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I International Conference of the Temple, Spiritual Chivalry and Templarism in Almourol available in video (full lenght, all conferences and visits, 9h30m)
The Municipality of Vila Nova da Barquinha just released the full 9h30m of video that documents the full I International Conference of the Temple, Spiritual Chivalry and Templarism that took place in Almourol, Portugal in October, where the milestone Protocol of Almourol was signed.
The I Conference was the first International Event organized by the CITA (here and here), an Interpretation Center for the Order of the Temple and the Order of Christ that complements the world famous Templar Castle of Almourol.
During the Event the OSMTHU and the OSMTJ, represented respectively by Master Antonio Paris and Regent Nicholas Haimovici-Hastier, signed a Protocol with the Municipality, declaring the CITA and Almourol as an International Place of Templar Cultural Interest. Both branches of the Order also committed to the development of the library and archive available at the CITA and the organization of three yearly Conferences where members of the Order, the academic community, researchers and the general public can come together and celebrate the Templar heritage (here).
Short clip of how the collaboration came to be:
PROGRAM OF THE I CONFERENCE
The released videos extensively document the Guided Tours and the Conferences that took place along three days in October 2019. A large part of the content is in English. The footage will be edited shortly in order to make the conferences more accessible and subtitle in English those that are only available in Portuguese.
The present uncut release is, however, very useful for all those who were not able to attend and want to have access to all the discussions and groundbreaking research presented. Reviewing the videos will also provide almple reason not to miss the II International Conference to be held in Almourol in October 2020. (more info: osmthu@mail.com)
THE VIDEOS (Parts 1, 2 and 3)
This entry was posted in Akademy, Almourol, Art, Articles, Calendar Addition, CITA, Crusades, em Português, en Castellano, Events, History, in English, International Conference, News, osmtj, Portugal, Protocol OSMTHU/OSMTJ, Templar Sites, Tomar and tagged Almourol, ordem do templo, osmth, osmthu, osmtj, Templars, Templários, tomar.
Saint Thomas Becket
Posted on December 29, 2019 Updated on April 18, 2019
Martyr, Archbishop of Canterbury, b. Dec. 21, 1118 (?); d. Dec. 29, 1170
Thomas Becket , Saint, martyr, Archbishop of Canterbury, b. at London, December 21, 1118 (?); d. at Canterbury, December 29, 1170. St. Thomas was born of parents who, coming from Normandy, had settled in England some years previously. No reliance can be placed upon the legend that his mother was a Saracen. In after life his humble birth was made the subject of spiteful comment, though his parents were not peasants, but people of some mark, and from his earliest years their son had been well taught and had associated with gentlefolk. He learned to read at Merton Abbey and then studied in Paris. On leaving school he employed himself in secretarial work, first with Sir Richer de l'Aigle and then with his kinsman, Osbert Huitdeniers, who was "Justiciar" of London. Somewhere about the year 1141, under circumstances that are variously related, he entered the service of Theobald, Archbishop of Canterbury, and in that household he won his master's favor and eventually became the most trusted of all his clerks. A description embodied in the Icelandic Saga and derived probably from Robert of Cricklade gives a vivid portrait of him at this period. "To look upon he was slim of growth and pale of hue, with dark hair, a long nose, and a straightly featured face. Blithe of countenance was he, winning and loveable in his conversation, frank of speech in his discourses, but slightly stuttering in his talk, so keen of discernment and understanding that he could always make difficult questions plain after a wise manner." Theobald recognized his capacity, made use of him in many delicate negotiations, and after allowing him to go for a year to study civil and canon law at Bologna and Auxerre, ordained him deacon in 1154, after bestowing upon him several preferments, the most important of which was the Archdeaconry of Canterbury (see Radford, "Thomas of London", p. 53).
It was just at this period that King Stephen died and the young monarch Henry II became unquestioned master of the kingdom. He took "Thomas of London", as Becket was then most commonly called, for his chancellor, and in that office Thomas at the age of thirty-six became, with the possible exception of the justiciar, the most powerful subject in Henry's wide dominions. The chroniclers speak with wonder of the relations which existed between the chancellor and the sovereign, who was twelve years his junior. People declared that "they had but one heart and one mind". Often the king and his minister behaved like two schoolboys at play. But although they hunted or rode at the head of an army together it was no mere comradeship in pastime which united them. Both were hard workers, and both, we may believe, had the prosperity of the kingdom deeply at heart. Whether the chancellor, who was after all the elder man, was the true originator of the administrative reforms which Henry introduced cannot now be clearly determined. In many matters they saw eye to eye. The king's imperial views and love of splendor were quite to the taste of his minister. When Thomas went to France in 1158 to negotiate a marriage treaty, he travelled with such pomp that the people said: "If this be only the chancellor what must be the glory of the king himself?"
In 1153 Thomas acted as justice itinerant in three counties. In 1159 he seems to have been the chief organizer of Henry's expedition to Toulouse, upon which he accompanied him, and though it seems to be untrue that the impost of "scutage" was called into existence for that occasion (Round, "Feudal England", 268-73), still Thomas undoubtedly pressed on the exaction of this money contribution in lieu of military service and enforced it against ecclesiastics in such a way that bitter complaints were made of the disproportionately heavy burden thus imposed upon the Church. In the military operations Thomas took a leading part, and Garnier, a French chronicler, who lived to write of the virtues of St. Thomas and his martyrdom, declares that in these encounters he saw him unhorse many French knights. Deacon though he was, he led the most daring attacks in person, and Edward Grim also gives us to understand that in laying waste the enemy's country with fire and sword the chancellor's principles did not materially differ from those of the other commanders of his time. But although, as men then reported, "he put off the archdeacon", in this and other ways, he was very far from assuming the licentious manners of those around him. No word was ever breathed against his personal purity. Foul conduct or foul speech, lying or unchastity were hateful to him, and on occasion he punished them severely. He seems at all times to have had clear principles with regard to the claims of the Church, and even during this period of his chancellorship he more than once risked Henry's grievous displeasure. For example, he opposed the dispensation which Henry for political reasons extorted from the pope, and strove to prevent the marriage of Mary, Abbess of Romsey, to Matthew of Boulogne. But to the very limits of what his conscience permitted, Thomas identified himself with his master's interests, and Tennyson is true to history when he makes the archbishop say:
I served our Theobald well when I was with him: I served King Henry well as Chancellor: I am his no more, and I must serve the Church.
Archbishop Theobald died in 1161, and in the course of the next year Henry seems to have decided that it would be good policy to prepare the way for further schemes of reform by securing the advancement of his chancellor to the primacy. Our authorities are agreed that from the first Thomas drew back in alarm. "I know your plans for the Church", he said, "you will assert claims which I, if I were archbishop, must needs oppose." But Henry would not be gainsaid, and Thomas at the instance of Cardinal Henry of Pisa, who urged it upon him as a service to religion, yielded in spite of his misgivings. He was ordained priest on Saturday in Whitweek and consecrated bishop the next day, Sunday, June 3, 1162. It seems to have been St. Thomas who obtained for England the privilege of keeping the feast of the Blessed Trinity on that Sunday, the anniversary of his consecration, and more than a century afterwards this custom was adopted by the papal Court itself and eventually imposed upon the whole world.
A great change took place in the saint's way of life after his consecration as archbishop. Even as chancellor he had practiced secret austerities, but now in view of the struggle he clearly saw before him he gave himself to fastings and disciplines, hair shirts, protracted vigils, and constant prayers. Before the end of the year 1162 he stripped himself of all signs of the lavish display which he had previously affected. On August 10 he went barefoot to receive the envoy who brought him the pallium from Rome. Contrary to the king's wish he resigned the chancellorship. Whereupon Henry seems to have required him to surrender certain ecclesiastical preferments which he still retained, notably the archdeaconry, and when this was not done at once showed bitter displeasure. Other misunderstandings soon followed. The archbishop, having, as he believed, the king's express permission, set about to reclaim alienated estates belonging to his see, a procedure which again gave offense. Still more serious was the open resistance which he made to the king's proposal that a voluntary offering to the sheriffs should be paid into the royal treasury. As the first recorded instance of any determined opposition to the king's arbitrary will in a matter of taxation, the incident is of much constitutional importance. The saint's protest seems to have been successful, but the relations with the king only grew more strained.
Soon after this the great matter of dispute was reached in the resistance made by Thomas to the king's officials when they attempted to assert jurisdiction over criminous clerks. The question has been dealt with in some detail in the article England (V, 436). That the saint himself had no wish to be lenient with criminous clerks has been well shown by Norgate (Angevin Kings, ii, 22). It was with him simply a question of principle. St. Thomas seems all along to have suspected Henry of a design to strike at the independence of what the king regarded as a too powerful Church. With this view Henry summoned the bishops at Westminster (October 1, 1163) to sanction certain as yet unspecified articles which he called his grandfather's customs (avitoe consuetudines), one of the known objects of which was to bring clerics guilty of crimes under the jurisdiction of the secular courts. The other bishops, as the demand was still in the vague, showed a willingness to submit, though with the condition "saving our order", upon which St. Thomas inflexibly insisted. The king's resentment was thereupon manifested by requiring the archbishop to surrender certain castles he had hitherto retained, and by other acts of unfriendliness. In deference to what he believed to be the pope's wish, the archbishop in December consented to make some concessions by giving a personal and private undertaking to the king to obey his customs "loyally and in good faith". But when Henry shortly afterwards at Clarendon (January 13, 1164) sought to draw the saint on to a formal and public acceptance of the "Constitutions of Clarendon", under which name the sixteen articles, the avitoe consuetudines as finally drafted, have been commonly known, St. Thomas, though at first yielding somewhat to the solicitations of the other bishops, in the end took up an attitude of uncompromising resistance.
Then followed a period of unworthy and vindictive persecution. When opposing a claim made against him by John the Marshal, Thomas upon a frivolous pretext was found guilty of contempt of court. For this he was sentenced to pay £500; other demands for large sums of money followed, and finally, though a complete release of all claims against him as chancellor had been given on his becoming archbishop, he was required to render an account of nearly all the moneys which had passed through his hands in his discharge of the office. Eventually a sum of nearly £30,000 was demanded of him. His fellow bishops, summoned by Henry to a council at Northampton, implored him to throw himself unreservedly upon the king's mercy, but St. Thomas, instead of yielding, solemnly warned them and threatened them. Then, after celebrating Mass, he took his archiepiscopal cross into his own hand and presented himself thus in the royal council chamber. The king demanded that sentence should be passed upon him, but in the confusion and discussion which ensued the saint with uplifted cross made his way out throughthe mob of angry courtiers. He fled away secretly that night (October 13, 1164), sailed in disguise from Sandwich (November 2), and, after being cordially welcomed by Louis VII of France, he threw himself at the feet of Pope Alexander III, then at Sens, on November 23 The pope, who had given a cold reception to certain episcopal envoys sent by Henry, welcomed the saint very kindly, and refused to accept his resignation of his see. On November 30, Thomas went to take up his residence at the Cistercian Abbey of Pontigny in Burgundy, though he was compelled to leave this refuge a year later, as Henry, after confiscating the archbishop's property and banishing all the Becket kinsfolk, threatened to wreak his vengeance on the whole Cistercian Order if they continued to harbor him.
The negotiations between Henry, the pope, and the archbishop dragged on for the next four years without the position being sensibly changed. Although the saint remained firm in his resistance to the principle of the Constitutions of Clarendon, he was willing to make any concessions that could be reasonably asked of him, and on January 6, 1169, when the kings of England and France were in conference at Montmirail, he threw himself at Henry's feet, but as he still refused to accept the obnoxious customs Henry repulsed him. At last in 1170 some sort of reconciliation was patched up. The question of the customs was not mentioned and Henry professed himself willing to be guided by the archbishop's council as to amends due to the See of Canterbury for the recent violation of its rights in the crowning of Henry's son by the Archbishop of York. On December 1, 1170, St. Thomas again landed in England, and was received with every demonstration of popular enthusiasm. But trouble almost immediately occurred in connection with the absolution of two of the bishops, whose sentence of excommunication St. Thomas had brought with him, as well as over the restoration by the de Broc family of the archbishop's castle at Saltwood. How far Henry was directly responsible for the tragedy which soon after occurred on December 29 is not quite clear. Four knights who came from France demanded the absolution of the bishops. St. Thomas would not comply. They left for a space, but came back at Vesper time with a band of armed men. To their angry question, "Where is the traitor?" the saint boldly replied, "Here I am, no traitor, but archbishop and priest of God." They tried to drag him from the church, but were unable, and in the end they slew him where he stood, scattering his brains on the pavement. His faithful companion, Edward Grim, who bore his cross, was wounded in the struggle.
A tremendous reaction of feeling followed this deed of blood. In an extraordinarily brief space of time devotion to the martyred archbishop had spread all through Europe. The pope promulgated the bull of canonization, little more than two years after the martyrdom, February 21, 1173. On July 12, 1174, Henry II did public penance, and was scourged at the archbishop's tomb. An immense number of miracles were worked, and for the rest of the Middle Ages the shrine of St. Thomas of Canterbury was one of the wealthiest and most famous in Europe. The martyr's holy remains are believed to have been destroyed in September, 1538, when nearly all the other shrines in England were dismantled; but the matter is by no means clear, and, although the weight of learned opinion is adverse, there are still those who believe that a skeleton found in the crypt in January, 1888, is the body of St. Thomas. The story that Henry VIII in 1538 summoned the archbishop to stand his trial for high treason, and that when, in June, 1538, the trial had been held and the accused pronounced contumacious, the body was ordered to be disinterred and burnt, is probably apocryphal.
by Herbert Thurston in catholic.com
This entry was posted in Akademy, Articles, in English, Opinion, Religion and tagged saint thomas becket.
World experts in "Templarism" in Vila Nova da Barquinha
"Order of the Temple – Spiritual Chivalry and Templarism" is the theme of the event that will bring together, between October 11 and 13, 2019, in the Almourol Templar Interpretation Center, Vila Nova da Barquinha, Portugal, the world's leading experts on this subject, with speakers from France, Italy, [Germany, Austria] the United States and Portugal.
Antonio Paris (OSMTHU Master, Italy), Barbara Frale (of the Vatican Archives), Nicolas Haimovici (OSMTJ Regent, France), John von Blauch (United States), Luís de Matos, Manuel J. Gandra, Ernesto Jana and Nuno Villamariz Oliveira (Portugal) are some of the confirmed speakers.
During the event a new temporary exhibition will be inaugurated in the Templar Interpretation Center of Almourol – "Santoral and Templar liturgy". The catalog of the exhibition will be made available on opening day. The event will also be remarked by the signing of Protocols of Cooperation and Partnership with CITA and the reception of the replica of the sword of Godofredo de Bouillon.
The program includes visits to Almourol Castle (Vila Nova da Barquinha) and the Convent of Christ (Tomar), as well as musical moments.
Registrations cost 15 € (with catalog offer), are mandatory and limited. The contact for more information and registration is +351 249720358.
