Warsaw University of Technology is the oldest Polish technical university. For over 180 years, it has been educating generations of engineers, thereby making a significant contribution to the development of technical sciences. University authorities and academic teachers guarantee a high level of education. New fields of study are launched, new laboratories created, cooperation with the industry and foreign centres is developed. Warsaw University of Technology is the place where tradition meets modernity.
Research and development activities conducted at Warsaw University of Technology are the answer to the challenges of modern science and economy. Technology transfer, i.e. offering research results along with their specific applications, makes the position of the University stronger as a centre of innovation and entrepreneurship. Warsaw University of Technology supports not only Polish innovators, changing their inventive ideas into firms, but it also makes contacts with national and foreign companies. The University puts into life the idea of engineering of moving from the idea to economic practice.
All students and staff, together and separately, are required to safeguard the good reputation of the Warsaw University of Technology. Such is the tradition of the University, passed on from generation to generation. The Warsaw University of Technology staff are expected to spare no time in looking after their undergraduate and postgraduate students, to keep up credibility of the written and spoken word, and have regard for the reputation of the University when conducting their scientific research. The students are required to honestly apply themselves to their studies and properly represent their University at all times, both within and beyond its walls. The Warsaw University of Technology maintains ties with its graduates, expecting them to demonstrate dignified attitudes in professional and public life.
Creative attitudes cannot develop and be passed on to future generations without freedom. The Warsaw University of Technology must thus remain an autonomous institution of learning. The University makes use of its autonomy to determine and implement its own strategy and development policy, all the while respecting the requirement of openness in the public domain. Autonomy offers rights but also brings obligations and responsibility.


The Board is BC's forest and range practices watchdog, independent from government, industry and special interests. A key mission of the Board is to encourage continuous improvement—and thus encourage public confidence—in forest and range practices and BC's forest, range and wildfire legislation. To that end, the Board works to resolve concerns and complaints and to strengthen resource stewardship rather than simply investigate and report. Over the years, the majority of Board recommendations made in complaint investigations have been implemented.
This report reviews the results of 19 years of Forest Practices Board investigations of complaints from the public. Since 1995, the Board has responded to over 1000 public concerns and has formally investigated several hundred complaints.


