question_answer2) Who was Abul Fazi?
question_answer3) What do you mean by tributaries?
question_answer5) Which day of the year is celebrated as water day?
question_answer6) Who represent our problems in the Parliament House?
question_answer7) What are the demerits of airways as a means of transport?
question_answer8) What is Tsunami? Explain its effect.
question_answer9) Explain the circulation of air in the atmosphere.
question_answer10) How does the Tamil Nadu government help the cooperatives?
question_answer11) What does our Constitution tell about gender discrimination?
(i) The Prairies are known as the 'Granaries of the World'.
question_answer13) What is "Sulh-i-kul' or "Universal peace??
question_answer14) Write in brief the election procedure of the MLA.
question_answer15) Why did the Delhi Sultans build mosques all over the subcontinent?
question_answer16) Who established a stable Maratha kingdom and how?
(ii) Human beings interact with the ____ and modify it according to their need.
(iii) ____ is a trade in which goods are exchanged without the use of -money.
(iv) ____ revolution has made communication easy and speedy.
question_answer18) What are the main occupations of people in Sahara desert?
question_answer19) How did tribal society change after being organised into a state?
question_answer24) What changes have been made by government of Kerala to improve health care facilities?
question_answer25) What were the major ideas expressed by Kabir? How did he express these?
question_answer26) What are the various ways women's apply to fight discrimination and seek justice?
question_answer27) Describe the ways by which mass media makes money.
A. On the political map of South America draw the equator and mark Venezuela.
B. On the outline map of India mark Malwa Deogir and Kanauj.


text:
Johan´s boat
Filed under: Fish and fishing, Folks I know, Other bits and bobs — 1 Comment
A friend of mine, Johan, has just gone and bought himself a sport fishing boat! She is christened "Impi" and is moored on the Island of La Gomera, one of the Canary Islands, sitting way out there in the middle of the Atlantic ocean. Johan´s idea was to create a charter operation to allow people like himself to have a chance to get out into the ocean and fish for some of the most iconic sport fish that you can find anywhere.
When I first heard it "Impi" struck me as an unusual name and in explaining its significance I can do no better than quote from the blog of the website created for this new venture:
Impi is the Zulu word to describe a group of warriors. It also means "combat". Sportfishing, for large blue marlin and giant bluefin tuna in particular, is a team sport requiring almost military precision, full commitment and flawless execution of the allocated role by each team member, very much like an infantry operation. Catching large fish on rod and reel implies a magnificent battle between man and beast – this, along with the great feeling of releasing the fish after the battle and the spectacular aerial displays that billfish put on during the fight, is what gets the adrenaline flowing and leads to the passionate commitment displayed by most serious fisherfolk.
The website of the new business has just recently come online. It provides, amongst other things, the full specifications of the boat, details of this year-round fishery, as well as information about the island of La Gomera, a world heritage site.
Here is the link: https://impi-fishing.com/
My personal experiences of being afloat when fishing have been limited to me bobbing around in a float tube or getting a numb arse from the wooden seat of a traditional Irish lough fishing boat. Impi of course is a completely different kettle of fish. She is fitted out to cater for a very specialised form of fishing for some of the largest, most powerful and most spectacular game fish including blue and white marlin, blue, bigeye and yellowfin tuna and many more besides.
I am hoping, perhaps as early as next year, to sign up to the experience myself and fly out to the Canaries for a few days. I will of course tell you how I get on on the blog.
I have personal reasons for being excited about Johan´s new venture beyond the hope of climbing aboard Impi myself one day. I was fortunate enough to have heard about Johan´s plans when they were still at a formative stage. He told me about it when we spent a few days together on the Guadalhorce. The river was thin in the summer heat and thoughts of azure oceanic waters and huge marlin were far from my mind but not, it seems, from Johan´s. He told me that getting a boat like this has been a lifelong dream and that he had planned on doing it years ago.
As a teenager his dad, who himself is a very well known South African game fisherman, took him to one side and told him that, while he understood his obsession with fishing, he really ought to go and get himself a college degree. Okay, fair enough. I guess that is the same sound advice most of us would give our kids. He pointed out that he could always do the boat thing later.
And that is pretty much the way things worked out. Off to college he went and then life followed a pretty familiar trajectory: along came qualifications, he got married, kids showed up and he found himself engaged in all the things which serve to keep us busy and keep us away from the water. And despite becoming very successful in his field (he is a lawyer) and busily engaged in family and work commitments that boat dream of his never did go away.
And so on the bank of the Guadlahorce river just three of four months ago, he told me that he felt that time was moving on and if that boat were ever to materialise he would need to get on the case.
And so he did.
The result, after much negotiation, sea trials, technical and mechanical inspection, red tape and bureaucracy and a whole lot more that I probably don´t even know about, was that what had been a beautiful but privately owned boat has become Johan´s new boat and is now available for charter.
Needless to say I wish him every success in his new venture and can´t wait to step aboard Impi myself and steam out into the open Atlantic to see if there are any marlin knocking around!
Impi at her mooring
Johan with a black marlin he caught many years ago
johanterblanchea9e2b46e1d
Thanks Paul, I'm really looking forward to fishing with you again soon!
« The hat that Leo gave me
One fish and 720 goats »

