text:
Feeling cut up: A brief look at clitoridectomy
Arguably one of the world's most abhorrent surgical and/or ritualistic practices is the removal of the clitoris, i.e., a clitoridectomy (sometimes referred to as a clitorectomy). Apart from cases of medical necessity (e.g., the spreading of cancer to the clitoris), the vast majority of occurrences can really be best described as female genital mutilation and defined by the World Health Organisation (WHO) as "all procedures involving partial or total removal of the external female genitalia or other injury to the female genital organs whether for cultural, religious or other non-therapeutic reasons". In societies where clitoridectomies are performed as part of tribal rituals (such as those by the Maasai in Kenya and Northern Tanzania), the main reason for them is by male societies trying to inhibit the act of female masturbation.
According to the World Health Organisation's online report about female genital mutilation (FGM), clitoridectomies have no health benefits for females, that approximately 140 million girls and women worldwide (but mostly in Africa where about three million girls are at risk for FGM annually.) have been genitally mutilated (usually between infancy and 15 years old), and that FGM is mostly carried out by "traditional circumcisers" although there is a increasing trend for it to be carried out by health care providers (over 18% according to the WHO). They also note that FGM can be classified into four major types: (which I have reproduced verbatim from their report):
Clitoridectomy: Partial or total removal of the clitoris (a small, sensitive and erectile part of the female genitals) and, in very rare cases, only the prepuce (the fold of skin surrounding the clitoris).
Excision: Partial or total removal of the clitoris and the labia minora, with or without excision of the labia majora (the labia are "the lips" that surround the vagina).
Infibulation: Narrowing of the vaginal opening through the creation of a covering seal. The seal is formed by cutting and repositioning the inner, or outer, labia, with or without removal of the clitoris.
Other: All other harmful procedures to the female genitalia for non-medical purposes (e.g. pricking, piercing, incising, scraping and cauterizing the genital area).
The WHO report also briefly examined the cultural, religious and social causes of FGM. The WHO noted:
"The causes of female genital mutilation include a mix of cultural, religious and social factors within families and communities. Where FGM is a social convention, the social pressure to conform to what others do and have been doing is a strong motivation to perpetuate the practice. FGM is often considered a necessary part of raising a girl properly, and a way to prepare her for adulthood and marriage. FGM is in many communities believed to reduce a woman's libido and therefore believed to help her resist 'illicit' sexual acts….FGM is associated with cultural ideals of femininity and modesty, which include the notion that girls are 'clean' and 'beautiful' after removal of body parts that are considered 'male' or 'unclean'. Local structures of power and authority, such as community leaders, religious leaders, circumcisers, and even some medical personnel can contribute to upholding the practice"
In a recent (2012) issue of medical journal The Lancet, Dr. Pierre Foldes and his colleagues assessed the immediate and long-term outcomes of reconstructive surgery following genital mutilation. They surveyed 2,938 females (consecutive cases between 1998 and 2009 with an average age of 29 years; 866 of them were re-surveyed at a one-year follow-up interview) that had received reconstructive surgery at the Poissy-St Germain Hospital (in France) following genital mutilation. Most of the women operated upon were from Africa (Senegal, Mali and the Ivory Coast) although Foldes and his colleagues reported that 564 of the women had been genitally mutilated while living in France. The authors reported:
"Expectations before surgery were identity recovery for 2933 patients (99%), improved sex life for 2378 patients (81%), and pain reduction for 847 patients (29%). At 1-year follow-up, 363 women (42%) had a hoodless glans, 239 (28%) had a normal clitoris, 210 (24%) had a visible projection, 51 (6%) had a palpable projection, and three (0·4%) had no change. Most patients reported an improvement, or at least no worsening, in pain (821 of 840 patients) and clitoral pleasure (815 of 834 patients). At 1 year, 430 (51%) of 841 women experienced orgasms. Immediate complications after surgery (haematoma, suture failure, moderate fever) were noted in 155 (5%) of the 2938 patients, and 108 (4%) were briefly re-admitted to hospital".
On the basis of these findings, Dr. Foldes' report concluded that the reconstructive surgeries that had been carried out following female genital mutilation appeared to be associated with both reduced pain and restored pleasure (including the ability to have clitoral orgasms).
The vast majority of FGM occurs as a result of third party intervention. However, there are a few isolated cases of clitoral/labial self-mutilation in the clinical and medical literature. (I also examined more general female genital self-mutilation in a previous blog particularly in relation to internal vaginal self-mutilation). A recent paper by Dr. David Veale and Joe Daniels published in a 2012 issue of the Archives of Sexual Behavior examined what they believe is the only case of a women who wanted a clitoridectomy for cosmetic reasons. Prior to this case, they noted that there had been only two previous reports in the literature of self-mutilation of the clitoris/labia (one by Dr. Krasucki and colleagues in a 1995 issue of the British Journal of Medical Psychology and Dr. Wise and colleagues in a 1989 issue of the Journal of Sex and Marital Therapy). Both of the women in these cases of clitoral/labial self-mutilation were associated with severe psychosis/schizophrenia. Veale and Daniels reported that:
"The patient was a 33-year-old married woman with two children who lived with her husband. She was not from a culture that conducted FGM but she believes she was taught about it at school…She can remember starting to dislike her genitalia and pubic hair very gradually since about the age of 13. As she was at boarding school, it was not possible to shave her pubic hair until she left at the age of 18…Her motivation for shaving was a desire for ''simplicity and bareness'. She had continued to wax and shave her pubic hair for the past 14 years and was in the process of permanent hair removal, feeling it was more hygienic as well as preferred by her husband. Her dislike of her genitalia continued to increase gradually during adolescence with the growth of secondary sexual characteristics, including the labia minora. The changes in the labia minora became more pronounced with pregnancy and birth of two children born vaginally…She had tried piercing her inner labia and clitoral hood as a form of distraction. However, she found the piercings uncomfortable, which drew further attention to her dislike, so she removed them. Cosmetic labiaplasty had been performed about 1 year prior to assessment. She reported this as much improving the cosmetic appearance of her genitalia and reducing her self-consciousness.
She had become aware that she could do something surgically about her genitalia from her late teens. She had no concerns about the rest of her body and had had no other cosmetic procedures in her lifetime. When assessed, she knew that the appearance of her genitalia looked normal, but she felt they were ugly and hated the look of them. However, her concerns did not amount to a preoccupation (one of criteria for a diagnosis of body dysmorphic disorder…She felt self-conscious in a swimsuit and would not use public changing rooms. She denied that she was being coerced towards surgery or that any sadomasochism was involved…She understood that a clitoridectomy could lead to anorgasmia. However, she believed that the orgasms she experienced during intercourse or by masturbation were mainly vaginal and not clitoral. Improving the aesthetics of the genitalia was more important to her than achieving orgasm and would reduce her anxiety in sexual intimacy…In summary, she had a longstanding aversion to her genitalia associated with an extreme desire for a cosmetic procedure. Such a request, in the absence of any cultural beliefs, would suggest to most clinicians that a patient was very disturbed. However…she had no evidence of any psychiatric disorder or personality disorder".
Following a full psychiatric check and interviews with the woman's husband, a clitoridectomy was performed. Veale and Daniels were fully aware that the request for a voluntary clitoridectomy was extremely rare and unusual. However, the post-operative, the woman was extremely grateful and satisfied with the results (even at follow-up nearly two years later). She reported that her sex life had improved and there was no desire to modify any other part of her body. They concluded that although cases of wanting voluntary clitoridectomy are exceedingly rare, there is always the possibility that in the future others may seek such a procedure on cosmetic grounds but that those wanting such a radical operation will require very careful assessment before any operation took place.
Foldes, P., Cuzin, B. & Andro, A. Reconstructive surgery after female genital mutilation: a prospective cohort study. The Lancet, 380, 134-141.
Krasucki, C., Kemp, R., & David, A. (1995). A case of female genital self- mutilation in schizophrenia. British Journal of Medical Psychology, 68, 179–186.
Veale, D. & Daniels, J. (2012). Cosmetic clitoridectomy in a 33-year-old woman. Archives of Sex Behavior, 41, 725-730.
Wikipedia (2012), Clitoridectomy. Located at: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clitoridectomy
Wise, T. N., Dietricha, M., & Segalle, E. (1989). Female genital self- mutilation: Case reports and literature review. Journal of Sex and Marital Therapy, 15, 269–274.
World Health Organisation (2012). Female genital mutilation (Fact Sheet 241), February. Located at: http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs241/en/
Posted in Culture Bound Syndromes, Pain, Psychology, Sex
Tags: Clitorectomy, Clitoridectomy, Excision, Female circumcision, Female genital mutilation, Female masturbation, Female orgasm, Infibulation, Voluntary clitoridectomy


