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Euthanasia, passive legal definition of Euthanasia, passive
https://legal-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/Euthanasia%2c+passive
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[Greek, good death.] The term normally implies an intentional termination of life by another at the explicit request of the person who wishes to die. Euthanasia is generally defined as the act of killing an incurably ill person out of concern and compassion for that person's suffering. It is sometimes called mercy killing, but many advocates of euthanasia define mercy killing more precisely as the ending of another person's life without his or her request. Euthanasia, on the other hand, is usually separated into two categories: passive euthanasia and active euthanasia. In many jurisdictions, active euthanasia can be considered murder or Manslaughter, whereas passive euthanasia is accepted by professional medical societies, and by the law under certain circumstances.
Passive Euthanasia
Hastening the death of a person by altering some form of support and letting nature take its course is known as passive euthanasia. Examples include such things as turning off respirators, halting medications, discontinuing food and water so as to allowing a person to dehydrate or starve to death, or failure to resuscitate.
Passive euthanasia also includes giving a patient large doses of morphine to control pain, in spite of the likelihood that the painkiller will suppress respiration and cause death earlier than it otherwise would have happened. Such doses of painkillers have a dual effect of relieving pain and hastening death. Administering such medication is regarded as ethical in most political jurisdictions and by most medical societies.
These procedures are performed on terminally ill, suffering persons so that natural death will occur sooner. They are also commonly performed on persons in a persistent vegetative state; for example, individuals with massive brain damage or in a coma from which they likely will not regain consciousness.
Active Euthanasia
Far more controversial, active euthanasia involves causing the death of a person through a direct action, in response to a request from that person. A well-known example of active euthanasia was the death of a terminally ill Michigan patient on September 17, 1998. On that date, Dr. Jack Kevorkian videotaped himself administering a lethal medication to Thomas Youk, a 52-year-old Michigan man with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. CBS broadcast the videotape on 60 Minutes less than a week later. Authorities subsequently charged Kevorkian with first-degree premeditated murder, criminal assistance of a suicide, and delivery of a controlled substance for administering lethal medication to a terminally ill man. There was no dispute that the dose was administered at the request of Mr. Youk, nor any dispute that Mr. Youk was terminally ill. A jury found Kevorkian guilty of second-degree murder in 1999. He was sent to prison.
Somewhat of a hybrid between passive and active euthanasia is physician-assisted suicide (PAS), also known as voluntary passive euthanasia. In this situation, a physician supplies information and/or the means of committing suicide (e.g., a prescription for lethal dose of sleeping pills, or a supply of carbon monoxide gas) to a person, so that that individual can successfully terminate his or her own life.
Physician-assisted suicide received greater public attention after Dr. Kevorkian, a retired pathologist from Michigan, participated in his first such procedure in 1990. Kevorkian set up a machine that allowed a 54-year-old woman suffering from Alzheimer's disease (a degenerative neurological condition) to press a button that delivered a lethal poison into her veins. Kevorkian went on to assist in the suicides of dozens of individuals suffering from terminal, debilitating, or chronic illnesses. In 1992, Michigan passed an assisted-suicide bill (Mich. Comp. Laws § 752.1021) that was specifically designed to stop Kevorkian's activities, but technicalities and questions as to its constitutionality delayed its implementation, thus allowing Kevorkian to continue assisting suicides—often in direct opposition to court injunctions.
Kevorkian was charged with murder several times but was not initially found guilty. When murder charges were brought against him for his first three assisted suicides, for example, they were dismissed because Michigan, at that time, had no law against assisted suicide. In 1994, Kevorkian was tried and found not guilty of assisting in the August 1993 suicide of Thomas W. Hyde Jr. In December 1994, however, Michigan's supreme court ruled in People v. Kevorkian, 447 Mich. 436, 527 N.W. 2d 714, that there is no constitutional right to commit suicide, with or without assistance, and upheld the Michigan statute that made assisted suicide a crime. The following year, the U.S. Supreme Court refused to hear Kevorkian's appeal from the state supreme court's ruling.
Observers disagree about the humanity of Kevorkian's activities. Some see him as a hero who sought to give suffering people greater choice and dignity in dying. Others point to his lack of procedural precautions and fear that the widespread practice of assisted suicide will lead to the unnecessary death of people who could have been helped by other means, including treatment for depression. Many opponents of assisted suicide find the same faults in the practice that they see in other forms of euthanasia. They envision its leading to a devaluation of human life and even to a genocidal killing of vulnerable or so-called undesirable individuals.
The U.S. Supreme Court has made two important rulings on assisted suicide. In washington v. glucksberg, 521 U.S. 702, 117 S.Ct. 2258, 138 L.Ed.2d 772, 65 (1997), three terminally ill patients, four physicians, and a non-profit organization had brought action against the state of Washington for Declaratory Judgment, that a statute banning assisted suicide violated due process clause. On June 26, 1997, the Supreme Court unanimously upheld the right of states to prohibit assisted suicide, holding that: (1) asserted right to assistance in committing suicide was not a fundamental liberty interest protected by due process clause, and (2) Washington's ban on assisted suicide was rationally related to legitimate government interests. In Vacco v. Quill, 521 U.S. 793, 117 S.Ct. 2293, 138 L.Ed.2d 834 (1997), physicians challenged the constitutionality of New York statutes making it a crime to aid a person in committing suicide or attempting to commit suicide. The Supreme Court held that New York's prohibition on assisting suicide did not violate the equal protection clause of the Fourteenth Amendment.
Involuntary Euthanasia
The term involuntary euthanasia is used to describe the killing of a person who has not explicitly requested aid in dying. This term is most often used with respect to patients who are in a persistent vegetative state and who probably will never recover consciousness.
Euthanasia Considerations
Euthanasia is a divisive topic, and different interpretations of its meaning, practice, and morality abound. Those who favor active euthanasia and a patient's right to die, do not acknowledge a distinction between active and passive euthanasia. They assert that the withdrawal of life-sustaining treatment cannot be distinguished in principle from affirmative steps to hasten a patient's death. In both situations, they argue, a person intends to cause the patient's death, acts out of compassionate motives, and causes the same outcome. In their view, turning off a life-sustaining respirator switch and giving a lethal injection are morally equivalent actions.
