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Tag: Candidate
Australia nominates finance minister as candidate for OECD head
Video: Australia faces economic challenge '45 times more severe' than Labor during 2008 GFC: PM (Sky News Australia)
Australia faces economic challenge '45 times more severe' than Labor during 2008 GFC: PM
SYDNEY (Reuters) – Australia has nominated outgoing Finance Minister Mathias Cormann as its candidate for the next secretary general of the Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), Prime Minister Scott Morrison said on Thursday.
© Reuters/DENIS BALIBOUSE
FILE PHOTO: 2020 World Economic Forum in Davos
Cormann will be up against candidates that include U.S. President Donald Trump's nominee, deputy White House Chief of Staff Christopher Liddell.
"We believe the OECD needs the sort of leadership that we think Australia and an Australian can provide," Morrison told reporters in Canberra.
"I can think of no finer candidate that Australia can put forward – with his experience."
The OECD is a organisation
Inovio Coronavirus Vaccine Candidate Trial Halted Due To FDA Inquiry
Inovio Pharmaceuticals (NASDAQ:INO) stock was really taking it on the chin Monday, following a very discouraging revelation from the company.
The biotech announced that morning that the clinical trials for its INO-4800 COVID-19 vaccine candidate have been halted. This was because the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) served notice that it has additional questions about the phase 2/3 trial of INO-4800, in particular, the company's proprietary CELLECTRA 2000 injection device that will be used in the testing.
Inovio said it is laboring to answer the regulator's questions; the company plans to respond in October. After its responses are submitted, the FDA will have up to 30 days to render a decision about whether the clinical trials can proceed.
The company stressed that the FDA's decision was not based upon, and does not impact, the expanded phase 1 trial of the vaccine candidate, which is ongoing. It also does not affect
FEC | Candidate | Personal use
Using campaign funds for personal use is prohibited.
Commission regulations provide a test, called the "irrespective test," to differentiate legitimate campaign and officeholder expenses from personal expenses. Under the "irrespective test," personal use is any use of funds in a campaign account of a candidate (or former candidate) to fulfill a commitment, obligation or expense of any person that would exist irrespective of the candidate's campaign or responsibilities as a federal officeholder.
More simply, if the expense would exist even in the absence of the candidacy or even if the officeholder were not in office, then the personal use ban applies.
Conversely, any expense that results from campaign or officeholder activity falls outside the personal use ban.
Spending that isn't personal use
In addition to the "irrespective test," Commission regulations include other uses of funds that do not constitute personal use and thus are permissible uses of campaign funds.
Are You a Good Candidate for Long Term Care Insurance?
Approximately 70% of older adults will need some type of long-term care at some point. This type of care could include a nursing home or various degrees of in-home care, whether that includes skilled nursing care, help with activities of daily living, or some combination of services.
The problem is that these services are very expensive-and the costs are not covered by Medicare, outside of a 100-day period where skilled nursing care is covered for those who qualify and which does not cover non-medical care.
Medicaid does cover some costs of long-term care, but the income requirements to qualify for Medicaid assistance are very strict. It is not uncommon for older adults to spend everything they have on their care in order to qualify, so that by the time they do, they are near destitution.
This can be prevented with an LTC insurance policy. But these policies come with challenges … Read More


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Gloria Richardson analyzed the system to find solutions
by Micha Green January 16, 2021 January 25, 2022
Gloria Richardson, famously captured in this 1964 photo pushing a bayonet held by a White National Guardsman. (YouTube Screenshot)
By Micha Green
AFRO D.C. Editor
mgreen@afro.com
When Gloria Richardson learned that Joseph R. Fitzgerald PhD, wanted to write a biography about her, she didn't understand and humbly felt her life was pedestrian. Her word. However, if a picture is really worth a thousand words, then the 1964 Fred Ward photo showing Richardson pushing a bayonet away and side-eyeing the White National Guardsman holding it, then the Black Liberation leader is anything but pedestrian, and more like a powerful force to be reckoned with.