text:
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   <note>
      <para>Pueya rerejoquiaari pocoojonura puetunu jiyajinijiniojuanaa. Na jiyaniijianucua na iyaronuuquiaari nojori niishiriojonura taa pa miishiya maniniani. Pueyaracaanu niishiriojoriquiaria. Na nuhuaji, el 10 de diciembre de 1948 nayojo quiaariiri nojori niishiriojosano. Niya quiya puetunu na sequesanojuanaa. Cutara maninia na sequesano.</para>
      <para>Na nuhuaji rerejonaari na jiyaniijianucua sequequiaari cuaara naajioora nojori sequesano puetunu na pueyapueecuarajanaa tama na rupaajiniajaaj a. Sequereeri cuaara pacuura na naajiosano puetunu pueyajanaa jiitianura nojori naajiosano. Cuaara niishitiojoora puetunu pueyajanaa na sequesano. Cuaara niishitiojoora escuelasjinia, pueya rerejojuacajinianio. Jiyanohua sequequiaari cuaara niishitiojosaaria puetunu jiyacajiniajanaa. Tamonu jiya jaara tamaatia jiitiaa na pueya, naajaa, tii cuaara niishitiojosaariajuhua.</para>
   </note>
   <title>PUETUNU PUEYAPUEECUARAJANAA NIYA NAAJIOSAAREE TAA PA MIISHIYANI</title>
   <preamble>
      <title>Taricua pa Niishishano</title>
      <para>Paa niishiyani: puetunu pajaniyajanaa cartesano quiniu paniyani maninia pa quinuria. Paa maninia jiitiasano quiniu paniyani. Paa juhuajaniya quiniu paniyani. Maja pa miaquetoonu paniniu. Pocua naa quiri paa jaara rerequeteyaquiri tamasaca, paa jaara mariyata maninia miitioya puetunujuanaa.</para>
      <para>Paa niishiyani: pueya jaara jiyaniquiaari tamasaca pueya maja maninia miishiya juhua narta pueya, nojori jiyanohua sesa na miiquiaari. Maninia pueyari shiriiquirii na niishishacari taa naquiya miishariquiaa tamasaca pueya. Pueya jaara sesa niishiyajaa naa, maja pa naata quiniu maninia mijiria. Jiyocua pa quishacari, pajaniya juhuajaniya quiniu paniyani. Paa cartesano quiniu paniyapa sequenura casaa pa sequenu paniyani, pa shipininiapa tojiniuria taa pa niishiyani. Paa cartesano quiniu paniyani pa puerenuucuaji, pa miaajenuucuajinio.</para>
      <para>Paa niishiyani: pueya cuaara maninia jiitiasaaria maninia rootasanota pueya mariqui miaquetooreeri tamonu jaara sesa na jiitiaa, mariyata pueya jaara maja na naata na panishano masenu.</para>
      <para>Paa niishiyani: pueya cuaara jiyano¿tioora tamonu jiyajinia quiniaa, juhuajaniya pa quiniuria jiyocua.</para>
      <para>Paa niishiyani: puetunu pajaniyajanaa pa rupuetoosano jiyacajinijinio tari naajioquiaari pa niishishano naatej: -Puetunu pueyanojuanaa mariyata maninia jiitiashiya. Maja rerequeteshiya tamonu. Maja jatashiya tamonu juhua najuhuana quijia. Maajipohua cuaara miishaaria maninia mariyata taa canuu maninia miishiyacuaani. Paa mariyata sequequiaari: -Pa poonijiore socua maninia pa quiniuria puetunujuanaa, socua casamiriacara pa quiniuriajuhua, socua cartesano pa quiniuriajuhuaj.</para>
      <para>Paa niishiyani: puetunu jiyaniijiajanaari pa rupuetoosano jiyacajinijinio sequeree na pueya niishitiojonutaniya pa sequesano nojori tojiniuria maninia, maja na soonuucuaji.</para>
      <para>Paa niishiyani: Noojiaqueya pueya niishiyaquishacari pa sequesano maja pa naata maninia miiniu puetunu pa sequesanojuanaa nio naajiojuajinia.</para>
      <para>Naaratej:</para>
      <para>Puetunu canaaj anaa canaa rerej osacari sequereeni:</para>
      <para>Nio canaa naaj iosanoori puetunu pueyapueecuarajanaa quiya puetunu jiyacajiniajanaa pueya niishiniuria taa pa jiitianu panishiyani. Puetunu pueyajanaa cuaara niishitiojoora narta pueya nojori tojiniuria nio. Maja na soonu. Nia numaama nia racatare canaa sequesano maninia nia niishitiojonura tamasaca. Jiyaniijianucua cuaara sequeera taa miishiyani na jiyajinia pueya tojiniuria canaa sequesano. Cuaara niishitiojosaaria puetunu na pueyajanaa, mariyata cante tamonu jiyajinia quiya na jiitiasano pueyajinijinio. Naarate canaa naa sequereeni:</para>
   </preamble>

      <title>Sequesano 1.</title>
      <para>Pueyano pa quishacari, puetunu pajaniyajanaa mariyata miishiya maninia, maja sooshiya tamonu. Puetunu pueyajanaari niishitiajaraca, jiuujiaaracanio pueyacua pa taraajenura. Naarate maninia pa jiyanootioore juhua pa tapueyocuaca.</para>

      <title>Sequesano 2.</title>
      <para>Puetunu pueyajanaa mariyata maninia miishiya taa canaa sequereeni. Maja rimiajata miishiya tamonu. Tahue na quishacari, naajaa. Tamueca na cuaqueyani, naajaa. Caya, maaji soj, naajaa. Tamaatia rupaaraca, naajaa. Taa na tojiya na Pueyasoni, naajaa. Cante tamaatia jiitianu paniyani, naajaa. Tamaatia na quiniu, naajaa. Tamonu pueyano na quishacari, naajaa. Panishano pueyano, soosano pueyano soj, naajaa. Casamiriaca, casamiijiu soj, naajaa. Jiyaniijia na que, poontijiotasusano na que, naajaa. Tamaatia na quishacari, naajaa.</para>
      <para>Mariyata puetunu maninia miishiyajanaa cante tamonu jiyajinijinio quiyani. Na jiya jaara tama na jiyaniijiaracajaaja, maninia. Na jiya jaara tamonu jiyajiniji jiitiasaaree, naajaa. Na jiya jaara shocotasaarucua miaquetoosacari, naajaa. Naacuajiti, taa na jiya quiyani, naajaa. Na camaru mariyata maninia miishiya taa canaa sequeyacuajaani nio naajiojuajiniani.</para>

      <title>Sequesano 3.</title>
      <para>Puetunu pueyajanaa cuaara rishiiria. Maja moshiya tamonu najuhuana. Puetunu pueyajanaa cuaara quiiria cartesano. Maja quiashiya tamonu pueya serura na quiniuria. Puetunu pueyajanaa cuaara juhuajaniya quiiria. Maja naquiya miishiya tamonu.</para>

      <title>Sequesano 4.</title>
      <para>Tamonu cuaara jiitiaaquiiria quiasano pueyano na serura. Maja poontijioshiya tamonu najuhuana.</para>

