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Hold Your Fire: Gun control Won't Stop Rising Violence
BY DAVID B. KOPEL
Policy Review, Winter 1993, Issue no. 63; p. 58
As deaths from rampant gun violence mount, and city-dwellers from Boston to Los Angeles learn to distinguish the pop of a Smith & Wesson pistol from the blast of a Winchester shotgun, Americans insist on action to combat the national crime epidemic.
Although the per-capita murder rate remains below the record set in 1980, the actual number of homicides reached an all-time high of 24,703 in 1991; most of these murders were committed with guns. Most disturbing of all is the rise in violent crimes committed by gun-wielding teenagers. Able to acquire illegal weapons with ease, in spite of a nationwide prohibition on firearms sales to minors, teenage thugs display a disregard for human life that would have shocked the criminals of earlier generations. The latest urban terror, "carjacking," is the seizure at gunpoint of automobiles from their drivers, usually women.
As armed gangs settle turf disputes over drug-selling territory through mortal combat, they kill not only each other, but also innocent bystanders caught in the crossfire. Firearms violence, once thought to be the problem of the inner city, is spreading into the suburbs and beyond. And with depressing frequency, newspapers report stories of children dying in senseless gun accidents. In Louisiana last October, a Japanese exchange student was mistakenly show when he entered the wrong house on the way to a Halloween party, and, not understanding the warning, continued to advance toward the homeowner despite an order to "Freeze!"
To some well-meaning Americans, the antidote to gun crime is gun control. Senator John Chafee (R-RI) calls for the confiscation of all handguns. Other voices, such as Handgun Control, Inc.'s Sara Brady, urge a national waiting period on handgun purchases, and a ban on assault weapons. The national media's insistent message is that we must "do something" about guns.
Meanwhile, the National Rifle Association adds tens of thousands of members every month -- membership is at a record three million -- and continues to stymie gun control at nearly every turn. Although the 99th, 100th, and 101st Congresses passed some minor gun controls, the 102nd Congress went home without enacting any new gun-control measures. The New Jersey legislature is ready to overturn its assault-weapon ban the moment the legislative leadership schedules a vote on the issue.
Critics of gun control believe that it violates the right to keep and bear arms guaranteed by the Second Amendment of the United States Constitution and by 43 state constitutions. In the American political tradition, the right to own a gun is seen as intimately related to the natural right of self-defense, to what John Locke described as the natural right to control and protect one's body and property. Millions of Americans consider an armed citizenry to be one of the principal safeguards against possible tyranny by the state.
The constitutional argument against laws that infringe on gun ownership was strengthened by the 1990 Supreme Court decision in United States v. Verdugo-Urquidez. There, Chief Justice Rehnquist observed that the phrase "right of the people" occurs several times in the Bill of Rights, specifically the Second Amendment's "right of the people to keep and bear arms," the First Amendment's "right of the people peaceably to assemble," and the Fourth Amendment's "right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers and effects against unreasonable searches and seizures." In all cases, the Court said, the phrase "right of the people" was used as a "term of art" that referred to individual Americans.
But critics of gun control do not base their opposition on political principles alone. They also cite a large body of recent social science research, much of which has been produced by scholars who formerly believed that gun control was an obvious solution to crime.
Jimmy Carter's Shocker
When gun control first became an important national issue in the 1960s, there was almost no research worth noting on the subject. Partisans on both sides of the debate had hardly more ammunition than intuitions and bumper-sticker slogans.
The man most responsible for the change in the intellectual terms of the gun debate was Jimmy Carter, or, more precisely, the grant-review team that Carter appointed to the National Institute of Justice. Intending to build the case for comprehensive federal gun restrictions, the Carter administration handed out a major gun-control research grant in 1978 to sociology professor James D. Wright and his colleagues Peter Rossi and Kathleen Daly. Wright was already on record as favoring much stricter controls, and he and his colleagues were highly regarded sociologists. Rossi, a University of Massachusetts professor, would later become president of the American Sociology Association. Wright, who formerly served as director of the Social and Demographic Research Institute at the University of Massachusetts, now teaches at Tulane. Daly is now at the University of Michigan.
Wright and his colleagues were asked to survey the state of research regarding the efficacy of gun control, presumably to show that gun control worked and that America needed more of it. But when the researchers produced their report for the National Institute of Justice in 1982, they delivered a document quite different from the one they had expected to write. Carefully reviewing all existing research, the three scholars found no persuasive scholarly evidence that America's 20,000 gun-control laws had reduced criminal violence. For example, the federal Gun Control Act of 1968, which banned most interstate gun sales, had no discernible impact on the criminal acquisition of guns from other states. Washington, D.C.'s ban on the ownership of handguns that had not already been registered in the District was not linked to any reduction in gun crime. Even Detroit's law providing mandatory sentences for felonies committed with a gun was found to have no effect on gun-crime patterns, in part because judges would often reduce the sentence for the underlying offense in order to balance out the mandatory two-year extra sentence for use of a gun.
What Criminals Say About Gun Control
The most thorough subsequent study of the efficacy of gun control has been performed by Florida State University's Gary Kleck, who analyzed data for all 170 U.S. cities with a population over 100,000, testing for the impact of 19 different types of gun controls, and looking for the controls' effects on suicides, accidents, and five different crimes. Kleck, a liberal Democrat and ACLU member, found that gun controls did reduce gun suicide, but not the overall suicide rate. The only control that reduced crime was a strict penalty for carrying an illegal gun, which seemed to lower the robbery rate. Waiting periods, various licensing systems, and registration appeared to have no statistically discernible impact. Kleck's analysis was based on data for the years 1979-1981, and is included in his recent book, Point Blank, which contains the best single-volume overview of gun-control research.
Wright and Rossi produced another study for the National Institute of Justice, this one involving the habits of America's felons. Interviewing felony prisoners in 10 state correctional systems in 1981, Wright and Rossi found that gun-control laws had no effect on criminals' ability to obtain guns. Only 12 percent of criminals, and only 7 percent of the criminals specializing in handgun crime, had acquired their last crime handgun at a gun store. Of those, about one quarter had stolen the gun from a store; a large number of the rest, Wright and Rossi suggested, had probably procured the gun through a legal surrogate buyer, such as a girlfriend with a clean record. For the few remaining felons who actually did buy their own guns, the purchase might have been lawful because the purchaser as yet had no felony record.
The survey further indicated that 56 percent of the prisoners said that a criminal would not attack a potential victim who was known to be armed. Seventy-four percent agreed with the statement that "One reason burglars avoid houses where people are at home is that they fear being shot during the crime." Thirty-nine percent of the felons had personally decided not to commit a crime because they thought the victim might have a gun, and 8 percent said the experience had occurred "many times." Criminals in states with higher civilian gun-ownership rates worried the most about armed victims.
Since criminals can never be entirely sure which burglary targets may or may not contain a homeowner with a gun, or which potential robbery or rape victims may be carrying a concealed firearm, the ownership of firearms by half of American households provides a general deterrent to crime that benefits the entire population.
How Guns Prevent Crime
Consistent with the reports of criminals, ordinary citizens also report that gun ownership plays an important role in preventing crime. Professor Kleck estimates that handguns are used approximately 645,000 times for defense against an attacker every year in the United States.
The figure, ironically, is based on data from a survey conducted on behalf of the pro-control National Alliance Against Violence (NAAV). NAAV hired Peter Hart, a leading Democratic pollster, to survey Americans on guns, asking, among other things: "Within the past five years, have you yourself or another member of your household used a handgun, even if it was not fired, for self-protection or protection of property at home, work, or elsewhere, excluding military service or police work?" Six percent answered "yes." Follow-up questions revealed that 3 percent of the respondents had used the handgun against a person, 2 percent against an animal, and 1 percent against both. That 4 percent said "yes" to defensive gun use against persons meant that about 18 percent of households where a handgun was owned for protection had actually used the handgun for protection.
Kleck's analysis started with the 4-percent "yes" from Hart's data. Kleck made the conservative assumption that each "yes" related to only one gun usage in the last five years -- that no household used a firearm for self-defense two or more times in the five years. Thus, 3,224,880 households reported self-defense usage. Kleck then divided by five (since the question had asked about usage in the last five years) to arrive at an estimate for the annual number of uses of a handgun for self-defense: 644,976 -- or roughly once every 48 seconds.
Since Kleck's estimate is based on responses to a pollster, it should be emphasized that the 645,000 figure is necessarily imprecise. The original question posed by Peter Hart could have elicited a "yes" answer from an insecure gun owner who had perceived a criminal threat that did not in fact exist. Kleck partly controlled self-defense inflation from false "yes" answers by assuming that no "yes" answer related to more than one defensive use. In addition, the 645,000 estimate applies only to handguns; the original question did not ask about defensive use of rifles or shotguns.
In 1990, Professor Gary Mauser, of Canada's Simon Fraser University, asked Americans about use of a handgun or a long gun for self-defense; the responses suggested approximately 691,000 annual defensive uses of guns of all types. Accordingly, we may conclude that guns are used defensively at least half a million times a year.
Of course, the fact that a gun is used for defense does not mean that a shot is fired, or an attacker wounded or killed. About 95 percent of self-defense usage, says Kleck, involves merely the brandishing of a weapon to deter a perceived attack.
While the majority of defensive handgun use is simply brandishing a weapon to frighten away an attacker, Kleck suggests that 1,700 to 3,100 homicides a year are actually justifiable homicides committed by citizens using a firearm to defend themselves or another person against violent attack.
One Bullet at a Time
While most Americans believe they have a right to own a gun, and believe that guns can be protective, even many gun owners are baffled at the gun lobby's apparent intransigence in its refusal to accept a ban on so-called assault weapons or a waiting period on gun purchases.
The assault-weapon issue, however, turns out to involve much less than meets the eye. First of all, it should be emphasized that most people who own semiautomatics support strong controls on actual machine guns. Ever since the National Firearms Act of 1934, acquisition of real machine guns -- guns that continue to fire bullets repeatedly as long as the trigger is held down -- has required a difficult-to-obtain federal license. The NRA did not oppose the restrictive machine gun law when it was enacted, and has never indicated any desire to repeal the law.
While machine guns do have a unique capacity for rapid fire, what we know as assault weapons do not. Although most of the public believes that assault weapons are machine guns, the guns in question simply look like military weapons. Appearances notwithstanding, the guns fire just as every other common American gun does: squeezing the trigger fires one, and only one, bullet. According to Martin Fackler, former director of the Letterman Army Institute of Research, assault weapons are actually less lethal than many firearms commonly associated with hunting, such as an old-fashioned 12-gauge Winchester shotgun. The Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, and Firearms states that no guns available for sale to the public can be easily converted to fire automatically.
Hard to Convert
The fact that semiautomatic assault weapons differ from other guns only cosmetically is one reason why legislative bodies have had so much trouble defining them. Since the guns do not fire faster than other guns, legislative definitions sometimes focus on extraneous features, such as the presence of a bayonet lug -- as if we were suffering from a rash of criminals bayoneting people.
Other definitions are merely a list of particular guns with a military appearance. Among the guns targeted by assault-weapons legislation are the M1 Carbine; the AKS Rifle; the Uzi Pistol and Carbine, the Colt AR-15 H-Bar Rifle; the Springfield Armory 4800 Rifle; the M10 Pistol and Carbine; and the AK-56 rifle. Yet some of these guns are in no way distinguishable from many other guns not on the lists, such as the popular hunting rifles made by Winchester, Remington, and Ruger. As former Attorney General Richard Thornburgh noted, the main characteristic of an assault weapon seems to be that it has a black plastic stock rather than a brown wooden stock.
In practical terms, the legislative definition of assault weapon amounts to "the largest number of guns that a given legislature can be convinced to ban." The New Jersey assault-weapon prohibition even outlaws BB guns.
While assault weapons have been claimed to be the "weapon of choice" of criminals, such guns constitute a very small number of the crime guns seized by the police. The Florida Assault Weapons Commission's 1990 report found that assault weapons were used in 17 of 7,500 crimes in the years 1986-1989. The Washington, D.C. director of the police firearms section stated in early 1989 that not one of the more than 3,000 weapons the Washington police confiscated in 1988 was a semi-automatic assault rifle.
While some gun-prohibition advocates have claimed that a record number of police are being murdered by assault weapons, police-officer deaths in the line of duty are at their lowest level since 1968. The percentage of police homicides perpetrated with assault weapons is about 4 percent, a figure that has stayed constant over the last decade. The FBI's Uniform Crime Reporting Program, which collects extensive data on all murders or police officers, reports no instance of a drug dealer ever killing a police officer with an Uzi.
That assault weapons should appear so rarely as crime guns seized makes sense. Street criminals need concealable weapons, and a Colt or a Kalashnikov rifle is pretty difficult to stick in a pocket. Indeed, rifles of all types constitute a tiny percentage of crime guns. According to the Washington, D.C., Metropolitan Police Department, rifles are used in less than one-tenth of 1 percent of armed robberies in the District. Nationally, only about 4 percent of the weapons used in homicides are rifles.
Occasionally, so-called assault weapons are used in gruesome mass murders. In Stockton, California in January 1991, Patrick Purdy used a Kalashnikov-type semiautomatic rifle to fire 105 shots in about four minutes at a schoolyard full of Cambodian immigrant children. Thirty-five people were wounded, six of whom died. Purdy's rate of fire could have been duplicated by anyone with an old-fashioned bolt-action rifle or simple revolver, and autopsies of the victims showed that the wounds were approximately equal in severity to wounds associated with a medium-sized handgun, which explains why 29 of the 35 people who were shot survived.
Thus, Purdy could have committed the same crime using many other types of guns. But the national media incorrectly told the American public that Purdy had used an automatic AK-47 rifle, and that such guns could be bought over the counter.
Lost in the media frenzy over Purdy's gun was Purdy himself, who committed suicide with a pistol at the end of his spree. Purdy perpetrated his crime after he had told a state mental-health worker that he though about committing a mass murder with a gun or a bomb, and even though a parole report called him "a danger to himself and others."