"She had real political power and implied power," said Fitzgerald, author of Richardson's biography The Struggle is Eternal. "She leveraged her power in ways to advance Black Liberation. And as a woman, she's a harda** and she does not suffer fools. So being a Black woman, who doesn't suffer fools, who's a huge advocate for Black people, she's considered to be intimidating and threatening."
In the famous photo the bayonet points boldly near Richardson as the White National Guardsman towered over her; yet she was the one being treated as a threat.
"White America's never comfortable with Black people who advocate for themselves and advocate for Black people and don't care if White people are comfortable," Fitzgerald told the AFRO.
However, Fitzgerald, a White, cis-gendered male with a PhD in Black Studies, dove deep into Richardson's world. From 2002- 2015, Fitzgerald interviewed Richardson, learned about her family, the "good stock" from which she comes, her indoctrination from a very young age into working for the betterment of her people and her fearless leadership that led to revolution and strides in justice for the Black people of Cambridge, Md. In his years-long journey learning about the leader's life as a girl in Baltimore to today in her late 90s, Fitzgerald, an associate professor of history and political science at Cabrini University in Pennsylvania, has gained invaluable knowledge about researching, identifying and finding solutions to combat the pervasiveness of White supremacy.
"Richardson is radical. Being a radical means you dive deep into the problems to understand what the actual causes of the problems are. And that is the lesson that I have taken to heart, that there has to be a systems analysis," Fitzgerald explained. "And Richardson, as a student of sociology… that you have to have a system analysis to really understand what the underlying problems are before you can develop an effective strategy and select tactics to advance Black liberation."
Then Fitzgerald added five short words that revealed the humility it takes to be, what Richardson called, "a civil rights worker," or what is known as a servant leader. "The lesson that I have been able to really glean from her life is her quote that 'Nobody has all the answers.'"
While Richardson may feel she didn't have all the answers, she was groomed for a life as a leader. She was born Gloria St. Clair Hayes, an offspring of the famous Maryland St. Clairs, who were, historically, free Blacks in Cambridge.
"The AFRO has been covering the St. Clair family since the 1890s," Fitzgerald said.
"Her family was a part of that very elite, and extremely wealthy Black echelon of Eastern seaboard Black families," the professor explained "She was taught by her family, her maternal family and father, who was a pharmacist and owned his own pharmacy, that their quality of life and that their standard of living was the way it was because of the Black community supporting the Black St. Clair businesses. So she owed it to them to serve her race. They groomed her for race service, or service to the Black race. Not necessarily a leader but that she was supposed to use her knowledge, skills and abilities to do what she could to assist her Black community in staying afloat or better."
If her family and rearing was not enough to slowly form the self-described "civil rights worker," Richardson's education at Howard University helped to cement her activism. As a student she protested at the local Woolworths.
"Her education at Howard was problem driven, solution oriented- that's Black studies," Fitzgerald told the AFRO. "And that's what her professors taught her about Black life and how to interrogate it, study it and basically use your knowledge, skills and abilities to make Black people's lives better."
However after her graduation in 1942 and relocation to her family's homestead in Cambridge, the new wife to schoolteacher Harry Richardson, had trouble finding a job as a social worker, because agencies did not want to hire Black women. Though trained in sociology, the wife and now mother became a homemaker for 13 years before her formal launch into civil rights work. But when the time came, she was ready.
"Personality, family expectations and formal training at Howard- that's the trifecta right there," Fitzgerald said, when explaining Richardson's call to leadership.
Richardson's daughter Donna, who was involved in protests demanding equality in Cambridge, initially sparked her passion. Trained in sociology, and equipped with knowledge of research analysis, Richardson formed and led the Cambridge Nonviolent Action Committee.
"She knew she didn't have all the answers. She knew she had one view of a particular issue and that other people came to the table… had their own perspectives and views, and this kind of collaboration, building of consensus through consultation, was going to be really the way that Cambridge's Black community could advance its liberation struggle. It was not going to happen top down, it was going to happen bottom up," Fitzgerald said.