      <title>Sequesano 5.</title>
      <para>Maja saniniujiushiya tamonu naquiya na miishacarina sequenura juucua. Mariyata sesa miijia maja saniitioshiya puera naquiya na miishacari juhua nareja casaa. Maja sesa miishiya juhua sare. Pueyano, parta pueyano.</para>

      <title>Sequesano 6.</title>
      <para>Pueyano jaara tamonu jiyajinia rucuanejiya, teyuno jiyajinia na quiyani, naajaa, mariyata maninia miishiya taa canaa sequeyacuajaani. Tamonu jaara sesa na miirii, na camaru tonujusacari saniniujiunia niquiara, cuno cuaara tojiirianoo.</para>

      <title>Sequesano 7.</title>
      <para>Pueyano jaara sesa miishaaree, na naata saniniuj junia niquiara tonujunu sesa miiniaacuara. Pueyano jaara najuhuana quijia quirii, cante sesa miishaareni, naajaa. Puetunu pueyajanaa cuaara cojuasaaria maninia taa canaa sequeyacuajaani.</para>

      <title>Sequesano 8.</title>
      <para>Puetunu pueyajanaa naata saniniujiunia niquiara tonujunu tamonuucuara, tamonu jaara sesa na miirii. Saniniujiunia cuaara namiiria nera maninia na quiniuhuara.</para>

      <title>Sequesano 9.</title>
      <para>Maja quiashiya pueyano najuhuana, sesa na miyaquishacari. Maja nujuatejoshiya najuhuana. Maja taanuujushiya na jiyajiniji najuhuana.</para>

      <title>Sequesano 10.</title>
      <para>Pueyano jaara saquiriojotassaree, maja ritia saniitioshiya. Cuaara saniniujiushaaria narta pueya niquiara, saniniujiunia niishiniuria seetanutejanaa sesa miirii, maja soj.</para>

      <title>Sequesano 11.</title>
      <orderedlist>
         <listitem>
            <para>Pueyano jaara saquiriojotasaaree, cuno cuaara sequesaaria maninia miijia jaara saniniujiushiya jaatij ia. Na saniniuj iushacari cuaara nequesoreetasaaria suraatia, seetanujuanaa niishiniuria maninia, sesa soj. Maja najuhuana sequeshiya sesa pueyano.</para>
         </listitem>
         <listitem>
            <para>Maja saniitioshiya pueyano na miishanoocuaji, jiyaniijia sequesano quiyaquishacari na miishacari. Jiyaniijia naasucua na nuhuaji sequeya: -Maja naate pa miiniu. Saaja cante sesa miya jiyaniijia sequenu nuhuaji, nojuaja cutaraari saniitioshiya. Saaja saniitioshiya taa naajiosano quiya sesa na miishacari. Maja socua jiyanohua saniitioshiya taa rootasano quiya na miiniu nuhuaji.</para>
         </listitem>
      </orderedlist>

      <title>Sequesano 12.</title>
      <para>Juhuajaniya pa quishacari, maninia pa miishacari, maja pa taajeteshiya. Maja pa tapueyocuaca taajeteshiya. Maja tamonu pa tiajinia tiuquiniu najuhuana na taajetenura pajaniya. Maja pa sesacashiya najuhuana. Maja pa pohuatashiya sapojonuta pueya niquiara. Paa jaara naa sesa miishaareni, cuaara pohuatasaaria saniniujiunia pocua naminiuria.</para>

      <title>Sequesano 13.</title>
      <orderedlist>
         <listitem>
            <para>Cante na jiyajinia rucuanejonu paniyani, cuaara rucuanejoora. Naajuhuaj, na naata pacunu tee na paniyani. Maj a tarinitianishiya.</para>
         </listitem>
         <listitem>
            <para>Cante tamonu jiyajinia rucuanejonu paniyani, cuaara rucuanejoora. Na quianu panishacariuhua tama na jiyajiniajaaja, maja tarinitianishiya.</para>
         </listitem>
      </orderedlist>

      <title>Sequesano 14.</title>
      <orderedlist>
         <listitem>
            <para>Cante naquiya miishaariquiaa na jiyajiniani, na naata tamonu jiyajinia pacunu juhuajaniya na quiniuria.</para>
         </listitem>
         <listitem>
            <para>Socua cante seetanujuanaa sesa miiriquiaa, cuno saniniujiushiya tama na jiyajiniajaaja. Maja na naata pacunu tamonu jiyajinia.</para>
         </listitem>
      </orderedlist>

      <title>Sequesano 15.</title>
      <orderedlist>
         <listitem>
            <para>Puetunu pueyajanaa na naata na panishano jiya pueyanora quiniu.</para>
         </listitem>
         <listitem>
            <para>Maja Peru jiyajinia rasano najuhuana sequeshiya: -Maja Peruano quiajaniya. Naajaa, cante tamonu jiya pueyanora quiniu paniyani, na naata naa miiniutej.</para>
         </listitem>
      </orderedlist>

      <title>Sequesano 16.</title>
      <orderedlist>
         <listitem>
            <para>Mashaja, niyacoo naata caminiu. Neyacarano, niquiurano jaara tamonu pueya quiya, naajaa. Jaara tamonu jiyajinijinio na quiniu, naajaa. Jaara tamaatia tojiya Pueyaso, naajaa. Cuaara camiiaria na panishacari. Naajuhuaj, na naata muerasuracara quiniu na panishacari. Maja tarinitianishiya. Caya, maaji mariyata maninia miishiya, mariyata cojuashiya sesa miishanoocuaji taa canaa sequeyacuajaani. Mariyata miishiya canaa sequesano pueya caminiu panishacari, camishano na quishacarinio, mariyata na cartesacari, jaara cartesaaree.</para>
         </listitem>
         <listitem>
            <para>Cuaara camiiria na panishacari saaja. Caya panishacari, mariyata maaji panishacari. Maja camitishiya tamonu na paniyaquishacari.</para>
         </listitem>
         <listitem>
            <para>Puetunu jiyajiniajanaa quiya queraatia tapueyocuaca. Tapueyocuaca jaara maninia quiya puetunu jiyajiniajanaa, pa jiya cutara maninia quiniutianiya. Naarate tapueyocuaca cojuashiya. Jiyaniijia cuaara cojuaara camishano pueya maninia nojori quiniuria na muerasuta.</para>
         </listitem>
      </orderedlist>

      <title>Sequesano 17.</title>
      <orderedlist>
         <listitem>
            <para>Cante jiya camarnu quiyani, maninia. Cante tamajaaja jiitianu paniya na jiyani, maninia. Cante narta pueyata na jiya jiitianu paniyani, maninia.</para>
         </listitem>
         <listitem>
            <para>Maja pueyano jiya riutiocoshiya nocuaji najuhuana.</para>
         </listitem>
      </orderedlist>

      <title>Sequesano 18.</title>
      <para>Puetunu pueyajanaa na naata niishiriojonu taa na paniyani. Maja miitishiya sesa na miiniu na jiyanishano. Maja tarinitianishiya na miiniuucuaji na jiyanishano maninia na miiniu. Naacuajiti cuaara tojitishiiria Pueyaso taa na niishiyani. Pueyano jaara sequeya: -Maja cua niishiniu quiriquiaa. Janiya sesa tojiriquiaa Pueyasoni, cuno na naata cartenu tari na niishishano tamaatia na tojiniuria Pueyaso taa na paniyani. Cuaara cartesaaria pueya na Pueyaso panishano na miiniuria tamajaaja, na tapueyocuacatanio. Maja tarnitianishiya na niishitiojosacari pueya niquiara, na secojosacari Pueyasonio, na rerej osacarinio, na jaaquejosacarinio.</para>

      <title>Sequesano 19.</title>
      <para>Puetunu pueyajanaa na naata niishiriojonu taa na paniyani. Na naata pohuatanu na niishishano. Maja taajeteshiya. Maja sanaajatashiya. Na naata socua niishishano masenu tiji socua niishishano quiyani. Mariyata na naata na pacunu socua pueya niquiara taa na paniyani; naajioneequeta, radiota, pocuanuta, naajaa. Na naata na niishiniu panishano masenu tamonu jiyajiniji. Mariyata na naata na pohuatanu panishano pohuatanu tamonu jiyacajiniara.</para>

