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Justia › US Law › Case Law › California Case Law › Cal. 2d › Volume 9 › Miller v. Railroad Commission
Miller v. Railroad Commission
[S. F. No. 15761. In Bank. July 1, 1937.]
J. P. MILLER et al., Petitioners, v. THE RAILROAD COMMISSION OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA, Respondent; C. W. CLARKE CO., Intervener.
Carr & Kennedy for Petitioners. [9 Cal. 2d 192]
Ira H. Rowell, Roderick B. Cassidy and Gilmore Tillman for Respondent.
Hardin Barry and Cooley, Crowley & Supple for Intervener.
CURTIS, J.
Petition to review order of the Railroad Commission fixing rates to be charged petitioners for service rendered them by the C. W. Clarke Co., a corporation, in furnishing petitioners water for irrigating purposes. The petition also asks for a review of said order authorizing and directing the discontinuance by the C. W. Clarke Co. of water theretofore delivered to petitioners for the purpose of watering the latter's stock.
The C. W. Clarke Co. was adjudged to be a public utility by the Superior Court of the County of Modoc. The judgment in that action was affirmed by this court. (Babcock v. C. W. Clarke Co., 213 Cal. 389 [2 PaCal.2d 155].) Facts pertinent to the present action will be found stated in the opinion rendered in that case. A brief outline, however, of the further facts will assist in an understanding of the present opinion. The predecessors of the W. C. Clarke Co. were the owners of a tract of swamp land comprising about 4,500 acres lying in the county of Modoc. Through this tract of land Ash Creek ran in a westerly direction and emptied into Pit River. The owners were desirous of draining their said land, and for that purpose constructed a canal, the intake of which was located upstream from their said lands. The canal was several miles in length and extended in a westerly direction and finally emptied its waters into Pit River below the junction of Ash Creek and Pit River. Petitioners were the owners of lands lying along said canal. They were desirous of securing water from said canal for use upon their said lands. After some negotiations with the owners of said canal, the latter agreed that petitioners and the Babcocks, hereinafter more particularly referred to, might use the water in said canal for the purpose of irrigating the lands of petitioners during the irrigating season and also during the balance of the year for domestic and stock purposes. This arrangement continued for some years, when the lessee of C. W. Clarke Co. (the latter in the meantime having succeeded to the ownership of the swamp lands and of said [9 Cal. 2d 193] canal), refused to turn into said canal any water from Ash Creek and denied petitioners' right to receive from said canal any water either for purposes of irrigation or for watering stock. The result of this disagreement was that petitioners and the Babcocks instituted the action of Babcock v. C. W. Clarke Co. mentioned above. As stated above, the C. W. Clarke Co. was adjudged in said action a public utility as to that part of the water flowing in said canal which had theretofore been furnished to the landowners lying along said canal for the purpose of irrigating their said lands, and for domestic use and for watering livestock. The defendants in said action were the C. W. Clarke Co. and its tenant. In said judgment the court fixed the price for the use of said water for irrigation, domestic and stock purposes by the plaintiffs therein at "the sum of $1.00 per acre, or such other sum of money as may be provided by law for the irrigation of each acre of the lands of plaintiff hereinafter described". The acreage of the plaintiffs at the date of said judgment amounted to 595 acres, and the acreage of the present petitioners amounts to 265 acres. Subsequent to the trial of said action, the Babcocks, who were among the plaintiffs in said action and who were the owners of 330 acres of said lands, to whom there were awarded by said judgment the use of 330 inches of water, having acquired a private water right sufficient for their use, ceased to use any water from the Clarke canal and ever since then have discontinued said use. The Babcocks applied to the Railroad Commission to approve an agreement between them and the Clarke Company whereby the company would be relieved of all future public utility obligations to the Babcocks. This application was refused. At the same hearing, the commission by its order dated September 17, 1934, advanced the rate for irrigation water from $1 to $2.25 per acre per annum for two fifteen-day irrigation periods, and $1.50 per acre for each additional period of fifteen days. This order further provided for the discontinuance of deliveries of stock water outside of the irrigating season. No petition for a review of this order was ever made to this court. The company proceeded to comply with this order, but contempt proceedings were instituted by the petitioners against the company for the violation of the judgment rendered in the case of Babcock v. C. W. Clarke Co., supra. [9 Cal. 2d 194]
Upon a hearing in said contempt proceeding before the Superior Court of the County of Modoc, the following order was made:
"It appearing to the court that the defendants had violated the provisions of the judgment heretofore rendered by this court, but that they had done so under circumstances that excused them from a wilful disregard of the provisions of said judgment; they are therefore hereby discharged, upon the understanding that they will not in the future, at any time, fail to furnish the plaintiffs the water for stock and domestic purposes to which plaintiffs are entitled under said judgment.
"It being the opinion of the court, that the order of the Railroad Commission to the effect that the defendants be absolved from furnishing water for stock and domestic purposes during the nonirrigating season is void, being in excess of its jurisdiction."
This order of court was dated December 24, 1935, and after that date the C. W. Clarke Co. complied therewith by furnishing to petitioners water for stock and domestic purposes during the nonirrigating season. The order of the commission of date September 17, 1934, remained in force, and was apparently acquiesced in by petitioners in so far as the same fixed the rate to be paid for irrigating water until the date of the present order, now under review in this proceeding, which bears date July 27, 1936. The present order fixes the rate for water delivered for irrigation, entitling the consumer to three irrigations during each year, if desired, at "$7.50 per miner's inch continuous flow per acre", and also orders C. W. Clarke Co. to discontinue further deliveries outside of the irrigating season "of stock water theretofore authorized by the judgment No. 2789" (being the judgment of the Superior Court of Modoc County, affirmed by this court in Babcock v. C. W. Clarke Co., supra). In this order the position of the commission was stated as follows: "The testimony of the water users, who are all stock raisers, is unanimously to the effect that none of them can afford to pay more than the present rate of two dollars and twenty-five cents ($2.25) per acre even with stock water furnished throughout the year without additional charge. It is clear that the Company can no longer afford to operate under present rates and equally evident that this Commission cannot [9 Cal. 2d 195] not require it to continue service at an out-of-pocket loss without confiscating its property without due process of law. The situation since withdrawal of the Babcocks as consumers is as regrettable as it is most unfortunate and hopeless. Delivery of water to the few remaining consumers will necessitate a rate of seven dollars and fifty cents ($7.50) per acre year. If the service at this price is prohibitive to the consumers, there remains nothing further than the abandonment of the public utility service."
In this proceeding for a review of the order of the commission, the Clarke Company asked and was granted leave to intervene. It has appeared herein and filed a brief in support of the order of the commission fixing the rate to be charged by it for irrigating water at $7.50 per acre, and directing it to discontinue furnishing stock water to petitioners. The commission is also contesting the granting of the petition and has joined with intervener in asking for an affirmance of the commission's order.
[1] By section 23 of article XII of the Constitution all public utilities are made subject to control and regulation by the Railroad Commission. This grant of power to the commission is reiterated in section 31 of the Public Utilities Act. (Stats. 1915, p. 115.) This jurisdiction, however, is not exclusive, and until the Railroad Commission has acted in reference to any public utility the superior court has jurisdiction in equity to enforce an obligation imposed by law upon such utility. But after the commission has assumed jurisdiction over a public utility for the purpose of administering the law applicable to the activities of the utility, the commission has exclusive jurisdiction over the regulation and control of said utility and may take any action necessary to the proper and complete exercise of this jurisdiction. In the exercise of this jurisdiction the commission may set aside any prior order or determination of the courts in matters coming under the exclusive jurisdiction of the commission. This decision of the Railroad Commission in matters affecting public utilities is final and conclusive except as the same is restricted by section 67 of the Public Utilities Act, which provides for a writ of review to this court in certain matters. These principles are enunciated and established by the decision of this court in the case of Truck Owners etc., Inc., v. Superior Court, 194 Cal. 146 [228 P. 19, 24]. In upholding [9 Cal. 2d 196] the power of the superior court in matters affecting public utilities where the commission has never exercised its jurisdiction over said utilities, this court said in the case just cited:
"Until it (the legislature) has further exercised its power to divest the superior court of its powers in matters affecting public utilities it must be concluded that such courts as courts of general jurisdiction are open to others as well as to those upon whom the right to resort thereto is specially conferred by the Public Utilities Act and that, therefore, the respondent court had jurisdiction to entertain and decide the pending action and to take the necessary steps to enforce its orders and judgment therein."
In support of the further proposition of law contained in our statement above, we quote the following from the cited case, page 155: "It is insisted by petitioners that unless the Railroad Commission has exclusive jurisdiction to determine the questions of fact involved in said injunction suit and to make its order accordingly, great confusion will arise, for the reason that the superior courts in the several counties may make widely divergent decisions touching the same or similar facts. It is particularly urged by counsel for the Railroad Commission, appearing as amicus curiae, that it is the peculiar and sole province of the commission to determine the fact as to whether or no any particular individual or company is operating 'between fixed termini and over a regular route' and is, therefore a 'transportation company'. And it is argued that if the superior court should find, as it has found in the pending case, that the petitioners are transportation companies, and suppose, say counsel, that later on the commission should assume jurisdiction in a proper proceeding before it and should determine that the said operations were not 'between fixed termini and over a regular route', and that still later an application should be made to the superior court to dissolve the injunction and the court should deny the motion, would not such denial be an interference 'with the Commission in the performance of its official duty'? In answer to the query it should be borne in mind that we are not here dealing with a situation where the Commission has acted. It may also be noted that the Commission undoubtedly has power to inquire into the methods and activities of the plaintiffs as well as the defendants in said action as to [9 Cal. 2d 197] their transportation operations, either on their own motion or on the complaint of petitioners. Likewise it may be noted that the functions of the Commission may be brought into play by an application by petitioners for a certificate of public convenience and necessity. If such certificate be granted the injunction in the pending cause would cease, for by its own terms it is enforceable against the petitioners only 'until they shall have obtained from the Railroad Commission of the State of California a certificate declaring that public convenience and necessity require such operation'. Furthermore, if the Commission shall assume jurisdiction in an investigation as to the activities of the petitioner and the injunction plaintiff, or both, and should determine under subdivision (3) section 1 of the Auto Stage and Truck Transportation Act that the petitioners were not operating 'between fixed termini and over a regular route' and, therefore, were not transportation companies as defined by that act, its finding would not be subject to review and it would then have the power under section 31 of the Public Utilities Act to make all necessary orders to enforce its decision in the matter."
[2] Applying the principles of law announced above, we conclude that the Superior Court of the County of Modoc had jurisdiction to render the judgment in the case brought by petitioners and others against the C. W. Clarke Co., in which it was adjudged that the company was a public utility and that the plaintiffs in said action were the beneficiaries in the use of the water devoted to public use by said utility. We further hold that said judgment was valid and binding upon the parties to said action until the Railroad Commission assumed jurisdiction of said utility for the purpose of regulating its operations, and upon its assumption of jurisdiction over the activities of said utility, any order or judgment of the superior court in conflict with the orders of the commission is to that extent ineffective and of no binding effect upon the parties thereto. This conclusion must necessarily follow from the provisions of the Constitution and the Public Utilities Act, and particularly from section 31 thereof, which provides that: "The Railroad Commission is hereby vested with power and jurisdiction to supervise and regulate every public utility in the state and to do all things, whether herein specifically designated or in addition thereto, which are necessary [9 Cal. 2d 198] or convenient to the exercise of such power and jurisdiction."