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The Purple Heart is one of the oldest and most recognized American military medals, awarded to servicemembers who were killed or wounded by enemy action. The conflicts of the last decade have greatly increased the number of Purple Hearts awarded to servicemembers.
Events over the past few years have spurred debate on the eligibility criteria for the Purple Heart. Shootings on U.S. soil and medical conditions such as traumatic brain injury (TBI) and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) have prompted changes to the eligibility requirements for the Purple Heart. Some critics believe that these changes may lessen the value of the medal and the sacrifices of past recipients on the battlefield. In the past, efforts to modify the Purple Heart's eligibility requirements were contentious, and veterans groups were very vocal concerning eligibility changes.
While medal requirements are often left to the military and executive branch to decide, Congress is showing increased interest and involvement in Purple Heart eligibility, utilizing its constitutional power "To Make Rules for the Government and Regulation of the land and naval Forces" (U.S. Constitution, Article I, Section 8, clause 14). The Carl Levin and Howard P. "Buck" McKeon National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2015 (P.L. 113-291) included language that expands eligibility for the Purple Heart.
Previous debates have raised several questions about the Purple Heart. In some respects, how an event is defined can determine eligibility: Is a servicemember the victim of a crime or a terrorist attack? Conversely, arguing that killed or wounded servicemembers "should" be eligible for the Purple Heart can redefine an event: Is the servicemember an advisor to a foreign military or a combatant? Are PTSD and other mental health conditions adequate injuries to warrant the Purple Heart? These are questions that Congress might consider if it chooses to act on this issue.
Events over the past few years have spurred debate on the eligibility criteria for the Purple Heart. Shootings on U.S. soil and medical conditions such as traumatic brain injury (TBI) and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) have prompted changes to the eligibility requirements for the Purple Heart. Some critics believe that these changes may lessen the value of the medal and the sacrifices of past recipients on the battlefield. In the past, efforts to modify the Purple Heart's eligibility requirements were contentious, and veterans groups were very vocal concerning eligibility changes.
While medal requirements are often left to the military and executive branch to decide, Congress is showing increased interest and involvement in Purple Heart eligibility, utilizing its constitutional power "To Make Rules for the Government and Regulation of the land and naval Forces" (U.S. Constitution, Article I, Section 8, clause 14). The Carl Levin and Howard P. "Buck" McKeon National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2015 (P.L. 113-291) included language that expands eligibility for the Purple Heart.
Previous debates have raised several questions about the Purple Heart. In some respects, how an event is defined can determine eligibility: Is a servicemember the victim of a crime or a terrorist attack? Conversely, arguing that killed or wounded servicemembers "should" be eligible for the Purple Heart can redefine an event: Is the servicemember an advisor to a foreign military or a combatant? Are PTSD and other mental health conditions adequate injuries to warrant the Purple Heart? These are questions that Congress might consider if it chooses to act on this issue.
Requirements for military awards and decorations can change over time. New events and changes in military, political, or social conditions can generate debate over who is eligible for various military awards. These changes tend to be controversial, especially with veterans groups. Congress has considered several pieces of legislation that would change who would be eligible to receive the Purple Heart, and under what conditions.
The wars in Iraq and Afghanistan have greatly increased the number of servicemembers receiving the Purple Heart award1 as well as the potential conditions under which they receive the award. Increasingly acknowledged conditions, such as traumatic brain injuries (TBI) and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), as well as accidents and other events while deployed, bring up new questions as to when a servicemember deserves a Purple Heart. The July 17, 2015, shooting of servicemembers at a Marine recruiting office and a naval reserve center in Chattanooga, TN, again prompted questions about applying the Purple Heart to terrorist attacks versus criminal acts.
Veterans groups often voice their views when Congress or the President proposes making changes to expand eligibility for the Purple Heart. These groups argue, for example, that a servicemember who acquires PTSD may not always deserve the same recognition as a servicemember killed or wounded in direct combat,2 while others contend that these medical conditions can debilitate servicemembers just as much as physical injuries and can have lasting effects on servicemembers' lives. Determining which actions and events make a servicemember qualified for receiving a Purple Heart, and whether expanding eligibility does a disservice to those who have already earned the award, are contentious elements of this debate.
Although Congress has traditionally left many military award requirements to the executive branch, the Constitution does allow Congress to act in this area, and events have prompted changes regarding eligibility for the Purple Heart.3 On December 19, 2014, Congress passed The Carl Levin and Howard P. "Buck" McKeon National Defense Authorization Act (NDAA) for Fiscal Year 2015. Section 571 of the NDAA for FY2015 expanded eligibility by redefining what should be considered an attack by a "foreign terrorist organization" for purposes of determining eligibility for the Purple Heart. As a result, servicemembers wounded and killed in the 2009 shootings in Little Rock, AR, and at Fort Hood, TX, were awarded Purple Hearts in 2015.
Congressional offices often receive questions about Purple Heart eligibility from constituents, especially when eligibility rules change. The number of these questions is likely to increase as servicemembers return from conflicts around the world and if eligibility requirements are again changed. This report will examine the history of the Purple Heart and changes in eligibility over time as well as current issues facing Congress.
In 1782, George Washington created the Badge of Military Merit to reward "any singularly meritorious action" displayed by a soldier, noncommissioned officer, or officer in the Continental Army.4 This award was intended to encourage gallantry and fidelity among soldiers, and would later become known as the Purple Heart.
The Badge of Military Merit was designed as a purple heart of cloth edged with a narrow lace.5 Records are incomplete and researchers debate how many soldiers received this award. According to Military Order of the Purple Heart, three soldiers from Connecticut were the first to receive the Badge of Military Merit during the American Revolutionary War. All three were noncommissioned officers and the only recipients who received the award from General Washington. The soldiers were Sergeant William Brown, 5th Connecticut Regiment of the Connecticut Line on May 3, 1783; Sergeant Elijah Churchill, 2nd Continental Light Dragoons on May 3, 1783; and Sergeant Daniel Bissell, 2nd Connecticut Regiment of the Connecticut Line, on June 10, 1783.6 However, the Badge of Military Merit fell into disuse shortly after its conception.
This award, renamed the "Purple Heart," was redesigned to its modern appearance: a purple heart-shaped medal with bronze border and George Washington's coat of arms between two green spray leaves. See Figure 1. General MacArthur also redefined the eligibility requirements to those who received Meritorious Service Citation certificates from World War I or those authorized to wear wound chevrons by Army Regulation (AR) 600-8-22, Military Awards.8 It was at this point that the Purple Heart became focused on soldiers killed and wounded in combat, rather than "any singularly meritorious act."
The NDAA for Fiscal Year 1996 expanded eligibility to prisoners of war injured or wounded in captivity prior to 1962, a group of servicemembers previously not covered for Purple Heart eligibility by President Kennedy's executive order.15 In 1997, President Clinton signed the NDAA for Fiscal Year 1998, which limited future awards of the Purple Heart to military personnel.16 It has since remained a military-only award.
The Department of Defense does not maintain a record of the number of Purple Heart recipients. However, some military historians estimated more than 1 million Purple Hearts have been awarded mostly to soldiers since 1932.17 Likewise, the National Purple Heart Hall of Honor estimates 1.8 million Purple Hearts have been awarded since the medal was established by the Army in 1932.18 During the 115th Congress (2017-2018), H.R. 7097 was introduced as the "Find our Hearts Act." It would have amended Title 10, United States Code, to require the establishment of a searchable database containing the names and citations of members of the Armed Forces who have been awarded the Purple Heart. H.R. 7097 was referred to the House Armed Services Committee but saw no further action. See Table 1 for additional Purple Heart legislation.
(a) In action against an opposing armed force of a foreign country in which U.S. Armed Forces are or have been engaged.
(b) In any action with an opposing armed force of a foreign country in which the Military Services are or have been engaged.
(c) While serving with friendly foreign forces engaged in armed conflict against an opposing armed force in which the United States is not a belligerent party.
(d) As a result of an act of any such enemy or opposing armed forces.
(e) As the result of an act of any hostile foreign force.
(f) After March 28, 1973, as a result of an international terrorist attack against the United States or a foreign nation friendly to the United States, recognized as such an attack for purposes of award of the PH by the Secretary of the Military Department concerned, or jointly by the Secretaries of the Military Departments concerned if members from more than one Military Department are wounded in the attack. The Secretary of the Military Department concerned shall notify the Under Secretary for Personnel and Readiness USD(P&R) prior to awarding the PH for an international terrorist attack that occurs in the United States or its territories.
(g) After March 28, 1973, as a result of military operations while serving outside the territory of the United States as part of a peacekeeping force.
(h) On or after December 7, 1941, pursuant to Section 1129 of Title 10, U.S.C., a service member who is killed or wounded in action as the result of action by friendly weapon fire while directly engaged in combat, other than as a result of an act of an enemy of the United States, unless (in the case of a wound) the wound is the result of willful misconduct of the member.
(j) On or after December 7, 1941, to a Service member who is killed or dies while in captivity as a prisoner of war (POW) under circumstances establishing eligibility for the POW medal pursuant to section 1128 of Title 10, U.S.C., and Volume 2 of DoD Manual 1348.33, Manual of Military Decorations and Awards, unless compelling evidence is presented that shows that the member's death was not the result of enemy action.
(k) After September 11, 2001, pursuant to section 1129a of Title 10, U.S.C., to a Service member on active duty who is killed or wounded in an attack by a foreign terrorist organizations in circumstances where the death or wound is the result of an attack targeted on the member due to such member's status as a member of the armed forces.
An attack by an individual or entity shall be considered to be a foreign terrorist attack if the individual or entity was in communication with the foreign terrorist organization before the attack and the attack was inspired or motivated by the foreign terrorist organization.
An award is not authorized if the death or wound was the result of the willful misconduct of the Service member.
To assist in making a PH determination pursuant to section 1129a of Title 10, U.S.C., the Military Department Secretary concerned may request an intelligence assessment from the Defense Intelligence Agencies' Defense Combating Terrorism Center (DCTC). The DCTC assessment of potential foreign terrorist attacks by an individual or entity will assess whether the individual or entity was in communication with the foreign terrorist organization before the attack, and if the attack was inspired or motivated by the foreign terrorist organization. The assessment shall include supporting citations and rationale.
(2) A wound for which the award is made must have been of such severity that it required treatment, not just examination, by a military medical officer.
(a) Treatment must be noted in the Servicemember's medical record.
For deceased servicemembers, the Purple Heart may be given to the representatives of the deceased as the individual Service Secretary considers appropriate.
Servicemembers can be awarded multiple Purple Hearts for separate incidents. The servicemember receives the Purple Heart medal for the first award. Subsequent awards are indicated with oak leaf clusters or 5/16 inch service stars, depending on the rules of the recipient's service.23 Purple Hearts may not be awarded to foreign military personnel.
Although the decision to award medals and other military decorations traditionally rests with the executive branch, Congress has been expanding its role in this area in recent decades, exercising its constitutional power "To Make Rules for the Government and Regulation of the land and naval forces."24 Previously, Congress took the lead and adjusted Purple Heart eligibility in both the NDAA for FY1996 and the NDAA for FY1998. See Appendix A. In response to some mass shootings in recent years, Congress passed a provision in the NDAA for FY2015 that expanded the Purple Heart's eligibility requirements.
Section 571 of the NDAA for FY2015 (P.L. 113-291) expanded the eligibility for the Purple Heart by redefining what should be considered an attack by a "foreign terrorist organization" for purposes of determining eligibility for the Purple Heart. The law states that an event should be considered an attack by a foreign terrorist organization if the perpetrator of the attack "was in communication with the foreign terrorist organization before the attack" and "the attack was inspired or motivated by the foreign terrorist organization."
Still, some are opposed to awarding the Purple Heart for terrorist acts that were initially deemed "workplace violence" by the Department of Defense (DOD) or a criminal act, and not earned on a battlefield.29 This act arguably sets a precedent for the future and could make Purple Heart eligibility more subjective, allowing public sentiment to determine what events are worthy of a Purple Heart.
Encouraged by the expanded eligibility provision in the NDAA for FY2015, legislation was introduced during the 114th Congress to award Purple Hearts to other military victims of domestic terrorism.33 Section 583 of the House-passed version of H.R. 1735, the NDAA for FY2016, would have awarded the Purple Heart to servicemembers who were victims of the April 19, 1995, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma bombing. Supporters for awarding the Purple Heart to the victims of the Oklahoma City bombing refer to the FY2015 NDAA as precedent. However, critics contend that the bombing was an act of domestic terrorism and does not meet the current eligibility requirements of the assailant being inspired by or motivated by an international terrorist organization. The final version of the FY2016 NDAA (P.L. 114-92) did not include this provision.
On June 12, 2016, a security guard, Omar Mateen, killed 49 people and wounded 53 others in an attack inside Pulse, a gay nightclub in Orlando, Florida. Army Reserve Captain Antonio Davon Brown42 was one of the 49 people killed and may be eligible for the Purple Heart depending on the outcome of the FBI investigation. According to the FBI, Mateen had pledged allegiance to the Islamic State group after his attack in a call to 911.43 The investigation was ongoing with the arrest of the gunman's wife, Noor Salman, in January 2017.44 On December 6, 2017, a judge ordered her to stand trial in March 2018 in Orlando, where she was charged with providing material support to a terror organization and obstruction of justice.45 On March 30, 2018, a jury found Noor Salman not guilty. She was acquitted of obstruction of justice and also of aiding and abetting her husband, Omar Mateen, in providing material support to a foreign terror organization, the Islamic State group.46 At this time, it is unclear if the Army will make a decision regarding Captain Brown's eligibility for the Purple Heart.
On September 28, 2016, H.R. 6234 was introduced to amend Title 18, U.S.C., to provide for penalties for the sale of any Purple Heart awarded to a member of the Armed Forces. This legislation would have made selling the medal punishable by fines and up to six months in prison. H.R. 6234 would have placed the Purple Heart into a new protected category, keeping it away from not just con artists but also memorabilia collectors.47 The measure was named for Private Corrado Piccoli, a World War II infantryman killed in action in 1944, whose Purple Heart was found for sale at an antique store in 2009.48 This bill was referred to the House Judiciary Subcommittee on Crime, Terrorism, Homeland Security, and Investigations but saw no further action in the 114th Congress. This legislation was reintroduced in the 115th Congress on January 13, 2017, as H.R. 544, the Private Corrado Piccoli Purple Heart Preservation Act of 2017, and a related bill, S. 765, was passed by the Senate on August 3, 2017. Both bills were referred to committee in the House but saw no further action.
The House version of the National Defense Authorization Act (NDAA) for FY2019, H.R. 5515, included a provision (Section 629) that would extend certain morale, welfare, and recreation (MWR) privileges to certain veterans, including Purple Hearts recipients, and their caregivers. This bill became P.L. 115-232 on August 13, 2018. Section 621 of the enacted bill adopted House Section 629, which extends eligibility of certain MWR and commissary privileges to certain veterans, including Purple Heart recipients, and their caregivers starting in 2020. For additional information see section, "Defense Commissary System," in CRS Report R45343, FY2019 National Defense Authorization Act: Selected Military Personnel Issues. For bill summaries of all Purple Heart legislation 2017-2018, see Table 1.
2/8/2017—Referred to House Committee on the Judiciary, Subcommittee on Crime, Terrorism, Homeland Security, and Investigations.
To amend Title 38, United States Code, to provide for the entitlement to educational assistance under the Post-9/11 Educational Assistance Program of the Department of Veterans Affairs for members of the Armed Forces awarded the Purple Heart.
3/9/2017—Referred to House Committee on Veterans' Affairs, Subcommittee on Economic Opportunity.
3/22/2017—Referred to House Committee on Financial Services.
7/17/2017—Referred to House Committee on Armed Services, Subcommittee on Military Personnel.
Supporting the goals and ideals of National Purple Heart Recognition Day.
6/16/2017—Referred to House Committee on Armed Services, Subcommittee on Military Personnel.
