This page can be your entry point to learning Microsoft Excel functions. It lists the most essential text, math, statistical, logical and other functions along with formula examples and links to related resources.
Excel provides an enormous number of functions to analyze, audit and calculate data. Some of them are utilized by many Excel users on a daily basis while others are so very specific that only a small group of financial, statistical or engineering specialists understand and need them.
In this tutorial, we do not aim to explorer all and each function available in Microsoft Excel. On this page, you will find the most useful and most used Excel functions, which we've already covered in depth in individual step-by-step guides.
Most of the functions listed below are Excel worksheet functions that are used as part of formulas in a cell. The last category includes custom Excel functions, aka user-defined functions (UDF). These are VBA-based functions that extend the basics of Excel with custom functionality. Select a category to go to the functions list with short descriptions and links to examples of use.
Value is a numeric value you want to convert to text.
Format_text is the desired format.
=TEXT(A1,"mm/dd/yyyy") - convert a date in cell A1 into a text string in the traditional US date format, such as "01/01/2015" (month/day/year).
=TEXT(A1,"€#,##0.00") - converts a number in A1 into a currency text string such as "€3.00".
CONCATENATE(text1, [text2], …) is designed to join several pieces of text together or combine values from several cells into a single cell. An analogues result can be achieved by using the Excel & operator, as demonstrated in the following screenshot.
You can find plenty more formula examples in the tutorial CONCATENATE in Excel: combine text strings, cells and columns.
For more formula examples, see 3 ways to remove spaces between words / numbers in Excel.
Text - the original text string or reference to a cell where you want to substitute certain characters.
Old_text - the characters you want to replace.
New_text - the characters you want to replace the old text with.
Nth_appearance - an optional parameter that specifies which occurrence of old_text you want to replace with new_text. If omitted, then every occurrence of the old text will be replaced with the new text.
VALUE(text) - converts a text string to a number.
This function is really helpful when it comes to converting text-formatted values representing the numbers into numbers that can be used in other Excel formulas and calculations.
EXACT(text1, text2) compares two text strings and returns TRUE if both values are exactly the same, including case, FALSE otherwise.
For example, if A2 is "apples" and B2 is "Apples", the formula =EXACT(A2, B2) will returns FALSE, because they are not exact match.
The EXACT function is rarely used on its own, but it's helpful in more complex tasks such as doing a case-sensitive Vlookup in Excel.
Microsoft Excel provides 3 text functions to convert between UPPER, lower and Proper case.
UPPER(text) - converts all characters in a specified text string to upper case.
LOWER(text) - changes all uppercase letters in a text string to lowercase.
Proper(text) - capitalizes the first letter of each word and converts all other letters to lowercase (more precisely, it capitalizes the letters that follow any character other than a letter).
In all three functions, the text argument can be a text string enclosed in quotation marks, a reference to a cell containing the text or a formula that returns the text.
More formula examples to convert text's case can be found in Changing text case in Excel to UPPER, lower or Proper.
If you need a formula to return a certain number of characters from a text string, use one of the following Excel functions.
LEFT(text, [num_chars]) - returns a specified number of characters from the beginning of a text string.
RIGHT(text,[num_chars]) - returns a specified number of characters from the end of a text string.
MID(text, start_num, num_chars) - returns a specific number of characters from a text string, starting at any position that you specify.
Text - a text string or a reference to a cell containing the characters you want to extract.
Start_num - indicates where to start (i.e. the position of the first character you want to extract).
Num_chars - the number of characters you want to extract.
One of the main uses of these Excel text functions is splitting a cell's content into several cells, as demonstrated in Formulas to split cells in Excel.
Microsoft Excel provides a handful of logical functions that evaluate a specified condition(s) and return the corresponding value.
AND(logical1, [logical2], …) - returns TRUE if all of the arguments evaluate to TRUE, FALSE otherwise.
OR(logical1, [logical2], …) - returns TRUE if at least one of the arguments is TRUE.
XOR(logical1, [logical2],…) - returns a logical Exclusive Or of all arguments. This function was introduced in Excel 2013 and is not available in earlier versions.
NOT(logical) - reverses a value of its argument, i.e. if logical evaluates to FALSE, the NOT function returns TRUE and vice versa.
For more NOT function examples, see Using the NOT function in Excel.
An IF formula tests the condition(s) expressed in the logical_test argument and returns one value (value_if_true) if the condition is met and another value (value_if_false) if the condition is not met.
For example, the formula =IF(A1<>"", "good", "bad") returns "good" if there's any value in cell A1, "bad" otherwise.
Both functions are used to check if a certain formula evaluates to an error, and if it does, the MS Excel functions return a specified value instead.
IFERROR(value, value_if_error) - checks if the formula or expression evaluates to an error. If it does, the formula returns the value supplied in the value_if_error argument, otherwise, the result of the formula is returned. This function handles all possible Excel errors, including VALUE, N/A, NAME, REF, NUM, and others. It is available in Excel 2007 and higher.
IFNA(value, value_if_na) - introduced in Excel 2013, it works similarly to IFERROR, but handles #N/A errors only.
Excel has a ton of basic and advanced functions to perform mathematical operations, calculate exponentials, logarithms, factorials and the like. It would take several pages just to publish the functions list. So, let us discuss only a few basic math functions that may prove useful for solving your daily tasks.
Four essential Excel functions to add up the values of cells in a specified range follow below.
SUM(number1,[number2],…) returns the sum of its arguments. The arguments can be numbers, cells references or formula-driven numeric values.
For example, the simplest math formula =SUM(A1:A3, 1) adds up the values in cells A1, A2 and A3, and then adds 1 to the result.
range / criteria_range - the range of cells to be evaluated by the corresponding criteria.
criteria - the condition that must be met.
sum_range - the cells to sum if the condition is met.
SUMPRODUCT(array1,array2, …) is one of the few Microsoft Excel functions that handle arrays. It multiplies the supplied array components and returns the sum of the products.
The essence of the SUMPRODUCT function may be difficult to grasp, and hopefully the following examples will shed some light on its major uses.
Microsoft Excel provides 2 functions to generate random numbers. Both are volatile functions, meaning that a new number is returned every time the worksheet calculate s.
RAND() - returns a random real (decimal) number between 0 and 1.
RANDBETWEEN(bottom, top) - returns a random integer between the bottom and top numbers that you specify.
The following tutorial makes a pretty good job explaining the nuts and bolts of each function with formula examples: How to use RAND and RANDBETWEEN functions in Excel.
There exist a variety of functions to round off numbers in Excel, and our Excel Rounding Tutorial makes a good job explaining how to use those functions based on your criteria. Please click on the function's name to learn its syntax and examples of uses.
ROUND - round the number to the specified number of digits.
ROUNDUP - round the number upward to the specified number of digits.
ROUNDDOWN - round the number downward to the specified number of digits.
MROUND - rounds the number upward or downward to the specified multiple.
FLOOR - round the number down to the specified multiple.
CEILING - round the number up to the specified multiple.
INT - round the number down to the nearest integer.
TRUNC - truncate the number to a specified number of decimal places.
EVEN - round the number up to the nearest even integer.
ODD - round the number up to the nearest odd integer.
MOD(number, divisor) returns the remainder after the number argument is divided by divisor.
Among a variety of highly specific Excel statistical functions, there are a few ones that everyone can understand and leverage for professional data analysis.
MIN(number1, [number2], …) - returns the minimal value from the list of arguments.
AVERAGE(number1, [number2], …) - returns the average of the arguments.
SMALL(array, k) - returns the k-th smallest value in the array.
LARGE(array, k) - returns the k-th largest value in the array.
The following screenshot demonstrates the basic statistical functions in action.
Below is a list of Excel functions that let you count the cells containing a certain data type or based on the condition(s) that you specify.
COUNT(value1, [value2], …) - returns the number of numerical values (numbers and dates) in the list of arguments.
COUNTA(value1, [value2], …) - returns the number of non-empty cells in the list of arguments. It counts cells containing any information, including error values and empty text strings ("") returned by other formulas.
COUNTBLANK(range) - counts the number of empty cells in a specified range. Cells with empty text strings ("") are also counted as blank cells.
COUNTIF(range, criteria) - counts the number of cells within the range that meet the specified criteria.
COUNTIFS(criteria_range1, criteria1, [criteria_range2, criteria2]…) - counts the number of cells that meet all of the specified criteria.
Note. Since dates are stores as numbers in Excel, they are also counted by Excel statistical functions. For example, the formula =COUNTIF(A2:A9, ">5") counts the date in cell A8 in the screenshot above because it is stored as 42005 in the internal Excel system.
These MS Excel functions comes in handy when you need to find certain information in a table based on a value in one column, or return a reference to a certain cell.
table_array - two or more columns of data.
col_index_num - the number of the column to pull the data from.
range_lookup - determines whether to search with exact match (FALSE) or approximate match (TRUE or omitted).
INDEX(array, row_num, [column_num]) - returns a reference to a cell within array based on the row and column numbers that you specify.
Here is a simple INDEX formula: =INDEX(A1:C10, 3 ,4) that searches in cells A1 through C10 and returns a value at the intersection of the 3rd row and 4th column, which is cell D3.
The following tutorial explains the INDEX function in full detail: 6 most efficient uses of the INDEX function in Excel.
MATCH(lookup_value, lookup_array, [match_type]) - searches for lookup_value in lookup_array, and then returns the relative position of that item in the range.
The combination of the MATCH and INDEX functions can be used as a more powerful and versatile alternative to Excel's VLOOKUP, as demonstrated in the following tutorial: INDEX & MATCH - a better alternative to VLOOKUP in Excel.
INDIRECT(ref_text, [a1]) - returns a cell or range reference specified by a text string.
In real worksheets, INDIRECT formulas are often used to dynamically refer to another sheet or workbook, to lock a cell reference or to create dependent drop down lists.
OFFSET(reference, rows, cols, [height], [width]) - returns a reference to a range of cells that is offset from a starting cell or a range of cells by the specified number of rows and columns.
For example, =OFFSET(A1, 1, 2) returns the value in cell C2 because it's 1 row down and 2 columns to the left from A1.
For more OFFSET formula examples, please see: Using OFFSET function in Excel.
TRANSPOSE(array) - transforms a horizontal range of cells into a vertical range and vice versa, i.e. converts rows to columns and columns to rows.
The following tutorial provides formula examples and explains the strong and weak points of the TRANSPOSE function: How to transpose in Excel - convert row to column and vice versa.
HYPERLINK(link_location, [friendly_name]) - Creates a hyperlink to a document stored on a local network or the Internet.
For the step-by-step guidance in using the HYPERLINK function, please see: How to add a hyperlink to another Excel sheet.
Microsoft Excel provides a host of functions to simplify the work of accounting managers, financial analysts and banking specialists. On this blog, we have discussed only one financial function so far, which can be used to calculate compound interest.
FV(rate, nper ,pmt ,[pv], [type]) - calculates the future value of an investment based on a constant interest rate.
The following tutorial explains each of the arguments in detail and guides you in creating a universal compound interest calculator in your worksheets: Creating an advanced compound interest calculator for Excel.
For everyone who deals with Excel dates on a regular basis, I'd recommend our comprehensive 12-part Excel Date tutorial that covers each date function in depth. This page only provides the functions list along with the links to more resources.
DATE - returns the serial number of a specified date.
DATEVALUE - converts a text string representing the date to date format.
TODAY - returns the current date.
NOW - returns the current date and time.
DAY - returns the day of the month.
MONTH - returns the month of a specified date.
YEAR - returns the year of a specified date.
EOMONTH - returns the last day of the month.
WEEKDAY - returns the day of the week.
WEEKNUM - returns the week number of a date.
DATEDIF - returns the difference between two dates.
EDATE - returns a date that is the specified number of months before or after the start date.
YEARFRAC - calculates the fraction of the year between 2 dates.
WORKDAY - calculates a date that is a specified number of working days before or after the start date.
WORKDAY.INTL - calculates a date that is a specified number of weekdays before or after the start date, with custom weekend parameters.
NETWORKDAYS - returns the number of working days between two dates.
NETWORKDAYS.INTL - returns the number of workdays between two dates with custom weekends.
Below follows a list of the major Excel functions to work with times.
TIME(hour, minute, second) - returns a serial number representing the time.
TIMEVALUE(time_text) - converts a time entered in the form of a text string to a serial number representing the time.
NOW() - returns the serial number corresponding to the current date and time.
HOUR(serial_number) - converts a specified serial number to an hour.
MINUTE(serial_number) - converts a specified serial number to minutes.
SECOND(serial_number) - converts a specified serial number to seconds.
GetCellColor(cell) - returns the color code of the background color of a specified cell.
GetCellFontColor(cell) - returns the color code of the font color of a specified cell.
CountCellsByColor(range, color code) - counts cells with the specified background color.
CountCellsByFontColor(range, color code) - counts cells with the specified font color.
SumCellsByColor(range, color code) - calculates the sum of cells with a certain background color.
SumCellsByFontColor(range, color code) - returns the sum of cells with a certain font color.
WbkCountCellsByColor(cell) - counts cells with the specified background color in the entire workbook.
WbkSumCellsByColor(cell) - sums cells with the specified background color in the entire workbook.
You can download the VBA code of the above functions along with detailed instructions on how to use them from the following page: How to count and sum cells by color in Excel.
Of course, Microsoft Excel has plenty more functions than listed on this page. But hopefully these essential functions will prove useful in your day-to-day work. Anyway, it's good to have some basic knowledge for a start that you can extend later on. I thank you for reading and hope to see you on our blog next week!
42 Responses to "Most useful Excel functions with formula examples"
how can be part of the blog. to ask questions or give tips. can I do it? there is any fee involve?
if sum formula is anywhere in excel sheet then result of formula should not exceed 27.500.
, Thank you for sharing some awesome stuff! I hope you you can guide me in what I am trying to do.
I am trying to tie Multiply drop down lists (Data dependency) with (I hope) simple IF function so that based on multiply answers in dependency loop I can copy/paste automatically predefined answers from another sheet. Those answers are usually Product list.
of 2-3 package options (design etc). Based on those, I want to conveniently copy table with description to current sheet (from sheet next to that one).This is meant to be introductory sales document.
I could use Macro, but I don't have much experience.
I suggest using the VLOOKUP(D3, Answers!D3:E7, 2) function to insert text from another sheet. So after you select a product from the Drop-down list to cell D3, the text from the Answers sheet will automatically appear in your current table.
I had fixed assets list comprising of different items related to different projects, since the project names are repetitive as whenever the fixed asset has been assigned to that particular project. Now i want to sum-up all these figures for respective project on line wise basis.Supppse project A has come 15 times during the transactions so its difficult for me to sum them up by identifying every single item cost.
can i count instead of sum.
can I count instead of sum in (=SUMIF(A1:A5, "apples",B1:B5)) formula, If yes tell me how please.
Just use the COUNTIF function instead of SUMIF. For example, the following formula counts how many "apples" are in range A1:A5.
could tell me which code i have to use for speed.
Thanks very muych for providing very useful information.
Hai, in a conditional formula some result is arrived from a range. How to extract only such details from the range which is suiting the conditional formula.
How to covert number (2,3,4,5..) to word.
how to fill alphabat a to z such as we fill the number without any formula.?
It is describing simple, helpful, targeting to achieve the result.
How do I make cells turn green if another cell's date is less than 1 year and then turn red when the date is past 1 year?
when you need to change cell filling depending on the value in another cell, conditional formatting helps. You can learn more about it from this article of ours.
Also, to create a formula for the conditional formatting rule, you need to understand how dates work in Excel. Please have a look here.
If I have column A numbered 1-5000 and I want to highlight every 25th row, what formula could I use.
I have a list of descriptors that are set up in a row. Product line, Product type, Specific Product, etc. How Can I make the dropdown list used for the next cell dependent on the previous answer? I tried using Data validation lists and typing an "IF" function where 'If(d5="Life",Lifeproducts,If(...) I finished the if statement with the phrase "Error" as the final if false. Is this a possible thing, or can Excel not do this consecutive funneling of lists?
how to insert scanned picture ( photo and signature) in excel cell, which will be later used in mail merger at ms word.
We have another article on our blog that describes in detail how to insert pictures in cells. Please have a look at it.
thanks for your good information,tnx With ms excel With their sYntax thanks.
Excellent compilation of important Excel functions. Very clear and understandable. Many thanks!
Dear Madam, i want to knew more about all excel errors and how can they solve. This is my first mail to you, see you later Dear Madam. Please tell me your answer.
thanks for educating me more.