      <title>Sequesano 20.</title>
      <orderedlist>
         <listitem>
            <para>Pa naata rerejonu pa tapueyocuacata juhuajaniya pa quishacari. Pa naata rupuetoonu canta pa paniyani.</para>
         </listitem>
         <listitem>
            <para>Cante maja tamonu maapue tapueyocuacara quiniu paniyani, cuno maja rupueteshiya na paniyaquishacari.</para>
         </listitem>
      </orderedlist>

      <title>Sequesano 21.</title>
      <orderedlist>
         <listitem>
            <para>Pa jiya jiyaniijia pa saquiriojosacari, puetunu pueyajanaa cuaara naajioora cante na paniyani jiyaniijiara jyatesocoriquiano. Naa niishishante teyanote socua pueya panishanoni. Socua panishano jiyateshiya jiyaniijiara. Pueya cuaara naajioora na jiyaniijiaacuara na sequenura manina na jiitianura pajaniya.</para>
         </listitem>
         <listitem>
            <para>Pa jiya jiitiasano casami pueyara, puetunu pajaniyarajanaa quiya. Maja jatashiya tamonu.</para>
         </listitem>
         <listitem>
            <para>Pueya panishano pueya cuaara jiyatesaaria jiyaniijianucuara. Jiyaniij ianucua cuaara saquiriojosaaria sequeyarucua. Maja panishano pueyaracanu tamonu jiitianura pajaniya. Na nuhuaji pueya cuaara saquiriojonuhuara socua nojuaja, tamonu soj, cante socua panishanoni pa jiyaniijiara. Jiyaniij iara saquiriojonura, pueya cuaara naajioora jiyasohuaja cante na paniyani, paa mariqui puerereeri sequenura pueya niquiara.</para>
         </listitem>
      </orderedlist>

      <title>Sequesano 22.</title>
      <para>Puetunu parta pueyajanaa cuaara jiitiasaaria maninia, juhuajaniya quijiara pa quiniuria, niishijiara pa quiniurianio, maja najuhuana quijiara paquiniuria. Naarate puetunu jiyajiniajanaa cuaara miishaaria maninia na pueyara taa na naatani. Naacuajitij, cante maja na naata na panishano masenu tamajaaja, na jiyaniijia cuaara niquitiora na panishano jaara na naata na niquitionu. Tamasaca jiyaca cuaara cumaquiiria casamiijiu jiyajinia quiniaa.</para>

      <title>Sequesano 23.</title>
      <orderedlist>
         <listitem>
            <para>Cante poonijionu paniyani, cuaara poontijiosaaria. Pueya cuaara saquiriojoora tamajaaja canra na poonijionu paniyani. Poontijiona cuaara jiitiaara maninia na poontijiosano pueya. Maja poontijioshiya tii naquiya miishaanutaniya. Cuaara poontijiosaaria puetunu pueyajanaa na panishano na masenura.</para>
         </listitem>
         <listitem>
            <para>Puetunu poontijiosanojuanaa cuaara niquitiosaaria mariyata, pueya jaara mariyata miiriquiaa. Maja socua shiitianiyojua niquitioshiya tamonu naj uhuana.</para>
         </listitem>
         <listitem>
            <para>Puetunu poontijiosanaajanaa cuaara niquitiosaaria taricuaja na tapueyocuaca panishanona masenura juhuajaniya na quiniuria. Jiyaniijia cuaara niquiiria cante maja na naata na panishano masenu na poonijiosano samijiniji.</para>
         </listitem>
         <listitem>
            <para>Poontijiosanaa na naata narta tapueyocuaca rupuetoonu na camaru nojori sequenura jatiqui, na tojitiniuria na sequenu na panishano.</para>
         </listitem>
      </orderedlist>

      <title>Sequesano 24.</title>
      <para>Poontijiona cuaara samaateniiria na pueya. Maja poontijioshiya pueya juuca, niucuanio. Puetunu marijiarajanaa poontij iosanaa tarnitianishiya nojori camuenujunura una semana, socua naasucua, nareja naquiniuria. Jiyacari na poonijiyaquishacari inti niquitioshiya mariyata, na panishano na masenura.</para>

      <title>Sequesano 25.</title>
      <orderedlist>
         <listitem>
            <para>Puetunu poonijionaa cuaara niquitiosaaria taricuaja na panishano na masenura, maninia na quiniuria na tapueyocuacata. Naacuajiti na naata jiitianu na miajajau, na toqueyanio, na tianio, na narajotajanio, socua na panishanonio. Nera pueyaracaanu racatashiyajuhua shiitianiyojua intis maninia na quiniuriaja na poonijiyaquishacari, cusosu na quishacarinio, maja na naata na poonijiosacarinio, necocua mashiquio quishacarinio. Mariyata racatashiya nera niquitiosocoriquiano jaara maja na naata poonijionu quiniu, tama casaaranio.</para>
         </listitem>
         <listitem>
            <para>Socua maninia cojuashiya maaji mueyaraca na quishacari, manajaraca na quishacarijiuhya. Puetunu naatujoorijianaa cuaara jiitiasaaria maninia. Cante queyaraca, cante saa maaji rasanojua, naajaa, mariyata maninia cojuashiya.</para>
         </listitem>
      </orderedlist>

      <title>Sequesano 26.</title>
      <orderedlist>
         <listitem>
            <para>Cante serojonu niishiniu paniyani, cuaara niishitiojosaaria. Maja intis na niquitionu na serojotenu sami primariajinia. Puetunu naatujoorijianaa serojoteshiya. Cante socua niishiniu paniyani primaria nuhuaji, cuaara tiuquitiaara tamonu escuelajinia tii na niishiniu panishano niishitiojoshiyani. Tiuquitishiya puetunu pueyajanaa, na panishacari. Pueyano jaara queraatia niishiya socua niishitiojosaanutaniya.</para>
         </listitem>
         <listitem>
            <para>Niishitiojonaa cuaara niishitiojoora na muerasu maninia pueyara nojori qúiniuria, maja saaja naserojonura. Niishitiojoshiya maja pueya na rerequetenura, maja sesa na miiniuria, nio naajiojuajinia. rootasano na tojiniuriajuhuaj. Cuaara niishitiojoora puetunu pueyajanaa maninia rupuetoonura, maninia j iuuj iaatioonura, maninia tarajanura tamasaca pueya, tahue tamonu jiyajinijinio, mariyata cante maja Pueyaso tojiniu taa pa tojiquiaa Pueyasocuani. Cuaara niishitiojoorajuhua maninia pa rupuetoosano jiyaca pa cumaquiniuria juhuajaniya pa quiniuria. Maja pa miaquetoonura.</para>
         </listitem>
         <listitem>
            <para>Naatujoori queya na naata saquiriojonu teyano escuelate socua maninia na muerasura, na muerasu cuaara niishitiojosaaria taa na queya paniyani.</para>
         </listitem>
      </orderedlist>

      <title>Sequesano 27.</title>
      <orderedlist>
         <listitem>
            <para>Maja juhua taanuujusaanura jiyateshiya pueyano narta pueyata rerejonuucuaji shuquiriaatia pa quishacari. Maninia casaa jaara quiri pueyara, cuaara quiiria puetunu pueyarajanaa shuquiriaatia pa quiniuria puetunu maniniajanaa. Maja jatashiya tamonu najuhuanaj.</para>
         </listitem>
         <listitem>
            <para>Pueya jaara quiari casaa shipiniri, tama na niishiriojosanojuaaja naajioree soj, casaa naariijiuhuaj, tamonu cuaara sequeyaquiiria: -Cua shipinishano. Janiya na camaru. Tamonu cuaara nohuaseyaquiiria na camaru niishishano tamajaaja na pacunura intisra. Na camarujuaaja cuaara niquitiosaaria intis na niishishanoocuara. Nohuasejojua saniitioshiya.</para>
         </listitem>
      </orderedlist>