4/12/2018—Referred to House Committee on Armed Services, Subcommittee on Military Personnel.
Sec. 629. Extension of certain morale, welfare, and recreation privileges to certain veterans and their caregivers.
(a) Short title.—This section may be cited as the "Purple Heart and Disabled Veterans Equal Access Act of 2018."
8/13/2018—Became P.L. 115-232. Section 621 of the enacted bill adopts House Section 629.
To amend Title 38, United States Code, to waive fees for Purple Heart recipients serving on active duty for loans guaranteed under the home loan program of Department of Veterans Affairs.
06/20/2018—Referred to House Committee on Veterans' Affairs, Subcommittee on Economic Opportunity.
To amend Title 10, United States Code, to require the establishment of a searchable database containing the names and citations of members of the Armed Forces who have been awarded the Purple Heart.
10/29/2018—Referred to House Armed Services, Subcommittee on Military Personnel.
8/3/2017—Passed/agreed to in Senate: Passed Senate with an amendment by Unanimous Consent.
08/23/2017 Referred to the House Subcommittee on Crime, Terrorism, Homeland Security, and Investigations.
6/15/2017—Read twice and referred to Senate Committee on Veterans' Affairs. Hearings held.
A resolution supporting the goals and ideals of National Purple Heart Recognition Day.
8/1/2017—Passed/agreed to in Senate. Submitted in the Senate, considered, and agreed to without amendment and with a preamble by Unanimous Consent.
7/24/2018—Submitted in the Senate, considered, and agreed to without amendment and with a preamble by Unanimous Consent.
Source: The Institute of Heraldry, Personal Decorations: Purple Heart.
August 7, 1782: George Washington creates the Badge of Military Merit. Awarded to several Continental soldiers but it quickly falls from use.
February 22, 1932: Army Chief of Staff General Douglas MacArthur revives the Badge of Military Merit as an Army award, renamed "the Purple Heart," and retroactively awarded to wounded WWI veterans.
December 3, 1942: Executive Order 9277—President Franklin Roosevelt expands Purple Heart eligibility to include U.S. Navy, Marine Corps, and Coast Guard. Retroactively awards Purple Hearts to December 6, 1941.
November 12, 1952: Executive Order 10409—President Truman retroactively awards Purple Hearts to U.S. Navy, Marine Corps, and Coast Guard veterans after April 5, 1917.
April 25, 1962: Executive Order 11016—President Kennedy extends eligibility to civilians serving with military forces.
February 23, 1984: Executive Order 12464—President Reagan awards Purple Hearts to those killed and wounded in terrorist attacks after March 28, 1973, or on peacekeeping missions outside the United States.
February 10, 1996: National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 1996 (Section 521, P.L. 104-106) includes "prisoners of war wounded before April 25, 1962, while held as a prisoner of war (or while being taken captive) in the same manner as a former prisoner of war who is wounded on or after that date while held as a prisoner of war (or while being taken captive)."
November 18, 1997: National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 1998 (Section 571, P.L. 105-85) limits future Purple Heart awards to members of the Armed Forces.
October 17, 2006: National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2007 (Section 556, P.L. 109-364) includes prisoners of war captured after December 7, 1941.
April 30, 2008: Purple Heart Family Equity Act of 2007 (P.L. 110-207) revises the congressional charter of the Military Order of the Purple Heart to authorize associate membership for the spouse and siblings of a recipient of the Purple Heart medal.
December 19, 2014: National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2015 (Section 571, P.L. 113-291) expands eligibility for the Purple Heart by redefining what should be considered an attack by a foreign terrorist organization, and awards Purple Heart medals to servicemembers wounded or killed during the 2009 shootings at Ft. Hood, Texas, and Little Rock, Arkansas.
Members of Congress are able to directly request that a Service Secretary consider awarding military decorations to individuals or groups. Upon receiving a request from a Member's office, the Service Secretary concerned will review the proposal for the award or presentation of a decoration (or the upgrading of a decoration).
(1) The award or presentation of the decoration does not warrant approval on the merits. A statement explaining the Secretary's reason will be included.
(2) The award or presentation of the decoration warrants approval and a waiver by law of time restrictions prescribed by law is recommended.
(3) The award or presentation of the decoration warrants approval on the merits and has been approved as an exception to policy.
(4) The award or presentation of the decoration warrants approval on the merits, but a waiver of the time restrictions prescribed in law is not recommended. A statement explaining the Secretary's reason will be included.
Source: Compiled from the National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 1996 (P.L. 104-106, §526), February 10, 1996.
This report was authored originally by David F. Burrelli, retired specialist in Military Manpower Policy. All questions from congressional clients should be directed to the current author.
According to estimates by the Military Order of the Purple Heart as of April 1, 2015, there are approximately 35,431 Purple Heart recipients from the war in Iraq and 21,910 from Afghanistan including Operation New Dawn, and other casualties. See Military Order of the Purple Heart, "Purple Heart Recipients," on PDF p. 7 at http://www.purpleheart.org/DownLoads/Bank/MOPHInformationalBrochures/MOPHToday.pdf.
Gene Beresin, "Why Are We Denying Purple Hearts to Veterans with PTSD?" Huffington Post (updated) May 3, 2015, at http://www.huffingtonpost.com/gene-beresin/why-are-we-denying-purple_b_6786318.html.
U.S. Constitution, Art. I, §8, clause 14.
John C Fitzpatrick, The Writings of George Washington from the Original Manuscript Sources 1745-1799, vol. 24 (U.S. Government Publishing Office), p. 488.
Military Order of the Purple Heart, "Updated History of the Purple Heart," on p. 9 at http://www.purpleheart.org/DownLoads/Bank/MOPHInformationalBrochures/HistoryOfThePurpleHeart.pdf; and Fred. L. Borch, For Military Merit Recipients of the Purple Heart, Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute Press, 2010: pp. 16-19.
Ibid, General Douglas MacArthur, War Department, General Orders No. 3, February 22, 1932.
Army Regulation (AR) 600-8-22, Military Awards, revised 25 June 2015, at https://armypubs.army.mil/epubs/DR_pubs/DR_a/pdf/web/r600_8_22.pdf.
Executive Order 9277, "Award of the Purple Heart to Persons Serving with the Navy, Marine Corps, or Coast Guard of the United States," 7 Federal Register 10125, December 5, 1942; and President Franklin D. Roosevelt Papers, The American President Project, at http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=60972.
Executive Order 10409, "Award of the Purple Heart to Persons Serving with the Navy, Marine Corps, or Coast Guard of the United States," 17 Federal Register 10397, November 14, 1952; and President Harry S. Truman Papers, The American Presidency Project at http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=76555.
Executive Order 11016, "Authorizing Award of the Purple Heart," 27 Federal Register 4139, April 25, 1962; and Executive Orders, National Archives at https://www.archives.gov/federal-register/codification/executive-order/11016.html.
William B. Theyer, "The Oldest Military Decoration, the Purple Heart, is Proof Positive that One Has 'Seen the Elephant,'" Supplement, October 1991, p. 58.
Executive Order 12464, "Award of the Purple Heart," 49 Federal Register 7099, February 27, 1984; and President Ronald Reagan Papers, The American Presidency Project at https://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/documents/executive-order-12464-award-the-purple-heart.
Madeline Sapienza, Peacetime Awards of the Purple Heart in the Post-Vietnam Period, U.S. Army Center for Military History, Washington, DC, July 1987.
110 Stat. 186, P.L. 104-106, National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 1996, February 10, 1996.
111 Stat. 1756, P.L. 105-85, National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 1998, November 18, 1997. Some sources report that this change was prompted by complaints from groups that were upset when President Clinton posthumously awarded a Purple Heart to Commerce Secretary Ron Brown, who was killed in a plane crash while on a government mission to Croatia in 1996. Rick Maze, "Civilian Victims of Attacks to be Awarded Special Medal," Air Force Times, October 8, 2001: 28.
Fred L. Borch, For Military Merit: Recipients of the Purple Heart, (Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute Press, 2010), p.15. Author notes that the Purple Heart was an Army-only award from 1932-1942, and therefore more soldiers received the Purple Heart more than all sailors, airmen, Marines, and Coast Guardsmen combined.
The National Purple Heart Hall of Honor, Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs), "How many Purple Hearts have been awarded?" at https://www.thepurpleheart.com/questions/.
Department of Defense, Manual of Military Decorations and Awards: DoD-wide Performance and Valor Decorations, Manual 1348.33, Volume 3, December 21, 2016, at http://www.esd.whs.mil/Portals/54/Documents/DD/issuances/dodm/134833v3_dodm_2016.pdf, on pp. 23-26.
Prisoners of War after December 7, 1941: a servicemember who has been killed (executed) or who has died (due to living conditions or treatment by the enemy) and maintained honorable character while a prisoner of war, unless evidence shows that the service member's death was not a result of enemy action (such as suicide); and POW Medal in DOD Manual 1348.33, Volume 2, Manual of Military Decorations and Awards: DoD Service Awards – Campaign, Expeditionary, and Service Medals, December 21, 2016, at http://www.esd.whs.mil/Portals/54/Documents/DD/issuances/dodm/134833v2_dodm_2016.pdf, on p. 53.
Jim Garamone, "DOD Issues Purple Heart Standards for Brain Injury," Army.mil, April 28, 2011, at https://www.army.mil/article/60078/dod_issues_purple_heart_standards_for_brain_injury; Department of Defense, Department of Defense, Manual of Military Decorations and Awards: DoD-wide Performance and Valor Decorations, Manual 1348.33, Volume 3, December 21, 2016, see 3.7. Purple Heart (PH) on pp. 23-26 at http://www.esd.whs.mil/Portals/54/Documents/DD/issuances/dodm/134833v3_dodm_2016.pdf.
See an example at "Medal #6 Purple Heart with Oak Leaf Clusters," Audie L. Murphy Memorial Website, at http://www.audiemurphy.com/decorations006.htm. Note: Murphy was the most decorated U.S. soldier during WWII.
Steve Barnes and James Dao, "Gunman Kills Soldier outside Recruiting Station," The New York Times, June 2, 2009, at http://www.nytimes.com/2009/06/02/us/02recruit.html?_r=1.
Department of Defense, "DOD Releases Final Fort Hood Review," [Archived] Press Release No: 749-10, August 20, 2010, at http://archive.defense.gov/Releases/Release.aspx?ReleaseID=13816.
Sig Christenson, "Some Labeling Hasan Terrorist," San Antonio Express-News, August 13, 2012, at http://www.mysanantonio.com/news/local_news/article/Some-labeling-Hasan-terrorist-3783225.php.
Secretary of Defense Memorandum, "Final Recommendations of the Ft. Hood Follow-on Review," August 18, 2010, at http://archive.defense.gov/news/d20100820FortHoodFollowon.pdf; and Protecting the Force: Lessons From Fort Hood, DOD Independent Review Related to Fort Hood, January 2010, see Finding 2.6 on pp. 15-16 (PDF pp.19-20), at http://www.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a513143.pdf.
Heather Graham-Ashley, "Fort Hood Shooting Victims, Families Receive Medals," DOD News, April 11, 2015, at https://dod.defense.gov/News/Article/Article/604443/fort-hood-shooting-victims-families-receive-medals/.
Army Public Affairs, "McHugh orders benefits be provided to Purple Heart recipients," April 16, 2015, at https://www.army.mil/article/146546/mchugh_orders_benefits_be_provided_to_purple_heart_recipients; and Michelle Tan, "Army Extends Benefits to Hood Shooting Victims," Army Times, April 16, 2015, at https://www.armytimes.com/news/your-army/2015/04/16/army-extends-benefits-to-hood-shooting-victims/.
Claudia Lauer, "Army Recruiters Shot in Little Rock to Receive Purple Heart," Military Times, April 16, 2015, at https://www.militarytimes.com/news/your-military/2015/04/17/army-recruiters-shot-in-little-rock-to-receive-purple-heart/.
CRS Report R44120, FY2016 National Defense Authorization Act: Selected Military Personnel Issues, coordinated by Don J. Jansen. See section "Award of the Purple Heart to members of the Armed Forces who were victims of the Oklahoma City, OK, bombing."
Killed were the following Marines: Sgt. Carson Holmquist, Gunnery Sgt. Thomas J. Sullivan, Lance Cpl. Squire K. Wells, and Staff Sgt. David A. Wyatt; and Navy Petty Officer 2nd Class Randall Smith. Marine Sgt. DeMonte Cheeley was injured but survived the attack.
Kristina Sgueglia, "Chattanooga shootings 'inspired' by terrorists, FBI chief says," CNN, December 16, 2015, at http://www.cnn.com/2015/12/16/us/chattanooga-shooting-terrorist-inspiration/.
U.S. Navy, Office of the Chief of Information, "SECNAV Awards Purple Heart to Chattanooga Sailor and Marines," Story Number: NNS151216-15, December 16, 2015, at http://www.navy.mil/submit/display.asp?story_id=92467.
Navy Operational Support Center Chattanooga, "Purple Heart Ceremony Honors Logistics Specialist 2nd Class Randall Smith," Story Number: NNS160115-07, January 15, 2016, at http://www.navy.mil/submit/display.asp?story_id=92724.
Jeffrey Schogol, "Marine wounded in Chattanooga attack receives Purple Heart," Marine Times, January 26, 2016, at https://www.marinecorpstimes.com/story/military/2016/01/26/marine-wounded-chattanooga-attack-receives-purple-heart/79365006/.
Matthew L. Schehl, "Families of Marines killed in Chattanooga attack receive Purple Hearts," Marine Times, April 20, 2016, at https://www.marinecorpstimes.com/story/military/2016/04/20/families-marines-killed-chattanooga-attack-receive-purple-hearts/83286802/.
Stephen Losey, "Airman Spencer Stone, hero in foiled French terror plot, to receive Purple Heart," Air Force Times, September 14, 2015, at https://www.airforcetimes.com/news/your-air-force/2015/09/14/airman-spencer-stone-hero-in-foiled-french-terror-plot-to-receive-purple-heart/.
David Vergun, "Carter Honors 3 who Stopped Gunman on Paris-Bound Train," Army News Service, September 17, 2015, at https://www.defense.gov/News/Article/Article/617702/carter-honors-3-who-stopped-gunman-on-paris-bound-train/.
DOD News, "Statement by Secretary of Defense Ash Carter on the Death of Army Reserve Captain Antonio Brown," Press Release No: NR-216-16, June 14, 2016, at https://www.defense.gov/News/News-Releases/News-Release-View/Article/799493/statement-by-secretary-of-defense-ash-carter-on-the-death-of-army-reserve-capta/.
FBI Tampa, "Investigative Update Regarding Pulse Nightclub Shooting," June 20, 2016, at https://www.fbi.gov/contact-us/field-offices/tampa/news/press-releases/investigative-update-regarding-pulse-nightclub-shooting; and Tara Copp, "DOD: Soldier slain in Orlando attack might qualify for Purple Heart," Stars and Stripes, June 16, 2016, at https://www.stripes.com/news/dod-soldier-slain-in-orlando-attack-might-qualify-for-purple-heart-1.415017#.WeET5FGQxEY.
Department of Justice, U.S Attorney's Office Middle District of Florida, "Wife Of Pulse Nightclub Shooter Charged With Aiding And Abetting Her Husband And Obstruction Of Justice," news release, January 17, 2017, at https://www.justice.gov/usao-mdfl/pr/wife-pulse-nightclub-shooter-charged-aiding-and-abetting-his-attack-and-obstruction.
Krista Torralva, "Pulse shooter's widow will stand trial in Orlando, federal judge decides," Orlando Sentinel, December 6, 2017, at http://www.orlandosentinel.com/news/pulse-orlando-nightclub-shooting/os-pulse-noor-salman-denied-change-of-venue-20171206-story.html.
Krista Torralva and Gal Tziperman Lotan, "Noor Salman verdict: Omar Mateen's widow not guilty of all charges in Pulse massacre," Orlando Sentinel, March 30, 2018, at http://www.orlandosentinel.com/news/pulse-orlando-nightclub-shooting/os-noor-salman-pulse-trial-verdict-not-guilty-20180327-story.html.
Leo Shane III, "Selling Purple Hearts would be illegal if this bill becomes law," Military Times, October 3, 2016, at https://www.militarytimes.com/pay-benefits/military-benefits/2016/10/03/selling-purple-hearts-would-be-illegal-if-this-bill-becomes-law/.
"Invisible wounds" is a term used to describe psychological and cognitive injuries. See Terri Tanielian and Lisa H. Jaycox, editors, Invisible Wounds of War: Psychological and Cognitive Injuries, Their Consequences, and Services to Assist Recovery, Rand Corporation, 2008, at http://www.rand.org/content/dam/rand/pubs/monographs/2008/RAND_MG720.sum.pdf.
The National Institutes of Health (NIH) classifies PTSD as an anxiety disorder that often occurs after experiencing a traumatic event, such as disaster, assault, abuse, prison, or war. The cause of PTSD is unknown, although psychological, genetic, social, and physical factors are involved. There are also no tests to diagnose PTSD; doctors make the diagnosis based on a medical professional's judgment of the symptoms. It is unclear why a traumatic event causes PTSD in some people and not in others. NIH Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder site at https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/publications/post-traumatic-stress-disorder-ptsd/index.shtml. See also "Information about the Purple Heart and Mild Traumatic Brain Injury (MTBI)" at https://www.hrc.army.mil/content/Purple%20Heart.
Jim Garamone, "DOD Issues Purple Heart Standards for Brain Injury," American Forces Press Service, April 28, 2011, at https://www.army.mil/article/60078, and "Army Clarifies Award of Purple Heart for Concussion," American Forces Press Service, May 2, 2011, at http://www.army.mil/article/55850/.
CRS Report R40941, Health Care for Veterans: Traumatic Brain Injury, by Erin Bagalman.
National Alliance on Mental Illness, Parity for Patriots: The Mental Health Needs of Military Personnel, Veterans, and their Families, Arlington, VA, June 2012, p. 7, at http://www.nami.org/getattachment/About-NAMI/Publications/Reports/ParityforPatriots.pdf.
Department of the Army, Army Regulation 600-8-22, Military Awards, June 25, 2015, See h. Examples of injuries or wounds which clearly do not justify award of the Purple Heart (10) Post traumatic stress disorders on p. 23 (PDF p. 39 of 206 pages), at https://history.army.mil/html/forcestruc/docs/r600_8_22.pdf.
Manpower Management Division, Manpower and Reserve Affairs, Headquarters Marine Corps, Purple Heart Medal-Revised Criteria for Mild Traumatic Brain Injury and Updated Coordinating Instructions, MARADMIN 245/11, April 15, 2011, at http://www.marines.mil/News/Messages/Messages-Display/Article/888214/purple-heart-medal-revised-criteria-for-mild-traumatic-brain-injury-and-updated/.
Jacqueline Klimas, "Fort Hood's Mentally Wounded Veterans Don't Qualify for Purple Hearts 2009 Shooting," Washington Times, April 9, 2015, at http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2015/apr/9/ft-hoods-mentally-wounded-veterans-dont-qualify-fo/.
Nathan Fletcher, "Veterans with Mental-Health Injuries Deserve Purple Hearts, too," Washington Post, May 29, 2017, at https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/veterans-with-mental-health-injuries-deserve-purple-hearts-too/2017/05/29/b1210a3e-4250-11e[phone number scrubbed]-bac8b446820a_story.html?utm_term=.b922f44d91db.
Barrie Barber, "Purple Hearts for PTSD Debated," Dayton Daily News, June 17, 2012, at http://www.daytondailynews.com/news/news/local/purple-hearts-for-ptsd-debated-3/nPgwh/.