text:
22nd May 1813 --- 13th February 1883
Richard Wagner(born 1813, Leipzig--died 1883, Venice), German dramatic composer and theorist whose operas and music
had a revolutionary influence on the course of Western music, either by extension of his discoveries or reaction against
them. Among his major works are The Flying Dutchman (1843), Tannhäuser (1845), Lohengrin (1850), Tristan und Isolde
(1865), Parsifal (1882), and his great tetralogy, The Ring of the Nibelung (1869-76)
The artistic and theatrical background of Wagner's early years (several elder sisters became opera singers or actresses)
was a main formative influence. Impulsive and self-willed, he was a negligent scholar at the Kreuzschule, Dresden, and
the Nicholaischule, Leipzig. He frequented concerts, however, taught himself the piano and composition, and read the
plays of Shakespeare, Goethe, and Schiller. Wagner, attracted by the glamour of student life, enrolled at Leipzig University
but as an adjunct with inferior privileges, since he had not completed his preparatory schooling. Although he lived wildly
he applied himself earnestly to composition. Because of his impatience with all academic techniques, he spent a mere six
months acquiring a groundwork with Theodor Weinlig, cantor of the Thomasschule, but his real schooling was a close
personal study of the scores of the masters, notably the quartets and symphonies of Beethoven. His own Symphony in C
Major was performed at the Leipzig Gewandhaus concerts in 1833. He left the university that year, he spent the summer
as operatic coach at the Würzburg, where he composed his first opera, Die Feen (The Fairies), based on a fantastic tale by
Carlo Gozzi. He failed to get the opera produced at Leipzig and became conductor to a provincial theatrical troupe from
Magdeburg, having fallen in love with one of the actresses of the troupe, Wilhelmine (Minna) Planer, whom he married in
1836. The single performance of his second opera, Das Liebesverbot (The Ban on Love), after Shakespeare's Measure for
Measure, was a disaster.
In 1839, fleeing from his creditors, he decided to put into operation his long-cherished plan to win renown in Paris, but his
three years in Paris were calamitous. Despite a recommendation from the influential gallicized German composer Giacomo
Meyerbeer, Wagner could not break into the closed circle at the Opéra. Living with a colony of poor German artists, he had
staved off starvation by means of musical journalism and hackwork. Nevertheless, 1840 he completed Rienzi after Bulwer
Lytton's novel, and in 1841 he then composed his first representative opera, Der fliegende Holländer, The Flying Dutchman
based on the legend about a ship's captain condemned to sail forever.
In 1842, aged 29, he gladly returned to Dresden, where Rienzi was triumphantly performed on October 20. The next year
The Flying Dutchman (produced at Dresden, Jan. 2, 1843) was less successful, since the audience expected a work in the
French-Italian tradition similar to Rienzi, and was puzzled by the innovative way the new opera integrated the music with
the dramatic content. But Wagner was appointed conductor of the court opera a post that he held until 1849. On Oct. 19th
1845, Tannhäuser (based, like all his future works, on Germanic legends) was coolly received but soon proved a steady
attraction, after this, each new work achieved public popularity despite persistent hostility from many critics.
The refusal of the court opera authorities in Dresden to stage his next opera, Lohengrin, was not based on artistic reasons
rather, they were alienated by Wagner's projected administrative and artistic reforms. His proposals would have taken
control of the opera away from the court and created a national theatre whose productions would be chosen by a union of
dramatists and composers. Preoccupied with ideas of social Steveneneration, he then became embroiled in the German
revolution of 1848-49. Wagner wrote a number of articles advocating revolution and took an active part in the Dresden
uprising of 1849. When the uprising failed, a warrant was issued for his arrest and he fled from Germany, unable to attend
the first performance of Lohengrin at Weimar, given by his friend Franz Liszt on Aug. 28, 1850.
For the next 15 years Wagner was not to present any further new works. Until 1858 he lived in Zürich, composing, writing
treatises, and conducting (he directed the London Philharmonic concerts in 1855). Having already studied the Siegfried
legend and also the Norse myths as a possible basis for new opera's and having written an operatic "poem," Siegfrieds Tod
(Siegfried's Death), in which he conceived of Siegfried as the new type of man who would emerge after the successful
revolution he hoped for, he now wrote a number of prose volumes on revolution, social and artistic. From 1849 to 1852 he
produced his basic prose works, Die Kunst und die Revolution (Art and Revolution), Das Kunstwerk der Zukunft (The Art
Work of the Future), Eine Mitteilung an meine Freunde (A Communication to My Friends), and Oper und Drama (Opera and
Drama). The latter outlined as a new and revolutionary type of musical stage work--the vast work, in fact, on which he was
engaged. By 1852 he had added to the poem of Siegfrieds Tod three others to precede it, the whole being called Der Ring
des Nibelungen (The Ring of the Nibelung) and providing the basis for a tetralogy of musical dramas, Das Rheingold (The
Rhinegold), Die Walküre (The Valkyrie), Der junge Siegfried (Young Siegfried), later called simply Siegfried, and Siegfrieds
Tod (Siegfried's Death), later called Götterdämmerung (The Twilight of the Gods).
What the Ring reveals Wagner's mature style and method, to which he had found his way at last during the period when his
thought was devoted to social questions. Looking forward to the imminent creation of a socialist state, he prophesied the
disappearance of opera as artificial entertainment for an elite, the emergence of a new kind of musical stage work for the
people, expressing the self-realization of free humanity. A new work was later to be called "music drama," though Wagner
never used this term, preferring drama.
Wagner's new art form would be a poetic drama that should find full expression as a musical drama when it was set to a
continuous vocal-symphonic texture. This texture would be woven from basic thematic ideas, which Wagner called motives
but which have come to be also known by the term invented by one of his disciples "leading motives" (German Leitmotive
singular Leitmotiv). These would arise naturally as expressive vocal phrases sung by characters and would be developed by
the orchestra as "reminiscences" to express the dramatic and psychological development.
This conception found full embodiment in The Ring, except that the leading motives did not always arise as vocal utterances
but were often introduced by the orchestra to portray characters, emotions, or events in the drama. With his use of this
method, Wagner rose immediately to his amazing full stature: his style became unified and deepened immeasurably, and he
was able to fill his works from end to end with intensely characteristic music. Except for moments in The Rhinegold, his old
weaknesses, formal and stylistic, vanished altogether, and with them disappeared the last vestiges of the old opera. By 1857
his style had been enriched by the stimulus of Liszt's tone poems and their new harmonic subtleties, and he had composed
The Rhinegold, The Valkyrie, and two acts of Siegfried. He now suspended work on The Ring, the impossibility of mounting
this colossus within the foreseeable future was enforcing a stalemate on his career and led him to project a "normal" work
capable of immediate production. Also with his optimistic social philosophy had yielded to a metaphysical, world renouncing
pessimism, nurtured by his discovery of the philosophy of Arthur Schopenhauer. The outcome was Tristan und Isolde (1857
-1859) of which the crystallizing agent was his hopeless love for Mathilde Wesendonk (the wife of a rich patron), which led
to separation from his wife, Minna.
Because of the Wesendonk affair, life in Zürich had become too embarrassing, and Wagner completed Tristan in Venice and
Lucerne, Switz. The work revealed a new subtlety in his use of leading motives, which in The Rhinegold and The Valkyrie he
had used mainly to explain the action of the drama. The impact of Schopenhauer's theory of the supremacy of music among
the arts led him to tilt the expressive balance of musical drama more toward music, the leading motives ceased to remain
neatly identifiable with their dramatic sources but worked with greater psychological complexity, in the manner of free
In 1859 Wagner went to Paris, where, the following year, productions of a revised version of Tannhäuser were fiascoes, but
in 1861 an amnesty allowed him to return to Germany, from there he went to Vienna, where he heard Lohengrin for the first
time. He remained in Vienna for about a year, then travelled widely as a conductor and awaited a projected production of his
Tristan. When this work was not produced because the then artists were bewildered by its revolutionary stylistic innovations
Wagner began a second "normal" work, the comedy-opera Die Meistersinger von Nürnberg (The Mastersingers of Nürnberg)
for which he incorporated into his new conception of music drama certain of the old "operatic" elements. By 1864, however
his expenditure on a grand scale and inveterate habit of borrowing and living on others had brought him to financial disaster
he had to flee from Vienna to avoid imprisonment for debt. He arrived in Stuttgart without a penny, a man of 51 without a
future, almost at the end of his tether.
