Late on Friday, December 13, Valve released the first public version of SteamOS. As you would expect, SteamOS is currently very rough around the edges — it is essentially just a version of Debian 7.1 (Wheezy) that has Steam pre-installed. As it stands, I can't really recommend that you to install SteamOS on some dedicated hardware — it would be a waste of time. If you're interested in Valve's latest machination, though, and toying with what might be the future of gaming, it's well worth installing SteamOS in VirtualBox. That's what I did — and I've written a guide on how to install SteamOS in VirtualBox, if you feel like doing the same.
To begin with, it's definitely not easy to install SteamOS in VirtualBox. Valve clearly didn't intend for you to do this; you can't just mount an ISO and install it, like a normal Linux distro. That isn't to say that this is for experts only, though — even if you're a Linux or VirtualBox newbie, as long as you follow this guide to the letter, you should have a working SteamOS installation within 30 minutes or so.
Begin by downloading everything. Grab the latest version of VirtualBox and install it (it may take some time.) Get SteamOSInstaller.zip from Valve. Download ISO Creator and install it.
Extract SteamOSInstaller.zip into its own folder. Open ISO Creator. You can name the ISO whatever you like, just make sure you save the ISO in a sensible location. Select the folder that you extracted the zip file to. Hit Start and wait a minute or two while the ISO is created.
Now open VirtualBox. This bit is somewhat complex with lots of little steps and gotchas, so be careful. Create a New virtual machine. Give it any name. Type = Linux. Version = Debian (64 bit). Click Next. Pick any amount of memory (1GB is sensible if you're just going to fool around; 4GB if you want to try out DOTA 2 or something). Accept the default options on the next few pages of the wizard, and choose "Dynamically allocated" when prompted. Pick a hard drive size of around 50GB.
Once you've created the virtual machine, select it on the right hand side and enter Settings. Click System and select Enable EFI. Click Display and select Enable 3D Acceleration. Slide the Video Memory slider up to 128MB. Click Network and select Bridged Adapter from the Attached to drop-down. Click USB and use the + icon on the right to add your USB keyboard and mouse (if applicable).
Finally, head to Storage, click the optical disc icon under Controller: IDE, then hit the optical disc icon on the right hand side (see image). Click Choose A Virtual CD/DVD Disk File, then find the ISO file that you made earlier. Click OK to return to the main VirtualBox interface.
If you receive an error at this point, it's probably because you haven't enabled virtualization in BIOS. Enabling virtualization is beyond the scope of this how-to, but if you Google the name of your motherboard and "how to enable virtualization" it's pretty easy.
Now, click Start and pray. If all goes to plan, you'll be greeted with a prompt that looks like the image above. After 2.0 Shell> type the following: FS0:\EFI\BOOT\BOOTX640. If you can't type the backslash (\) for some reason (I couldn't), change your system's keyboard to US layout, then use the On-Screen Keyboard app to type the \. Press Enter, and you should be greeted with the first sign that you're installing SteamOS.
From this screen, press Enter to begin the automated install. Don't worry about the WILL ERASE DISK! warning — VirtualBox prevents SteamOS from changing anything on your local filesystem.
The installation process is automatic and takes a few minutes.
Once the automated install is complete the system will reboot and you'll be greeted with the above screen. Select the second option, recovery mode. The system will boot up and you'll end up at a Linux command prompt.
So that SteamOS is actually usable as a virtualized OS (clipboard sharing, shared folders, better mouse pointer integration), you must now install VirtualBox's Guest Additions. From the command prompt type the following commands, pressing Enter after each one.
This will take a few moments to install, then type reboot and press Enter.
This time around, don't touch the GRUB bootloader and your system will automatically boot into a graphical interface — SteamOS! Well, almost. You'll be greeted with a login prompt. Keep Default Xsession selected. The username and password are both steam.
For some reason, the Return To Steam icon on the desktop doesn't work; you need to click Activities in the top left, then Applications, and scroll down to Steam. The Steam app will update, and then you'll be greeted with the usual login prompt. Log in, hit Big Picture in the top right corner… and voila! You now have a (virtualized) Steam Machine!
From this point on, you're pretty much on your own. I haven't explored SteamOS much yet, but to be honest it doesn't look like there's much to discover: Right now, I think it's just Debian with Steam pre-installed. It's probably a good idea to have SteamOS installed now, though, so that you can take a look at exciting features — such as local game streaming — when they're rolled out in 2014.
Personally, I installed World of Goo and played it for a while. 3D performance in VirtualBox isn't great, so don't expect to do a lot of gaming in your VirtualBox install of SteamOS.


Notre Dame biophysicists develop and test computational models to predict the behavior of biological systems. These include models to study how the behavior and dynamics of lipid bilayers affects permeability for molecules entering and exiting a cell or organelle. Other groups develop models of disordered solids, complex networks, or population genetics and evolution using many-body theory and statistical mechanics. Enzyme-catalyzed reactions govern many biophysical processes, and Notre Dame researchers develop and test atomic-level, physics-based models of these reactions - both the enzymes and their substrates - to provide structural, dynamic, and energetic information that can define reaction mechanisms and identify promising drug targets. High-resolution models of spectroscopic measurements, including time-dependent excitation of fluorescent probe molecules, have enabled Notre Dame researchers to extend established experimental techniques to develop a deeper understanding of solvation dynamics and the microscopic motions of biomolecules. Computational modeling serves as an important tool to characterize and predict the behavior of many complex biophysical systems, and in many groups, predictions from computational studies are developed alongside experimental testing, creating a synergistic feedback loop to accelerate discovery.


