502 into access sequence, system shows an message saying that the field assignment has not made.
Also, we could see the below error after double clicking the 'fields' node for the relevant condition table.
How could we solve this issue.
I am slightly confused why this is posted as an ABAP question - assigning condition tables to access sequences is typically done by functional consultants. The only part, which is done by a developer, is creating new fields, adding them to the respective includes and ensuring that the values are populated via the well-documented exits.
I hope, that you are aware, that in the standard process a single billing document can contain items from different order types and that you have ensured that no mixing will occur via configuration or additional development.
Just because a field is in KOMB and you see it as available for table creation, it does not mean yet, that you can use it in output determination for billing.
First, you need to double-check with the developer, who added the field to the communication structures, whether he/she followed exactly the steps, explained in SPRO New Fields For Output Control. The next thing is to ensure - that the table was successfully generated.
The message, which you are most likely getting, is VT510, which is well-known to most consultants, who have worked at some point with condition technique. Did you try to search the forum and SAP notes with this criteria? There is a nice KBA with screenshots and explanation what to do in this case. I suggest that you look for it.
+1 - very odd decision to include order type in the billing output determination.
@OP - you have not shared with us any actual error messages so I'm not sure what you're expecting to hear. Double-click to read the full error messages that you're getting allegedly. As Veselina explained, this subject has already been covered in SAP Notes and on SCN.
Go the acess sequence > Fields > Select the required filed and click on field catalog > There select the required field.
Add the required field via SD> Basic func > Output cntrl > Output Det > Maintain output for condn tech>Maintain condition tables >Field catalog: Output for sales activities .
Order type may create the issues while releasing output as suggested by Mrs Veselina & Mrs Jelena.
For the immediate output release-Pl try with option dispatch time (send immediately-when saving the application) for the output type at config level..


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text:
// Copyright 2017 The Chromium Authors. All rights reserved.
// Use of this source code is governed by a BSD-style license that can be
// found in the LICENSE file.

#include "third_party/blink/renderer/modules/mediarecorder/audio_track_opus_encoder.h"

#include <memory>

#include "base/cxx17_backports.h"
#include "base/logging.h"
#include "media/base/audio_sample_types.h"
#include "media/base/audio_timestamp_helper.h"

namespace {

enum : int {
  // Recommended value for opus_encode_float(), according to documentation in
  // third_party/opus/src/include/opus.h, so that the Opus encoder does not
  // degrade the audio due to memory constraints, and is independent of the
  // duration of the encoded buffer.
  kOpusMaxDataBytes = 4000,

  // Opus preferred sampling rate for encoding. This is also the one WebM likes
  // to have: https://wiki.xiph.org/MatroskaOpus.
  kOpusPreferredSamplingRate = 48000,

  // For Opus, we try to encode 60ms, the maximum Opus buffer, for quality
  // reasons.
  kOpusPreferredBufferDurationMs = 60,

  // Maximum buffer multiplier for the AudioEncoders' AudioFifo. Recording is
  // not real time, hence a certain buffering is allowed.
  kMaxNumberOfFifoBuffers = 3,
};

// The amount of Frames in a 60 ms buffer @ 48000 samples/second.
const int kOpusPreferredFramesPerBuffer = kOpusPreferredSamplingRate *
                                          kOpusPreferredBufferDurationMs /
                                          base::Time::kMillisecondsPerSecond;

// Tries to encode |data_in|'s |num_samples| into |data_out|.
bool DoEncode(OpusEncoder* opus_encoder,
              float* data_in,
              int num_samples,
              std::string* data_out) {
  DCHECK_EQ(kOpusPreferredFramesPerBuffer, num_samples);

  data_out->resize(kOpusMaxDataBytes);
  const opus_int32 result = opus_encode_float(
      opus_encoder, data_in, num_samples,
      reinterpret_cast<uint8_t*>(base::data(*data_out)), kOpusMaxDataBytes);

  if (result > 1) {
    // TODO(ajose): Investigate improving this. http://crbug.com/547918
    data_out->resize(result);
    return true;
  }
  // If |result| in {0,1}, do nothing; the documentation says that a return
  // value of zero or one means the packet does not need to be transmitted.
  // Otherwise, we have an error.
  DLOG_IF(ERROR, result < 0) << " encode failed: " << opus_strerror(result);
  return false;
}

}  // anonymous namespace

namespace blink {

AudioTrackOpusEncoder::AudioTrackOpusEncoder(
    OnEncodedAudioCB on_encoded_audio_cb,
    int32_t bits_per_second,
    bool vbr_enabled)
    : AudioTrackEncoder(std::move(on_encoded_audio_cb)),
      bits_per_second_(bits_per_second),
      vbr_enabled_(vbr_enabled),
      opus_encoder_(nullptr) {}

AudioTrackOpusEncoder::~AudioTrackOpusEncoder() {
  // We don't DCHECK that we're on the encoder thread here, as it should have
  // already been deleted at this point.
  DestroyExistingOpusEncoder();
}

double AudioTrackOpusEncoder::ProvideInput(media::AudioBus* audio_bus,
                                           uint32_t frames_delayed) {
  fifo_->Consume(audio_bus, 0, audio_bus->frames());
  return 1.0;
}

void AudioTrackOpusEncoder::OnSetFormat(
    const media::AudioParameters& input_params) {
  DVLOG(1) << __func__;
  DCHECK_CALLED_ON_VALID_THREAD(encoder_thread_checker_);
  if (input_params_.Equals(input_params))
    return;

  DestroyExistingOpusEncoder();

  if (!input_params.IsValid()) {
    DLOG(ERROR) << "Invalid params: " << input_params.AsHumanReadableString();
    return;
  }
  input_params_ = input_params;
  input_params_.set_frames_per_buffer(input_params_.sample_rate() *
                                      kOpusPreferredBufferDurationMs /
                                      base::Time::kMillisecondsPerSecond);

  // third_party/libopus supports up to 2 channels (see implementation of
  // opus_encoder_create()): force |converted_params_| to at most those.
  converted_params_ = media::AudioParameters(
      media::AudioParameters::AUDIO_PCM_LOW_LATENCY,
      media::GuessChannelLayout(std::min(input_params_.channels(), 2)),
      kOpusPreferredSamplingRate, kOpusPreferredFramesPerBuffer);
  DVLOG(1) << "|input_params_|:" << input_params_.AsHumanReadableString()
           << " -->|converted_params_|:"
           << converted_params_.AsHumanReadableString();

  converter_ = std::make_unique<media::AudioConverter>(
      input_params_, converted_params_, false /* disable_fifo */);
  converter_->AddInput(this);
  converter_->PrimeWithSilence();

  fifo_ = std::make_unique<media::AudioFifo>(
      input_params_.channels(),
      kMaxNumberOfFifoBuffers * input_params_.frames_per_buffer());

  buffer_.reset(new float[converted_params_.channels() *
                          converted_params_.frames_per_buffer()]);