An excellent article about extremist propaganda and a call to action.
Which do you want? I prefer to work towards a better world.
I completed the tropical bungalow tutorial, and learned a great deal while completing it. It wasn't difficult to follow along, although there were a great many steps and incredibly detailed instructions. I learned methods to precisely position and align shapes, using the move dialog box and the align functions. I learned to use reflect and got practice with the shape tool. I am pleased with the outcome of the tutorial….


The current AUD/ZAR exchange rate is 10.15. (Last updated on April 26, 2019 00:30:02 UTC).
It means you will get ZAR 10.1509 for 1 AUD or AUD 0.0985 for 1 ZAR.
ZAR exchange rate was last updated on April 26, 2019 00:29:59 UTC.


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The Investment by Indian Railways on Infrastructure and assets to give fillip to Indian Economy
By-Anil Kumar Saxena :Over the past few years, Indian Railways has been marching in tune with the requirements of the national economy and it has bettered the targets it set for itself in the process. Indian Railways have emerged as one of the major movers of economy as its plan size in the year 2007-08 has gone upto Rs. 37,500 crore from a plan size of Rs. 10,177 crore in the year 2000-01, it has shown tremendous financial performance by achieving a cash surplus of Rs. 25,000 crore in 2007-08 as against a meagre cash surplus of Rs. 350 crore in 2000-01, it has improved its operating ratio to 76 per cent in 2007-08 from 98 per cent in 2000-01 and increased freight loading to 795 MT in 2007-08 from 473 MT in 2000-01.
In the current year, Indian Railways have drawn up plans towards the increased upgradation of rail infrastructure and procurement of new assets of rolling stock during the current financial year with an estimated expenditure of Rs. 37,500 Crore (approx.) to shore up the infrastructural development and upkeep. While the massive investment by the Indian Railways will strengthen Railways, it will also kick start rapid economic activity and growth in different core sectors of Indian economy.
The strategy in current year includes massive track and sleeper renewal activity leading to increased steel consumption, production of more steel bridge girders, more production of Coaches, more production of diesel and electrical locos, more production of wheels & axles, development of model stations and world class stations, installation of modern and upgraded signalling system, increased route electrification and improvement in telecommunication work. Indian Railways is also undertaking the construction of dedicated freight corridor, the biggest infrastructural development activity of Indian Railways since independence, towards which an amount of Rs. 400 crore is being spent in 2008-09 and Rs. 3000 crore have been earmarked for 2009-10.
In case of cement the consumption over Indian Railways is likely to increase to 11.41 lakh MT in current financial year as against 5.88 lakh MT in 2000-01 and a total consumption of cement over Indian Railways is likely to be 15.90 lakh MT in current year as compared to 7.75 lakh MT in 2000-01.
Some of the Railway projects under execution are described below:
For the track development, the railways are targeting the rail renewal of over 2,941 km, for which it will require about 3,39,288 million tonne (MT) of rail steel. This will help IR renew its infrastructure assets on age-cum-condition basis and upgrade the infrastructure for the increased axle loads.
The IR has taken various steps for sleeper renewal of 2,382 km which will require about 38.59 lakh pre-stressed concrete (PSC) sleepers. Since the sleeper renewal would be required for other purposes as well, the railways are looking at renewing 44.5 lakh PSC sleepers. This will require 88,200 MT steel.
In addition to above, the railways will also use 5,000 metric tonne of steel to manufacture steel channel sleepers for Railway bridges during the current financial year.
To develop bridges, the railways have also upped their production target of steel girders. The total production of the steel girders during this fiscal up to October was 5,294 MT. During 2007-08, the Railway bridge workshops produced 8,615 MT steel bridge girders. The falling steel prices have made it easy for the railways to procure steel, which would push up the production of bridge girders in the railways workshops. IR has taken many steps to ensure that the targets of steel fabrication and usage are achieved.
The upsurge in the passenger traffic has also raised a need to manufacture more coaches. Railways have decided to enhance the production of passenger coaches from its two production units – the Rail Coach Factory, Kapurthala and Integral Coach Factory, Perambur. The railways are targeting to manufacture 3,000 coaches this year registering an increase of 12.5 per cent over the last year. The railways have also proposed to set up a new coach factory in Rae Bareli in the private-public-partnership (PPP). Railway has planned to acquire sufficient number of wagons to meet the requirements of growing freight traffic.
The Railways are increasing their production of wheel and axles by 60 per cent as compared to last year which will also help in saving foreign exchange.
To meet the increasing requirement of freight traffic the railways have decided to enhance the production of diesel locomotives at Diesel Locomotive Works (DLW), Varanasi unit. It also plans to have higher level of production of high horse powers locomotives to EMD design. As a result of certain measures taken by railway, DLW has been able to enhance the production of 152 locomotives during the first seven months of the current financial year as against 137 in the corresponding period of 2007-08, registering a growth of 10.9 per cent.
The railways have also decided to set up an electric locomotive factory in Madhepura, Bihar under joint venture model. The railways have already invited bids for the proposed factory which is likely to manufacture 100 electric locomotives per year. The railways will acquire 220 electric locomotives this fiscal. It is already in the process of acquiring 200 locomotives from Bharat Heavy Electrical Ltd at a cost Rs 5.5 crore each.
Indian Railways are setting up a 1000 MW thermal power plant through a joint venture with NTPC at Nabi Nagar, Bihar with a total cost of Rs. 5352 crore.
About Rs. 300 crore will be spent during the next three months for modern signalling system. Rs. 1800 will be spent during the next year (2009-10) for the modernization of upgradation of signalling system.
The electrification target for the current year has been increased from 700 Kms to 1000 Kms. Next Year, electrification is likely to be undertaken over 1200 Kms with Rs. 1000 crore, between Ghaziabad-Moradabad, Shoranur-Mangalore and Gondia-Ballarshah etc.
Indian Railways is seeking an outlay of Rs. 2800 crore towards undertaking telecommunication works till 2011-12. These telecommunication works include replacement of more than 10,000 route Kms. Of overhead alignment in the optical fibre communication and Quad Cable network, provision of a very high capacity DWDM network, modernisation of the switching and networking structure and Mobile Train Radio Communication.
In a bid to give a major facelift to some of the busy stations, the railways have envisaged development of 23 World class stations out of which four are being taken up in first phase. It has also taken up work on 300 railway stations to turn them into model stations.
So the Indian Railways is chugging ahead full stream and strengthening its own network and putting the Indian economy on fast track.
Centre committed to providing quality education to poor: PM
Inter-university athletic meet to begin from Saturday