Opponents of active euthanasia argue that it undermines the value of, and respect for, all human life; erodes trust in physicians; desensitizes society to killing; and contradicts many people's religious beliefs. Moreover, they maintain that the intentions and natures of active and passive euthanasia are not essentially the same. In active euthanasia, a person directly intends to cause death and uses available means to achieve this end. In passive euthanasia, a person decides against using a certain form of treatment and then directs that such treatment be withdrawn or withheld, accepting but not intending the patient's death, which is caused by the underlying illness.
While people cite differing reasons for choosing to end their own lives, those suffering from a terminal illness typically state that a serious disorder or disease has adversely affected their quality of life to the point where they no longer wish to continue living. Under such circumstances, patients may have been diagnosed with a degenerative, progressive illness such as ALS, Huntington's disease, multiple sclerosis, AIDS, or Alzheimer's disease. Patients with such illnesses often fear, with good reason, a gradual loss of the quality of life in the future as the disease or disorder progresses, or they might already have lost a good deal of their independence and thus might require continuous care. Some feel that this loss of autonomy causes an unacceptable loss of personal dignity. Others realize that they will be dying in the near future and simply want to have total control over the process. Some point out that in addition to physical considerations, they do not want to diminish their assets by incurring large medical costs as their death approaches. They feel that they ought to have the option to die sooner and to pass on their assets to their beneficiaries.
Euthanasia and Physician-Assisted Suicide
Imagine that you are suffering from a disease that is terminal, debilitating, and very painful. Should you have the right to die when you wish rather than live in continued agony? Should your doctor be legally free to help you take your own life, perhaps by prescribing some pills and telling you their fatal dosage? Or should the law forbid anyone—including doctors—to assist in the suicide of another human being? These are just some of the questions that surround the issue of physician-assisted suicide, a widely debated ethical issue in modern medicine.
Physician-assisted suicide is a form of voluntary euthanasia. In other words, it involves a patient voluntarily acting to end his or her life. Physician-assisted suicide differs from conventional suicide in that it is facilitated by a physician who confirms the patient's diagnosis, rules out conditions such as depression that may be clouding the patient's judgment, and finally provides the means for committing suicide. Such action usually consists of taking a lethal overdose of prescription medication. However, the over 130 patients who were assisted by Dr. Jack Kevorkian between 1990 and 1998 chose to press a button which delivered a lethal poison into their veins, or to put on a mask that emitted carbon monoxide into their lungs. Assisted suicide is a felony offense in most states and is also expressly forbidden in the American Medical Association's (AMA's) Code of Medical Ethics. In 1999, Kevorkian was found guilty of second-degree murder in an assisted suicide case. He was sentenced to serve 10 to 25 years.
The debate surrounding physician-assisted suicide in the United States has been influenced by medical practices in other countries, particularly the Netherlands, which legalized both active euthanasia and physician-assisted suicide, in April 2001 (effective 2002). Physician-assisted suicide in the Netherlands is conducted within strict guidelines that include the following requirements: the patient's request for assisted suicide must be voluntary, the patient must be experiencing intolerable suffering, all other alternatives for treatment must have been explored, and the physician must consult another independent physician before proceeding. A study commissioned by the Dutch government indicated that, in 2001, about 3,500 deaths, or 2.5 percent of the 140,000 death cases that were reported in the Netherlands that year, occurred by active euthanasia. The study, known as the Remmelink Report, defined euthanasia as the termination of life at the patient's request. Figures also indicated that 300 deaths, or 0.2 percent, were caused by physician-assisted suicide.
In the United States, the debate on legalizing assisted suicide began in earnest in the 1970s. On one side of the debate have been Patients' Rights groups who have lobbied for what they call the right to die—or the right to choose to die, as some have clarified it— of terminally ill patients. The strongest opposition to the legalization of physician-assisted suicide has come from physicians' groups such as the AMA and from religious groups that are morally opposed to the practice.
One person who has done much to make the case for physician-assisted suicide is Derek Humphry, a former journalist who founded the Hemlock Society, in 1980, after seeing the pain and suffering his first wife experienced when she died from cancer. In 2003, the organization changed its name to End-of-Life Choices, which encompasses more clearly the issues supported by its members. With a new name and a new motto, "Dignity Compassion Control," the organization continues to advocate for the right of terminally ill people to choose voluntary euthanasia, or what Humphry has termed self-deliverance.
Humphry has written several books on the subject of voluntary euthanasia, including Jean's Way (1978), which recounts his struggle to assist his wife's death in 1975; Final Exit: The Practicalities of Self-Deliverance and Assisted Suicide for the Dying (1991), a controversial book that gives detailed advice on how terminally ill people may take their own life; and Lawful Exit: The Limits of Freedom for Help in Dying (1993), which contains Humphry's own recommendations for legislation that would legalize physician-assisted suicide and active voluntary euthanasia. In Humphry's words, the "right to choose to die" is "the ultimate civil liberty."
Humphry presents physician-assisted suicide as a merciful, dignified option for people whose illness has eroded their quality of life beyond the limits of tolerance. He also points out that what he calls beneficent euthanasia occurs every day in medical facilities as physicians make decisions regarding the end of life. Others, including some medical ethicists, go so far as to claim that a decision to withhold antibiotics, oxygen, or nutrition from a terminally ill patient is no less "active" a form of euthanasia than is administering a fatal dose of morphine. Indeed, they see the common practice of withholding life support as more open to potential abuse than the practice of physician-assisted suicide. The former, they argue, is a less visible, less easily regulated decision. Proponents of physician-assisted suicide also claim that diseases kill people in far more cruel ways than would any means of death that a physician might provide for an irreversibly ill patient. As a result, they see the action of assisting in suicide as entirely compatible with the physician's duty to the patient.