  // Initialize OpusEncoder.
  int opus_result;
  opus_encoder_ = opus_encoder_create(converted_params_.sample_rate(),
                                      converted_params_.channels(),
                                      OPUS_APPLICATION_AUDIO, &opus_result);
  if (opus_result < 0) {
    DLOG(ERROR) << "Couldn't init Opus encoder: " << opus_strerror(opus_result)
                << ", sample rate: " << converted_params_.sample_rate()
                << ", channels: " << converted_params_.channels();
    return;
  }

  // Note: As of 2013-10-31, the encoder in "auto bitrate" mode would use a
  // variable bitrate up to 102kbps for 2-channel, 48 kHz audio and a 10 ms
  // buffer duration. The Opus library authors may, of course, adjust this in
  // later versions.
  const opus_int32 bitrate =
      (bits_per_second_ > 0) ? bits_per_second_ : OPUS_AUTO;
  if (opus_encoder_ctl(opus_encoder_, OPUS_SET_BITRATE(bitrate)) != OPUS_OK) {
    DLOG(ERROR) << "Failed to set Opus bitrate: " << bitrate;
    return;
  }

  const opus_int32 vbr_enabled = static_cast<opus_int32>(vbr_enabled_);
  if (opus_encoder_ctl(opus_encoder_, OPUS_SET_VBR(vbr_enabled)) != OPUS_OK) {
    DLOG(ERROR) << "Failed to set Opus VBR mode: " << vbr_enabled;
    return;
  }
}

void AudioTrackOpusEncoder::EncodeAudio(
    std::unique_ptr<media::AudioBus> input_bus,
    base::TimeTicks capture_time) {
  DVLOG(3) << __func__ << ", #frames " << input_bus->frames();
  DCHECK_CALLED_ON_VALID_THREAD(encoder_thread_checker_);
  DCHECK_EQ(input_bus->channels(), input_params_.channels());
  DCHECK(!capture_time.is_null());
  DCHECK(converter_);

  if (!is_initialized() || paused_)
    return;

  // TODO(mcasas): Consider using a
  // base::circular_deque<std::unique_ptr<AudioBus>> instead of an AudioFifo,
  // to avoid copying data needlessly since we know the sizes of both input and
  // output and they are multiples.
  fifo_->Push(input_bus.get());

  // Wait to have enough |input_bus|s to guarantee a satisfactory conversion,
  // accounting for multiple calls to ProvideInput().
  while (fifo_->frames() >= converter_->GetMaxInputFramesRequested(
                                kOpusPreferredFramesPerBuffer)) {
    std::unique_ptr<media::AudioBus> audio_bus = media::AudioBus::Create(
        converted_params_.channels(), kOpusPreferredFramesPerBuffer);
    converter_->Convert(audio_bus.get());
    audio_bus->ToInterleaved<media::Float32SampleTypeTraits>(
        audio_bus->frames(), buffer_.get());

    std::string encoded_data;
    if (DoEncode(opus_encoder_, buffer_.get(), kOpusPreferredFramesPerBuffer,
                 &encoded_data)) {
      const base::TimeTicks capture_time_of_first_sample =
          capture_time - media::AudioTimestampHelper::FramesToTime(
                             input_bus->frames(), input_params_.sample_rate());
      on_encoded_audio_cb_.Run(converted_params_, std::move(encoded_data),
                               capture_time_of_first_sample);
    }
  }
}

void AudioTrackOpusEncoder::DestroyExistingOpusEncoder() {
  // We don't DCHECK that we're on the encoder thread here, as this could be
  // called from the dtor (main thread) or from OnSetFormat() (encoder thread).
  if (opus_encoder_) {
    opus_encoder_destroy(opus_encoder_);
    opus_encoder_ = nullptr;
  }
}

}  // namespace blink

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


Blister bottle for 6 ml.Antiartrosic antiarthritic injectable.
Administer 1 mL of Artrosan Konig every 20 kg subcutaneously. Artrosan Konig is applied once a week for 4 weeks. Repeat treatment can be done every three months at the discretion of the responsible veterinarian.


Baking chicken in packets keeps the moisture and flavor of Mexican beer with fresh zucchini, squash, and onions inside.
Pour beer into a 4-quart saucepan and bring to a boil (it will foam up); boil 3 minutes, stirring down foam, until reduced to 1/2 cup. Remove from heat; whisk in flour until blended, then olive oil, garlic, and salt. Cool mixture to room temperature.
Heat oven to 375°F. In a bowl, toss together a zucchini, yellow summer squash, and red onion.
In a small cup, mix together chipotle chile, cumin, and salt; rub spice mixture over chicken breast halves.
Fold 4 (15-inch) squares of parchment paper in half on the diagonal, then open up flat. Scatter the zucchini mixture on one triangular side of each piece of parchment and top with a chicken breast. Place 2 lime slices on center of each breast. Working with one portion at a time, spoon 2 tablespoons of the beer mixture over chicken. Fold the unfilled side of parchment over the chicken to cover, then fold the edges together, all the way around, sealing the packet tightly. Repeat with remaining packets.
Place packets on a large baking sheet. Bake 26 to 28 minutes or until the packets are puffed and lightly browned.


text:
Florida man decapitates mother on New Year's Eve
duration 2 January 2015
image captionChristian Gomez confessed to planning his mother's murder for two days
US police say they have charged a man with first-degree murder after he decapitated his mother on New Year's Eve.
Florida officials said that 23-year-old Christian Gomez killed his mother with an axe on Wednesday.
Officers found the body of Maria Suarez-Cassagne outside the family home in Oldsmar, Pinellas County.
Mr Gomez, who had been diagnosed with schizophrenia, confessed to planning his mother's murder for two days.
His older brother called police for help on Wednesday evening and said that his mother had been beheaded by Mr Gomez.
Christian Gomez fled the scene after the attack but was arrested after another 911 call reported a suspicious person riding a bicycle in the area.
Sheriff Bob Gualtieri said on Thursday that Mr Gomez had been upset with his mother for asking him to move some boxes and because he was jealous of the attention she paid to his brother.
The sheriff said that the crime was one of the worst his department had ever seen.
United States country profile