Something like a miracle saved him. He had always made loyal friends, owing to his own fascinating personality, his manifest
genius, and his artistic integrity, and now a new friend of the highest influence came to his rescue. In 1864 Louis II, a youth
of 18, had ascended the throne of Bavaria, he was a fanatical admirer of Wagner's art and, having read the poem of The Ring
(published the year before with a plea for financial support), invited Wagner to complete the work in Munich.
The King had set him up in a villa, and during the next six years there were successful Munich productions of all of Wagner's
representative works to date, including the first performances of Tristan (1865), The Mastersingers (1868), The Rhinegold
(1869), and The Valkyrie (1870), the first two directed by the great Wagner conductor Hans von Bülow. Initially at a new
theatre at Munich was projected for this purpose, also with a music school attached, but this came to nothing because of the
opposition aroused by Wagner's way of living. Not only did he constantly run into debt, despite his princely salary, but he also
attempted to interfere in the government of the kingdom, in addition, he became the lover of von Bülow's wife, Cosima, the
daughter of Liszt. She had bore him three children Isolde, Eva, and Siegfried before her divorce in 1870 and her marriage to
Wagner in the same year. For all these reasons, Wagner thought it advisable to leave Munich as early as 1865, but he never
forfeited the friendship of the King, who set him up at Triebschen on the Lake of Lucerne.
In 1869 Wagner had resumed work on The Ring which he now brought to its world-renouncing conclusion. It had been agreed
with the King that the tetralogy should be first performed in its entirety at Munich, Wagner broke the agreement, convinced
that a new type of theatre must be built for the purpose. Having discovered a suitable site at the Bavarian town of Bayreuth
he toured Germany, conducting concerts to raise funds and encouraging the formation of societies to support the plan, and in
1872 the foundation stone was laid. In 1874 Wagner moved into a house at Bayreuth that he called Wahnfried ("Peace from
Illusion"). The whole vast project was eventually realized, that was in spite of enormous artistic, administrative, and financial
difficulties. The King, who had provided Wahnfried for Wagner, contributed a substantial sum, and mortgages were raised that
were later paid off by the royalties. The Ring received its triumphant first complete performance in the new Festspielhaus at
Bayreuth on August. 13th, 14th, 16th, and 17th, 1876.
Wagner spent the rest of his life at Wahnfried, making a visit to London in 1877 to give a successful series of concerts and
then making several to Italy. During these years he composed his last work, the sacred festival drama Parsifal, begun in 1877
and produced at Bayreuth in 1882, he also dictated to his wife his autobiography, Mein Leben (My Life), begun in 1865. He
died of heart failure at the height of his fame, and was buried in the grounds of Wahnfried in the tomb he himself prepared.
Since then, except for interruptions caused by World Wars I and II, the Festspielhaus has staged yearly festivals of Wagner's
Wagner's single-handed creation of his own type of musical drama was a fantastic accomplishment, considering the scale and
scope of his art. His method was to condense all the confused mass of material at his disposal and the innumerable conflicting
versions of the legend chosen as a basis into a taut dramatic scheme. In this scheme, as in his model, the Oresteia of Aeschylus
the stage events are few but crucial, the main part of the action being devoted to working out of the character's motivations.
In setting the poem he used his mastery of construction on the largest scale, which he had learned from studying Beethoven, to
keep the broad outlines very clear while he consistently developed the leading motives to mirror every shifting nuance of the
psychological situation. Criticism of these motives as arbitrary, factual labels shows a misunderstanding of Wagner. He called
them "carriers of the feeling," and, owing to their essentially emotional character, their pliability, and Wagner's resource in a
alternating, transforming, and combining them, they function as subtle expressions of the changing feelings behind the dramatic
The result of these methods was a new art form, of which the distinguishing feature was a profound and complex symbolism
working on three indivisible planes dramatic, verbal, and musical. The vital significance of this symbolism that has been
increasingly realized. The common theme of all his mature works, except The Mastersingers, is the romantic concept of the
"redemption through love" but this element, used rather naively in the three early operas, became, in the later musical dramas
a mere catalyst for much deeper complexes of ideas. In The Ring there are at least five interwoven strands of overt meaning
concerned with German nationalism, international Socialism, the philosophy of Schopenhauer, Buddhism, and Christianity. On
another level, there is a prophetic treatment of some of the themes of psychoanalysis, a power complex arising from sexual
inhibition, incest, mother fixation; and Oedipus complex.
Tristan stands in a line of symbolism extending from the themes of "night" and "death" explored by such German Romantic
poets as Novalis (1772-1801), through the Schopenhauerian indictment of life as an evil illusion and the renunciation of the
will to live, and the modern psychological discovery of a close connection between the erotic desire and the death wish. The
Mastersingers stands apart as a work in which certain familiar themes are treated on a purely conscious plane with mellow
wisdom and humour, the impulsiveness of youth and the resignation of age, the ecstasy of youthful love, the value of music
itself as an art form. In Wagner's last work, Parsifal, the symbolism returns on a deeper level than before. He has been much
criticized for this strongly personal treatment of a religious subject, which mingles the concepts of sacred and profane love but
in the light of later explorations in the field of psychology with his insight into the relationship between religious and sexual
experience seems merely in advance of its time. The themes of innocence and purity, sexual indulgence and suffering, remorse
and the sexual renunciation are treated in Parsifal with a subtle intensity and depth of compassion that probe deeply into the
unconscious and make the opera in some ways the most visionary of all Wagner's works.
Wagner's influence, as a musical dramatist and as a composer, was a powerful one. Although few operatic composers have
been able to follow him in providing their own librettos, all have profited from his reform in the matter of giving dramatic
depth, continuity, and cohesion to their works.
In the purely musical field, Wagner's influence was even more far reaching. He developed such a wide expressive range that
he was able to make each of his works inhabit a unique emotional world of its own, and, in doing so, he raised the melodic and
harmonic style of German music to what many regard as its highest emotional and sensuous intensity. Much of the subsequent
history, of music stems from him, either by extension of his discoveries or reaction against them.
Copyright 1994-1998 Encyclopaedia Britannica
Last Updated on 2018
By Steven Ritchie
And now for the Music
(2537)"Tannhaeuser". Sequenced by Reginald Steven Ritchie.
Thanks to Yu Nakajima for the music below. Email (GCD02321@nifty.ne.jp)
(2075)"Tannhaeuser Overture". Sequenced by Yu Nakajima
Thanks to Emily Gray for the music below. Email (HappyMusician@opendiary.com)
(1892)"Chorale from, Die Meistersinger". Sequenced by Emily Gray
(1490)"Prelude to Die Meistersinger von Nurnberg". Sequenced by Dr.David Siu
(1493)"Traume". Sequenced by Ken Gilliland
(756)"Siegfried's Funeral Music, Gotterdammerung Act.3". Sequenced by Robert W. Losin
(1491)"Siegfried's Rhine Journey". Sequenced by Robert W. Losin
(1492)"Overture to Tannhsuser und der Ssngerkrieg auf Wartburg". Sequenced by L.Roberts
(758)"Ride of the Valkyries". Sequenced by L.Roberts
(1494)"Rienzi Overture (1840)". Sequencer Unknown
(759)"Meistersinger von Nürnberg". Sequencer Unknown
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Bryan Bradbury
Full Name: Jennings Bryan Bradbury
Date of death: October 22, 1988
H 116 Jan 10, 1939 - Nov 1, 1940 46th (1) Democrat Abilene / Taylor Taylor
H 116 Jan 12, 1937 - Jan 10, 1939 45th Democrat Abilene / Taylor Taylor
H 116 Jan 8, 1935 - Jan 12, 1937 44th Democrat Abilene / Taylor Taylor
(1) Bradbury resigned 11/1/1940. Members of the Texas Congress 1836-1845; Members of the Texas Legislature 1846-2004, 2005.
Mentioned in HR 135, 74th Legislature, R.S. Resolutions - Memorial.
Jennings Bryan Bradbury, death date 10/22/1988 in Taylor County. FamilySearch Texas Death Index, 1964-1998.
Bryan Bradbury, birth date 6/12/1912, death date 10/22/1988, last place of residence Taylor County. FamilySearch United States Social Security Death Index.
Photograph. Bryan Bradbury, 46th Legislature, State Preservation Board
Photograph. J. Bryan Bradbury, 45th Legislature, State Preservation Board
44th session composite photo of House members (3rd floor back hall, east wall. 3W.C1). State Preservation Board.
45th session composite photo of House members (3rd floor back hall, west wall. 3W.C1). State Preservation Board.
Atlanta, Texas Explosion, Special
Congressional and Legislative Districts
House Rules Revision
Liquor Traffic (Vice Chair)
Revenue and Taxation
Election Contest (E. E. Hunter - J. K. Russell), Special
Liquor Traffic (Chair)
Municipal and Private Corporations
Nepotism in State Government, Special
State Affairs
State Eleemosynary and Reformatory Institutions