This entry was posted in Akademy, Calendar Addition, Events, History, in English, News, osmtj, Portugal, Templar Sites, Tomar, Travel.
Son of God – Discussion of how this expression is used in the Old and New Testaments
Posted on September 17, 2019 Updated on September 7, 2019
Son of God. IN THE OLD TESTAMENT.—The title "son of God" is frequent in the Old Testament. The word "son" was employed among the Semites to signify not only filiation, but other close connection or intimate relationship. Thus, "a son of strength" was a hero, a warrior, "son of wickedness" a wicked man, "sons of pride" wild beasts, "son of possession" a possessor, "son of pledging" a hostage, "son of lightning" a swift bird, "son of death" one doomed to death, "son of a bow" an arrow, "son of Belial" a wicked man, "sons of prophets" disciples of prophets, etc. The title "son of God" was applied in the Old Testament to persons having any special relationship with God. Angels, just and pious men, the descendants of Seth, were called "sons of God" (Job, i, 6; ii, 1; Ps. lxxxviii, 7; Wisd., ii, 13; etc.). In a similar manner it was given to Israelites (Deut., xiv, 1); and of Israel, as a nation, we read: "And thou shalt say to him: Thus saith the Lord: Israel is my son, my firstborn. I have said to thee: Let my son go, that he may serve me" (Ex., iv, 22 sq.). The leaders of the people, kings, princes, judges, as holding authority from God, were called sons of God. The theocratic king as lieutenant of God, and especially when he was providentially selected to be a type of the Messiah, was honored with the title "son of God". But the Messiah, the Chosen One, the Elect of God, was par excellence called the Son of God (Pa. ii, 7). Even Wellhausen admits that Ps. ii is Messianic (see Hast., "Dict. of the Bible", IV, 571). The prophecies regarding the Messiah became clearer as time went on, and the result is ably summed up by Sanday (ibid.): "The Scriptures of which we have been speaking mark so many different contributions to the total result, but the result, when it is attained, has the completeness of an organic whole. A Figure was created—projected as it were upon the clouds which was invested with all the attributes of a person. And the minds of men were turned towards it in an attitude of expectation. It makes no matter that the lines of the Figure are drawn from different originals. They meet at last in a single portraiture. And we should never have known how perfectly they meet if we had not the New Testament picture to compare with that of the Old Testament. The most literal fulfillment of prediction would not be more conclusive proof that all the course of the world and all the threads of history are in one guiding Hand." The Messiah besides being the Son of God was to be called Emmanuel (God with us), Wonderful, Counselor, God the Mighty, the Father of the world to come, Prince of Peace (Is., viii, 8; ix, 6) (see Messiah).
IN THE NEW TESTAMENT.—The title "the Son of God" is frequently applied to Jesus Christ in the Gospels and Epistles. In the latter it is everywhere employed as a short formula for expressing His Divinity (Sanday); and this usage throws light on the meaning to be attached to it in many passages of the Gospels. The angel announced: "He shall be great, and shall be called the Son of the most High … the Holy which shall be born of thee shall be called the Son of God" (Luke, i, 32, 35). Nathaniel, at his first meeting, called Him the Son of God (John, i, 49). The devils called Him by the same name, the Jews ironically, and the Apostles after He quelled the storm. In all these cases its meaning was equivalent to the Messiah, at least. But much more is implied in the confession of St. Peter, the testimony of the Father, and the words of Jesus Christ.
Confession of St. Peter.—We read in Matt., xvi, 15, 16: "Simon Peter answered and said: Thou art Christ, the Son of the living God. And Jesus answering, said to him: Blessed art thou, Simon Bar-Jona: because flesh and blood hath not revealed it to thee, but my Father who is in heaven." The parallel passages have: "Thou art the Christ" (Mark, viii, 29), "The Christ of God" (Luke, ix, 20). There can be no doubt that St. Matthew gives the original form of the expression, and that St. Mark and St. Luke in giving "the Christ" (the Messiah), instead, used it in the sense in which they understood it when they wrote, viz. as equivalent to "the incarnate Son of God" (see Rose, VI). Sanday, writing of St. Peter's confession, says: "the context clearly proves that Matthew had before him some further tradition, possibly that of the Logia, but in any case a tradition that has the look of being original" (Hastings, "Dict. of the Bible"). As Rose well points out, in the minds of the Evangelists Jesus Christ was the Messiah because He was the Son of God, and not the Son of God because He was the Messiah.
Testimony of the Father.—At the Baptism.—"And Jesus being baptized, forthwith came out of the water: and lo, the heavens were opened to him: and he saw the Spirit of God descending as a dove, and coming upon him. And behold a voice from heaven, saying: This is my beloved Son, in whom I am well pleased" (Matt., iii, 16, 17). "And there came a voice from heaven: Thou art my beloved Son; in thee I am well pleased" (Mark, i, 11; Luke, iii, 22).
At the Transfiguration.—"And lo, a voice out of the cloud, saying: This is my beloved Son, in whom I am well pleased: hear ye him" (Matt., xvii, 5; Mark, ix, 6; Luke, ix, 35). Though Rose admits that the words spoken at the Baptism need not necessarily mean more than what was suggested by the Old Testament, viz. Son of God is equal to the Messiah, still, as the same words were used on both occasions, it is likely they had the same meaning in both cases. The Transfiguration took place within a week after St. Peter's confession, and the words were used in the meaning in which the three disciples would then understand them; and at the Baptism it is probable that only Christ, and perhaps the Baptist, heard them, so that it is not necessary to interpret them according to the current opinions of the crowd. Even so cautious a critic as the Anglican Professor Sanday writes on these passages: "And if, on the occasions in question, the Spirit of God did intimate prophetically to chosen witnesses, more or fewer, a revelation couched partly in the language of the ancient Scriptures, it would by no means follow that the meaning of the revelation was limited to the meaning of the older Scriptures. On the contrary, it would be likely enough that the old words would be charged with new meaning—that, indeed the revelation … would yet be in substance a new revelation ….And we may assume that to His (Christ's) mind the announcement `Thou art my Son' meant not only all that it ever meant to the most enlightened seers of the past, but, yet more, all that the response of His own heart told Him that it meant in the present…. But it is possible, and we should be justified in supposing—not by way of dogmatic assertion but by way of pious belief—in view of the later history and the progress of subsequent revelation, that the words were intended to suggest a new truth, not hitherto made known, viz. that the Son was Son not only in the sense of the Messianic King, or of an Ideal People, but that the idea of sonship was fulfilled in Him in a way yet more mysterious and yet more essential; in other words, that He was Son, not merely in prophetic revelation, but in actual transcendent fact before the foundation of the world" (Hastings, "Dict. of the Bible").
Testimony of Jesus Christ.—(I) The Synoptics.—The key to this is contained in His words, after the Resurrection: "I ascend to my Father and to your Father" (John, xx, 17). He always spoke of my Father, never of our Father. He said to the disciples: "Thus then shall you pray: Our Father", etc. He everywhere draws the clearest possible distinction between the way in which God was His Father and in which He was the Father of all creatures. His expressions clearly prove that He claimed to be of the same nature with God; and His claims to Divine Sonship are contained very clearly in the Synoptic Gospels, though not as frequently as in St. John.
"Did you not know, that I must be about my father's business?" (Luke, ii, 49); "Not every one that saith to me, Lord, Lord, shall enter into the kingdom of heaven: but he that doth the will of my Father who is in heaven, he shall enter into the kingdom of heaven. Many will say to me in that day: Lord, Lord, have not we prophesied in thy name, and cast out devils in thy name, and done many miracles in thy name? And then will I profess unto them, I never knew you: depart from me you, that work iniquity" (Matt., vii, 21-23). "Everyone therefore that shall confess me before men, I will also confess him before my Father who is in heaven" (Matt., x, 32). "At that time Jesus answered and said: I confess to thee, O Father, Lord of heaven and earth, because thou hast hid these things from the wise and prudent, and hast revealed them to little ones. Yea, Father; for so hath it seemed good in thy sight. All things are delivered to me by my Father. And no one knoweth the Son, but the Father: neither doth any one know the Father, but the Son, and he to whom it shall please the Son to reveal him. Come to me, all you that labor, and are burdened, and I will refresh you" (Matt., xi, 25-30; Luke, x, 21, 22). In the parable of the wicked husbandmen the son is distinguished from all other messengers: "Therefore having yet one son, most dear to him; he also sent him unto them last of all, saying: They will reverence my son. But the husbandmen said one to another: This is the heir; come let us kill him" (Mark, xii, 6). Compare Matt., xxii, 2, "The kingdom of heaven is likened to a king, who made a marriage for his son." In Matt., xvii, 25, He states that as Son of God He is free from the temple tax. "David therefore himself calleth him Lord, and whence is he then his son?" (Mark, xii, 37). He is Lord of the angels. He shall come "in the clouds of heaven with much power and majesty. And he shall send his angels" (Matt., xxiv, 30, 31). He confessed before Caiphas that he was the Son of the blessed God (Mark, xiv, 61-2). "Going therefore, teach ye all nations, baptizing them in the name of the Father, and of the Son, and of the Holy Ghost … and behold I am with you all days, even to the consummation of the world" (Matt., xxviii, 19, 20).
The claims of Jesus Christ, as set forth in the Synoptic Gospels, are so great that Salmon is justified in writing (Introd. to New Test., p. 197): "We deny that they [Christ's utterances in the Fourth Gospel] are at all inconsistent with what is attributed to Him in the Synoptic Gospels. On the contrary, the dignity of our Savior's person, and the duty of adhering to Him, are as strongly stated in the discourses which St. Matthew puts into His mouth as in any later Gospel…. The Synoptic Evangelists all agree in representing Jesus as persisting in this claim [of Supreme Judge] to the end, and finally incurring condemnation for blasphemy from the high-priest and the Jewish Council. . It follows that the claims which the Synoptic Gospels represent our Lord as making for Himself are so high … that, if we accept the Synoptic Gospels as truly representing the character of our Lord's language about Himself, we certainly have no right to reject St. John's account, on the score that he puts too exalted language about Himself into the mouth of our Lord."
St. John's Gospel.—It will not be necessary to give more than a few passages from St. John's Gospel. "My Father worketh until now; and I work. For the Father loveth the Son, and sheweth him all things which he himself doth: and greater works than these will he shew him, that you may wonder. For as the Father raiseth up the dead, and giveth life: so the Son also giveth life to whom he will. For neither doth the Father judge any man, but hath given' all judgment to the Son. That all may honor the Son, as they honor the Father" (v, 17, 20-23). "And this is the will of my Father that sent me: that everyone who seeth the Son, and believeth in him, may have life everlasting, and I will raise him up in the last day" (vi, 40). "Father, the hour is come, glorify thy Son, that thy Son may glorify thee….And now glorify thou me, O Father, with thyself, with the glory which I had, before the world was, with thee" (xvii, 1, 5).
St. Paul.—St. Paul in the Epistles, which were written much earlier than most of our Gospels, clearly teaches the Divinity of Jesus Christ, and that He was the true Son of God; and it is important to remember that his enemies the Judaizers never dared to attack this teaching, a fact which proves that they could not find the smallest semblance of a discrepancy between his doctrines on this point and that of the other Apostles.
Son of Man.—In the Old Testament "son of man" is always translated in the Septuaginst without the article as Greek: uios anthropou. It is employed as a poetical synonym for man, or for the ideal man, e.g. "God is not as a man, that he should lie, nor as a son of man, that he should be changed" (Num., xxiii, 19). "Blessed is the man that doth this and the son of man that shall lay hold on this" (Is., lvi, 2). "Let thy hand be upon the man of thy right hand: and upon the son of man whom thou hast confirmed for thyself" (Ps. lxxix, 18). The Prophet Ezechiel is addressed by God as "son of man" more than ninety times, e.g. "Son of man, stand upon thy feet, and I will speak to thee" (Ezech., ii, 1). This usage is confined to Ezechiel except one passage in Daniel, where Gabriel said: "Understand, O son of man, for in the time of the end the vision shall be fulfilled" (Dan., viii, 17).
In the great vision of Daniel, after the appearance of the four beasts, we read: "I beheld therefore in the vision of the night, and lo, one like a son of man came with the clouds of heaven, and he came even to the Ancient of days: and they presented him before him. And he gave him power, and glory, and a kingdom: and all peoples, tribes, and tongues shall serve him: his power is an everlasting power that shall not be taken away: and his kingdom shall not be destroyed" (vii, 13 sq.). The person who appears here as son of man is interpreted by many non-Catholics as representing the Messianic kingdom, but there is nothing to prevent the passage from being taken to represent not only the Messianic kingdom, but par excellence the Messianic king. In the explanation, verse 17, the four beasts are "four kings" R.V., not "four kingdoms" as translated by D. V., though they appear to signify four kingdoms as well, for the characteristics of oriental kingdoms were identified with the characters of their kings. So when it is said in verse 18: "But the saints of the most high God shall take the kingdom: and they shall possess the kingdom for ever and ever", the king is no more excluded here than in the case of the four beasts. The "son of man" here was early interpreted of the Messiah, in the Book of Henoch, where the expression is used almost as a Messianic title, though there is a good deal in Drummond's argument that even here it was not used as a Messianic title notwithstanding the fact that it was understood of the Messiah. It has to be added that in the time of Christ it was not very widely, if at all, known as a Messianic title.
The employment of the expression in the Gospels is very remarkable. It is used to designate Jesus Christ no fewer than eighty-one times—thirty times in St. Matthew, fourteen times in St. Mark, twenty-five times in St. Luke, and twelve times in St. John. Contrary to what obtains in the Septuagint, it appears everywhere with the article, as o uios tou anthropou. Greek scholars are agreed that the correct translation of this is "the son of man", not "the son of the man". The possible ambiguity may be one of the reasons why it is seldom or never found in the early Greek Fathers as a title for Christ. But the most remarkable thing connected with "the Son of Man" is that it is found only in the mouth of Christ. It is never employed by the disciples or Evangelists, nor by the early Christian writers. It is found once only in Acts, where St. Stephen exclaims: "Behold, I see the heavens opened, and the Son of Man standing on the right hand of God" (vii, 55). The whole incident proves that it was a well-known expression of Christ's. Though the saying was so frequently employed by Christ, the disciples preferred some more honorific title and we do not find it at all in St. Paul nor in the other Epistles. St. Paul perhaps uses something like an equivalent when he calls Christ the second or last Adam. The writers of the Epistles, moreover, probably wished to avoid the Greek ambiguity just alluded to.
The expression is Christ's, in spite of the futile attempts of some German Rationalists and others to show that He could not have used it. It was not invented by the writers of the Gospels to whom it did not appear to be a favorite title, as they never use it of Christ themselves. It was not derived by them from what is asserted was a false interpretation of Daniel, because it appears in the early portions of the public ministry where there is no reference to Daniel. The objection that Christ could not have used it in Aramaic because the only similar expression was bar-nasha, which then meant only "man", bar having by that time lost its meaning of "son", is not of much weight. Only little is known of the Aramaic spoken in Palestine in the time of Christ; and as Drummond points out special meaning could be given to the word by the emphasis with which it was pronounced, even if bar-nasha had lost its primary meaning in Palestine, which is not at all proved. As the same writer shows, there were other expressions in Aramaic which Christ could have employed for the purpose, and Sanday suggests that He may have occasionally spoken in Greek.
The early Fathers were of the opinion that the expression was used out of humility and to show Christ's human nature, and this is very probable considering the early rise of Docetism. This is also the opinion of Cornelius a Lapide. Others, such as Knabenbauer, think that He adopted a title which would not give umbrage to His enemies, and which, as time went on, was capable of being applied so as to cover His Messianic claims—to include everything that had been foretold of the representative man, the second Adam, the suffering servant of Jehovah, the Messianic king.
By C. Aherne in catholic.com
This entry was posted in Akademy, Articles, in English, Opinion, Religion and tagged Bible, studies.