However, Humphry has been an open critic of Kevorkian's work. He has described Kevorkian's theory and practice of assisted suicide as open-ended euthanasia. Noting Kevorkian's lack of precautionary measures such as the use of waiting periods and second opinions, Humphry sees any wider application of Kevorkian's methods as potentially leading to abuse and tragedy. "The thinking people in our movement are appalled by it," Humphry said. "If you have Kevorkian's type of euthanasia, it will be a slippery slope. Kevorkian's is a recipe for skiing down a glacier."
Detractors of physician-assisted suicide also use the familiar "slippery slope" argument, proposing that once physician-assisted suicide is legalized, other forms of euthanasia will more likely be practiced as well. They see assisted suicide as potentially leading to situations in which elderly, chronically ill, and handicapped people, along with others, are killed through active, nonvoluntary euthanasia. Related to this idea is the view that widespread practice of physician-assisted suicide might claim the lives of those whose intolerable suffering is caused by treatable depression. They point out that terminally ill people or others in pain are often also suffering from depression, and that despite their illness, their feelings of hopelessness can often be addressed through means such as counseling and antidepressant medication.
The Catholic Church is one of many religious organizations that opposes euthanasia and assisted suicide. In Pope John Paul II's words, medical killings such as those caused by assisted suicide are "crimes which no human law can claim to legitimize." Basing its arguments on passages from the Bible, Catholic theology has for many centuries opposed all forms of suicide. Catholicism argues that innocent human life may not be destroyed for any reason whatsoever.
The debate over physician-assisted suicide eventually reached the Supreme Court. In 1994, an advocacy group known as Compassion in Dying filed two lawsuits (Compassion in Dying et al v. Washington and Quill et al v. Vacco) challenging the constitutionality of state laws banning assisted dying in Washington and New York. Compassion in Dying won in the District Court in Washington. Chief Judge Barbara Rothstein wrote, "There is no more profoundly personal decision, nor one which is closer to the heart of personal liberty, than the choice which a terminally ill person makes to end his or her suffering and hasten an inevitable death." In New York, Compassion in Dying lost and filed an appeal in the Second Circuit.
In 1995, Washington's Compassion ruling was overturned by the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals, reinstating the anti-suicide law. In 1996, however, after reconsideration, the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals issued a reversal decision in Compassion v. Washington. That decision held that assisted dying was protected by liberty and privacy provisions of the U.S. Constitution. The majority wrote that, "Those who believe strongly that death must come without physician assistance are free to follow that creed, be they doctors or patients. They are not free, however, to force their views, their religious convictions, or their philosophies on all the other members of a democratic society, and to compel those whose values differ with theirs to die painful, protracted, and agonizing deaths."
In April 1996, the Second Circuit joined the Ninth in recognizing constitutional protection for assisted dying in the Quill case, holding that the New York statutes criminalizing assisted suicide violate the equal protection clause of the Fourteenth Amendment. However, on June 26, 1997, the U.S. Supreme Court reversed both the Ninth and Second Circuit Court in washington v. glucksberg, 521 U.S. 702, 117 S.Ct. 2258, 138 L.Ed.2d 772 (1997) and Vacco v. Quill, 521 U.S. 743, 117 S.Ct. 2293, 138 L.Ed.2d 834 (1997). The Court ruled that state laws against assisting a suicide are not unconstitutional, but also stated that patients have a right to aggressive treatment of pain and other symptoms, even if the treatment hastens death. The Court wrote, "Throughout the Nation, Americans are engaged in an earnest and profound debate about the morality, legality and practicality of physician assisted suicide. Our holding permits this debate to continue, as it should in a democratic society."
Ultimately then, the voters and representatives of the states and the legal system itself will have to decide whether or not physician-assisted suicide will be legalized. Regardless of what side prevails in the debate, the exchange of ideas that it creates may lead to a greater understanding of the difficult choices surrounding death in our time.
Cohen-Almagor, Raphael. 2001. The Right to Die With Dignity: An Argument in Ethics, Medicine, and Law. New Brunswick, N.J.: Rutgers Univ. Press.
End of Life Choices. Available online at <www.endoflifechoices.org> (accessed August 25, 2003).
Hendin, Herbert. 2002. "The Dutch Experience." Issues in Law & Medicine (spring).
Death and Dying; Physicians and Surgeons.
Some patients who decide that they wish to commit suicide are unable or unwilling to accomplish the act without assistance from their physician. Physician-assisted suicide helps them to die under conditions, and at the time, that they wish. PAS is currently legal in the U.S., only in the state of Oregon, under severe restrictions. In other states, a terminally ill patient who wishes to die must continue living until their body eventually collapses, or until a family member or friend commits a criminal act by helping them to commit suicide.
Historical Considerations
Traditional Christian beliefs concerning all forms of suicide were well documented by Thomas Aquinas during the thirteenth century. He condemned all suicide (whether assisted or not) on the theory that it violated one's natural desire to live. Among European writers, Michel de Montaigne was the first major dissenter on this issue. During the sixteenth century, he wrote a series of essays arguing that suicide should be a matter of personal choice, a human right. He concluded it to be a rational option under certain circumstances.
Attempting to commit suicide was once a criminal act. It has been decriminalized for many decades in most jurisdictions. However, assisted suicide remains a criminal act throughout the United States, with the exception of the state of Oregon. In that state, it is permitted under tightly controlled conditions.
Oregon's Euthanasia Law
In 1994, voters in the state of Oregon approved a ballot measure that would have legalized euthanasia under limited conditions. Under the Death With Dignity law, a person who sought physician-assisted suicide would have to meet certain criteria:
The person must be terminally ill.
The person must have six months or less to live.
The person must make two oral requests for assistance in dying.
The person must make one written request for assistance in dying.
The person must convince two physicians that he or she is sincere and not acting on a whim, and that the decision is voluntary.
The person must not have been influenced by depression.