text:
Home CASE Online Library Sport: Introduction
> Bill Peirson Case #55 - Sport Editorials Sport
Sport: Introduction
Bill Peirson
'Get on side Billy!' rings out early on most mornings on Sydney's lower North Shore as men gather to play social touch football just after dawn. Some have played sport at representative level, but a wide range of abilities and ages are represented. What motivates people to get up for such vigorous exercise at such an inconvenient time?
For some of us sport is a fascinating weekly drama in which we live out struggles, pain, and joys together—a microcosm of life. For others, it is a conscious discipline and ongoing affirmation of good physical performance. Recent Roy Morgan research has shown that those playing sport can be significantly less vulnerable to some of the serious concerns facing the general population.[1]
The benefits are wide-ranging. We improve our health in an age of increasingly sedentary lifestyles. We develop or sharpen our physical abilities—presumably originating from a time when the skills of armed combat were a matter of life or death (1 Samuel 20:18ff). We can learn effectively that strong teams depend on cooperative, complementary difference rather than uniformity.
Years ago, poet Bruce Dawe satirised Australian society as living out sport as religion:
In the pure flood of sound, they are scarfed with light, a voice
like the voice of God booms from the stands
Ooohh you bludger! and the covenant is sealed.
Hot pies and potato-crisps they will eat,
they will forswear the Demons, cling to the Saints
and behold their team going up the ladder into Heaven.[2]
Today, more than ever, sport continues to fill a gap in Australian society once occupied by religious practice. Huffington Post journalist Sam Duncan believes Australians have reached the point of being 'more religious about sport than religion itself'.[3]
Concerns about Australian sport have been growing steadily over the past two decades, principally triggered by financial and performance expectations associated with sports professionalisation.[4]
This edition of Case Quarterly gathers together some very different perspectives on sport in Australian society. The pros and cons of professionalisation are discussed in an updated version of Damian Grace's insightful analysis of threats facing sporting ethics and the spirit of play, first published 20 years ago by the Institute of Values Research. James Pietsch challenges us to consider what it might look like to exhibit Jesus's beautiful attitudes of Matthew 5 in the sporting arena.
In recent years, Australia sport has been rocked by ethical controversies surrounding some of our most iconic sportsmen—Adam Goodes, Steve Smith and Israel Folau. While the dust from the original Folau saga is now settling, we felt we couldn't have a 2019 Case issue on sport without commenting on it. Patrick Parkinson has written an excellent summary of the main issues surrounding the furore: religious freedom and discrimination; how far employee contracts can reach into private life; and the reach of sponsorship.
Two people who have worked alongside athletes in professional and community sporting contexts provide views direct from the sporting field. John Best offers an appraisal of modern Australian professional sport—far more frank in tone than that of Dawe's humorous parody—and Raewyn Elsegood shares the joys and challenges of chaplaincy to a community netball club.
Sport is an important and healthy part of life. Yet not all sporting activity is good sport. This issue interrogates this notion of 'good sport'. What does good sport look like? What does it include—and exclude? What happens when we treat sport as a means to an end, rather than an end in itself? How can we, as a society, protect what is good in sport, and minimise what is not? What does being a good sport look like? Is there a Christian way of playing sport?
Jethro Dickens concludes his reflection on sports ethics with 1 Corinthians 10:31: Whatever you do, do it all for the glory of God. Sport is a microcosm of our lives together: there are judges, rules, infringements, struggles, joys and disappointments. We commend the reflections of our contributors to you in the endeavour to advocate good sport.
[1] www.roymorgan.com/findings/8123-mental-health-conditions-australian-youth-june-2019-201909090253
[2] 'Life Cycle'. Sometimes gladness: Collected poems, 1954-1987 (Longman Cheshire, 1988).
[3] https://www.huffingtonpost.com.au/sam-duncan/our-obsession-with-sport-has-reached-religious-proportions_a_21623855/
[4] E.g. https://www.abc.net.au/news/2013-02-12/reith---sport-doping/4512706; https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2014/mar/08/rugby-sport-head-games-film-brain-damage-dementia.


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Betty Boop, the cartoon figure, first appeared on the screen in 1931. Her face was modeled after the famous singer Helen Kane and her body after Mae West. In 1935, a comic strip was started. She had a dog named Pudgy. Although the Betty Boop cartoons ended by 1938, there was a revival of interest in the Betty Boop image in the 1980s and new pieces are being made. Betty Boop remains a symbol of flappers of the Depression era and the Jazz Age.


text:
RSMS Videos
Home › RSMS Videos
Gary's Tea: Why It's A Good Thing Janet Jackson Left Her Husband [EXCLUSIVE VIDEO]
In 2012, Janet Jackson married billionaire businessman Wissam Al Mana. In January, they welcomed their first child, Eissa. In April, they separated. Janet surprised fans when she announced their separation. And now, they're going through a divorce and custody battle.
According to Randy Jackson, it's apparent that the situation was seriously unhealthy for Janet and her new baby, and it's a totally necessary move for Janet to remove herself from those conditions. Check out this exclusive video for more in this clip from "The Rickey Smiley Morning Show."
Listen to "The Rickey Smiley Morning Show" LIVE every weekday from 6/5am C.
RELATED: Is Wissam Al Mana's Message To Janet Jackson Creepy Or Sweet? [EXCLUSIVE]
RELATED: Why Janet Jackson's Baby's Name Is Perfect [EXCLUSIVE]
RELATED: Gary's Tea: Why Janet Jackson Shouldn't Keep Her Baby From Her Family [EXCLUSIVE VIDEO]
janet jackson	, Wissam Al Mana