I really enjoy the combination of out-patient clinics and endoscopic procedures.
Dealing with very treatable conditions; I am able to relieve most patients' symptoms.
The importance of the gut microbiota in health and disease.
Dr Iain Murray-Lyon, Retired Consultant Gastroenterologist at Charing Cross Hospital. I was one of his undergraduate students and his House Officer in 1987. His teaching, enthusiasm and clinical abilities shaped my career choice and help enabled it.
Over 29 years of marriage to my wife, Sara, and our 3 sons.
How changes in the biodiversity of the gut microbiota will be shown to influence Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis.


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Multicultural Adamstown school 'very proud to be inclusive'
Students of St John the Evangelist National School come from all over the world, from different backgrounds and religions
Tue, Feb 24, 2015, 04:30
Erin McGuire
Students of St John the Evangelist National School come from all over the world, from different backgrounds and religions. We talk to the students and teachers about their school day. Video: Daniel O'Connor
Children at St John the Evangelist National School, Adamstown, Co Dublin. Photograph: Dara Mac Dónaill
The biggest challenge of running St John the Evangelist National School in Adamstown, south of Lucan, Co Dublin, has "nothing to do with the profile of the children and families in the school. The challenge was starting something from scratch and trying to make a success of it," says principal Tony McGinley.
More than 90 per cent of the student body is from a non-Irish background, according to data in the annual census carried out by the Department of Education for the 2013-2014 school year.
St John the Evangelist is one of the disproportionately small number of schools that educate the majority of students from immigrant backgrounds.
McGinley said the school's population has been this multicultural since it opened its doors in 2007 to 59 students and four teachers. It now has 360 students and 25 teachers.
"We're the fastest-growing Catholic school in the country. So that's been the biggest challenge: dealing with such rapid growth and the evolution of the school in such a short period of time," he says.
"We're very proud that we're an inclusive school. It reflects the ethos we have here as a Catholic school. We've fully embraced the multicultural nature of our school, and it's something we celebrate."
Last year, the school's Gaelic football team played in Croke Park. Only one team member had Irish-born parents.
The families in the school come from all over the world, from different backgrounds and religions. There is a "large African population but from a variety of African countries". There are also many children with Filipino and Indian backgrounds.
Concentration of children of non-Irish origin in primary schools
Orange icon = Schools with over 66% of pupils of non-Irish origin
Blue icon = Greater than average level of pupils of non-Irish origin
Yellow icon = Lower than average level of pupils of non-Irish origin
(Average share of non-Irish pupils in schools = 11.1%)
Non-Catholic population
Twelve per cent of the students are Muslim, and about 60 per cent are Catholic. Many of the Catholic students are from the Philippines, India, African countries and eastern Europe. There is also a large Christian, non-Catholic population.
"Even though many families are not Catholic, they want their children taught in a religious-ethos school. So we cater for children of all backgrounds and all creeds."
St John the Evangelist shares its campus with Adamstown Castle Educate Together National School, the only other national school in Adamstown. There are 70 primary schools in the greater Lucan area, including Church of Ireland, Educate Together, Gaelscoileanna, community national schools and Catholic schools.
The school deals with religion in a "respectful manner", says McGinley.
During Catholic religious instruction, for example, teachers try to have another activity for the Muslim, Sikh, Hindu and other children in the same classroom. The school hasn't had requests for children to be withdrawn from religion class.
The local Islamic community runs after-school Koran classes, and the Redeemed Christian Church of God, a mainly African church, also uses the school for regular prayer meetings.
"We're doing what I feel is a very good job . . . We're in a situation that is relatively unique. There are only a handful of schools with our profile. It's a new experience for everyone."
"English is spoken in a lot of [students'] homes, but the majority would have a language other than English or Irish spoken as well," says McGinley.
There are a number of language support programmes offered at the school for EAL (English as an additional language) students. There is a focus on early intervention.
Guided reading is a school-wide programme that teachers conduct daily in every class. Literacy Lift Off is taught to senior infants and first-class students, and the Aistear programme is taught daily at junior and senior infant level. The school also uses the one-to-one programme Reading Recovery.
"You might get a child coming into fourth or fifth class with no English. In a situation like that, you have to put something in place specifically for them," says McGinley.
The school's standardised test results in English are above the national average, and numeracy scores are at the national average. "The children have coped very well here," says McGinley.
"When a parent hands a child over to a school, their expectation is you'll do your very best for that child, no matter what their background. Our parents would have very high expectations for their children, and so would we."
Tony Mcginley
Educate Together
Evangelist National School In Adamstown
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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UniSA architect explores a revolutionary housing concept
A University of South Australia researcher is working with four Adelaide councils to explore a major gap in housing opportunities for older residents.
Senior Lecturer in Architecture Dr Damian Madigan says new housing forms are desperately needed to allow people to remain in their neighbourhoods as they age, by adapting their homes and embracing a new form of shared living.
A $74,000 project led by Unley Council will see Dr Madigan work with Unley, Burnside, Prospect and Walkerville Councils to design a multi-generational housing concept in the established suburbs.
"These suburbs have a higher-than-average proportion of people over the age of 60 who have limited choices to downsize in their current neighbourhoods if their housing no longer suits their needs or if they wish to avoid the empty-nest syndrome of living in a house that has become difficult to manage," Dr Madigan says.
The idea is to alter and perhaps extend established homes – many on large blocks – to incorporate other people in a mix of private and shared spaces while still preserving the character of the home and neighbourhood.
"Through retrofits, alterations and additions, this project will explore a variety of housing options that could suit the needs of older residents who would like to retain their independence but share some aspects of their living arrangements with like-minded others.
"The co-housing movement is common internationally in new projects and there is increasing anecdotal evidence of older Australians independently organising shared living arrangements that differ from formal retirement villages."
The detached single-family home is still a "hugely successful and desirable housing model" but is no longer suited to many sections of the community, Dr Madigan says, with the nuclear family taking a back seat to other living arrangements, including single person households, which are increasing across Australia.
By 2036, one in three households in South Australia is anticipated to have just one occupant, many of whom will be over the age of 65.
Adelaide has a predominance of large and expensive housing across the suburbs, with little choice for people wishing to transition to smaller, more affordable and more socially connected housing, Dr Madigan says.
"Our challenge is to create housing options that sit somewhere between the single-family home at one end of the housing spectrum and apartments and units at the other. Younger home owners looking for affordable multi-generational housing, sharing with older people, would also benefit."
Older housing stock in South Australia lends itself to a wide variety of side and rear additions, internal modifications and retrofits, Dr Madigan says.
"These new housing models are designed to achieve long-term shared goals rather than short-term financial gains. Build-to-rent models can also be incorporated where much of the new housing can be offered as long-term rentals, which is important for older renters who struggle to secure leases beyond 12 months. The ability to offer long-term leases to older renters and to provide greater flexibility for allowing pets is becoming increasingly important.
"South Australia is an ideal place to establish these new modes of 'missing middle' housing. This is an opportunity for us to take a national lead in demonstrating a new form of housing that suits an ageing population," Dr Madigan says.
The project, which is due to be completed by the middle of 2020, will deliver a suite of architectural designs and planning strategies and involve workshops with older residents in the four councils to seek their feedback.
Dr Damian Madigan is a Senior Lecturer in the School of Art, Architecture and Design at the University of South Australia.
The $74,000 project comprises $45,000 from the Office for Ageing Well (SA Health), $12,000 from the Department of Planning, Transport and Infrastructure (DPTI) and the balance shared equally by Unley, Burnside, Prospect and Walkerville Local Councils.
Media contact: Candy Gibson office +61 8 8302 0961 mobile: +61 434 605 142
email: candy.gibson@unisa.edu.au
Citizen science helps nurture our health through nature