Richardson advocated and demanded economic, educational, job and housing equality. She famously met with state and national leaders, including U.S. Attorney General Robert Kennedy, and negotiated, what was called, the Treaty of Cambridge.
Her success as the CNAC leader drew the attention of many other civil rights leaders and she was actually one of the six women listed as the "Negro Women Fighters for Freedom," on the March on Washington program. However, neither she, nor the other women, was allowed to officially speak that day; a decision same said was made by her male counterparts in the struggle.
Richardson's activism in Cambridge may have seemed to come to an abrupt halt after she married photographer Frank Dandridge and moved to New York, where she worked with the Department of Aging and National Council of Negro Women.
"She never really stopped doing the advocacy work for people of all colors," Fitgerald told the AFRO. "Black America will always be her first concern… Because Black people are the most maligned and marginalized, that when Blacks become free the rest of America will be free."
"When it comes to Black people, she is a race woman," Fitzgerald said.
Micha Green
AFRO Washington, D.C. Editor More by Micha Green

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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Volvo Cars and the Volvo Group
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Volvo Cars is owned by Zhejiang Geely Holding of China. The Volvo Group is a publicly-held company headquartered in Gothenburg, Sweden, with shares listed on OMX Nordic Exchange in Stockholm.
Volvo Cars and the Volvo Group remain separate entities but cooperate in research and development, and brand-related investments such as Volvo Ocean Race.
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308 Burton Hill Road, Westworth Village TX 76114
Children's and Youth Ministry
How to Become a Christian
Dr. Terry Colley, Senior Pastor
Terry has been the senior pastor of Burton Hill Baptist Church since 2015 and has been a bi-vocational pastor in Texas for the past 30 years. While pastoring, Terry served as the Deputy Executive Director for the Texas Historical Commission, the state agency for historic preservation. He retired from the state in May 2014. Terry is also a Certified Church Consultant through the Society for Church Consulting.
Dr. Colley is a native of Austin, Texas, and holds a Bachelor of Business Administration degree (1983) from Southwest Texas State University, now Texas State University, in San Marcos, Texas. He earned his Master of Divinity degree (1995) and his Doctor of Ministry degree (2002) from Southwestern Baptist Theological Seminary in Fort Worth, Texas. Terry and his wife, Jennifer, have two grown children, Travis and Kate, and make their home in Stephenville.
Rev. Jordan Yerkes, Associate Pastor
Jordan Yerkes joined the Burton Hill Family in 2011. He became the associate pastor of Burton Hill Baptist Church in February of 2015 after serving 7 months as the interim pastor.
Jordan holds a Bachelor of Music degree (2008) with emphasis in Piano Performance from Stephen F. Austin State University. He is the Installation Foreman and Voicing Technician for Garland Pipe Organs, where he has worked since 2008. He builds and services church pipe organs throughout Texas, Louisiana, and Oklahoma, as well as in Rhode Island. Jordan and his wife Heather reside in Westworth Village with their six children.
Rev. Lanutenzuk "Lanu" Lemtur, Mission Pastor
Lanu Lemtur is the Mission Pastor at Burton Hill Baptist Church. He pastors the recently planted First Naga Baptist Church DFW that meets on Sunday afternoons at Burton Hill Baptist Church. Lanu is married and is currently a student at Southwestern Baptist Theological Seminary.
Rev. Kughaho Chishi, Minister of Music
Kughaho Chishi has served on staff at Burton Hill Baptist Church as the Minister of Music since January 2012. He was born and raised in Nagaland, India. Prior to coming to the United States, Chishi served as Assistant Professor of music theory and director of Patkai Chorale for eight years at Patkai Christian College in his home country.
Chishi holds a Bachelor of Church Music degree in conducting and ethnomusicology (1994), and a Master of Church Music degree in conducting and composition from the Asian Institute for Liturgy and Music in Manila, Philippines (1999).