text:
Laser broom
Ground-based laser beam-powered system to clear space debris
Artistic representation
A laser broom is a proposed ground-based laser beam-powered propulsion system whose purpose is to sweep space debris out of the path of other artificial satellites such as the International Space Station. It would heat one side of an object enough to change its orbit and make it hit the atmosphere sooner.
1 Technical description
2 Applications and proposed project
Technical description[edit]
Lasers are designed to target debris between one and ten centimeters in diameter. Collisions with such debris are commonly of such high velocity that considerable damage and numerous secondary fragments are the result.[1] The laser broom is intended to be used at high enough power to penetrate through the atmosphere with enough remaining power to ablate material from the target.[2] The ablating material imparts a small thrust that lowers its orbital perigee into the upper atmosphere, thereby increasing drag so that its remaining orbital life is short.[3] The laser would operate in pulsed mode to avoid self-shielding of the target by the ablated plasma. The power levels of lasers in this concept are well below the power levels in concepts for more rapidly effective anti-satellite weapons.
NASA research in 2011 indicated that firing a laser beam at a piece of space junk could alter velocity by 0.04 inches (1.0 mm) per second. Persisting with these small velocity changes for a few hours per day could alter its course by 650 feet (200 m) per day. While not causing the junk to reenter, this could maneuver it to avoid a collision.[4]
Other funded research into this area refutes NASA's claim and demonstrates the precise physics involved, which shows that space debris is re-entered regardless of the direction of laser illumination. Using a laser guide star and adaptive optics, a sufficiently large ground based laser (1 megajoule pulsed HF laser) can deorbit dozens of objects per day at reasonable cost.[5] This work was summarized in an article in Wired magazine.[6]
Applications and proposed project[edit]
The Space Shuttle routinely showed evidence of "tiny" impacts upon post-flight inspection.[7]
Project Orion was a proposed laser broom project estimated to cost $500 million in the 1990s.[8][9]
^ Dr Sten Odenwald (1997). "Where can I get information about orbiting space junk?". Ask the Astronomer - Archive of Astronomy Questions and Answers. Astronomy Cafe. Retrieved 2007-03-26.
^ Jonathan Campbell, "Using Lasers in Space: Laser Orbital Debris Removal and Asteroid Deflection", Occasional Paper No. 20, Air University, Maxwell Air Force Base, December 2000.
^ Ivan Bekey, "Project Orion: Orbital Debris Removal Using Ground-Based Sensors and Lasers.", Second European Conference on Space Debris, 1997, ESA-SP 393, p. 699.
^ Bates, Daniel (2011-03-16). "Nasa to shoot lasers at space junk around Earth to prevent collisions with satellites". Mail Online. Retrieved 2011-03-24. The theory is that the photons in laser beams carry a tiny amount of momentum in them which, under the right circumstances, could nudge an object in space and slow it down by 0.04 inches per second. By firing a laser at a piece of junk for a few hours it should be possible to alter its course by 650ft per day. ... While that won't be enough to knock it out of orbit, it could be sufficient to avoid a collision with a space station or satellite. The theory marks a change in approach from previous research which looked into using expensive military Star Wars-style lasers to destroy space junk.
^ Dr Claude Phipps (2011). "Removing Orbital Debris with Lasers". Advances in Space Research. 49: 1283–1300. arXiv:1110.3835. Bibcode:2012AdSpR..49.1283P. doi:10.1016/j.asr.2012.02.003.
^ Adam Mann (2011). "Space Junk Crisis: Time to Bring in the Lasers". Space Junk Crisis: Time to Bring in the Lasers. Wired. Retrieved 2016-06-22.
^ Weinstock, Maia (5 September 2000). "Orbiting Junk Continues to Threaten International Space Station". Space.com. Archived from the original on 2000-11-21. Retrieved 2008-02-03.
^ Ivan Bekey (May 1997). "Orion's Laser: Hunting Space Debris". Aerospace America. AIAA. Retrieved 2011-05-08.
^ "Satellite Smashers". Air & Space Magazine. March 1, 2008. Archived from the original on July 29, 2012. Retrieved August 18, 2011.
2000 Earth Orbital Debris - NASA Research on Satellite and Spacecraft Effects by World Spaceflight News, CD-ROM: 862 pages ISBN 1-893472-28-0
BBC News report on Laser broom
Space Station gets high tech broom ABC
NASA Hopes Laser Broom Will Help Clean Up Space Debris Agence France-Presse story via SpaceDaily
Orbiting Junk Continues to Threaten International Space Station Space.com
Shuttle to test space junk broom New Scientist
SpaceViews July 1997: Articles ORION: A Solution to the Orbital Debris Problem by Claude Phipps
Wired October 2011: Space Junk Crisis: Time to Bring in the Lasers story on Wired
Removing Orbital Debris with Pulsed Lasers
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Laser_broom&oldid=929540535"
Force lasers


text:
Reading: West Ham sign defender Thilo Kehrer for £10.1m plus add-ons
West Ham sign defender Thilo Kehrer for £10.1m plus add-ons
Thilo Kehrer becomes West Ham's sixth big summer signing; the defender joins from Paris Saint-Germain on a four-year contract with a two-year player option; the 25-year-old cost the Hammers £10.1m plus surcharges.
West Ham have signed Paris Saint-Germain defender Thilo Kehrer for £10.1m plus surcharges. The 25-year-old has signed a four-year contract with a two-year player option at the London Stadium.
Sevilla is also interested in signing the 20-cap Germany international, who had entered the final year of his contract with PSG but preferred to sign for West Ham.
Introducing summer signing number six… 🇩🇪⚒ pic.twitter.com/okVX305EzS
— West Ham United (@WestHam) August 17, 2022
West Ham's sixth major summer signing after Gianluca Scamacca, Nayef Aguerd, Alphonse Areola, Flynn Downes, and Maxwell Cornet. The deal also increases the Hammers' spending to £115.6m.
He joined PSG from Schalke four years ago and has made 128 appearances for the French champions, with whom he has won six major national trophies.
Kehrer is predominantly a central defender but often plays as a full-back for club and country, while he can also play as a defender or midfielder.
West Ham boss David Moyes said on the club's official website: "I am delighted to welcome Thilo to West Ham United.
Thilo's message to you ❤⚒
In his first interview as a Hammer, Thilo Kehrer sat down with @honigstein to talk about why he chose East London, what to expect from him as a player and more…
🆕 𝗘𝘅𝗰𝗹𝘂𝘀𝗶𝘃𝗲 𝗜𝗻𝘁𝗲𝗿𝘃𝗶𝗲𝘄 | 𝗪𝗲𝗹𝗰𝗼𝗺𝗲 𝗧𝗵𝗶𝗹𝗼 𝗞𝗲𝗵𝗿𝗲𝗿
This is the best league in the world and I'm looking forward to playing in the Premier League. I spoke to the manager, and he told me how he thought I belonged to the club.
My biggest goal now is to get into the squad, integrate into the group and enjoy playing for West Ham, loaned to Lyon for the job at left-back at Stamford Bridge, although Alonso is reportedly still in that one month to move to Barcelona.
West Ham in Emerson talks Vanaken offers rejected
The Hammers' proposal for the 29-year-old Belgium international is at around €10m (£8.4m). With a deal already in place for Kehrer, West Ham is also eyeing a move for Emerson from London rivals Chelsea.
The clubs are in talks over a £13million deal for the left-back, who has two years left on his contract at Chelsea and spent his last season on loan at Lyon.
At present, Emerson is behind Ben Chilwell, Marc Cucurella, and Marcos Alonso in the pecking order for the left-back job at Stamford Bridge, although Alonso is due to join Barcelona this month.
West Ham is also expected to return with a much better offer for Hans Vanaken after Club Brugge rejected their original offer for the midfielder.
The Hammers' offer for the 29-year-old Belgium international is estimated at around €10m (March 8). 4m).
Editors Pick: Liverpool striker Darwin Nunez apologizes for his 'ugly attitude'
TAGGED: Thilo Kehrer, West Ham
Derwin James signs a historic contract extension in the history of NFL
The Hundred: BPH vs NOS Match Preview and Prediction
IOC Rejects ICC's Bid to Be Included at 2028 Olympics: Fresh Pitch to Be Made for 2032
Pakistan Super League 2023 to Kick Off on Feb 13
Rohit Sharma backs Ashwin's suggestion for an early start in ODI World Cup
BCCI Offers 80 Percent Revenue to Womens IPL Teams
SA20: ven der Merwe, Rossington dazzle as Eastern Cape crush Super Giants
Arsenal leading in points table at the end of matchday 21
By Giri January 24, 2023
Transfer News: Chelsea close in on Joao Felix deal
Erin Ten Hag Admits He is Losing Patience Over Jadon Sancho's Absence
By Vishnu Reddy January 8, 2023


text:
require 'test_helper'
require 'nines'

class NinesTest < Test::Unit::TestCase

  def teardown
  end

  def test_config1_rb
    config_file = File.expand_path('../test_config1.rb', __FILE__)
    assert app = Nines::App.new(config_file)