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eqtble: Investing in People Insights Today — So We'll Understand Our Workforce Tomorrow
By: Jennifer Wolf
eqtble Promises to Make Sense of Disparate Employee Data and Unlock Actionable Insights for HR Leaders
Ethan Veres (CTO, co-founder), Gabe Horwitz (CPO, co-founder), Joseph Ifiegbu (CEO, co-founder)
It was hard enough for companies to find and keep great talent before the pandemic. As a global workforce, our priorities have certainly shifted. Many of us are demanding increased flexibility from our employers. According to one recent study, 80% of us are seeking more diversity, equity, and inclusion (DEI) in the workplace. We want to work for companies that not only treat us fairly but also embrace our personal values.
However, most companies simply don't know how they are doing when it comes to workforce wellness. The process for how companies measure themselves on people ops — including important workplace cultural programs and policies like DEI — has long been broken. That's why we're excited to lead a $2.7M seed round of funding for eqtble, an HR analytics platform that helps companies discover and act on insights from employee data.
Not just data, insights
The big challenge in our big data world is making good use of that data. On the business side of things, there's a fairly mature industry of intelligence and analytics solutions that help leaders make sense of a wealth of available customer and operations data — and ultimately, surface actionable insight.
But true intelligence about the workforce, talent acquisition, employee engagement, and compensation is hard to come by. There's certainly no shortage of data. The problem is that the analysis of sometimes disparate employee data systems is done in a very manual way. To get answers to important questions, a company's Talent/HR organization typically develops its own spreadsheets to cross-reference information from disparate hiring, recruiting, and training systems. Or, HR leaders may hire a team of data people to develop custom tools that take too long and fail to scale as the company grows.
eqtble bridges this gap by plugging into more than 100 of the most commonly used employee data systems. With these out-of-the-box integrations, the development burden for implementing eqtble is dramatically reduced when compared with a BYO HR analytics solution. eqtble promises to deliver actionable people insights in just a few weeks — instead of several months or even years. And, most importantly, eqtble offers a range of real-time visualizations and dashboards — helping hiring decision-makers find the answers they seek. Answers that can help them find and keep their key talent.
If you follow us closely, you know just how important DEI is to our team here at Initialized. I am excited about having answers about whether a company's pay is equitable across gender, age, race, and other protected classes. And, how diverse candidates are faring during the hiring process compared with the overall hiring funnel.
Beyond DEI, there are so many other questions that HR leaders ponder daily that eqtble can help answer. Questions like:
How long is the hiring process taking — and how does the pace affect the likelihood of candidates accepting offers?
What are the biggest bottlenecks that cause delays or block potential hires?
How many candidates do I need to source to meet hiring goals?
How do hiring metrics compare between departments?
Are my recruiters struggling to meet demand? Do I need contractors or agencies or is it that my recruiting team is underperforming?
How do I get more top candidates to accept my offers?
How can I better retain high-performing employees?
Are my employees paid fairly compared to the market?
Are we promoting our people fairly and with the proper frequency?
One more reason we love eqtble
Almost without exception, the most successful startups solve the problems that founders have personally experienced. The eqtble founding team is Joseph Ifiegbu, Gabe Horwitz and Ethan Veres. Joseph and Gabe built custom solutions for companies such as WeWork and Snap. The products they designed helped decision-makers answer many of the questions I mentioned above. They have a deep understanding of the technical challenges unique to the people industry, along with the business need for eqtble.
eqtble will use this newly raised capital to expand its engineering team and build out the product's machine learning and visualization capabilities.
And like us all, the team at eqtble has endured the global pandemic. If there's one thing we know about the future of work, it's that we don't know. That's why it's more important than ever for companies to invest in tools that give us more real-time people insight. Answers for today and tomorrow that reflect the always-evolving workforce.
That, of course, includes today's workers, who are scarred by a generational event that'll define many careers. We're a little more discerning about where we choose to work these days. And that can be a good thing for businesses, too.
Learn more about eqtble
To learn more about eqtble, visit the company's website, sign up for a demo, and join its PeopleFirst people analytics community.
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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Truth and Fiction
Last night I finally had the chance to hear This American Life's retraction of the Mike Daisey story. I had already read Mike's response to the retraction, as well as listened to Luke Burbank's interview of Mike that occurred well before the brouhaha. I felt empathy for Ira, who felt both betrayed and sorry for his own mistakes. I respect him for owning up to his own mistakes. I think Mike is trying to own up to his own mistakes, but he is not communicating his point well. This is ironic (don't you think?) given his acumen as a storyteller, but perhaps the emotions are too strong for him to speak clearly about it.
One thing is absolutely clear: Mike Daisey lied to the TAL staff repeatedly during the fact-checking on the story. He represented his story as holding up to journalistic vigor in various emails with producers when he knew some parts of the story were not accurate, and he lied about the name and contact information of his translator. He should fess up to that, strongly and in no uncertain terms when he talks about this issue. Admitting it on the Retraction piece was like pulling teeth, and in his subsequent statements he ignores this fact (hah!) completely.
Less clear is Mike's credibility on the rest of the story. I understand why Ira doesn't trust him when Mike disagrees with the translator's version of events. But I also heard clearly that the events took place two years ago, and were not necessarily a big part of the translator's life. So her memories aren't guaranteed to be 100% accurate. Plus the translator does still live in an oppressive regime, and may not want to publicly confirm some facts, like underage workers, that could anger the government. So there is the possibility Mike is telling the truth about those facts.
This gets us to the big picture. Mike Daisey says that despite the deliberate inaccuracies, his monologue is still truthful. I've written before that artistic discourse can contain paradoxes, and that logic can contain irrational elements. I do believe that fictional art can lead us to understand ourselves better, and perhaps lead us to have greater empathy for other perspectives. Self-awareness can be truth, but I don't know if I can define empathy as truth. Empathy is a good thing, no, a great thing. But is it truth? This is where Mike falls down. I believe he should stand up for his monologue as a work of beauty, something that will make you feel more. As he puts it, "But understand that if you felt something that connected you with where your devices come from—that is not a lie. That is art. That is human empathy, and it is real, and even if you curse my name I hope you'll recognize that and continue reading, caring, and thinking." I agree that it is art. But it is not truth.
I enjoy watching biographical movies. Ray, Man in the Moon, Topsy-Turvy, all very entertaining. I gain greater respect for the artists represented in these movies. I also know that the movies aren't 100% factual. Andy Kaufman had several girlfriends who were composited into one character in the movie. Ray had scenes "fictionalized for dramatization purposes." That would be great if Mike Daisey would say, "some scenes of my monologue were fictionalized for dramatic effect." And if he were to make clear in the monologue or in the program notes for the monologue that it uses a "combination of fact, memoir, and dramatic license to tell its story." But he seems to have a hang-up about 'fiction.' I think he is afraid that if he admits the work is fictionalized, people won't have the emotional connection he is trying to make. I also think he truly believes in the cause of the Chinese workers. That is his truth. But he oversold his work in trying to convey this truth, which will only hurt his efforts in the end.
Labels: aesthetics, politics
Book Review: So Much To Say
Isn't it beautiful?
SunPod:
Cultural Competition
Music, unjustly
Happy Pi Day!
Musicobracketology
FriPod: Seks to Sept
Humanitarian Music Theory
Earworms
Proud to be a Larry
FriPod: Festivals
Learning to Love What I Hated


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Q: Enable zoom of about:blank page in Chrome I am writing a Chrome extension which generates an extra tab (using window.open()), containing som extracted data from the original web page where the extension is running. This tab has the "adress" about:blank. In contrast to other tabs, Chrome does not provide support for zooming in and out of this (or any other) blank tab. Can zooming be enabled here? I have found some references to zooming in other posts, but not in the context of about:blank.

A: I have now tried to follow method 4 of @wOxxOm's instructions in the linked page, using chrome.tabs.create() and chrome.tabs.setZoomSettings(). The demo below manages to create a tab and place a Zoom in/out icon in the Chrome toolbar when the user clicks on the Google logo on a Google page. When I set mode: "automatic"in the setZoomSettings()'s zoomSettings object in background.js, the zoom buttons appeared in the Chrome toolbar and actually zoomed, although I had to choose the menu command View -> Zoom In (or Out) before the zoom buttons actually showed up. Please feel free to point out bugs or unelegant solutions below.
Note: this does not strictly answer the question asked, since the generated tab will not be an about:blank tab. However, it provides a solution to the underlying problem.
manifest.json
{
  "manifest_version": 3,
  "name": "zoom demo",
  "version": "0.1",
  "description": "zoom demo",
  "background": {
    "service_worker": "background.js"
  },
  "permissions":["tabs"],
 "content_scripts": [{
      "js": ["jquery.js","content.js"],
     "matches": ["https://www.google.com/*"]
  }],
  "web_accessible_resources":[{"resources":[], "matches": ["https://www.google.com/*"]}]
}

content.js:
jQuery(function($){
  $(document).ready(function(){
    $(document).on("click", "img[alt='Google']", function () {
        chrome.runtime.sendMessage({command:"createTab"});
    });
  });
});

new_tab.html:
<!DOCTYPE html>

<meta charset="utf-8"/>

This is an h2 heading – does it zoom?

new_tab.js:
chrome.runtime.sendMessage({command:"setTabZoom"});

background.js:
var replyObject = {};
chrome.runtime.onMessage.addListener(
  function(request, sender, sendResponse) {
    switch(request.command){
      case "createTab":
        chrome.tabs.create({url:"new_tab.html"});
      break;
      case "setTabZoom":
       chrome.tabs.query({ active: true, currentWindow: true, highlighted: true }, function (tabs) {
        let currTabId = tabs[0].id;
        chrome.tabs.setZoomSettings(currTabId, {
          defaultZoomFactor: 1,
          mode: "automatic",
          scope: "per-tab"},
        );
      });
      break;
    };
    return true;
});