The person must be informed of "the feasible alternatives," including, but not limited to, comfort care, hospice care, and pain control.
The person must wait for 15 days.
Under the proposed law, a person who met all requirements could receive a prescription of a barbiturate that would be sufficient to cause death. Physicians would be prohibited from inducing death by injection or carbon monoxide.
The National Right to Life Committee, supported by the Roman Catholic Church, obtained a court Injunction to delay implementation of the measure. The law stalled in the appeals process. In the meantime, the measure was not enacted. In 1997, there was a second public Referendum, and the law was enacted. Within 24 hours of the announcement of the results, state officials had forms for physicians to record instances of assisted suicide. These were later distributed to physicians in the state. The form is entitled "Request for Medication to End My Life in a Humane and Dignified Manner."
Immediately after the law was affirmed, Thomas Constantine, the administrator of the federal Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA), wrote a policy statement which said that prescribing drugs to help terminally ill patients kill themselves would be a violation of the Controlled Substances Act. Nevertheless, on March 26, 1998, a woman in her mid-eighties died from a lethal dose of barbiturates, which had been prescribed by her doctor under the Oregon law. She was the first person to publicly use the law to commit suicide. She had been fighting breast cancer for 20 years and recently had been told by her doctor that she had less than two months to live. She had been experiencing increased difficulty breathing. She made a tape recording in which she stated, "I'm looking forward to it. I will be relieved of all the stress I have." Her personal doctor would not help her end her life, so she turned to an advocacy group, Compassion in Dying. That group located a doctor to assist her. She fell into a deep sleep about five minutes after taking the lethal dose of pills, and she died peacefully about 25 minutes later. Attorney General Janet Reno officially reversed Constantine's ruling a few weeks later, stating that doctors who use the law to prescribe lethal drugs to terminally ill patients will not be prosecuted and that drug laws were intended to block illegal trafficking in drugs, not to cover situations like the Oregon suicide law.
Despite significant controversy, by the end of 1998, one prediction of the anti-choice forces had not materialized: there was no rush of people to Oregon to seek an easy end to life. While it was predicted that many would take advantage of the law, of the 23 terminally ill individuals who applied to end their own lives in 1998, 15 committed suicide, usually within a day of receiving the prescription. Six died from their illnesses without using the medication. Two remained alive at the end of 1998. From 1998 to 2002, 129 people have opted for physician assisted suicide.
In early 2001, Oregon state senator Ron Wyden wrote Attorney General john ashcroft asking that the george w. bush administration not mount an attack on the state law permitting assistance in suicide. Ashcroft wrote a letter to Asa Hutchinson, chief of the Drug Enforcement Administration. He declared that assisting a terminally ill patient to commit suicide is not a "legitimate medical purpose" for federally controlled drugs. He said that physicians who use drugs to help patients die face suspension or revocation of their licenses to prescribe federally controlled drugs. This was contrary to the position taken by Janet Reno, his predecessor. The attorney general of Oregon, Hardy Myers, quickly initiated a lawsuit to have the Ashcroft's directive declared unconstitutional. The federal district court in Oregon issued a temporary injunction, which prevents the federal government from enforcing Ashcroft's interpretation of the Controlled Substances Act (CSA). The state of Oregon requested that the court block the federal department of justice from taking legal action against Oregon doctors who prescribe medication to help their patients commit suicide. A federal judge ruled in favor of the state law in 2002, and the Department of Justice appealed the decision to the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit. Both sides have stated that they will appeal the decision if they lose.
According to the online website, Euthanasia.com, 35 states have legislated against assisted suicide, while nine other states have cited it as a crime under Common Law. Still more states have introduced or passed statutes criminalizing assisted suicide. These statutes forbid a person to knowingly assist or aid another in committing suicide. Some also prohibit soliciting, advising, or encouraging another to commit suicide. Some statutes penalize assisted suicide under guidelines established for murder or manslaughter, whereas others make it a unique offense with separate penalties. Few courts have interpreted the assisted-suicide statutes, because prosecutions for assisted suicide are rare. In cases of assisted suicide, a state usually prosecutes individuals for murder or manslaughter. The Ohio state supreme court, however, ruled in 1996 that assisted suicide is not a crime.
Behuniak, Susan M. 2003. Physician-Assisted Suicide: The Anatomy of a Constitutional Law Issue. Lanham, Md.: Rowman & Littlefield.
Dyck, Arthur J. 2001. When Killing Is Wrong: Physician-Assisted Suicide and the Courts. Cleveland, Ohio: Pilgrim Press.
Euthanasia.com. Available online at <www.euthanasia.com> (accessed November 10, 2003).
Palmer, Larry I. 2000. Endings and Beginnings: Law, Medicine, and Society in Assisted Life and Death. Westport, Conn.: Praeger.
Death and Dying.
'a happy death', the killing of another person to comply with the wishes of the victim (express or implied) where the victim is incurably ill and in pain or some miserable state. It is illegal in the UK. The House of Lords has held that it is not unlawful for doctors to withdraw life-supporting medical treatment from a patient in a persistent vegetative state who has no prospect of improvement, even where it is known that death would result in a matter of weeks. Nor will doctors be ordered to continue life preserving treatment where they consider it is useless.
Collins Dictionary of Law © W.J. Stewart, 2006
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General F1 Discussion
Where would you like to see F1 go?
Thread starter GeoffP
Start date 1 August 2012
GeoffP
Thank you and good night
The more seasons I watch the more I see rules honing in on technology such that technical achievement is becoming more of a minor advantage, and compromised in delivering results - if it can stand up to competitor challenges.
This has got to the point where the regulations are now creating the defining factors in order to regain the racing excitement that differentiation used to provide. The likes of KERs and DRS are prime examples where the FIA have tried to create an impression of the excitement we used to enjoy.
A couple of years in to these new "features" and I feel that they no longer materially impact drivers racing one another owing to teams understanding their impact and use, so they are fast becoming as irrelevant as the technology that was driven by excellence and are probably little more than a credible alternative to the Blue Flag.