Purdy had a lengthy history of crime and arrests, including a robbery in which a 55-year-old woman was seriously injured, receipt of stolen property, criminal conspiracy, possession of illegal weapons, and assault of a police officer, all reduced to misdemeanor charges. His crime career began when he was 14 years old and continued unabated for the next decade, until he killed himself at Stockton. Not one of Purdy's two-dozen encounters with the law ever led to more than a few weeks in prison. The media's hysterical focus on Purdy's gun enabled California's decrepit criminal-justice bureaucracy to escape public censure for allowing Purdy to roam the streets, free to commit his final, horrible crime.
"Cooling Off"
The waiting period, like the assault-weapon ban, becomes considerably less attractive when examined carefully. While the waiting-period initiative is often called the "Brady Bill," it would not have prevented John Hinckley from shooting Ronald Reagan and Jim Brady. When Hinckley bought two handguns in October 1980, he had no felony record, and no public record of mental illness. The simple police and mental health records check proposed by the Brady Bill would not have turned up anything on him. And since Hinckley bought the guns more than five months in advance, a one-week wait would not have made any difference to him.
Indeed, a "cooling-off" period for handgun purchases requires a number of unlikely assumptions in order to work. First, the potential murderer -- denied a handgun immediately -- must then decided not to buy a rifle or a shotgun, which the Brady Bill would allow him to do. Then, he must not know how to buy a handgun on the black market, or how to obtain one from friends, relatives, or acquaintances. In addition, the type of murder he intends must not be one for which readily available alternative weapons, such as knives, automobiles, or bare hands will work. Finally, the person who was literally ready to commit a murder on day one of the waiting period must calm down by day seven, and stay calm from that day forward.
This scenario, while implausible, is not impossible; it is at least theoretically imaginable that a waiting period could "save at least one life." But a waiting period can cost lives, too.
"I'll Be Dead by Then"
Even a short waiting period will inevitably prevent people from protecting themselves against criminal attack during the wait. When Los Angeles citizens went to gun stores to buy firearms to protect life and property during the recent riots, they were told to come back 15 days later, to comply with California's waiting period on all guns.
After Hurricane Andrew, Florida's looters did considerably less damage than their California counterparts, in part because Florida has only a three-day handgun waiting period, and no wait at all on long guns.
Nor are waiting period victimizations confined only to periods of civil disorder. In September 1990, a mail carrier named Catherine Latta of Charlotte, North Carolina, went to the police to obtain permission to buy a handgun. Her ex-boyfriend had previously robbed her, assaulted her several times, and raped her. The clerk at the sheriff's office informed her the gun permit would take two to four weeks. "I told her I'd be dead by then," Latta later recalled. That afternoon, she bought an illegal $ 20 semiautomatic pistol on the street. Five hours later, her ex-boyfriend attacked her outside her house, and she shot him dead. The county prosecutor decided not to prosecute Latta for either the self-defense homicide or the illegal gun.
A Wisconsin woman, Bonnie Elmasri, was not so lucky. On March 5, 1991 she called a firearms instructor, worried that her husband -- who was subject to a restraining order to stay away from her -- had been threatening her and her children. When she asked the instructor about getting a handgun, the instructor explained that Wisconsin has a 48-hour waiting period. Elmasri and her two children were murdered by her husband 24 hours later.
Waiting periods that appear reasonable in a legislative chamber may become unreasonable through administrative abuse. Although New Jersey law requires that the authorities act on gun license applications within 30 days, delays of 90 days are routine; some applications are delayed for years for no valid reason. In Maryland, where an appeals process exists, the police are overruled on 78 percent of the denials that are appealed.
Instant Records Check
If it is determined that the way to keep criminals from getting guns is to impose background checks on retail handgun sales -- a questionable determination -- a mandatory instant records check makes sense. The same technology that allows a store to receive verification of credit card validity within a few minutes can also allow firearms dealers to dial a state government registry and verify that a gun buyer has no felony record.
Polling data suggests that most Americans prefer the instant check to the waiting period, particularly when presented with the choice of mandatory immediate check (the NRA proposal) versus a waiting period with no requirement than any check be conducted the (the Brady Bill). In recent years, many states have made major progress in bringing their criminal-records histories on-line. Thus, an instant check should become feasible in the near future.
And if records are not sufficiently accurate to support an instant check, they are also not sufficient to support a check with a one-week wait. Former Attorney General Thornburgh's task force found that even if there were no improvement in state criminal records, an instant check would be just as accurate as a check that could be completed in one week.
Unfortunately, if adequate safeguards are not in place, the instant check, like the waiting period, can be misused by police departments to create a registry of gun owners. In 1991, California admitted that it had used the state's handgun waiting period to create a list of handgun owners, even though nothing in California law authorizes the compilation of such a list.
Although the federal gun-control debate talks almost exclusively about retail handgun sales and the Brady Bill, the most effective method to deal with criminals obtaining guns might be to focus on the major source of criminal guns: the black market. A sensible first step in dealing with the black market would be to increase penalties for fencing a gun known to be stolen. In some states, theft and sale of a $ 75 gun amounts only to petty larceny. Selling a "hot" $ 75 pistol ought to be a more serious offense than selling a "hot" $ 75 toaster-oven.
NRA's Reform Proposal
While Congress has spent most of its gun-control effort debating new restrictions on gun acquisition, the discussion in many state legislatures has shifted to the carrying of firearms. The Second Amendment refers to a right "to keep and bear arms," and if the text is read consistently with original intent and judicial interpretations of the following century, the government cannot require that citizens ask for permission to carry an unconcealed gun in public.
But in many states, the right to carry has been obliterated by laws that require a police license to carry, and by police administrators who give out carry licenses only to the political elite. In New York City, crime victims who will testify at a forthcoming trial, and who are receiving death threats from the criminal's friends, are denied carry permits -- while politically powerful citizens are routinely granted them. While New York's abuse of licensing discretion is notorious, the licensing systems in many other cities are also skewed against people without some kind of clout.
Based on a literalist reading the Constitution, Second-Amendment advocates should lobby for repeal of all laws requiring a license to carry a gun. But instead, the NRA suggests only reform of easily abused gun licensing systems.
The NRA proposal requires that applicants for a permit to carry a protective firearm must undergo safety training and must submit to a police background check. Then if the applicant passes the safety class and background check, he or she is to be granted a license to carry. The bureaucratic discretion to deny permits to qualified citizens simply because the bureaucrat does not like guns would be removed.
Progress in the Gunshine State
Carry reform was first enacted in Florida in 1987, amidst vociferous cries from gun-control supporters in the legislature that blood would run in the streets as Floridians shot each other while jostling in line at fast-food restaurants. Florida would become the "Gunshine State," it was warned.
Today, those same critics have admitted that they were wrong, and that they regret the harm done to Florida's reputation by the histrionic campaign against carry reform. Indeed, while the murder rate has risen 14 percent nationally from 1986 to 1991, it has fallen 20 percent in Florida. The state's total murder rate was 36 percent higher than the U.S. murder rate in 1986, and is now 4 percent below the national average. In the same period, robbery rose 9 percent in Florida, and 21 percent nationally.
There has been no research proving that Florida's carry reform was part of the reason for Florida's relative improvement in recent years. But the experience of Florida, and of other carry reform states such as Oregon, Montana, Mississippi, and Pennsylvania, demonstrates that people who are already good citizens and who are willing to pass through a licensing process do not suddenly turn into murderous psychopaths when granted a permit to carry a firearm for protection.
Interrupting a Mass Murder
While tragic mass murders are frequently used by the pro-control lobby to push restrictive laws, evidence suggests that laws prohibiting firearms carrying may be costing innocent lives.
In October 1991 in Killeen, Texas, a psychopath named George Hennard rammed his pickup truck through the plate glass window of a Luby's cafeteria. Using a pair of ordinary pistols, he murdered 23 people in 10 minutes, stopping only when the police arrived.
Dr. Suzanna Gratia, a cafeteria patron, had a gun in her car, but, in conformity to Texas law, she did not carry the gun; Texas, despite its Wild-West image, has the most severe law in the country against carrying firearms. Carry-reform legislation had almost passed the state legislature, but had been stopped in House Rules Committee by the gun-control lobby.
Gratia later testified that if she had been carrying her gun, she could have shot at Hennard: "I know what a lot of people think, they think, 'Oh, my God, then you would have had a gunfight and then more people would have been killed.' Unhunh, no. I was down on the floor; this guy is standing up; everybody else is down on the floor. I had a perfect shot at him. It would have been clear. I had a place to prop my hand. The guy was not even aware of what we were doing. I'm not saying that I could have saved anybody in there, but I would have had a chance." Hennard reloaded five times, and had to throw away one pistol because it jammed, so there was plenty of opportunity for someone to fire at him.
Even if Gratia hadn't killed or wounded Hennard, he would have had to dodge hostile gunfire, and wouldn't have been able methodically to finish off his victims as they lay wounded on the floor. The hypothetical risks of a stray bullet from Gratia would have been rather small compared with the actual risks of Hennard not facing any resistance. But because of the Texas law, Gratia had left her gun in the car and couldn't take a shot at Hennard. Instead, she watched him murder both her parents.
Two months later, a pair of criminals with stolen pistols herded 20 customers and employees into the walk-in refrigerator of a Shoney's restaurant in Anniston, Alabama. Hiding under a table in the restaurant was Thomas Glenn Terry, armed with the .45 semiautomatic pistol he carried legally under Alabama law. One of the robbers discovered Terry, but Terry killed him with five shots in the chest. The second robber, who had been holding the manager hostage, shot at Terry and grazed him. Terry returned fire, and mortally wounded the robber.
Twenty-three people died in Killeen, where carrying a gun for self-defense was illegal. Twenty lives were saved, and only the two criminals died in Anniston, where self-defense permits are legal. Yet while Anniston never made the network news, Killeen did, and is used to this day as supposed proof of the need for severe gun controls. Precisely because lives are saved, instances of citizens using firearms carried on their persons to defend themselves and others rarely make the national news, even though such defensive acts occur with great frequency, as the research of Professors Kleck and Mauser demonstrate.
Emphasis on Gun Safety
Gun control, properly conceived, is not simply a matter of passing laws, or adding to the paperwork involved in retail gun purchases. Gun control needs to involve people control, or more precisely, helping people take control of their own actions. In this regard, the NRA's gun safety programs rank as America's most successful gun-control efforts.
The National Rifle Association was founded in 1871 by Union Army generals dismayed at the poor marksmanship displayed by Union forces during the recent war. The NRA always has placed heavy emphasis on its mission to train American citizens in responsible and effective firearms handling.
Happily, the fatal gun accident rate is now at an all-time low. In 1945, for every million Americans, there were about 350,000 firearms and 18 fatal gun accidents. Today, the per-million rate is 850,000 and 6 accidents. As the gun supply per capita more than doubled, fatal accidents fell by two-thirds.
NRA safety programs implemented by the 32,000 instructors and coaches who have earned NRA Instructor certification have played an important role in the accident drop, and will become even more important in coming years as more and more women choose to own handguns. Since women gun owners are more likely to own for protection, and less likely to have been initiated in sport shooting by an older male relative, safety training for these new gun owners is especially worthwhile, and the NRA has, accordingly, set up a program offering free safety training to women.
The number of fatal firearm accidents for children aged 0-14 has fallen from 550 in 1975 to 250 in 1988. While the NRA always has had junior shooting and hunting programs that emphasize the developments of safe sporting gun use under adult supervision, in 1988 the organization launched a safety campaign aimed at the millions of children who never have any exposure to the shooting sports.
The NRA's Eddie Eagle Elementary Gun Safety Education Program is geared for children in pre-school through sixth grade. Using teacher-tested materials such as an animated video, cartoon workbooks, role-playing, and fun safety activities, Eddie Eagle teaches the simple lesson: "If you see a gun: Stop! Don't Touch. Leave the Area. Tell an Adult."
To date, the Eddie Eagle program has reached almost 4 million children and their parents through schools, law-enforcement programs, and a variety of youth programs. Unfortunately, it has been excluded from some urban schools by administrators who refuse to allow pupils to contact anything related to the NRA, even though the Eddie Eagle curriculum does not discuss political issues.
Controlling Criminals, Not Guns
The NRA's most controversial recent effort is the organization's CrimeStrike program, which takes aim at aspects of the criminal justice system that the NRA considers too lenient. In pushing for laws allowing greater pretrial detention of violent repeat offenders, the NRA adheres to its conservative roots, to the chagrin of some its libertarian supporters, who are unwilling to protect the Second Amendment by weakening the Eighth Amendment right to bail.
Other aspects of CrimeStrike, such as support for victims' rights laws, cause no dissent within the pro-Second Amendment coalition, and offer an opportunity to improve a criminal justice bureaucracy that sometimes lets the desire to process cases overshadow the necessity to do justice to the criminal and the victim.
NRA CrimeStrike strategies, like NRA lobbying, rely heavily on grassroots pressure. In a recent Texas case, Charles Edward Bruton had been sentenced to two 10-year terms for shooting at a woman and for committing a heinous sexual assault against her 11-year old daughter. Having served only three years, Bruton was up for parole last September. After the shooting victim asked CrimeStrike for assistance, NRA members were notified through NRA magazines destined for Texas; the Texas Board of Pardons and Appeals was flooded with calls and letters; the parole was denied.
CrimeStrike will not single-handedly fix the criminal justice system, nor will safety education eliminate all accidents, nor will carry reform wipe out all street crime. But each of these efforts will improve public safety for all citizens, whether they own guns or not. Everyone benefits from a prison system that keeps violent felons off the streets; everyone benefits from reduced risks of gun accidents; and everyone benefits from street criminals facing increased odds of victims resisting successfully.
Today, rather than merely opposing poorly conceived gun-control legislation, right-to-keep-and-bear-arms supporters are working in positive ways. These efforts will enhance not only the rights of the 50 percent of American families who own guns, but also the safety of the 50 percent who do not.


