text:
1996: March 30-April 5
Waleed got nominated for the Gold Logie. So what?
TV Week Logie Awards — Nominations
SBS newsreader Lee Lin Chin (pictured) is a surprise nomination — and the first ever for SBS — for the Gold Logie at the 58th annual TV Week Logie Awards.
Nominations for the event were announced at a ceremony in Melbourne last night.
Also nominated for Gold this year are The Project's Carrie Bickmore and Waleed Aly, The Block's Scott Cam, Miss Fisher Murder Mysteries' Essie Davis and Network Ten's Grant Denyer.
All Gold Logie nominees, bar Davis, have also been nominated for Best Presenter. Davis has, however, also been nominated for Most Outstanding Actress.
Chin, an SBS newsreader for over 20 years, has gained popularity through her self-parody appearances on SBS2's The Feed, which began two years ago. The social media campaign to gain her a Gold Logie nomination has paid off well.
And with Aly, of Egyptian decent, and Indonesian-born Chin among the nominees, this year looks to be the most culturally diverse Gold Logie field ever.
The Seven Network mini-series Peter Allen: Not The Boy Next Door has scored a nomination for Most Outstanding Mini-Series Or Movie, with lead actor Joel Jackson (who also starred in the Foxtel series Deadline Gallipoli) being nominated for Best New Talent and also being announced as the winner of the new category for Most Outstanding New Talent — Actor. Ky Baldwin, who played the young Peter Allen in the mini-series, was announced as the winner of the Graham Kennedy Breakthrough Star Of Tomorrow (formerly the Graham Kennedy Award For Outstanding Newcomer).
The Logie for the new category of Most Outstanding New Talent — Actress was won by Melina Vidler from the Seven Network drama series 800 Words.
This year also marked debut nominations for streaming service Stan, with three nominations for comedy series No Activity, including Most Outstanding Comedy Program and individual nominations for Dan Wyllie and Tim Minchin.
The recipient of the TV Week Logie Awards' Hall Of Fame is to be announced.
The 58th annual TV Week Logie Awards will be held on Sunday 8 May at Crown Entertainment Complex in Melbourne and telecast on the Nine Network.
GOLD LOGIE – BEST PERSONALITY ON AUSTRALIAN TV
CARRIE BICKMORE – The Project, NETWORK TEN
ESSIE DAVIS – Miss Fisher's Murder Mysteries, ABC
GRANT DENYER – Family Feud/The Great Australian Spelling Bee, NETWORK TEN
LEE LIN CHIN – SBS World News/The Feed, SBS
SCOTT CAM – The Block/ Reno Rumble, NINE NETWORK
WALEED ALY – The Project, NETWORK TEN
Last year's winner: Carrie Bickmore (pictured)
CRAIG MCLACHLAN – The Doctor Blake Mysteries, ABC
ERIK THOMSON – 800 Words, CHANNEL SEVEN
FIRASS DIRANI – House Husbands, NINE NETWORK
JOSH THOMAS – Please Like Me, ABC
STEPHEN PEACOCKE – Home And Away, CHANNEL SEVEN
Last year's winner (Most Popular Actor): Stephen Peacocke
BONNIE SVEEN – Home And Away, CHANNEL SEVEN
JESSICA MARAIS – Love Child, NINE NETWORK
JULIA MORRIS – House Husbands, NINE NETWORK
MARTA DUSSELDORP – A Place To Call Home, FOXTEL – SOHO
Last year's winner (Most Popular Actress): Asher Keddie
BEST PRESENTER
AMANDA KELLER – The Living Room, NETWORK TEN
GRANT DENYER – Family Feud/ The Great Australian Spelling Bee, NETWORK TEN
Last year's winner (Most Popular Presenter): Carrie Bickmore
BEST NEW TALENT
ADAM DOVILE – Better Homes And Gardens, CHANNEL SEVEN
BENSON JACK ANTHONY – 800 Words, CHANNEL SEVEN
DAN REILLY – The Block, NINE NETWORK
JOEL JACKSON – Deadline Gallipoli/ Peter Allen: Not The Boy Next Door, FOXTEL – SHOWCASE/ CHANNEL SEVEN
PIA MILLER – Home And Away, CHANNEL SEVEN
Last year's winner (Most Popular New Talent): Miranda Tapsell
BEST DRAMA PROGRAM
800 Words, CHANNEL SEVEN
A Place To Call Home, FOXTEL – SOHO
Home And Away, CHANNEL SEVEN
House Husbands, NINE NETWORK
Love Child, NINE NETWORK (pictured)
Last year's winner (Most Popular Drama): Home And Away
BEST ENTERTAINMENT PROGRAM
Family Feud, NETWORK TEN
Gruen, ABC
Have You Been Paying Attention?, NETWORK TEN
The Voice, NINE NETWORK
The X Factor Australia, CHANNEL SEVEN
Last year's winner (Most Popular Entertainment Program): Hamish & Andy's Gap Year South America
BEST NEWS PANEL OR CURRENT AFFAIRS PROGRAM
60 Minutes, NINE NETWORK
Q&A, ABC
Sunrise, CHANNEL SEVEN
The Project, NETWORK TEN
Today, NINE NETWORK
(New Category)
BEST REALITY PROGRAM
I'm A Celebrity… Get Me Out Of Here!, NETWORK TEN
MasterChef Australia, NETWORK TEN
My Kitchen Rules, CHANNEL SEVEN
The Bachelorette, Australia NETWORK TEN
The Block, NINE NETWORK
Last year's winner (Most Popular Reality Program): The Block
BEST SPORTS PROGRAM
AFL 360, FOXTEL – FOX FOOTY
Marngrook Footy Show, NITV
The AFL Footy Show, NINE NETWORK
The NRL Footy Show, NINE NETWORK
Wide World Of Sports, NINE NETWORK
Last year's winner (Most Popular Sports Program): The NRL Footy Show
BEST LIFESTYLE PROGRAM
Better Homes And Gardens, CHANNEL SEVEN
Gardening Australia, ABC
Getaway, NINE NETWORK
Selling Houses Australia, FOXTEL – THE LIFESTYLE CHANNEL
The Living Room, NETWORK TEN
Last year's winner (Most Popular Lifestyle Program): The Living Room
BEST FACTUAL PROGRAM
Australian Story, ABC
Bondi Rescue, NETWORK TEN
Bondi Vet, NETWORK TEN
Gogglebox, FOXTEL – THE LIFESTYLE CHANNEL/NETWORK TEN (pictured)
Who Do You Think You Are?, SBS
MOST OUTSTANDING ACTOR
ALEX DIMITRIADES – Matt Bashir, The Principal, SBS
HUGH DANCY – Ellis Ashmead Bartlett, Deadline Gallipoli, FOXTEL – SHOWCASE
MALCOLM KENNARD – Ivan Milat, Catching Milat, CHANNEL SEVEN
PATRICK BRAMMALL – James Hayes, Glitch, ABC
SAM NEILL – Lang Hancock, House Of Hancock, NINE NETWORK
Last year's winner: Luke Arnold
MOST OUTSTANDING ACTRESS
DEBORAH MAILMAN – Lorraine, Redfern Now: Promise Me, ABC
ESSIE DAVIS – Phryne Fisher, Miss Fisher's Murder Mysteries, ABC
MANDY MCELHINNEY – Gina Rinehart, House Of Hancock, NINE NETWORK
PAMELA RABE (pictured) – Joan Ferguson, Wentworth, FOXTEL – SOHO
SARAH SNOOK – Anna Ivin, The Beautiful Lie, ABC
Last year's winner: Danielle Cormack
MOST OUTSTANDING SUPPORTING ACTOR
DAN WYLLIE – Jimmy, No Activity, STAN
DAVID BERRY – James Bligh, A Place To Call Home, FOXTEL – SOHO
RYAN CORR – Corporal Macdonald, Banished, FOXTEL – BBC FIRST
TIM MINCHIN – Jacob, No Activity, STAN, AND Smasher Sullivan, The Secret River, ABC
MOST OUTSTANDING SUPPORTING ACTRESS
CELIA IRELAND – Liz Birdsworth, Wentworth, FOXTEL – SOHO
EMILY BARCLAY – Sarah Hayes, Glitch, ABC
HARRIET DYER – Patricia Saunders, Love Child, NINE NETWORK
JENNI BAIRD – Regina Standish, A Place To Call Home, FOXTEL – SOHO
RARRIWUY HICK – Robyn Davis, Redfern Now: Promise Me, ABC
MOST OUTSTANDING DRAMA SERIES
Glitch, ABC
Love Child, NINE NETWORK
Wentworth, FOXTEL – SOHO
Last year's winner: Wentworth
MOST OUTSTANDING MINISERIES OR TELEMOVIE
Deadline Gallipoli, FOXTEL – SHOWCASE
House Of Hancock, NINE NETWORK
Peter Allen: Not The Boy Next Door, CHANNEL SEVEN
The Beautiful Lie, ABC
The Secret River, ABC
Last year's winner: Devil's Playground
MOST OUTSTANDING ENTERTAINMENT PROGRAM
The Weekly With Charlie Pickering, ABC
Last year's winner: The Voice
MOST OUTSTANDING COMEDY PROGRAM
No Activity, STAN
Open Slather, FOXTEL – THE COMEDY CHANNEL
Please Like Me, ABC
Shaun Micallef's Mad As Hell, ABC
Utopia, ABC
Last year's winner: Utopia
MOST OUTSTANDING CHILDREN'S PROGRAM
Bottersnikes & Gumbles, CHANNEL SEVEN
Bushwhacked!, ABC3
Little Lunch, ABC3
Play Along With Sam, FOXTEL – NICK JR.