[3] The judgment of the Superior Court of Modoc County was not therefore res judicata as to any right of the plaintiffs as beneficiaries in the use of the water devoted to a public use by the defendants in said action as against the future consideration of said right by the commission. When the Railroad Commission assumed jurisdiction over said public utility, as it did at the time of the hearing of the application of the Clarke Company to increase the rates for water delivered to petitioners, which resulted in the order of September 17, 1934, its jurisdiction over the activities of said utility was exclusive and plenary, except by proceedings in review to this court, unhampered and unrestrained by the previous judgment of the Superior Court of the County of Modoc. In this order of September 17, 1934, the commission ordered that the diversion of water for stock purposes be discontinued during the nonirrigating season. Petitioners took no steps to have this order reviewed by this court, but instituted contempt proceedings to the Superior Court of the County of Modoc against the utility to have its officers punished for violating the injunctive provisions of said judgment. From a legal standpoint these proceedings were ineffective for any purpose, as the judgment had been superseded by the action of the commission in assuming jurisdiction over said utility and by its order that the diversion of water be discontinued for stock purposes.
[4] Petitioners contend, however, that by the terms of said judgment their title to the quantity of water, both for irrigation purposes and for domestic purposes, was quieted as against the claims of the defendants in said action. If by this contention petitioners claim that by said judgment they were decreed a private right or estate to the waters in said canal, we think they are in error. "No private estate can be created in property devoted to a public use, and a consumer of water cannot have a water right in the sense of a freehold interest in the real estate of the distributing company; that his right is simply a right of service." (Glenn-Colusa Irr. Dist. v. Paulson, 75 Cal. App. 57, 69 [242 P. 494]. See, also, Leavitt v. Lassen Irr. Co., 157 Cal. 82 [106 P. 404, 29 L.R.A. (N. S.) 213]; Coulter v. Sausalito Bay Water Co., 122 Cal. App. 480, 497 [10 PaCal.2d 780]; Hildreth [9 Cal. 2d 199] v. Montecito Creek Water Co., 139 Cal. 22, 29 [72 P. 395].)
There is a provision in the judgment that each and all of the rights of the plaintiff in said action in and to the waters of Ash Creek at the times and in the amounts as hereinbefore specified be quieted as against the defendants in said action. But the "rights" of the plaintiffs in the waters of Ash Creek were to receive the same for irrigation, domestic and stock purposes "for the price and sum of $1.00 per acre, or such other sum as may be provided by law". This right is simply a right of service, a right to be furnished with water by the utility upon payment of the price, and not a water right in the ordinary sense of "a private freehold interest in the real estate of the distributing company". (Glenn-Colusa Irr. Dist. v. Paulson, supra.) Such a right, as we have seen, is held by the beneficiary subject to the control and regulation thereof by the Railroad Commission. We have searched in vain in the judgment for any provision therein giving to the plaintiffs in said action a private right, as distinguished from a mere right of service, in the waters flowing in said canal. The terms of the judgment are clear that the Clarke Company is a public utility and that plaintiffs are entitled to be served with water by the utility upon payment of the rates fixed by law, and there is not any intimation therein that the plaintiffs in said action have any further or additional rights in said waters than this right of service.
[5] Petitioner assails the order of the commission of date July 27, 1936, upon the ground that the commission did not regularly pursue its authority when it ordered the Clarke Company to discontinue the diversion to them of water for stock purposes and that the rates fixed for irrigation water were unreasonable, excessive and prohibitive. As to that part of the order directing the discontinuance of stock water, as we have already seen, the same direction was contained in the previous order of the commission under date of September 17, 1934. No attempt was made by petitioners to have this order reviewed by this court. It has therefore become final. The order as to this service subsequently made containing the same direction can have no effect upon the first order which has become final. If the later order were set aside the former and final order would still stand and govern the rights of the parties herein. A review of the later order [9 Cal. 2d 200] would therefore be productive of no result which would in any way affect said rights.
[6] The contention that the Railroad Commission in its latest order fixing the rates to be charged petitioners for water for irrigating purposes did not regularly pursue its authority and therefore the order should be set aside on review is based upon two grounds, the first of which is the failure of the commission to include the 330 inches of water, formerly used by the Babcocks, in the total amount of water as a basis for fixing said rates. Petitioners contend, in the first place, that the Clarke Company was without authority to release the Babcocks from their obligation to receive their proportion of the waters of said canal, and thereby cast upon petitioners the entire burden of operating and maintaining said canal. As we view this question, it was not so much the right of the utility to release the Babcocks as it was the right of the Babcocks to discontinue the use of water from said canal. It is conceded that the Babcocks had acquired a private water right sufficient for their purpose, and declined to accept any further service by the utility. It is true this water had been dedicated to a public use, but we have been cited to no authority, and we have been unable to discover any through our own efforts, which holds that a water user, having no further use for the waters furnished by a public utility, can be forced either to receive his proportion of those waters or to pay for the same without using it. We admit that the withdrawal of the Babcocks as patrons of the utility produces a most serious situation, both for the utility and the remaining consumers, but we know of no legal action that can be taken by either the utility or the consumers or by the commission to force the Babcocks to continue to accept service from the public utility without their consent and after they have no use for that service. [7] It is also claimed that the Clarke Company is using the water which formerly was used by the Babcocks in the irrigation of its own lands without paying any part of the cost of maintaining said canal. This claim is denied by the company. This was an issue properly before the commission. We have no authority to receive any evidence upon this or any other issue, but must hear the cause on the record of the commission as certified to us. (Sec. 67, Public Utilities Act.) No claim is made by petitioners that the implied finding of the commission [9 Cal. 2d 201] upon this issue adverse to petitioners is not supported by the record. We must therefore conclude that the commission regularly pursued its authority in excluding the so-called Babcock water from the total amount of water upon which it based its order of July 27, 1936, fixing the rates to be charged for water for irrigation purposes.
[8] There remains yet to be considered the contention of petitioners that said order fixing the water rates at $7.50 per acre per annum is unreasonable, excessive and prohibitive. The evidence before the commission shows conclusively that the rates fixed by the commission by its order under review will not raise sufficient revenue to meet the cost of maintaining the canal from which the petitioners received water for the irrigation of their lands, without allowing the public utility any interest whatever upon its investment. In the case of Contra Costa Water Co. v. Oakland, 159 Cal. 323, 334 [113 P. 668, 674], the law upon this subject was declared as follows:
"It is now settled that what one engaged in furnishing water to the public is entitled to demand 'is a fair return upon the reasonable value of the property at the time it is being used for the public', over and above its necessary operating expenses, including current repairs and taxes ..." and "an annual allowance to provide for making good the depreciation which must occur in much of the property used in such a service."
This same principle is recognized in the following cases: Spring Valley Water Works v. San Francisco, 82 Cal. 286, 307 [22 P. 910, 1046, 16 Am.St.Rep. 116, 6 L.R.A. 756], San Joaquin L. & P. Corp. v. Railroad Com., 175 Cal. 74, 77 [165 P. 16], Lyon & Hoag v. Railroad Com., 183 Cal. 145, 146 [190 P. 795, 11 A.L.R. 249], and Brooks-Scanlon Co. v. Railroad Com., 251 U.S. 396 [40 S. Ct. 183, 64 L. Ed. 323].
It cannot be said that rates which do not produce sufficient revenue to maintain the operating plant of a public utility are either unreasonable or excessive. It is true that in the order under review the commission stated that the testimony of the water users was unanimously to the effect that none of them could afford to pay a rate of more than $2.25 per acre, even with stock water furnished during the entire year without additional cost. We may assume that this recital in [9 Cal. 2d 202] the order of the testimony of the water users states their true condition, but does their inability to pay reasonable rates justify the fixing of rates which would be unjust to the public utility and insufficient to pay the cost of maintaining its operating plant? The authorities are all to the contrary and neither the courts nor the commission is authorized to fix or approve a rate which would confiscate the property of the utility. (Spring Valley Water Works v. San Francisco, supra.)
We regret the unfortunate situation in which the order of the Railroad Commission leaves the petitioners, but no legal method has been suggested either to the commission or to this court whereby they may be rescued from the dilemma in which they have been placed by an unfortunate set of circumstances occasioned by no act of their own or by any neglect of duty on the part of the intervener. The order of the commission must be and the same is therefore affirmed.
Shenk, J., Langdon, J., Edmonds, J., and Seawell, J., concurred.
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Institutional investors and hedge funds have recently added to or reduced their stakes in the company. IFP Advisors Inc increased its holdings in Canada Goose by 43.8% during the 4th quarter. IFP Advisors Inc now owns 719 shares of the company's stock valued at $30,000 after purchasing an additional 219 shares during the period. Tower View Investment Management & Research LLC purchased a new position in Canada Goose during the 4th quarter valued at about $26,000. Advisors Asset Management Inc. purchased a new position in Canada Goose during the 4th quarter valued at about $29,000. Mirae Asset Global Investments Co. Ltd. increased its holdings in Canada Goose by 4.9% during the 4th quarter. Mirae Asset Global Investments Co. Ltd. now owns 17,016 shares of the company's stock valued at $744,000 after purchasing an additional 800 shares during the period. Finally, First Manhattan Co. increased its holdings in Canada Goose by 50.0% during the 4th quarter. First Manhattan Co. now owns 3,000 shares of the company's stock valued at $131,000 after purchasing an additional 1,000 shares during the period. Hedge funds and other institutional investors own 49.19% of the company's stock.
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Canada Goose Holdings Inc designs, manufactures, and sells premium outdoor apparel for men, women, youth, children, and babies. The company operates in two segments, Wholesale and Direct to Consumer. It offers parkas, jackets, shells, vests, knitwear, and accessories for fall, winter, and spring seasons.
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Today, Thursday, October13, 1977, a Lufthansa 737 leaving Palma de Majorca en route to Frankfurt, flight number lh181, passed into the complete control of the Commando "Martyr Halimeh".
This operation has as a goal the liberation of our comrades in the prisons of the imperialist-reactionary-zionist alliance. This operation reinforces the goals and demands of the Commando "Siegfried Hausner" of the raf, which commenced on 05-09-77.
Revolutionaries and freedom fighters of the entire world are confronted with the monster of world imperialism, the barbaric war against the peoples of the world, under the hegemony of the U.S.A.
In this imperialist war, the sub-centers like Israel and the frg have the executive function of oppressing and liquidating all revolutionary movements in and on their specific national territory.
In our occupied land, the imperialist-zionist-reactionary enemy demonstrates the very high level of their hostility, of their bloody aggressivity, against our people and our revolution, against all the Arab masses and their progressive and patriotic forces. The expansionist and racist nature of Israel is, with Menachem Begin at the summit of this ensemble of imperialist interests, clearer than it has ever been.
There is a close and special cooperation between the two regimes in Bonn and Tel-Aviv in the military and economic fields, as well as in the area of shared political positions. The two enemy regimes work together against patriotic and revolutionary liberation movements in the world in general and in Arab, African, and Latin American regions in particular. This is manifested by their providing racist and minority regimes in Pretoria and Salisbury with arms and atomic and military technology, by delivering mercenaries and credits to them, by opening markets for their products, by breaking boycotts and economic embargos surrounding them.
A significant example of the close cooperation between the Mossad, the German Secret Services, the cia, and the dst is the filthy piracy of the imperialist-reactionary alliance: the Zionist invasion of Entebbe.
fascist, discriminatory, and racist labor laws are enforced.
the worst methods of psychological and physical torture and murder are used against fighters for freedom and national liberation.
forms of collective punishment are practiced.
all guarantees of international law, such as laws governing the humane treatment of prisoners, a just trial, and a defense are completely abolished.
While the Zionist regime is the most authentic and practical continuation of Naziism, the government in Bonn and the Parties in parliament do their best to revive Naziism and expansionist racism, especially amongst military personnel and within the other State institutions.
Economic circles and the magnates of multinational corporations play an effective role in these efforts. Ponto, Schleyer, and Buback are blatant examples of persons who have effectively served old Naziism and who now, in practice, execute the goals of the Neo-Nazis in Bonn and the Zionists in Tel-Aviv, both locally and internationally.
Part of the anti-guerilla strategy of the enemies is non-acquiescence to the legitimate demands with the goal of freeing our imprisoned revolutionaries, who suffer the most cruel forms of torture with the silent awareness of the international public. We declare that this will not succeed. We will force the enemy to free our prisoners, who daily defy them by fighting oppression, even in prison.