      <title>Sequesano 28.</title>
      <para>Puetunu pueyajanaa cuaara jiitiasaaria maninia, shuquiriaatia pa quiniuria puetunu maniniajanaa taa canaa sequeyacuajaani nio naajiojuajiniani.</para>

      <title>Sequesano 29.</title>
      <orderedlist>
         <listitem>
            <para>Puetunu pueyajanaa cuaara miiria na niishishano, maninia na tiacajinia quiniaa quiniuria. Saa pa miishacari puetunu pa niishishanojuanaa pocua socua maninia pueyara quirini.</para>
         </listitem>
         <listitem>
            <para>Pueya cuaara miiria puetunu na miiniu panishanojuanaa. Nareja maja pa tojiyaquiniu pa jiyaniijia rootasano, paa mariqui taajetereeri parta pueya. Na rootasano quiya parta pueya cojuasaanura sesa na miiniuucuaji tamonu. Na rootasano mariyata niishitiojiya pajaniya maja sesa miijia pa quiniuria, mariyata juhuajaniya pa quiniuria jatiqui puetunu pueyatajiniajanaa, mariyata socua maninia puetunu pueya quiniuriajanaa, maja saaja seca pueyaja shuquiriaatia quiniuria.</para>
         </listitem>
         <listitem>
            <para>Naajuhuaj, pa miishacari pa miiniu panishano, maja pa niyajetanu canaa rootasano nio naajiojuajinia pa rupuetoosano jiyaca pueya maninia quiniuria puetunuj uanaa.</para>
         </listitem>
      </orderedlist>

      <title>Sequesano 30.</title>
      <para>Maja capa serojoshiya canaa sequesano nio naajiojuajinia. Cante jiyaniya na naata nocuaji patanu canaa sequesano, cuno sesa niishiya canaa sequesano. Naarate tamonu jiyaniijianucua, tamonu maapuejuhuaj, tamonu pueyanio, nojori cuaara cojuaara capa niishiniuucuaji canaa sequesano. Maja miishiya sesa. Puetunu canaa sequesanojuanaa naajiosaaquiaari maninia pa miitioonura, juhuajaniya pa quiniuria jiyocua.</para>

</udhr>

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


The man bun has been around for decades. Find out the best way to style this amazing hairstyle.
Maintaining good looks is not the monopoly of a particular set of people. Women seem to be having the upper hand in hairstyles because of their long strands. Now, men who are fashion-inclined are taking interest in mainstream haircuts. After trying out the hands at traditional men haircuts, the focus is now on the bun hairstyle. This field has been under women dominance but as the trend is at the moment, men are already taking the cue to style the cut.
The man bun haircut is increasingly getting popular and more men are ready to rock this trendy hairstyle. It is important not to misinterpret this as an encroachment to the stylistic approach of women to hairstyles. It is worth noting that the style suits men with specific face shapes. The square, oblong, oval, and round faces are the best picks. While it shares some features with the top-knot, it is pertinent not to misconceive the two. The icing on the cake is that the hairstyle can be styled with many haircuts.
Many men are at a loss on the best style that suits them. If this is you, here are some styles to inspire you on the next appointment with the barber.
This is the ideal style for the working-class man. With little to spare out of work and always in a hurry to get back to work, the messy low bun is the perfect choice for you. In spite of the fact that it has a "disoriented look", the style still comes out neat. You can leave the strands at the knotted end to dangle. This creates a unique look and with the right hair products, you will not have troubles keeping it in place.
If you have long strands, this style is for you. However, if you are not within that league but have medium hair at the top, you can still make a great deal of styling on it. The crown bun is quite easy to style. It entails pulling the strands back and coiling just above the crown of the head.
We all know that men are already taking swipes at ponytails. If you are not blessed with longer strands, there is the option of recreating the ponytail to a man bun. With inspiration from the high pony knot, pull the strands to the center of the head and tie upwards into a sleek pony. You might consider fading the back and sides for a sleek look.
The versatility of the man bun haircut makes it possible to style to any haircut you want. Now, the undercut is in the ring and you can make the best out of this. Reduce the length of strands at the sides and back. After that, weave back the hair at the top and tie into a bun at the crown.
There is no need keeping the face bare of any strands of hair. When a beard or rounded mustache sits on the face, there is no doubting the fact that a sleek look is the output. Consider applying this to your man bun the next time you style your hair.
Get ready to rock it down as a vegetarian. This unique and eye-popping haircut entails styling the bun to the shape of a pineapple. However, this will be a tasking job for the barber but when pulled off, the look it creates will worth the effort.
The dreads can make a lot of impression if you get it right. It will be better to style this after grooming the strands to be long. A curly hair is the best fit and a bit of thickness to the strands will be beneficial. Pull back the strands, wrap into a bun and use some of the dreads to hold them in place.
To add some spice to the style and stand out from other man bun spotters, consider integrating braids to yours. Long strands are the perfect choice but you can use medium hair if the texture is good. For some adventure, you might want to introduce some colors to make it catchy.
This is some style! There are few men that spot this and if you manage to pull it off, you will be the envy of your peers. Instead of taking the place at the crown, the knots of the bun perches at the sides of the head. With this formation, the center of the head retains medium strands.
Get out of the league of Jamaican wannabes that style their dreads to the back. There is a great deal of styling that comes with this and you will need creativity on the part of the barber to get this done.
The women won't like you for this. Taking the bun hairstyle is already causing ripples in the community of fashionable women. With the combination of the braids and the ponytail integrated into a bun, you will need a whole lot of willpower to weather the storm. Set the long locks to work by creating braids at the center and creating a pony-like design with the locks ending at the crown.
The classy look is for the men that worth their opinion in the fashion world. A fuller, thick and long lock is the secret to pull this. Maintain a nice cut before doing this. If you do not want to cut the locks, use a scissors to trim the strands that burst out. Then, tie the locks into a bun and tilts upwards. You will need a good styling product to keep it in place.
Sometimes, the best of looks comes after tying the bun into a low knot. This works well with both medium and long hair. The simplicity of the bun haircut makes this an easy style. Pull back the strands and tie into a smaller knot at the crown.
The variation to the ponytail is the reason why you can pull this stunt. It is ideal for men with long locks. Pull back the strands and tie into a massive ponytail. A hair band may not be necessary because you can use your long locks to secure the tip of the strands.
Not having long locks is not a turnoff for men that want to achieve the bun haircut. With the medium knot waiting by the side, all you need to do is to pull back the strands and tie into a knot (based on the length the locks can permit).
It will be a displeasing sight to have the strands pull out of the bun. To prevent this occurrence, a tight knot is the best approach. This haircut makes this possibility. Tie at the center of the head and use an elastic band to hold into place.
Perhaps, one of the reasons why men find the man bun haircut attractive is the versatility. The virile look that comes with rocking the slicks into a bun is out of the world. Consider getting this if you have long and smooth locks.
The punk is a hairstyle for the stylish man but when it features in the man bun, it is a thrilling sit to behold. With long locks at the disposal, pull the strands to the crown. The inspiration of the punk hairstyle suggests pulling the strands upward for a defining look.
This is yet another style for long locks. The Faux Hawk is popular for the eye-popping look it gives to the wearer. To make an impression on a man bun, chop the side strands and leave a good number of strands at the middle. Use this as a guide to create a neat and tight bun at the crown.
Try your hands at this if you want to create some adventurous look. The few strands of bangs that take a free stroll across the face complement the twisted bun a few inches away from the nape.
A wavy hair is the best way to pull off this look. You will need a generous amount of styling products to maintain the waves. Slick the top locks back to the center of the head and pin into a smaller bun.
This is a lot of adventure to try. The long locks at one part of the head tilt backward and the other side features braided strands. The two meet at the center of the head and lock into a tight braid.
Curly strands make a great deal of impression on the man bun. The secret to pulling off this great look is pulling the top strands back and styling into a chignon. For more elaborate looks, consider leaving a strand or two to flow freely across the face.
The chunky bun is one of the impressive looks to ever come out of the man bun haircut. There is the need to maintain the style and it looks better on long locks. After pulling back the strands to the center of the head, consider twisting before pinning into a bun.
The afro texture is a nice pick for the man bun. Consider pulling the curly lock to the center of the head before tying into a bun. You can put up a beard if you want.
This is without a doubt, one of the best styles to make it to the man bun. The elegant row of braids is suitable for long and medium locks. However, it is not easy to come by. Only a hair stylist with the right skills can pull off this intricate look.
This is the perfect description of the man bun. It combines different styles to give an enhanced look. A taper at the sides, pulling the strands and tying to a topknot and keeping well-trimmed sideburns is the way to go.
This does not imply that the style is for medium or short locks. A full lock can take a shot at it. Pull some sections of the top strands and correlate with those at the bottom of the head. After, tie into a bun a few inches from the nape of the neck.
The fades are great combinations for every haircut and that is not lost on the man bun. Maintain high fades at the sides and tie the strands into a knot at the top of the head.
This is similar to the low man bun but has a different perception. The top half of the hair sweeps into a bun and the rest are loose. Use a good styling product to keep the strands in place.
There is no denying the fact that the spiky haircut makes a great deal of impressions on any haircut. Featuring on the man bun is another leverage to show off the classy look. Pull the strands into a ponytail and secure with an elastic band.
Men with medium-length locks can make the most out of their strands. The shorter version of the man bun opens the pathway to exploration and you can cease the opportunity to style into a bun.
If your blessing with long locks extends to the beard, it will be a good idea to style it alongside the bun. After getting the desired style, get the barber to style the sideburns to a suitable perceptive to the bun.
Consider applying some hair products to tone the locks to blonde. After that, get under the clipper and style to the man bun you prefer.
It is quite true that long locks pull off the man bun better. However, you can take a swipe at the haircut with medium-length strands. It won't be too short or voluminous and can rest at the center of the top.
This is an intricate sight and catches the fancy of onlookers. This is the delight of men that have long locks. The best way to pull it off is maintaining full locks on the top and bottom. Then, tie into a mini ponytail and complement with a full beard.
For men that are not fortunate to have long locks, the short Samurai is to their rescue. Keep tapers at the sides and with the help of a good hair product, secure the locks into a smaller knot.
If you are in love with your long locks and will not want to have any sticking out, it is a good idea to put the double man bun to use. It entails rocking the first bun at the crown and the next few inches away from the nape. This is without a doubt, one of the coolest trends in town.
The shoulder length lock is the best to actualize this. It entails pulling back the strands and tying into a bun at the crown. Leave out some strands and part them to the left and right sides of the neck.
This haircut is a good description of the messy hairstyle. It is a best fit for the wavy and curly hair. Do not focus on tying the knot alone but leave some strands locking at the sides after tying a few strands.
You can pull off a messy look with full locks. After gathering the strands to the center of the head and tying into a knot, leave a few strands to protrude from the sides.
This is between the long and short man buns. The intricacy of the style comes from the adaptation to different haircuts such as the undercut. Tie the knot at the vertex of the head and maintain clean cuts at the sides.
There is no doubt that long locks give men many styling option to choose. There are many of the man bun haircuts in vogue and you can choose the one that suits your appearance and style needs. Which side of the war do you perch after going through the 42 stylish man bun styles?
The hairstyle serves varieties of purposes and is a nice way to bring your fashion tastes to life. Recreate your hairstyle with the amazing mix of the man bun and other haircuts. One thing is sure – you will not regret styling your hair to a man bun.