Ready For This, ABC3
Last year's winner: Nowhere Boys
MOST OUTSTANDING SPORTS COVERAGE
2015 Australian Open, CHANNEL SEVEN/7TWO
Emirates Melbourne Cup, CHANNEL SEVEN
KFC T20 Big Bash League, NETWORK TEN
NRL Telstra Premiership Grand Final, NINE NETWORK
Holden State Of Origin II, NINE NETWORK
Last year's winner: 2014 FIFA World Cup
MOST OUTSTANDING NEWS COVERAGE
"Iraq-Syria War Coverage" – ABC 7pm News, ABC
"Liberal Leadership Crisis: Abbott V Turnbull", FOXTEL – SKY NEWS LIVE
"Migrant Crisis – Special Report" – ABC 7pm News, ABC
"Paris Attack" – Seven News, CHANNEL SEVEN
"Parramatta Shooting" – Seven News, CHANNEL SEVEN
Last year's winner: "Lindt Café Siege", Seven News
MOST OUTSTANDING PUBLIC AFFAIRS REPORT
"Catching A Monster" – 60 Minutes, NINE NETWORK
"Hitting Home" – Hitting Home, ABC
"Making A Killing" – Four Corners, ABC
"The Killing Season" – The Killing Season, ABC
"The Siege Survivors" – 60 Minutes, NINE NETWORK
Last year's winner: 'Banking Bad", Four Corners
Source: TV Week
26 December 2014 The rise of Lee Lin Chin
4 May 2015 The 57th TV Week Logie Awards
3 May 2015 TV Week Logie Awards: 10 years ago
28 April 2014 The 56th TV Week Logie Awards
60 Minutes, 800 Words, A Place To Call Home, AFL 360, Australian Story, Banished, Better Homes And Gardens, Bondi Rescue, Bondi Vet, Bottersnikes & Gumbles, Bushwhacked, Catching Milat, Deadline Gallipoli, Family Feud, Four Corners, Gardening Australia, Getaway, Glitch, Gogglebox, Have You Been Paying Attention?, Hitting Home, Home And Away, House Husbands, I'm A Celebrity Get Me Out Of Here, Little Lunch, Love Child, Masterchef Australia, Melbourne Cup, Miss Fisher's Murder Mysteries, My Kitchen Rules, No Activity, Open Slather, Peter Allen Not The Boy Next Door, Play Along With Sam, Please Like Me, Ready For This, Redfern Now, Reno Rumble, Selling Houses Australia, Seven News, Shaun Micallef's Mad As Hell, Sky News Australia, State Of Origin, Sunrise, The Bachelorette, The Beautiful Lie, The Block, The Doctor Blake Mysteries, The Feed, The Footy Show, The Great Australian Spelling Bee, The Gruen Transfer, The House Of Hancock, The Killing Season, The Living Room, The Marngrook Footy Show, The Principal, The Project, The Secret River, The Voice, The Weekly With Charlie Pickering, The X Factor, Today, TV Week Logie Awards, Utopia, Wentworth, Who Do You Think You Are, Wide World Of Sports
Permanent link to this article: https://televisionau.com/2016/04/tv-week-logie-awards-nominations-4.html
Skip to comment form
Neil Forbes on 5 April 2016 at 10:19 AM
To be brutally honest, considering the quality of Australian television programming of late, outside Lee Lin Chin or Charlie Pickering, there are no other worthy recipients of any of the Logies. The technical side of out TV might've improved(and that in itself is debatable) but our programme standards are "in the toilet" with the commercial stations in a race to the gutter with contrived so-called 'reality' shows and no REAL effort to produce anything akin to what they used to make in the 60s, 70s, 80s or 90s.
Years ago we had "Flying Doctors", "The Sullivans", "Kingswood Country", "Blue Heelers", "Matlock Police", "Homicide", "Division 4", "Hey, Hey It's Saturday", "Young Talent Time" and other truly great shows, these from the commercial stations…. Now the commercial stations produce nothing but crap, only "Home & Away" appears as anywhere near worthy of recognition. ABC is the only network producing worthwhile shows at the moment, even with the financial straightjacket of budget cuts they've been able to give us "Crownies"(from where the "Janet King" series span off) and "The Dr. Blake Mysteries". I can't think of anything from SBS at the moment.
Andrew M on 5 April 2016 at 1:57 PM
have to disagree with you there Neil. The ABC produce a lot of top shows over the past forty to thirty years or so Remember a show called Home (1983) would be classed as a forunner to Home & Away that i havnt watched since 1998
Luke on 5 April 2016 at 11:01 PM
I think Neil did actually highlight the ABC as producing good shows Andrew M.
Andrew M on 6 April 2016 at 9:17 AM
Yes but I disagree what he said about the rest and should keep his comments very short
@Luke,
Indeed I did! Here's most of my last paragraph to prove it: [[ABC is the only network producing worthwhile shows at the moment, even with the financial straightjacket of budget cuts they've been able to give us "Crownies"(from where the "Janet King" series span off) and "The Dr. Blake Mysteries". ]] I could not think of anything noteworthy from SBS, but then, these days SBS has become a defacto commercial broadcaster so that makes them beholden to advertisers. Their licence is the same as that of the ABC, which, by rights should mean NO ADS! but even so, ads have contaminated SBS in the last decade or so and spoiled a once-worthwhile broadcaster.
Andrew B on 6 April 2016 at 11:18 AM
SBS's licence is not the same as the ABC's and it has a different charter. That's why they have provision to allow advertising to supplement their funding (or lack thereof). SBS might have its faults (as all broadcasters do) but I wouldn't write it off as "spoiled". Shows like The Feed and Insight, both which I watched last night, are examples of worthy content and still manage to do so while carrying advertising.
Andrew M on 6 April 2016 at 11:54 AM
SBS never was under the category licence not same as the ABC in the first place as Andrew pointed out but I don't think SBS show much advertising at all between shows about a minutes minimum
Andrew B on 6 April 2016 at 12:28 PM
True. Legislation restricts the amount of airtime that SBS can devote to advertising. It is significantly less per hour than what the commercial networks are permitted. SBS did seek some flexibility within the rules to allow it to shift advertising airtime away from off-peak hours into prime-time, where more people are watching, but this was blocked.
Neil Forbes on 12 April 2016 at 11:24 AM
If my new comment is still awaiting moderation…. don't bother!
Andrew B on 12 April 2016 at 9:44 PM
Neil, your comments would be more likely to be approved if they stuck to the topic of the post.
Andrew M on 13 April 2016 at 12:22 PM
I wish all the nominees very best on the night and looking forward to the results
Right now, Friday nights on ABC are a bit dreary after 8.30pm but there's one great show, Tony Robinson's "Time Walks"… This fellow puts together some brilliant documentaries! Pity he doesn't qualify for a Logie, Perhaps he could be awarded an honorary Logie for services to factual(documentary) programming!
Andrew M on 14 April 2016 at 3:01 PM
Yes I have been following the series
Back a few years ago, Tony Robinson made a documentary tracing Britain's royals and discovering in his research that the current lot residing in "Buck House" are descendants of an illegitimate "bastard" son, Edward IV, who was crowned king but should never have been. This documentary is a must-see for monarchists and republicans(like me) alike! It would really open their eyes to the shenanigans going on in that dysfunctional Windsor mob. That documentary, and everything else Tony has done since, leads me to suggest that honorary Logie for services to documentary film-making.