Ambling in Antwerp – Run. Ride. Roam.
A day of roaming and getting jobs done, was on the cards for the day. We made a leisurely start and strolled out into the streets of Antwerp. It was a bit quieter this morning, which was nice and more suited to our now precious and sensitive selves, who are not acclimatised at all to noise and crowds. When we arrived yesterday, we hit peak hour for pedestrians, with school out and people leaving work and our roaming was a very busy affair. This morning we had a little more room to move and we strolled through the grand interior of Centraal Station and out into the city. One of the first things I spotted was another reminder of home. It seems there are some poor ol' koalas stuck in the zoo. Poor little cobbers are a long way from home.
Don't get me started on the apostrophe!
We got some practical jobs done, ready for our onward journey in Belgium, then settled into some strolling. The painter, Peter Paul Rubens, is a famous former resident of Antwerp. We said hello to himself, in the form of his statute and saw his house. Rubens lived his whole life in Antwerp, but he and his wife bought the house in 1610, then spent time renovating it, adding extensions and updates and they lived in it for five years. At the time it was the grandest house in Antwerp.
We strolled through the squares and cobbled streets and admired the buildings. Like so many European cities, the architecture is very grand and I just stare and admire the work and time that's gone into designing and creating them. Although, even more modern buildings seem to be designed with the eye in mind. We walked through a shopping centre and the interior was quite breathtaking, with ornate details and a grand dome. This wasn't a Westfield tribute to concrete!
Time for lunch, so we turned once again to the faithful App that would point us in the direction of a suitable eatery with veggie options. We found one a few steps away and sat ourselves down at an outside table, where the sun was starting to put in an appearance and warm up the day. The menu all sounded delicious, with some very nice vegan options, so I went for a wrap and Steve ordered a burger and we sat and waited for our morsels to arrive. What was that? What did I just feel? No, surely not! R-A-I-N!!! Yep, those clouds had reappeared in a dastardly shade of black and decided to rain on our parade. We picked up our bits and pieces and joined the other outdoor diners in the mass migration to the shelter of indoor tables. Oh well, we nearly managed an alfresco luncheon. Not quite, but nearly! Lunch was delicious and the wet was outside, away from us, so it was all most enjoyable.
There comes a time in any rainy day however, when it becomes necessary to actually venture forth into the wetness. Umbrellas at the ready, off we went, with a splash here and a squelch there and continued some roaming in the rain, perambulation in the precipitation, dawdling in the damp and strolling in the sogginess. Eventually, we did decide to pull the pin and head for some shelter to dry out, so after collecting our necessary evening supplies, we returned to our room.
At least Ira had a rest and the umbrella came in from the reserve team.
It was a slow day but an enjoyable one. We didn't have any extra surprises from bare body bits, so it was a very sedate and G rated day. We got our jobs done, roamed leisurely and saw some sights of Antwerp. We shall pedal on tomorrow, heading south, so we will discover what cycling Belgian style is all about. We will try and go forth with the adventurous spirit of that famous Belgian, Tin-Tin and find our way by attempting to follow the advice of that other great Belgian, Hercule Poirot, and use our "little grey cells". Tomorrow is another day and surprises await. We're ready to unwrap them!
We walk in the footsteps of the famous! Hercule was always most offended when people called him French! And yes, the eyes only feasted on the naked beauty of the surroundings today, rather than just the naked!