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Q: What does this statement means in C11 standard (about variadic functions)? At $6.5.2.2.6 the C11 standard:

If the expression that denotes the called function has a type that
  does not include a prototype, the integer promotions are performed on
  each argument, and arguments that have type float are promoted to
  double. These are called the default argument promotions. If the
  number of arguments does not equal the number of parameters, the
  behavior is undefined. If the function is defined with a type that
  includes a prototype, and either the prototype ends with an ellipsis
  (, ...) or the types of the arguments after promotion are not
  compatible with the types of the parameters, the behavior is
  undefined. If the function is defined with a type that does not
  include a prototype, and the types of the arguments after promotion
  are not compatible with those of the parameters after promotion, the
  behavior is undefined, except for the following cases: ...

What does that means - I really can't understand it (especially the first part). From what I can however it means that defining a function like this:
void func(int a, int b, ...)
{
}

And then calling it is undefined behavior which I think is silly.

A: The situation is as follows: You can declare a function without a parameter list and call this function:
int main(void)
{
    extern void f();   // no parameter list!
    char c = 'x';
    f(c, 1UL, 3.5f);
}

In this situation, the arguments are default-promoted: The first argument is promoted to either int or unsigned int (depending on the platform), the second remains unsigned long, and the third is promoted to double.
When the program is linked, some translation unit needs to contain the definition of the function. The definition always contains a parameter list, even if it's empty (but an empty parameter list in the definition means that the function takes no parameters, unlike in the declaration-that-is-not-a-definition above, where it just means that no information is provided about the parameters):
void f(int, unsigned long, double)
{
    // ...
}

The standardese you quoted now says that the behaviour is undefined if the parameter types in this definition are not compatible with the promoted types of the call, or if the parameter list ends with an ellipsis.
As a corollary, it follows that if you want to use a function with variable arguments (using the facilities of <stdarg.h> to access the arguments), you must declare the function with a prototype:
extern void f(int, ...);   // prototype (containing ellipsis)
f(c, 1UL, 3.5f);

Now c is converted to int because the first parameter is typed, and the second and third arguments are default-promoted just as before because they are passed as part of the ellipsis. The definition of f must now use the same declaration. If you will, passing arguments in a way that the <stdarg.h> facilities can access may require advance knowledge from the compiler, so you have to provide the parameter list before making the call.

A: The wording is a bit confusing.  The whole paragraph is talking about the case where no prototype has been declared for the function at the time it is called, so the section you highlighted is for the case where no prototype is declared when the function is called, but a prototype is used when the function is defined.  Here is an example:
int main(int argc,char** argv)
{
    f(3.0f); /* undefined behavior */
    g(3.0);  /* undefined behavior */
}