When I'm at work, I drink a lot of water and green tea… but I'll admit, I can't start my day without coffee.
Now, it's not because I need the caffeine. I just love the way it tastes (and smells). In fact, the smell of coffee in the mornings is one of my earliest, fondest memories… because every morning, before we woke up, my dad would start a pot of coffee… and by the time we woke up, the smell just FILLED the house. It's still my favorite way to wake up.
Now, I know you may also be dreading hot days ahead… so I wanted to make sure to share the recipe for my grown-up "mocha pops" with you right now… that way, you can start tomorrow morning with a sweet "pick-me-up" or enjoy a refreshing treat after a long day in the sun.
Not a coffee drinker? Make sure you read to the end for 3 DELICIOUS variations — not a coffee bean in sight!
In a large measuring cup, combine coffee, coconut milk, stevia, and vanilla extract.
Let cool to room temperature if the coffee is still warm, then pour into popsicle molds (or small paper cups).
Freeze for at least 2 hours, or up to overnight.
Right before serving, melt chocolate and coconut oil together in the microwave. Stir until smooth.
Remove ice pops from molds, and drizzle with melted chocolate mixture. The chocolate will set on contact.
I've decided to keep a batch of these in my freezer this summer— because they're a great way to use up the last little bit of coffee in the machine… and if you're starting the day with a popsicle, it kinda feels like you're on vacation… even if you have to go to work after you finish it.
So give it a try… or try turning your favorite drink into a popsicle, and let me know how it turns out.
And — stay cool out there!
P.S. Not a coffee drinker? Here are 3 delicious, creamy, dairy-free pops to try.
Vanilla Cream: Use 2 cups coconut milk, the liquid stevia, and the vanilla extract. If you want to get really adventurous, add diced fruit before freezing.
Chocolate: Use 2 cups of coconut milk, ¼ cup of cocoa powder, and a little extra stevia. Freeze until solid.
Green Tea: Use 2 cups of coconut milk, a tablespoon of matcha powder, and a bit more stevia than the original recipe called for. Freeze plain or with fruit.
Or, if you're feeling adventurous enough to create your own recipe, reply to this email and tell me about it! I'd love to give your recipes a try, too.


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text:
How Barbie Got Curvy: Inside the Radical Remake of an Icon
By Cubie King and Julia Lull
January 28, 2016 7:00 AM EST
Barbie has been a lightning rod for controversy since her debut at the New York Toy Fair in 1959. Mattel has made subtle changes to the doll's body and face over the years, but none as dramatic as the changes they are making now by adding three new body types: tall, petite and curvy.
Barbie's sales have dropped dramatically in the past few years in the face of fierce competition from what parents perceive to be more progressive playthings—like the Lego Friends toys and the Frozen doll. "Some of the things that people said about Barbie was that she might be a bad role model for girls, that she represents an unrealistic body type," says Jess Weiner, a branding expert and consultant who has worked with Dove, Disney and Mattel to create empowering messages for girls.
Read the TIME cover story on Barbie's new body
In a world where curvaceous stars like Beyoncé, Kim Kardashian and Nikki Minaj rule pop culture, Barbie felt out-of-touch. After 57 years of criticism, Mattel finally determined to update the doll.
"We said to our teams, 'If you could start the brand over today and you didn't have any rules, you could do whatever you wanted, what would you do?'" says Kim Culmone, the head of design at Barbie. The answer was greater diversity—in terms of skin tone, hair color and texture and finally body size.
Write to Julia Lull at julia.lull@time.com.
Review: In Originals, Freethinkers Play by Rules