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US: Prosecutors charge Navy commander of accepting bribery,prostitution for infohttps://indianexpress.com/article/world/world-others/us-prosecutors-charge-navy-commander-of-accepting-bribery-prostitution-for-info/
US: Prosecutors charge Navy commander of accepting bribery,prostitution for info
Misiewicz is assumed to have disclosed ship routes for exploitation by a Malaysian businessman.
Written by Associated Press | San Diego | Published: November 4, 2013 11:23:48 am
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The gregarious Malaysian businessman nicknamed 'Fat Leonard' is well known by U.S. Navy commanders in the Pacific. But prosecutors in court papers say Leonard Francis worked his connections to obtain military secrets by arranging prostitutes,Lady Gaga tickets and other bribes for a U.S. commander,in a scandal reverberating across the Navy.
The accusations unfolding in a federal court case signal serious national security breaches and corruption,with the threat that more people,including those of higher ranks,could be swept up as the investigation continues. A hearing Nov. 8 could set a trial date.
Navy commander Michael Vannak Khem Misiewicz passed confidential information on ship routes to Francis' Singapore-based company,Glenn Defense Marine Asia Ltd.,or GDMA,according to the court documents.
Misiewicz and Francis moved Navy vessels like chess pieces,diverting aircraft carriers,destroyers and other ships to Asian ports with lax oversight where Francis could inflate costs,according to the criminal complaint. The firm overcharged the Navy millions for fuel,food and other services it provided,and invented tariffs by using phony port authorities,the prosecution alleges.
"It's pretty big when you have one person who can dictate where ships are going to go and being influenced by a contractor," said retired Rear Adm. Terry McKnight,who has no direct knowledge of the investigation. "A lot of people are saying,'How could this happen?"'
So far,authorities have arrested Misiewicz; Francis; his company's general manager of global government contracts,Alex Wisidagama; and a senior Navy investigator,John Beliveau II. Beliveau is accused of keeping Francis updated on the investigation and advising him on how to respond in exchange for luxury trips,prostitution services,and more.
All have pleaded not guilty. The defendants face up to five years in prison if convicted of conspiracy to commit bribery. Defense attorneys declined to comment.
Senior Navy officials said they believe that more people would likely be implicated in the scheme,but it's too early to tell how many or how high this will go in the naval ranks. Other unnamed Navy personnel are mentioned in court documents as getting gifts from Francis.
Francis is legendary in military circles in that part of the world,said McKnight,who does not know him personally. He is known for extravagance. His bungalow in an upscale Singapore neighborhood drew spectators since 2007 to its lavish,outdoor Christmas decorations,which The Straits Times newspaper described as rivaling the island city-state's main shopping street.
"He's a larger-than-life figure," McKnight said. "You talk to any captain on any ship that has sailed in the Pacific and they will know exactly who he is."
Navy spokesman,Rear Adm. John Kirby said Navy Criminal Investigative Service agents initiated their probe in 2010,but declined to comment further,citing the ongoing investigation.
That same year,Misiewicz caught the world's attention when he made an emotional return as a U.S. Naval commander to his native Cambodia,where he had been rescued as a child from the violence of the Khmer Rouge and adopted by an American woman. His homecoming was widely covered by international media.
Meanwhile,Francis was recruiting him for his scheme,according to court documents.
Francis' company bilked the Navy out of $10 million in just one year in Thailand alone,U.S. Attorney Laura Duffy said.
The federal government has suspended its contracts with Francis.
DO NOT USE World Others
1 Indian-origin man assaulted for 'complimenting a woman's dress',dies in NZ
2 Nigeria: Militants attack wedding convoy,30 feared killed
3 Refugee Crisis: Palestinians lose more than most in Syrian exodus