int f(float v)
{
    return v;
}

int g(double v,...)
{
    return v;
}

In this example, when f is called, no prototype has been declared, so 3.0f is promoted to a double.  However, the function is later defined with a prototype which takes a float instead of a double, so the behavior is undefined.
Likewise for g, the behavior is undefined because the elipses are used in the prototype of the definition.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
Experts: Test Passengers To Reopen Hawaii Tourism - Honolulu Civil Beat
Experts: Test Passengers To Reopen Hawaii Tourism
People traveling to Hawaii could get a COVID-19 test before boarding the plane at a national pharmacy chain under a deal in the works with state officials.
By Stewart Yerton / June 10, 2020
As Hawaii waits to reopen its largest industry, economists and medical experts increasingly view testing passengers before they board planes to Hawaii as a key to safely bringing visitors back to the state and resurrecting the state's economy.
Even with a fraction of the visitors it had before the COVID-19 crisis shut down the tourism industry, Hawaii could expect several hundred cases of the virus to be brought into the state each month by travelers, the University of Hawaii Economic Research Organization reported in a paper released Tuesday.
But the numbers could be significantly reduced if visitors were tested at their point of departure before coming to Hawaii, UHERO reports in a paper titled, "Prevention of Travel-related Reintroduction of COVID-19 Infection in the State of Hawaii."
How to reopen tourism has emerged as one of the most critical issues facing Hawaii as it deals with COVID-19. A 14-day quarantine for arriving passengers imposed by Gov. David Ige on March 21 largely quashed the disease's spread in Hawaii.
The COVID-19 pandemic has dimmed Waikiki's once-bright lights, as tourists are staying home. Could testing passengers safely restore the industry?
But it also has shut down an industry that provides about one in six jobs. Hotels are bleeding cash and small businesses tied to tourism are being devastated. As of April, UHERO estimated Hawaii had lost some 220,000 jobs, about 30% of the labor force. More than half were the direct results of the halt in tourism, UHERO said.
Although UHERO predicted Hawaii could regain a lot of those jobs relatively quickly, that assumed the state would reopen to tourists in July. The concern is that it could be much harder to recover lost jobs if the state delays its reopening.
The report issued Tuesday argues that testing passengers before they come to Hawaii can allow the state to reopen safely. The authors, who include an economist and two infectious disease experts, call for a two-step process: a temperature screen to determine if a passenger has a fever associated with COVID-19, plus an actual COVID-19 test.
Adding the second test, the report says, "removes 80-90 percent of infectious passengers from flights to Hawaii."
Testing passengers before they arrive could let Hawaii reopen safely – and relatively soon, says Lt. Gov. Josh Green.
"I think absolutely we should do it," said Green, a medical doctor who has been deeply involved in the state's response to the virus.
Green said he has been in talks with the drug store giant CVS Pharmacy to set up a system where people flying to Hawaii could be tested at 1,200 sites nationwide. He said the system could be in place as early as July 15; however, he stressed that it was Ige's decision when to reopen.
Lt. Gov. Josh Green said Hawaii is in talks with CVS Pharmacy to set up a testing program at 1,200 locations in the U.S.
Ige's spokeswoman Jodi Leong referred questions to Department of Health spokeswoman Janice Okubo, who did not respond to a request for comment.
The UHERO report assumes when Hawaii does open up to tourists, it will have a fraction of the 30,000 daily passenger arrivals, including tourists and returning residents, it had before the crisis. But even one fifth of the former number, or 6,000 visitors a day, could pose risks because infection rates from Hawaii's main travel markets are much higher than in Hawaii, the report says.
The report was written by Tim Brown, who studies infectious disease and epidemiology as a senior fellow with the East-West Center; Sumner La Croix, professor emeritus of economics at the University of Hawaii, and F. DeWolfe Miller, an epidemiologist and professor of tropical medicine at UH's John A. Burns School of Medicine.
"If Hawaii reopens to tourism, even at 20 percent of previous levels, hundreds of people with active COVID-19 infections can be expected to enter each month," the report's authors conclude. "This will make it hard, if not impossible, to maintain our success against this epidemic and may push us past the tipping point."
With No Testing, Cases Could Soar
With 6,000 daily arrivals being merely screened for temperature and symptoms, the authors predict, 750 additional active infections could come into Hawaii each month among visitors and returning residents. Adding the second COVID-19 test reduces additional active infections each month to roughly 150 people.
The testing would essentially be voluntary; however, only those who agree to be tested and test negative could forgo the 14-day quarantine.
"In sum," the report says, "travelers are required to either test there or be quarantined here."
Although some infected visitors would inevitably slip through cracks, the authors say the risk of those people spreading the disease could be greatly reduced with active testing, contact tracing and isolation programs combined with continued social distancing and the wearing of masks.
"Testing travelers coming to our Islands is essential to keeping us an attractive COVID-safe destination for tourists and to achieving a strong Hawaii economy," the report says.
Green said several details still need to be worked out. For instance, he said, one question is who would pay for the tests, which cost at least $120 each. Although the visitors could be asked to foot the bill, it would be in the state's interest to at least help. The state could use federal recovery act money, he said, and it would save the state money being used for unemployment claims if workers could get back on payrolls.
"Does it pencil out?" he said. "Of course it does, in a very big way."
Still, he said, most details are in place. Testing passengers will serve two goals, he said: making Hawaii safe for residents, workers and tourists, and restoring jobs.
"We don't want a large surge in cases," he said. "But we want a large surge in employment."
Stewart Yerton
Stewart Yerton is the senior business writer for Honolulu Civil Beat. You can reach him at syerton@civilbeat.org.
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Marketing your small business can take many forms–online content, direct mailers, eBooks, pamphlets, Search Engine Optimization (SEO) and social media content are just a few examples. But have we forgotten about the power of the phone call? It's undeniable that some industries don't find the phone an important part of their marketing and sales funnels, but for many, phone calls can be the most valuable type of lead.
We use a call tracking company called Message Metric to find out two important things: First, is our marketing working? Second, are our employees doing their jobs? Having worked with hundreds of business owners and surveyed thousands more at Gotcha Local, we found the single biggest issue any small business owner has with marketing is just not knowing what is–and isn't–working.
"Without knowing that, how do you make the right decisions on what to spend your marketing budget on? You don't. You make the wrong decisions, your marketing results suffer, and your business barely survives." Matt Prados, CEO/Founder Gotcha Local.
But make no mistake–the power of the phone call isn't limited to brick-and-mortar small businesses.