There's than one problem as a result of this homogenisation. F1 is not an environmentally friendly sport. This is true on a stand alone basis, but if racing technology can cause a minor gain in road cars the environmental basis of the sport could easily be justified. F1 is very expensive, and if each 1/100th of a second is gained through an ever increasing exactitude there's a danger that the core excellence of the sport will be priced out. Cars can't overtake easily. No shit sherlock! If you have 24 of the best drivers in the world driving the same car at the same circuits for nine months of the year, you will need a mistake or an exceptional level of inspiration to generate a pass.
So, where do we go?
For my part I have one rule change I desire. Set the rules, as they are, tougher/looser, whatever, but have two levels of restriction on the various areas of the car. Each team announces at the start of the season which three areas where they wish to exploit the more relaxed rules and develop further. They must stick to these selections for the season.
This will encourage design excellence, differentiation in the relative performance of the cars at different venues and different conditions, and, most importantly, give F1 a chance to demonstrate where their designers can take them.
Reactions: teabagyokel and Fenderman
Bill Boddy
Professional layabout
Premium Contributor
No wings, smooth bodies, steel brakes, minimum 12" ride height and a fixed dollop of petrol. Everything else up to the designer.
Reactions: gethinceri, Pyrope, GeoffP and 1 other person
I know it seems like F1 paints itself into a corner technology wise but that just isn't true don't get me wrong I would love to see an engine development war to bring back manufactures but the reality is that when F1 starts to become stagnant or one team is always winning then the powers that be bring in new regs and everyone starts anew and the development starts again it doesn't happen every year but it does happen, and always will as long as the sport is around, mind you I am not sure how long that will be.
tooncheese
Hans Heyer
I would love to see that and low profile tyres...
Greenlantern101
Super Hero And All Round Good Guy
Loose the plank, bring back ground effect
Make the wings narrower,
Wider tyres
Then bin DRS as it wouldn't be needed.
Oh yes and no street circuits. None. Nope not even that one.
Reactions: Fenderman, Slyboogy, teabagyokel and 2 others
cider_and_toast
Exulted Lord High Moderator of the Apex
For me it's as simple as this. F1 is finished. Sounds crazy dosn't it but when you think about it I don't think there is any other answer. It's a shame but your article GeoffP has hit the nail right on the head. The way ahead for me is to start again with a new series. No Bernie, no Ferrari and there been in it since 1950 veto bonus, no restrictive technical rules, the list goes on. If a new team wants to join F1 these days they have to pay a new entrant fee of around 50 million when just twenty years ago it was around 500000 dollers! How is that to any ones benefit. A new series shouldn't be a break away because as Indy car proved during the late 90s that never works but a new, fresh start from square one. Of course this can never happen because F1 is so much at the centre of things that nothing else stands a chance.
Reactions: MCLS, HammydiRestarules, Mephistopheles and 1 other person
Further to my rant above i've seen that Bernie has sold the T.V. Rights to F1 in Italy to Sky Italy and that when the dual contract runs out in the UK the rights will almost certainly go to Sky. With Sky UKs current viewing figures for F1 hardly setting the world on fire, can pay per view really be a long term solution to F1s global market exposure? F1 is withering on the vine.
Reactions: Mephistopheles
Kamui-FastestChefInTheWorld
Points Scorer
Force Bernie to hand over his powers to the CTA community, with Brogan as overall leader.
Then F1 would be great.
Anyone have a problem with that thought?
I would like to see drivers who deliberately run off track to overtake or gain advantage penalised by the conditions I.E the surface they run onto rather than the stewards, these massive get out of jail free run off areas are just wrong, wrong, wrong on every level...
Reactions: gethinceri and GermanF1
I'm not sure I would like bro to have that much power Kamui-FastestChefInTheWorld
Reactions: gethinceri
Kamui-FastestChefInTheWorld said:
Force Bernie to hand over his powers to the CTA community, with Brogan as overall leader.Then F1 would be great.Anyone have a problem with that thought?
There is a better, more democratic way.
Set up a website where the F1 fans and professionals can suggest routes for F1 to follow.
The most popular ideas are voted on, if they get a majority they are implemented the following season.
Sidecar racers have the biggest cojones
Set up a website.Sounds fine in principle.Who would you suggest translates all of the ideas in some twenty different languages.
Seems to me that many on here think that the UK is the centre of the F1 universe.
Taking SKY as an example the couple of million viewers lost by BBC not showing is a minute speck compared the world wide viewing numbers.
sportsman With the power of Google Translate I'm sure the minority languages could select their preferred language. I don't see that as an issue.
http://translate.google.com/transla...com/community/find-new/336594/threads&act=url
There you go.Have fun.
http://forum.f1news.ru/
I see that LewisHamilton is a member there. Just shows how versatile he is, speaking Russian.
Reactions: Jos the Boss
sportsman said:
Given the UK has produced more winning cars and more world champions than any other country and that almost all teams choose to base themselves here I think the UK can justifiably make that claim!
As far as TV rights go, you'll notice that I posted that Bernie has sold the rights to show F1 in Italy to Sky Italy so this isn't just a UK issue. I believe that the Italian T.V. Viewing figures for F1 are generally higher than those in the UK and if the drop in viewing figures is replicated then the Italian viewing figures, if you take the German G.P. As an example, by around 35 percent. Bernie is happy that will still give F1 a high enough level of exposure. This also means that F1 will almost certainly become fully PPV in almost all regions of the world in the next 10 or so years.
I would like to see 1 and 3 car teams return, and constructors only scoring by one driver.
Reactions: Greenlantern101
sushifiesta
Champion Elect
I would love a return of V10/12 engines but there is absolutely no chance of that happening. I would settle for more powerful engines, with higher top speeds, of any sort but that won't be happening with the V6 engines (the rules on those that I've seen are pretty restrictive as well). Maybe long term we could see a speed increase from electric or fuel cell powered cars... I don't know.