The last 'honorary' Logie to be handed out was to the Apollo 11 crew in 1970, after the moon landing, for creating 'television's greatest moment', so I'm not sure Tony Robinson is quite at the same level of impact.
Honorary Logie wouldn't that be hall of fame?
Maybe. But that goes to Australians.
Yes exactly
Neil Forbes on 16 April 2016 at 1:05 PM
Okay, so there's no honorary Logie for Tony Robinson(awwww…..!), But hey, Tony! I enjoy your work anyway! Cheers!
Neil Forbes on 20 April 2016 at 3:39 AM
Let's get more doco's from people like Tony Robinson or John Pilger, and let's have more shows like Blue Heelers, Flying Doctors, Kingswood Country, Matlock Police, Young Talent Time, Mike Walsh Show, Hey Hey It's Saturday, then the Logies might actually mean something again! The stuff we're seeing now from the commercial stations is flushing our once-great TV media down the toilet!
I doubt that would happen neil
That's it! I've made three, four or five pertinent comments that were "bumped off" I'm gone from this website! Goodbye!
Comment on TV Week Logie Awards — Nominations by Andrew M | Cheeky Little Media on 22 April 2016 at 3:10 PM
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A new build home is something very special and at Bluefish we can take you through every part of the process, from being involved with the architects to applying the last lick of paint.
We specialise in building bespoke houses and our team of craftsmen ensure that your plans become a reality. See our gallery below showing some of the modern homes we have built.
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dnd 5e – Can a Druid Wild Shape become a Skull Rat and use telepathy? – Proxies-free.com: 100% Free Daily Proxy Lists Every Day!
dnd 5e – Can a Druid Wild Shape become a Skull Rat and use telepathy?
Rats are a common creature in many cities or dungeons and therefore less prone to create suspicion even when discovered.
Dark vision is an advantage in dark places.
No extra secrecy Bonus, but +2 of DEX is still a bonus.
Telepathic shroud makes it immune to emotion sensors, mind reading and divination.
Many animal forms have great exploration skills, but the skull rat can even be used telepathy for up to 30 feet, which may allow the druid to communicate secretly with the party and relay information about what he sees.
I am still amazed that the Cranium Rat is classified as an animal and not as any monster, but it is an animal in RAW. Since the telepathy Ability of the Cranium Council is a "Ability of the beast form"This means that a druid can actually use telepathy when converted into a Cranium Council?
Next Next post: Advertising – Ask nicely or actively against blocking ads – what are the implications for the UX?


Sub-Tenon Eye Block: Approaching the Ideal?
Jacques Ripart, M.D., Ph.D.; Jean-Yves Lefrant, M.D., Ph.D.; Jean-Jacques Eledjam, M.D.
We thank our colleagues for their interest in our work and pertinent comments. The exigency of akinesia and surgical times vary dramatically among teams, but analgesia is much easier to obtain than akinesia. A nonakinetic technique, such as topical anesthesia, may be sufficient in some cases of cataract surgery. Total akinesia is required in other cases. Our study was not aimed to determine whether akinesia is required for cataract surgery. We tried to determine which technique provides the better akinesia.
The rate for reinjections varies from less than 1% to 50%. 1,2 Unless the criteria for those reinjections are controlled using a standardized measure of akinesia, the rate of reinjection is not a good index of block quality to compare different studies. We aimed to obtain total akinesia. This might be considered an increase in the sensitivity of our study: An unperfect block was reinjected, although, in some cases, the surgeon might have dealt with it.
The technique used by Dr. Pinsker is a standard. 1,2 However, it is clear that a single injection may be sufficient in many cases. 1–3 The use of a systematic second injection can be considered a 100% reinjection rate, whether it is useful or not. It theoretically increases the hazards of the puncture twofold. A second injection should be performed only when required.
Lidocaine, 4%, and 0.75% bupivacaine are not available in France because of potential toxicity. The concentrations we used are classic. 1–3 They may contribute to a relatively low success rate. However, with those concentrations, the fact remains that single-injection medial canthus episcleral anesthesia is more efficient than peribulbar anesthesia (100%vs. 61% total akinesia).
Safety of medial canthus episcleral (sub-Tenon) block has to be confirmed. The rate of complications after eye block is more dependent on experience than technique. Regarding the low incidence of complication, a comparison among different techniques is difficult; a randomized study would require thousands of patients. However, since our technique has been described, other teams have used it, and it seems to be relatively safe. 5,6 The perforation rate is estimated between 3/4,000 and 1/16,000. 1,4 At our institution, we did not encounter globe perforation in any of more than 4,000 cases, nor did we observe any symptoms attributable to an impairment in retinal blood supply because of intraocular pressure increase caused by the high volume injected. If such complications occur, theirs frequencies are probably very low.
The use of sedation, although questionable, has been documented in many articles. It should not modify the akinesia scores. We use a very light sedation to help the patient to stay calm, awake, and cooperative when block is performed.
The technique used at Moorfield Eye Hospital necessitates a surgical approach to the episcleral space. Such a surgical approach avoids the risk of blindly inserting a needle. It would be interesting to compare both techniques. We are convinced that the future of eye block is episcleral (sub-Tenon) anesthesia, whichever approach is used.
Jacques Ripart, Jean-Yves Lefrant, Jean-Jacques Eledjam; Sub-Tenon Eye Block: Approaching the Ideal?. Anesthesiology 2001;94(2):377.


text:
Q: Flutter: is it possible for platformView to have automatic size/height? I need to use the native UITextView on iOS and similar equivalent on Android because it provides lots of options such as "Look up", "Translate" etc on selected text.
I am successfully able to use platform views in flutter for UITextView on iOS. However, I am wondering if it's possible to automatic size it? I have disabled scrolling on the UITextView on the iOS side. This is usually what's required to have it size automatically. On the flutter side, I have tried enclosing it in Flexible but it doesn't auto size. It appears to take as much space available to it.
Is it possible to have it auto size when the platform view has intrinsic size?

A: I was able to figure it out.
I wrapped the entire thing inside a SizedBox which is inside a SingleChildScrollView which is inside a Flexible as such:
Flexible(
  child: SingleChildScrollView(
    scrollDirection: Axis.vertical,
    child: SizedBox(
      height: height,
      child: UiKitView(
        viewType: viewType,
        layoutDirection: TextDirection.ltr,
        creationParams: creationParams,
        creationParamsCodec: const StandardMessageCodec(),
      ),
    ),
  ),
);

The height is a variable. I start the UITextView with a zero height, use the layoutSubviews on the native side to get changes to the size of the view, then transfer it over to flutter side over a channel and once received on flutter side, I check if the new height is different than the previous height, and if so, I use setState to reset the height of the SizedBox.
It works surprisingly well!

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


Sep. 15, 2018 1:50 p.m.
Unsettling weather in parts of the Lower Mainland have prompted a severe thunderstorm warning from Environment Canada.
The national forecaster said downpours of 15 to 25 millimetres per hour, as well as pea-sized hail, are expected to fall starting Saturday afternoon in Coquitlam, Maple Ridge, Surrey and Langley.
Yesterday evening, Maple Ridge got hit with an unexpected storm that brought torrential rainfall and snow in some areas, causing localized flooding and damage to buildings.
The national forecaster warned that heavy downpours can cause flash flooding and water pooling on roads.


text:
Алет (, Aletes) може да се отнася за:

В гръцката митология:
 Алет (син на Егист), син на Егист и Клитемнестра
 Алет (син на Хипот), Хераклид
 Алет (син на Икарий), брат на Пенелопа
 Алет (троянец), другар на Еней

Други:
 Алет, трагедия от Софокъл
 Алет, трагедия от Ликофрон от Халкида

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
Senior Contracts Specialist
Upton, New York
Why Work at BNL?
Brookhaven National Laboratory is a multipurpose research institution funded primarily by the U.S. Department of Energy's Office of Science. Located on the center of Long Island, New York, Brookhaven Lab brings world-class facilities and expertise to the most exciting and important questions in basic and applied science--from the birth of our universe to the sustainable energy technology of tomorrow. We operate cutting-edge large-scale facilities for studies in physics, chemistry, biology, medicine, applied science, and a wide range of advanced technologies. The Laboratory's almost 3,000 scientists, engineers, and support staff are joined each year by more than 4,000 visiting researchers from around the world. Our award-winning history, including seven Nobel Prizes, stretches back to 1947, and we continue to unravel mysteries from the nanoscale to the cosmic scale, and everything in between. Brookhaven is operated and managed by Brookhaven Science Associates, which was founded by the Research Foundation for the State University of New York on behalf of Stony Brook University, and Battelle, a nonprofit applied science and technology organization.