LAHORE: The city police have finalized elaborate security arrangements to cope with any untoward incident on the occasion of Eid-ul-Fitr.
order and protecting the life and property of people.
He said that about 10,000 policemen including personnel of elite force, quick response force and others under the supervision of all divisional SPs would perform duties while 350 lady policemen had also been deputed on security.
The CCPO Lahore said that additional policemen would be deployed at trade and shopping centres, Eid gahs, Imam Bargahs and recreational places, while an effective strategy has also been adopted to eradicate street crimes, the spokesman added.
He said the CCPO further directed the SPs to remain in the field, conduct patrolling in their areas concerned and ensure implementation of security plan adding that metal detectors and walk-through gates must also be installed at all important places.
The officials were directed to check every vehicle at all entry and exit points in the city and keep a vigilant eye on suspicious elements. He also stressed upon coordination among law enforcement agencies and other departments in this regard.


text:
«Ча́парэл» ( — чапараль, колючий кустарник; , общевойсковой индекс — MIM-72A, армейский индекс — M48) — американский самоходный зенитный ракетный комплекс (ЗРК) поля боя, разработанный фирмой , совместно со специалистами испытательной станции ВМС США в Чайна-Лейк.
Создан на основе управляемой ракеты «воздух-воздух» AIM-9 Sidewinder, путём монтажа ракет и направляющих с системой управления на боевую машину на гусеничном шасси.