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
Home International Criminal Law Archive for category "Genocide"
The Challenges for the ICJ in the Reliance on UN Fact-Finding Reports in the Case against Myanmar
Published on December 14, 2019 Author: Michael A Becker
This past week's provisional measures hearing in the case against Myanmar at the International Court of Justice (ICJ) made for a remarkable spectacle (see here, here, and here). Acting as the head of her country's delegation, Nobel Peace Prize winner Aung San Suu Kyi sat silently as The Gambia's legal team laid out its case alleging violations of the 1948 Genocide Convention, including brutal descriptions of the atrocities that have been exacted upon the Rohingya minority. When Aung San Suu Kyi addressed the Court herself, she pointedly did not utter the word "Rohingya"—except in a sole reference to the Arakan Rohingya Salvation Army, an insurgent group that Myanmar places at the center of what it frames as an internal armed conflict. Instead, she asked the Court to reject the provisional measures request and to resist the efforts by The Gambia and others to "externalize accountability" for alleged war crimes, leaving Myanmar to addresses these matters itself (CR 2019/19, pp 17-18, paras 24-25) .
In brief, The Gambia accuses Myanmar of engaging in a systematic policy of oppression and persecution against the Rohingya, a Muslim minority in a predominantly Buddhist country, that reaches back decades. Based on the Application, the ICJ will be asked to focus on military campaigns (termed "clearance operations" by Myanmar) carried out against the Rohingya since 2016, which are estimated to have caused more than 10,000 deaths and more than 700,000 people to seek refuge in Bangladesh. This is not the first time that a non-injured State has sought to enforce obligations erga omnes partes at the ICJ, but it is the first such case brought under the Genocide Convention.
I wrote previously about the possibility of an ICJ case against Myanmar and some of the attendant challenges. This post aims to highlight a specific challenge that these proceedings will pose for the Court: The Gambia's extensive reliance on UN fact-finding reports, combined with the absence of prior or parallel international criminal proceedings relating to these events. Read the rest of this entry…
Filed under: EJIL Analysis, Genocide, International Court of Justice, International Criminal Law, International Tribunals, United Nations
Tags: evidence, fact-finding, ICJ, Myanmar, Provisional Measures, Rohingya, The Gambia
Published on December 4, 2019 Author: Marko Milanovic
(Image credit: AFP)
Next week, Aung San Suu Kyi, the Nobel Peace Prize laureate and de facto head of government of Myanmar, will appear in person before the International Court of Justice. She will be defending her country in the case brought by Gambia for breaches of the Genocide Convention due to atrocities against the Rohingya. The Court will be holding oral hearings on provisional measures in the case (for our earlier coverage, see here). According to an AFP report:
Ardent fans of Aung San Suu Kyi are snapping up spots on $2,000 tours to The Hague, in a display of moral support as Myanmar faces charges of genocide over the Rohingya crisis at the UN's top court in December.
Supporter rallies, billboards and outpourings of praise online followed the shock announcement by the country's civilian leader last week that she would personally represent Myanmar at the International Court of Justice (ICJ).
The once-lauded democracy champion will be defending the 2017 military crackdown against the Rohingya minority.
One travel operator is organising a five-day tour to The Hague that includes visa and transportation as part of a $2,150 package, said employee Ma July — a prohibitive rate for most in the developing nation.
Social influencer Pencilo and well-known TV presenter Mg Mg Aye are among the 20 or so people to have already signed up.
"I believe this is our duty as citizens," Pencilo, 29, told AFP Friday, urging any of her 1.1 million Facebook followers who have the means to do the same.
"It's important the world knows her compatriots are fully behind her."
– 'We stand with you' –
All of this is so deeply disturbing on so many levels that I genuinely find myself bereft of words. But the image above somehow manages to convey it all – Peace Palace, Photoshop, Facebook. For analysis of why Suu Kyi has decided to appear before the Court in person, perhaps due to her total inability to accept a reality that is not to her liking, or perhaps as part of a cynical strategy to buoy support for her party and herself within Myanmar, see here and here. Either way, it will be a sad spectacle, in more ways than one.
Filed under: EJIL Analysis, Genocide, International Court of Justice
Tags: Myanmar, Provisional Measures, Rohingya, The Gambia
The Gambia's gamble, and how jurisdictional limits may keep the ICJ from ruling on Myanmar's alleged genocide against Rohingya
Published on November 21, 2019 Author: Thomas Van Poecke, Marta Hermez and Jonas Vernimmen
On 11 November, The Gambia filed an Application instituting proceedings and requesting provisional measures at the International Court of Justice (ICJ) in relation to the genocide allegedly committed by Myanmar against the Rohingya (for a first analysis of the Application, see this post by Priya Pillai). As notably reported by The New York Times and The Washington Post, the application is at least in part a personal quest for justice by The Gambia's Minister of Justice and Attorney General, Abubacarr Marie Tambadou, who acts as The Gambia's Agent and previously worked for the prosecutor of the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda. The Gambia's application is backed by the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation (of which The Gambia is a member) and its legal team is led by the US law firm Foley Hoag (see here). As we will argue below, the peculiar origins of this quest for justice may well be determinative for the establishment of the ICJ's jurisdiction.
Regarding the atrocities committed against the Rohingya, the UN Human Rights Council's Independent International Fact-Finding Mission on Myanmar has found 'that the factors allowing the inference of genocidal intent are present' (see here, para 1441). While there appears little reason to disagree with the Fact-Finding Mission's conclusion, in this post we will not examine substantively whether the atrocities complained of constitute genocide. Instead, we will briefly sketch why it makes sense for The Gambia to seize the ICJ while proceedings relating to the Rohingya are already going on at the International Criminal Court (ICC), after which we will address the request for provisional measures.
Different nature of the ICJ and ICC Proceedings
Just three days after The Gambia submitted its application to the ICJ, Pre-Trial Chamber III of the ICC authorized the Prosecutor to investigate the situation in Myanmar/Bangladesh (see here). As Myanmar is not a party to the Rome Statute, and as the position of China and Russia make a UN Security Council referral highly unlikely (see eg here), the Prosecutor has opened an investigation on her own initiative. The investigation 'geographically' focuses on Bangladesh, Myanmar's neighbouring country to which over 742.000 Rohingya refugees have fled (see here). Bangladesh is a party to the Rome Statute, and accordingly provides a jurisdictional link to the Court. Read the rest of this entry…
Filed under: EJIL Analysis, Genocide, International Court of Justice, International Criminal Court, International Criminal Law, International Tribunals, Jurisdiction
Tags: Myanmar, Provisional Measures, Rohinga, The Gambia
The previous two posts (see Part I here and Part II here) gave only a cursory outline of problematic approaches to evidence and examples thereof. I will now touch on two related points, (1) evidentiary expectations for crimes against humanity and (2) investigative criticisms that overlook the applicable legal regime, and then I will conclude. Read the rest of this entry…
A Disappointing End of the Road for the Mothers of Srebrenica Litigation in the Netherlands
Published on July 23, 2019 Author: Tom Dannenbaum
On Friday, the Dutch Supreme Court issued its final decision in the Mothers of Srebrenica litigation regarding the acts and omissions of the Dutch battalion (Dutchbat) of U.N. peacekeepers at Srebrenica in July 1995 (English translation). I've written previously on these pages about a pair of earlier, narrower cases (Nuhanović and Mustafić-Mujić) related to the Netherlands' responsibility for Dutchbat's failures during the genocide (see here, here, and here). Friday's ruling marks the end of an extraordinarily lengthy process regarding the more comprehensive litigation effort led by the Mothers of Srebrenica organization. The litigation went up to the European Court of Human Rights on the issue of U.N. immunity (which was upheld), before turning to the responsibility of the Netherlands.
In this post, I discuss four issues arising in the Supreme Court's decision
the Court's apportionment of responsibility to the Netherlands for Bosnian Serb forces' killings of the 350 Bosnian Muslim men who had been in Dutchbat's compound;
the theory of attribution adopted by the Court, and how it compares to the approach adopted in earlier Srebrenica cases;
the Court's approach to Dutch responsibility for those outside the compound;
and the justiciability of the duty to prevent genocide.
The Percentage of Dutch Responsibility
The headlines have focused on the Netherlands' share of liability. The Court of Appeal held the state liable for 30% of the damages associated with the killings of the 350 men whom Dutchbat had evicted from its Potočari compound and into the hands of the Bosnian Serb forces (VRS) (paras. 68-69.1). The Supreme Court reduced this share to 10% (para 4.7.9). Both courts appear to have applied a form of proportionate responsibility to Dutchbat with respect to the VRS killings, while applying joint and several responsibility to the Netherlands with respect to the actions of Dutchbat. In other words, the Netherlands is to be held fully responsible for the 10% apportioned to Dutchbat, even though Dutchbat's conduct is potentially also attributable to the U.N. Read the rest of this entry…
Filed under: EJIL Analysis, European Court of Human Rights, Genocide, International Law and Domestic Law, State Immunity, State Responsibility, United Nations
Tags: attribution, ILC, Mothers of Srebrenica, UN peacekeepers
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Canada Avoids Indigenous Reconciliation and the UN Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples
Published on July 3, 2019 Author: Michael Fakhri
If you believe that Canada is a country filled with self-effacing and polite people, you may miss the genocidal violence within its borders. First Nations, Inuit, and Métis have always known that the Government of Canada along with the Canadian provincial governments have deliberately implemented and enabled the continuous annihilation of Indigenous peoples. The National Inquiry into Missing and Murdered Indigenous Women and Girls found in its report, released earlier this month, that Indigenous women were 12 times more likely to be killed or to disappear than other women in Canada. The report concluded that this violence is the result of historical and ongoing race-based genocide against Indigenous peoples.
The National Inquiry was commissioned by the Government of Canada in 2015 to launch a public inquiry into the disproportionate levels of violence against Indigenous women and girls. It was the result of long-standing pressure from grassroots family members and survivors, community organizations and national Indigenous organizations, international human rights organizations, and the Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada. It took a tragedy in 2014 to lead to a public inquiry: the body of Tina Fontaine, a 15-year-old girl from the Sagkeeng First Nation, was found in the Red River in Winnipeg, Manitoba wrapped in a duvet weighed down with 25 pounds of rocks; when the main murder suspect was acquitted, people across the country were outraged which generated wide-spread calls for an investigation into why Indigenous girls and women were dying at a high rate.
The report's conclusion was not new news to anyone who understood Canadian politics. What is noteworthy is that Prime Minister Justin Trudeau publicly accepted that Canada has committed and continues to commit genocide. Many citizens and prominent officials in Canada, however, had a visceral reaction against the characterization of the violence as genocidal. It did not match the story that Canadian citizens and government officials tell themselves about Canada as a promoter of international human rights abroad or of what they thought modern genocide looks like.
Never has international law forced Canada to face itself so honestly. Some are arguing that because genocide did not exist as an international crime before the 1948 Geneva Conventions, the colonial violence in Canada's past may not fall under the gambit of modern international criminal law (here and here) even if they reverberate today. These arguments, however, treat colonialism in Canada as a punctuated historical phenomenon. Read the rest of this entry…
Filed under: Genocide, Indigenous Peoples
Tags: Canada
Is Canada Internationally Responsible for Genocide?
Published on June 12, 2019 Author: Bruno Gelinas-Faucher
Commissioned by the Canadian government in 2016, the National Inquiry into Missing and Murdered Indigenous Women and Girls delivered its final 1,200-page report last week. The report contains many important recommendations to end endemic levels of violence directed at Indigenous women, but it is also noteworthy at the international level for its conclusion that Canada is internationally responsible for perpetrating a genocide against Indigenous peoples. This particular conclusion has reverberated across the country and made headlines around the world (see eg here, here, and here).
The creation of the National Inquiry was a 2015 campaign promise of the Trudeau Government which had pledged to renew Canada's relationship with Indigenous peoples. The initiative was a response to mounting pressure from Indigenous organizations and civil society and came on the heels of the Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada, which documented multiple instances of violence and damages inflicted on Indigenous peoples.
The new public inquiry was created with the mandate to report on all forms of violence against Indigenous women and girls. The Government appointed five distinguished Indigenous jurists and advocates as Commissioners to undertake this momentous task, including retired Provincial Court Judge Marion Buller. The Commissioners' decision to ground their findings in an international law framework really sets it apart from other public inquiries, and the conclusion that Canada's policies amount to genocide triggering its international responsibility is hetero unprecedented. The legal analysis supporting that conclusion is presented in a supplementary report which was elaborated in consultation with three international legal scholars and lawyers with expertise in the field, namely Professor Fannie Lafontaine, Amanda Ghahremani and Catherine Savard.
Considerable effort is spent arguing on the contours of the genocide definition and its constitutive elements. While the report presents a defendable argument in that regard, it unfortunately falls short when it comes to establishing Canada's international responsibility. This post will briefly outline the National Inquiry's legal conclusions and offer a critical analysis of the methodology (or lack thereof) regarding issues of state responsibility. Read the rest of this entry…
Filed under: Economic Social Cultural Rights, EJIL Analysis, Genocide, Human Rights, State Responsibility
Tags: Canada, colonialism, Indigenous peoples
Symposium on the Genocide Convention: Is the Duty to Prevent Genocide an Obligation of Result or an Obligation of Conduct according to the ICJ?
Published on May 16, 2019 Author: Marco Longobardo
Editor's note: This is the final post in our blog symposium arising out of the Nottingham International Law and Security Centre conference to mark the 70th Anniversary of the Genocide Convention. Read the other posts in this symposium here and here.
This post questions the findings of the International Court of Justice (ICJ) in the 2007 Bosnia v. Serbia case, according to which the duty to prevent a genocide is an obligation of conduct that can be assessed only after the occurrence of a genocide. The post first briefly explores the distinction between obligations of conduct and obligations of result on the basis of the International Law Commission (ILC)'s works and judicial practice. The post moves on to emphasise some inconsistencies in the ICJ's reasoning in relation to the occurrence of a genocide as a prerequisite for the violation of the duty to prevent genocide. Finally, the post advances some possible explanations of the role of the event 'genocide' in relation to the duty to prevent genocide.
The 2007 ICJ's Decision
In the 2007 Bosnia v. Serbia case, the Court for the first time declared that an autonomous obligation of diligent conduct to prevent genocide exists under Article I of the 1948 Genocide Convention (see my reflections here). According to the Court:
It is clear that the obligation in question is one of conduct and not one of result, in the sense that a State cannot be under an obligation to succeed, whatever the circumstances, in preventing the commission of genocide: the obligation of States parties is rather to employ all means reasonably available to them, so as to prevent genocide so far as possible. A State does not incur responsibility simply because the desired result is not achieved; responsibility is however incurred if the State manifestly failed to take all measures to prevent genocide which were within its power, and which might have contributed to preventing the genocide. In this area the notion of "due diligence", which calls for an assessment in concreto, is of critical importance. (para 430, emphasis added)
The Court went on to affirm that a breach of the duty to prevent genocide can be assessed only after a genocide has occurred. The Court took the view that:
a State can be held responsible for breaching the obligation to prevent genocide only if genocide was actually committed. It is at the time when commission of the prohibited act (genocide or any of the other acts listed in Article III of the Convention) begins that the breach of an obligation of prevention occurs. […] If neither genocide nor any of the other acts listed in Article III of the Convention are ultimately carried out, then a State that omitted to act when it could have done so cannot be held responsible a posteriori, since the event did not happen. (para 431, emphasis added)
However, the view that a genocide must occur before a State's compliance with the duty to prevent genocide can be assessed ignores the fact that this duty is a due diligence obligation of conduct. This conclusion is supported by the analysis of the evolution of the notion of obligations of conduct. Read the rest of this entry…
Filed under: Announcements and Events, EJIL Analysis, Genocide, History of International Law, History of International Law, International Court of Justice, International Criminal Law
Tags: genocide convention
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Symposium on the Genocide Convention: Reflecting on the Genocide Convention at 70: How genocide became a crime subject to universal jurisdiction
Published on May 16, 2019 Author: Amina Adanan
Editor's note: This is the second post in our blog symposium arising out of the Nottingham International Law and Security Centre conference to mark the 70th Anniversary of the Genocide Convention. Read the first post here.
The 9th of December 2018 marked the 70th anniversary of the adoption of the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide 1948 by the United Nations General Assembly. Article 6 of the Convention expressly grants adjudicatory jurisdiction to the territorial State (the State where the crime occurred) and to an international penal tribunal with the acceptance of the Contracting Parties. However, the textual content of the Article has not prevented the application of extraterritorial jurisdiction to the crime, including universal criminal jurisdiction. Reflecting on the Genocide Convention at 70, this post briefly analyses the development of universal jurisdiction over the crime of genocide. It explains how Article 6 has led to the application of the universality principle to the crime, and considers what can be learned from this phenomenon in the context of the legacy of the Genocide Convention.
The origins of the application of universal jurisdiction to genocide began decades before the drafting of the Genocide Convention in 1947. Read the rest of this entry…
Filed under: Conference, EJIL Analysis, Genocide, History of International Law, History of International Law, International Criminal Law, Jurisdiction
Tags: genocide convention, universal jurisdiction
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Symposium on the Genocide Convention: Codification of the Crime of Genocide – a Blessing or a Curse?
Published on May 15, 2019 Author: Maja Munivrana Vajda
Editor's note: This is the first post in our blog symposium arising out of the Nottingham International Law and Security Centre conference to mark the 70th Anniversary of the Genocide Convention.
Codification of the crime of genocide
A lot has been written about the origins of the crime of genocide that need not be repeated here. It is well known that Lemkin originally saw genocide as a broad concept, i.e. as different acts aimed at destroying the culture and livelihood of groups (Axis Rule in Occupied Power, pp. 79-82). Along the same lines, the 1946 UN General Assembly Resolution 96 described genocide as the denial of the right of existence of entire human groups – including political ones. However, the scope of the definition adopted in the 1948 Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide was significantly narrower. Cultural destruction and forcible population transfer were not included in the final text, protected groups were restricted, and jurisdictional reach limited. Yet, the Convention must be understood in the context of time. Indeed, having in mind the historical background, it is quite remarkable that the Convention was adopted at all – and broad support was generated by making concessions and imposing more stringent requirements.
Since the Genocide Convention defined and codified the crime of genocide as an independent crime, the definition of genocide has remained firmly settled in international law. Perhaps prematurely, the ICJ had already proclaimed its customary status in 1951, which was subsequently fortified by the verbatim reproduction of Article II of the Genocide Convention in the statutes of international ad hoc tribunals (here and here) as well as the Rome Statute of the ICC. This surely contributed to legal certainty and, from this perspective, codification can be viewed as a blessing for the relatively consistent application of the definition of genocide at the international level. Yet, simultaneously, it was a curse, preventing the crime from undergoing a development similar to that of crimes against humanity and even war crimes. This downside of the early codification could have been at least partially addressed through teleological and evolutive interpretation of the offence. The international tribunals, however, failed to realize the potential of the definition and thus contributed to frustrations surrounding prosecutions of genocide as well as to claims that genocide today is a redundant crime. Read the rest of this entry…
Filed under: Conference, EJIL Analysis, Genocide, History of International Law, History of International Law, International Criminal Law