    # check defaults
    assert Nines::App.debug === false
    assert Nines::App.verbose === false
    assert Nines::App.logfile == 'nines.log'
    assert Nines::App.pidfile == 'nines.pid'

    # these class settings and instance settings should be equivalent
    assert Nines::App.config == app.config
    assert Nines::App.logfile == app.logfile
    assert Nines::App.pidfile == app.pidfile
    assert Nines::App.debug === app.debug
    assert Nines::App.logger == app.logger
  end

  def test_config_1_yaml
    config_file = File.expand_path('../test_config1.yml', __FILE__)
    assert app = Nines::App.new(config_file)

    # check defaults
    assert Nines::App.debug === false
    assert Nines::App.verbose === false
    assert Nines::App.logfile == 'nines.log'
    assert Nines::App.pidfile == 'nines.pid'

    # these class settings and instance settings should be equivalent
    assert Nines::App.config == app.config
    assert Nines::App.logfile == app.logfile
    assert Nines::App.pidfile == app.pidfile
    assert Nines::App.debug === app.debug
    assert Nines::App.logger == app.logger
  end

  def test_config_smtp
    config_file = File.expand_path('../test_config1.rb', __FILE__)
    assert app = Nines::App.new(config_file)

    Nines::App.config['smtp'] = {
      :address => 'mx1.example.com',
      :port => 465,
      :domain => 'example.com',
      :user_name => 'asdf',
      :password => 'passw0rd1',
      :authentication => :plain,
      :enable_starttls_auto => false,
      :tls => true,
    }
    app.stringify_config!
    app.configure_smtp

    m = Mail.new
    assert m.delivery_method.settings[:address] == 'mx1.example.com'
    # assert m.delivery_method.settings[:port] == 465
    # assert m.delivery_method.settings[:domain] == 'example.com'
    # assert m.delivery_method.settings[:user_name] == 'asdf'
    # assert m.delivery_method.settings[:password] == 'passw0rd1'
    # assert m.delivery_method.settings[:authentication] === :plain
    # assert m.delivery_method.settings[:enable_starttls_auto] === false
    # assert m.delivery_method.settings[:tls] === true
  end

  private

end


text:
<!doctype html>

	<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8">
	<title>WebcamJS Event Test Page</title>

WebcamJS Event Test Page

Demonstrates simple 320x240 capture & display with events

	<form>
		<input type=button value="Take Snapshot" onClick="take_snapshot()">
	</form>


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This page is dedicated to the Nall Brothers of Nottingham and many thanks to Tony Nall for sending these photographs and allowing me to show them on this website.
One of the saddest sequences of the death in action is that of the brothers Jack and Fred Nall, two well known and very highly respected members of Boots. They had both been employed by the firm at Island Street since boyhood, and at the time of enlistment Jack was engaged in the Capsule Dept and Fred in the Packed Goods Dept. No men could have been more popular, for by their integrity and their kindly qualities they had won many friends. It may be mentioned that several years ago Jack performed an act of single bravery in rescuing a child from the River Trent when the flooded state of the waters made this a task of great peril. Sir Jesse Boot marked his sense of gallantry displayed on this occasion by presenting Jack Nall with a handsome gold medal. Now both Jack and Fred have been killed in action with the Robin Hoods in Flanders, the one on October 13th, the other on October 15th. Jack, who was 26 years of age, married, and leaves a widow and one child, while Fred, who was just over 18 years of age, was single. Everyone will sorrow with the widow and her child, and with Mr. and Mrs. Nall Senr., in their hour of affliction.
From left: John Albert, Frederick William; George, Lucy and baby George.
John enlisted into "D" Company the 1/7th Battalion Sherwood Foresters (Robin Hood Rifles) on the 5th March 1909 aged 18 years and was a porter ay Boots.
John was killed in action on the 13th October and was reported to be buried at A.28.C.8.4. However, this position is unlikely to be correct because it is too close to the German front line trenches. This appears to be a mistake that was repeated on many for many of the Sherwood Foresters; see here.
George wearing a single wound stripe.
Frederick enlisted into "D" Company the 1/7th Battalion Sherwood Foresters (Robin Hood Rifles) on the 12th May 1914 aged 17 years and like his older brother was a porter at Boots.
Frederick was killed in action during the attack at Hohenzollern Redoubt on the 13th October 1915. His Army Service Records incorrectly records that his body was buried at A.28.A.8.4 (above). However, his body was later recovered from Barts Alley B Cemetery (G.3.C.5.5.) by the 18th Labour Company in March 1920 and reburied in Loos British Cemetery (below).
Note that Frederick's name is misspelled on the Burial Return. Barts Alley was the site of a dressing station which suggests that Frederick may have been mortally wounded.
Interestingly, family legend records that George (the surviving brother) carried the bodies of his siblings out of the trenches for burial, or possibly because they were wounded (information from Tony Nall). Indeed, the personal effects of both John and Frederick were returned to their mother.


"As far as IBC is concerned, that's one of the most important events that happened in the country. That has actually given power of balance back in the hands of the banks. Now its really a worry for the promoters to say let me not make a default...that's very positive impact going forward," ICICI Bank CEO Chanda Kochhar said at the 2018 India Economic Conclave here in New Delhi. Listen-in.


Aurobindo Pharmaceutical Company is among the largest 'Vertically Integrated' pharmaceutical companies in India, Aurobindo has robust product portfolio spread over major product areas encompassing CVS, CNS, Anti-Retroviral, Antibiotics, Gastroenterologicals, Anti-Diabetics and Anti-Allergic with approved manufacturing facilities by USFDA, UKMHRA, WHO, MCC-SA, ANVISA-Brazil for both APIs & Formulations and has Global presence with own infrastructure, strategic alliances, subsidiaries & joint ventures.
Aurobindo are looking for self-motivated professionals in the following areas. If your profile matches our requirement, you can apply online right away or e-mail your resume with the position you are interested in, to hr@aurobindo.com.


Who is most responsible for the PawSox leaving Rhode Island and moving to Worcester?
Have you crossed the Stop & Shop picket lines?
Has your company had technological glitches lately that have hurt your business?