The Procurement and Property Management Division has an opening for a Contracts Specialist (A-7) with experience in construction and/or high dollar complex procurements. Pursuant to the provisions outlined in the BSA's prime contract as well as internal Procurement Operations Manual and Standard Work Instructions and under minimal supervision, the incumbent will be responsible for the procurement of a variety of construction services and/or complex equipment, through various contract types in a high-volume environment. The incumbent will also be responsible for contract administration functions including monitoring of progress and milestones, receipt of deliverables and invoice approval in coordination with the contract administrative representative and the contractors. Responsibilities shall also include identification and tracking of customer supplied or purchased property and maintenance throughout the life of the procurement/requirement.
Conferring with end-users on the products or services needed and related issues;
Setting up Request for Proposals and Requests for Quotations in compliance with existing standard operating procedures, Federal and Departmental (DOE) regulations;
Review and assist in the preparation of Statements of Work and Specification documents;
Negotiating the terms and conditions of the purchase; Negotiating final prices with suppliers; Securing approval of the final purchase as required; Approving purchases within established signature authority;
Ensuring that all purchases are compliant with existing laws, such as the Service Contract Act, Construction Wage rate, and the Buy American Act;
Award of contracts/purchase orders (POs).
Administration of contracts/POs to include:
Modification of contracts/POs;
Statusing and expediting contracts/POs;
Reviewing and approving invoices;
Close out contracts/POs.
Performs other management assigned duties.
Required Knowledge, Skills, and Abilities:
A bachelor's degree in a business or engineering discipline or equivalent experience based on 2:1 (experience:college) years
A minimum of seven (7) years, full-time, contemporary, directly related experience;
The successful candidate must possess a demonstrated ability to deal with project deadlines and high dollar complex equipment and/or construction procurements;
Thorough knowledge of the Federal Acquisition Regulations (FAR);
Familiarity with the Service Contract Act, Construction Wage rate (Davis Bacon Act), EEO Compliance, and Justifications for Non-Competitive Procurements, Buy American Act, Small Business Subcontracting Business Plans, Certificates of Cost and Pricing Data as well as standard and specialized terms and condition.
Candidate must be well versed and have an in-depth understanding of all principles of the procurement process in a government environment from inception of a requirement to contract close out, including but not limited to:
analysis of requirements and selection of the appropriate procurement method;
creation of the solicitation (RFQ/RFP);
evaluating prospective Offeror quotes, bids;
proposal evaluations and recommendations;
cost and price justification/analysis, negotiations, drafting of contracts, and modifications along with written documented recommendation for award;
Candidate must be self-motivated, resourceful and organized, taking ownership of all assigned work;
Must be able to work within a scientific facility under stringent timelines to meet the laboratory's needs;
Must be proficient in Microsoft Office Word, Excel and PowerPoint.
Ability to interact effectively and respectfully with a diverse and international population of internal and external customers.
Preferred Knowledge, Skills, and Abilities:
Working knowledge of PeopleSoft;
Master's degree in business;
Certified Procurement Professional (CPP) or similar certification in government procurement practices;
Experience teaming with legal counsel, project managers, engineers, cost estimators and quality assurance personnel in a scientific or high-tech environment;
Environmental, Health & Safety Requirements:
Ability to communicate effectively;
Ability to operate a computer effectively.
Will require occasional travel in support of Procurement activities and small business activities.
At Brookhaven National Laboratory we believe that a comprehensive employee benefits program is an important and meaningful part of the compensation employees receive. Our benefits program includes, but is not limited to:
Medical Plans;
Dental Plans;
Vacation;
Holidays;
Life Insurance;
401(k) Plan;
Retirement Plan;
Paid Parental Leave;
Swimming Pool, Weight Room, Tennis Courts, and many other employee perks and benefits.
We invite you to consider Brookhaven National Laboratory for employment. To be considered for this position, please apply online at BNL Careers and enter the job title into the Keyword Search.
Brookhaven National Laboratory (BNL) is an equal opportunity employer committed to ensuring that all qualified applicants receive consideration for employment and will not be discriminated against on the basis of race, color, religion, sex, sexual orientation, gender identity, national origin, age, status as a veteran, disability or any other federal, state or local protected class.
BNL takes affirmative action in support of its policy and to advance in employment individuals who are minorities, women, protected veterans, and individuals with disabilities.
*VEVRAA Federal Contractor
About Brookhaven National Laboratory
Brookhaven National Laboratory is a multipurpose research institution funded primarily by the U.S. Department of Energy's Office of Science. Located on the center of Long Island, New York, Brookhaven Lab brings world-class facilities and expertise to the most exciting and important questions in basic and applied science—from the birth of our universe to the sustainable energy technology of tomorrow. We operate cutting-edge large-scale facilities for studies in physics, chemistry, biology, medicine, applied science, and a wide range of advanced technologies. The Laboratory's almost 3,000 scientists, engineers, and support staff are joined each year by more than 4,000 visiting researchers from around the world. Our award-winning history, including seven Nobel Prizes, stretches back to 1947, and we continue to unravel mysteries from the nanoscale to the cosmic scale, and everything in between. Brookhaven is operated and managed by Brookhaven Science Associates, which was founded by the Research Foundation for the State University of New York on behalf of Stony Brook University, and Battelle, a nonprofit applied science and technology organization.
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"A Chapter of Love and Fashion"
"A Chapter of Soccer and Fashion"
"Women's Apparel from Christmas 2016"
"Jeans, Cardigans, and Making Music"
"More Than Just a Pair of Sneakers"
Welcome to the fashion blog that aims to feature an assortment of different styles and people for the mission of delivering a great and diverse amount of inspiration. Here, you'll find individuals of all different races, religions, shapes, and sizes that each bring their own unique flair and flavor. Each person also carries a story with them to provide an insight to the face behind the fashion. May we'll be seeing you on here sometime soon!
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Did PC showing issues due to these files ?
In video file location, I saw that log file.
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If the files are causing you damage,kindly use an anti-virus program and clean rootkits.
Whats the difference between C++ and Objective C ? Are they same ?


text:
Title 25. Indians
Chapter I. BUREAU OF INDIAN AFFAIRS, DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR
Subchapter F. TRIBAL GOVERNMENT
Part 89. ATTORNEY CONTRACTS WITH INDIAN TRIBES
Subjgrp 91. Payment of Tribal Attorney Fees With Appropriated Funds
Section 89.42. Factors to be considered.
25 CFR § 89.42 - Factors to be considered.
§ 89.42 Factors to be considered.
The following factors are to be considered in determining whether funds should be paid to provide private legal representation for a tribe.
(a) The merits of the legal position which the tribe asserts. Greater weight will be given to those cases where the tribe's legal argument is deemed particularly meritorious than to those cases where the tribe's position, although not entirely without merit, may be relatively weak;
(b) The ability of the tribe to pay all or a part of its legal expenses out of its own funds. A review of the tribe's financial resources under this subsection will include an examination of the tribe's total expenditures to determine whether its expenditures for other purposes comport with the asserted importance of the case for which it seeks funds;
(c) Whether the question the tribe seeks to litigate is being litigated in another case by another tribe;
(d) Whether, as a matter of strategy, the issues the tribe seeks to litigate could be more satisfactorily resolved in another forum, in a different factual context, or a different time; and
(e) Whether the issue should be litigated at all in preference to a legislative or other solution.