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TrentM85 August 23, 2018 at 12:43 pm
I just want to start by saying that Royal Vegas is NOT available in the UK anymore. I played at this casino before though. What I like is the Microgaming selection. Not so much for the slots (which are still good) but for the table and card games. Microgaming has a lot of these titles too and they tend to have much better odds. I'm not a "welcome bonus" type of player but I do like the VIP system at this casino. I never had a problem getting money or putting money into my account. Didn't really have to contact customer service either so no opinion there. The fact that Royal Vegas has been around a while makes it a bit easier to trust. New casinos pop up everywhere so watch out! xxxx
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Customers & Colleagues
Warm welcome from colleagues as popular porter Joe returns to work
By News & Blogs Team
Everyone at our Breck Road store in Liverpool is delighted to see our much-loved 82-year-old porter Joe Moran back at work.
Joe's been given the all-clear to come back to work after successful treatment for lung cancer – and says he couldn't wait to come back.
He said: "The thought of coming back to work was one of the things that kept me being determined to get well again. I really enjoy the company, the banter with colleagues and helping all the customers – and being a porter keeps you very fit. I don't like to sit at home doing nothing."
Three generations of Joe's family work at the store. His daughter Joanne Gardner is an Asda Ace, his grandson Daniel is one of the youngest Asda Produce section leaders at the age of 20, and his granddaughter Becky, who's currently on maternity leave, works in George Home.
Daniel said: "It's great to see Joe back at work doing what he loves to do, especially after everything he has been through in the past year.
"He loves working at Asda and when he was recuperating at home after his treatments he was always asking the doctor 'when can I go back to work?'.
"It's nice to have the four of us in the same store, though we all have different roles and shifts we don't see each other that much. We each get a different view of what has gone on at work each week and can share the news when we catch up."
Joe, who's lived in Liverpool all his life, was diagnosed with cancer after noticing pain in his shoulder and chest last spring. He ended up in hospital being treated for pneumonia when they discovered a shadow during x-rays, but has made a great recovery after a course of radiotherapy.
Before joining Asda Joe worked at Liverpool Docks, working on the cranes that load containers on and off.
He said: "I'm really glad I came to work at Asda after leaving the docks, as it is a much more sociable job – in the docks I only worked with one other person whereas now I've got a whole crowd of colleagues of all ages to chat to!
Joe said: "I like knowing my relatives are in the store with me, but I let them get on with it as they are all busy.""
The store's community champion Liz McCreery says everyone at the store is delighted to see Joe back at work.
Liz said: "Joe's a real inspiration and everyone's so glad to see him looking well.
"He is always smiling and never complains. He just gets on and works away until the job is done. He will always give time to stop and talk to someone who wants a chat or a joke.
"I think if I'd been through that, particularly at his age, I'd be stepping back now and looking after myself, but he couldn't wait to get back to work!"
'Credit to the store': colleagues at Shepshed help elderly unwell customer
Optical colleague Harry from Adel helps customer with suspected heart attack
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text:
"""
Support for IP Webcam, an Android app that acts as a full-featured webcam.