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Bogotá, Colombia was recently named the least safe transit system for women, largely due to an epidemic of sexual assault (defined here as any type of unwanted sexual touching). According to a survey, conducted in Colombia and Bolivia as part of the Lee Schipper Memorial Scholarship last year, 38 percent of female TransMilenio users, Bogotá's bus rapid transit system, have been assaulted. While the case of TransMilenio is extreme, Bogotá's system is far from alone in facing this crisis. In El Alto, Bolivia, 20 percent of female users, or one in five, have been assaulted.
The conditions within transit systems, such as extreme crowding, isolation and lack of accountability, often contribute to sexual assault and cause perpetrators to go unpunished. However, cultural norms also play a role in normalizing and trivializing violence against women. The sustainable transport community needs to recognize this and work toward changing both conditions and culture—including its own.
This constant state of stress and hypervigilance impacts users' emotional and psychological wellbeing and can erode trust of those around them. Less than half of assault victims on TransMilenio believed their fellow passengers would intervene if they witnessed an assault, as compared to 67 percent of women who had not suffered an assault.
TransMilenio's legendary crowding creates an atmosphere where riders can harass women with little fear of legal or social consequences. The crowding normalizes very intimate contact with strangers. As a result, physical sensations that would normally be clear indications of assault may be ambiguous. In the most crowded vehicles, it may not even be possible to tell who, of the half-dozen people in one's immediate proximity, is doing the touching. Both victims and witnesses have discussed feeling unable to intervene because of this ambiguity and anonymity.
Even in less crowded conditions, the normalization of intimate contact lowers the chance that the assaulter will be detected. Many women describe feeling someone pressing up against them and assume it's because of the crowded conditions, only to realize later that the contact was inappropriate. In general, women who did not or could not confront their assaulter in the moment (whether or not they legally reported them), express more negative feelings in the aftermath.
While opinions like these are troublingly common, it is worth noting that many respondents, both men and women, wholeheartedly rejected these ideas.
However, sexism is not just a problem among transit users. All three of the previous excerpts came from interviews with transit planners of varying ages. When raising awareness about assault on public transit, advocates for sustainable transport must not neglect examining their own perspectives.
To successfully address sexual assault on transit, advocates need to raise awareness among both transit users and transit planners that assault is a real problem with serious consequences. It is critical to identify cultural and technical measures to reduce future assaults and make women feel safe using public transport. Drawing on the perspectives of women who have experienced assault will help gauge the effectiveness of potential remedies. For example, based on a victim's experience with ambiguous assaults, it may be helpful to focus on empowering victims and witnesses to react in a way that avoids conflict. Addressing sexual assault is vital for improving women's physical and emotional safety as they take transit.
In recent months, TransMilenio took an important step toward addressing sexual assault, as representatives met with several victims during the final stage of the Lee Schipper study. While awareness of existing resources, such as the Purple Hotline (offered by the Secretary of Women), is low, new recommendations include targeting awareness campaigns toward both men and women and the training of and building trust in transit police officers.


text:
More Fundamentalist Hypocrisy at Work
I report this story with one caveat. The source is The Daily Mail, a paper that is often unreliable and always sleazy. That said, what the Daily Mail reports rings true with me. It fits with my own experiences within Christian fundamentalism and much which I have witnessed from constantly observing the Jesus addicts in these sects.
This fits precisely with the sort of things I heard in a fundamentalist high school, that we were taught in seminary and what I saw in several fundamentalist churches. There was even a time that this poor blogger worked full time for a major evangelical organization in the heart of the evangelical Vatican, the Wheaton-Carol Stream area. So I do have a great deal of experience with these people. And after I became a libertarian/atheist I spent a lot of time sparing with such people, sometimes in very public forums. I even had three debates scheduled with a major Moral Majority figure but after the first debate he stopped showing up.
Stephen Green is a fundamentalist leader in the United Kingdom. He runs a far right group called Christian Voice. His group believes England is godless and condemned unless it turns to fundamentalist interpretations of the Bible. He wants a form of Christian sharia law imposed on the UK. And like Muslim fundamentalists his attitudes are extremely anti-gay and anti-woman. He actually says the problem with the church is that "oestrogen is overwhelming" it, when it needs "Christian with testosterone." So what is like being married to a man like that? Apparently not good. And that is what The Daily Mail reports.
He wanted his wife, who married him before he turned in religious fanatic and extremist, to be totally submissive to him. His organization actually wants repeal of laws forbidding husbands from raping their wives, saying that submission to husbands means it is impossible for a wife to be raped, as no consent is needed after marriage. Sweet guy, isn't he?
Green told his wife she wasn't submissive enough and wrote her a note telling her how he would beat her into submission. She recounted: "He told me he'd make a piece of wood into a sort of witch's broom and hit me with it, which he did. He hit me until I bled. I was terrified. I can still remember the pain." Caroline Green said the beating was the last of it for her and filed for divorce because of it.
The Mail says Green "routinely inveights against the abolition of the death penalty, no-fault divorce, Islam,, abortion and, his particular bête noir, homoesexuality."
Caroline says living with Green was like "living in a cult. We were all subjugated to his will and cowed by him. Over the years he belittled us and made us feel worthless." She says that when Green authored an anti-gay book it "was the beginning of the end" for them. That book pushed him into more and more extreme viewpoints.
Convinced that British culture was depraved Green took his family into a rural area to live. He would also attack friends or family who came to visit creating a situation where the family was isolated from any outside influences. Caroline says: "It is hard to overstate the extent of his control We were shut off from the world." She says he was particularly controlling of the couple's four children. "He bullied them mentally and manipulated them," "nothing they did was ever good enough." Caroline reported he also beat his sons. "On once occasion Stephen beat him so hard with a piece of wood that we thought he might have broken his arm. We took him to hospital, my son pretended he'd fallen because we didn't want to incur his father's anger."
Caroline divorced Green and he, completely contrary to Biblical teaching, went and remarried. Apparently sexual edicts in the Bible don't apply to him. Caroline says she is speaking out because she heard Green saying that he and his new wife want to have children and Caroline doesn't think he is fit to be a father. "My concerns are, what will he do to these kids? My middle and youngest sons have been almost suicidally depressed because of his mental bullying. they still bear the scars.
The abuse and cultish atmosphere corresponds directly with the same kinds of reports that come from children of Rev. Fred Phelps and his anti-gay cult, the Westboro Baptist Church. Neither is this far off the type of behavior I saw at the fundamentalist church that ran my high school and seminary.
One of the things that baffles me is that Mormons and even conservative Catholics, like the bat-shit nuts Jenny Roback Morse, end up in alliances with these people, apparently without realizing that their shared hatred of gay people is not the end of the fundamentalist agenda. I sat in strategy meetings where fundamentalists admitted that the gay issue was a front issue for them and that there was a lot more they wanted to do the country to make it follow biblical law. They saw the anti-gay campaigns as merely a wedge issue, a way of getting their foot in the door.
I asked one fundamentalist leader if he thought Catholics were Christians. He evaded and stuttered and tried not to answer. I pressed him for a yes or no answer and he finally said, "No, they aren't." Tough shit Jenny, you are their list for targeting eventually, but go ahead, make common cause with them. Similarly they are adamant that Mormons are satanic and evil.
I doubt they will ever get to the point where they can turn against Catholics and Mormons openly. After all they ware a waining influence and unlike to succeed in their drive to force all gay people into the closets — if not into prisons, or even the hangman's noose. Given their diminishing influence it is unlikely they will win very many culture battles, especially over the long term. And many of there apparent success are only temporary.
However, in spite of their decline, it is still important to know who these people are and what they are intending to do. It is also nice to see them, as they really are, and not as they pretend to be in public. The face behind the fundamentalist mask is often a very ugly one. And Stephen Green is no exception.
Postscript: I realize that calling this fundamentalist "hypocrisy" is a mistake. Green is practicing what he preaches, he is no hypocrite, at least not on these matters. What he is is grossly inhuman and inhumane to his wife and children. But fundamentalist Christianity is heavily built on the premise that others are inferior to one's self. Part of the impulse of their anti-gay campaigns is that desire to always find someone they can hate and look down upon. That they often do this to their own wives is just another manifestation of this mind set.
Labels: fundamentalism
The future of Mubarak.
Here, there and in-between.
The Egyptian Meltdown
Why is the New York Times so silent?
What passes as obscene in Arkansas.
In summation: Peter Hitchens vs. this blog.
The birth of a panic.
Peter Hitchens is Not Happy
Paranoia and the Politics of Pot
There are just days that are seared into your head...