Mrs. Heather Yerkes, Children's Ministry Director
Heather Yerkes became a part of the Burton Hill Family in 2011. She holds a Bachelor of Music degree (2008) with certification in Piano Pedagogy from Stephen F. Austin State University and is a private piano instructor and accompanist.
Heather and her husband have a heart for local and international missions and foster care/adoption. Heather has led VBS programs, outreach events, youth activities, and Bible studies both locally in the church and on international trips. She and Jordan live in Westworth Village with their six children.
Ms. Courtney Craig, Youth Director
Courtney Craig is the Youth Director at Burton Hill Baptist Church. She graduated from Arkansas State University with a degree in Social Work in May of 2018 and spent the next 11 months on an overseas mission trip. Her dream is to eventually serve as a missionary in Romania working with the Gypsy population. She and her husband, Colin, and their daughter make their home in Fort Worth.
Burton Hill Baptist Church
308 Burton Hill Road Westworth Village, TX 76114
Burton Hill Baptist Church, 308 Burton Hill Road, Westworth Village, TX 76114


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Pig Heart Boy
Pig Heart Boy is a children's novel by Malorie Blackman which was first published in 1997. It was shortlisted for the Carnegie Medal. The novel was adapted into a television series, which was broadcast by the BBC in 1999.
TV Status: Avslutad
Längd: - min
Nätverk: -
Versicherungsdedektive – Der Wahrheit auf der Spur
https://www.themoviedb.org/u/Paszt
ラブ★コン
Alone in the Wild
Alone in the Wild is a 2009 documentary television series commissioned by Channel 4 and produced by Tigress Productions, a UK independent producer. It was co-produced with the National Geographic…
Kundali
Kundali is an Indian-produced television soap opera that originally aired on Metro Gold under DD Metro in 2002. After the channel closed, the series was taken over by STAR Plus,…
La Cabane à Histoires
Stand Up Britain
A woman who goes on maternity leave becomes increasingly paranoid about the motives of the person covering for her.
Bhaid
Bhaid is a Pakistani television show, focusing on Infotainment. The show airs on the news channel, Express News. The show airs every Tuesday from 19:30-20:30 PST and is hosted by…
MA 2412
MA 2412 is an Austrian television series.
Love for Lydia
An Evening with Carol Channing


Cruise ships are working hard to be a "resort at sea" and provide fun for the whole family. Swimming, ice skating, surfing, riding a bike, driving bumper cars, zip lining, playing basketball, taking a yoga or Zumba class, attending a cooking class, playing trivia, scrapbooking, catching the full Broadway production of "Cats" or "Grease," playing Texas hold 'em, attending to a lecture by an Iditarod winner, enjoying high tea with cucumber sandwiches, and riding a carousel are just some of the things you can now do on a cruise ship. One cruise line recently announced a 1,000-foot long, two level open-air race car track with go-karts that can go upwards of 30 mph.
Children's clubs on board offer a wide range of activities to keep children of all ages busy and happy on the ship. The clubs are run by background-checked and college-educated team members that have busy programs planned, such as scavenger hunts, backstage tours, breakfast with the characters (DreamWorks, Dr. Seuss, Nickelodeon, Disney characters are some of the options depending on the cruise line) and even a talent show. Cruise lines are working to be all-inclusive of special needs children allowing priority boarding, special toy library, reduced lighting in the cabin and play area, and relaxing some of the requirements for the kid's club in terms of potty training and age requirements. Older children have their own center with some activities such as dance and pizza parties.
Cruise ports easily reachable by car from Delaware are New York/New Jersey, Charleston, South Carolina, and Baltimore. Tampa, New Orleans, and Port Canaveral are about the same mileage (800-plus) in driving distance. The larger cruise ports of Miami and Fort Lauderdale are harder to get to by car (about 1,200 miles), but there are several airlines that offer non-stop flights out of Columbus to make it an easy trip. These two ports offer more choices in itineraries and better value because of the many ships at these locations.