For more details about this component, please refer to the documentation at
https://home-assistant.io/components/android_ip_webcam/
"""
import asyncio
import logging
from datetime import timedelta

import voluptuous as vol

from homeassistant.core import callback
from homeassistant.const import (
    CONF_NAME, CONF_HOST, CONF_PORT, CONF_USERNAME, CONF_PASSWORD,
    CONF_SENSORS, CONF_SWITCHES, CONF_TIMEOUT, CONF_SCAN_INTERVAL,
    CONF_PLATFORM)
from homeassistant.helpers.aiohttp_client import async_get_clientsession
from homeassistant.helpers import discovery
import homeassistant.helpers.config_validation as cv
from homeassistant.helpers.dispatcher import (
    async_dispatcher_send, async_dispatcher_connect)
from homeassistant.helpers.entity import Entity
from homeassistant.helpers.event import async_track_point_in_utc_time
from homeassistant.util.dt import utcnow
from homeassistant.components.camera.mjpeg import (
    CONF_MJPEG_URL, CONF_STILL_IMAGE_URL)

REQUIREMENTS = ['pydroid-ipcam==0.8']

_LOGGER = logging.getLogger(__name__)

ATTR_AUD_CONNS = 'Audio Connections'
ATTR_HOST = 'host'
ATTR_VID_CONNS = 'Video Connections'

CONF_MOTION_SENSOR = 'motion_sensor'

DATA_IP_WEBCAM = 'android_ip_webcam'
DEFAULT_NAME = 'IP Webcam'
DEFAULT_PORT = 8080
DEFAULT_TIMEOUT = 10
DOMAIN = 'android_ip_webcam'

SCAN_INTERVAL = timedelta(seconds=10)
SIGNAL_UPDATE_DATA = 'android_ip_webcam_update'