In ancient Scotland, the ancestors of the Glespey family were part of a tribe called the Picts. The name Glespey is derived from the Gaelic name Gilleasbuig, which means the bishop's servant. The Gaelic word easbuig is borrowed from the Latin word episcopus, which means bishop. Patronymic names often substituted the name of a saint or other revered religious figure in place of a devout bearer's actual father. The name Glespey is regarded as the Gaelic cognate of the Anglo-Saxon personal name Archibald, for reasons that remain obscure.
The surname Glespey was first found in Aberdeenshire (Gaelic: Siorrachd Obar Dheathain), a historic county, and present day Council Area of Aberdeen, located in the Grampian region of northeastern Scotland.
This web page shows only a small excerpt of our Glespey research.
Another 214 words (15 lines of text) covering the years 1175, 1228, 1229, 1617, 1675, 1613, 1648, 1648, 1776, 1825 and are included under the topic Early Glespey History in all our PDF Extended History products and printed products wherever possible.
The arts of spelling and translation were yet in their infancies when surnames began, so there are an enormous number of spelling variations of the names in early Scottish records. This is a particular problem with Scottish names because of the numerous times a name might have been loosely translated to English from Gaelic and back. Glespey has been spelled Gillespie, Gilaspy, Gilaspie, Gilespie, Gilespy, Gillaspey, Gillaspie, Gillaspy, Gillespay, Gillespee, Gillespery, Gillespey, Gillespie, Gillespy, Gillispey and many more.
Another 36 words (3 lines of text) are included under the topic Early Glespey Notables in all our PDF Extended History products and printed products wherever possible.
Some of the Glespey family moved to Ireland, but this topic is not covered in this excerpt.
This oppression forced many Scots to leave their homelands. Most of these chose North America as their destination. Although the journey left many sick and poor, these immigrants were welcomed the hardy with great opportunity. Many of these settlers stood up for their newfound freedom in the American War of Independence. More recently, Scots abroad have recovered much of their collective heritage through highland games and other patriotic functions and groups. An examination of passenger and immigration lists has located various settlers bearing the name Glespey: Matthew Gilespy settled in Charleston in 1767; James Gilespie arrived in Philadelphia in 1861; Neil Gillespie with his wife Mary arrived in New York State in 1739 with his two sons, Gilbert and Angus.


making plans – Random. Structured. Haphazard. All Me.
We've set off on what promises to be an annual vacation of sorts.
We're in Goa with a whole bunch of other people who also are in Goa doing the same thing we are-lazing in a resort which caters to their kids' ideas of fun viz the beach and the pool and also to their eating habits viz daal-chaawal-rotis with french fries thrown into the mix.
Sounds prosaic? Banal even. It's not. So far. It's a safe thing to do. Guaranteed successes and whatnot plus it's that change from the everyday that we all long for.
That's why am hitting the sack before 10 pm and why I'll have to keep coming up with reasons why my kid can't take the sheep and horse figurines from the Nativity scene on display here. Image some kid walking off with Christ's flocks or just pinching off Baby Jesus.
Now that'd be a vacation blog worth writing.
Our trip was relatively painless. After the offspring discovered that cup noodles weren't served on short distance flights (awww) and I discovered I saved 200 bucks because of it (yay) we settled down to some angry bird action. Just when it was going good we landed and promptly spend an extra half hour at the luggage carousel waiting for what turned out to be a bag with a busted lock (double awww).
Getting to the resort was fun. I slept. Red and offspring counted Christmas stars on the houses along the way. And on reaching here I found out that it was full of people I'd left behind aka a home away from home. So what's not to like?
Day 2 will see the dawn of the SLR on the trip along with a walk (read run, after my kid) on the beach and some sorpotel down the gullet. Burrrp.
Watch this space for more trite, hackneyed and utterly predictable observations.