The point is that by increasing speeds whilst maintaining the same level of downforce you in theory make it more difficult for the drivers and open more overtaking opportunities by increasing braking distances etc. This is a more appropriate direction for the pinnacle of motorsport than talks of removing wings and bringing back steel brakes, which makes me cringe every time I hear it. We'd be sending F1 back to the 1960s...
Andyoak
Increase the opportunities for driver error.
I've long been keen on unrestricted DRS use and no power limits on KERS. Bring it back to the driver doing something more with the car than pressing the loud pedal and steering. Give them the chance to mess it up and punish them when they do.
It's not about aero or brakes or corners... It's about people handling extreme pressure at ridiculous speeds but at the moment it doesn't always seem that way.
All of the above are simple statements to make a point, I know there's more to it but I'm on my way home...
Reactions: gethinceri, Greenlantern101 and Jen
Pre-Season F1 2022
Thursday at 16:09
F1Brits_90
Grand Prix 2021 Mexican Grand Prix Practice, Qualifying & Race Discussion
Teams see "no alternative" to power unit penalties
The Artist.....
Things ... Interpretation of regulations
Il_leone
Television Coverage
Peter N. Carbone

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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text:
VDARE.COM Vindicated As Baseball 2010 Looms: Experts Urge Developing American Players
Joe Guzzardi
Los Angeles Angels' African-American superstar center fielder Torii Hunter detonated the first of the 2010 baseball season's field atomic bomb when he claimed that Dominican players are not really black.
According to Hunter, Dominicans are "impostors"
Here are Hunter's exact words:
"'People see dark faces out there, and the perception is that they're African American. They're not us. They're impostors.
"'Even people I know come up and say, "Hey, what color is Vladimir Guerrero? Is he a black player?" I say, 'Come on, he's Dominican. He's not black.'
"'As African-American players, we have a theory that baseball can go get an imitator and pass them off as us. It's like they had to get some kind of dark faces, so they go to the Dominican or Venezuela because you can get them cheaper. It's like, "Why should I get this kid from the South Side of Chicago and have Scott Boras represent him and pay him $5 million when you can get a Dominican guy for a bag of chips?"
"'I'm telling you, it's sad. ' "[Hunter talks about race, Associated Press, March 11, 2010]
Luckily for Hunter, he's a sports writer favorite and a skilled player. If he weren't, he would have been crucified. As it was, he was merely angrily dismissed as a black history ignoramus.
Hunter's credentials spared him. As a three-time All-Star Hunter, 34, has won nine Gold Gloves and is a career.274 hitter with 235 home runs. His Torii Hunter Project assists children in athletics, education and overall wellness.
Nevertheless, Hunter's remarks triggered a furious outcry from talk radio and the ESPN talking heads that centered mostly on what they perceived as his racism and unenlightened view of how blacks arrived in the West from Africa. [VDARE.com note: Black immigrant ballplayers from the Dominican or Venezuela are of African descent, but due to Spanish colonial slavery, not American. What Hunter means is that they aren't part of the American black community—the people Abraham Lincoln freed, Martin Luther King defended, or Jackie Robinson desegregated. Of course, this is also true of the President of the United States. ]
Hunter's main point, however, is the same one that I have been making on VDARE.COM for years: Major League Baseball largely ignores American players, both black and white, because it can sign foreign-born players for less money.
In much the same way that Microsoft claims to an unsuspecting public that its H-!B engineers from South Asian are the world's most productive, baseball does it with Caribbean and Asian players.
In 2006, for example, the Chicago White Sox told its fans that Santo Domingo's Faustino de los Santos is the greatest fire baller since Cleveland Indian Hall of Famer Bob Feller. Who among the casual fans is really to know?
The White Sox subsequently cooled off on de los Santos and traded him to the Oakland A's where he remains in the low minor leagues. Now an old-for-baseball 24 and after career threatening "Tommy John surgery", his future is unclear.
What's certain, though, is that during the four years since the Chicago signed de los Santos, neither the White Sox nor the A's spent much time or money developing the local talent in its backyard.
It's not as if there aren't any prospects in Oakland or Chicago. In past seasons, Oakland has produced two Most Valuable Players, both black: Jimmy Rollins and Frank Robinson. From Chicago came two more, both white: Boston Red Sox outfielder Fred Lynn and Detroit Tiger pitcher Denny McLain
That gets back to the point Hunter tried, crudely and unsuccessfully, to make.
The debate isn't about whether Guerrero is black or Dominican or a black Dominican. The argument is whether American kids, black and white, are ignored and therefore ultimately screwed by baseball owners and league officials.
On this point there is increasingly more agreement among impartial baseball observers that yes, they are.
Hunter's comments came during a five-part series about how baseball can better itself hosted by USA Today and moderated by reporter Bob Nightengale.
Among the topics: improving umpiring, keeping the World Series from being played in November, eliminating drugs and reformatting the World Baseball Classic
But the day devoted to developing more American talent was the most important.
On last year's opening-day rosters, baseball's African-American population was only 8 percent, compared with 28 percent for foreign players. For concerned blacks like Hunter, the issue is at a crisis level.
But as Hunter also pointed out, as foreign-born players increase it is not only blacks who are displaced but also whites.
As more becomes known about the growing shortage of American players, MLB points increasingly to its RBI (Reviving Baseball in the Inner Cities) program which has baseball academies in Compton, CA. and Houston with additional sites approved for Miami and New Orleans.
But in truth, RBI is more about keeping kids—boys and girls—off the streets than it is about teaching baseball skills to real prospects.
Much more time and money is spent developing the foreign player market than the urban American market. Since 2004, baseball franchises have paid out nearly $250 million to international prospects.
The conclusion reached by the eight man USA Today panel is encouraging, however. Amazingly, it agrees with me that the emphasis on foreign player development is misplaced.
Two scouts (Chicago Cubs' Gary Hughes, Cincinnati Reds' "J" Hughes), two players LaTroy Hawkins and Hunter), the Reds' manager (Dusty Baker), an umpire (Steve Palermo) and an agent (Scott Boras) suggested: "Scaling back in foreign markets to increase investment at home."