Seasonal actress Seyi Ashekun is now a proud mother of two.
The actress who welcomed her first child in May 2017 delivered a baby girl in the US yesterday.
Her colleagues broke the good news on IG this morning.


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Nine West Group, Inc. - Company Profile, Information, Business Description, History, Background Information on Nine West Group, Inc.
Nine West Plaza
1129 Westchester Avenue
White Plains, New York 10604
History of Nine West Group, Inc.
Nine West Group, Inc. is a leading designer, developer, and marketer of women's casual and dress footwear, offering a full selection of women's shoes in three retail price ranges, from $25 for a pair of shoes to $150 for a pair of leather boots. The three market segments of the U.S. women's shoe market in which Nine West competes are classified by industry terms as 'better,' 'upper moderate,' and 'moderate.' Nine West has realized considerable success in both wholesale and retail operations, and the company's footwear is available through department, specialty, and independent stores nationwide, in addition to the company's own retail outlets. The company's nationally recognized brands include Enzo Angiolini, Calico, Spa, and Westies. In 1999, in the wake of slumping sales and an SEC investigation of the company's accounting practices, Nine West was purchased by Jones Apparel Group, Inc., becoming a wholly-owned subsidiary.
The Women's Shoe Market in the 1970s and 1980s
The company commenced operations in May 1977, when Jerome Fisher and Vincent Camuto incorporated a wholesale women's shoe business named Fisher Camuto Corporation. The company was a logical extension of business ties the two founders had formed nearly a decade earlier with manufacturers in southern Brazil, where costs associated with production were relatively low. Specifically, raw materials were abundant in Brazil, labor was cheaper, and capital expenditures were minimal. Fisher Camuto Corporation's utilization of Brazilian manufacturing facilities and personnel was a boon to the company, a hallmark of its success, and one not to be underestimated in understanding the history of the company's growth.
As the relationship with factory managers in Brazil matured and facilities there became more sophisticated, Fisher Camuto Corporation grew. The company generated $9 million in sales within its first year of business, a total that increased to more than $300 million over the course of the next decade. Although its design and marketing operations were based in the United States, and manufacturing was performed abroad, the Fisher Camuto Corporation nevertheless managed to maintain a production schedule commensurate with those of other U.S.-based shoe designers and manufacturers. Moreover, Fisher and Camuto proved adept at adjusting the company's designs to suit rapidly changing fashion trends.
In 1988, Fisher and Camuto formed Jervin Inc., a name derived by combining the first three letters of their first names. Jervin was established as a private-label concern engaged in arranging, on an agency basis, the sale of unbranded, or private-label, women's footwear manufactured in Brazil to retailers and wholesalers. The following year, when the company's annual sales were $338.7 million, Fisher and Camuto attempted to acquire the footwear division of U.S. Shoe Corporation, the assets of which had already aroused the interest of several other companies. A bidding war ensued, with Merrill Lynch Capital Partners emerging as the leader. Although Fisher and Camuto were willing to better Merrill Lynch Capital Partners bid of $422.5 million, U.S. Shoe Corporation's financial adviser, Merrill Lynch Capital Markets, claimed that the terms of a binding contract between U.S. Shoe and Merrill Lynch expressly forbade U.S. Shoe from providing the wholesaler with any confidential material or allowing it to participate in the bidding process. Rebuffed, Fisher and Camuto were forced to turn their attentions elsewhere.
Nevertheless, over the next three years, Fisher and Camuto's company embarked on a period of prodigious growth. From 1989 to 1992, annual sales climbed from $338.7 million to $461.6 million, while net income increased more than 60 percent, from $14.3 million to $38.2 million. These increases were particularly impressive given the business environment at the time. The late 1980s and early 1990s were deleterious years for women's specialty apparel and footwear retailers, as overall sales had declined dramatically during a recession that stifled the nation's economy.
New Concepts in Shoe Retail: The 1990s
By the end of the 1980s, Fisher and Camuto's company was involved in both the wholesale and retail markets of the women's shoes business. On December 31, 1991, these concerns--Fisher Camuto Corporation, Fisher Camuto Retail Corporation, and Espressioni, Inc.--merged to form a new company, which was soon renamed Nine West Group Inc. Preparing to go public, Fisher and Camuto merged Jervin Inc. into the Nine West Group, of which it became a division in 1992. Once this transaction was completed, Nine West became a public corporation in early February 1993, selling shares of common stock on the New York Stock Exchange.
By this time, Nine West was operating 236 retail and outlet stores as well as designing and marketing branded and private-label shoes to more than 2,000 department, specialty, and independent store customers. Of its five nationally recognized brands, its Nine West brand was the most successful, having been redefined and repositioned in 1989 to compete in the $50 to $65 price range. The company's more moderately priced Calico brand represented its most traditionally styled shoe, typically selling for between $40 and $50. Nine West's Westies brand, sold only by independent retailers, competed in the under $40 market segment, while the Enzo Angiolini brand, the company's designer label, comprised leather shoes priced between $65 and $80. The company's fifth brand, 9 & Co., was created to attract a younger clientele and featured a line of junior footwear priced below $50, which was sold through the company's new retail store concept, also named 9 & Co.
In the wholesale side of its business, Nine West distributed private-label shoes to a host of large, nationally recognized customers, including J.C. Penney Company, Sears, Roebuck & Co., Thom McAn Shoe Company, and Kinney Shoes. Design, manufacturing, and sales operations of the private-label footwear were overseen by Nine West's Jervin division. The company's branded shoes were distributed to several of the largest department stores in the country, including The May Department Stores Company, R.H. Macy & Co., Federated Department Stores, Nordstrom, and Dillard Department Stores.
Nine West's success was largely dependent on its use of Brazilian manufacturing facilities. While these factories had initially manufactured 200 pairs of shoes per day for Fisher and Camuto, the production level had increased exponentially, reaching 130,000 pairs of shoes per day in 1993. During this time, the industry in Brazil employed a work force of over 39,000 and maintained cost-efficient factories, which operated their own tanneries. Moreover, through manufacturing arrangements with 25 independent Brazilian shoe manufacturers, which produced Nine West shoes in 40 factories, Nine West was able to deliver design specifications and receive completed products in an eight-week period, giving the company a supplier network that ranked among the best in the U.S. shoe industry.
Buoyed by this established supply network, Nine West capitalized on a fashion trend away from sneakers toward heavier, sturdier shoes, a trend widely embraced by younger consumers in late 1993 and early 1994. The shift in consumers' tastes caught several of the country's large athletic shoe manufacturers--Reebok International Ltd., Nike, Inc., and L.A. Gear, Inc.--by surprise, and their sales figures declined. However, Nine West and some other companies, such as Timberland Co., an outdoor apparel and shoe company, experienced a surge in profits. Nine West's stock price, which initially sold for $17.50 per share, shot up to more than $34 by the fourth quarter of the company's 1993 fiscal year.
As Nine West planned for the future, it focused on becoming a greater retail force in the U.S. shoe industry, a market segment that represented a $14 billion business in 1993. Toward this end, in 1994, the company planned to open 20 Enzo Angiolini stores, prompted by heightened consumer interest in elegant footwear. By 1997, Nine West's management hoped to derive half of its sales from the retail segment of its business, which during the mid-1990s recorded one of the highest sales-per-square-foot averages in the U.S. shoe industry at $555 per-square-foot a year. With more than 325 retail stores and its established wholesale business supplying more than 5,500 storefronts with women's shoes, Nine West expected to garner a greater share of the U.S. retail and wholesale market.
Highs and Lows in the Late 1990s
By the mid-1990s, however, prospects for the U.S. shoe industry were bleak. A glut of shoe products, combined with the rapid proliferation of retail outlets nationwide, drove sales forecasts down to two or three percent. Compounding the problem for shoe manufacturers was a recent practice among retailers and department stores of developing their own private-label products. To counter this trend, Nine West began opening a number of new boutiques in upscale urban areas, most notably in Union Square, San Francisco, in November 1994. At the same time, in an effort to diversify its product line, Nine West acquired LJS Accessory Collections, Ltd., a manufacturer of women's accessories, in January 1995.
In March 1995 Nine West finally acquired U.S. Shoe for $600 million. The deal doubled the size of the company and made Nine West the nation's third largest shoe manufacturer. More significant than this growth, however, was the acquisition of U.S. Shoe's major brands, which included Amalfi, Evan-Picone, and Bandolino. Particularly valuable was the Easy Spirit line of shoes, which saw $200 million in sales in 1994, and accounted for all of U.S. Shoe's $35 million profits. By the end of 1995 Nine West could boast 35 percent of all women's shoes sold in department stores, as well as 17 percent of the specialty footware market. Contrary to industry forecasts, Nine West's future seemed bright.
In November 1996, the company moved back to New York, taking advantage of a number of financial incentives, such as tax breaks and electricity savings, to relocate to White Plains. The year 1996 was another strong year for the company, with sales of $1.6 billion, and increase of 33 percent over the previous year, and net profits reaching $95 million. Riding the momentum of this continued success, the company embarked on a new publicity strategy, in the hopes of changing its image from a that of a manufacturer of affordable shoes into a major 'fashion brand.' In 1996 the company reached a licensing agreement with Calvin Klein, whereby Nine West would assume responsibility for the operation of 20 CK Shoe boutiques, and an ambitious advertising campaign, featuring photographs by Herb Ritts, was launched in early 1997. Meanwhile, the recently-acquired accessories business was doing far better than expected, with sales reaching $45 million after only two years.
This growth came to an abrupt halt in May 1997, however, when the SEC announced its intention to launch an investigation into Nine West's accounting practices, in particular its manner of reporting sales. The company's initial reluctance to report this development to its shareholders only made matters worse; when a press release became unavoidable the company's stock dropped 18 percent. By December the stock had fallen 45 percent from the year's high, and in 1998 the company was forced to cut production from five million to three million units, resulting in the closing of two factories and 100 retail stores, and nearly 1,000 job cuts. More problems followed in early 1999, when a number of independent Nine West store owners filed an anti-trust suit against the company, alleging that it was engaging in unfair pricing practices with major department stores.
It was in the midst of these difficult times that the Jones Apparel Group tendered a substantial offer for the company, and an acquisition, worth $885 million, was announced in March 1999. While the proposed deal did not sit well with some Jones Apparel investors, in light of Nine West's ongoing legal difficulties, the merger went through in June, and Nine West became a wholly-owned subsidiary. In the wake of the consolidation, the shoe manufacturer was forced to close three plants and lay off 1,900 workers, or 21 percent of its work force. After Jones entered into a settlement agreement with the Nine West Store owners in March 2000, it seemed the shoe company was once again on an even keel, and analysts were projecting sales for the newly-combined businesses to rise as high as $4.18 billion for the coming year, with profits increasing by 20 percent.
Principal Competitors: Brown Shoe Company, Inc.; Kenneth Cole Productions, Inc.; Candies, Inc.; Etienne Aigner, Inc.; Maxwell Shoe Company Inc.
1977: Jerome Fisher and Vincent Camuto form the Fisher Camuto Corporation.
1988: Jervin Inc. is formed.
1991: Nine West Group Inc. is formed.
1993: Nine West begins selling shares on the New York Stock Exchange.
1995: Nine West acquires U.S. Shoe Corporation.
1997: SEC launches investigation of Nine West accounting practices.
1999: Nine West is acquired by Jones Apparel Group.
Wholly-Owned Subsidiary of Jones Apparel Group, Inc.
Incorporated: 1977 as Fisher Camuto Corporation
Sales: $1.92 billion (1999)
NAIC: 316214 Women's Footwear (Except Athletic) Manufacturing; 448210 Shoe Stores; 316219 Other Footwear Manufacturing next>
Gault, Ylonda, 'Dressing to the Nines: Nine West Is a Shoe-In for Investors,' Crain's New York Business, April 14, 1997.Getler, Warren, 'Insiders Often Dump Shares Long Before Concerns Enter Bankruptcy, Study Says,' Wall Street Journal, July 7, 1993, p. A5.Goldman, Abigail, 'Jones Apparel in $885-Million Deal to Buy Nine West,' Los Angeles Times, March 3, 1999.Grant, Peter, 'State Snares 1,400 Jobs; Conn. Loss White Plains Gain,' Daily News (New York), November 15, 1996.Hoffer, Richard, 'Wayne Weaver,' Sports Illustrated, December 13, 1993, p. 64.'Jones Apparel Completes Nine West Group Acquisition,' Women's Wear Daily, June 16, 1999, p. 2.'Jones Apparel Says Schwartz Will Leave Its Nine West Group,' Wall Street Journal Abstracts, January 12, 2000, p. C21.Marcial, Gene G., 'Nine West Has Put On Its Dancing Shoes,' Business Week, May 31, 1993, p. 79.'Market Basket,' Women's Wear Daily, May 24, 1994, p. 8.'Nine West Group,' Fortune, May 3, 1993, p. 73.Pereira, Joseph, 'Footwear Firms Hit by Fashion Change, Face Disappointing Quarterly Earnings,' Wall Street Journal, January 17, 1994, p. A5.Petersen, Melody, 'A Good Fit Is Starting to Pinch; Nine West Tries to Fend off Investigations and Debt,' New York Times, December 6, 1997.------, 'Bringing `Em to Heel: Shoe Stores Say Nine West Unfairly Fixes Prices,' Los Angeles Daily News, January 16, 1999, Bus. Sec.Reilly, Patrick M., 'Nine West Group Prepares for Return of Sleek Footwear,' Wall Street Journal, March 11, 1994, p. A4.'U.S. Shoe Corp.,' Wall Street Journal, March 15, 1989, p. C6.
Elaine Bell
Mar 6, 2018 @ 5:17 pm
PLEASE bring back the classic (originally Bandolino) leather flats that lace up and have multiple cut outs that were popular in the late 1960s and early 1970s...in whichever of your brands they would fit today. As they were popular with women now 60+ who no longer wear higher heels, we would appreciate the style these flats had. Many thanks...
Nine West Group, Inc. forum