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Cockroaches are among the more common types of pests that show up NJ homes. These big bugs can quickly multiply and create an out-of-control infestation if they're left alone. Those who have them should get help from pest control services in Monmouth County right away. In the meantime, an entomologist is working on improving methods for killing cockroaches.
Some pest control professionals spray pesticides around homes in order to get rid of cockroaches and prevent more from coming inside. In one housing development in Rocky Mount, this approach wasn't working. Residents were left dealing with hundreds of roaches in their apartments. Entomologist Dini Miller came up with a more targeted solution for eliminating cockroaches and keeping them away.
Miller's method involves using sticky traps to determine how much bait needs to be placed in different areas. After figuring out how much is needed, Miller places food bait laced with an insecticide in targeted areas. This has helped control cockroach populations and lowered the risk of having to continue dealing with infestations. While this approach can take longer, it provides a more effective and long-term solution for getting rid of cockroaches compared to pesticide sprays.
If you have a cockroach problem in your home, contact Allison Pest Control. We offer pest control services in Monmouth County to help NJ residents eliminate cockroaches from their homes.


text:
All Categories > Construction Hardware Division > Hangers > Topmount Glulam Hangers > View Items
Topmount Glulam Hangers
Cleveland JE Glulam Hangers are made to order for sizes as shown. Also available for 6 3/4 and 8 3/4 wide laminated timbers. Prompt shipment.
Material : 11 gauge and 7 gauge.
Finish : Black copolymer paint, Hot-dip galvanized or stainless steel.
Bulk packed in cartons.
Larger and special sizes available.
Purlin Size
Design Load @ Normal Condition
Nail - Header
Nail - Purlin
Nail - Top
JE 3.12 / 6.00 N/A 3 1/8 x 6 N/A 2800 N/A 1 7/8 N/A (6) N4 N/A (3) N4 N/A (2) N4
JE 3.12 / 7.50 N/A 3 1/8 x 7 1/2 N/A 3180 N/A 1 7/8 N/A (8) N4 N/A (4) N4 N/A (4) N4
JE 3.12 / 9.00 N/A 3 1/8 x 9 N/A 3560 N/A 1 7/8 N/A (10) N4 N/A (4) N4 N/A (4) N4
JE 3.12 / 10.50 N/A 3 1/8 x 10 1/2 N/A 3940 N/A 1 7/8 N/A (12) N4 N/A (4) N4 N/A (4) N4
JE 3.12 / 12.00 N/A 3 1/8 x 12 N/A 4315 N/A 1 7/8 N/A (12) N4 N/A (6) N4 N/A (4) N4
JE 3.12 / 18.00 N/A 3 1/8 x 18 N/A 5915 N/A 2 3/8 N/A (18) N4 N/A (10) N4 N/A (4) N4
JE 5.12 / 19.50 N/A 5 1/8 x 19 1/2 N/A 7570 N/A 2 3/8 N/A (26) N4 N/A (10) N4 N/A (6) N4


Hard-up Russia expert Dr Sam Gaddis finally has a lead for the book that could solve all his career problems. But the story of a lifetime becomes an obsession that could kill him.
When his source is found dead, Gaddis is alone on the trail of the Cold War's deadliest secret: the undiscovered sixth member of the infamous Cambridge spy ring.
Suddenly threatened at every step and caught between two beautiful women, both with access to crucial evidence, Sam cannot trust anyone.
To get his life back, he must chase shadows through Europe's corridors of power. But the bigger the lie, the more ruthlessly the truth is kept buried.


The type of person who always sees the glass half full is all about me. Maybe, I am full of naive optimism, but it is worthy of it. In a contrast, rationality is my second name. I can use my mind, heart, hands and never mix up these categories. Also, arguments are my "friends". It may sounds crazy, but I do exist). One thing I can control is feelings. But what for) if I was born to be loved, not to be understood).
I prefer to read books when I travel or eat breakfast. On a lazy weekend, movies are my best pastime. Most of all, I prefer combining these two things, but books always should be the first. When imagination opens up, nothing else matters. Also, it was the reason to fall in love with dances. I have never learnt it, because it came naturally to me.
There is nothing more enjoyable than a witty partner to share jokes with. I need someone who never stops challenging intellectually and mentally. Just someone who can rise me up without hands).
I like comedies, they make our life brighter and more positive!
I like listening to different kinds of music, walking near the sea and going to the cinema.
I wanted to be a doctor and save people's lives!
I will be the happiest woman in the world!
I like cooking different kinds of meat with vegetables.


*演出曲目及顺序以演出现场为准 program information and order indicated is subject to change.
For more than three decades, award-winning composer, pianist, singer, producer & creative director Steve Barakatt has been achieving hundreds of projects in collaboration with the best artists, record labels, studios, brands and corporations around the world. A true artist-entrepreneur-philanthropist, Steve is both an inspired creator and an inspiration for others. As a concert pianist, Barakatt has presented more than 500 live performances on five continents. As a recording artist, he sold more than 4 million albums worldwide.
Chan, Agnes Chan, Sincere, Yoko Oginome, Miri Ben-Ari, Noriko Sakai, Audrey De Montigny, Sun Min, Wheesung, John Park, Shayne, Chen of EXO, Lee Dong Woo, Yesung of Superjunior, Sunny of Girls' Generation, Luna of fx, Wendy & Seulgi of Red Velvet, Taeil & Doyoung of NCT127.


This caravan stands in a superb holiday location with wonderful sea views, fabulous private decking overlooking fields. Haven fun passes can be purchased separately from reception if required. Doniford bay is one of Haven's smallest and certainly most scenic parks complete with indoor pool and children's play areas, climbing walls, archery to name but a few of the action packed activities available.
Our beautiful caravan is set in a quiet cul de sac "Harbour Watch" one of the prime locations on the park, this benefits from privacy and sea views from the decking. It is in close proximity to the sea, a gentle 2 minute stroll. Dogs are very welcome, with the dog exercise area in the next field, with further walks available locally from the front door.
The lounge has plenty of seating and a gas fire, a 32 inch television with DVD player and a selection of games and DVDs. The kitchen is modern and well equipped with ample units and a generous amount of work top space. There is a fridge with freezer compartment, a gas cooker and a microwave. It has a corner dining table with stools and benches.
The kitchen is light and airy with door opening onto the large side decking area with patio furniture. The master bedroom is a sensible size with storage, there are two further bedrooms both with twin beds.


"There are a handful of people in my life that I can honestly say have changed me. Betty Lawson is one of those very people. She didn't just teach me piano, she taught me to make music, song, how to flow and create. I will always remember how she taught me to just pound the keys, letting loose of all timidity...and maybe breaking a few keys. I'm honored to have had such a person's fingerprint in the music I make and life I live."
Lisa and her husband Michael Gungor were nominated for two Grammy's in February of 2011. Their Album "Beautiful Things" and the title song were nominated in the Best Gospel Song and Best Rock or Rap Gospel Album categories.
Copyright (c) 2011-2013, Jerrold and Betty Lawson.