KEY_MAP = {
    'audio_connections': 'Audio Connections',
    'adet_limit': 'Audio Trigger Limit',
    'antibanding': 'Anti-banding',
    'audio_only': 'Audio Only',
    'battery_level': 'Battery Level',
    'battery_temp': 'Battery Temperature',
    'battery_voltage': 'Battery Voltage',
    'coloreffect': 'Color Effect',
    'exposure': 'Exposure Level',
    'exposure_lock': 'Exposure Lock',
    'ffc': 'Front-facing Camera',
    'flashmode': 'Flash Mode',
    'focus': 'Focus',
    'focus_homing': 'Focus Homing',
    'focus_region': 'Focus Region',
    'focusmode': 'Focus Mode',
    'gps_active': 'GPS Active',
    'idle': 'Idle',
    'ip_address': 'IPv4 Address',
    'ipv6_address': 'IPv6 Address',
    'ivideon_streaming': 'Ivideon Streaming',
    'light': 'Light Level',
    'mirror_flip': 'Mirror Flip',
    'motion': 'Motion',
    'motion_active': 'Motion Active',
    'motion_detect': 'Motion Detection',
    'motion_event': 'Motion Event',
    'motion_limit': 'Motion Limit',
    'night_vision': 'Night Vision',
    'night_vision_average': 'Night Vision Average',
    'night_vision_gain': 'Night Vision Gain',
    'orientation': 'Orientation',
    'overlay': 'Overlay',
    'photo_size': 'Photo Size',
    'pressure': 'Pressure',
    'proximity': 'Proximity',
    'quality': 'Quality',
    'scenemode': 'Scene Mode',
    'sound': 'Sound',
    'sound_event': 'Sound Event',
    'sound_timeout': 'Sound Timeout',
    'torch': 'Torch',
    'video_connections': 'Video Connections',
    'video_chunk_len': 'Video Chunk Length',
    'video_recording': 'Video Recording',
    'video_size': 'Video Size',
    'whitebalance': 'White Balance',
    'whitebalance_lock': 'White Balance Lock',
    'zoom': 'Zoom'
}

ICON_MAP = {
    'audio_connections': 'mdi:speaker',
    'battery_level': 'mdi:battery',
    'battery_temp': 'mdi:thermometer',
    'battery_voltage': 'mdi:battery-charging-100',
    'exposure_lock': 'mdi:camera',
    'ffc': 'mdi:camera-front-variant',
    'focus': 'mdi:image-filter-center-focus',
    'gps_active': 'mdi:crosshairs-gps',
    'light': 'mdi:flashlight',
    'motion': 'mdi:run',
    'night_vision': 'mdi:weather-night',
    'overlay': 'mdi:monitor',
    'pressure': 'mdi:gauge',
    'proximity': 'mdi:map-marker-radius',
    'quality': 'mdi:quality-high',
    'sound': 'mdi:speaker',
    'sound_event': 'mdi:speaker',
    'sound_timeout': 'mdi:speaker',
    'torch': 'mdi:white-balance-sunny',
    'video_chunk_len': 'mdi:video',
    'video_connections': 'mdi:eye',
    'video_recording': 'mdi:record-rec',
    'whitebalance_lock': 'mdi:white-balance-auto'
}

SWITCHES = ['exposure_lock', 'ffc', 'focus', 'gps_active', 'night_vision',
            'overlay', 'torch', 'whitebalance_lock', 'video_recording']

SENSORS = ['audio_connections', 'battery_level', 'battery_temp',
           'battery_voltage', 'light', 'motion', 'pressure', 'proximity',
           'sound', 'video_connections']

CONFIG_SCHEMA = vol.Schema({
    DOMAIN: vol.All(cv.ensure_list, [vol.Schema({
        vol.Optional(CONF_NAME, default=DEFAULT_NAME): cv.string,
        vol.Required(CONF_HOST): cv.string,
        vol.Optional(CONF_PORT, default=DEFAULT_PORT): cv.port,
        vol.Optional(CONF_TIMEOUT, default=DEFAULT_TIMEOUT): cv.positive_int,
        vol.Optional(CONF_SCAN_INTERVAL, default=SCAN_INTERVAL):
            cv.time_period,
        vol.Inclusive(CONF_USERNAME, 'authentication'): cv.string,
        vol.Inclusive(CONF_PASSWORD, 'authentication'): cv.string,
        vol.Optional(CONF_SWITCHES):
            vol.All(cv.ensure_list, [vol.In(SWITCHES)]),
        vol.Optional(CONF_SENSORS):
            vol.All(cv.ensure_list, [vol.In(SENSORS)]),
        vol.Optional(CONF_MOTION_SENSOR): cv.boolean,
    })])
}, extra=vol.ALLOW_EXTRA)

@asyncio.coroutine
def async_setup(hass, config):
    """Set up the IP Webcam component."""
    from pydroid_ipcam import PyDroidIPCam

    webcams = hass.data[DATA_IP_WEBCAM] = {}
    websession = async_get_clientsession(hass)

    @asyncio.coroutine
    def async_setup_ipcamera(cam_config):
        """Set up an IP camera."""
        host = cam_config[CONF_HOST]
        username = cam_config.get(CONF_USERNAME)
        password = cam_config.get(CONF_PASSWORD)
        name = cam_config[CONF_NAME]
        interval = cam_config[CONF_SCAN_INTERVAL]
        switches = cam_config.get(CONF_SWITCHES)
        sensors = cam_config.get(CONF_SENSORS)
        motion = cam_config.get(CONF_MOTION_SENSOR)

        # Init ip webcam
        cam = PyDroidIPCam(
            hass.loop, websession, host, cam_config[CONF_PORT],
            username=username, password=password,
            timeout=cam_config[CONF_TIMEOUT]
        )

        if switches is None:
            switches = [setting for setting in cam.enabled_settings
                        if setting in SWITCHES]

        if sensors is None:
            sensors = [sensor for sensor in cam.enabled_sensors
                       if sensor in SENSORS]
            sensors.extend(['audio_connections', 'video_connections'])

        if motion is None:
            motion = 'motion_active' in cam.enabled_sensors

        @asyncio.coroutine
        def async_update_data(now):
            """Update data from IP camera in SCAN_INTERVAL."""
            yield from cam.update()
            async_dispatcher_send(hass, SIGNAL_UPDATE_DATA, host)

            async_track_point_in_utc_time(
                hass, async_update_data, utcnow() + interval)

        yield from async_update_data(None)

        # Load platforms
        webcams[host] = cam

        mjpeg_camera = {
            CONF_PLATFORM: 'mjpeg',
            CONF_MJPEG_URL: cam.mjpeg_url,
            CONF_STILL_IMAGE_URL: cam.image_url,
            CONF_NAME: name,
        }
        if username and password:
            mjpeg_camera.update({
                CONF_USERNAME: username,
                CONF_PASSWORD: password
            })

        hass.async_create_task(discovery.async_load_platform(
            hass, 'camera', 'mjpeg', mjpeg_camera, config))

        if sensors:
            hass.async_create_task(discovery.async_load_platform(
                hass, 'sensor', DOMAIN, {
                    CONF_NAME: name,
                    CONF_HOST: host,
                    CONF_SENSORS: sensors,
                }, config))

        if switches:
            hass.async_create_task(discovery.async_load_platform(
                hass, 'switch', DOMAIN, {
                    CONF_NAME: name,
                    CONF_HOST: host,
                    CONF_SWITCHES: switches,
                }, config))

        if motion:
            hass.async_create_task(discovery.async_load_platform(
                hass, 'binary_sensor', DOMAIN, {
                    CONF_HOST: host,
                    CONF_NAME: name,
                }, config))

    tasks = [async_setup_ipcamera(conf) for conf in config[DOMAIN]]
    if tasks:
        yield from asyncio.wait(tasks, loop=hass.loop)

    return True

class AndroidIPCamEntity(Entity):
    """The Android device running IP Webcam."""

    def __init__(self, host, ipcam):
        """Initialize the data object."""
        self._host = host
        self._ipcam = ipcam

    @asyncio.coroutine
    def async_added_to_hass(self):
        """Register update dispatcher."""
        @callback
        def async_ipcam_update(host):
            """Update callback."""
            if self._host != host:
                return
            self.async_schedule_update_ha_state(True)

        async_dispatcher_connect(
            self.hass, SIGNAL_UPDATE_DATA, async_ipcam_update)

    @property
    def should_poll(self):
        """Return True if entity has to be polled for state."""
        return False

    @property
    def available(self):
        """Return True if entity is available."""
        return self._ipcam.available

    @property
    def device_state_attributes(self):
        """Return the state attributes."""
        state_attr = {ATTR_HOST: self._host}
        if self._ipcam.status_data is None:
            return state_attr

        state_attr[ATTR_VID_CONNS] = \
            self._ipcam.status_data.get('video_connections')
        state_attr[ATTR_AUD_CONNS] = \
            self._ipcam.status_data.get('audio_connections')

        return state_attr

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
Q: Finding a single Unique value in a python list I am trying to create a function that returns a unique value on a python list.
So for example:
List = [1,1,1,1,2,1,1,1,1,]

How would I go about returning the unique value, 2.
I have tried the following:
import numpy as np

def find_uniq(arr):
    abc = np.array(arr)
    return list(np.unique(abc))

However when I try this ^^^ , it returns (2) two values , the 1 and the 2. Since they are both unique values to the list. Though I only want the 2.