Работы по созданию начались в 1963 году. Принят на вооружении американской армии в 1969 году, снят с вооружения в 1998 г.
Комплекс «Чапарэл» с момента создания практически непрерывно модернизировался.

История

Разработка
После прекращения разработки мобильного ЗРК поля боя MIM-46 Mauler в 1963 году, армия США начала срочно искать альтернативу. Войскам требовался комплекс ПВО ближнего радиуса действия, более мобильный чем MIM-23 Hawk, и способный действовать в прифронтовой полосе.

В качестве временного средства, было предложено установить на наземное шасси УРВВ AIM-9 Sidewinder. Эта ракета с инфракрасным наведением была достаточно проста, и в то же время — надёжна и неприхотлива, её высокие, по меркам времени, характеристики уже были проверены в боях над Тайваньским проливом в 1958 году.
Ракетное командование сухопутных войск в 1965 году рекомендовало AIM-9 в качестве временной замены аннулированному проекту «Mauler», мотивируя это тем, что её инфракрасное наведение будет более целесообразным для наземного применения по сравнению с радиолокационным.

Разработка комплекса шла очень быстро и велась авиационным подразделением корпорации «Philco», которая получила 8 млн долл. на проведение первых двух этапов НИОКР и ещё 9 млн $ на поставку предсерийных образцов. Около 3 млн долл. на разработку, испытания и изготовление опытных моделей РЛС обнаружения целей — FFAR — было выделено компании «Sanders Associates».
Для ускорения работ головным подрядчиком были дополнительно наняты двести инженерно-технических работников.

В 1967 году первые ракеты поступили на испытания. Первые успешные стрельбовые испытания прошли осенью 1965 года на полигоне испытательной станции флота в Чайна-Лейк, штат Калифорния.

Разработка, изготовление, предсерийное производство и испытания комплекса осуществлялись следующими компаниями военно-промышленного комплекса США:
 комплекс в целом —  Corp. → Philco-Ford Corp.,  (Ньюпорт-Бич, Калифорния);
 ракета —  Главного управления вооружения ВМС США (Чайна-Лейк, Калифорния)
 стрельбовые испытания — Редстоунский арсенал Управления ракетного вооружения Армии США;
 средства обнаружения —  (Нашуа, Нью-Гэмпшир)
 система наведения — Raytheon Co., Эндовер, Массачусетс;;
 высокодискретные насадочные контактные элементы (контактные токосъёмные кольца) — Electro-Tech Corp., Virginia Division (Блэксберг, Виргиния).

Учитывая то обстоятельство, что комплекс разрабатывался в срочном порядке как замена свёрнутому проекту «Mauler», отношение к нему армейского руководства было соответствующее, как к наспех сделанному образцу вооружения и военной техники. Учитывая степень недоработанности, разработка модифицированной версии началась незамедлительно после ввода в строй исходной модели и первый этап научно-исследовательских работ по новой тематике был окончен осенью 1966 года.

Исходно комплекс был предназначен только для стрельбы вдогон, однако в июне 1966 года Управление ракетных вооружений выделило дополнительные средства на проведение НИР по тематике стрельбы ракетами навстречу.

Постановку ракеты на вооружение и начало серийного её производства предварял выбор армейским командованием смежного 20- или 40-мм образца пушечного вооружения для установки на бронетехнику (вскоре этим образцом стал комплекс «Вулкан»).

В 1968 году командование ВМС США заказало компаниям-изготовителям партию корабельных ЗРК на базе «Чапарэл».

В мае 1969 года, первый армейский зенитный ракетный батальон, оснащенный MIM-72 «Chaparral» встал на боевое дежурство. По штату, стандартный батальон такого типа был укомплектован 32 огневыми подразделениями (секциями) ЗРК «Chaparral» по одному комплексу в каждом подразделении.Позднее количество ЗРК "Chaparral" и ЗСУ "Вулкан" в каждом смешанном зенитном дивизионе было уменьшено до 24 установок каждого типа (2 батареи ЗРК и 2 батареи ЗСУ по 12 установок в каждой). Смешанные зенитные дивизионы входили в штат пехотных, бронетанковых и механизированных дивизий сухопутных войск США. Воздушно-десантная и воздушно-штурмовая дивизия самоходных зенитных ракетных и артиллерийских установок не имели, их зенитные дивизионы располагали только 48 легкими буксируемыми 20-мм зенитными пушками "Вулкан" М-167 (4 батареи по 12 пушек в каждой).