Finally, the price of the cruise is attractive. You choose your cabin and pay for two guests with discounts for the third and fourth person in the cabin. Almost everything is included with the price. Food is available 24/7 with everything from room service to buffet to steak and lobster dinners. Pizza and ice cream were the foods that kept my son happy all day. Even the pickiest eaters will never go hungry. As for entertainment, there is an entire staff dedicated to making your cruise a never-ending conga line of fun.
Cruising is a wonderful and relatively inexpensive way to give your entire family a vacation filled with a lifetime of memories. No matter where in the world you cruise, the amenities on the ship and the world renowned customer service of the crew and staff will add to your overall vacation experience.


BetterAddictionCare's nationwide recovery network includes some of the top drug and alcohol rehabs in the country, but such a wide range of choices can be overwhelming. Finding the best drug rehab centers in the US for you or a loved one might seem like an impossible task. When your mind is stuffed full of statistics about different programs and facilities, taking a step back from it all can be the smartest move to make. Learning about the different options for treatment makes it easier to decide on the style and length of rehab that would best serve the needs of a unique individual, and our counselors are skilled at helping people to make this important decision.
One of the first things to determine about a rehab center is whether it is an inpatient or outpatient facility. An inpatient facility is one that provides 24/7 addiction recovery services. Patients typically stay at the facility for the duration of the program, making it a good fit for those suffering from a severe addiction. An outpatient facility offers treatment services but does not require patients to stay at the center full-time.
The lengths of treatment programs can vary as well. A 30-day recovery plan may be a good way to detox and achieve initial sobriety in a short span of time. A longer program of 90 days or more is generally recommended to establish new healthy habits and make sobriety a foundation of life outside of a controlled environment.
There are also other factors to take into account when choosing the best rehab centers in the US for your needs. Some of the top facilities offer alternative rehab programs that integrate yoga, art, or meditation as forms of therapy, while others provide a single-gender environment. What makes treatment successful can vary for each person, which is why it's important to find treatment customized to your unique circumstances and needs.
Do I want an inpatient or outpatient rehab?
What substance do I need to end an addiction to?
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Asking a trusted friend or loved one for input can help create a realistic view of what type of treatment to pursue. You can also speak with a counselor or a doctor for an informed opinion. Once you have an idea of what you're looking for, you can more easily narrow down the best drug rehab centers in the US for you.
It's not uncommon to get bogged down in medical jargon or have trouble determining what type of treatment is necessary. If you're stuck trying to figure out the best rehab facility option for you, BetterAddictionCare can help get you back on track. We're proud to include some of the top addiction recovery programs in our network, and we offer a pre-screening assessment that can help sort through those options to help find the best rehab centers in the US for every client.
Addiction recovery is an important milestone in the life of former addicts, and we believe that every client deserves to pursue recovery at the best addiction treatment centers in the US for their needs. Call today or fill out our contact form and start healing with the aid of BetterAddictionCare's 100% confidential services.


Currach Pr, 2009-05-14. Hardcover. Good.
Ireland: Currach Press, 2009. NEW UNREAD AND UNMARKED BUT SLIGHTLY DAMAGED. Hard Cover. Very Good/Very Good.
Currach Pr, 2009-05-14. Hardcover. Used:Good.
Dublin : Currach Press, 2008. Revised Edition. Fine cloth copy in an equally fine dust-wrapper, now mylar-sleeved. Particularly and surprisingly well-preserved; tight, bright, clean and especially sharp-cornered.. Physical description; 255 p. : ill., maps ; 25 cm. Notes; Includes bibliographical references (p. 238-244) and index. Subject; Dublin (Ireland) — History — Chronology.
2009-05-14. Good. Ships with Tracking Number! INTERNATIONAL WORLDWIDE Shipping available. May not contain Access Codes or Supplements. May be ex-library. Shipping & Handling by region. Buy with confidence, excellent customer service!


Mickey's Dining Car has been serving up greasy spoon favorites for nearly 70 years.
Single family homes are a common sight in St. Paul.