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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HomeAll PostsConserveBatwa Sacrifice: The Human Cost of Saving...
Batwa Sacrifice: The Human Cost of Saving Uganda Gorillas
admin	August 24, 2016 0Comments 1View 0Likes
With mountain gorillas found in south western part of Uganda in the Bwindi Forest National Park and Mgahinga Gorilla National Park, the two national parks are restricted from human settlement mostly to the Batwa who make 1% of Uganda's total population.
Bwindi and Mgahinga were initially tropical rain forests which were gazetted into national parks in 1990. The tropical rain forests were the permanent settlement for the Batwa/pygmies that dwelled there full time and depended on the forest for everything they wanted. The creation stories of the Batwa tells that when God was giving out gifts, he gave some people height, and others prosperous land and riches, however by the time God reached the Batwa people, all other gifts were finished and he gave them the tropical rain forests which they believed belonged to them.
They had access to all natural resources in the forest including the bush meat, firewood, water, and honey among others. Unfortunately, all these rights were restricted since 1991 when the national parks were gazetted. The Batwa were evicted and pushed out of the forest forcing them to settle at the edge of the national park. Life seemed to be difficult for them at first living out of the forest which they knew as their permanent settlement, this forced Scott Kellermann a researcher who dedicated to become the voice of the Batwa to the government official so that the Batwa would be allowed to settle in the forest.
Having mountain gorillas as the most endangered ape specie and so close to human beings, the unlimited access to them by the local people (Batwa) led to the extinction and los of gorillas. The increased population and the increased poverty led forced people to cut tress and hut wild life to support their lively hoods until when the government stopped them with strict laws. Human habitation within park boundaries was forbidden, and the Batwa were forced out of the forests at gunpoint and where not compensated for because they had not built permanent structures and did not tend crops.
The Batwa lived terrible lives out of the forest with children having swollen bellies and rail-thin adults indicating severe malnutrition, poor sanitation in their communities, and a lack of medical care.
According to the united organizations or Batwa development in Uganda, Most Batwa children drop out of primary school, further ensuring a precarious future for their people in that it is only three of the few thousand Batwa living in Uganda that have earned college degrees.
Unfortunately, kellerman was shocked at the Batwa who didn't appreciate his efforts and rejected his request from the government official that they did not want to go back to the forest. This was really contrary to the expressions of gratitude and waves of joy that he expected from the Batwa. It was later that Kellermann realized his mistake of attempting to advocate for the Batwa without consulting them.
The eviction was done by the government in the name of conserving wild life and promotion of tourism, however, in contrary to that, the senior planning and environment impact assessment officer of the Uganda wild life authority said that the Batwa were also human beings who needed to live normal life rather than bush men.
The removal of indigenous people from their homelands, or stripping harvest rights from locals, is not only unnecessary but counterproductive because locals are believed to conserve and support tourism if they are involved in conservation programs as it sustains their livelihoods other than chasing them which leads to loss of trusts and illegal poaching by the local people and natural resource conflicts.
However, despite of all that happened, it still stands that the Batwa has the right to access the national parks since it is their ancestral lands or otherwise get compensation from the government. They should also be recognized as the owners of the land. The campaign is led by Kenneth Turyamubona a Mutwa who has managed to get a degree alongside other two people in the whole batwa culture.
Multiple zones and development projects have been created by the government but these programs have not helped the people who lost most of their land. It has not dissuaded locals from illegally accessing the forest. It is unfortunate that many of the poorest can't get permits to access the natural resources.
Kellermanns helped the Batwa organize and establish the Batwa Development Program in 2008. It focuses on education, health care, land and food security, and self-determination for the Batwa; he also established the Bwindi Community Hospital that has improved people's lives in that the area it serves has achieved a much lower mortality rate compared with the rest of Uganda, and a drop to 6 percent for children under five from the 40 percent that prevailed when he got there.
In order to respond to the Batwas's interest of teaching their kids the traditional songs, stories and legends in the forest, scottermann bought 150 acres of land and established a cultural centre for the Batwa where they practice their forest life as well as the tourists.
In conclusion therefore at present, the Batwa have been realized to have developed the voice to express their needs and the BDP council that represents the Batwa has approached the government officials and resolved the issue.
Batwa Cultural Trail
The Batwa cultural trail provides the Batwa with employment and they get 8000ush per participation which has improved their standards of living.
Buniga Forest Walk
After your gorilla safari you should also taking an organised tour that is aimed at settling the Batwa Community and improving their standards of living. The Buniga Forest walk is one of such initiatives that can help out these communities.
How Ecotourism is Saving Mountain Gorillas
According to the 2017 Virunga gorilla census, there are only about 1000 Mountain Gorillas left in the wild worldwide. Making it a critically endangered species of ape. Half of this population is found in Bwindi Impenetrable National Park in…
ConserveNews
Safari Hides – a Sustainable Approach to Game Viewing?
The times that game drives were the only activity on offer during your African safari have fortunately passed. Our urban city dwellers need more to get the heart pumping nowadays. Game walks, scenic flights, helicopter trips, canoeing and fly…


The need for container investments is constantly growing as the shipping industry multiplies its growth. CMA CGM's Marco Polo, the world's largest container ship as of November 6, 2012, measured by capacity, can hold up to 10,000 fourteen-ton containers or 16,020 if they are not fully loaded. This ship highlights the need for container investments as major companies in the shipping industry continue to make larger, more fuel-efficient ships.
Demand for a supply of shipping containers will grow substantially as the shipping industry continues its growth. Prior to the Marco Polo ship, Emma Maersk was largest container ship. Launched in 2006, the Emma Maersk container ship was the largest container ship at that time, holding upto 11,000 TEU. Though the Marco Polo ship is larger than the Emma Maersk vessel, the Emma Maersk can still carry 1000 more containers at a 14 ton capacity. Nevertheless, records are expected to be broken in June 2013, as the Maersk Line will receive the first of it's Triple-E class ships; carrying 18,270 TEU. This will be the first of a family of large container ships, in the Triple E class.
The name Triple E originates from the class's three design principles: Economy of scale, Energy efficient and Environmentally improved. These massive container ships are expected to not only be the world's largest ships, but also the most efficient per TEU of cargo and a contributor to the rising demand for shipping containers, in many parts of the world. Although the new ships will not be able to use any port in the Americas or across the Panama Canal, they will be able to sail between Europe and Asia along the Suez Canal. Maersk already owns 100 ships on this route, but has plans to consolidate their company's share of the Europe-Asia trade, with the addition of its new Triple-E class ships.
Rest assured, the Marco Polo container ship is just a highlight of what the shipping industry will potentially offer. The launching of the Triple-E class' massive container ships, will spawn major growth in the demand for a constant supply of shipping containers and present a profitable opportunity for investors to invest in shipping containers; and then lease them to industry leaders and shipping giants. Not only will this approach contribute to global economic growth, it will also provide the investment community with a profitable low-risk investment opportunity.


They say it will bring clarity. That remains to be seen. While I'm certainly not a Windows cynic like nearly all Mac users and several others who basically find it hip to diss Windows, I'm not a Microsoft sellout either.
But nevertheless, the thought of a new OS with upgraded features and horsepower is somewhat exciting. And today Microsoft announced the renaming of their new operating system, due next year. Welcome Windows Vista–formerly codenamed Longhorn.
Anyway, there is little information on Vista on Microsoft's official site, as you can see if you followed the link. I've read some preliminary stuff about Longhorn, which should apply to Vista. Sounds like it will be another major step forward, but it's still a way behind OS X–according to Mac users.


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Успенская улица () — улица в Новозаводском районе города Чернигова, исторически сложившаяся местность (район) Лесковица. Пролегает от улицы Толстого до переулка Гаевой.

Примыкают улицы Лесковицкая, Гаевая.

История
Успенская улица была проложена в начале 19 века. В 1927 году Успенская улица переименована на Южная улица. В октябре 1980 года Южная улица переименована на улица Антонова-Овсеенко — в честь российского революционера, советского партийно-государственного и военного деятеля Владимира Александровича Антонова-Овсеенко.