Производство
Серийное производство узлов и агрегатов и сборка ЗРК осуществлялась на следующих предприятиях:

Государственный сектор
 Редриверский арсенал Главного автобронетанкового управления Армии США, Тексаркана, Арканзас;
 Арсенал Пикатинни Управления боеприпасов Армии США, Джефферсон, Нью-Джерси;
  Управления снабжения Армии США, Адельфи, Мэриленд;

Частный сектор
 Ford Aerospace & Communications Corp. → Loral Corporation, Loral Aeronutronics → Lockheed Martin Corporation, Ньюпорт Бич, Калифорния;
 FMC Corporation, Ordnance Division, Сан-Хосе, Калифорния;
 Atlantic Research Corporation;
 Hercules Incorporated;
 Humphrey Incorporated;
 ITT Gilfillan;
 Raytheon Company;
 Sanders Associates;
 Texas Instruments.

Партнёром в Европе выступала бельгийская компания , Эрсталь, провинция Льеж, которая согласовывала с держателями лицензии вопросы связанные с выпуском комплексов «Chaparral» и ракет «Sidewinder» для армий и флотов других государств-членов НАТО.

Конструкция
Комплекс «Chaparral» является сравнительной простой системой. Четыре ракеты MIM-72 устанавливались на вращающейся четырехбалочной пусковой установке, смонтированной на гусеничном либо колёсном шасси. Восемь запасных ракет транспортировались вместе с пусковой установкой.

Базовые ракеты MIM-72A практически не отличались от ракет AIM-9D «Sidewinder», на базе которых они были разработаны. Основным отличием было то, что стабилизирующие роллероны были смонтированы только на двух хвостовых стабилизаторах, два остальных были неподвижными. Это было сделано, чтобы уменьшить стартовый вес ракеты, запускаемой с земли.

Подобно базовому «Sidewinder», ракета MIM-72A наводилась на инфракрасное излучение двигателей цели. Это делало невозможным стрельбу на встречных курсах, и позволяло атаковать летательные аппараты противника только в хвост, что, впрочем, считалось несущественным для комплекса передового прикрытия войск.

Наведение системы осуществлялось вручную, оператором, визуально отслеживающим цель. Данные для прицеливания поступали с обзорной РЛС AN/MPQ-49 Forward Area Alerting Radar, осуществлявшей функции предупреждения о воздушном нападении. Оператор должен был навести прицел на цель, удерживая противника в прицеле, активировать ГСН ракет, и, после захвата цели — провести пуск. Предполагалось оснастить комплекс автоматическим прицеливанием, но в итоге от него отказались, так как электроника того времени тратила слишком много времени на выработку огневого решения, что снижало скорость реакции комплекса.

Модификации

Инфракрасное самонаведение
 MIM-72A — базовая версия на основе ракеты AIM-9D, принятая на вооружение в 1969 году. Производилась до 1975 года;
 MIM-72B — специальный учебный вариант ракеты, разработанный для подготовки операторов. Отличалась только устройством взрывателя. Вариант ракеты с инертной боевой частью для отработки наземных операций с ракетой обозначался, как M30. Производилась одновременно с MIM-72A, вплоть до 1975 года. Всего выпущено 9500 ракет обоих модификаций (A/B). Учитывая близость конструкции ЗУР к своему прототипу (AIM-9D) заказывались и поставлялись они в Армию США через ВМС;
 MIM-72С () — разработанная в 1974 году модификация комплекса, призванная компенсировать недостатки ранних моделей. В ракете была использована новая секция системы управления — AN/DAW-1, допплеровский радиовзрыватель M817 и новую осколочно-фугасную боевую часть M250 повышенной эффективности (БЧ массой 12,6 кг содержала 3 кг октола и готовые осколки кубической формы из вольфрамового сплава). Усовершенствования позволили придать ракете ограниченные всеракурсные возможности поражения целей, что дало возможность применять комплекс на встречных курсах. Дальность стрельбы была увеличена до 9000 м. Ракета производилась компанией Ford Aeronutronics в период 1976—1981 годов и ввиду значительных отличий от поставлявшейся ВМС США модификации Sidewinder (AIM-9L), поставлялась напрямую Армии США (минуя ВМС). Впервые в войска данная модификация поступила в ноябре 1978 года;
 RIM-72C Sea Chaparral — версия системы для вооружения надводных кораблей, испытывалась ВМС США в начале 1970-х годов, но в эксплуатацию там не пошла, так как флот предпочел обладавшую большим потенциалом RIM-7 Sea Sparrow. Морской вариант комплекса был использован ВМС Тайваня, адаптировавшего MIM-72C (и позднее MIM-72F/J) на своих фрегатах ) и больших десантных кораблях . ЗРК имеет четыре направляющих, в запасе находится 8 ракет, наведение осуществляется с помощью стабилизированного оптического прицела, который может комплексироваться с тепловизором, кроме того цели могут обнаруживаться с помощью других корабельных систем. Радиус действия ЗРК — 2,2 морских мили (~4 км);
 MIM-72D — проект модернизации системы, в котором предполагалось использовать улучшенные взрыватель и БЧ от MIM-72C и старую секцию управления от MIM-72A. Планируемое производство данных ракет в конце 1970-х годов было отменено.
 MIM-72E — так были обозначены ракеты MIM-72C в процессе эксплуатации которых маршевый твердотопливный двигатель Mk.50, был заменён на бездымный двигатель M121 компании Hercules;
 MIM-72F — полностью идентичны MIM-72E, такое обозначение получили вновь выпущенные ЗУР с двигателем Hercules M121;
 MIM-72H — экспортная модификация MIM-72F;
 MIM-72G — вариант ракеты оснащённой головкой самонаведения RSS (сокр. ) ПЗРК FIM-92 Stinger. Разрабатывалась с 1980 года. RSS, также известная как POST ( — техника пассивного оптического самонаведения), имеет возможность пространственного, спектрального и амплитудного распознавания цели, что делает её значительно более стойкой к воздействию всех видов средств инфракрасного противодействия. Контракт на разработку Chaparral оснащённой ГСН RSS был получен компанией Ford в 1982 году, при этом ГСН получила обозначение AN/DAW-2. В конце 1980-х годов оставшиеся на складах MIM-72 были оснащены AN/DAW-2, а с 1990—1991 годов начали изготавливаться новые MIM-72G;
 MIM-72J — экспортная модификация MIM-72G с упрощённой системой управления и рулевой секцией.

Модификации подвергались не только ракеты, так в марте 1977 года Ford получила контракт на демонстрацию всепогодного варианта наземного оборудования Chaparral. Программа была завершена в июле 1978 года после 10 испытательных пусков. На использованных в этих испытаниях ракетах, впервые был опробован двигатель Hercules M121 с бездымным твердотопливным зарядом, который разрабатывался в 1975—1978 годах и изготавливался Hercules с 1980 года. В период с 1978 по 1983 годы, компании Ford и Texas Instruments разрабатывали ИК-прицел для придания ЗРК всепогодных свойств и возможности применения в ночных условиях. ИК-прицел был внедрён в 1984 году.