"The Source," a fountain sculpture donated to the city in 1965, is the centerpiece of Rice Park.
Downtown St. Paul is a labrynth of office buildings.
The Cathedral of St. Paul is one of the most distinctive churches in the entire country.
St. Paul is well-regarded for its examples of Victorian-style architecture.


text:
Effect of Acid Deposition on Urban Dew Chemistry in Yokohama, Japan
Hiroshi Okochi*, Takuya Kajimoto, Yukiko Arai, Manabu Igawa
Dews or frosts formed on artificial collectors were collected during the early morning in Yokohama in 1993 and 1994 and analyzed for weak acids as well as major inorganic ions. In 1993 (n=21) the dew pH ranged from 3.23 to 7.12 and averaged 4.60; in 1994 (n=56) it ranged from 4.11 to 7.74 and averaged 5.41. Based on the average, NH4+ and Ca2+ were major cations (423 and 178 μequiv L-1 for NH4+ and Ca2+ in 1993, respectively, and 454 and 274 μeuivq L-1 in 1994, respectively) and SO42- was the dominant anion (344 μeuivq L-1 in 1993 and 271 μeuivq L-1 in 1994) in dew water. The dew chemistry was characterized by relatively high concentrations of weak acid anions, particularly hydrogensulfite ion (HSO3-). Dew water sometimes had very high acidity (the minimum pH was 3.23 during the period of this research), which might have been due to the aqueous oxidation of S(IV). From a resistance model calculation, the S(IV) concentration in dew water was suggested to be influenced by the dissolution of HCHO from the atmosphere and the subsequent formation of HMSA.
Bulletin of the Chemical Society of Japan
https://doi.org/10.1246/bcsj.69.3355
10.1246/bcsj.69.3355
Dive into the research topics of 'Effect of Acid Deposition on Urban Dew Chemistry in Yokohama, Japan'. Together they form a unique fingerprint.
Hydrogensulfite Chemical Compounds 100%
Inorganic Ion Chemical Compounds 65%
Anion Chemical Compounds 63%
Chemistry Chemical Compounds 63%
pH Value Chemical Compounds 45%
Dissolution Chemical Compounds 40%
Acid Chemical Compounds 37%
Resistance Chemical Compounds 34%
Okochi, H., Kajimoto, T., Arai, Y., & Igawa, M. (1996). Effect of Acid Deposition on Urban Dew Chemistry in Yokohama, Japan. Bulletin of the Chemical Society of Japan, 69(11), 3355-3365. https://doi.org/10.1246/bcsj.69.3355
Effect of Acid Deposition on Urban Dew Chemistry in Yokohama, Japan. / Okochi, Hiroshi; Kajimoto, Takuya; Arai, Yukiko et al.
In: Bulletin of the Chemical Society of Japan, Vol. 69, No. 11, 11.1996, p. 3355-3365.
Okochi, H, Kajimoto, T, Arai, Y & Igawa, M 1996, 'Effect of Acid Deposition on Urban Dew Chemistry in Yokohama, Japan', Bulletin of the Chemical Society of Japan, vol. 69, no. 11, pp. 3355-3365. https://doi.org/10.1246/bcsj.69.3355
Okochi H, Kajimoto T, Arai Y, Igawa M. Effect of Acid Deposition on Urban Dew Chemistry in Yokohama, Japan. Bulletin of the Chemical Society of Japan. 1996 Nov;69(11):3355-3365. doi: 10.1246/bcsj.69.3355
Okochi, Hiroshi ; Kajimoto, Takuya ; Arai, Yukiko et al. / Effect of Acid Deposition on Urban Dew Chemistry in Yokohama, Japan. In: Bulletin of the Chemical Society of Japan. 1996 ; Vol. 69, No. 11. pp. 3355-3365.