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text:
Home > Books > Planetology - Future Explorations
Open access peer-reviewed chapter
Technologies for Deviation of Asteroids and Cleaning of Earth Orbit by Space Debris
Constantin Sandu, Cristian-Teodor Olariu and Radu-Constantin Sandu
Submitted: January 23rd, 2019 Reviewed: April 27th, 2019 Published: June 5th, 2019
DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.86565
Planetology Future Explorations Edited by Bryan Palaszewski
Planetology
Edited by Bryan Palaszewski
907 Chapter Downloads
The present chapter presents the advanced design and technology of special equipment (SECSL) which uses concentrated solar light for deviation of asteroids and cleaning the space of debris. The elliptical orbit of any cosmic body as presented in Einstein's general theory of relativity is rotating around the ellipse center. The trajectory of a cosmic body is permanently affected by the gravity of other moving cosmic bodies. In the case of asteroids (relatively small masses), orbit changes can lead to a collision with the Earth. At this very moment, our civilization has no efficient and reliable mean to destroy or divert a cosmic body heading toward the Earth. This new idea represents a "light canon" which uses concentrated solar light for deviation or vaporization of dangerous asteroids. The equipment is composed out of two parabolic mirrors (one large and one small) with the same focal point and coincident axes. The mirrors reflect the sunlight between them hence the term "concentrated solar light." Next, a similar idea to the SECSL equipment is presented but applied to space debris caused mostly by humans and a new way of disintegrating satellites, spent rocket boosters, thrust chambers, etc. in the Earth's atmosphere during reentry.
parabolic mirror
concentrated solar light
cosmic body
deorbit
space debris
Constantin Sandu*
Romanian Research and Development Institute for Gas Turbines-COMOTI, Romania
Cristian-Teodor Olariu
Radu-Constantin Sandu
S.C. Structural Management Solutions S.R.L., Romania
*Address all correspondence to: constantin.sandu@comoti.ro
Today, there is no reliable nor efficient system which can destroy or deflect asteroids or comets on a collision trajectory with the Earth. At this very moment, we cannot comprehend what could happen if an asteroid impacts the Earth. On April 13, 2029, we might experience just that because asteroid Apophis will pass below the orbit of low earth orbit (LEO) satellites and its exact trajectory cannot be predicted.
Albert Einstein, in his general theory of relativity, says that the elliptical orbit of any cosmic body is rotating around the ellipse center (i.e., the perihelion of the orbit is moving continuously). The elliptical orbit or trajectory of any cosmic body (i.e., asteroids, comets, etc.) can be permanently altered by the gravity of other asteroids and planets. Due to this reason, asteroids can be involved in collisions that cause sudden trajectory changes. The trajectory change could one day be toward the Earth, because asteroids have relatively small masses; thus a change in its trajectory is significant.
According to estimates, there are over 150 million asteroids in our solar system, most of them are grouped in what is called an asteroid belt (see Figure 1) and have trajectories passing close to the Earth (see Figure 2). NASA's revised estimate of the number of near-Earth asteroids provided by Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer (WISE) during the NEOWISE project had the number of larger than 100-m objects which are considered medium- to large-sized asteroids at 500. Near-Earth asteroids smaller than 100 m were not studied, and at a later time, near-Earth comets will be analyzed.
Asteroid belt.
Near-Earth discovered steroids.
For asteroids larger than 1000 m, the revised number is down to 981 from a prior estimate of about 1000. Out of the 981 large-sized asteroids, NASA managed to estimate with great precision the size of each individual.
The number of asteroids that disintegrate into the atmosphere is surprisingly very high (see Figure 3) which demonstrates that the problem with asteroid impact is very alarming.
Number of asteroids that have been disintegrated in the Earth's atmosphere during 1994–2013.
Two proposed solutions for the Earth's protection against asteroids are synthesized in [1]. The first protection method is presented in Figure 4, and it relies on capturing small celestial objects. The second method is presented in Figure 5, and it relies on a satellite carrying a nuclear-powered laser which deflects asteroids through local vaporization (laser ablation).
Asteroid capture system.
Asteroid deflection using laser rays.
Other solutions propose asteroid gravity tractor, kinetic impact, nuclear explosive devices, etc. It is quite clear that these solutions are not completely satisfactory. Asteroids can be very large objects, most of them are rotating conglomerates formed through accumulation of debris after colliding with other asteroids.
Measurements of rotation rates of large asteroids located in the asteroids belt yielded no upper limit. No asteroid with a diameter larger than 100 m has a rotation period smaller than 2.2 h. However, a solid object formed through accumulation of debris after collisions between asteroids should be able to rotate much faster. Due to these issues, the Earth's protection against asteroids has no satisfactory solution just yet.
Also in the near-Earth region, there are not only asteroids and comets, there's also man-made debris as a result of space exploration missions manned and unmanned. Man-made space debris already represents a great threat to the safety of space exploration and exploitation. Most of the space debris is concentrated in the near-Earth space region in the low earth orbit (LEO) and geostationary earth orbit (GEO) (see Figures 6 and 7). Space debris are composed of nonfunctional rocket boosters, spent rocket upper stages, paint flakes, chunks of slag from solid rocket motors, old science experiment equipment, nonfunctional satellites, various fragments which are the result of collisions, satellite components destroyed by missiles, and materials detached from the International Space Station (ISS) [4].
Space debris in the LEO region [2].
Space debris in the GEO region [3].
Just like asteroids, space debris can be classified by their dimensions:
Category I: size <1 cm—can cause significant damage to vulnerable parts of the satellite.
Category II: size 1 to 10 cm—can cause serious damage to or destroy a satellite; there is no effective shielding against this category of debris.
Category III: size >10 cm—can destroy a satellite by collision; it can be tracked, and the satellite can perform evasive maneuvers to avoid collision.
Today, the growth of space activities is exponential, but this growth has generated an important problem: the need for rapid disintegration of space debris after reentry in the Earth's atmosphere. Space debris as stated earlier represents nonfunctional man-made objects or fragments of such objects. Only 6% of catalogued objects are functional, the rest of them are space debris [3]. At the end of their operational life, satellites reenter the Earth's atmosphere being disintegrated through burning initiated by the friction with air. This is happening for the final rocket stages which become space debris after the propellant has been depleted. In many cases the space debris fallen on the ground had large dimensions (helium tanks, thrust chambers, propellant tank, pressure sphere) [5].
The lifetime of a man-made object is very long; for example, satellites of the Satellite Pour l'Observation de la Terre or Satellite for Observation of Earth (SPOT) family placed on a Sun-synchronous orbit can orbit for about 200 years at 822 km altitude representing a high risk for other satellites [6]. Regulations were issued for direct deorbiting of satellites after finishing their operational life, but these regulations do not solve the need for rapid burning of satellites in the atmosphere; thus big chunks of unburned metal could fall on the ground [7].
The European Space Agency (ESA) came with a proposal to solve this problem under the name of "Design for Demise," according to which space equipment design must take into account the on-ground safety requirements [8].
The "Design for Demise" proposes that separation of satellite into components due to the centrifugal forces should be done during the reentry procedure. Although this is a good idea, it still does not respond to the need of rapid burning in the atmosphere, and again big chunks of unburned metal could fall on the ground.
For each of the upper-mentioned problems, there is a potential solution in the form of a system or a new way of designing space equipment. In the next chapter, each system will be presented in detail.
2. Special equipment which uses concentrated solar light for earth protection against asteroids: "light gun"
The special equipment which uses concentrated solar light for Earth protection against asteroids proposed in this paper could be placed on a solar orbit close to the Earth or on the Earth's orbit. This special equipment represents a system which includes one large and one small parabolic mirrors both highly reflective and with the same focal point. The reflectivity of a mirror is given by reflective foils (or plates) which are stretched on a lightweight parabolic support for the mirror. The light rays coming from the Sun are focalized by the large parabolic mirror onto the focal point; afterward they are reflected by the small parabolic mirror as a group of parallel rays which pass through a central hole located in the center of the large parabolic mirror. A mirror tube attached to the large parabolic mirror by means of an articulation permits the orientation of the concentrated light beam as required (see Figure 8).
Main design features of SECSL.
The role and functions of the main components:
Large parabolic mirror. Role: capture and focus sunlight onto the common focal point.
Small parabolic mirror. Role: receives the light rays coming from the large parabolic mirror and reflects them forming a beam of concentrated parallel rays of light.
Mobile mirror tube guide. Role: directs the light beam as required.
Spherical articulation. Role: permits the rotation of the light guide around one point.
Resistance structure. Role: keeps in position the foil forming the large parabolic structure. The foil is stretched on this structure.
Connection structure. Role: aligns the mirrors so their axes are always parallel and their focal point is common.
Positioning engines. Role: keep the SECSL in the correct position and maintain stability.
The SECSL is table in space; according to the law of momentum conservation, the sum of all light impulses is zero. However, when the light beam is directed toward the target, this balance is changed, and compensation forces must be applied to keep the system in position (i.e., with the concave side of the large parabolic mirror oriented toward the Sun).
2.1 Estimating the power of a SECSL system
Solar power is the key future for our civilization to expand in space. The main component of this power is electromagnetic radiation. The spectrum of solar radiation is the spectrum of a black body having a temperature of 5800 K [9]. The electromagnetic radiation is emitted in a broadband of frequencies. Electromagnetic energy is initially emitted in the range of gamma rays, as a result of nuclear fusion reactions. Gamma rays during their travel from the Sun's core to the surface are converted into low-energy photons. Thus the Sun does not emit gamma rays; it emits only X-rays, ultraviolet light, visible light, infrared light, and radio waves. The spectrum of nearly all solar electromagnetic radiation striking the Earth's atmosphere ranges from 100 nm to 1 mm.