If you've ever had head lice as a child growing up, then you know the stress and embarrassment that comes with it. Chances are, someone close to you will also pick up head lice in their lifetime, be it your child, spouse or other relative, starting a vicious cycle of transmission.
It is estimated that as many as six million kids get head lice every single year in the Unites States alone- more than the entire population of many countries.
Head lice can affect anyone, regardless of age, gender or medical status, and is not indicative of poor health. They are easily transferred from person to person contact, and can also be transmitted via sharing of bed linens and more. Head lice only live on average 24 hours out of the scalp, so their priority is finding a new host as fast as possible.
Which brings us to how to effectively get rid of them. They are not difficult to get rid of, but you need to emphasize killing of adult lice and not necessarily the eggs (or nits) as many people mistakenly do. Just follow some of the proven tips below and solve your head lice problem in no time!
Starting off the list is the extremely safe and ever beneficial olive oil, which can help cure you of a lice infection over the course of 3 weeks. While there are remedies that claim faster cure rates, the problem occurs if you leave nits to hatch and start the cycle of infection all over again. Olive oil is said to smother the lice so that they are unable to respire. While this wouldn't affect nits, as they are eggs at this point, they will hatch and grow into adults if you ease up on application. For best results, apply olive oil every 3 days within that 21 day period, preferably before bed and covering your head with a shower cap. The itchiness will be relieved faster than 21 days, but to ensure complete eradication you need to continue application for 3 weeks.
Heat is a useful tool in getting rid of a head lice infection, especially when it comes to the nits. While heat does kill some adult lice (about 10%), it is exceptionally good at getting rid of nits, eradicating on average 98% of them. Hot air is best utilized days following use of a chemical based agent, but never combined as some of those ingredients may be flammable.
Vinegar is a popular home remedy for killing adult lice, and removing nits by dissolution. This is believed to be due to the presence of acetic acid. To apply, you can either mix with mineral oil (in 1:1 parts) apply to the scalp and leave overnight before washing off, or you can mix with water and pre-soak hair with a dilute solution of it 30 minutes before washing off. It is advised to use vinegar 3 times weekly to eradicate a head lice infestation.
Coconut oil should be a staple in your hair care routine, but often this is not the case. Coconut oil, like olive oil, smothers the adult head lice so that they are unable to respire. For best results, apply coconut oil to the hair and scalp before bed for 5 consecutive days. Then wash off in the mornings. Coconut oil will also help keep hair healthy, and could prevent re-infection from nits if used frequently.
Treat tree oil is a natural insect repellant and insecticide, making it especially suited to dealing with lice infections. But what makes it more useful is its ovicidal potency, which is its ability to kill eggs that have yet to catch into actual lice. For best results, apply nightly for between 3-7 days if having a current infection, or intermittently following reports of a lice outbreak at your kid's school or otherwise.
For years, pyrethrins have been the mainstay of lice treatment as prescribed by doctors, but in recent times it has consistently lost potency, becoming weaker and weaker. Pyrethrins act as neurotoxins on lice, disrupting their function and killing them. However, Pyrethrin may become ineffective for killing lice if not properly administered, as missing lice during eradication results in lice remaining that are now immune to the effects of the product. Pyrethrin based products come in the form of creams, shampoos or lotions, all of which are required to be left on the scalp overnight before being washed off.
Pyrethrins may trigger allergic responses in susceptible individuals, so it is a wise idea to test a small portion of skin before full application.
Spinosad is a natural insecticide obtained from bacteria found in soil. One of the more recent discoveries, it was only approved for use in treating lice in 2011, being safe for children 4 years of age and older. It is a prescription only product at this time, but is very effective in getting rid of a head lice infection. To use, massage into scalp and along hairs, leaving on for 10 minutes before washing off. It is almost 200% more effective than permethrin based products today, after a 14 day follow up session to check if lice have been eliminated.
Even though you may be using treatment, there is a good chance that there are adult lice on your sheets and pillow cases, which can re-infect you or someone else in your home very easily. Be sure to wash all linens in the home while simultaneously treating everyone in the household. This is one of the best ways to ensure eradication.
Wet combing is a relatively simple and cheap alternative to remove lice, although its effectiveness depends on the age of the affected and frequency of the technique. In the simplest terms, wet combing involves use of a fine teeth comb after washing or wetting the hair to remove adult lice that have been temporarily immobilized. It also removes nits, but can be made more effective by combining with an agent that kills the lice and their eggs.
Ivermectin is an extremely effective treatment for head lice and scabies, all from a single dose application. Ivermectin is also extracted from bacteria naturally found in the soil, and is safe for children 6 months of age and up. Follow up at the 2 week period also revealed that more than 75% of patients remained lice free. Ivermectin is also impressive due to the fact that it is not commonly associated with side effects, and they are generally very mild if they do occur.
This is a common ingredient found in many cosmetic products, but can also work to kill head lice. It reportedly blocks the tubes through which lice breathe, and prevent removal of water from their body, leading to accumulation. This dual function is the mechanism behind this product's action, and is safe for kids over the age of two.
While head lice can be annoying, they do not need to become a burden if taken care of in a timely fashion. Be sure to take care of external sources of reinfection, such as bed linens, and use the treatments as directed and within a few weeks you should be 100% free of an infestation.
Written by: Michael Jessimy on August 20, 2018.


Everyone wants a Pink Willy… Get your Juice on!
The new Wild Willy Special Juice motors were designed from the shaft down to be the best thing since sliced bread. The juice includes an adamantium core shaft and bilaterally forged rare Earth magnets that generate orbit launching power based on the principle of the modial interaction of magneto inductance. This maximizes operating excellence throughout the entire range of throttle percentages and has been reported by test pilots to cause accidental Low Earth Orbit (LEO) insertion via Accidental Pilot Throttle Spikes (APTS).
Ok…. Maybe that's not all entirely true, but these motors are pretty *dolphin noise* sweet. The Special Juice motors were designed to be able to give power when you need it while maintaining a perfectly smooth throttle response at all ranges. In addition, we made sure that they could definitely take a hit so you spend more time flying and less time repairing.
They come in two different kV variants to make sure you have the right tool for the right job. The 2500kv variant has a great smooth throttle response with high efficiency for those nice and juicy freestyle runs, while not having to worry about destroying your packs. The 2700kv variant is for all the magicians out there who prefer to have their drone teleport when you hit the throttle.


text:
Kovacs' gold leads three-medal night for Team USA
BEIJING -- Joe Kovacs took home gold in the shot put while Justin Gatlin and Trayvon Bromell took silver and bronze, respectively, in the men's 100 meters as Team USA hit for the cycle in medals Sunday evening at Beijing National Stadium.
Kovacs claims SP gold
Competing at his first World Outdoors, Kovacs (Bethlehem, Pennsylvania) uncorked an opening throw of 21.23m/69-8 to lead the competition early on, but rival David Storl of Germany assumed the lead with a second-round throw of 21.46m/70-5. It took a national record of 21.69m/71-2 from Jamaica's O'Dayne Richards on his third attempt to bump both Storl and Kovacs from the top two spots.
On his fourth throw, Kovacs moved back into second with 21.67m/71-1.25, while his 21.93m/71-11.50 on his fifth throw of the night sealed the gold, giving Team USA at least one medal in the event in 11 of the last 12 editions of the Championships. 2007 world champ Reese Hoffa (Augusta, Georgia) had a best of 21.00m/68-10.75 in the fifth stanza to finish fifth. Christian Cantwell (Eldon, Missouri) was a medical scratch from the final after suffering back spasms following this morning's preliminary round.
Bolt-Gatlin duel delivers
The men's 100m matchup between Justin Gatlin (Pensacola, Fla.) and Usain Bolt was the talk of the meet, with the resurgent Gatlin riding a two-year win streak and the world record-holding Bolt running far off of his best form.
The two men delivered on the anticipated drama.
Running his fastest time of the year, Bolt snapped Gatlin's dominance, running 9.79 to edge Gatlin by .01 second as Gatlin came second in 9.80. World Championships rookie and NCAA runner-up Trayvon Bromell (St. Petersburg, Fla.) tied for third in 9.92 with the 2015 NCAA champion, Andre De Grasse of Canada. Mike Rodgers (St. Louis, Mo.) ran 9.94 for fifth and Tyson Gay (Lexington, Ky.) finished in 10.00 for sixth.
In the semifinal round earlier in the evening, Gatlin turned heads while winning heat 2 in 9.77, the fastest time ever in a semifinal at the World Championships and equaling the third-fastest time ever run at the World Championships. Rodgers was second in 9.86. Gay won heat three in 9.96, while Bromell advanced to the final on time, finishing third in heat 1 in 9.99.
Simpson, Rowbury move on to 1500m final
At Friday's Team USA press conference, 2011 world champion Jenny Simpson (Oviedo, Fla.) had expressed a desire for her 29th birthday present on Sunday to be qualifying for the final. The birthday girl got her wish, placing fifth in the speedy second heat of the semifinal round with a time of 4:08.20. Lauren Johnson (Huntington, Indiana) was eighth in the same heat in 4:10.01, just missing out on the final time qualifying position.
In the first semifinal, American record holder Shannon Rowbury (San Francisco) and Kerri Gallagher (Queens, New York) were in the midst of a pedestrian-paced pack in the early stages, splitting 800 in over 2:25. Heading into the final 200, Gallagher was in the top three, with Rowbury a few strides behind. Rowbury went wide down the final straight and claimed the last automatic qualifying spot with her 4:16.64 in fifth, while Gallagher was eighth in 4:17.63.
Tinsley, Clement advance in 400H
Two Americans will be featured in Tuesday's final of the men's 400m hurdles. In the third and final heat of Sunday night's semifinals, Michael Tinsley (Little Rock, Arkansas) had a bobble at hurdle six and came off the curve in third but pushed down the final stretch and won his heat in 48.47. Kerron Clement (La Porte, Texas) was out well in the first semifinal and was in the top three coming off the fifth hurdle, finishing second in 48.50. Johnny Dutch (Raleigh, North Carolina) flew through the first half of the second semi and was in the top two coming off the final hurdle, but faded to fifth in 48.74 and did not advance to the final.
Murphy ends special summer with semifinal run
Clayton Murphy (New Paris, Ohio) came through 400m in the first semifinal in fifth place at 52.71 and maintained that position over the next 200m before getting obstructed and falling to the back. Heading into the homestretch, the Pan Am Games gold medalist fought back to take seventh in 1:46.28. Erik Sowinski (Waukesha, Wisconsin) settled into second over the first lap of the third semi, passing 400 in 52.09. Down the back straight Sowinski was passed by three men and was sixth at 600m before yielding one more spot in the sprint into the finish, taking seventh in 1:47.16.
Women's heptathlon concludes
Sharon Day-Monroe (Costa Mesa, California) was steady throughout the final event of the women's heptathlon, finishing second in her heat in 2:11.61. Day-Monroe finished the competition with 6,246 points for 14th place. Barbara Nwaba (Los Angeles) closed out her first World Championships appearance with a win in the first heat of the heptathlon women's 800 meters in 2:12.20. Nwaba scored 5,315 points after beginning the competition with a DNF in the 100-meter hurdles. Erica Bougard (Byhalia, Mississippi) was a DNS in tonight's 800 meters and had 5,140 points heading into the evening session.
The action continues in Beijing with Monday's morning session and runs through Sunday, August 30.
Fans are invited to join the conversation by following USATF on Instagram, Twitter and Facebook, using the hashtag #Beijing2015.
Full results from the IAAF World Championships can be found here.
Team USA Medals
Joe Kovacs - Shot Put (21.93m/71-11.5)
Justin Gatlin - 100 Meters (9.80)
Trayvon Bromell - 100 Meters (9.92)
Michelle Carter - Shot Put (19.76m/64-10)
Time (ET)
Sunday, Aug. 23
NBC, Live Extra
M100m final
Universal Sports
M100m final (re-air)
W400m heats
Monday, Aug. 24
W100m final
Tuesday, Aug. 25
M800m, W1500m finals
M110m hurdles heats
Wednesday, Aug. 26
W100m hurdles heats
Thursday, Aug. 27
W400m final, M200m final
W200m, W/M 100m/110m hurdles
Saturday, Aug. 29
Decathlon, 4x100m relays
Decathlon, 4x100m relays (re-air)
Women's marathon
4x400m relays
4x400m relays (re-air)