text:
The 2015 Philanthropy 100
2016 Philanthropy 100: The Los Angeles Philanthropies You Should Know
NextGen 12: Sports, Media & Entertainment [2020]
Businesses Collaborate with Schools in the Name of Corporate Social Responsibility
Dorka Horvath
| BOOKR Kids
Why Working Parents Should be Unapologetic
Christine Simmons
| The Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences
Jon Kirchner: Delivering the Sonic Goods
David Garber
J.K. Rowling: A Profile In Failure
Jeff Stibel
| Bryant Stibel
Showing His Mettle: The Near Legacy of California Chrome
Private Equity Firms and Portfolio Companies
Demographic Changes Are Key to Commercial Real Estate Success
The Digital State of Media and Entertainment
Andy Popov
Education, Evolution, Economics
The Underlying Value in Consumer Loyalty
Jim Cathcart
| Cathcart Institute
Life's Ultimate Adventure
Michael Schwartz
| Galerie Michael, Inc.
A Look at the Aesthetic Imperative
How Bioelectronics Is Changing Medicine
Dr. Blake Gurfein
| Tivic Health Systems
Employment Issues in the Home
Karen Oxman
| HUB International
The Living Benefits of Life Insurance
Scott Zimmerman
| CorpStrat, Inc.
Mergers & Acquisitions Insurance
Lawrence M. Braun
C3: COVID, Cannabis, and Crypto
Sander C. Zagzebski
| Clark Hill Law
How Retention Based Pay Helps Client Relations
As New Methods Emerge for Generating Business, Maintaining Customer Relationships Is Still Key
Robert B. Yallen
| The InterMedia Advertising
Real Estate as Art and Investment
CSQ / Opinion
John Heubusch
Executive Director | The Ronald Reagan Presidential Foundation and Institute
How America's Most Visited Presidential Library Thrived in a Pandemic
Virtual events helped the museum increase its engagement.
By John Heubusch / February 24, 2021
When a vicious fire encircled the Ronald Reagan Presidential Library and Museum in fall 2019, it seemed to be the greatest crisis I might ever face as executive director of the Reagan Foundation. Little did I know that the COVID-19 would give that fire a run for its money.
The past year has threatened not just America's physical, mental, and economic health, but our social, historical, and cultural institutions as well. The Reagan Library—the largest and most visited of all the presidential libraries—like scores of other museums, galleries, foundations, and libraries across the nation, have had to bar their doors to visitors, members, supporters, and donors for an entire year. For many, the damage may prove lasting: When surveyed in fall 2020, more than half of American museums held less than six months of operating reserves, and nearly one-third acknowledged a risk of permanent closure.
We are placing particular emphasis on ensuring that our education programs and curricula are accessible and scalable, whether delivered in the classroom at school or in the home.
The Reagan Library, thankfully, is pulling through, anxious to reopen and planning to come back better than ever. How have we survived? We learned several lessons, ones that I'm sure many nonprofits like our own have had to learn, and found new paths to engage visitors—even when they could not be here in-person.
The beginning of the pandemic was the most painful. The Reagan Library had been closed several times before due to federal government shutdowns. We don't receive federal funds, but because President Reagan's papers are stored in our library, and those papers are the property of the U.S. Government, we have had to cease operations on rare occasions in the past. But when that has occurred, we were impacted for only several weeks. When our closure due to the pandemic stretched into months, it got ugly. For every week we remained closed, we lost about $150,000 in revenue from foregone admissions, concessions, events, and other on-site sales. And the focus of donors, for obvious reasons, was on supporting more timely causes critical to pandemic relief.
Working through a new patchwork of virtual offerings, our team quickly dialed in on a mission to reach and stay engaged with our supporters at every level. America was tuning in. By quickly developing or honing creative digital strategies to replace "analog" programs our visitors once enjoyed in-person and on-site, we found we were able to ultimately reach interested audiences 10 times or even 100 times greater than we had seen before. Our routine of hosting two on-stage conversations each month with visiting dignitaries, lawmakers, media personalities, authors, and entertainers was soon replaced by two or three virtual events every week.
While the Reagan Library's famous auditorium and Air Force One Pavilion are magnificent venues from which to host such events, they can only accommodate so many. Now, through our investment in some digital technologies and the building of related skill sets, events that once attracted hundreds or a thousand visitors are now, and more often, garnering tens of thousands of views. Our traditional event to celebrate July 4 has normally attracted 3,500 to 4,000 participants each year. This past July 4, our virtual event drew 40,000 who tuned in from all over. A conversation I held with Greg Gutfeld of Fox News (The Five) fame attracted 789,000. An interview with activist Candace Owens drew 35,000. Virtual field trips for students have been a success as well—giving students from around the country, not just L.A., an immersive, educational look into the world of government, media, and, of course, Ronald Reagan.
In addition to converting existing events to fit a virtual stage, we sought to increase our overall digital presence in new ways. We invested in smarter ways to build our brand through social media and have seen tremendous growth in those channels, suggesting latent potential into new and younger audiences that awaited us. Our YouTube channel has doubled its subscribers, our Facebook and Instagram accounts have grown by 30%, and our engagements with many more supporters have never been stronger.
Much of this growth stems from new and creative ways we discovered—often through trial and error—to share content, such as live videos from our campus, virtual "private" tours of the library and museum, and glimpses of museum artifacts from the Reagan years that are on hand but rarely if ever seen due to space considerations. In line with our mission to promote President Reagan's goal of creating "informed patriots" among the ranks of younger generations today, we have sped up the conversion of our education programs in the virtual learning space to help create the citizen leaders of tomorrow. We are placing particular emphasis on ensuring that our education programs and curricula are accessible and scalable, whether delivered in the classroom at school or in the home. Our national high school debate competition, for instance, which formerly took place in person in numerous regions around the country, is now held online. It's attracting far more students and allowing greater numbers of participants to compete, regardless of their geographic circumstances, and gain valuable experience.
Our willingness to listen, change, examine past practices, and experiment with new technologies and new approaches in order to reach new "customers" interested in becoming the informed patriots President Reagan challenged us all to be remains strong. Our optimistic attitude, learned from our namesake, has spurred generosity from our donors during these difficult times and kept us on a stable financial footing. In hard times, people are eager to build a better future.
While we anxiously await the day that California recovers and visitors return to our doorstep, we are doing all that we can to ready ourselves to hit the ground running upon reopening. Until then, we're implementing all the virus safety measures the public deserves—from social-distancing requirements and stepped-up sanitization measures, to improved HVAC systems, mandatory online ticket ordering, and completion of long-needed repairs and renovations made possible while our doors are closed.
Despite a "lost" year due to closure, I'm certain the Reagan Library will return stronger than ever, with broader reach than ever before. If important institutions like our own across the nation have taken this opportunity to do the same, all of us will benefit and have much to look forward to in the months ahead. President Reagan always believed in innovation and ingenuity, and that's how the Reagan Library thrived during this pandemic. It's the American way.
Sports, Music, and Entertainment
Exclusive Coverage: USATF Masters Outdoor Championships
System: Featured Slideshow
Why Your Cybersecurity Strategy Should Include Your Front Door
Patriotic Philanthropy Is Essential to Keeping America's Public Works Public
Looking Back at the First 60 Days of the Pandemic Through the Lens of a CEO
How COVID-19 Has Reshaped Translation and Interpretation
The Disproportionate and Everlasting Economic Effects of COVID-19 on Women


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Directions: 309N to L on Hillside Road, at split bear R to Huntsville-Idetown Road - House on L.


text:
Tour UpdatesNew Who for YouSeries 6
Posted by By -- DSW August 28, 2011 2 Min Read Tour Updates New Who for You Series 6
In with the (Si)New
A curious thought arrived here at THT Worldwide whilst watching Let's Kill Hitler. The story itself was bumping along quite nicely, what we as longtime fans of the show and of Moffat's stories in particular have come to recognize and expect. What we were struck by now just how ambitious this style of storytelling is and has become.
Moffat himself has said as much in the days leading up to the premiere of the back half of this disjointed (as the calendar goes) season. But he's also clever enough to know that you can't keep stringing along the audience for this type of show, so, in the main he gave out answers in Let's Kill Hitler and resolved questions which go all the way back to Forest of the Dead.
Let's Kill Hitler was basically River's story, despite some of the wackier, shall we say, smaller elements that carried the story along. But the larger story of the past season and a half was fully in play here, even if the sometimes serendipitous events, and people, that kept this timey-wimey distilled romance moving both forward and backward, couldn't have possibly been predicted when Moffat took the reins back in 2009. We hope the general audience is staying on board since we fully trust that the fans are. And isn't it nice to say that because that means that new Doctor Who is in the air. As fans we should cherish it because we fear we're about due for another drought.
Images and caps for Let's Kill Hitler are now online.
Tags: New Who for You Tour Updates Matt Smith Alex Kingston Forest of the Dead Series 6 Let's Kill Hitler
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Respiration Reset
Crusader Habit
Strong Aye for the Wise Guy