24 декабря 2015 года улице было возвращено историческое название — в честь Успенского собора, к которому ведёт улица, согласно Распоряжению городского главы В. А. Атрошенко Черниговского городского совета № 308-р «Про переименование улиц города» («Про перейменування вулиць міста»).

30 июня 2022 года был ликвидирован детсад № 61 (дом № 15), согласно Решению Черниговского городского совета № 18/VIII-5 ("Про ліквідацію Чернігівського дошкільного навчального закладу № 61 Чернігівської міської ради Чернігівської області").

Застройка
Улица пролегает в южном направлении — к озеру Млиновище. Улица расположена в пойме реки Десна. Парная и непарная стороны улицы заняты усадебной застройкой.

Учреждения:
 дом № 15 — бывший детсад № 61

Памятники истории местного значения:
 дом № 34 — Дом, где жил художник Андрей Ефимович Петусь (1944-1958) (дом 1880-х годов)
 дом № 52 — Дом, где жил и творил прозаик и поэт Николай Андреевич Вербицкий (дом середины 19 века, реконструкция 1993)

Есть ряд рядовых исторических зданий, что не являются памятниками архитектуры или истории: 13 усадебных домов.

Мемориальные доски:
 дом № 52 — прозаику и поэту Николаю Андреевичу Вербицкому — барельеф — на доме, где жил

Примечания

Литература
 Чернігівщина: Енциклопедичний довідник, К.: УРЕ і м. М. П. Бажана, 1990. — с. 39 АНТОНОВА-ОВСІЄНКА ВУЛИЦЯ
 Сапон В. . Вулиці старого Чернігова: Історико-краєзн. етюди. — Чернігів: РВК «Десн. правда», 2007. — 128 с.

Улицы Чернигова

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


Norway has frozen 280 million kroner ($36 million) in aid to Afghanistan until Kabul clears up a corruption scandal surrounding Kabul Bank, the Norwegian deputy foreign minister said on Tuesday.
Oslo will block payment of the funds until the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and Afghan authorities reach an agreement resolving the crisis plaguing Kabul Bank, the biggest private bank in Afghanistan now on the verge of bankruptcy after its management embezzled funds.
"A large part of our work in Afghanistan is contributing to good governance," deputy foreign minister Espen Barth Eide told business daily Dagens Naeringsliv (DN).
"What has happened at Kabul Bank is not an example of good governance," he added.
Several bank officials, including Mahmood Karzai, the brother of Afghanistan's President Hamid Karzai, have been accused of taking out large loans that were never repaid, totalling some $900 million, sources close to the case have said.
The IMF has insisted any financial aid package for Afghanistan would be conditional on the bank crisis being resolved.
"If the Afghan authorities and the IMF do not reach a solution, we will not return to 'business as usual'. Other solutions will have to be found," Barth Eide said.
In such an event, he said, Norwegian aid could be channelled through the United Nations. Until now, Oslo has been paying 40 percent of its aid to Kabul through the Afghanistan Reconstruction Trust Fund.


text:
R Mittal
Volume 63 Issue 1 July 2004 pp 73-79
Inelastic neutron scattering and lattice dynamics studies in complex solids
Mala N Rao R Mittal Narayani Choudhury S L Chaplot
At Trombay, lattice dynamics studies employing coherent inelastic neutron scattering (INS) experiments have been carried out at the two research reactors, CIRUS and Dhruva. While the early work at CIRUS involved many elemental solids and ionic molecular solids, recent experiments at Dhruva have focussed on certain superconductors (cuprates and intermetallics), geophysically important minerals (Al2SiO5, ZrSiO4, MnCO3) and layered halides (BaFCl, ZnCl2). In most of the studies, theoretical modelling of lattice dynamics has played a significant role in the interpretation and analysis of the results from experiments. This talk summarises the developments and current activities in the field of inelastic neutron scattering and lattice dynamics at Trombay.
Volume 63 Issue 2 August 2004 pp 393-397
Inelastic neutron scattering study of lattice dynamics in α-ZnCl2
A Sen Mala N Rao R Mittal S L Chaplot
Inelastic neutron scattering experiments have been carried out to measure the phonon density of states in polycrystalline α-ZnCl2 at Dhruva, Trombay. Lattice dynamical calculations, based on an interatomic potential model, are accomplished to study phonons associated with this otherwise extremely hygroscopic compound. Our calculated data are found to be well-compatible with the available measured ones.
Inelastic neutron scattering in Zr2NiH1.9 and Zr2NiH4.6
R Mittal S L Chaplot P Raj K Shashikala A Sathyamoorthy
In this paper we report the results obtained from inelastic neutron scattering measurements on Zr2NiH1.9 and Zr2NiH4.6 using triple-axis spectrometer at Dhruva reactor, Trombay. The spectrum up to 35 meV represents largely the lattice modes of Zr and Ni atoms. The vibrational frequencies of hydrogen atoms are expected predominantly at higher energies. The phonon spectra from 35–180 meV were recorded using a Be filter as analyser. In order to analyse the observed neutron spectra, we assume a set of Ein-stein modes due to the hydrogen atoms which are delta functions in energy. These delta functions are broadened by the resolution of the instrument. The vibrational frequencies obtained from the fitting of the observed phonon spectra have been assigned to various tetrahedral sites in both the compounds.
Inelastic neutron scattering and lattice dynamics of GaPO4
R Mittal S L Chaplot A I Kolesnikov C -K Loong O D Jayakumar S K Kulshreshtha
We report here measurements of phonon spectrum and lattice dynamical calculations for GaPO4. The measurements in low-cristobalite phase of GaPO4 are carried out using high-resolution medium-energy chopper spectrometer at ANL, USA in the energy transfer range 0–160 meV. Semiempirical interatomic potential in GaPO4, previously determined using ab-initio calculations have been widely used in studying the phase transitions among various polymorphs. The calculated phonon spectrum using the available potential show fair agreement with the experimental data. However, the agreement between the two is improved by including the polarisability of the oxygen atoms in the framework of the shell model. The lattice dynamical models are also exploited for calculations of various thermodynamic properties of GaPO4.
Volume 71 Issue 4 October 2008 pp 829-835 Invited Papers
Negative thermal expansion in framework compounds
We have studied negative thermal expansion (NTE) compounds with chemi- cal compositions of NX2O8 and NX2O7 (N=Zr, Hf and X=W, Mo, V) and M2O (M=Cu, Ag) using the techniques of inelastic neutron scattering and lattice dynamics. There is a large variation in the negative thermal expansion coefficients of these compounds. The inelastic neutron scattering experiments have been carried out using polycrystalline and single crystal samples at ambient pressure as well as at high pressures. Experimental data are useful to confirm the predictions made from our lattice dynamical calculations as well as to check the quality of the interatomic potentials developed by us. We have been able to successfully model the NTE behaviour of these compounds. Our studies show that unusual phonon softening of low energy modes is able to account for NTE in these compounds.
Volume 71 Issue 5 November 2008 pp 1129-1134 Inelastic and Quasielastic Neutron Scattering
Inelastic neutron scattering and lattice dynamics of NaNbO3 and Sr0.70Ca0.30TiO3
S K Mishra R Mittal N Choudhury S L Chaplot D Pandey
NaNbO3 and (Sr,Ca)TiO3 exhibit an unusual complex sequence of temperature- and pressure-driven structural phase transitions. We have carried out lattice dynamical studies to understand the phonon modes responsible for these phase transitions. Inelastic neutron scattering measurements using powder samples were carried out at the Dhruva reactor, which provide the phonon density of states. Lattice dynamical models have been developed for SrTiO3 and CaTiO3 which have been fruitfully employed to study the phonon spectra and vibrational properties of the solid solution (Sr,Ca)TiO3.
Lattice dynamics of strontium tungstate
Prabhatasree Goel R Mittal S L Chaplot A K Tyagi
We report here measurements of the phonon density of states and the lattice dynamics calculations of strontium tungstate (SrWO4). At ambient conditions this compound crystallizes to a body-centred tetragonal unit cell (space group I41/a) called scheelite structure. We have developed transferable interatomic potentials to study the lattice dynamics of this class of compounds. The model parameters have been fitted with respect to the experimentally available Raman and infra-red frequencies and the equilibrium unit cell parameters. Inelastic neutron scattering measurements have been carried out in the triple-axis spectrometer at Dhruva reactor. The measured phonon density of states is in good agreement with the theoretical calculations, thus validating the inter-atomic potential developed.
Inelastic neutron scattering and lattice dynamics of ZrO2, Y2O3 and ThSiO4
Preyoshi P Bose R Mittal N Choudhury S L Chaplot
Zirconia (ZrO2), yttria (Y2O3) and thorite (ThSiO4) are ceramic materials used for a wide range of industrial applications. The dynamical properties of these materials are of interest as they exhibit numerous interesting phase transitions at high temperature and pressure. Using a combination of inelastic neutron scattering and theoretical lattice dynamics we have studied the phonon spectra and thermodynamic properties of these compounds. The experimental data validate the theoretical model, while the model enables microscopic interpretations of the observed data. The calculated thermodynamic properties are in good agreement with the experimental data.


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Zawadynci (ukr. Завадинці) – wieś na Ukrainie, w obwodzie chmielnickim, w rejonie gródeckim.

Miejsce urodzenia Piotra Chmielowskiego, potem własność Kazimierza Ferdynanda Pułaskiego, znanego historyka i archeologa.

Parafia Boga Ojca dekanatu gródeckiego.

Przypisy

Wsie w rejonie gródeckim (obwód chmielnicki)


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Das Schloss Wehen ist ein auf einer mittelalterlichen Burg aufbauendes Schloss im Stadtteil Wehen von Taunusstein im hessischen Rheingau-Taunus-Kreis. Es liegt auf einer Höhe von 370 Metern über NHN in der Ortsmitte (Gerichtsstraße 6) östlich der denkmalgeschützten Evangelischen Kirche Wehen.

Geschichte
Ein Adelsgeschlecht genannt de Wehena wurde 1227 urkundlich erwähnt (und erlosch 1518), der Ort Wehen selbst wurde 1285 erstmals genannt. Er erhielt 1323 von Kaiser Ludwig dem Bayern die Stadtrechte zugesprochen und wurde mit einer Stadtmauer versehen. Graf Gerlach I. von Nassau ließ den Ort befestigen und um 1330 eine Burg zur Absicherung seines Besitzes erbauen, möglicherweise auf einer früheren Turmburg des Ortsadelsgeschlechts aufbauend. Ab 1346 (Nassauische Erbteilung) fiel Wehen an Johann I. von Nassau-Weilburg. Die Anlage ist ab da als Gerichts- und Verwaltungssitz für den Wehener Grund (das Gebiet zwischen Kirberg, Idstein, Bad Schwalbach und Wiesbaden) nachgewiesen.