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Q: How do you include clock_t on an Arduino? I am trying to use a timer library that I created my self, it uses clock_t in it. When I compile the sketch i keep getting errors. This is the error I keep getting error: 'clock_t' in namespace 'std' does not name a type.
Is it even possible to use clock_t. The library I wrote worked perfectly on a c++ compiler, but not here.
I am new to this Arduino stuff, any help will be nice. Thanks in advance.

A: I'm not familiar with Arduino, but in C++ you have to #include <ctime>. It's possible that in the C++ implementation where clock_t worked for you ctime was included indirectly via another header whereas Arduino's implementation of that other header did not include ctime.
This is an issue with C++; the headers included in other standard headers are not defined by the standard, so different implementation may produce different results when you fail to directly include the correct headers simply because each implementation uses different indirect includes. To avoid this you should be careful to always directly include any standard header that you use anything from. This means you need to be knowledgeable about which standard headers provide which standard facilities. http://en.cppreference.com/w/ can help you.

A: Arduino links against AVR Libc, and most of the things that look similar to C standard library come from it.
As far as I know, there is no clock_t in AVR Libc. I searched among the source files of the library, and looked around the documentations, but didn't find it. There is no time.h in AVR Libc, either.
And according to Arduino FAQ:

...the Arduino language is merely a set of C/C++ functions that can be called from your code. Your sketch undergoes minor changes (e.g. automatic generation of function prototypes) and then is passed directly to a C/C++ compiler (avr-g++). All standard C and C++ constructs supported by avr-g++ should work in Arduino. ...

And in AVR-libc FAQ:

Can I use C++ on the AVR?
However, there's currently no support for libstdc++, the standard support library needed for a complete C++ implementation. This imposes a number of restrictions on the C++ programs that can be compiled. Among them are:

*

*Obviously, none of the C++ related standard functions, classes, and template classes are available.

So, Arduino doesn't provide C++ standard library for you - so ctime (C++) is not available as well as time.h (C). That's to say, most likely you cannot use clock_t in Arduino environment.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
The High Court is also bound by the decisions of superior courts. Decisions by individual High Court judges are binding on courts inferior in the hierarchy, but such decisions are not binding on other High Court judges, although they are of strong persuasive authority and tend to be followed in practice. It is possible, however, for High Court judges to disagree and for them to reach different conclusions as to the law in a particular area. The question then becomes – how is a later High Court judge to select which precedent to follow? It is usually accepted, although it is not a rule of law, that where the later decision has actually considered the previous one and has given a reason for not following it, then that is the judgment which later High Court judges should follow.
Conflicting decisions at the level of the High Court can, of course, be authoritatively decided by reference upwards to the Court of Appeal and then, if necessary, to the House of Lords, but when the cost of such appeals is borne in mind, it is apparent why, even on economic grounds alone, it is important for High Court judges not to treat their discretion as a licence to destabilise the law in a given area.
In relation to conflicting judgments at the level of the Court of Appeal, the High Court judge is required to follow the later decision.
Crown Courts, County Courts and magistrates' courts cannot create precedent and their decisions can never amount to more than persuasive authority.
Box 3 Crown Courts, County Courts and magistrates' courts
The Crown Court tries more serious criminal cases, as well as hearing appeals from the magistrates' courts. Crown Courts sit in over 90 permanent centres throughout England and Wales, each centre being designated as first, second or third tier, reflecting the seriousness of the offences tried. County and district boundaries have no statutory significance in determining where a case should be heard. Most Crown Court cases are heard at the centre most convenient to the magistrates' court which committed the case for trial.
The County Court deals primarily with civil law, so it doesn't fight crime in the same way as the criminal courts in England and Wales. Despite their name, the County Courts do not fit within county boundaries in England and Wales and in fact the 230 County Courts are scattered around the towns and cities that require their services. All property cases up to £30,000, all personal injury claims less than £50,000, and bankruptcy matters are all carried out by the district judge at the County Court.
Approximately 96 per cent of criminal cases are dealt with at a magistrates' court. The case may be tried either by at least two, but usually three, lay magistrates, or by a district judge who sits alone. Until August 2000 these district judges were known as stipendiary magistrates, but were renamed in order to recognise them as members of the professional judiciary, as they are legally qualified and salaried.
Activity 9 asks you to use your knowledge from Reading 2, what you have studied in this course so far and your own everyday experiences to summarise the principal advantages and disadvantages of the doctrine of precedent. You may find some of the language of the Reading a little difficult, but don't worry. It is not necessary for you to understand all that is being said, you simply have to identify and summarise the main good and bad points of the doctrine of precedent.
Activity 9 The advantages and disadvantages of the doctrine of precedent
Timing: 0 hours 45 minutes
Please read Reading 2: 'English legal system in context' and answer the following question: What do you consider to be the advantages and disadvantages of the doctrine of precedent?
Now click here [Tip: hold Ctrl and click a link to open it in a new tab. (Hide tip)] to read the document Reading 1 (PDF, 0.1mb, 2 pages).
Did you consider the following advantages and disadvantages?
Consistency and fairness in the law – This refers to the fact that cases are decided on a like-for-like basis and are not subject to the whim of the individual judge deciding the case in question. This aspect of formal justice is important in justifying the decisions taken in particular cases.
Certainty – Lawyers and their clients are able to predict what the outcome of a particular legal question is likely to be in the light of previous judicial decisions. Also, once the legal rule has been established in one case, individuals can orient their behaviour with regard to that rule relatively secure in the knowledge that it will not be changed by some later court.
Efficiency – This refers to the fact that it saves the time of the judiciary, lawyers and their clients if cases do not have to be re-argued. For potential litigants, it saves them money in court expenses because they can apply to their solicitor/barrister for guidance as to how their particular case is likely to be decided in the light of previous cases on the same or similar points.
Flexibility – This refers to the various mechanisms, by means of which the judges can manipulate the common law and thus allow the development of the law in particular areas without waiting for Parliament to enact legislation.
Uncertainty – This refers to the fact that the degree of certainty presented by the doctrine of stare decisis is undermined by the huge number of cases that have been reported and can be cited as authorities. With so many rules and slightly different interpretations of them in thousands of cases, it is not always easy to see which interpretation a court will give the law in your case. This uncertainty is increased by the ability of the judiciary to select which authority to follow through use of the mechanism of distinguishing cases on their facts.
You will see some examples of the uncertainty which can be generated by case law when you attempt Activity 10.
Fixity – This refers to the possibility that the law in relation to any particular area may become inflexible on the basis of an unjust precedent, with the consequence that previous injustices are perpetuated. An example of this is the long delay before the courts were willing to change the law and say that marital rape was a crime. Since the 1970s, arguments had been put to the courts on behalf of women raped by their husbands but the law was only amended by the House of Lords in 1992. We will examine this House of Lords judgment later in the course.
Unconstitutionality – This is a fundamental question that refers to the fact that the judiciary are overstepping their theoretical constitutional role by actually making law rather than restricting themselves to the role of simply applying it. If they are not elected as law-makers then why should they be allowed to make law?
You may have thought of some other disadvantages. The system of precedent can be slow. An area of law may be unclear or in need of reform but this cannot be done until the case is heard. The Court of Appeal has to follow its own previous decisions but only about 60 cases go to the House of Lords every year. This may result in a long wait for a suitable case to be appealed as far as the House of Lords. The system also encourages complexity. Even with online legal databases it is not easy to find all the relevant case law. The judgment in a case may be long with no clear distinction between comments, the ratio and obiter. We will go on to explain these terms more fully.
Figure 4: There are so many thousands of reported legal cases in the law library that operating the doctrine of precedent can be difficult.
Reading 3 is an article which highlights the uncertainty of the law in relation to the citizen's right to protect their own property. The article discusses the case of Tony Martin and other court judgments. You may recall the case of Tony Martin, the Norfolk farmer who shot and killed a trespasser on his property. As you are reading Reading 3 make a note of the inconsistent decisions which the courts have arrived at on this single issue of the right to protect property.
Activity 10 Castles built on law
Please read Reading 3: 'Castles built on law'.
Now click here to read the document Reading 3 (PDF, 0.1mb, 2 pages).
Reading 3 provides a very good illustration of why certainty is an important feature of the legal system. The law in this area has become rather confused. In 1996, the Court of Appeal decided that a trespasser engaged in criminal activities can claim compensation for injuries suffered if the force used against him or her exceeds 'reasonable limits'. Tony Martin was convicted of murdering a young man who had broken into his house after dark.
The court decision in the case of Tony Martin contrasts with other court decisions. As you will have read, between 1300 and 1348 there were frequent acquittals where householders had killed housebreakers. Reading 3 also refers to the Peterborough Crown Court case in which a burglar who was beaten with a baseball bat was said by a judge to have got what he deserved.
Whatever your opinion about which view is correct, I think you will agree that the law in this area is very uncertain and inconsistent.
Previous 3.3.4 Divisional courts
Next 3.3.6 Summary of the system of precedent