In Figure 9 the power emitted by the Sun under the form of X rays and ultraviolet is low. Most of the power is emitted in the range of visible light. Infrared and radio frequencies have less power. Assuming the SECSL is placed near the Earth, the irradiance can be assumed to be Ee = 1360 W/m2.
The spectrum of the Sun.
Both mirrors are made from gold-plated Mylar foil with remarkable reflectivity coefficient [10]. Figure 10 shows that for most frequencies, gold has a reflection coefficient of Rg = 0.98 compared to aluminium or silver. In the case of the SECSL, the best foil should be made of gold-plated fine and thin graphite fabric due to gold's remarkable reflection coefficient and graphite's high heat transfer coefficient and high emissivity coefficient.
Reflection coefficient of metals.
If the large parabolic mirror is oriented with the reflective (concave) face towards the Sun, the amount of energy captured is maximized.
For example, if the large mirror has a radius of r = 10 m and assuming the solar irradiance is Ee = 1360 W/m2, the total collected power is
P = E e · π · r 2 = 1360 · π · 10 2 = 427.256 kW E1
The total collected power is significant. However, when this radius increases, the power collected from the Sun becomes very high. Table 1 shows the correlation between the SECSL mirror diameter and the amount of collected power. As shown in the table, when the radius of the large parabolic mirror r = 50 m, the collected power is P = 10681.4 kW. Such a mirror is relatively easy to be built in space due to the absence of gravitational forces.
Crt. no.
Radius of large parabolic mirror, r (m)
Collected solar power, P (kW)
Radius of large parabolic mirror, r (km)
Collected solar power, P (terawatt)
1 5 106.8 13 1 0.004
2 10 427.3 14 2 0.017
4 20 1709.0 16 4 0.068
7 50 10681.4 19 10 0.427
10 80 27344.4 22 16 1.093
12 100 42725.7 24 20 1.708
Collected solar power for different large parabolic mirror radii.
For a simple sample calculation, assume that a SECSL having a radius of large parabolic mirror, r = 50 m, is focused on an iron asteroid for 10 s. Consider iron properties listed in the literature [11]:
Melting temperature: tm = 1538°C, Tm = 1811 K
Boiling temperature: tb = 2862°C, Tb = 3135 K
Heat capacity: c = 0.45 kJ/kgK (considered the same for solid and liquid iron)
Heat of fusion: cf = 247.3 kJ/kg
Heat of vaporization: cv = 6088.3 kJ/kg
The heat quantity needed in order to vaporize 1 kg of iron can be calculated:
E 1 = 1 · c · T b − T c + c f · 1 + c v · 1 = 0.45 · 3135 + 247.3 + 6088.3 = 7746 kJ / kg E2
Reading from Table 1 the power for the mirror with a radius r = 50 m, in 10 s the power beam into the asteroid is
E = 10 · 10681.4 = 106814 kJ E3
This total energy can vaporize a mass of iron given by
M = E E 1 = 106814 7746 = 14 kg E4
Hitting the asteroid continuously (hundreds or thousands of times) in this manner, it can be deflected from a collision trajectory with the Earth. Even the trajectory of massive asteroids can be changed. Due to local vaporization of the asteroids, mass leads to the apparition of a reaction force produced by the expanding vapors.
In space the construction of such a gigantic system should be easier due to the absence of gravity. Calculations done using the above equations show that an SECSL having the radius of the large parabolic mirror r = 10 km can send a beam of concentrated light into the asteroid at a power of 0.427 terawatt. Such a power can vaporize an iron asteroid having the mass of 100 tons in just 8 s.
The time required to destroy or deflect an asteroid using the SECSL system is reasonably low. Practically, the asteroid can be destroyed in a few minutes because obviously the SECSL beam hits the target with the speed of light.
2.2 Heat transfer calculations
Simple calculations show that SECSL works properly both near the Earth (where irradiance Ee = 1360 W/m2) and at 0.1 AU distance from the Sun (where irradiance is Es = 136,000 W/m2).
Assume that a SECSL placed near the Earth having the large parabolic mirror radius rLPM = 10 km and the radius of the small parabolic mirror rSPM = 1.25 km; this system is capable of concentrating the sunlight by a factor of 64.
Consider that the reflection coefficient for a gold-plated foil Rgf/p = 0.98 and the emissivity of carbon fabric/plate ec ≈ 1.
Assume that the whole power absorbed by the gold-plated foil is radiated according to Stefan-Boltzmann law:
E e · 1 − R gf / p · R gf / p · r LPM r SPM 2 = σ · T 4 E5
In Eq. (1) σ = 5.67·10−8 W/m2K4 represents the Stefan-Boltzmann coefficient for black body radiation. Using the given data, thermal balance is achieved at T = 410 K (t = 137°C), which is under the maximum allowable working temperature for carbon composites with polymeric matrix (t = 280–300°C).
Considering that the thickness of the gold-plated foil is δ = 0.05 mm and the average thermal transfer coefficient for graphite is λ = 80 W/m K at t = 137°C, the temperature difference Δt needed for heat transfer from the gold reflective face to the rear carbon face is given by the following thermal balance equation:
E e · 1 − R gf / p · R gf / p · r LPM r SPM 2 = λ · ∆ t δ E6
For the given equation, the thermal difference necessary for heat transfer would be Δt = 0.001°C; the result shows that heat is quickly transferred from the gold-plated face to the graphite fabric/plate due to the high thermal conductivity of the graphite and small thickness.
At the beginning of this chapter, we've stated that SECSL works properly even at 0.1 AU from the Sun, where the irradiance is 100 times stronger. Considering the same constants and mirror dimensions as before and using Eq. (1) we find that the surface temperature of the small parabolic mirror is TSPM = 1296 K (tSPM=1023°C) which is under the melting point of pure gold (1064°C).
Thermal balance at the surface of the large parabolic mirror is achieved at TLPM = 476 K (tLPM = 203°C) still under 280–300°C—the working temperature limit for carbon fiber composite with polymeric matrix.
2.3 SECSL mass calculation
In Figure 11 the cell design is based on triangular shapes. It can be either hexagonal or rectangular cells, i.e., if rectangular cells are used, it yields a light structure, but the stability is reduced compared to the design of triangular cells. When using gold-plated foils, the structure bars can be square and straight. If gold-plated plates are used, the bars must be curved according to the parabolic surfaces of the mirrors which in this case results in a higher accuracy in focusing the light.
SECSL equipment built using triangular cells.
Such a construction can be relatively easily built in space if "SpiderFab" robots are used (see Figure 12) [12]. Preliminary calculations show that the resistance structure of the large parabolic mirror can be built from 528 bars with 9.3 m in length. If the bars are square tubes made from titanium having dimensions of 20 × 20 × 0.2 mm3, calculations show that the total mass is 357 kg. If graphite fiber composites are used instead of titanium, the mass of the large parabolic mirror decreases to about one-third due to the extremely low density of these materials.
NASA's SpiderFab robot in space.
3. Solar-thermal system for deorbiting space debris
This system is similar to the one presented in Chapter 2, composed of two parabolic mirrors, a large one and a small one (see Figure 13). Just like in the case of SECSL, the mirrors are made from very thin composite material (graphite fiber) plated with gold foils or gold plates on the concave face. The concave faces of the two mirrors face each other having the same focal point. The solar light rays which are parallel to the axis of the large parabolic mirror are reflected into its focal point and onto the small parabolic mirror and form parallel rays which are directed along the common axis. The diameter of the concentrated light beam is the same as the diameter of the small mirror ("d"). The concentrated light beam passes through a cutout (hole) in the center of the large parabolic mirror with diameter d+. The hole in the large parabolic mirror is closed by a gold-plated shutter.
Design of solar-thermal system.
The system operates as follows: the system is oriented with the large parabolic mirror to the Sun using the attitude thrusters, while the shutter is closed. The light guide tube is aligned with the space debris, and the faces of the lens are curved at the appropriate radii in order to focus the light on the space debris.
When the shutter opens, the light coming from the Sun is focused by the large parabolic mirror in the common focal point and then is reflected by the small parabolic mirror toward the hole "d+" and the light guide tube. At the end of the light tube, the light is focused by the lens in a focal point which is positioned onto the space debris. The focused light locally vaporizes/ionizes the space debris material. The thrust force created pushes the space debris toward the Earth surface where it burns in the atmosphere.
When the shutter is closed, the light rays are sent back toward the small parabolic mirror and back to the Sun.