According to Boras, baseball spends $8 million to $12 million a team to scout and develop players. Yet the committee's consensus is that the same amount would produce more productive results if spent in the U.S. on American prospects.
Said Boras: "The bottom line is that your money is better spent here. If you add up the money spent in the Asian markets in the last decade and took that and set up a true inner-cities system — using former players and an administrative body sponsored by baseball — we would reach more people."
Boras concludes: "We will lose this game if the best athletes are not playing baseball."
I'd amend Boras' remark to read: "We will lose this game if the best American athletes are not playing baseball." .[Panel Part III: Efforts to develop black talent in USA insufficient, By Bob Nightengale, USA TODAY, March 9, 2010]
To non-sports fans, I remind you that my column is not just about baseball but also about American jobs.
Every visa that is issued to a foreign-born player means that he will come to the U.S. and rarely go home. Whether he makes it to the big leagues or not, he'll eventually be in the job market competing with an American—maybe you or your children
If, on the other hand an American kid signs a contract with a major league team his long-term job opportunities, in or outside of baseball, soar. Nothing beats an association with professional sports to enhance a resume.
A closing note: it's very satisfying to see that the mainstream is finally catching up to VDARE.COM
I wrote my first column about greedy owners ignoring American baseball talent to beef up their bottom lines five years ago.
Joe Guzzardi [email him] is a California native who recently fled the state because of over-immigration, over-population and a rapidly deteriorating quality of life. He has moved to Pittsburgh, PA where the air is clean and the growth rate stable. A long-time instructor in English at the Lodi Adult School, Guzzardi has been writing a weekly column since 1988. It currently appears in the Lodi News-Sentinel.


There are vaccines for other common childhood diseases, which are not covered by the Malaysian National Immunisation Programme. These are called Additional Vaccines. For maximum protection, it is recommended to immunise your children with these additional vaccines as well.
1. What are Additional Vaccines?
There are currently 6 other vaccines that prevent diseases that can be deadly to children.
A highly contagious disease which causes fever and blistering skin.
Infection of the liver by the hepatitis A virus.
A viral infection of the nose, throat and, lungs.
A bacterial infection of the lining of the brain and spinal chord that can lead to permanent disability.
Causes a variety of infections in children below 2 (sinusitis, middle ear infection, pneumonia, meningitis).
Causes vomiting and severe diarrhoea in babies.
2. Do our children really need Additional Vaccines?
Many of the vaccines mentioned above protect against common childhood diseases. Moreover, these Additional Vaccines can also prevent disease outbreaks and epidemics from happening. They are as important as the routine immunisations in protecting your children from vaccine-preventable diseases.
3. Where can we get Additional Vaccines?
These vaccines are available at private hospitals and clinics, for a fee, all over Malaysia.
4. When does my child need to get Additional Vaccines?
Like the NIP, there is a recommended schedule for the best protection for our little ones. Your doctor will advise you on the appropriate timing of the vaccines.
5. Why doesn't the government provide these Additional Vaccines for free?
The government is already providing extensive coverage through the NIP. Beyond that, it is up to us to maximise our children's protection. Think of additional vaccines as a small investment in their health and well-being.
6. Are additional vaccines expensive?
Newer vaccines typically cost more as they often provide protection that was previously not available. Examples include vaccines against pneumococcal disease and rotavirus.
Disclaimer: This schedule is meant to serve as a guide. Please consult your doctor for more information on any of these vaccines.


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Car view possible collection thread..
Not so much toast as warm bread.
The best cooked breakfast since Gary Wilmot's wedding.
By my calculations it must be a Fiesta.
That mondeo estate you were lusting after?
07 is pretty late for a Mk3 isn't it? I'm sure I've seen Mk4s on a 56.
Where in the range is 'edge' spec, no idea on modern* Fords?
Pretty much base, I think?
I think the crossover was on the 07 plate, but there might be some Mk3s about on a 57 plate or Mk4s on 56s.
Well bought anyway. These run out Edge models look pretty sharp.
Edit: Edge on a Mk4 is base spec, but on a Mk3 I think it is like a Zetec, but with different alloys and no side rubbing strips.
Basically an LX with different alloys and the Ghia-style chrome trimmings.
You could also get four electric windows and the such like too.
EDIT - ah, what Brodders said.
My edge had Ew and cruise and a heated front screen. Other than lose luxuries it was pretty down market. Looks a good turn this. Everyone loves a Mondeo.


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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


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text:
Former El-Sayed policy director behind 'Green New Deal'
By: Susan J. Demas - December 6, 2018 5:47 pm
Rhiana Gunn-Wright, who served as Abdul El-Sayed's policy director for his 2018 gubernatorial campaign, has moved on to the national stage.
E&E News, a Washington, D.C.-based energy journal, reports that Gunn-Wright is part of a nonprofit, the New Consensus, that's crafting the "Green New Deal" championed in Washington, D.C., by U.S. Rep.-elect Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez (D-N.Y.). The goal is to move the United States from fossil fuels to renewable energy.
Ocasio-Cortez endorsed El-Sayed's bid and campaigned for him during the Democratic primary, which he lost to now-Gov.-Elect Gretchen Whitmer. Both El-Sayed and Ocasio-Cortez have snagged significant media attention as being part of the next generation of the movement of U.S. Sen. Bernie Sanders-style progressives.
Gunn-Wright, 29, is a Rhodes Scholar like El-Sayed. She told E&E News that his campaign served as "a training ground," as it was her first time "running a policy team and doing field work."
For offshore wind aspirations to become reality,… by Robert Zullo October 11, 2022
UPDATED: Trump's fake electors: Here's the full list by Kira Lerner June 29, 2022
Amid a massive American clean energy shift, grid operators… by Robert Zullo October 5, 2022


text:
Dare2Soar Foundation
Media Credential Application + Ticket Requests
Former Honoree Nell St. Cyr
Nell St. Cyr was born in Houston Texas, and proudly resides there still. She is married to Peter Fucik, a Texas native, and they have one son, Chip.