This measure and value project was awarded to ESL through competitive tender following a pre-qualification process.
The project involved stabilisation of the Devonport Naval Base cliff line to eliminate the ongoing damage that was being caused to sensitive refuelling equipment and services.
The project required 610 No. drilled and grouted galvanised + epoxy coated anchors and 2,300m² of Maccaferri double twist PVC coated rock fall mesh.
Due to limited access from the top and highly sensitive fuel and communications services located along the base of the cliff line, this project required well thought-out planning and highly skilled project management to eliminate the risk of serious incident, delays and disruption to the operation of the base.
Earth Stability was awarded the '2016 Hynds Construction Awards Category A Award', for its work on this project.


knows what she likes. She only wears one , always carries the same , and famously adores a particular (corgis, of course). So it's no surprise that she's also a stickler when it comes to the royal menu.
Britain's longest-reigning monarch hates a certain kitchen staple, and sadly it's one that generally makes everything taste better. "At Buckingham Palace you don't cook with garlic," former palace chef John Higgins told the . "I suppose in case you get the royal burp."
Higgins says you can tell when a royal recipe is authentic because it will never include the odorous flavor. Also missing from the menu? Rice, potatoes, and pasta are never served for dinner when the royal is dining on her own. The low-carb rule is part of the Queen's "disciplined" diet, her former personal chef Darren McGrady told the . And when she does have sandwiches, the bread crusts are always cut off.
Don't worry—Queen Elizabeth still sneaks in some treats. She absolutely loves chocolate, especially chocolate biscuit cake, , and . Other favorites include fresh fruit like mangos, strawberries, and , especially ones grown at . The Queen's not a teetotaler, either—the usual royal nightcap is a . Cheers to that!


text:
module Nis::Util
  module Deserializer
    # Deserialize a transaction object
    # @param [String] serialized
    # @return [Hash]
    def self.deserialize_transaction(serialized)
      s = Nis::Util::Convert.hex2ua(serialized)
      common = s[0, 60]
      specific = s[60, s.size]
      type = deserialize_int(common[0, 4])
      method = case type
               when 0x0101 then method(:deserialize_transfer)
               when 0x0801 then method(:deserialize_importance_transfer)
               when 0x1001 then method(:deserialize_multisig_aggregate_modification)
               when 0x1002 then method(:deserialize_multisig_signature)
               when 0x1004 then method(:deserialize_multisig)
               when 0x2001 then method(:deserialize_provision_namespace)
               when 0x4001 then method(:deserialize_mosaic_definition_creation)
               when 0x4002 then method(:deserialize_mosaic_supply_change)
        else raise "Not implemented entity type: #{type}"
      end
      deserialize_common(common).merge(method.call(specific))
    end

    private

    # Deserialize a transfer transaction object
    # @param [String] serialized
    # @return [Hash]
    def self.deserialize_transfer(s)
      tx = {}
      tx[:recipient] = deserialize_a(s[4, 40])
      tx[:amount] = deserialize_int(s[44, 8])
      tx[:message] = {}
      message_len = deserialize_int(s[52, 4])
      if message_len > 0
        # s[60, 4] # length of payload
        tx[:message] = {
          type: deserialize_int(s[56, 4]),
          payload: Nis::Util::Convert.hex_to_utf8(deserialize_hex(s[64, s.size]))
        }
      else
        tx[:message] = { type: 1, payload: '' }
      end
      tx
    end