Лазерное наведение

Laser Chaparral — в сер. 1970-х велась концептуальная проработка проекта по оснащению комплекса полуактивной лазерной станцией наведения (laser semiactive homing) аналогичной применяемой другими средствами тактической противовоздушной обороны производства Ford с целью повышения помехоустойчивости комплекса, увеличения эффективности боевого применения при любых погодно-климатических условиях, любых условиях видимости. Главным достоинством было то, что при таком подходе проблема работы комплекса в условиях применения противником активных помех теряла свою актуальность. В то же время, основным недостатком этого подхода было то, что в таком виде комплекс не соответствовал одному из главных требований тактико-технического задания — «выстрелил и забыл». До войсковых испытаний дело не дошло, поскольку таковой задачи перед разработчиками не ставилось изначально, проект имел сугубо исследовательский характер (technology program), рассчитанный на перспективу, а не на перевооружение в отведенные сроки.

Тактико-технические характеристики

 Дальность обстрела:
 по цели типа «вертолёт»: 500—8000 м
 по цели типа «самолёт»: 500—9000 м
 Высота поражения: 15—3000 м
 Длина ракеты: 2,91 м
 Диаметр ракеты: 0,12 м
 Размах крыльев: 0,63 м
 Масса ракеты: 86,2 кг
 Масса боевой части: 12,6 кг

Операторы
  — более 76 единиц на 2016 год
  — 29 единиц на 2016 год
  — 2 единицы на 2016 год
  — 37 единиц на 2016 год
  — 26 единиц на 2016 год
  — 7 единиц на 2016 год

Примечания

Литература

Ссылки

ПВО США
Зенитные ракетные комплексы США
Военная продукция Texas Instruments
Военная продукция Philco
Военная продукция Raytheon
Военная продукция NAWS
Военная продукция Lockheed
Военная продукция ITT
Военная продукция Hercules
Военная продукция General Electric
Военная продукция Ford
Военная продукция FMC
Военная продукция Atlantic Research

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


What better way to start the New Year than by taking that first step onto the property ladder?
To help get things moving in 2019, on Saturday 19th January, Prospect Homes are holding a First Time Buyer Event at Rose Gardens, in Clitheroe. Drinks, nibbles and expert advice will be on hand for prospective buyers.
To make home ownership even easier, entry level homes can be reserved for only £50, making these stunning homes even more affordable.
Rose Gardens features brand new 2, 3 & 4 bedroom homes for everyone, from first time buyers to growing families – each with Prospect Homes' high specification and attention to detail.
Sales and Marketing Director for Prospect Homes, Christine Kynaston, said: "We're thrilled to be able to offer such affordable homes, for first time buyers, at Rose Gardens.
"Surrounded by the Ribble Valley, the location is perfect for country living and an easy commute to Preston and we're sure it will be a big hit with buyers. We are committed to helping buyers find their perfect new home, which is why we are offering a number of schemes that will help buyers achieve their dream of owning a home in Clitheroe."
Rose Gardens plots are available with Homereach - the part rent, part buy option. You can buy as little as a 25% share in your new home and pay a low monthly rent on the other 75%.
The sales team will be on site from 10am to 5pm - Saturday 19th of January to assist eager buyers.


Where do I start with The Axe Murders of Villisca? I think I will start with the most interesting tidbit about the movie, there really were axe murders in a house, and they happened on July of 1912. Another little bit of interesting information is that the murderer was never found. This movie is supposed to take place in the house of the murders, and it revolves around three misfits who all have something dark in their past.
The main character somehow was never convicted of being complicit in the robbery his father took him along to commit, even after both his father and the clerk were killed. Apparently his best friend took the fall for him, but it still doesn't make sense. His best friend is a young gay man who lost his entire family in a car accident. And the day they decide to go visit the house for their small time, and small town, show about the paranormal, they meet a young female peer who has made friends with the wrong men.
This movie is honestly just a huge mess. It doesn't delve deep enough into the reason behind the horrors that happened at the house, where apparently eight people died. This in itself makes things hard, because if I have no idea what causes the evil to happen, then I am not going to care much about why it happens. It might involve something about regret, guilt, and possession, but it isn't really given much credence or thought.
There were no really scary moments, and for a movie about ghosts or possession I would have liked something to be frightening or suspenseful, but there was neither. In the end I don't have much to say about this movie except, don't waste your time. It isn't even a movie that you'd watch simply because it is on streaming. No matter how you watch it, it will feel like a waste of time. So, if you heed my review, and listen to what I am actually writing here, then you will skip this movie and find something else to watch. There are several movies on this blog that I have reviewed better than this movie.


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Industry-acknowledged validation expertise and dynamic screening algorithms set HealthMind Hospital Bill Audit (HBA) apart. Our thorough process also helps prevent claim disputes by ensuring contract compliance. In short, choosing HealthMind for HBA services adds up to savings and ensures compliance with payment policies.
Not all claims are strong candidates for HBA — dynamic, data-driven screening is key. Because HealthMind tracks all claims statistics we know which ones yield the best success rate for each unique provider. Once screened, claims are referred to our expert audit team where they are carefully compared for accuracy against the patient health record using computer-assisted tools to maximize efficiency and record finding details. Our team works to secure sign off on a settlement agreement. In addition to providing an opportunity to recoup revenue and confirm contract compliance, this process may also uncover flaws in the coding and/or billing process and provide important site feedback that could minimize future disputes. Clients have used our finding details to amend their existing contracts. We are so confident in the quality of our services, we provide our clients and their providers with shared and detailed audit findings. This data is collected in an efficient and standardized tool that feeds our Dynamic Discovery™ processes.


Raw land investing is an often overlooked way to invest but this kind of investing provides investors with an amazing way to generate fast ROI if done correctly. If you're wondering how you can get quick returns on your raw land then apply "the 3 P's" of fast raw land returns.
In land investing in Columbia it's said that the profit is made when you buy, not when you sell. This means you need to be able to acquire your land investment at a good price. We'd build on this concept to say that if you want to get a fast return, you need to find land at an attractive price but have a plan to be able to sell it at a higher price.
Next, look at the potential you have of seeing the returns on your land increase. Land increases in value because it becomes rarer and in greater demand, so what factors make land rarer or in greater demand?
The best way to see your land increase in value is to buy land from someone who doesn't understand its value and then sell the land to someone very specific to can understand its value.
For that reason, you need to look at raw land through the eyes of a potential buyer and ask yourself, "Who would this land appeal to?" and then market the land to that group. If your land is near an expanding city then find a developer; if your land is in a beautiful wooded area with a river then perhaps an outdoors person or a hunter might want the land.
Land tends to increase in value but it normally takes time. If you want to speed up the process, look at these 3 things when analyzing which land will get you the fastest return in Columbia.
Looking for land that you can invest for rapid ROI? Click here and enter your information in the form or call us at (803) 216-5661 to access our inventory of available land investments. We're always adding more!


text:
Feds Seek Comment On Subminimum Wage Plan
by Michelle Diament | June 18, 2014
President Barack Obama speaks during a February event where he signed an executive order requiring federal contractors to pay their workers at least $10.10 per hour. This week, the U.S. Department of Labor issued a proposed rule on the plan which would apply to federal contract employees with disabilities who were previously paid less than minimum wage. (Olivier Douliery/Abaca Press/MCT)
The Obama administration is moving forward with a plan to ensure that federal contract dollars no longer go toward paying workers with disabilities less than minimum wage.
Under a proposed rule published Tuesday in the Federal Register, the U.S. Department of Labor would raise the minimum wage for federal contract workers — including those with disabilities — to $10.10 per hour.
The change would effectively put an end to federal contractors paying workers with disabilities less than minimum wage, a practice that's traditionally been allowed for employers who obtain special permission from the Labor Department.
Earlier this year, President Barack Obama issued an executive order mandating the pay hike. After leaving workers with disabilities who earn so-called subminimum wage out of his initial proposal, Obama ultimately opted to include such individuals in the final version of his executive order under pressure from disability advocacy groups.
"If you work full-time, you shouldn't be living in poverty," Obama said at the time. "This executive order will cover Americans with disabilities because this principle doesn't just apply to some of us, it applies to all of us."
The Labor Department action this week opens Obama's plan up for public comment through July 17. Regulators are then expected to issue a final rule on the matter by Oct. 1.
Under the proposal, the wage increase would apply to individuals employed under new federal contracts and replacements for expiring agreements starting Jan. 1, 2015.
The change is expected to result in a pay raise for nearly 200,000 workers, according to the Labor Department. Agency officials said they have no way of estimating how many of the workers are people with disabilities.
More in Money Comments
View this article online at https://www.disabilityscoop.com/2014/06/18/feds-comment-subminimum/19453/