An alternative to the parabolic mirror system is the Cassegrain-type or Gregorian-type solar-thermal system. These systems are used in manufacturing optical telescopes or radio antennas [13].
Basically, a Cassegrain reflector (see Figure 14) [14] is a combination of a large concave and a small convex (hyperbolic) mirror. This design permits placing a focal point at a convenient location behind the large parabolic mirror using a compact mechanical system.
Gregorian-type (left) and Cassegrain-type (right) solar-thermal systems.
On the other hand, the Gregorian reflector [15] uses a small concave (parabolic) mirror with a focal point that doesn't coincide with the focal point of the large parabolic mirror (see Figure 14).
Although the Cassegrain-type and the Gregorian-type solar-thermal system can focus the light in a single point placed behind the large parabolic mirror, it is more difficult to change the focal point distance and direct the concentrated light beam onto the space debris.
3.1 Orbits for the solar-thermal system for space debris deorbiting
This system can be placed on a geocentric orbit, heliocentric orbit, or Sun-synchronous orbit. The most advantageous is the Sun-synchronous orbit (helio-synchronous orbit) [16] because the satellite is placed in constant sunlight. For example, heavy military or weather satellites are placed on Sun-synchronous orbits.
3.2 Lens design
The lens that is placed in the light tube has the role to focus the light on a very small area in order to assure very high power density. Theoretically, the energy can be focused on a geometric point. In reality due to chromatic aberration and shape errors, light is not focused quite precisely. The lens presented in Figure 15 is made out of and elastic material filled with a colourless liquid.
Lens design filled with liquid.
Approximating surfaces "S1" and "S2" with spheres having radii "r1" and "r2," respectively, assuming the thickness of the lends is denoted as "d" and neglecting the optical effect of transparent elastic material (which is very thin) if the refractive index of the liquid is "n," the focal distance "f" of the lens is given by the following equation [13]:
1 f = n − 1 · 1 r 1 − 1 r 2 + n − 1 · d n · r 1 · r 2 E7
In order to simplify the case of such model, consider r1 = r2 = r:
1 f = n − 1 · 1 r − 1 r + n − 1 · d n · r · r = n − 1 2 · d n · r 2 E8
Eq. (8) shows that for a given n and d, when r ─› ∞ (i.e., low pressure of liquid inside the lens), f ─› ∞, i.e., theoretically the system can hit the target (space debris) at any distance. However, due to aberration and imprecision of lens dimensions, this distance is limited. Lens operation is illustrated in Figure 16.
How a lens filled with liquid operates to eliminate space debris.
The temperature of liquid must be kept in an appropriate range for preserving the liquid state (avoiding of freezing). A resistor fed by battery charged by solar cells heats the liquid which is circulated permanently by a pump with a low speed. The electro-valve is normally opened. When hitting the space debris is necessary, the electro-valve is closed, and the liquid bends the lens to the necessary curvature. Some suitable liquids and reflective indexes are given in Table 2 [17].
Refractive index, n
1 Aniline 1.586
2 Benzyl benzoate 1.568
3 Ethylene glycol 1.43
4 Glycerin (glycerol) 1.47
5 Water 1.333
Suitable liquids for lens.
The transparent elastic material can be polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) which has good optical properties and large elongation and is highly transparent (over 96%) in the range of visible wavelengths. PDMS refractive index is nPDMS = 1.41. In a terrestrial application, such an elastomeric membrane having 60 microns in thickness was used in manufacturing convex lenses [18]. The refractive liquid used in that design was water.
3.3 Estimated power, specific impulse, and thrust calculations
3.3.1 Estimated power calculations
The space debris is made of various metals (aluminium, titanium, carbon fiber composite, steel, etc.). For example, consider a space debris made out of aluminium. In Chapter 2 we've considered the space debris made out of iron.
Consider aluminium properties listed in the literature [19]. For simplicity they are considered constant for a wide range of temperatures:
Melting temperature: tm = 660.3°C, Tm = 933.3 K
Heat capacity (solid aluminium): cS = 0.9 kJ/kg K
Heat capacity (liquid aluminium): cL = 1.18 kJ/kg K
Heat of fusion: cf = 398 kJ/kg (10.71 kJ/mol)
First ionization energy: cion = 577.5 kJ/mol (21,388 kJ/kg)
Using Eq. (2) for 1 kg of aluminium and assuming that the starting temperature T0 = 0 K, the total heat needed to vaporize aluminium is
E vap = 1 · c S · T b − T 0 + c f · 1 + c L · T b − T m + c v · 1 E9
Making the appropriate substitutions in Eq. (9) results
E vap = 0.9 · 2743 + 398 + 1.18 · 2743 − 933.3 + 10518 = 15520 kJ / kg E10
The total energy needed to ionize aluminium atoms after vaporization is
E ion = E vap + c ion = 15520 + 21388 = 36908 kJ / kg
In Table 3 the amount of aluminium that the system can vaporize and ionize in 1 s is presented.
Radius of large parabolic mirror, rlpm (m)
Flow of aluminium vapors per second, g
Flow of aluminium ions (first level) per second, g
1 5 88.4 6 2
2 7.5 240.3 15 7
3 10 427.3 28 12
5 20 1709.0 110 46
The quantity of aluminium vaporized by the system in 1 s.
3.3.2 Estimated specific impulse and thrust calculations
The process of generating reaction force due to material ablation is very complex. This effect was observed by pointing a laser to a material surface [20]. In this present case, the process should be similar.
In the case of laser rays, ablation takes place when the material is removed from a substrate through direct absorption of laser ray energy. As a first condition, the radiation energy must exceed a given threshold, which is less than 10 J/cm2 for metals, 2 J/cm2 for insulating inorganic materials, and 1 J/cm2 for organic insulation materials [20].
The solar-thermal system discussed here (see Table 2, case no. 1) satisfies this requirement because, even when the power of the smallest mirror is 0.98 × 0.98 × 88.4 = 84.9 kW, it provides an energy of 10 J in 1.18 × 10−4 s [20].
Another condition is related to the energy absorption mechanism. Chemical composition, microstructure, and morphology of material strongly influence the absorption of heat.
Heating debris must be sufficiently fast for homogenous nucleation and expansion of vapor bubbles and ions.
Some simulations done for interaction of laser rays have shown that [21]:
The degree of light absorption increases as the cavity deepens.
Maximum energy absorbed by the cavity is around 80% of the total energy of radiation.
The radiation is multiple times reflected by the cavity, and as a result, the energy is highly concentrated at the center and the bottom of the cavity and forms the final conical shape of the cavity.
The surface temperature is much higher than the normal boiling point.
In order to be able to remove the material, it must have a homogenous boiling regime and evaporation; the power intensity must be over 108 W/cm2.
Note: The mentioned simulations have been conducted only for iron, not for aluminium or other materials currently used in manufacturing satellites and space equipment, but the effect should be similar (Figure 17).
The effect of a focused light ray on a material [22].
In some experiments a specific impulse of around 4000 s was measured for carbon and aluminium in ionized state produced by the laser ray [23]:
During those experiments the following observations were made:
The speed of the ejected atoms and implicitly Isp is inversely proportional to the square roots of the atomic mass of ablated material; the lighter the element the higher the specific impulse.
Thrust tends to increase with atomic mass of ablated material.
The speed of the ejected atoms was independent of angle at 22 cm away from the target.
The ablation time was 1.5 s.
For the case where Isp has a known value, one can evaluate the thrust force by the following equation:
T f = g 0 · I sp · m ̇ E11
where g0 represents the gravitational acceleration at the Earth's surface (g0 = 9.81 m/s2). m ̇ represents the mass of ions ejected in 1 s.
Momentum coupling coefficient Cm is another method for thrust evaluation [20]. This coefficient characterizes thrust production efficiency. The coefficient is determined as the thrust to laser power ratio. This parameter determines the minimum light power required to produce a 1 N thrust:
C m = T f P E12
According to the above reference, Cm max Al = 6·10−5 N/W for aluminium. That means that in the case of ablation of a space debris made of aluminium using a solar-thermal system with a power of P = 88.4 kW, the thrust force resulted is
T f = P · C m max Al = 88400 · 6 · 10 − 5 = 5.3 N E13
In case the large parabolic mirror has a diameter of rlpm = 25 m, the thrust force is
T f 25 = P · C m max Al = 2670300 · 6 · 10 − 5 = 160.2 N E14
In both cases the thrust force is remarkably high and can deorbit space debris with just a few hits.