Zwischen 1595 und 1611 erfolgten umfangreiche Instandsetzungsarbeiten, 1630 eine Erneuerung und ein Umbau der Nebengebäude und die Errichtung von zwei Torbögen. Die Befestigungen wurden dabei völlig abgetragen.

Im 16. und 17. Jahrhundert wurde die Anlage Witwensitz der Grafen von Nassau-Weilburg: Gräfin Anna von Weilburg (1541–1616) (Witwe von Albrecht von Nassau-Weilburg) von 1593 bis 1616 und ihre Schwiegertochter Elisabeth von Weilburg (1579–1655) mit Unterbrechungen durch Kriegshandlungen des Dreißigjährigen Krieges von 1629 bis 1655.

Nach dem Dreißigjährigen Krieg erfolgte ein Neuaufbau im 17. und 18. Jahrhundert zum fürstlichen Jagdschloss. 1769 war das Schloss Amtssitz des Wehener Amtmannes und Justizrates Carl Wilhelm Christian Ibell. 1780 wurde hier Karl von Ibell, der spätere Nassauische Regierungspräsident, geboren. Zwölf Jahre später war das Schloss Hauptquartier für Friedrich Wilhelm II. von Preußen, 1813 wurde es von General Ludwig Yorck von Wartenburg bewohnt. Im Schloss blieb das Amtsgericht bis 1943. Im Jahr 1967 wurde die Einfassungsmauer an der Weiherstraße abgebrochen und der alte Burggraben endgültig eingeebnet.

Das Schloss steht unter Denkmalschutz und beherbergt seit 1995 das Taunussteiner Museum sowie die Gaststätte "Wirtshaus im Schloß".

Im Sommer 2018 wurden bei Bauarbeiten auf einem benachbarten Grundstück Mauern entdeckt. Vermutet wird ein Zusammenhang zur ehemaligen Wehener Burg.

Architektur
Die Schloss- bzw. Amtsgebäude (auf die die frühere Bezeichnung ebenso überging) gruppieren sich entlang der ehemaligen Stadtmauer um einen weitläufigen Hof. Das Herrenhaus des 18. Jahrhunderts ist wie schon beschrieben in seinen Grundmauern mittelalterlich. Es ist ein massiver und voluminöser Bau mit rechteckigem Grundriss, hat ein Mansardwalmdach und eine zweiläufige Freitreppe. Dem Nebengebäude ebenfalls aus dem 18. Jahrhundert mit verputztem Fachwerk und verschiefertem Obergeschoss ist ein Krüppelwalmdach aufgesetzt. Ein- und zweigeschossige Scheunen mit Satteldach begrenzen die Anlage.

Literatur
 Georg Dehio: Handbuch der Deutschen Kunstdenkmäler. Hessen II, Bearb.: Folkhard Cremer, Deutscher Kunstverlag, München 2008, ISBN 3-422-03117-0, S. 798.
 Rolf Müller (Hrsg.): Schlösser, Burgen, alte Mauern. Herausgegeben vom Hessendienst der Staatskanzlei, Wiesbaden 1990, ISBN 3-89214-017-0, S. 341–342.
 Rudolf Knappe: Mittelalterliche Burgen in Hessen: 800 Burgen, Burgruinen und Burgstätten. 3. Auflage. Wartberg-Verlag, Gudensberg-Gleichen 2000, ISBN 3-86134-228-6. S. 463.

Weblinks

Einzelnachweise

Wehen
Wehen
Kulturdenkmal in Taunusstein
Bauwerk in Taunusstein
Wehen
Wehen


While the Mongolian countryside was stunning and our trip was diverse and provided us with the chance to see an incredible amount, we also learned several things. Firstly we learned about ourselves. We learned that we do not like sitting for 8 to 12 hours a day. We learned that we dislike goats meat (at least when it's served with every meal), and we learned that we like having some element of control over our daily lives.
Secondly we learned about Mongolian tours. We learned that a Mongolian tour is only as good as your driver. We learned that they are usually pre-scripted and unoriginal, and that while new tours are exciting for both driver and guide, these are also a challenge. We learned that changing one flat tire can take as little as ten minutes or as long as 2 hours. We learned that everyone in the Mongolian tourist industry knows each other. And we learned that things just run differently than you expect.
Three days in, the bus is slowly navigating a perfectly good, paved road, the kind of road that even I would not mind driving on. While other vehicles pass at around 100-120kmh, we remain crawling at 40 -50. We accuse our driver of being hungover and tired from the previous night's party in the drivers' part of camp- a party that had been raucous enough that we all caught wind of it. This is vehemently denied until three days later, when driver and guide attempt to pass it off with some jokes. That day's driving takes us three to four hours longer than planned.
We meet a bus filled with a French tour group. While we greet them, they are less than happy to see us and scowl as their driver (who wears a very fetching beret), has a long conversation with our driver. When we pitch camp for the evening, they begin to have a shouting match, the driver insisting they camp next to us, the tourists insisting they want to be alone. We learn later, from our guide, that the driver has ignored the planned itinerary and has driven in such a way so that he can hang out with his mate- our driver. The two drink into the night.
In the Gobi desert, lost, our driver stops every visible person to try to ensure he has the right and quickest way to our destination. When we don't find it, he tirelessly continues searching, although he's been driving for hours in 40 degree heat.
It is the second night in the mountains. Our tire exploded yesterday, and not only did our driver manage to patch it up in less than an hour, he spent his entire day off finding a replacement. After hearing us discuss the cold at breakfast, he and the guide go one step further and arrange for us to stay in a local ger, to make sure we have a good night's sleep.
Basically the first piece of advice from our 21 day in a bus is: be realistic with yourself about what you are getting into. On a 21 day tour some things will go wrong. Some (or several) days will be longer than expected. Some sights will be disappointing. Some personality clashes will occur. If you have any doubts about wanting to be on a tour, planned for you and with limited space for adjustment, try a different (or shorter) option.
The second pertains to Mongolia specifically: on Mongolian tours, drivers are the key. Your guide is unlikely to be more than a cook and a translator, although this does come in handy when your driver has limited English skills. Your driver's skills, mood and hangover will determine how quickly and how far you drive, what route you take and whether or not you are able to approximately stick to the plan the tour operator lured you in with. In many cases, we thought our driver was ingenious. We were thankful for the extra consideration he paid us, for his cheerful 'good mornings!' and for his ability to fix pretty much every part of the car that seemed to be falling apart. However we never really challenged him on his decisions and the one time we did it was clearly an issue. I suspect that if we had been more obstinate, a scene like the one in the French camp would have occurred.
A 'hot spring' you had to photograph from a certain angle- if you wanted to avoid images of concrete and piping.
For me it fundamentally came down to control. I like getting into a car and knowing where I'm going. I like deciding when I'm done for the day. I like deciding if I will walk or sit, run or have a nap. I like determining what I will have for lunch by myself, and I even like getting lost by myself- as long as I have some ability to help get myself un-lost, I'm ok. I'm not happy sitting and waiting for things to happen. I'm not happy watching everything pass by the window, control limited to asking for photo and toilet stops. I'm not happy feeling like I'm sitting in the back taking a tour of all of the driver's friends' ger camps.
For me there will be no 'next time' for organised tours, especially not in the rugged and breath-taking wilderness that is Mongolia. That's something I have definitely learned.


With more than 900 species of salvia, there is no shortage of diversity in this genus.From the compact edible sage (Salvia officinalis) with its gray-green leaves to the massive 7-foot tall forsythia sage (Salvia madrensis), there is undoubtedly a salvia that will fit into your landscape.Commonly known as sage, salvia is a good investment, because the plants provide wonderful color and are great at attracting bees, butterflies and hummingbirds.Some salvias only last one growing season (annuals), whereas others are categorized as perennials - meaning they come back year after year on their own roots.Because there are so many species and varieties, do a little homework before purchasing to find out if the salvia is adapted to your hardiness zone and how big it will be at maturity. This will determine if and how they can be used in your landscape.Sizes vary from 1 foot to 6 feet tall. Smaller types can be used as border plants, whereas medium to large salvia make great fillers or background plants for flower beds.Some are adapted to wet sites, like bog sage, but most prefer some organic matter and well drained soils. Full sun is the norm, but some prefer partial shade. Overall, they are relatively carefree plants and are also deer-resistant. Occasionally an insect problem may surface but can be controlled through pruning or by spraying with horticultural soaps or oils. Remove spent flowers to encourage more blooms, and don't prune back perennial salvias late in the growing season. Wait to prune in the spring as new growth emerges.Local nurseries carry many of the traditional salvias. Some of the more unusual ones can be special ordered by the nursery, or you can search the Web for a supplier.Here are a few of the favorites of local gardeners.- Salvia splendens, scarlet sage, is the most common annual salvia and is used for an instant splash of color. Red is the most popular, but other colors include purple, salmon, white and bi-colors.Plants mature at 12 to 18 inches tall and 12 inches wide. Red salvia is often planted in a mass with dusty miller as a backdrop. To keep these plants blooming, it is critical to remove fading flower heads.- Salvia coccinea is a native annual and is commonly referred to as tropical sage. This one matures at 2 to 4 feet tall and 2 feet wide. Colors include red, white, pink and bicolors. Red is the most popular color and Lady in Red is a favorite cultivar, because it is such a prolific bloomer.Although these plants will not survive freezes, they reseed readily. If you don't want volunteers, prune and discard the fading bloom spikes.- Another favorite annual is Salvia elegans, or pineapple sage. This one reaches 3 feet tall and wide, producing red tubular blooms from spring through fall. It has a pineapple fragrance and is used to make teas, jellies and potpourri. Frieda Dixon is a sport from S. elegans and has salmon colored flowers that some think is more fragrant than the parent plant.- Salvia farinacea or mealycup sage is readily available at garden centers. Victoria series is one of the most popular because it is compact, maturing at 2 to 3 feet tall. Victoria comes in blue or white, and although many treat it as an annual, some plants survive for years.Evolution is a newer selection showing up in local stores. It grows 18 to 14 inches tall and its flowers are dark violet-purple. Based on trials conducted at the University of Florida trial gardens, these performed well throughout the summer months.- There are many perennial salvias to choose from. A few of my favorites include Salvia farnacea x longispicata, Indigo Spires; Salvia greggii; Salvia guarantica, Black and Blue; Salvia Mystic Spires Blue; and Salvia leucantha.Indigo Spires is a large, sprawling plant reaching heights of 3 to 5 feet and is good for informal gardens. Their dark blue flower spikes often reach up to 2 feet long.Salvia gregii is available in many colors (peach, red, white, salmon, pink, yellow) and is often referred to as autumn sage. Depending on the variety, they range in size from 11/2 to 4 feet tall and become woody over time. They have an unusually long bloom period and are drought-tolerant.Black and Blue is an upright salvia maturing at around 3 feet tall. The flowers are striking with their dark blue color. Be prepared for this one to pop up throughout the garden as underground runners fan out.Mystic Spires Blue salvia is a great medium-size perennial for the landscape, reaching 2 to 3 feet in height with a matching spread. Purple-blue flower spikes are present year-round. The plant resembles Indigo Spires but is smaller and hardier.Salvia leucantha, Mexican bush sage, is a wonderful fall-blooming plant reaching 4 feet tall with a matching spread. Leaves and flowers are fuzzy; blooms are white with purple and appear around mid August through the fall. Midnight is an all-purple flowering selection. These plants will continue to spread a little each year, so provide some growing room.Terry Brite DelValle is a horticultural extension agent with the University of Florida and the city of Jacksonville.