    # Deserialize a importance transaction object
    # @param [String] serialized
    # @return [Hash]
    def self.deserialize_importance_transfer(s)
      {
        mode: deserialize_int(s[0, 4]),
        remoteAccount: deserialize_hex(s[8, 32])
      }
    end

    # Deserialize a multisig aggregate modification transaction object
    # @param [String] serialized
    # @return [Hash]
    def self.deserialize_multisig_aggregate_modification(s)
      raise 'Not yet implimented.'
      # TODO: deserializing
      tx = {}
      tx
    end

    # Deserialize a multisig signature transaction object
    # @param [String] serialized
    # @return [Hash]
    def self.deserialize_multisig_signature(s)
      {
        otherHash: { data: deserialize_hex(s[8, 32]) },
        otherAccount: deserialize_a(s[44, 40])
      }
    end

    # Deserialize a multisig transfer transaction object
    # @param [String] serialized
    # @return [Hash]
    def self.deserialize_multisig(s)
      raise 'Not yet implimented.'
      # TODO: deserializing
      tx = {}
      tx
    end

    # Deserialize a provision namespace transaction object
    # @param [String] serialized
    # @return [Hash]
    def self.deserialize_provision_namespace(s)
      tx = {}
      tx[:rentalFeeSink] = deserialize_a(s[4, 40])
      tx[:rentalFee] = deserialize_int(s[44, 8])
      newpart_len = deserialize_int(s[52, 4])
      tx[:newPart] = deserialize_a(s[56, newpart_len])
      parent_len = deserialize_int(s[56 + newpart_len, 4])
      parent = s[56 + newpart_len, parent_len]
      unless parent.all? { |val| val == 0xff }
        tx[:parent] = deserialize_a(parent)
      end
      tx
    end

    # Deserialize a mosaic definition creation transaction object
    # @param [String] serialized
    # @return [Hash]
    def self.deserialize_mosaic_definition_creation(s)
      raise 'Not yet implimented.'
      # TODO: deserializing
      tx = {}
      tx
    end

    # Deserialize a mosaic supply change transaction object
    # @param [String] serialized
    # @return [Hash]
    def self.deserialize_mosaic_supply_change(s)
      tx = {}
      # s[0, 4] # Length of mosaic id structure
      ns_len = deserialize_int(s[4, 4])
      mo_len = deserialize_int(s[8 + ns_len, 4])
      tx[:mosaicId] = {
        namespaceId: deserialize_a(s[8, ns_len]),
        name: deserialize_a(s[8 + ns_len + mo_len, mo_len])
      }
      tx[:supplyType] = deserialize_int(s[8 + ns_len + 4 + mo_len, 4])
      tx[:delta] = deserialize_int(s[8 + ns_len + 4 + mo_len + 4, 8])
      tx
    end

    def self.deserialize_common(s)
      {
        type: deserialize_int(s[0, 4]),
        version: deserialize_int(s[4, 4]),
        timeStamp: deserialize_int(s[8, 4]),
        # s[12,4] # length of public key,
        signer: deserialize_hex(s[16, 32]),
        fee: deserialize_int(s[48, 8]),
        deadline: deserialize_int(s[56, 4])
      }
    end

    def self.deserialize_int(ua)
      Nis::Util::Convert.ua2hex(ua.reverse).to_i(16)
    end

    def self.deserialize_hex(ua)
      Nis::Util::Convert.ua2hex(ua)
    end

    def self.deserialize_a(ua)
      Nis::Util::Convert.hex2a(deserialize_hex(ua))
    end
  end
end

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


Management Sciences for Health's (MSH) Strengthening Pharmaceutical Systems (SPS) Program provides technical assistance to support the strengthening of pharmaceutical management operations for the HIV/AIDS program in China to improve the availability of and access to treatment.
In December 2008, MSH/SPS reviewed pharmaceutical management operations at ART treatment and distribution sites in Guangxi Province and worked with stakeholders, including WHOand NCAIDS at the national level, and Bureau of Health (BOH) and Chinese CDC managers at the provincial level, to develop an action plan for strengthening the pharmaceutical management system for ARVs in Guangxi.
Following this review, SPS met with stakeholders from Guangxi, NCAIDS and WHO in Nanning and Beijing to present key findings and identify activities that SPS could potentially support. The activities reviewed and agreed upon in principle included developing draft standard operating procedure (SOP) manuals for managing ARV medicines based on existing systems and revising formats to standardize and strengthen operations. Subsequently SPS drafted a set of three SOP manuals and related tools for managing the supply and use of ARVs and medicines used to prevent or treat opportunistic infections for each operational level of the pharmaceutical management systemnamely, the provincial store, city and county CDC offices, and service delivery sites. These drafts were then reviewed with national stakeholders during a validation workshop in Guangxi and final versions were prepared.
In FY09, SPS, in collaboration with WHO/China and Guangxi authorities, continued to conduct training of trainers for implementation of the validated SOPs. SPS will continue to provide support to Guangxi as the SOPs are rolled out to treatment facilities throughout the province.
With FY10 funds, SPS will continue to provide technical assistance to address pharmaceutical management issues in Guangxi, with a focus on use of the electronic tools developed to facilitate pharmaceutical management in treatment sites. In addition, in FY10 SPS will work with NCAIDS to make the lessons learned in Guangxi on SOP development and implementation available at the national level. SPS plans to provide technical assistance to NCAIDS in developing national standard operating procedures and tools for pharmaceutical management that can then be adapted and rolled out to other provinces in China.
1. Continued support to Guangxi for Standard Operating Procedure (SOP) and tool implementation in treatment facilities--This activity is continuing from the previous year, when SOP implementation in Guangxi began. SPS will continue to assist health authorities in Guangxi in SOP implementation and use of related tools. SPS will visit selected sites in Guangxi to assess progress on implementation and provide on-site technical support. SPS will suggest revisions to the SOPs and adapt tools as necessary. SPS will also provide distance-based support to Guangxi as required.
2. Development of national standard operating procedures and related tools with NCAIDS--SPS will work with NCAIDS to develop a set of national standard operating procedures, including the necessary forms and tools, which provinces can then adapt to their specific contexts. These national SOPs and tools will provide the overall framework for pharmaceutical management operations in China. In addition, as NCAIDS is in the process of developing a management information system for the ART program, SPS will provide assistance so that key pharmaceutical management data is included.


text:
\section{Introduction}

Recent detections of gravitational waves (GWs) have shown evidence for a high black hole (BH) merger rate in the Universe \citep{TheLIGO18}.
However, the proposed astrophysical pathways to merger remain debated.

Measuring the binary eccentricity ($e$) is useful to distinguish between possible astrophysical pathways to merger.
The feasibility to measure $e$ has increased tremendously due to the improvement of the detectors and GW data analysis methods \citep[e.g.][]{Nishizawa16,Lower18,Abbott19_Ecc,Romero-Shaw19}.
At design sensitivity, the LIGO, Virgo, and KAGRA detectors
may detect eccentricities at $10\,\mathrm{Hz}$ above $e_\mathrm{10Hz} \gtrsim 0.03$ \citep{Lower18,Gondan_Kocsis19,Romero-Shaw19}, while LISA will detect $e$ if above $10^{-3}$--$10^{-2}$ at $0.01\,\mathrm{Hz}$ \citep{Nishizawa16}.
Eccentricity varies greatly among different merger channels \citep{Antonini12,Breivik16,Silsbee17,Antonini17,ArcaSedda18,2018MNRAS.481.5445S, Rodriguez18bR,Fragione_Bromberg2019,Fragione+2019,Zevin19,Martinez+20}, but only binaries formed through GW capture (GWC) are generally expected to produce mergers with $e_\mathrm{10Hz}\gtrsim 0.1$ \citep{2006ApJ...648..411K,OLeary09,Gondan18a,Samsing18b,Rasskazov19,Gondan20_GW190521}.

Recently, the merger of two unusually heavy BHs, GW190521, was reported  \citep{LIGO20_GW190521,LIGO20_GW190521_astro}.
Their high masses ($85^{+21}_{-21}\,{\rm M}_\odot$ and $66^{+17}_{-18}\,{\rm M}_\odot$) and high spins ($0.69^{+0.27}_{-0.62}$ and $0.73^{+0.24}_{-0.64}$) indicate
that the merging BHs themselves could have been the remnants of earlier BH mergers, which increased their masses beyond the $\sim56$\,M$_\odot$ limit due to pulsational pair-instability \citep{Farmer19}
and their spins beyond the small natal values expected in stellar evolutionary models of angular momentum transfer \citep{Fuller19_massive}.
Thus, detection of GW190521 (and also other events: GW170729, GW170817A, GW190412 and GW190814; \citealt{Zackay19_GW170817A,LIGO20_GW190412,LIGO20_GW190814}) suggests
that hierarchical mergers could be frequent among compact objects. This is consistent with the scenario of mergers in AGN disks (e.g. \citealt{Yang19b_prl,Yang20_gap}; \citealt{Tagawa20b_spin},  hereafter Paper~II),
in which binaries are efficiently hardened by interaction with the surrounding gas  \citep[e.g.][]{Bartos17,Stone17,McKernan17} and with the dense populations of stars and compact objects \citep[][hereafter Paper~I]{Tagawa19}.
A possible electromagnetic counterpart would further support this scenario \citep{2019ApJ...884L..50M,Graham20}.