Nell's path to becoming the first female to ever serve as President of the Petroleum Club of Houston is ripe with perseverance and a respect for relationships. Nell graduated from the University of Houston with a degree in music and briefly sang with the Houston Grand Opera. Despite her desire for a soaring mezzo soprano career, economic reality encouraged Nell to join the corporate world, her first job working with the then Texas Commerce Bank in their IT department. As IT was still a rather new but rapidly growing area, this provided a great opportunity to learn and evolve on the job.
Nell later moved to a role with Electronic Data Systems (EDS) where she applied both her on-the-job experience and her penchant for building and managing relationships. While at EDS, Nell worked with clients such as Exxon, Enron Oil and Gas, and Continental Airlines. Highlights from this period include travelling to Guam to teach a course and serving as the Operations Manager for Continental Express and Chelsea Catering.
In 1997 Nell joined Shell Services International, newly formed to sell IT outsourcing services to internal and external clients. Today, Nell serves as the External Representation Manager for Shell's global IT department as well as the global Contracting & Procurement department. This is a key role that helps manage both internal and external relationships to maintain and strengthen Shell's reputation.
In addition to a full career, Nell enjoys contributing to numerous community and professional organizations, such as:
Served as Secretary and Newsletter chairman for Galveston's Krewe of Who? (1997-2002), and also chaired two Mardi Gras Balls for the Krewe
Chaired the Charity Gala 2004 for the Czech Center Museum Houston
Houston Business Forum Board member and Hospitality Chairman
Houston Tuesday Musical Club board member, and also a performing member
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text:
› Opinion
The rescue act
By Business Standard Editorial Comment | New Delhi | Last Updated at November 19 2020 09:48 IST
Topics Lakshmi Vilas Bank | DBS Bank | Lakshmi Vilas Bank crisis
Yet another financial institution has failed and is being rescued. The Reserve Bank of India (RBI) on Tuesday proposed to merge Lakshmi Vilas Bank (LVB) with the Indian subsidiary of Singapore-based DBS Bank. LVB was also placed under a moratorium by the government for a month and depositors would be allowed to withdraw only Rs 25,000 during this period. According to the plan, the entire paid-up share capital, and reserves and surplus of LVB will be written off. However, the interests of depositors and employees will be protected. In the end, this might look like a smooth process, where the in.....
Read our full coverage on Lakshmi Vilas Bank
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Lakshmi Vilas Bank board meeting on Oct 15 to consider rights issue


D'Amico, E. J., & Edelen-Orlando, M. (2007). Pilot test of Project CHOICE: A voluntary after school intervention for middle school youth. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors, 21(4), 592-598.
D'Amico, E. J., & McCarthy, D. M. (2006). Escalation and initiation of younger adolescents' substance use: The impact of perceived peer use. Journal of Adolescent Health, 39(4), 481-487.
D'Amico, E. J. (2005). Factors that impact adolescents' intentions to utilize alcohol-related prevention services. Journal of Behavioral Health Services & Research, 32(3), 331-339.
D'Amico, E. J., Ellickson, P. L., Wagner, E. F., Turrisi, R., Fromme, K., Ghosh-Dastidar, B.,...Wright, D. (2005). Developmental considerations for substance use interventions from middle school through college. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research, 29(3), 474-483.
Ober, A. J., Miles, J.N.V., Ewing, B., Tucker, J.S., & D'Amico, E. J. (2013). Risk for inhalant initiation among middle school students: Understanding individual, family, and peer risk and protective factors. Journal of Studies on Alcohol and Drugs, 74(6).
Pedersen, E. R., Miles, J. N. V., Ewing, B. A., Shih, R. A., Tucker, J. S., & D'Amico, E. J. (2013). A longitudinal examination of alcohol, marijuana, and cigarette perceived norms among middle school adolescents. Drug and Alcohol Dependence. doi: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2013.08.008.
Shih, R. A., Tucker, J. S., Miles, J. N. V., Ewing, B. Pedersen, E., & D'Amico, E. J. (2015). Differences in substance use and substance use risk factors by Asian subgroups. Asian American Journal of Psychology.
Tucker, J. S., Miles, J. N. V., & D'Amico, E. J. (2013). Cross-lagged associations between substance use-related media exposure and alcohol use during middle school. Journal of Adolescent Health, 53(4), 460-464.
D'Amico, E. J., Hunter, S. B., Miles, J. N. V., Ewing, B. A., & Osilla, K. C. (2013). A randomized controlled trial of a group motivational interviewing intervention for adolescents with a first time alcohol or drug offense. Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment, 45(5), 400-408.
D'Amico, E. J., Osilla, K. C., Miles, J. N., Ewing, B., Sullivan, K., Katz, K., & Hunter, S. B. (2012). Assessing motivational interviewing integrity for group interventions with adolescents. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors, 26(4), 994-1000.
D'Amico, E. J., Feldstein Ewing, S. W., Engle, B., Hunter, S. B., Osilla, K. C., & Bryan, A. (2010). Group alcohol and drug treatment. In S. Naar-King & M. Suarez (Eds.), Motivational interviewing with adolescents and young adults (pp.151-157). New York, NY: The Guilford Press.
Osilla, K. C., Hunter, S. B., Ewing, B. A., Ramchand, R., Miles, J. N. V., & D'Amico, E. J. (2012). The effects of employment among adolescents at-risk for future substance use. Addictive Behaviors, 38(3), 1616-1619.
Pedersen, E. R., Miles, J. N. V., Hunter, S. B, Osilla, K. C., Ewing, B. A., & D'Amico, E. J. (2013). Perceived norms moderate the association between mental health symptoms and drinking outcomes among at-risk adolescents. Journal of Studies on Alcohol and Drugs, 74(5), 736-745.


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        Cyan,
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        Black,
        Question,
        Exclamation
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