We communicate with each other all the time, both knowingly and unknowingly. Whether we speak out what we think inside your head or express our feelings through body languages, we are constantly sending out communicative signals to others. The same communicative signals are then being perceived differently by each one of us in such an interesting way that it's hard to explain. Needless to say, communication isn't as easy as it seems. Especially, in complex IT projects where various parties across nations taking part in a daily basis, the communication skill of the project manager is the key factor that decides the success or failure of the project. And by communication, I mean communication as a concept, no matter if it's through a written down task, a message in Slack or deliver in person through spoken words.
In this blog, I'm going to share with you 6 ingredients that you must bring into your action plan if you want to improve your communication effectively. This blog is dedicated for IT projects, and for that, my message is customized for IT project managers.
You need to have a clear message that resonates with your target audience, whether it is your developers, your boss or your client. To achieve an effective communication, your message needs to be designed to fit the recipient and easy to understand. You will need to ensure that the readers not only gets a full picture but will have a clear idea on where to start and what to do next.
So, what does it mean by designing a fitting message in a real context? Let say that you have new members to your team, you can't expect them to fully understand the big picture just yet. For these people, you'll want to carefully explain how each piece of the puzzle fits together. If they are tasked to develop a new feature to your web app, then you need to ensure that they understand how it's connected to the existing infrastructure and the future plan of the project. So write down the sources of information. Write down, perhaps, how the old system worked and what the flaws were. Write down who they could talk to regarding other systems. Write as much as possible because these people need more information.
You also need to communicate a clear goal and objective of what the project needs to achieve to all people that involve. Because, often that not, people are not motivated to do things which they don't understand why.
In effective communication, it's important to keep in mind that Quality over Quantity is the key. If you dump too much information on your developers at once, you'll risk them not being able to comprehend the big picture (which results in a lot of wasted time having to explain things again and the inevitable misunderstanding as communication then gets scattered between different channels). On the other side, providing them with too little information, and they will be left to fill in the blanks on their own which could lead to a lot of damages.
Timing is of course also a key ingredient. The best time to deliver a key piece of information is at the time they need it. If you are building something big, cut the project into milestones, let them focus on something small that they can complete and once that is done then set them up for the next milestone, instead of dumping all the information in one go at the start of the project.
The choice of medium is perhaps the most important part. You must know that each one of us prefer to receive information in a different way. Some people only receive information effectively through visual methods like charts and presentations, some prefer to read carefully written-down materials, some like to brainstorm in groups while some others prefer to fathom about the topics and find things by themselves before moving to a project meeting. You – as a project manager – need to constantly learn about the people you are involved with your project to understand their preferred communication styles more.
If you have an avid book reader as a colleague who prefers to go over things in text, well then write more. If you have someone like me (a simpleton) then you'd be wise to rely more on imagery. In my previous article, I went over how to carefully design tasks and medium choices for writing tasks. Check it out here.
Ineffective communication also means over-communicating. If you send out too many emails at once or set up too long and too frequent meetings, we will lose the attention, engagement and motivation of people. There needs to be a fine balance between too much and too little communications.
So, remember in the previous example where I told you that you need to write as much as possible when there are new members? That will not work at all the time, just to clarify. Why? Because for some people, you don't really need to provide that much of information. Only key information is enough.
For instance, if you need to manage a senior colleague who's been there for a long time. He obviously won't need all the extra information that you would have given a junior coder. You better be wise to deliver the key goals and the important details this person needs to know to accomplish their tasks in the project instead. If you overload these people with unnecessary information, you'll risk them skipping over parts of your message as they'll assume that there are parts which aren't necessary to their understanding.
It may sound counter-intuitive but providing too much information often results in the recipient gaining less information as they'll start to skim the pages to find the important parts.
How often must that information be communicated/shared?
By what means will information be communicated/shared?
This perhaps sounds a bit strange, but in my opinion this is the key of effective communication. When managing a team, consider to have a friendship with them. Ask yourself these questions: Do I know my team well? Have I interacted with them outside of work? The true is, if you can make someone think of you as a friend instead of a boss, it's more likely that any message you deliver to them will stick better.
My advice on emotionally connecting is to listen more and talk less. That particular works well when you just come to know the other persons. Let others speak, get to know their interest and make an honest attempt to get interested in their stories and their works yourself.
I used to have a colleague who were a bit uncomfortable in social situations. He would often get very defensive and would show very clear signs of anxiety every time I went up to him to discuss a task, which in turn, made any conversations with him quite awkward. So what I did was to ensure that every time I approached him we'd talk a bit about his interests first. He loved games (and luckily i'm a gamer as well) so I would often talk with him about game, latest news trailers or what we'd recently played, before we get to the main topic of discussion.
Building a friendship with your co-workers and team members take time and effort. But keep in mind that, the best project managers out there cultivate these relationships long before they need them.
Communication is important, and I believe that most people working in IT has problems with the communication skill. That's why I personally believe that effective communication is something that should be taught in schools as the youth needs to be well-trained to communicate better before they enter the workforce.
This article is a result of many internal discussions at Aurora Digital. As 80% of my job at Aurora Digital is to communicate with clients and team members, I am trying my best to up my project management skills and communication skills.


text:
Q: no such object in table when calling registry.lookup i am having a trouble when trying to run communication between server and client using RMI. My code is attached below. Server runs fine, i can see listening port in list of pc ports, client fails on registry.lookup. I didnt find any similar problem. Please help.
Server:
public class Main {

private static int port = Registry.REGISTRY_PORT;
private static Registry registry;
/**
 * @param args the command line arguments
 */
public static void main(String[] args) {

   if (args.length == 1) {
        try {
                port = Integer.parseInt(args[0]);
                }
            catch (NumberFormatException e) {
    System.out.println("Port number is not valid!");
    System.exit(0);
            }
}

    if (System.getSecurityManager() == null)
        System.setSecurityManager(new RMISecurityManager());
String name = "DBInterface";

    System.out.println("Starting server.");

    try {
        DBInterface DBInterface = new DBClass();
        DBInterface stub = (DBInterface) UnicastRemoteObject.exportObject(DBInterface, 5000);
        registry = LocateRegistry.createRegistry(port);
        registry.rebind(name, stub);
    }
    catch (RemoteException e)
    {
        System.out.println(e.getMessage());
    }
    System.out.println("Server succesfully started.");

}

}
Client:
public class Client {

private static String ipAddress = "localhost";
private static int port = Registry.REGISTRY_PORT;
private static String confFile = "";
public static DBInterface dbServer = null;
public static String name = "DBInterface";

public static void main(String[] args) {
    System.out.println("Starting client.");

    if (System.getSecurityManager() == null)
        System.setSecurityManager(new RMISecurityManager());

    if (args.length == 3) {
        try {
            ipAddress = args[0];
            port = Integer.parseInt(args[1]);
            confFile = args[2];
        }
        catch (NumberFormatException e) {
    System.out.println("Port number is not valid!");
    System.exit(0);
        }
}
    else
    {
        System.out.println("Some parameter is missing!");
        System.out.println("Valid parameters are: IP(0) Port(1) Config_file_name(2).");
    }

    ArrayList<ArrayList<String>> commands = Tools.loadConfigFile(confFile);
    Iterator<ArrayList<String>> commandsIterator = commands.iterator();
    Registry registry;

try {
        registry = LocateRegistry.getRegistry(ipAddress, port);
        dbServer = (DBInterface) registry.lookup(name);  //code fails here
} catch (RemoteException e) {
        System.out.println(e.getMessage());  //"no such object in table" is printed on the screen
} catch (NotBoundException e) {
        System.out.println(e.getMessage());
}
    Tools tools = new Tools(dbServer);

...

A: What you describe is basically impossible. That exception means that the stub you are using, in this case a Registry, no longer refers to a live exported object in the target JVM. However as Registry stubs are created locally there is no opportunity for them to expire at all. The only mechanism would be the Registry you created exiting, but the static Registry reference should prevent that.
I would change a few things though:
    DBInterface stub = (DBInterface) UnicastRemoteObject.exportObject(DBInterface, 5000);
    registry = LocateRegistry.createRegistry(port);

Reverse these two lines, and use port for both the Registry and the export. You don't need two ports. Also, in all your catch blocks, never just suppress the exception message in favour of your own. You should always at least log the actual exception message.

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