Interestingly, \citet{Gayathri20_GW190521}
found that GW190521 prefers a high eccentricity of $e_\mathrm{10Hz}\sim 0.7$,
along with high spin-precession \citep[see also][]{Romero-Shaw20}.
A high eccentricity places additional constraints on possible
astrophysical models of this source
\citep[e.g.][]{Zevin19,Rodriguez18bR,Rasskazov19}.

\citet{Samsing20}
recently showed that highly-eccentric mergers are common in AGN disks by assuming that binary-single (BS) interactions of BHs are confined to a plane. That study assumed constant values for the frequency of BS interactions, initial separation, and relative velocity of a third body based on Paper~I.
In this {\em Letter}, we investigate the distribution of the binary eccentricity for mergers in AGN disks by performing one dimensional (1D) $N$-body simulations combined with semi-analytical prescriptions, which enable us to follow binaries considering such effects as eccentricity evolution due to BS interactions, type I/II torques exerted by circumbinary disks, and GW radiation ($\S\,\ref{sec:evolution_binary}$).  We also augment the model used in Papers~I/II to include GW capture in single-single (SS) and BS encounters.

\section{Method}

\begin{table*}
\begin{center}
\caption{Fiducial values of our model parameters.
}
\label{table:parameter_model}
\hspace{-5mm}
\begin{tabular}{c|c}
\hline
Parameter & Fiducial value \\
\hline\hline
Spatial directions in which BS interactions occur&  isotropic in 3D\\\hline
Number of temporary binary BHs formed during a BS interaction&  $N_\mathrm{int}=20$\\\hline
Initial BH spin magnitude & $|{\bm a}|=0$\\\hline
Angular momentum directions of circum-BH disks & $\hat{{\bm J}}_\mathrm{CBHD}=\hat{{\bm J}}_\mathrm{AGN}$ for single BHs,\\&
$\hat{{\bm J}}_\mathrm{CBHD}=\hat{{\bm J}}_\mathrm{bin}$ for BHs in binaries\\\hline
Ratio of viscosity responsible for warp propagation\\over that for transferring angular momentum
& $\nu_2/\nu_1=10$ \\\hline
Alignment efficiency of the binary orbital angular momentum
due to gas capture
& $f_\mathrm{rot}=1$
\\
(Eq.~14 in Paper~II)&\\
\hline
Mass of the central SMBH & $M_\mathrm{SMBH}=4\times 10^6\,{\rm M}_\odot$ \\\hline
Gas accretion rate at the outer radius of the simulation ($5\,\mathrm{pc}$)
& ${\dot M}_\mathrm{out}=0.1\,{\dot M}_\mathrm{Edd}$ with $\eta=0.1$\\\hline
Fraction of pre-existing binaries & $f_\mathrm{pre}=0.15$ \\\hline
Power-law exponent for the initial density profile for BHs & $\gamma_{\rho}=0$ \\\hline
Initial velocity anisotropy parameter\\such that $\beta_\mathrm{v}v_\mathrm{kep}(r)$ is the BH velocity dispersion
& $\beta_\mathrm{v}=0.2$ \\\hline
Efficiency of angular momentum transport in the $\alpha$-disk & $\alpha_\mathrm{SS}=0.1$ \\\hline
Stellar mass within 3 pc &$M_\mathrm{star,3pc}=10^7\,{\rm M}_\odot$\\\hline
Stellar initial mass function slope & $\delta_\mathrm{IMF}=2.35$\\
(relation between the stellar and BH masses are in Eq.~3 of Paper~I) &\\
\hline
Angular momentum transfer parameter in the outer star forming regions
&$m_\mathrm{AM}=0.15$\\
(Eq.~C8 in \citealt{Thompson05}) &\\
\hline
Accretion rate in Eddington units onto\\stellar-mass BHs with a radiative efficiency $\eta=0.1$
&$\Gamma_\mathrm{Edd,cir}=1$\\\hline
Numerical time-step parameter &$\eta_t=0.1$\\\hline
Number of radial cells storing physical quantities &$N_\mathrm{cell}=120$\\\hline
Maximum and minimum $r$ for the initial BH distribution&  $r_\mathrm{in,BH}=10^{-4}$ pc, $r_\mathrm{out,BH}=3$ pc \\\hline
Initial number of BHs within 3 pc &$N_\mathrm{BH,ini}=2\times 10^4$ \\\hline
\end{tabular}
\end{center}
\end{table*}

Our model is based on that in Paper~I and partially in Paper~II as specified below.
The new ingredients are described in some detail in $\S\,\ref{sec:GW_SS}$, $\S\,\ref{sec:dynamical_effects}$ and $\S\,\ref{sec:ecc_ev}$.

\subsection{Components}

We suppose that there is a supermassive BH (SMBH) at the center of a galaxy
and it has a gaseous accretion disk (hereafter "AGN disk") and a spherically distributed stellar cluster (hereafter "spherical component").
We follow the evolution of the BH system consisting of
a cluster of BHs around the AGN disk (called the flattened component due to its spatial distribution, which is assumed to be caused by vector resonant relaxation; \citealt[][]{Szolgyen18}),
and stars and BHs captured inside the AGN disk
due to the gaseous torque (called the disk stellar/BH components).
See Fig.~1 in Paper~I for an illustration of these components.

\subsection{Binary formation and disruption}

\label{sec:binary_formation_overview}
Some BHs in the flattened component
are in binaries from the outset (called {\it pre-existing binaries}).
In the AGN disk, binaries form due to gas dynamical friction during two-body encounters
(dubbed the {\it gas-capture binary formation}).
Binaries also form due to dynamical interactions during three-body encounters
({\it dynamical binary formation}).
At their formation, a thermal distribution $f(e)=2e$ is assumed,
while $e=0$ was assumed in Papers~I/II.
In addition to those mechanisms already included in Paper~I,
we here consider the binaries formed by the GWC
mechanism \citep[e.g.][]{OLeary09, 2020PhRvD.101l3010S}, which are relevant for highly eccentric mergers, as described below in $\S\,\ref{sec:GW_SS}$.
Binaries are disrupted by soft-BS interactions, in which the binaries become softer
\citep[e.g.][]{Heggie75}.

\subsubsection{Binary formation by the GW capture}
\label{sec:GW_SS}
We treat binary formation by GWC due to SS encounters (SS-GWC) and BS interactions (BS-GWC) separately
as described below.

In an SS encounter event,
a binary can form if the two bodies approach close enough that the energy radiated by GWs ($\Delta E_\mathrm{GW}$) exceeds
their kinetic energy,
$E_\mathrm{SS}\approx \frac12\mu v_{12}^2$, where $\mu$ is the reduced mass, and $v_{12}$ the relative velocity.
$\Delta E_\mathrm{GW}$ is approximately given as
\begin{equation}
\label{eq:de_gw}
    \Delta E_\mathrm{GW}\approx \frac{85\pi}{12\sqrt{2}}
    \frac{G^{7/2}\eta^2 m_\mathrm{tot}^{9/2}}{c^5r_\mathrm{p}^{7/2}},
\end{equation}
\citep[e.g.][]{OLeary09},
where $G$ is the gravitational constant, $c$ the light speed,
$m_\mathrm{tot}$ the total mass of the two bodies, $\eta$
the symmetric mass ratio,
and the pericenter distance
\begin{equation}
\label{eq:rp}
r_\mathrm{p} = \left(\sqrt{\frac{1}{b^2}+\frac{G^2m_\mathrm{tot}^2}{b^4 v_\mathrm{12}^4}} + \frac{Gm_\mathrm{tot}}{b^2 v_{12}^2}\right)^{-1}
\end{equation}
where $b$ is the impact parameter of the encounter.
By equating $\Delta E_\mathrm{GW}$ in equation (\ref{eq:de_gw}) and $E_\mathrm{SS}$,
the maximum pericenter distance for the GWC is
\begin{equation}
\label{eq:rp_max}
r_\mathrm{p,max}=\left(\frac{85\pi \eta c^2}{6\sqrt{2} v_{12}^2}\right)^{2/7}
\frac{Gm_\mathrm{tot}}{c^2}.
\end{equation}
Note that the gas has negligible impact on the dynamics during the GWC owing to very short timescale for the capture ($\sim \mathrm{hr}$,  \citealt{OLeary09}).
Here we define the maximum impact parameter $b_\mathrm{max}$ at which $r_\mathrm{p}=r_\mathrm{p,max}$. We assume that the cross section of SS-GWC $\sigma_\mathrm{SS}$ is
approximately given as
$\sigma_\mathrm{SS} = r_\mathrm{SS} z_\mathrm{SS}$,
where $r_\mathrm{SS}=\mathrm{min}[b_\mathrm{max},r_{\mathrm{Hill}}]$, $z_\mathrm{SS}=\mathrm{min}[r_\mathrm{SS},h_\mathrm{c}]$, $r_{\mathrm{Hill}}=r(m_\mathrm{BH}/3M_\mathrm{SMBH})^{1/3}$ is the Hill radius with respect to the SMBH, $m_\mathrm{BH}$ is the mass of the BH,
and $h_\mathrm{c}$ is the average orbital height of background objects at the radial location of the BH (see Paper~I).