4. A new design of space equipment for rapid disintegration in atmosphere after reentry
This new design is inspired by the tragic loss of the Space Shuttle Columbia's crew on February 1, 2003 [24]. Columbia disintegrated over Texas and Louisiana when it reentered the Earth's atmosphere. During the launch of the space shuttle, a piece of foam insulation struck the left wing of the orbiter deteriorating its ablative protection [24]. When time came for the space shuttle to reenter the Earth's atmosphere, the damage caused by the foam insulation allowed hot air to penetrate into the wing creating an irregular hole. Air entered the left wing with high speed, quickly became very hot when stagnating, and destroyed the internal structure of the wing.
4.1 Lessons learned after the Space Shuttle Columbia disaster
During the reentry phase, shock waves produced by hypersonic velocities and the frictional effect of the atmosphere began to heat Columbia's surface. The temperature varied depending on location: the orbiter's nose and leading edges of the wing experiencing temperatures greater than 1538°C [25].
The breach created during launch in the ablative protection of the left wing allowed for hot gases to penetrate the wing and to advance in the same direction inside the wing and to the fuselage (see Figure 18). This phase became known as "phase I" from "Initialization."
Velocity distribution on Columbia's left wing at the beginning of the disaster (phase I) [25].
During the "Initialization" phase, the wing lost its aerodynamic characteristics, and the destruction process was extremely short, lasting from 13:59:37.5 GMT to 13:59:39.7 GMT (2.2 s) (see Figure 19) [25].
Initiation phase of the destruction process (phase I) [25].
The "Acceleration" phase quickly followed the "phase I" which lasted for 0.07 s. The destruction continued with total dispersal of the space vehicle and burning in the atmosphere (see Figure 20). This phase can be called "phase D" from "Dispersal" and lasted for 55 s (Figure 21).
Acceleration phase of the destruction process (phase A) [25].
Total dispersal phase (phase D) [25].
4.2 Space equipment for rapid disintegration during atmosphere reentry
As presented in Chapter 1, ESA's "Design for Demise" concept must be implemented in every space equipment. Following those guidelines, the present paper presents a new vision of that concept.
It is known that satellite equipment is covered by a protection box which shields them against environmental factors such as cosmic radiation, solar wind, light (ultraviolet, visible, infrared), cosmic dust, and rarefied atmosphere. Usually, this box is a prism which has a pretty low dynamic drag, and, as a result, reaching high temperatures on the surface of the satellite is delayed; therefore the satellite disintegration is delayed during reentry. The situation is even more critical in the case of the last stages of launching rockets which have a good aerodynamic shape in order to have a low aerodynamic drag during the ascending phase of the launch.
According to the space equipment design presented in this paper, special doors must be incorporated in the external fairing of the space equipment. The holes in the fairing can have any shape (rectangular, triangular, hexagonal, circular, etc.) depending on the position of the fairing. Doors fitted on every hole must be articulated by a cylindrical articulation (i.e., to permit a rotation of the door around an axis); this allows the door to open to the interior of the box when external pressure increases and to close when the pressure inside the fairing is higher than the external pressure. The door is fixed to the fairing through brazing with low fusible metals or strong resins (Loctite, Araldite) which decompose at low temperatures (150–200 to 700°C in special cases). Both the resin and metallic alloys must be extremely resistant at low temperatures but must lose their strength when temperature reaches several hundreds of degree Celsius. In in the early stages of the reentry, the epoxy resins decompose at temperatures between 150 and 200°C, and the braze alloys are melting when the local temperature reaches 200–700°C. As a result, the doors (covers) are pushed inside the fairing, and the external air enters inside where stagnates reach extremely high temperatures. The new external geometry of the space equipment leads to an increase of aerodynamic drag and converts kinetic energy into heat, which enhances the burning process.
By placing more doors on the fairing, no matter how the space equipment rotates during reentry, at least one door is opened by the dynamic pressure, and the rest of them are closed by the same dynamic pressure. Heating inside the fairing is maximum due to air stagnation, which leads to a rapid disintegration of the space equipment.
If the covers (doors) are not articulated, they are pushed inside the equipment by the ambient pressure acting on the surface of the fairing. Being pushed inside, the doors allow the air to flow inside the fairing around the equipment, but does not stagnate; thus heating does not occur, and the aerodynamic drag is low. For this reason the heating hate will be lower than when articulated covers are used.
For an even faster disintegration of the space equipment, the satellite components are wrapped in 0.05-mm thick aluminium or magnesium foil. These lightweight foils will burn first followed shortly by the equipment. This new technology can be seen in Figures 22–27.
Example of satellite box with doors.
Articulated door design.
Stagnation temperature inside the satellite box.
Example of fuel tank with articulated circular doors.
Example of last-stage rocket with articulated rectangular doors.
Example of satellite equipment wrapped in aluminium or magnesium foil.
Applying this design will determine the space debris to be disintegrated according to Space Shuttle Columbia's tragic disintegration phases I, A, and D.
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2.Special equipment which uses concentrated solar light for earth protection against asteroids: "light gun"
3.Solar-thermal system for deorbiting space debris
4.A new design of space equipment for rapid disintegration in atmosphere after reentry
Solar System Exploration Augmented by In Situ Resource Utilization: System Analyses, Vehicles, and Moon Bases for Saturn Exploration
By Bryan Palaszewski
Published: March 4th, 2020
Chapter 3 Solar System Exploration Augmented by In Situ Reso...
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I'am playing this game and I can't play more than 5min then it hangs after.
I tried with latest gsdx and pcsx2 but always hangs.
I tried with native resolution fault cpu cycle speed but it hangs.
Do you manage to play this game ?
Are you talking about crash bandicoot Wrath of cortex?
the game plays fine for me.
and Oh I made an ISO from the disc.
I have only the ISO file.
(05-29-2009, 01:12 PM)zomurn Wrote: Yes.
we dont support piracy, warning and closed.
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There are many transformer configurations available today, each applicable to a certain situation or design requirement. Let's discuss one of the more basic configurations and how it can be used.
In many instances, the solution to a multiple line voltage problem is a multiple winding transformer. One example is the transformer shown in Fig. 1. Here, we have two primary windings, each rated at 240V. The "S" and "F" on the diagram denote the start and finish of the windings. Let's assume that each is capable of handling 5kVA. Then, this transformer would be rated at 10kVA and would be capable of handling 10kVA of load, if both primary windings are fully utilized. Depending on how these primary windings are connected, this transformer could be used with either a 240V or 480V primary. Let's see how.
Series connection. In Fig. 2, we see that the Fig. 1 transformer's two 240V windings are now connected in series. If we connect the "finish" of one primary to the "start" of the other primary, it's fairly obvious that we end up with one continuous winding. And, since each winding has enough turns for 240V, then the combination of both windings, in series, have enough turns for 480V. The current, then, will be the same in both windings, since they're in series; thus, both windings contribute their full kVA capability, and the total primary can handle 10kVA.
The voltage ratio for each primary winding, as shown in Fig. 1, is 240V primary:120V secondary, or 2:1. When we connect both primary windings together in series, we double the number of turns (and the voltage). Thus, the voltage ratio of the Fig. 2 configuration is 480V primary:120V secondary, or 4:1. While the primary is now 480V, the secondary remains 120V, and the transformer is still capable of handling its rated 10kVA load.
Parallel or multiple connections. If we want to make our Fig. 1 transformer suitable for a 240V line while still maintaining a 120V output for our 10kVA load rating, we can connect the primary windings in parallel, as shown in Fig. 3. Note that the two primary "starts" are connected together, as are the two "finishes." This has the same effect as having wound only one 240V winding, but with a double wire (or a wire having twice the circular mil area). By having the two windings in parallel, each winding can operate at its rated voltage and can carry its rated current. Thus, the primary winding can handle the 10kVA for which the transformer is rated.
These series/parallel connections allow our transformer to operate at fully rated kVA, at either input voltage, with the same secondary voltage. Taps, as an additional feature, can be added to the primary to increase the transformer's application versatility. However, both primary and secondary windings must be tapped in exactly the same manner.
The tap percentages change with series and parallel connections. For example, a 5% tap at 240V is 12V in a parallel connection. In a series connection, this same 12V represents only 2 1/2% of 480V. Thus, a transformer with a 480V series connection may have two 2 1/2% taps above normal and four 2 1/2% taps below normal. However, this same transformer, now with a 240V parallel connection, will only have one 5% tap above normal and two 5% taps below normal.
Because there are a variety of transformer configurations available, your choice should be guided by economics as well as suitability. Evaluating the number of leads to be connected and the kVA capacity of individual windings should point you in the right direction and guide you to the best choice.


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