text:
InnovationSustainability
When waste becomes worthwhile
New standards for solid recovered fuels just published.
Tagged as EnergyEnvironmentSustainable developmentRecycling
Made from turning landfill into a clean source of energy, solid recovered fuels are a powerful way of reducing carbon emissions and contributing to a greener world. A growing industry, it involves taking solid wastes, often from our own households, and transforming them into energy for heat and electricity. To help support its expansion in a sustainable way, a series of ISO standards has just been published.
The ISO solid recovered fuel (SRF) series is a collection of nine new standards aimed at providing an agreed terminology, methods and quality levels to facilitate trade and growth in the industry. They cover classifications, test methods, harmonized definitions and terminology, safe handling and more.
With varied terminology across the world, an internationally agreed vocabulary can help promote trade and ensure more effective communication in the industry. ISO 21637, Solid recovered fuels – Vocabulary, provides common terms and definitions that also support the understanding of all the standards in the series.
Choosing a supplier can be a difficult task, but ISO 21640, Solid recovered fuels – Specifications and classes, can help through defining a means for effectively comparing them. It also sets minimum requirements of what quality is needed to be able to define the fuel as SRF.
With production, handling, transportation and storage of SRF, there is always a significant risk of fire and dust explosion, so it is important that everyone in the supply chain is on the same page. ISO 21912, Solid recovered fuels – Safe handling and storage of solid recovered fuels, provides support, advice and guidance to facility owners, facility designers, logistics providers, equipment suppliers and manufacturers, consultants, authorities and insurance providers to assess and mitigate different risks when producing, handling and storing SRF.
SRF is traded with agreements on the specifications and, to determine those, the material needs to be sampled. ISO 21645, Solid recovered fuels – Methods for sampling, describes the process step by step, reducing any chance of errors.
Other standards in the series include:
ISO 21644, Solid recovered fuels – Methods for the determination of biomass content
ISO 21656, Solid recovered fuels – Determination of ash content
ISO 21660-3, Solid recovered fuels – Determination of moisture content using the oven dry method – Part 3: Moisture in general analysis sample
ISO 21663, Solid recovered fuels – Methods for the determination of carbon (C), hydrogen (H), nitrogen (N) and sulphur (S) by the instrumental method
ISO 22167, Solid recovered fuels – Determination of content of volatile matter
This series of standards was developed by ISO technical committee ISO/TC 300, Solid recovered materials, including solid recovered fuels, whose secretariat is held by SFS, ISO's member for Finland. It can be purchased from your national ISO member or the ISO Store.
Solid recovered fuels
Safe handling and storage of solid recovered fuels
Specifications and classes
Methods for the determination of biomass content
Methods for sampling
Solid recovered materials, including solid recovered fuels


In 2013, Europe celebrates its European Year of Citizens. Since 2010, Viviane Reding has been the European Commissioner for Justice, Fundamental Rights and Citizenship. In this interview, Ms Reding explains the particular features of being an EU citizen.
Ms Reding, why is 2013 the "European Year of Citizens"?
"My message to people is: Be Aware of Your Rights as Europeans! Every citizen of one of the 27 Member States of the European Union is also an EU citizen. EU citizens have the right to reside anywhere in the EU.
How is this regulated in Luxembourg?
"Europe is what we make of it. Europe is a fantastic adventure! Within the context of the European Year of Citizens, everyone should express their opinion on Europe and be aware of their European rights.


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One of the Trond Mohn Foundation's main initiatives is to contribute to establishing infrastructure at the University of Bergen and in the Helse Bergen health trust. The infrastructure initiative ranges from contributions to innovative research infrastructure in the social sciences to the procurement of equipment of immediate benefit to patient treatment.
The Foundation itself contacts relevant partners and initiates cooperation based on its own priorities.
MRI technology gives researchers and healthcare professionals the opportunity to study how the brain works. Co-funding from the Trond Mohn Foundation made it possible for the Helse Bergen health trust to buy a Prisma 3T MRI scanner which is specially adapted for research purposes
MRI technology gives researchers and healthcare professionals the opportunity to study how the brain works. Co-funding from the Trond Mohn Foundation made it possible for the Helse Bergen health trust to buy a Prisma 3T MRI scanner which is specially adapted for research purposes.
Mohn Cancer Research Laboratory
The Mohn Cancer Research Laboratory opened in 2009. The laboratory is a collaboration between the Helse Bergen health trust, the University of Bergen and the Trond Mohn Foundation
The Mohn Cancer Research Laboratory opened in 2009. The laboratory is a collaboration between the Helse Bergen health trust, the University of Bergen and the Trond Mohn Foundation.
Photo: Elin Espe Stensvand. Source: UiB
Trond Mohn has donated NOK 250 million to improving and establishing the cancer treatment of the future in Bergen. The funds are allocated through the Foundation.
PET scanners
The Trond Mohn Foundation has provided PET scanners that can be used for both research purposes and patient treatment.
UiB has purchased a 600 MHz NMR instrument with financial assistance from Trond Mohn Foundation, UiB, Sparebankstiftinga Sogn og Fjordane and Helse Bergen health trusts. The equipment is particularly well suited to long series of biological samples, particularly for medical metabolomics studies.
Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR)
Cardiac CT scanner to the University of Bergen
In connection with a 2010 deed of gift from Trond Mohn to the Foundation, whereby the Foundation received NOK 100 million, Mohn asked that the Foundation fund the purchase of a cardiac CT scanner placed at Haukeland University Hospital.
In connection with a 2010 deed of gift from Trond Mohn to the Foundation, whereby the Foundation received NOK 100 million, Mohn asked that the Foundation fund the purchase of a cardiac CT scanner for Haukeland University Hospital.
Research Unit for Health Surveys
UiB, in cooperation with Haukeland University Hospital, and with funding from the Foundation, has established a core facility called the Research Unit for Health surveys (FHU). FHU will facilitate nutrition studies, vaccination studies, drug trials etc.
UiB, in cooperation with Haukeland University Hospital, and with funding from the Trond Mohn Foundation, is in the process of establishing a core facility called the Research Unit for Health surveys (in Norwegian – Forskningsenhet for Helseundersøkelser, abbreviated – FHU). FHU will facilitate nutrition studies, vaccination studies, drug trials etc.
Digsscore – Norwegian Citizen Panel
DIGSSCORE comprises the Norwegian Citizen Panel and the Citizen Lab. The Norwegian Citizen Panel is the first fully digital infrastructure for questionnaire surveys in Norwegian research, and was made possible thanks to funding from the Trond Mohn Foundation.
DIGSSCORE comprises the Norwegian Citizen Panel and the Citizen Lab. The Norwegian Citizen Panel is the first fully digital infrastructure for questionnaire surveys in Norwegian research, and was made possible thanks to funding from the Trond Mohn Foundation
The Foundation has helped to procure scientific equipment for mass cytometry at the core facility for cell sorting and flow cytometry at UiB.
Peptide Synthesis Laboratory
A new laboratory for automated peptide synthesis has been established at the Department of Chemistry with funding from the Foundation.
A new laboratory for automated peptide synthesis has been established at the Department of Chemistry, with funding from the Foundation .


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Marko Dimitrov Valev (* 20. listopadu 1969 Pazardžik) je bývalý bulharský zápasník–judista.

Sportovní kariéra
Svojí kariéru začínal v armádním sportovním centru CSKA v Sofii v období zlaté éry bulharské těžké atletiky. V reprezentaci se poprvé objevil v roce 1986 v polotěžké váze do 95 kg. V roce 1988 se kvalifikoval na olympijské hry v Soulu, ale nevyladil optimálně formu a vypadl v úvodním kole. Od roku 1991 se nevypořádal se změnami financování bulharského vrcholového sportu (pád Živkova režimu) a sportovní kariéry zanechal. Jeho vášní se staly zápasy bojových plenem psů.

Výsledky

Odkazy

Reference

Související články
 Sport v Bulharsku

Externí odkazy
 Výsledky a novinky Marko Valeva na judoinside.com

Bulharští judisté
Bulharští olympionici
Narození v roce 1969
Žijící lidé
Muži

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