For each object, the timescale to undergo the SS-GWC is
$t_\mathrm{GSS}=1/(n_\mathrm{c}\sigma_\mathrm{SS}v_{\mathrm{rel}})$, where $n_\mathrm{c}$ is the number density of background objects, and $v_{\mathrm{rel}}$ the typical relative velocity between the BH and background objects (Paper~I).
Here we substitute $v_{\mathrm{rel}}=v_{12}$
in Eqs.~\eqref{eq:de_gw}--\eqref{eq:rp}.
We set the probability of binary formation by this mechanism during the timestep $\Delta t$ to $P_\mathrm{GSS}=\Delta t/t_\mathrm{GSS}$.
When the SS-GWC binaries form,
we choose $b$ so that $b^2$ is uniformly distributed  between 0 and $b_\mathrm{max}^2$.
The semi-major axis and $e$ of the newly formed binary are
$s=Gm_\mathrm{tot}^2 \eta/(2|\Delta E_\mathrm{GW}|-2 E_\mathrm{SS})$,
and
$e=1-r_\mathrm{p}/s$, respectively.
We only consider binary formation through SS-GWC between disk BHs,
as the probability of interactions
is much lower
for spherical component objects
due to their large $v_{\mathrm{rel}}$
($P_\mathrm{SS}\propto v_{\mathrm{rel}}^{-11/7}$
for $b_\mathrm{max}< h_\mathrm{c}, r_{\mathrm{Hill}}$),
and due to the large physical sizes of stars.
For binaries formed in this process, we assume that the orbital angular momentum directions are aligned (or half anti-aligned)
with the angular momentum direction of the AGN disk.

GW-capture binaries can also form during BS interactions \citep[e.g.][]{Samsing14}
if one body is captured due to strong GW emission.
Before the interaction, the velocities among BHs in the flattened component are likely distributed almost randomly in 3D space, while for interactions among the disk BHs the three-body velocities may be constrained in the AGN-disk plane due to the disk gas drag.
We here study the 3D and 2D hard-BS interactions separately.
In the case of the 3D hard-BS interactions,
the probability of GW-capture binary formation is roughly given by
\begin{equation}
\label{eq:p_cap_iso}
    P_\mathrm{GBS}\simeq N_\mathrm{int} \frac{2 r_\mathrm{p,max} }{s}
\end{equation}
\citep{Samsing18b},
where $N_\mathrm{int}$ is the average number of quasi-stable states for
temporary binary BHs formed during a BS interaction,
where $N_\mathrm{int}\sim 20$ is numerically verified for both 2D and 3D interactions in
equal-mass cases (\citealt{Samsing14}; \citealt{Samsing20}).
The GWC probability is calculated as
\begin{equation}
\label{eq:p_cap_disk}
    P_\mathrm{GBS}=1-\left(1- P_\mathrm{GBS,1}\right)^{N_\mathrm{int}}
\end{equation}
where
\begin{equation}
\label{eq:p_cap1n}
    P_\mathrm{GBS,1}=\frac{\int_{e_\mathrm{cr}}^1 f(e)de }{\int_0^1f(e)de}
\end{equation}
is the probability that GWC occurs in one interaction,
$e_\mathrm{cr}=1-r_\mathrm{p,max}/s$ is the critical eccentricity above which the GWC binaries form due to GW emission,
and $f(e)$ is either $f_{\rm 3D}=2e$ \citep[e.g.][]{Heggie75} or $f_{\rm 2D}=e/\sqrt{1-e^2}$ \citep{Valtonen06} for isotropic-3D and 2D interactions, respectively.

When the BS interaction ends in a GW-capture, the semi-major axis $s$ does not
change from
that before the BS interaction,
we determine $r_\mathrm{p}=s(1-e)$
by drawing $e$ from $f(e)$.
This assumption is due to energy conservation, since in this case the third body does not receive a strong velocity kick and it is not ejected.
Capture occurs only if $r_{\rm p}<r_\mathrm{p,max}$ (Eq.~\ref{eq:rp_max}).
We assume that $v_{12}=\sqrt{Gm_\mathrm{tot}/s}$, i.e. the intrinsic orbital velocity of the binary.
For simplicity, we also assume that the BS-GWC results in binary formation among the most and second-most massive objects.
Although a BS-GW-capture binary may be bound to the third object if the GW kick is small \citep{2019MNRAS.482...30S},
we ignore the third body after the binary formation for simplicity.

\subsection{Evolution of binary separation, mass, etc.}
\label{sec:evolution_binary}

\subsubsection{Gaseous processes}

The velocity of BHs relative to the local motion of the AGN disk decreases due to the accretion torque and gas dynamical friction.
The semi-major axis ($s$) evolves due to gas dynamical friction by the AGN disk and type I/II migration torques exerted by a compact circumbinary disk that forms within the Hill sphere of the binary.
The radial distances of BHs from the SMBH ($r$) are also allowed to evolve due to type I/II torques from the AGN disk.
Gas accretion affects BH masses, BH spins, and the orbital angular momentum directions of binaries (Paper~II).
When gaps form around BHs, we assume that migration torques, gas dynamical friction, and gas accretion are weakened.
Objects usually accumulate in gap forming regions (Paper~I), which act like migration traps.

\subsubsection{Dynamical processes}
\label{sec:dynamical_effects}

We also account for dynamical interactions with single stars/BHs and BH binaries in a way similar to the Monte-Carlo method (Paper~I).  The binaries' semi-major axes,
velocities, and orbital angular momentum directions evolve due to BS interactions, and the velocities of all BHs additionally evolve due to scattering. In particular, the binary separation decreases during hard BS interactions, and the single object and the binary receive a recoil kick.
When the interactions are confined in 2D, kicks are also assigned within the AGN-disk plane.

While binary component exchanges were neglected during BS interactions in Papers~I/II,
here we assume that the components are always replaced by the most massive pair during hard-BS interactions, in which the binary becomes harder.
During an exchange, the binary's binding energy is assumed to be unchanged
\citep{Sigurdsson93}.
See the Appendix for the impact of including these exchange interactions.
In binary-binary interactions, we assume that the binary composed of the two most massive objects experiences two BS interactions with the two less massive objects, which become unbound after the interaction.

\subsubsection{Merger prescription}

Once binaries become sufficiently tight, their separation
shrinks promptly by GW emission.
We assume that the BHs merge when their pericenter distance becomes smaller than the innermost stable circular orbit,
and then assign a kick velocity and mass loss due to the GW emission and prescribe BH spin evolution at the merger as in Paper~II.

\subsection{Binary eccentricity evolution}
\label{sec:ecc_ev}
After formation, the binary eccentricity $e$ changes due to GW emission,
the torque by the circumbinary disk, and BS interactions.
Below we describe our prescriptions for calculating those processes,
which are newly incorporated in our model.

For the GW emission, we follow \citet{Peters64} to track the change of the eccentricity.

For the torque by the circumbinary disk,
we use the fitting function of Eq.~(2) of \citet{Zrake20} in $e\leq0.8$
and assume $de/d\mathrm{log}m_\mathrm{bin}=-2.3$ in $e>0.8$.
Their results using 2D hydrodynamical simulations suggest disks drive binaries to $e\approx 0.45$ (see also \citealt{Munoz2019}).