The Green Deal Home Improvement fund (GDHIF) will reopen at 9am on Wednesday (10 December) with an initial £30 million available for home improvements. But households need to act quickly to bag the energy efficiency cashback.
The Department of Energy and Climate Change (DECC) announced in October that the GDHIF would reopen with an extra £100 million available, which households can apply for to pay for energy saving improvements (see the Green Deal fund to reopen MSE News story).
The Government has today confirmed that the cash will be released in batches and the first, of £30 million, will be available from Wednesday. The remaining £70m will be released from February next year, but exact amounts and dates have yet to be confirmed.
The fund is part of the Green Deal and allows householders to apply for free cash to pay for improvements such as solid wall insulation and double glazing. It first opened in June with a total pot of £120 million and was closed suddenly six weeks later after the cash ran out due to a huge surge in demand (see the Green Deal 'shambles' MSE News Story).
We were at the forefront of a campaign to reopen the fund and we're urging people to be prepared so they can act quickly in case it runs out this time round.
The key difference this time is that there's less cash up for grabs. Previously, households could apply for up to £7,600, but in this round the maximum is £5,600 – this is because the amount you can claim for solid wall insulation has fallen.
Martin Lewis, creator and founder of MoneySavingExpert.com, says: "As the Government discovered back in June, if you want to make the Green Deal popular, give away lots of free money and don't mention energy efficiency, instead focus on the 'home improvement' element.
"The last time it did this, the scheme was massively oversubscribed and many were left out in the cold when it was closed after just six weeks with virtually no notice.
"The structure of the new arrangement seems to be more sensible. The Government has toned down the huge amount of cash previously available for solid wall insulation – as that was where most people gamed the system – and is dishing the money out in different sized tranches over the coming months.
"As a result of demand, some people could miss out on the first wad, but by being on top of it and getting your assessment and quote done early, you have a better chance of bagging the grants."
Offer 1: Install two of the 'main' energy saving measures (see our Green Deal Mythbuster guide for a full list) and get cashback of up to £1,000 (no change compared to last fund).
To get the full £1,000 you need to install two of these measures, which include flat roof insulation and secondary glazing, and spend at least £1,000 on parts and labour in the installation, which is around how much you'd typically pay doing this outside of the GDHIF.
Offer 2: Install internal or external solid wall insulation and get up to £4,000 (was £6,000).
Solid wall insulation's expensive and disruptive to install, but it stops heat escaping from your home. It usually costs between £4,000-£14,000 to install, and you can claim back 67% of your costs, up to a maximum of £4,000.
Households applying from Wednesday will also need to get a quote for each energy saving improvement made. This is a new requirement and the quote needs to include details such as the property address, the name of the installer, and the total estimated cost of the work to install each measure, including VAT.
Energy and Climate Change Secretary Ed Davey says: "This fund is a big success story for the Green Deal – helping thousands of people improve their homes so that they're warmer, greener and cheaper to run.
"The best way people can cut their energy bills, this winter and every winter, is to improve their homes so that they leak less heat and use less energy. That's why we've increased the funding available for the Green Deal to help even more people start saving money sooner."