@article{2918936983364274810e6b39457b7197,
title = "Effect of Acid Deposition on Urban Dew Chemistry in Yokohama, Japan",
abstract = "Dews or frosts formed on artificial collectors were collected during the early morning in Yokohama in 1993 and 1994 and analyzed for weak acids as well as major inorganic ions. In 1993 (n=21) the dew pH ranged from 3.23 to 7.12 and averaged 4.60; in 1994 (n=56) it ranged from 4.11 to 7.74 and averaged 5.41. Based on the average, NH4+ and Ca2+ were major cations (423 and 178 μequiv L-1 for NH4+ and Ca2+ in 1993, respectively, and 454 and 274 μeuivq L-1 in 1994, respectively) and SO42- was the dominant anion (344 μeuivq L-1 in 1993 and 271 μeuivq L-1 in 1994) in dew water. The dew chemistry was characterized by relatively high concentrations of weak acid anions, particularly hydrogensulfite ion (HSO3-). Dew water sometimes had very high acidity (the minimum pH was 3.23 during the period of this research), which might have been due to the aqueous oxidation of S(IV). From a resistance model calculation, the S(IV) concentration in dew water was suggested to be influenced by the dissolution of HCHO from the atmosphere and the subsequent formation of HMSA.",
author = "Hiroshi Okochi and Takuya Kajimoto and Yukiko Arai and Manabu Igawa",
doi = "10.1246/bcsj.69.3355",
journal = "Bulletin of the Chemical Society of Japan",
publisher = "Chemical Society of Japan",
T1 - Effect of Acid Deposition on Urban Dew Chemistry in Yokohama, Japan
AU - Okochi, Hiroshi
AU - Kajimoto, Takuya
AU - Arai, Yukiko
AU - Igawa, Manabu
N2 - Dews or frosts formed on artificial collectors were collected during the early morning in Yokohama in 1993 and 1994 and analyzed for weak acids as well as major inorganic ions. In 1993 (n=21) the dew pH ranged from 3.23 to 7.12 and averaged 4.60; in 1994 (n=56) it ranged from 4.11 to 7.74 and averaged 5.41. Based on the average, NH4+ and Ca2+ were major cations (423 and 178 μequiv L-1 for NH4+ and Ca2+ in 1993, respectively, and 454 and 274 μeuivq L-1 in 1994, respectively) and SO42- was the dominant anion (344 μeuivq L-1 in 1993 and 271 μeuivq L-1 in 1994) in dew water. The dew chemistry was characterized by relatively high concentrations of weak acid anions, particularly hydrogensulfite ion (HSO3-). Dew water sometimes had very high acidity (the minimum pH was 3.23 during the period of this research), which might have been due to the aqueous oxidation of S(IV). From a resistance model calculation, the S(IV) concentration in dew water was suggested to be influenced by the dissolution of HCHO from the atmosphere and the subsequent formation of HMSA.
AB - Dews or frosts formed on artificial collectors were collected during the early morning in Yokohama in 1993 and 1994 and analyzed for weak acids as well as major inorganic ions. In 1993 (n=21) the dew pH ranged from 3.23 to 7.12 and averaged 4.60; in 1994 (n=56) it ranged from 4.11 to 7.74 and averaged 5.41. Based on the average, NH4+ and Ca2+ were major cations (423 and 178 μequiv L-1 for NH4+ and Ca2+ in 1993, respectively, and 454 and 274 μeuivq L-1 in 1994, respectively) and SO42- was the dominant anion (344 μeuivq L-1 in 1993 and 271 μeuivq L-1 in 1994) in dew water. The dew chemistry was characterized by relatively high concentrations of weak acid anions, particularly hydrogensulfite ion (HSO3-). Dew water sometimes had very high acidity (the minimum pH was 3.23 during the period of this research), which might have been due to the aqueous oxidation of S(IV). From a resistance model calculation, the S(IV) concentration in dew water was suggested to be influenced by the dissolution of HCHO from the atmosphere and the subsequent formation of HMSA.
U2 - 10.1246/bcsj.69.3355
DO - 10.1246/bcsj.69.3355
JO - Bulletin of the Chemical Society of Japan
JF - Bulletin of the Chemical Society of Japan


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