With tons to love, and nothing to hate, the Flux TM Snowboard Binding is locked and loaded with everything you need to crush every inch of the mountain. The tallest highback in Flux's lineup, the Solid TM Highback is made from super tough nylon for stiff response when you need it, yet has a more narrow center for more lateral flex when you're getting sendy in the park. The Ultima Baseplate is lightweight and focused on response for precise control in no fall zones, while the adjustable toe and heel cushion deliver customizable protection for harsh shock absorption. Made from a special material and with a honeycomb shape, the Honeycomb strap comfortably grabs your ankle and provides and exceptional hold, while the F. T. M. Versa is crafted from a softer material and designed to fit around the toe of any boot on the market. Plus, this binding features a tool less lever to give you quick adjustments on the fly.
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Everyone strives to be a great person, kind, caring, and compassionate. But for some people, that's not always the case. There are many behaviors or 'bad habits' that people have that make them seem unattractive, annoying, or someone that no one wants to be around with. A few of these harmful characteristics are offered for you below, and if you happen to realize that you embody any of them – quit! You might find your circle of friends grow once you do.


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Members Cemeteries routes News Projects About Become member
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About the cemetery
The Catholic cemetery of the Capuchins (Cementiri Municipal dels Caputxins) began to provide services in 1817.
A few years later, in 1876 started the construction of the new cemetery located next to Catholic cemetery (recognized as the Protestant or Spiritualists cemetery too). In 1982 Catholic Church offers the two cemeteries to the City Hall and now is the public cemetery of the Capuchins.
Since 1817, the Board of Works of Santa Maria buried at the top of the convent's grounds, area that was purchased in 1820 by the Capuchin community. The rest of the estate of the Capuchins, including the ruins of the convent, abandoned in 1835, was expropriated by the state and auctioned in 1844 as a "Bé Nacional" (National asset). On 10 May 2015 it was purchased at auction by the Board of Works of Santa Maria that they wanted to build the new cemetery. The Cemetery of the Capuchins was designed by Miquel Garriga i Roca in 1844 where there was a Capuchin monastery.
The Cemetery of the Capuchins is a municipal and civil cemetery, owned by the Mataró City Hall (Spain), managed by Cementiris Metropolitans CGC, S.L. and protected by the Local cultural heritage for the Government of Catalonia. It extends on the surface of 34.243 m² and holds 13.612 graves, of which 61 Pantheons, 56 Tombs and 13.497 Niches. The deceased are mainly Catalans of catholic religion.
Important graves and monuments
Some of the graves and monumenst on Municipal Cemetery of the Capuchins with historical and cultural meanings are:
Josep Puig i Cadafalch: He was born in Mataró and he was a "modernista" architect, the Catalan Art Nouveau, who designed many significant buildings in Barcelona like Casa Amatller, near the Casa Batlló, one of the most important buildings designed by Antoni Gaudí. Josep Puig i Cadafalch was the President of the Commonwealth of Catalonia (1917-24). He died in 1956 in Barcelona.
Miquel Biada i Bunyol: He founded in 1848 the first railway line in the Iberian Peninsula and that connected Barcelona with Mataró. However, he died 6 month before the inauguration so he couldn't see his work.
Pantheon Marfà - Mesquera: Pantheon designed by Emili Cabanyes, 1906.
Josep Castellà i Vilà: He was a boat captain who transported people to New York, Cuba and Mexico during the war between Spain and USA. He repatriated soldiers after de Cuba's war. He died in 1916 in Barcelona.
Domènec Rovira i Castellà: He was a young musician, an excellent pianist and the director of the Municipal Band of Mataró (1939-1944). He died in 1944, when he was 31 years old.
Tomb of the International Brigades: Monument in memory for the international brigades that fought against fascism and dead in Mataró during the Spanish Civil War (1936-1939)
Eugeni Pere Cendoya Oscoz: He was an important architect and disciple of Lluís Domènech i Montaner, who was highly influential on "Modernisme català", the Catalan Art Nouveau. He died in 1975 in Barcelona. The sculptor was Frederic Marès, a famous sculptor who was made a lot of urban sculptures in Barcelona.
Programs of research, conservation and preservation
We are doing "The Plain of recuperation and restoration inside the cemetery and their outsides".
Cultural activities in the cemetery
Below, there are listed some of the cultural activities taking place at the cemetery:
Good Friday: Via Crucis
Last Sunday of October: Guied Visit to the cemetery
The first of November: Concert All Saints
During the year: Culturals exhibitions in the chapel of the cemetery
Cemetery contacts:
Carretera de Cirera, 239, 08304 Mataró (Barcelona)
Email: administracio@cementirismetropolitans.com
European Cemeteries Route awards:
Mobile Guide


Preparing your home for the summer months comes with a lot of cleaning and maintenance.
One thing every homeowner should be prepared for is doing an air conditioner tune up. These tune ups are essential for maintaining your HVAC unit's longevity and efficiency.
But is it a good idea to call in a maintenance company and schedule an appointment? Or can you do most of it yourself?
Well, the answer to both of those questions is yes. Keep reading to find out why!
Maintaining a clean HVAC unit is an essential part of its longevity.
In the spring, before calling in your maintenance crew for a check-up, do some landscape clean up. Make sure all brush, low-hanging limbs and clinging plants are cleared from the unit.
This will ensure its vents are clear and that any maintenance that must be done is easily accessible.
If you think you can get away without having a professional tune-up, you will probably be wrong.
Tune-ups are an essential part of maintaining your unit's functionality. It will be much cheaper to give it a standard check-up in comparison to an utter failure should your HVAC fail.
Having your maintenance company schedule appointments a year in advance takes some of the guesswork out. It will also guarantee your HVAC is getting the care it needs to function well.
Schedule all maintenance checks in spring, before the warm weather really settles in. This will be a much more flexible time for the company. It also gives you time to get any repairs done before the heat gets too unbearable.
Technicians will go over your HVAC system, checking for fluid leaks, broken fans or test air flow. If there are any issues, they will be able to repair them.
There is a relative level of DIY that comes with an HVAC. This can save you some money and keep you aware of your unit and any issues it may have.
Changing filters, checking refrigerant and keeping the unit clear and clean will help your HVAC run well. If you notice anything unusual like steadily draining fluids or odd noises, be sure to contact your company.
It's also important to note that regular maintenance is part of a warranty agreement for many units.
If you keep your maintenance schedule, many repairs that may have to happen could be covered under the warranty.
Keeping your HVAC unit running smoothly will save you more money in the long run.
Ready to schedule an air conditioner tune up?
Our professional staff can do regular maintenance checks for your HVAC unit. They can also repair any issues that may crop up over the years should the worst happen.
It's always important to remember to maintain your air conditioner unit. Keeping it clear of all plant life will keep its airflow running efficiently. Scheduling your appointments today will guarantee it runs smoothly in the hot and cold months.


Please visit my new Site!
Posted: September 20, 2012 | Author: marcelkroemker | Filed under: Uncategorized | Comments Off on Please visit my new Site!
As a bassist Marcel toured for 13 years, from Island to Morocco and from Venezuela to South Korea. He worked together with producers such as Yensin Jahn (Planet Roc Studio, Mando Diao, Alice Cooper, Till Brönner) and Andy Jung (Seed, Blackmail), among others. As a Jazzbassist his musical highlights are concerts with Nils Landgreen, Alex Sipiagin, Toni Lakatosh, Nils Wogram, Tino, Derado, Changuito (9 Grammy-awards), Pernell Saturnino, Michael Moore, Jasper Blom, Leni Stern, Peter Ehwald and others. Between 2007 and 2015 he took part in numerous tours and record releases by labels such as Traumton, ACT, Rough Trade, INDIGO and Laika. Marcel was performing all over the world in 24 countries of Europe, China, Korea, UAE, Marocco, Argentina, Uruguay, Peru, Columbia, Venezuela and the United States.
26.01. – 04.02. DOS in Argentina Concerts and Recordings in Argentina.
04.08. Fotoshooting on Tempelhofer Feld – Jippi!
-we had a week of great concerts in poland, a very nice workshop and incredible much home made polish food!
-after a great recording session with Spiral Vortex in Riga the Album is being mixed right now!