During hard-BS interactions, we draw $e$ randomly from $f(e)$ (see below Eq.~\ref{eq:p_cap1n}).
In the fiducial model, we assume that
$e$ follows $f_{\rm 3D}(e)$ after all hard-BS interactions, but see different choices in the Appendix.

\begin{table*}
\begin{center}
	\caption{
    The assumptions and results in different models.
    The input columns show the model number and the differences with respect to the fiducial model.
    ``BS in 2$\rightarrow$3D'' represents the model
    in which BS interactions occur in 2$\rightarrow$3D space ($\S\,\ref{sec:numerical_choices}$),
    ``No BS'' represents the model in which BS interactions do not operate.
    The output columns list the detection fraction of mergers among non GWC binaries ($f_\mathrm{noGWC}$), GWC binaries formed in SS encounters ($f_\mathrm{GWSS}$), and those in BS interactions ($f_\mathrm{GWBS}$) with respect to all mergers,
    the detection fractions of mergers whose  $e_{10\,\mathrm{Hz}}$ are in the range $0$--$0.03$, $0.03$--$0.3$, $0.3$--$0.9$, and $0.9$--$1$, respectively, and the number of mergers ($N_\mathrm{mer}$).
        }
\label{table_results}
\begin{tabular}{c|c||c|c|c|c|c|c|c|c}
\hline
\multicolumn{2}{c}{input} \vline& \multicolumn{8}{c}{output}\\\hline
Model&Parameter
&$f_\mathrm{noGWC}$
&$f_\mathrm{GWSS}$&$f_\mathrm{GWBS}$
&$f_\mathrm{e,0-003}$
&$f_\mathrm{e,003-03}$
&$f_\mathrm{e,03-09}$
&$f_\mathrm{e,09-1}$
&$N_\mathrm{mer}$
\\\hline

M1&Fiducial&
0.93&$0.02$&0.05
&0.86&0.065&0.022&0.057
&$1.1\times 10^3$
\\\hline

M2&BS in 2$\rightarrow$3D&
0.14&$3\times10^{-3}$&0.86
&0.25&0.082&0.20&0.47
&$2.3\times 10^3$
\\\hline

M3&No BS&
0.46&$0.54$&0
&0.46&0.092&0.26&0.19
&$9.0\times 10^2$
\\\hline

M4&$N_\mathrm{BH,ini}=6000$, $\beta_\mathrm{v}=1$&
0.55&$0.38$&0.078
&0.54&0.27&0.048&0.15
&$1.3\times 10^{2}$
\\\hline

\end{tabular}
\end{center}
\end{table*}

\begin{figure*}\begin{center}
\includegraphics[width=190mm]{model1234.pdf}
\caption{
The cumulative (upper) and differential (lower) detection rate distributions of the eccentricity at 10Hz $e_\mathrm{10Hz}$
for models~M1 (a), M2 (b) in which BS interactions occur in 2$\rightarrow$3D space ($\S\,\ref{sec:numerical_choices}$), M3 (c) in which BS interaction does not operate, and M4 (d) in which the initial BH number is low ($N_\mathrm{ini}=6000$) and the initial velocity dispersion of BHs is high ($\beta_\mathrm{v}=1$).
In addition to the sum of all binary mergers (black), separate contributions
from binaries due to the non-GWC (green), SS-GWC (orange), and BS-GWC (red) are shown.
}\label{fig:model12}
\end{center}\end{figure*}

\begin{figure*}
\includegraphics[width=190mm]{spins_ecc8.pdf}
\caption{Detection rate distributions of several parameters
for the same models as in Fig.~\ref{fig:model12}.
Upper and lower panels show distributions of $\chi_\mathrm{eff}$--$\chi_\mathrm{p}$
and $m_1$--$\mathrm{log}_{10} e_\mathrm{10Hz}$, respectively, while in model~M3, $m_1$--$\mathrm{log}_{10} e_\mathrm{10Hz}$ are shown for all mergers (lower) and mergers among $n$-generation ($n\geq2$) BHs (upper).
The error bars correspond to the $90$ percentile credible intervals for GW190521 \citep{LIGO20_GW190521}, while we here roughly assume  $e_\mathrm{10Hz}=0.7^{+0.1}_{-0.2}$ referring to  \citet{Gayathri20_GW190521}.
}\label{fig:spins_ecc}
\end{figure*}

\subsection{Models examined}

\label{sec:numerical_choices}

The fiducial model parameters (M1) are listed in Table~\ref{table:parameter_model}, which are the same as those in Papers~I/II.
We also study the additional models~M2--M4, which differ in the treatment of the BS interactions.
While 3D BS interactions are assumed in model~M1,
motions of the three bodies may be confined to the AGN-disk plane before the interaction.
Even in the latter case, the motion may be isotropized in 3D
during the interaction by small perturbations, such as inhomogeneities/warps of the AGN disk and
presence of other objects.
To mimic such 2$\rightarrow$3D interactions, we examine another model (M2) in which
the capture probability during a BS interaction is given by Eq.~\eqref{eq:p_cap_disk} assuming that
$N_\mathrm{int}=20$ 2D interactions take place with $f_{\rm 2D}(e)$. If a GW capture does not take place, the $e$ distribution is drawn from $f_{\rm 3D}(e)$ and the binary angular momentum direction is randomized due to 3D interactions in later phases.
We neglect the chance for GWC after interactions are randomized to 3D as its probability is much lower than that during 2D interactions.
The reason to adopt the model with 2$\rightarrow$3D BS interactions instead of 2D BS interactions is stated in Appendix.
To assess the importance of BS interactions, we omit it altogether in model~M3.
Similar to model~M3, but more realistic is model~M4,
in which BS interactions are made inefficient
by reducing the initial BH number ($N_\mathrm{BH,ini}=6\times 10^3$) and enhancing the initial BH velocity dispersion ($\beta_\mathrm{v}=1$).

In models~M1--M3, the initial number of
BHs (binaries) is $2\times 10^4$ ($1.5\times 10^3$), while in model~M4 they are $6\times 10^3$ ($4.5\times 10^2$). We present the results at $10\,\mathrm{Myr}$.

\section{Results}
\label{sec:dependence}

In Fig.~\ref{fig:model12}, we show the eccentricity distribution of mergers and the contribution of individual binary formation channels to it.
Fig.~\ref{fig:spins_ecc} shows the expected distribution of the mass-weighted sum of the individual spin components perpendicular to the orbital plane $\chi_{\rm eff}$,
the precession parameter $\chi_{\rm p}$ (upper panels), the primary mass $m_{1}$, and  $e$ (lower panels) of
the observed mergers except for model~M3.  For M3, the $\chi_\mathrm{eff}$ and $\chi_\mathrm{p}$ distributions are not shown since $\chi_\mathrm{p}$ is always 0 due to the assumption that the orbital planes of SS-GWC binaries are aligned with the
AGN disk plane  ($\S\,\ref{sec:GW_SS}$).
The merger rate is weighted by the detection volume in the same manner as in Papers~I/II and the eccentricity is calculated at the GW frequency of $10\,\mathrm{Hz}$ as in Eq.~(36) of \citet{Wen03}.

In the fiducial model~M1, where the BS interaction is assumed to be 3D,
$\sim14\%$ of mergers have a significantly nonzero eccentricity ($e_\mathrm{10Hz} \gtrsim 0.03$) measurable by the current ground-based detectors LIGO/Virgo/KAGRA (e.g. \citealt{Romero-Shaw19}, but see also \citealt{Huerta13}),
due to GWC binary formation (Fig.~\ref{fig:model12} and Table~\ref{table_results}) and frequent BS interactions.
While most AGN merger events take place among binaries of non-GWC origin, which have lower $e$ (Fig.~\ref{fig:model12} a), LISA observations will be able to measure $e$ as low as $e\gtrsim 10^{-3}-10^{-2}$ at $\sim 0.01\,\mathrm{Hz}$
\citep[e.g.][]{Nishizawa16}, corresponding to $e_\mathrm{10Hz}\gtrsim 10^{-7}$ if binaries evolve only by GW emission.
$e_\mathrm{10Hz}$ are typically distributed in higher values ($\sim 10^{-3}$--$10^{-2}$) than those of mergers in globular clusters ($\sim 10^{-7}$--$10^{-4}$; \citealt{Rodriguez18bR}) and isolated binaries ($\sim 10^{-7}$--$10^{-6}$; \citealt{Breivik16}), while the similar values to those in triple system ($\sim 10^{-3}$--$10^{-2}$; \citealt{Antonini17}).

Due to randomization of the orbital angular momentum direction by frequent BS interactions before mergers, $\chi_\mathrm{eff}$, and $\chi_\mathrm{p}$ tend to be distributed at low and high values (upper panel, Fig.~\ref{fig:spins_ecc} a), respectively.
The physical properties, $\chi_\mathrm{eff}$, $\chi_\mathrm{p}$, and $m_1$ of GW190521
are generally consistent with the predictions by model~M1,
while the possible high $e$ implied by \citet{Gayathri20_GW190521} is
in tension with this model (lower panel, Fig.~\ref{fig:spins_ecc} a).

In model~M2 with
2$\rightarrow$3D BS interactions,
the fraction of the BS-GWC binary mergers among the detectable events  $f_\mathrm{GWBS}$ is elevated to 0.84 (from 0.10 of model~M1; see Table~\ref{table_results}), and they have very high eccentricity $e \gtrsim 0.1$ (Fig.~\ref{fig:model12} b). In this way, BS interactions significantly
increase
the rate of highly eccentric mergers (see also \citealt{Samsing20}).
The mass of GW190521, however, appears to be somewhat too high compared with the typical values in model~M2 (lower panel~b of Fig.~\ref{fig:spins_ecc}), but the model may still be consistent with the event as the mass distribution for high-$e$ events has been poorly constrained.