The commercial real estate industry in any location will have a variety of property types and property specialities. On that basis you need people in your brokerage team that are prepared to focus into a property type and specialisation.
Many of the property types we work on are unique and the factors of selling, leasing or managing are specific to that segment of property.
Here are some essential ideas to help you get started in establishing any new brokerage with the right people.
History of activity – Identify the strengths and weaknesses within location over recent time (the last 5 years) and see if you can predict the upcoming changes and market activity within office, industrial, and retail property. Some segments should stand out as highly active and in demand.
Population and city growth – Get population figures from the local town or municipal council to judge where the city is changing and why that is so. A city in a growth phase will usually have a healthy property market. What parts of your city are growing and why is that so?
Roads and transport infrastructure – When the roads and transport corridors are under change they can have a real impact on local businesses. See where change could occur in road networks and transport routes. How will those changes impact local business?
Industry and business types – Look at the local business community and identify the successful segments of industry and commerce. Within your town or city there are likely to be particular industry segments or resource based industry groups that are driving the economy for the area and the location. Those industry segments are likely to be good targets for property activity. Wherever possible, connect with some local business people to understand their perception of business growth and viability.
Local property construction and new developments – The levels of construction activity currently underway and new approvals being considered are good indicators of business and property sentiment. Visit the planning approvals office for your location to identify where any new planning approvals and construction activity will soon be under way. It is worthwhile finding the property owners in each case to see if you can help them with any sale or lease requirements.
Other Agents and Brokers – Consider the brokerage competition for the location. There will be other brokerage offices already established and servicing certain segments of the property market. Who are they and where are they based? What will be their claim to market share and why do they hold that segment of the property market? Within each office identify the top agents and or their speciality. Look for the gaps within the industry currently where further brokerage activity can occur. What specialities will you need to bring to the market to fill those gaps? If you are going to compete with others then you will need the skills, knowledge, stamina, drive, and resources. Are they available or will you need to pull those attributes towards you or get them in?
Current properties on the Market – Review current listing activity and time on market across the segments of industrial, office, and retail property. How long does it take into sell or lease a property in today's terms? Any lengthy time on market will be an indicator for overpriced property, oversupply, or a shift in the business sentiment. When you understand the pressures of the industry currently, you can adjust your focus between sellers, buyers, landlords, and tenants. Which segment will you focus on first?
So let's say you are considering the listing and commission opportunities within your property market; potentially the establishment of a new brokerage team. Choose the segments of the industry that work for you and your brokerage team. Attract the right people for the specialized tasks involved in property portfolio work.
There are significant skill differences to be addressed in any real estate team between sales, leasing, and property management. It should also be said that there are also major differences between the retail property type and everything else.
Choose your people carefully based on the property segments to be serviced and the complexities of the local property market. Understand the levels of activity within the market that appear to have been active and successful over time (and that can offer your business a future) and shape your team accordingly.


1/r *d/dr (r* df/dr) = 1?
How is this question done? I know that, with the method of images, we want to solve grad^2 = Dirac delta function, and we extend it to the whole of R^3. Then we solve it and appeal to uniqueness to show that it's the solution for y>0. What would we do here?
Can anyone help? I'm frightfully confused about the first one.
Re: Hello, my name is meme12!


On the Feast day of the appearance of the Smolensk Icon of the Mother of God "Hodegitria', His Grace, Bishop John of Caracas, Administrator of the Diocese of South America of the Russian Church Abroad, led the Divine Services at St. Sergius Cathedral in Cleveland, Ohio. Bishop John was joined by the Rector of the Cathedral, His Grace, Bishop Peter of Cleveland, the Dean of the Cathedral, Priest Ilia Marzev, and Archpriest Peter Selenoi of the Cathedral. Also serving were Fr. Martin Swanson of St. Basil's Church (St. Louis, MO), Fr. Michael Carney (Lake Odessa, MI), Protodeacon Vadim Gan and Deacon John Feloniuk. At the appropriate place in the Divine Liturgy, Bishop John ordained Subdeacon Seraphim Wing to the Deaconate.