Which of our five stores put in a gold medal worthy performance?
It took some serious shop floor browsing and ticket reading before being seen in this branch and that's despite four staff seemingly available.
The tickets attached to the bikes suggested an end of model year sale and some displayed a promotional offer where if a customer spends under 500 on a bike they may obtain £50 of free accessories. Over £500 and that figure rises to £100 worth of gifts. I wonder whether this alone could sway a customer.
On the flipside, there's little excuse for the flat performance given when I approached the counter seeking help. Throughout, the helper was stand-offish, allowing me, clearly a newbie to women's bikes, to steer the conversation through silences.
The one redeeming feature was the assistant's final recommendation. Guessing that a beginner wouldn't be best suited to a racing bike, I was pointed to a more upright build, on sale, though the reduced ticket price wasn't discussed.
I wasn't sure what to expect from Luciano, having read bad reviews on Google prior to my visit.
My visit did, thankfully, reflect the exact opposite of what I'd read online. The assistant was, in fact, one of the most polite I've come across and dealt with my query in a wholly professional and attentive manner.
Spending a generous amount of time with me during an otherwise quiet period, my early interest in the MyVelo label, of which customers can customise the grips and saddle to their taste, was steered toward the Dawes brand as the helper revealed that he was to discontinue the label.
Considering my £400 budget generous for a hybrid, yet the minimum spend for a road bike, the helper advised that a beginner on the roads should always cycle in comfort so as to enjoy the experience, but also develop a taste for cycling before committing to a speedy bike.
The only downside I could pick, however helpful of the store, was the note provided to me at the conclusion of my visit with a bike's details and frame size written down. Nothing to stop me going on the internet now.
Another polite and strong meet-and-greet had at South Bank Cycles. Though my price range was not asked of me, the assistant drew some strong conclusions on my behalf, contrasting and comparing a £350 Ridgeback over a £450 Trek. Suggesting that build-wise there was little noticeable difference to a beginner cyclist, it was recommended I opt for the cheaper bike and use the saved cash to adorn the bike with accessories and perhaps buy the recipient of my gifted bike a helmet.
Mentioning the store's three month service, quickly followed by details on warranty on the frame and fork, I felt the assistant had honed in on the Ridgeback and was making a concerted effort to draw me to the bike. The more we talked, the more it was working.
Emphasising the comfort brought about by carefully thought out geometry, it was highly recommended for a newbie cyclist. Though there was little to tie me to a return to the store, for example the ask of a deposit, the frame size needed wasn't given away – a bugbear of Mystery Shopper and one which can see custom go online very quickly.
I was allowed to browse for two or three minutes before being met at Brixton Cycles, which going by the stock, has an extremely diverse customer base.
The assistant who met me led with the science behind deflecting bumps in the road through a good fork. For the second time, the Specialized Dolce was recommended as the most ideal women's road bike for London, with its carbon fork and shock absorbing insert. Furthermore, the longer back end was said to be particularly comfortable, suggesting the assistant had ridden the label's bikes before.
When asked briefly about a pink Brompton in the window, I was informed, quite rightly, that they're a lot more nimble than they look and, should I be willing to shell out the cash, the investment would be a strong one. It was suggested I bring the partner into the shop for a sizing up, as the store liked to ensure the right bike was bought first go. This would, however, scupper my 'surprise'.
You can't help but smile at this shop and its character. A sign on the door, aimed at customers requesting the use of tools reads "no manners, no spanners".
With an encouraging greet not too far into the store, first impressions were strong as an assistant came from behind the counter to provide assistance. Recognising early the delicacy of my 'birthday surprise' situation, the helper advised that if the bike were not liked by the recipient, I could return to exchange, though a refund would not be available. A wise move to clarify that early, I thought.
We exchanged a good chat on the pros and the cons of a pure bred road bike over a more beginner-friendly hybrid. Though specification wasn't detailed perhaps as meticulously as elsewhere, the assistant did give me a good impression of what the shop could offer me in terms of service.
Pre-warning of an imminent model year switch, the helper suggested I move quickly to secure a bike, I thought hinting at a deposit.
Throughout the assistant was friendly, knowledgeable and gave serious thought to how to best serve perhaps not the most straightforward of customers.
Mystery Shopper's had plenty of experience of London's retailers in the past and let me tell you, they're not all as polite a bunch as visited here. Evans aside, we can't fault any for attention to detail. I fear on this occasion that the Evans branch just didn't have 'interested' staff. It was a hot day and I got the impression coming from behind the counter was a chore. Apex Cycles scoops top marks, based largely on the logical approach to dealing with a customer 'gifting' a bike. Having a concrete policy on sales, exchanges and returns is always a good move as customers can be a pain in the backside when purchases go wrong.


What exactly is a privacy risk?
In light of new laws from Europe and California privacy needs to be on the Congressional agenda.
When Europe's General Data Protection Regulation went into effect in May this year, the world hailed it as landmark privacy legislation. But, in many ways, it was a missed opportunity to provide real data protections, and instead imposes unworkable and intrusive choices on consumers and a blizzard of compliance burdens for business.
California's hastily drafted privacy law also relies the same limited notion of individual control instead of focusing on genuine privacy protections. The legislature will consider technical amendments this month and further changes before the law goes into effect in 2020, but the chances of a major new approach are slim.
These developments have put privacy on the national agenda. It makes sense to work toward a better U.S. privacy framework that would replace conflicting and less protective state laws.
The guiding principle should be to do no harm.
Focusing privacy protection on the prevention of consumer harm should be at the heart of new privacy legislation. The Federal Trade Commission already does this in its current privacy and security enforcement activities, acting against conduct that is so dangerous to consumers that it is unfair or deceptive under Section 5 of their enabling statute.
A new national law should cover the same topics addressed in the California law such as notice, consent, access, data minimization, portability and deletion. But it should require the FTC to interpret, implement and enforce these measures guided by the overarching principle of preventing substantial consumer injury. This approach would provide substantive protection for consumers, instead of just a welter of annoying choices.
The law should not disturb the decades of interpretation and precedent under existing privacy laws that cover medical, financial, and educational records and are enforced by other agencies. It should create uniform rules for entities and activities not already covered under these statutes. For instance, it should provide the same rules for both broadband service companies and edge providers.
Internationally, an emphasis on controlling informational injury could be the U.S. contribution to the on-going global discussion on how best to provide data protection. Many other countries including Brazil and China are imitating the European approach with its overemphasis on individual control largely because they see no credible alternative.
A new privacy law will have to be carefully written to avoid constitutional problems.
Legal scholars have long known that privacy protections intrinsically affect speech. As Eugene Volokh put it, privacy is a right to stop people from speaking about you. And in Sorrell v. IMS, the Supreme Court made it crystal clear that "the creation and dissemination of information are speech for First Amendment purposes." The court struck down a Vermont law regulating prescription information because it was not drawn to directly advance the state's claimed interest in privacy, or any other substantial government interest.
The constraints on the use of public records in the data broker law recently passed in Vermont and comparable restrictions in the new California privacy law suffer from similar constitutional infirmities.
Going forward, this established legal ruling that data is speech means that any new national privacy legislation will have to be carefully written to pass heightened First Amendment scrutiny. Focusing the new law on narrowly crafted measures to prevent consumer informational injuries could help it pass constitutional muster.
The Administration is examining privacy principles and hopes to release a notice asking for public comment sometime in September. Now is the time for the privacy community including industry groups, privacy advocates and scholars, civil liberties groups, and consumer protection groups to participate in crafting a new national approach to privacy protection.


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