A: Try this:
>>> from collections import Counter
>>> c = Counter( [1,1,1,1,2,1,1,1,1,])
>>> c
Counter({1: 8, 2: 1})
>>> print ([k for k,v in c.items() if v==1])
[2]

This will tell you quickly if there is no unique element, or more than one.

A: for i in numList:
    if numList.count(i) == 1 :
        print ("unique", i)

A: Return counts from numpy.unique and then select values that have count of 1:
lst = [1,1,1,1,2,1,1,1,1]
val, cnt = np.unique(lst, return_counts=True)
val[cnt == 1]
# [2]

A: You can loop through the unique elements using set, and return the element which appears only once:
for ele in set(arr):
    if arr.count(ele) == 1:
        print(ele)
        break

A: def check_window(i,a):
    return all(a[i+d]!=a[i] for d in (-1,1))

l = [1,1,1,1,2,1,1,1,1]
ls = sorted(l)
ls.append(None)

uniques = [ls[i] for i in range(1,len(ls)-1) if check_window(i, ls)]

A: For every unique element append it to list
def find_unique(nums_list):
    result = []
    for i in nums_list :
        if nums_list.count(i) == 1 :
            result.append(i)
    return result

print(find_unique([1,1,1,1,2,1,1,1,1]))

If you want to find only first unique element
def find_unique(nums_list):
    for i in nums_list :
        if nums_list.count(i) == 1 :
            return i

print(find_unique([1,9,1,1,2,1,1,1,1]))

A: Encountered on Codewars ('Find the unique number' by isqua)
The first solution I came up with below, has an issue where it takes too long to return what I need. It doesn't create additional arrays, but I guess iterating through a giant list would be a problem.
for n in arr:
        if arr.count(n) == 1:
            return n
        else: None

The method below worked perfectly, and leads me to believe that python sorts faster than iterating.
x,y = sorted(arr)[0], sorted(arr)[-1]
return x if arr.count(x) == 1 else y


text:
ocfinfo@ocfair.com
88 Fair Drive - Costa Mesa, CA 92626
2022 OC Fair
Imaginology
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Venue Videos
Food & Beverage – Spectra
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Facilities Information
There's something happening here all year long – this is the center for fun!
Home » About Us » What's New
August 25, 2021 (11:23 am)
OC Fair announces final attendance numbers for 2021 event
The OC Fair has announced that 1,055,770 guests attended the 2021 event which ran from July 16 through Aug. 15, 2021.
Advance tickets were required for the first time as the Fair moved forward with limited daily capacity and a slightly slimmed down array of booths and attractions. Also for the first time, the OC Fair sold out 16 of its 23 days due to capacity limitations.
"While we're so pleased that more than a million people came out to support the return of the OC Fair this year, increased attendance is no longer a number by which we will measure the success of the Fair," said OC Fair & Event Center CEO Michele Richards. "More important to us is the great guest experience we were able to create, our ability to responsibly manage our resources and achieve profitability, and our efforts to be good neighbors and support the community in times of need."
"Time for Fun," was the theme of this year's Fair and guests agreed. The 2021 guest survey showed that the Fair earned an overall enjoyment rating of 4.2 out of 5 and the advance ticketing process earned a 4.5 out of 5 rating from visitors.
Some 16 percent who answered the survey said they attended the OC Fair for the first time and fairgoers said their favorite parts of the event were food, animals and exhibits.
Visitors also enjoyed music at this year's Fair with 20 sold-out concerts in The Hangar and so far nine sold-out shows in Pacific Amphitheatre.
Concerts under the stars are continuing with five more shows in Pacific Amphitheatre:
Aug. 25 – Goo Goo Dolls / Sister Hazel – Buy tickets
Aug. 26 – Flaming Lips / Greer – Buy tickets
Sept. 2 – Chase Rice / Breland – Buy tickets
Sept. 11 – Pacific Symphony performing Tchaikovsky's "1812" Overture – Buy tickets
Sept. 23 – Hank Williams Jr. / Jackson Dean – Buy tickets
The 2020 OC Fair was canceled due to the pandemic and a virtual event was held online. Attendance at the 2019 OC Fair was 1,393,482.
OC Fair & Event Center receives grant from SBA
OC Fair & Event Center has been notified that it will receive a Shuttered Venue Operator Grant from the Small Business Administration of approximately $4.888 million.
The grant will help to replace the revenue lost from 2020 when the OC Fair performances in The Hangar and Pacific Amphitheatre summer concert series were canceled.
The SVOG grant money must be spent specifically on replacing the lost revenue and it will be earmarked to offset costs from the 2021 Hangar performances and Pacific Amphitheatre concert series.
CEO Michele Richards said the grant is "very welcomed relief from a lost concert season."
August 16, 2021 (1:21 pm)
Sun sets on the 2021 OC Fair – it's a wrap!
The 2021 OC Fair is a wrap and there were several firsts and a whole lot of summer memories for fairgoers who felt it was "Time for Fun," the theme of this year's Fair which ran from July 16 through Aug. 15.
Advance tickets were required for the first time as the Fair moved forward with limited daily capacity and a slightly slimmed down array of booths and attractions.
Here's a look at this year's Fair by the numbers:
16 sold-out days – For the first time, the OC Fair had sold-out days and 16 of the 23 days maxed out. Fairgoers also got to enjoy two additional hours with gates opening at 10 a.m. instead of noon. The Fair Board voted to keep admission and parking prices the same as in 2019.
Preliminary figures show that just over one million fairgoers agreed that it was Time for Fun and came out to enjoy summer's most anticipated event. Also for the first time, there was a limit of approx. 45,000 tickets sold daily for Fair admission, The Hangar concerts and shows in Pacific Amphitheatre. There were some ticket types already in the market, such as promotional tickets and passes, that were taken into account.
"While we're so pleased that more than a million people came out to support the return of the OC Fair this year, increased attendance is no longer a number by which we will measure the success of the Fair," said OC Fair & Event Center CEO Michele Richards.
"More important to us is the great guest experience we were able to create, our ability to responsibly manage our resources and achieve profitability, and our efforts to be good neighbors and support the community in times of need."
3,091 entries competed for blue ribbons – There were1,588 adult cut flower entries, 134 youth cut flowers entries, 1,060 adult fruit & vegetable entries and 300 youth fruit and vegetable entries for a total of 331 exhibitors.
2.5 million carnival rides were enjoyed by fairgoers and their favorites were Skyride, La Grande Wheel XL, Euroslide, Rave Wave and Titan. The top three games were Bottle Up, Big Water Race and Bank A Ball. More than 30,000 Fast Passes were sold in the carnival
100 semi-trailer loads full of stuffed toys were received at OC Fair to be awarded to carnival game winners. The No. 1 most-requested prize for the past five years remained Pokemon characters. The two new favorite items on midway are the Squismallows and Bob Ross stuffed doll.
72 pallets of merchandise were delivered to the OC Fair's Lolo Boutiques booth.
75,900 fresh-baked chocolate chip cookies were baked from scratch at Mom's Bakeshoppe using one ton of flour, two tons of brown sugar, more than 100 pounds of margarine, 4,600 eggs and a whopping 1,062,600 mini chocolate chips.
10 pallets of Oreos were deep-fried at RCS food stands along with two swimming pools full of Flaming Hot Cheetos added to Biggy's food items. They reported that their top-three food items were corn dogs, deep-fried Oreos and pizza slices.
10,000 avocados, 10,000 waffle cones, 10,000 pounds of flour and more than 10,000 Oreo cookies were served up at the Chicken Charlie's stands throughout the fairgrounds.
9,404 kids took advantage of the Read & Ride program and received 28,212 free carnival rides for reading books and writing or drawing reports.
7,700 pounds of Ten Pound Buns were served up at this year's OC Fair.
"There really is something for everyone at the OC Fair," said OC Fair Board Chair Natalie Rubalcava-Garcia. "We are so proud of the economic impact OC Fair has on Orange County, generating $300 million in economic impact and creating over 3,000 jobs. Although the 23 days of the fair have to come to an end, we are so grateful for the success of the fair and the support from our community and look forward to the 2022 Fair. On behalf of the Board, I'd like to thank staff, partners and guests for making this OC Fair such a wonderful event."
300 volunteer hours and 1,200 jars of canned fresh produce were the results of work from UCCE Master Food Preservers over the course of the Fair.
One new OC Fair Foodie costumed character was introduced this year and Strawberry Jan made her debut, posing for photos daily and parading through the fairgrounds.
237,591 cars were parked during the Fair and the organization awarded $2,500 in scholarship money for the annual employee essay contest.
73,970 pounds of recycling were diverted from landfills during the Fair and 6,000 gallons of cooking oil were also recycled.
$131,898 was paid out to agriculture students through the Junior Livestock Auction and this year we saw the sale of 103 animals.
20 concerts were sold out in The Hangar and, so far, there have been nine sold-out shows in Pacific Amphitheatre.
Concerts under the stars are continuing with these upcoming shows in Pacific Amphitheatre:
Aug. 20 – Colbie Caillat / Natasha Bedingfield / Diana DeMuth
Aug. 21- "Toy Story" with the Pacific Symphony (the animated movie will be shown during the concert)
Aug. 22 – Ramon Ayala / Enigma Norteno
Aug. 25 – Goo Goo Dolls / Sister Hazel
Aug. 26 – Flaming Lips / Greer
Sept. 2 – Chase Rice / Breland
Tickets are for sale on Ticketmaster.
Sept. 11, Pacific Symphony will perform Tchaikovsky's "1812" Overture, complete with pyrotechnics, in Pacific Amphitheatre. Tickets are available via pacificsymphony.org.
Sept. 23, country artist Hank Williams Jr. will close out the season at Pacific Amphitheatre when he performs with special guest Jackson Dean. Tickets are for sale on Ticketmaster.
August 13, 2021 (6:29 am)
Final weekend of 2021 OC Fair sold out
2021 OC Fair admission is sold out for the final weekend of Aug. 13-15. Advance ticket purchase is required as there is limited daily capacity. No tickets will be sold at entry gates.
On days when OC Fair admission is sold out, there may still be concert tickets available for Pacific Amphitheatre or The Hangar which include same-day Fair entry. There is a limited supply of show tickets and they are sold on a first come, first served basis.
Hank Williams Jr. and Pacific Symphony's Tchaikovsky Spectacular shows added to Pacific Amphitheatre
Country artist Hank Williams Jr. will appear in concert at Pacific Amphitheatre on Sept. 23. Special guest Jackson Dean will perform with Williams at 7:30 p.m. on Thursday, Sept. 23, and tickets will go on sale at 10 a.m. on Aug. 13 on Ticketmaster.
On Sept. 11, Pacific Symphony will perform Tchaikovsky's thrilling "1812" Overture, complete with pyrotechnics, in Pacific Amphitheatre. Plus, critically acclaimed pianist and International Tchaikovsky Competition Silver Medalist George Li will join the orchestra to perform Rachmaninoff's Rhapsody on a Theme by Paganini. The concert is Saturday, Sept. 11, at 8 p.m. Tickets are $25-$99 and are available via pacificsymphony.org.
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Exhibits (7)
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Community programs (21)
Latest news about the fairgrounds (28)
Master Site Plan (5)
OC Fair Goes Virtual (29)
Year-Round Events (3)
CEO Michele Richards named top influencer of 2021 by OC Register
Dates announced for 2022 OC Fair; 'Feel the Sunshine' is chosen as the theme
FAQs about the 2022 OC Fair
More at OCFEC
Annual OC Fair
Support of OC Fair & Event Center provides year-round educational opportunities and helps fund community give-back programs.
Copyright 32nd District Agricultural Association dba OC Fair & Event Center – All Rights Reserved.