Powers/Abilities: A normal human, the heavyset Jim Derry had no paranormal physical abilities.
Although he had once been an honest scientist, Derry apparently suffered a traumatic brain injury that changed his personality.
Derry and his henchmen used a statue of the Mayan god Kukulcan in their plot to loot the treasures of the lost city of Apaco.
(Namora I#1/1 (fb) - BTS) - The past of Jim Derry is largely unrevealed, but he had once been "a fine scientist" (per Dr. Webber); following an unspecified accident, Derry's mind was warped and he developed a criminally malevolent nature.
Derry somehow located the lost city of Apaco, where he pretended to befriend the indigenous descendants of the Mayans living there. But while the natives endeavored to restore their ancestral empire, Derry and his henchmen began to loot the gold and jewels of the city.
(Namora I#1/1) - Namora was assisting the archeological expedition of Dr. Webber when she stumbled upon Apaco. Namora entered the city, and as she stood outside one of the temples, she overheard Derry and his men talking about their plot as they plundered the treasures within. A native sneaked up behind Namora and struck her with a war-club, then he carried the unconscious sea beauty to Derry--although he didn't know who she was, Derry ordered his men to bind Namora and throw her in the nearby river to drown.
But Namora was revived by the waters of the river; she broke free from her bonds and made her way back to Dr. Webber's camp-site, where she saw Webber and his group being captured by the natives--since there were too many Mayans for Namora to tackle, she secretly followed them as they escorted their prisoners through the jungle. The captives were marched back to Apaco and brought before Derry; Webber demanded their release, but Derry only laughed heartily and promised Webber that they would get their "release" after he deceptively told the Mayans that Webber had come to prevent them from re-establishing their lost empire.
Hours later, beneath the full moon, Namora watched as Webber and the other captives were led before a statue of Kukulcan. Derry implored the god-statue to render its judgement of the prisoners--the idol spoke and decreed that they were to be sacrificed. But before any action could be taken, Namora located a hidden staircase inside the back of the statue and raced upward; when she reached the statue's head, she found the "god's" voice was actually furnished by four Mayan allies of Derry. The natives below were about to cast Webber and his group into a sacrificial pit, so Namora pummeled the statue's operators, and it was Namora's voice that next spoke from the idol--she told the Mayans that Derry was their enemy because he had robbed their temples. After finding the temples' altars stripped of the gold, and thus confirming that Namora's words were true, the enraged Mayans seized Derry and his henchmen and cast them into the pit.
Alarmed by the natives' growing fervor as they next turned their anger towards Webber's expedition, Namora leaped from the mouth of the statue to the ground to put a stop to the sacrificial ritual before it went too far. Namora convinced the Mayans that they could not hope to regain the power of their lost empire, but they could instead regain their prestige by exploiting the wealth and knowledge that was theirs when the rest of the world was still in the Dark Ages.
After hearing the great wisdom in the words Namora spoke, the Mayans agreed to release Webber and his group, but they insisted that Derry and his henchmen would remain in the city to work for them.
The eventual fate of Jim Derry and his henchmen, and if they were ever released from their forced labor, remains unrevealed.
It wasn't specified in what branch of science Derry specialized, but I'm guessing that it was archaeology.
Two unidentified individuals, they assisted Jim Derry in his scheme to loot the treasures of the Mayan city of Apaco.
The larger bare-chested man seemed to be "hired-muscle," while the smaller man seemed to inventory the stolen treasures.
After Namora revealed that Derry and his henchmen were stealing their city's treasures, the Mayans kept the two henchmen and their boss as slaves.
A lost city somewhere in the jungles of the Yucatan Peninsula, it was inhabited by an unspecified number of descendants of the Mayans. It had once been a fantastically rich and beautiful city, but it had fallen into ruins over the centuries.
Some of the structures within Apaco included pyramid temples and a large statue of the god Kukulcan.
The lost city was first discovered by an associate of Dr. Webber; later, Dr. Webber himself launched an expedition to find Apaco.
Built in the image of the Mayan deity Kukulcan, it was situated by a sacrificial pit. The statue had a hidden internal spiral-staircase in back which led to a chamber inside its head.
Within the head, four of Jim Derry's Mayan allies operated the statue to make it appear as though Kukulcan himself was speaking--while one Mayan used a megaphone to simulate the god's voice, two others operated a rope-pulley system to open and close the statue's mouth.
Dr. Webber was an archeologist, June was his daughter, and Tom Bowen seemed to be Webber's assistant and/or June's boyfriend.
Months earlier, a fellow scientist and friend of Dr. Webber's had discovered Apaco, but he had died before he could reveal its exact location--having learned the general vicinity of where Apaco could be found, Dr. Webber began an expedition in search of the lost Mayan city.
While in the jungles of the Yucatan Peninsula, Webber and his group encountered Namora when she saved them from a giant boa constrictor. Later, after Jim Derry tricked the denizens of Apaco into believing that Webber's group was there trying to stop them from re-establishing their ancestral empire, the three were condemned to be sacrificed; but Namora again saved them and convinced the natives that Derry was stealing their treasures.
Afterward, Namora assured Dr. Webber that the natives would be very willing to cooperate with him. As the trio thanked her and bid her farewell, Namora swam off and told them that perhaps they'd meet again in another part of the world.


Fetch Alpha2 released in first post. Let me know if Due works.
It is definitely finding the sketch I uploaded and the variables but data is not the changing.
cyclegadget, you may have to copy the new Alpha2 DataLogger library files into the arduino libraries folder, replacing the files from Alpha1.
Update! Problem solved! Fetch Alpha2 Release works with both Due and Uno!
I must of had some old files from Fetch Alpha1. I removed all Fetch files from my Arduino IDE to make a clean start and replaced them with the new Alpha2 files.
I tested Fetch with both the Uno and Due back to back and it works great!
cyclegadget, thanks for the confirmation. i can't take all the credit, i've been working on it with a friend who has helped a ton and may show up on this forum at some point to help answer questions, etc.
anyone who is giving Fetch a try, let us know if there are any specific features or fixes to prioritize for next release.
Another update! I tested the my sketch with the Teensy 3.0 and it was success!
Teensy 3.0 works with Fetch!
One note: I had to use a delay(20) because my Fetch datalogger would freeze, possibly because a buffer problem (with the flood of data) with my computer. I believe the user needs to limit how quickly or how often the sketch reports data to the computer.
I am trying to put Fetch working with Leonardo, folowed all steps on the starting guide PDF with the example in the datalloger librarie, all i get is a white screen and a kind of a progression green bar on the bottom right of the Fetch window at 25% and don t move.
Don t know if this helps, the values in "Frame Rate" are changing.
I went to settings and selected the right COM, and the baud rate, everything else unchanged.
serbar, sorry to hear it isn't working with Leonardo. I don't have a Leonardo, so it's hard to say what is going on. After reading the Leonardo Getting Started Guide, it seems the Leonardo is a slightly different animal when it comes to the serial port.
It sounds like it re-creates a virtual serial port on the PC each time it resets. Are you sure you're selecting the correct serial port #? What baud rate are you setting in Fetch? (Baud rate setting in Fetch should match the SERIAL_BAUD definition in DataLogger.h, default is 115200).
The progress bar doesn't mean anything yet. We should probably remove that until it means something, to avoid confusion.
Are you sure you're selecting the correct serial port #?
Yes i am sure, i use always the same port, COM 9 in my computer.
What baud rate are you setting in Fetch?
Yes i sellect in Settings of Fetch 115200 baud.
There is a thread running on this kind of issue for Leonardo concerning similar programs like Fetch.
drl81 do you have any more suggestions?
Your tool is great for my purposes and i would like to be able to use it.
serbar, thanks for the feedback on this. i've been on vacation and haven't been able to dig into this too deeply. i skimmed the discussion in the link you posted.
in Fetch, have you tried going to Communication->Settings and trying each of the options for Handshake?
if none of those options work, we should be able to release something soon that enables DTR. we'll want to verify it doesn't screw anything up for other arduinos as well.
I look forward to news from you guys.
serbar, try installing the attached version which enables DTR. let us know if it works.
Version installed and working perfect on Leonardo.


Has your brand caught a bug?
People all over the world are talking. Together, their collective voices are deafening. But what are they all saying? Twitter tells me that at this particular moment they are talking about Inception, the latest Hollywood blockbuster, Gamescom, a video games fair in Cologne and sonic booms, after some fighter jets soared over Seattle.
Why are they talking about these things? Because they can talk about anything they like. 'Trending Topics' shows what is getting the most mentions on Twitter at any particular time. If you ever wanted a barometer for the world's natterings, then this is it.
Power is in the hands of the blogging masses, and brands want to know how to harness it. Viral marketing is one answer; the use of social networks to increase brand awareness. The idea is simple; you put out a video, image, game or message onto the internet and pass it on to your friends. They then pass it onto all of their friends and then they pass it onto all of their friends. Before you know it, it's been around the world ten times.
This is one way that some brands are now spreading awareness in the digital age. It is the 21st Century way to reach a modern audience as online word-of-mouth marketing has reached a global level. If you have a message that is worth talking about, it can spread around the world in a matter of hours.
But how do you get people talking about your brand? Companies are getting creative with their online messaging, and if you can get your audience to take the bait, then it could spread faster than wildfire. Small time business Blendtec, who sell smoothie makers, became a global hit with their digital TV channel 'Will it Blend?', in which household items ranging from golf balls to iPhones are tested for their blending capabilities. Viewers watch in awe as every day possessions are disintegrated to pulp by the Blendtec product. It was a viral sensation and product sales boomed as a result.
Drinks retailer, Threshers created an online storm when they sent vouchers out to a select few suppliers offering 40% off in store over Christmas. But the vouchers spread virally to millions, and there was a media frenzy as rumours spread that the off-licence chain would go bust because of the mass uptake. It turned out to be an ingenious online marketing success that sent consumers rushing to take advantage of the offer – which was only a slight improvement on their existing promotions. It was the cheapest and easiest campaign the chain had ever done.
If blenders and off-licences were low down on your list of brands that can excite the minds of the digital swarm, then think again, because they are waiting hungrily for something to talk about. It just goes to show that, with the right creative spark, you might have the idea behind their next explosion.


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