With 2016 just around the corner, we reached out to some of the top interior designers in San Diego to get their take on what we can expect in 2016. While hot trends come and go every year, some designs remain timeless. Our experts have a wide range of experience across the interior design world, each with a different perspective and set of challenges with each new client. Lets take a look on what's coming in 2016.
Recognized by industry titans like American Express, Verizon, Vovlo, HGTV, ASID, NBC, Viking, Food Network, Oxygen and countless others as an expert in luxury and green lifestyles, Lori speaks at events around the world.
What new interior design trends do you think we'll see in 2016?
A continuation of global and designs leaning toward the relaxed traditional. We continue to have great success with our Hip Hacienda look.
As a designer, you are hypersensitive to your surroundings, everything inspires you. Most recently I was inspired by a pattern that shadows made on the walls of a construction site.
What types of recent trends have you seen in client requests?
People are loving blue and white, especially the ginger jar looks. They are tired of design that is precise and stiff, there's a leaning to comfortability.
Do you see wall murals as an increasing trend for commercial or residential clients?
People do seem to be talking about their return.
Susan is the founder and owner of Savvy Interiors Inc. She and her team focus on full service residential interior design service that includes room designs to full scale remodels. Recently, we've added a home design retail location, inSIDE by Savvy Interiors, where we showcase many of our great designer touches and resources.
Wood tile planks and new flooring options that give you the beauty and aesthetics of wood, without the maintenance and expense.
For me, really looking at colors in nature, a beach scene, a cliff top, a moutainside of pines. As corny as it sounds, natures colors are very soothing, intriguing and authentic. Beyond that, I will often refer to Houzz.com to look for beautiful spaces that inspire me. It's also a great place to share ideas with clients.
Lighter paint color on walls, more texture in their floor coverings and remodeling to update a space.
Wall murals that focus on texture, art, geometrics are always in demand. Customizing a wall mural to reflect a client's interest, travels, or other facet of their lives helping to make a space unique to them is a huge draw.
CM Natural Designs is an interior design firm based in San Diego, California. We believe our built environment is a powerful tool that, when properly curated, can assist in developing well-being and sense of self. We work to translate our clients' needs into the physical world and are thrilled to have the opportunity to do such meaningful work.
I feel that the brass and gold tone trends are going to continue into 2016 as well as particular attention to certain interior architecture details. Paneled walls are seen in both formal and casual spaces, as are herringbone floors. And the mix of grays with natural wood seems to only be picking up speed!
I find that my client's taste and history are the most interesting and relevant places to find inspiration. Everyone has a story and our homes are an extension of that story. The spaces we live should represent and who we are and compliment our well being and lifestyle.
Brass and gold are everywhere! Gray tones are also very in. There is this pull towards industrial style but the desire to homey it up a bit.
It's tough to say. They're much more accessible and affordable than they used to be. I feel there is always a place for murals commercially but the trend with residence may end up to be just that; a fleeting point of interest.
Jessica and Karyn have been collaborating on all things creative since they met in 1996, working together in the fashion industry. They both pursued their love of design with careers in Interior Design and Event Planning.
White on white on white. We have seen a lot of simplifying in the design industry lately with the use of white. White paint on the walls is a great way to create a bright, clean, larger feeling space. Layering in neutral furniture pieces and pops of color in the accessories makes it so that the design is more classic and the accessories can be switched out base on design trends.
We find that our source of inspiration changes every project. Sometimes it will come from a piece of art that our client has or a picture they have found online or in a magazine.
We get a lot of requests for "beachy modern" design. We mix clean lines and calming fabrics with rustic tones to create this look.
We have seen a lot more use of murals in the past year as well as large scale artwork. This goes great with the white, clean design trend going on to create a focal point/statement piece in a room.
Jessica Tompane, J Hill Interiors, Inc.
Over the years, J Hill Interiors has built a team of talented, hard-working and ambitious interior designers motivated to fill an unmet need in the market. We are a team of truly authentic people, each with our own vision and specialties, sharing the common goal of exceeding our clients' expectations. We feel that the right people joined J Hill at just the right time and each one has helped to mold our firm into what it is today.
I do; there are incredible products that are actually wallpaper, but the print is massive like a mural. Quite impressive!
One thing I preach to clients, but often have to preach to myself is to take more risks! Once the installation occurs, you realize that you could have taken MUCH more risks with the design. I think people are scared to go out on a limb, but it aways pays off!
Jenna Batsheva Gross is an in house Interior Designer at Everything Creative Designs. She received her BA in Interior Architecture and Design in South Africa. Jenna has extensive experience in high-end residential design after working for award-winning designer Brian Leib in South Africa.
Jenna gained exceptional hospitality design knowledge when she worked for two of the largest international interior architectural design firms, Wilson Associates in South Africa and Aedas Interiors in Hong Kong.
Bringing the outdoors in. People feel most at peace when they are surrounded by nature. This being said a lot more natural materials such as woods, metals, minerals and natural textiles such as wool and faux hair are being used. As society becomes more aware of sustainability recycling, repurposing, reinventing and reusing objects are becoming more popular.
We at Everything Creative Designs build an inspiration board of images that inspire us from magazines, Pinterest and catalogs every few months to keep our inspiration alive.
Everyone wants the "Restoration Hardware" look. This is going to feature more and more in 2016. Reclaimed wood, beaten metal and recycled objects, bringing natural objects into the home as décor.
Yes I feel wall murals, add so much interest to a room. It's an unique way of creating a focal point in a space and can be done in so many creative ways.
Thank you to all of our interior designers for their excellent predictions of upcoming trends, as well as a helpful insight into what makes a great design firm. We hope to continue this series as we dive deeper into the connection between form, function, and style and how it influences the space around us.
What do you think are upcoming 2016 interior design trends?