In model~M3, where the BS interaction is omitted,
the (SS-)GWC binary mergers occupy a high fraction of $f_\mathrm{GWSS}=0.54$ favoring mergers between high-generation BHs (upper panel~c of Fig.~\ref{fig:spins_ecc}).
High-generation BHs are those that have already experienced mergers in the past,
and they tend to have high eccentricities around $\gtrsim 0.1$ (Fig.~\ref{fig:model12} c).
Here, binary formation occurs mostly by the (SS-)GWC
because BHs rapidly migrate without delay by kicks at the BS interactions to the inner AGN disk of $r\lesssim 10^{-3}\,\mathrm{pc}$ (e.g. Fig.~1 of Paper~II), where non-GW-capture channels by the gas-capture and dynamical binary formation are inefficient due to high shear velocity ($\gtrsim$ tens km/s).

In general, the frequency of the SS-GWC $f_\mathrm{GWSS}$ increases as the initial BH number decreases (see Appendix).
For example, in model~M4, where $N_\mathrm{ini}=6000$ and $\beta_\mathrm{v}=1$, $f_\mathrm{GWSS}$ becomes as high as 0.38.
The prediction of
positive $\chi_\mathrm{p}$, high $e$, and high-BH mass $m_1$ in this model agrees with the observed properties of GW190521 (Fig.~\ref{fig:spins_ecc}d).
Although the number of mergers is smaller by a factor of $\sim10$ compared to that in the fiducial model, it is still consistent with the rate of GW190521-like events (see $\S\,5.5$ of Paper~I).

As seen above, the AGN origin can naturally reproduce the occurrence of
GW190521-like mergers.
In several models, the eccentricity distribution allows us to distinguish specific types of the GWC events (orange and red lines in Fig.\ref{fig:model12}) due to differences in the initial relative velocity involved (Eq.~\ref{eq:rp_max})
and such high eccentricities are measurable by LIGO/Virgo/KAGRA.
The consistency of other observables of GW190521 will be examined in a follow-up paper.

In the AGN channel, the SMBH helps retain recoiling merger remnants and allows multiple mergers among high-generation BHs,
while the AGN disk helps to
(1) deliver the single objects to the dense inner nucleus where the interactions are frequent, (2) form binaries through the process of gas-capture binary formation, and (3) contributes to reducing the binary separation at relatively large separations.
The rate of GWC mergers and the eccentricity distribution are influenced by the frequency of interactions in addition to the prescription for BS interactions, while they are less affected by other processes as discussed in more detail in the Appendix.

\section{Conclusions}

In this {\em Letter} we have investigated the eccentricity distribution of merging black holes (BHs) in active galactic nuclei (AGN) accretion disks.
Our conclusions are summarized as follows:

\begin{enumerate}

\item
Due to frequent binary-single interactions in gap-forming regions of the AGN disk, eccentricities at $10\,\mathrm{Hz}$
are above $e_\mathrm{10Hz}\geq 10^{-4}$ for all stellar-mass BH mergers in AGNs in our models.
LIGO together with LISA will be able to constrain the corresponding astrophysical models at high and low frequencies, respectively.

\item
If binary-single interactions occur in isotropic-three dimensional (3D) directions,
$\sim8$--$30\%$ of detectable mergers have $e_\mathrm{10Hz}\gtrsim 0.03$, i.e. above the value possibly measurable by LIGO/Virgo/KAGRA.

\item
If binary-single interactions occur in 2D or 2$\rightarrow$3D directions due to torques from the AGN disk,
the mergers among gravitational wave capture binaries formed during BS interactions become very frequent ($\sim 15$--$90\%$).
Also, if BHs can migrate to $r\lesssim10^{-3}\,\mathrm{pc}$ due to low BH density in the AGN disk, those formed in single-single encounters are significantly enhanced ($\sim 40$--$70\%$).
In these cases,
$\sim 10$--$70\%$ of detectable mergers have $e_\mathrm{10Hz}\geq 0.3$, which may explain the possible extreme eccentricity implied for GW190521 by \citet{Gayathri20_GW190521}.

\end{enumerate}

We have neglected the evolution of $e$ by soft-BS interactions, weak scattering, and gas dynamical friction, which presumably have minor effects on $e$ as their contributions on the later evolution of binaries are negligibly small. However, hierarchical triples composed of three stellar-mass compact objects \citep[e.g.][]{Antonini17},
neglected in this study, may significantly affect the $e$ distribution.
We also have neglected other processes including
the formation and evolution of compact objects (and their binaries) other than BHs, and the possible presence of massive perturbers \citep{Deme20}, which may affect various properties of mergers.
Also, BS interactions for nearly 2D cases need to be elucidated using $N$-body simulations.
These effects will be investigated in future work (see also Table~\ref{table:assumptions} in the Appendix).

\acknowledgments

This work is financially supported by the Grants-in-Aid for Basic Research by the Ministry of Education, Science and Culture of Japan (HT:17H01102, 17H06360, KO:17H02869, 17H01102, 17H06360).
ZH acknowledges support from NASA grant NNX15AB19G and NSF grants AST-1715661 and AST-2006176.
Simulations and analyses were carried out on Cray XC50 and computers at the Center for Computational Astrophysics, National Astronomical Observatory of Japan.
This project has received funding from the European Research Council (ERC) under the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme ERC-2014-STG under grant agreement No 638435 (GalNUC) to BK.

\bibliographystyle{yahapj.bst}

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1°C/4°CTemperatur0 C
Thursday, (21 Jan 2021)
News.az
Nagorno Karabakh Conflict
Azerbaijani president says restoration of Karabakh region is 'high on his agenda'
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Azerbaijan leads in South Caucasus in terms of military power
Azerbaijan eases some coronavirus restrictions
President Ilham Aliyev: Great return begins, all work has begun
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Monuments of famous Azerbaijani personalities restored in in Shusha (PHOTOS)
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Baku again warns Armenia over illegal visits to Azerbaijani territory
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President of the Republic of Azerbaijan Ilham Aliyev has sent a congratulatory letter to President of the Republic of Belarus Alexander Lukashenko on the national holiday of the Belarusian people - Independence Day, according to the Presidential press service.
The letter reads:
"On behalf of the people of Azerbaijan and on my own behalf, I sincerely congratulate you and fraternal people of Belarus on the national holiday - Independence Day.
The consistent transformations and structural reforms carried out under your leadership were a reliable foundation for achieving high results in the socio-economic development of the country and ensuring the well-being of citizens.
The peoples of Azerbaijan and Belarus are linked by historically formed relations of friendship, cooperation and mutual support. It is gratifying that a constructive interstate dialogue is becoming more and more substantial and dynamic every year.
I am sure that the comprehensive development and strengthening of traditionally friendly ties, as well as the use of the solid potential of the Azerbaijani-Belarusian multifaceted cooperation, will continue to serve the interests of our peoples and countries.
On this festive day, I wish you, dear Alexander Grigoryevich, good health, happiness and success, and the Republic of Belarus - prosperity and wellbeing."
Daily coronavirus recoveries exceed new cases in Turkey
Sweden extends entry restrictions on visitors from outside the EU
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Have a general idea about your taste. Are you a true minimalist? Or are you looking to do an uber-romantic Gatsby-style wedding? Create a file of magazine tear-outs and ideas you find online. That will give us a clear idea of your loves and love-nots. And don't forget shots from friends' weddings. Maybe you swooned over the centerpieces, but hated the bouquets. Now is the time to bring it up.
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Song Qingchun stared at Su Zhinian, who from her perspective had materialized out of thin air. She was however quickly jolted out of her shock by the sharp tone employed by Su Zhinian. The hint of a smile that hung on her face due to the call from Qin Yinan disappeared as if wiped off. She quickly glanced around at her surroundings and realized it was Su Zhinian's room. Then, the situation from last night slowly came back to her, like how she waited for him to eventually show up and how she fainted from extreme period pain before she could plead her case.
So it was him who brought her home last night?
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Su Zhinian acted like he did not even hear her and continued to push open the door to his study. This was the last chance Song Qingchun had; if she could not persuade him that day, the coming Monday would be the day Song Empire disappeared from the face of the Earth.
Song Qingchun watched the door of the study slowly close in her face and she blurted out without thinking, "If you worry you will be in my close proximity after you become Song Empire's CEO, do not worry because as long as you promise to save Song Empire, I promise to vanish from your life"
The door suddenly stopped moving. She was finally convincing him?
A seed of hope blossomed in Song Qingchun's heart. She swore to Su Zhinian, "I will avoid the places you go to and I promise to not appear in your sight anymore. If you wish for it, I will even leave Beijing"


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Baptismal Greeters greet and welcome families and friends of children being baptized in the parish.
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Our goal is to have each Baptismal Greeter minister once every two months. A volunteer must possess a welcoming presence and participate in the training provided.
Meeting times: Sundays, 1:00 p.m.


text:
Q: Magento 2.2.4 fullpage cache settings not appearing in the backend Can anybody say why my fullpage cache settings is not appearing?
Thanks.

A: I've figured that out why the fullpage cache was not appearing. It's because of Mgtcommere extension that we have installed. When we disabled mgt_varnish, fullpage cache option started coming.
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