This super soft and stretchy wind proof vest is perfect for those blustery days on the course. Breathable and water resistant with full front shiny zip. Features this seasons micro dot and swirl pattern, subtly embossed to the front and rear body panels. Silver Rohnisch logo to the chest and text logo on the back.


A wise person once told me, "If you ask the wrong question, you get the wrong answer." Here's an example. Suppose you walk down to the river one day, only to see a baby floating his way down the stream in a basket. You can just barely reach out to snag the basket and save the child, when you see another basket heading your way from upstream. You quickly find a place to set the first baby down safely and race back to save the next – and when you do, you see another. Followed by another. And another. You look around for help, but you find yourself all alone.
"Lord, will only a few people be saved?" With a mastery seen only among some of the "best" political candidates of our day, Jesus doesn't really answer that question, but rather the one He really wants to talk about.
It's not about how many will be saved, but the sorts of people, or rather the sorts of faithfulness amongst God's people that are important when it comes to salvation. Salvation is a gift given to all; it's nothing we can earn. We do, however, have to accept that gift, and beyond that, make sure that all people know the gift of salvation that is there to receive. "Go out to all the world and tell the Good News" the psalm instructs us. Our salvation as an individual is for nought if we don't strive for the salvation of the whole community.
Jesus gives, through parables, some instructions on living a Christian life; the epistles remind us to allow ourselves to be formed and shaped by those around us, and in fact by God, into a Christian people. So too we are to help others live a Christian life — by evangelization, catechesis, discipline and, most of all, love.
It's the wrong question, but in this case the right answer: Will only a few people be saved? Our scriptures this weekend seem to make it clear that in some measure, the answer to that question is up to each of us. Are you and I ready, right now, to answer that question, by our words and deeds?


text:
Favre to Rodgers: "Why Stop at 40?"
A hall of fame QB giving some advice to his successor.
FOX's Matt Napolitano reports:
Packers quarterback Aaron Rodgers had suggested that he was healthy enough to keep playing football until he is 40-years-old, something his predecessor Brett Favre knows a lot about.
The former Green Bay star discussed Rodgers' comments before an awards banquet Wednesday:
(Favre) "Why stop at 40? You know, I mean he moves around as well as anyone in the game right now. That's big."
Favre played in the NFl until he was 41.
By the way, Rodgers made those comments in regards to Patriots quarterback Tom Brady turning 40 last week.
Matt Napolitano, FOX News.
Follow Matt Napolitano on Twitter: @MattNapolitano


The lessons embody superior level chemistry, economics, management of water, pc application required for management of agriculture, environmental design, organic engineering, software of pesticides and pesticides, schooling and biotechnology and many others.
These programs supply the scholars with the information of various facets of agricultural science. A fourth grade science honest venture might be made by reducing and pasting picture of mammals and their place of rest. The children clarify their fourth grade science honest initiatives, whereas the others watch these initiatives and be taught.


Just as well you got that furniture, right?
What an absolutely wonderful surprise !
well Dee, wouldn't mind if I did drop by for a visit......I hope we will do fun stuff like that after the boys have done university and we have money for travel, ha!
Such saucy little critters ... what fun you'll all have together.
what a good post to start the day Saskia, rock on!
So THAT'S where they went!! I heard a whole lot of squawking and hooves going down the stairs and when I got up to check, all I could find were empty envelopes from Passport Control and a few sheets from the Dept of Agriculture about "How to Travel with Your Duck, Rooster, Chicks, Turkeys, Horse and Cow."
Glad they went to your house, there had been some murmurings about backpacking through Europe but in the end, no one could figure out how to get the backpack on.
Merry xmas to all in Wonderland.
Ah, a troupe of trans-Atlantic vagabonds seeking shelter, and obviously finding welcome and a kindred spirit.