Your kid has just done something you don't like. Here's how to send a clear message it should never happen again – in a way that actually makes them want to do the right thing.
Your kid is having a meltdown. In public. What do you do? Many parents want to just end the screaming — NOW. So we give in. We buy the toy/candy/snack. We know it's a bad idea, but what do we do instead? Help is here.
What parent hasn't said "Because I said so?" It's the parent get-out-of-jail-free card when they want their kids to listen and obey. But here's the thing: it's not good for you kid. In fact, it harms their confidence and self worth. Here's why.
You "Lost It" With Your Kid. Now What?
It happened again. You lost your temper and yelled at your kids. Now you are left racked with guilt and shame. You don't want to lose your cool, but sometimes can't help it. How do you stop this troubling dynamic? Find out here.
Will Your Kid Grow Up To Feel Powerless?
Do you end up yelling or demanding in order to get your kids to do what you need? If your children aren't listening, there's a very good reason--and it's not because you're not strict enough.
Does your child tune you out? Here's how to get your kid to pay attention, listen and cooperate without losing your cool, yelling or screaming.


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ALTRUISM VS SELFISHNESS: OR, CAN WESTERN CULTURE BE SAVED?
Only the supersensory, superlogical, unmediated merging of the object and subject into
seamless oneness allows an adequate knowledge of the object or the true reality.
–Pitirm A. Sorokin
For well over a century now, several of the West's deepest and most sensitive thinkers and writers have been experiencing what they believe to be a gradual, but real, decline in western culture. And increasingly today many others also feel this cultural malaise deep in their soul. Something–we know not what–appears to have gone drastically wrong with our life and culture. Our world since the 1960's has been slowly disintegrating before our very eyes. Reality has become increasingly disorienting, meaningless, uncharitable, harsh, violent, selfish, unforgiving. Participation in creative activities, such as writing or painting, or participation in a religious institution, may, for some, momentarily counter their disorientation, hopelessness, and anguish; but subconsciously they remain aware of how close we are to another world war, this time possibly a nuclear one; aware, too, of a society witnessing a breakdown of family values; a decline of morals; a lack of common decency; disregard for law and order; a growing, and dangerous, sense of boredom and despair; a lack of "love of one's neighbor," and a worrisome grandiose narcissism and solipsism.
Nature, through global warming (which the Right, for merely selfish pecuniary reasons at the behest of Corporate America, refuses even today to acknowledge), contributes to this sense of impending doom through its increasing climatic fury, winter and summer. The gentle, nourishing ("Mother") Nature felt body and soul by the English 18th c. and 19th c. Romantic poets (a Nature which I too knew and loved as a boy) seems now but a distant memory amid increasingly catastrophic rain and snow storms, earthquakes, Tsunamis, tornados and hurricanes, withering dry spells, gigantic forest fires, deadly flash floods, extreme temperatures, and other disturbing climatic phenomena. It seems as if Nature now at long last is betraying the heart that never truly loved her. Her relentless fury and unpredictability, superadded to our sense of foreboding of our cultural decline, on top of a world-wide recession brought on by the unrestrained, and unregulated, greed of our banking, real estate, and investment sectors, has only increased both our individual and collective sense of anomie and despair.
So, what can we do? How can we, in our own small way, make a contribution to a world in desperate need of a new way of being ? Pitrim A. Sorokin, a name not widely known today, though very well known in the middle part of the last century—the founder of the Department of Sociology at Harvard University and later The Harvard Research Center in Altruistic Integration and Creativity—has studied altruism in depth. Not surprising to those who have sought to live a life of giving rather than taking, of loving rather than using or hating, Sorokin finds that altruistic personalities "exhibit a remarkable vitality, a long duration of life, an unperturbable peace of mind, and an ineffably rich happiness. In opposition to a sensate utilitarianist or hedonist, it could be said that 'it pays to be unselfish, loving, and saintly.'"
This, then, is what our western culture desperately needs: a new orientation through "the energy of love," as Sorokin has termed it. If our culture and race are to survive, then we must band together to seek the welfare of people everywhere: a true sense of "globalization," founded not on economic imperialism, but rather the virtues (and divine attributes) of love, goodness, truth, and beauty. Only then—if then—can we hope to head off a further decline in western culture, strive to undo the malicious effects of global warming, and seek for all, as our national creed, a life that begins and ends with "service to others" rather than the all-too-common, and death-dealing, creed of "Me–first, middle, and last."
Len Sive Jr.
Pubblicato 05/07/2014 Di Len Sive Jr.
Etichettato come Articles In English, Idee/Fatti del Mondo Taggato altruism, selfish, sorokin
L'ABBAGLIO DI CREDERE CHE IL POPOLO AMASSE LA REPUBBLICA EROICA DI HEMINGWAY
SARKOZY & CO: THE FELONIES OF 'DEMOCRACY' OPEN THE ROAD TO SORTITION


Sevilla have confirmed Tottenham Hotspur defender Federico Fazio is one of a number of options they are considering ahead of the January transfer window.
The 28-year-old left the La Liga side in the summer of 2014, after Spurs met the player's €10m (£7m, $10.6m) release clause, but he has struggled to carry over his previously impressive form to the Premier League.
This term, he has sat firmly behind Toby Alderweireld, Jan Vertonghen and Kevin Wimmer in Mauricio Pochettino's defensive pecking order, making just one appearance all season in the Capital One Cup.
Fazio endured a rather acrimonious departure from the Ramón Sánchez Pizjuán Stadium where at one point Sevilla threatened legal action against the Premier League side when they claimed they still had not received a transfer fee for the player despite Spurs officially announcing his arrival in north London.
But club president Joel Castro appears ready to bury the hatchet in order to boost Sevilla's ailing season, which sees them currently sat in eighth place after 16 games. "We are working on a number of options and Fazio is one of them," he told Radio Sevilla, as reported by local newspaper Diario de Sevilla. "He is an option, but nothing has been completed yet.
"It is clear that Fazio did not leave Sevilla in the best of ways and that really upset me, but I have to think about Sevilla's interests. I have to swallow my anger, because this club needs Fazio. I do not like swallowing my pride, but I am willing to do something I do not like because it is in Sevilla's best interest."
Marca has previously claimed Sevilla will make a loan offer for Fazio, although Inter Milan's Andrea Ranocchia is also reportedly being considered. Fazio has been out of favour at White Hart Lane all season and almost joined West Bromwich Albion during the summer transfer window.


(SL) -According to the CDC, One in two gay and bisexual black men in the US will be diagnosed with HIV in their lifetime.
In contrast, one in four gay and bisexual Hispanic men will be diagnosed – and one in 11 gay and bisexual white men.
Comparatively, the overall odds of an average American developing HIV is just one in 99.
The Centers Of Disease Control And Prevention reports a number of factors may contribute to the higher risk of HIV associated with gay and bisexual black men.
Blacks are more likely than men of some other races/ethnicities to experience socioeconomic factors that place them at higher risk for HIV infection.
Those factors include limited access to and use of quality health care, lower income and educational levels, and higher rates of unemployment and incarceration.
That factors may help explain why blacks have not made greater gains on the HIV continuum of care.
Black gay and bisexual men are a small subset of all gay and bisexual men, and their partners tend to be of the same race.
Because of the small population size and the higher prevalence of HIV in that population relative to other races/ethnicities, black gay and bisexual men are at greater risk of being exposed to HIV within their sexual networks.
Having sexual relationships with older men, who are more likely to have HIV, may increase risk for exposure amongsome young black gay and bisexual men.
Though black gay and bisexual men report higher HIV testing in the past year than Hispanic/Latino or white gay and bisexual men, they are also more likely to be HIV-positive and not know it because of the higher prevalence of HIV in the population.
People who do not know they have HIV cannot take advantage of HIV care and treatment and may unknowingly pass HIV to others.