Then, I realized that I could make the same thing myself with items I most likely already had on hand, saving myself a good chunk of money. So, I made myself a salt scrub. I love this scrub because it really exfoliates my skin and leaves it feeling nice and soft, and it took me just a couple of minutes to whip up.
I didn't have anything to use a scent, but you can buy essential oils on eBay for relatively cheap. At some point, I'm going to order some so I can make some nice smelling scrubs. But, in the meantime, my scent-free scrub works just fine. And, now, I can put that money I was spending toward something else — like buying things for my daughter!
Put your desired amount of sea salt in the container of your choice. Add oil, stirring, until it reaches the consistency of wet sand. If you are using an essential oil, add it and stir your mixture. Enjoy!


Born in the United Kingdom, Michael has been working as a professional stage manager and production manager for over 25 years. He has worked with some of the very best talents in British Theatre, both onstage and backstage.
In 2008, Michael joined Bath Spa University as Subject Leader for the Theatre Production programme. Michael re-wrote it as a full three-year trajectory BA(Hons) programme; and he led a period of significant growth, enhancing professional partnerships and excellent student satisfaction for the programme. While at Bath Spa University, Michael also worked as a Production Manager for Theatre Royal, Bath.


This is the most common massage that is used for prevention and therapeutic treatment of most muscle aches, pains or injuries. For each client the amount of pressure, techniques and approach to each treatment will be different. The variety of hands-on methods that a therapist uses can stretch and loosen tight muscles, provide more blood flow to an area and improve the removal of waste products from the body.
Mothers-to-be can benefit from this relaxing full body massage. This massage treatment is suited to any stage of pregnancy and focuses on most complaints that a mom-to-be may be experiencing. With comfortable pillow positioning, the therapist addresses anything from swelling in the feet, constipation to back ache during the treatment.
As a Doula and mother of two, the experience of natural childbirth is a joyous and difficult process. I can provide relief during labour and support for the mother and family as an added professional wether Midwives or Medical Doctors are being used.
is a hydrotherapy treatment that involves heat and dark stones to apply a deep moist heat to the body. The technique for this treatment uses warm stones placed on the clients body and in the therapist's hands. The Stones serve different purposes during the treatment, determined by the layout of each stone. The palms of the hands, toes and feet, sinuses, spine, and the 5 Chakra's are for bringing balance to the charka centers plus others to massage with. The stones give off heat and electromagnetic energy, virtually feeding the body, and encouraging relaxation and a sense of peace. A very relaxing treatment for anyone looking for something different to try!
CST is a very light touch technique that releases tension deep in the body to relieve pain and dysfunction to improve the whole body health. It works by freeing the central nervous system to perform more productively in healing itself from the inside out. The soft tissue and fluid around the brain and spinal cord are what the therapist tries to "tap" into to allow the fluid and tissue to relax and let go. Conditions that it can help are Migraines, chronic neck and back pain, TMJ syndrome and scoliosis. The sessions are generally deeply relaxing, creating feelings of warmth and gentle pulsing in the areas that the therapist is working.
is a specific technique that engages deeper tissue to alleviate more chronic issues under the surface. It can be extremly helpful in addressing "holding patterns" of muscles and tissues that affect our posture and regular biomechanics of our bodies. These are caused by everyday activites like working at a computer, driving, and physical labour. Gwen uses little or no oil and applies different amounts of pressure while letting the tissue respond and release to effectivly let the fascia to let go.
Thai massage uses a number of techniques using leaning pressure, reflexology, meridian line work, joint play and passive stretching. Gwen is able to carry out a sequence of thai massage techniques on a massage table. The client does need to wear comfortable clothes that allow the body to move freely without restriction.


Skill shortages in the UK jobs market have continued to boost pay growth, but with Brexit uncertainty set to persist, we now think it's unlikely to be followed up with a Bank of England rate hike later this year.
The key takeaway from the latest UK jobs report is the continued strength in wage growth. At 3.4%, regular pay is growing close to its fastest rate since the financial crisis, and this comes as firms in certain sectors are finding it harder to attract/retain staff. Surveys indicate that skill shortages are particularly acute in the construction, IT and hospitality industries, and this has seen rates of pay outpace other sectors.
In principle, there are few reasons to expect this trend to fade imminently, although amid all of the uncertainty, we'd note the number of people on the unemployed claimant count has begun to exceed the number of job vacancies - perhaps a sign of some weakness ahead.
For the time being though, rising wage growth should offer some extra impetus to consumer spending, particularly the relatively benign consumer price inflation backdrop. The temporary reprieve from Brexit noise may also help sales of bigger-ticket items, although consumer confidence still remains depressed overall. In the short-run, retailers may also get a boost from the forecasts of decent weather for the Easter weekend.
Overall though, we don't expect a substantial rebound in economic growth over the next few months. The headwinds facing businesses have not faded, and many will need to continue building up their preparations for a possible 'no deal' Brexit later in the year. In many cases this will be very costly, and therefore will continue to weigh down overall investment.
For that reason, we think it is now pretty unlikely that the Bank of England will hike rates this year – unless some form of deal is approved earlier than most people expect. However if wage growth continues to perform relatively well (which don't forget has been at the heart of the BoE's rate hike rationale in the past), then further gradual tightening cannot be ruled out in the medium term.


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Albert McClellan Melvin Gordon Anthony Lynn Bill Belichick Adrian Phillips Tyrell Williams Ryan Allen Phillip Dorsett Philip Rivers Antonio Gates Tom Brady Lamar Jackson Sports NFL Playoffs Professional football Football NFL football
Los Angeles Chargers New England Patriots Baltimore Ravens
Chargers defense a no-show in playoff loss to Patriots
By JIMMY GOLEN - Feb. 13, 2019 04:50 AM EST
Los Angeles Chargers defensive end Joey Bosa watches from the sideline during the second half of an NFL divisional playoff football game against the New England Patriots, Sunday, Jan. 13, 2019, in Foxborough, Mass. (AP Photo/Steven Senne)
FOXBOROUGH, Mass. (AP) — With a few minutes left in the first half, on their fifth attempt to slow down Tom Brady and the New England Patriots, the Chargers finally managed a defensive stop.
It was only temporary.
Desmond King fumbled New England's first punt of the game, Albert McClellan recovered the ball just inches before it went out of bounds , and the Los Angeles defense was back on duty. The Patriots needed just four more plays to score their fifth touchdown in one of the most dominating starts in NFL postseason history.
"We laid an egg today," Chargers safety Adrian Phillips said after the Patriots scoredfourstraighttouchdowns to blow open the game and went on to win 41-28. "We didn't show up the way we usually do."
One week after shutting down Lamar Jackson and the Baltimore Ravens in the wild-card round, the Chargers (13-5) fell behind 35-7 in the first half and blew an opportunity to advance to their first AFC championship game since the 2007 season.
Instead, the Patriots (12-5) reached the conference title game for the eighth straight time, with a chance to reach the Super Bowl for the third year in a row and the ninth time under Brady and coach Bill Belichick.
"They've been here before and they showed up today," Chargers coach Anthony Lynn said. "We dug ourselves in a hole in the first half, but the guys came back out in the second half and competed hard. It was a little too late."
The Patriots are the second team in league history to score a touchdown on each of the first four drives of a playoff game, joining the 2000 Indianapolis Colts (in a first-round game against Denver).
Quarterback Philip Rivers said he was pleased with the way the Chargers offense helped out the defense and came right back to tie it 7-all after New England scored on its opening drive.
"All year, we've really complemented each other well. And if one side needed picking up a little bit, we've done that," Rivers said.
"We did it right away after the first drive," he said. "They scored again and we didn't answer, and they scored again and we didn't answer, and they scored again and we didn't answer. We needed to and we knew offensively that our defense was going to settle in and they needed us and we didn't hold up our end."
The only other time the Patriots failed to score in the first half was on their last possession, when they took over with 51 seconds left and moved to the Los Angeles 36. And it was only because Phillip Dorsett was stopped inbounds and the clock ran out that they weren't able to attempt a field goal.
New England's Ryan Allen did not punt again until there were under 10 minutes left in the game.
"We played better on defense in the second half, but it was too late," safety Derwin James said. "Once Brady has a lead on you like that, it's tough."
The Chargers lost on the road for just the second time all season, and this one wasn't even close. Before heading into the locker rooms at the half trailing 35-7, they:
—Gave up 347 yards of offense, while gaining just 128.
—Had six first downs to 24 for New England.
—Allowed the Patriots to convert all five times they were in the red zone and on five of six third downs.
"We got our butt's kicked today," Lynn said. "It's not a comfortable moment for us, for sure, but I think in these times we can learn a lot about ourselves."
Rivers completed 25 of 51 passes for 331 yards in the game — much of it after it was out of reach. Tyrell Williams caught five passes for 94 yards, Melvin Gordon had a rushing touchdown and Antonio Gates had a TD reception in what could be the last game of his career.
"Pretty cool that if it were to be his last one, that his last catch was a touchdown," Rivers said. "If it were to be, you'd look back one day and say it ended just how it started there a long time ago."