This kit contains the NEW ACENTRIC Gravity Trap 14" pan, a 10" gold pan, a general purpose classifier with a 1/2" mesh, a Gold Guzzler Bottle, and a book on panning techniques. It also includes a pair of fine tipped tweezers with an attached magnifier and 2 plastic vials. All are nicely gift boxed.


text:
Q: Disable auto closing for HTML comments in VS Code I have
"html.autoClosingTags": false,
"editor.autoClosingBrackets": false

in my settings and it works fine for all tags except for HTML comments. When I type <!-- it autocompletes with -->. I went through other options in editor and HTML and can't find how to turn it off.

A: Change the second setting you have to this:
"editor.autoClosingBrackets": "never"

That should fix it.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


This two-day workshop offers instruction and practice in application of the tools and methodologies used in striving for perfection. This workshop provides instruction and guided practice in the application of Mistake Proofing devices to equipment downtime. Participants will determine the cost savings and increased productive capacity resulting from Mistake Proofing.
This workshop is designed for those responsible for improving quality and productivity in manufacturing operations. This workshop is an applied workshop. Participants will apply the lessons learned to real world plant equipment. This workshop is team-based. Each team should include the Process Champion and up to four Lean Sense is. There is a limit of 3 teams per session.
Ideally participants will have developed current and future state maps for the process selected for improvement.


text:
JSEMAT Vol.4 No.2 , April 2014
Calculating the Phase Transformation Kinetics Using Impedance Spectroscopy for Sb2Te3
Carlos Rivera-Rodríguez*, Juan Aspiazu Fabián, Raúl Díaz Godoy
Environmental Studies Department, National Institute for Nuclear Research, Carretera México-Toluca S/N (Km 36.5), 52750 La Marquesa, Mexico.
Accelerators Department, National Institutefor Nuclear Research, Carretera México-Toluca S/N (Km 36.5), 52750 La Marquesa, Mexico.
Abstract: This paper describes a simple form, the theory to determine the crystallization fraction during the phase transformation of a solid, at a constant heating rate, from data obtained by impedance spectroscopy, where the change of the applied alternating voltage and measured current are proportional to the microstructural changes at the sample, corresponding to the volume fraction of a series layer model of two phases. To determine the volume fraction of each phase present in the sample, electrical data are obtained: conductivity and permittivity at DC, which are modeled by an electrical circuit composed by 2-RC, taking into that the permittivity and the occupied volume correspond to the filling fraction of each phase. By Cathodic Ersion or Sputtering, samples were obtained in film form of about 500 in thickness, composed of an alloy of Sb2Te3, in amorphous phase. To ensure the existence of the phase transformation in the sample, phase transition tests are performed by changes in: Reflection Optics, Electrical Resistivity and X-Ray Diffraction, showing clearly the presence of such a transformation. In the final part of this work, it completely shows the experimental results, giving a clear and precise idea of the kinetics of phase transformation of Sb2Te3 alloy, by impedance spectroscopy technique, which proves to be a simple and practical calculation tool.
Keywords: Phase Transformation, Sb2Te3, Impedance Spectroscopy
Cite this paper: Rivera-Rodríguez, C. , Fabián, J. and Godoy, R. (2014) Calculating the Phase Transformation Kinetics Using Impedance Spectroscopy for Sb2Te3. Journal of Surface Engineered Materials and Advanced Technology, 4, 111-121. doi: 10.4236/jsemat.2014.42015.
[1] Kolmogotov, A.A.N. (1937) A Statistical Theory for the Recrystallisation of Metals. Izvestiya Akademii Nauk SSSR, Neorganicheskie Materialy (Inorganic Materials (USSR)), 1, 355.
[2] Johnson, W.A. and Mehl, K.E. (1939) Reaction Kinetics in Processes of Nucleation and Growth. Transactions of the American Institute of Mining, Metallurgical and Petroleum Engineers, 195, 416.
[3] Avrami, M. (1939) Kinetics of Phase Change. Journal of Chemical Physics, 7, 1103.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1750380
[4] Yerofeev, B.V. (1946) Doklady Akademii Nauk SSSR, 52, 511.
[5] Chistian, J.W. (1975) The Theory of Transformations in Metals and Alloys. 2nd Edition, Pergamon Press, Oxford.
[6] Feinleib, J., deNeufville, J., Moss, S.C. and Ovshinsky, S.R. (1971) Rapid Reversible Light-Induced Crystallization of Amorphous Semiconductors. Applied Physics Letters, 18, 254-257.
[7] Ozawa, T. (1971) Kinetics of Non-Isothermal Crystallization. Polymer, 12, 150-158.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0032-3861(71)90041-3
[8] Borchardt, H.J. (1960) Initial Reaction Rates from DTA. Journal of Inorganic and Nuclear Chemistry, 12, 252.
[9] Piloyan, G.O., Rybachikov, I.D. and Novikov, O.S. (1966) Determination of Activation Energies of Chemical Reactions by Differential Thermal Analysis. Nature, 212, 1229.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/2121229a0
[10] Augis, J.A. and Bennett, J.E. (1978) Calculation of the Avrami Parameters for Heterogeneous Solid-State Reaction Using a Modification of the Kissinger Method. Journal of Thermal Analysis, 13, 283-292.
[11] Ohshima, N. (1996) Crystallization of Germanium-Antimony-Tellurium Amorphous Thin Film Sandwiched between Various Dielectric Protective Films. Journal of Applied Physics, 79, 8357-8363. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.362548
[12] Mott, N.F. and Davis, E.A. (1979) Electronic Process in Non-Crystalline Materials. 2nd Edition, Clarenton Press, Oxford.
[13] Ohring, M. (1992) The Materials Science of Thin Films. Academic Press Inc., San Diego.
[14] Sze, S.M. (1981) Physics of Semiconductor Devices. 2nd Edition, John Wiley and Sons, Hoboken.
[15] Ross Macdonald, J. (1987) Impedance Spectroscopy. John Wiley and Sons, Hoboken.
[16] Bruggeman, D.A.G. (1935) Berechnung verschiedener physikalischer Konstanten von heterogenen Substanzen. I. Dielektrizitätskonstanten und Leitfähigkeiten der Mischkörper aus isotropen Substanzen. Annalen der Physik, 416, 636-664.
[17] Garlnad, J.C. and Tanner, D.B. (1978) Electrical Transport and Optical Properties of Inhomogeneous Media. American Institute of Physics, New York.
[18] McLachlan, D.S., Hwang, J.H. and Mason, T.O. (2000) Evaluating Dielectric Impedance Spectra Using Effective Media Theories. Journal of Electroceramics, 5, 37-51.


There are plenty of great facts to learn about the Cheetah. By doing so you may find a new appreciation and even be in awe of this amazing creature.
The Cheetah is a wonderful cat. It has amazing speed and is categorized as the fastest animal on land in the entire world. It can reach speeds of up to 75 miles per hour. They can go from 0 to 64 miles per hour in about 3 seconds.
The spotted pattern of the Cheetah is very unique for each of them. This is a way for them to be easily identified during research. It is believed that no two Cheetahs offer the same pattern.
The Cheetah relies upon its spots to help it to be well hidden in the wild. Then it has the element of surprise when it is ready to attack its prey.
The tail of a Cheetah can measure 32-33 inches in length.
The Cheetah is able to purr like other big cats. However, it doesn't have the ability to roar.
The Cheetah is often mistaken for the Leopard in the wild. As a result there is a great deal of conflicting information about where they live and the number of them that remain in the wild.
What is often referred to as the King Cheetah isn't a separate species. Instead it is one that has a genetic mutation that affects the look of the spots on the fur.
The Cheetah is the one of all the felines that is the least able to adapt successfully to changes in its environment.
Both African and Asia are home to the Cheetah. They were originally only located in Africa. However, it is believed that after the Miocene epoch migrated into Asia. A very limited number of them are also found in Iran but few people are aware of that fact.
In the past high fluent individuals of Asia and Africa trained Cheetahs from a young age. They used them to track down and bring back antelope for them.
It is possible for the cubs that a female Cheetah has in a single litter to have different fathers.
The baby Cheetahs are born with spots on them. This is different from other felines where the spots will develop as they get older. As many as 90% of the young Cheetahs will be killed by predators during the first few years of life.
The males are more social when it comes to the Cheetah than the females. Other than mating or when they care for young offspring the females prefer to be left alone.
Cheetahs are classified as carnivores which means that they are meat eaters. They are active both at night and during the day. They hunt early in the morning, rest during the heat of the day, and then hunt again in the early evening hours.
The Cheetah will abandon the source of food it has killed if other predators that consume meat come into the area. They don't fight for it so when they do have food they will consume it as fast as they can.
The Cheetah is far less aggressive than other types of felines. It is possible for them to be tamed. The selling of Cheetah cubs for pets continues to occur even though it is illegal to do so in most parts of the world.
The Egyptians often kept the Cheetah as a pet and would walk them on leashes. There are early writings and pictures from that time that depict this occurring.


Our mobile Hydro-Thaw ground thawing units help bring your winter construction site to a work-ready state quickly, efficiently and safely. These units are perfect for thawing ground and preventing frost penetration in isolated, remote locations to prepare your jobsite for dirt and concrete work throughout the winter season. The HTHW-series of equipment also eliminates the need to construct expensive, labor intensive temporary winter enclosures on your jobsite. The 50% propylene glycol mix (a low toxicity anti-freeze) is heated, run through a hose, and covered with curing blankets to thaw frozen ground. Hydro-Thaw mobile ground defrosting units can thaw up to 6,000 sq. ft. of frozen ground and 12 inches deep per day.