text:
BEd Intermediate Phase Teaching
The purpose of the BEd (Intermediate Phase Teaching) [Grades 4 to 6] is to produce teachers who are competent to teach in this particular phase.
The future success of South Africa as a country relies on its ability to provide quality education. A career in education is not only challenging and rewarding but also makes a vital contribution to the growth and development of the nation. In order to prepare teachers, educational psychologists, managers and policymakers for this challenge, the Faculty of Education at the University of Pretoria offers qualifications that are both innovative and relevant.
Students are equipped to face new challenges once they enter the profession. Few careers are as rewarding as education, and there is no better place to prepare yourself for your future career than in the Faculty of Education at the University of Pretoria, where you can choose one of several exciting undergraduate programmes for teacher training.
Teachers and training officials in primary schools
The following persons will be considered for admission: Candidates who are in possession of a certificate that is deemed by the University to be equivalent to the required National Senior Certificate with university endorsement; candidates who are graduates from another tertiary institution or have been granted the status of a graduate of such an institution; and candidates who are graduates of another faculty at the University of Pretoria.
As soon as candidates are admitted to the BEd degree, they will be informed that they must register at the University in January of the following year. It is in the interest of prospective students, in particular those who need financial support and/or placement in a residence, to apply as soon as possible.
English will be the only language of teaching and learning (in lectures, tutorials and assessments) for all academic modules in the undergraduate programmes, except in cases where the modules or programmes require a language other than English. Any modules providing professional preparation that requires separate English and Afrikaans classes will be identified and will be explicitly listed as such. Modules for the BEd (Foundation Phase Teaching) that are language context specific, namely English, Afrikaans and indigenous African languages, will continue to be offered in current language contexts due to the University's recognition of the need for home-language teaching in the foundation environment, as specified in the Policy on Minimum Requirements for Teacher Education Qualifications (Gazette 38487, 19 Feb 2015). The teaching practice modules will allow English and Afrikaans assessments according to the language of tuition of the schools in which the teaching practice was performed.
Transferring students (Candidates who were previously registered at UP or at another university or tertiary institution)
The Admissions Committee of the Faculty considers applications of candidates who have already completed the final Grade 12 examination and/or were previously registered at UP or at another university, on grounds of their Grade 12 results as well as academic merit. Applications from prospective students who have been excluded from the University of Pretoria or any other Higher Education Institution on the basis of misconduct will not be considered for admission to the University of Pretoria.
In addition to meeting the admission requirements, admission is based on the performance in the TOEFL, IELTS or SAT, if required
Applications may be closed earlier if the institutional targets are met.
The Faculty of Education at the University of Pretoria continues to develop into one of the largest and most diverse units in South Africa for the initial and advanced training of education professionals from across the world. A distinguishing characteristic of the Faculty is that it not only trains pre-service teachers but also educational psychologists, principals, researchers, programme evaluators, curriculum designers, computer education and training experts, assessment specialists, education policy analysts, community development workers and education law advisors working in national and international agencies and organisations.


silvieon4: I think I found the state of France!!!!
So, when do we move? Momma said I could not go to the White Hat Society lunch because we are not in France. Ok. I want to be with my two leggeds always and I want to go out with them always, everywhere, including and most specially when they go out to eat... I love them, and they love me. So, when do we move? Now this France I found is also called Paris. Paris France. I hope that's the same France momma was talking about. Hey wait, I know someone who was recently there. Chloe' Honeygo Beasley's momma. Wonder how she liked it. In any case, I am ready to move.
Hi 'vie. First of all thank you for the goodies you and your mama sent. They are tasty! Mama says she has been to Paris and while she enjoyed it, she says the "real" France is someplace called Provence. In her opinion much nicer. But she did tell me that we would NOT be going there anytime soon as airfares (???) are getting too spensive. She says we are all probably going to stick around at home this year. Maybe we can make a pretend Provence. Your mama cooks in a similar way -- maybe she would like to pretend too?? what do you think -- a bi-coastal pretend party??
And for the record, momma says Paris belongs to the world, Provence belongs to France. I just like watching her mouth when she says Provence. RRRRRR where does that RRR go????


text:
Chris Archer Rapidly Becoming A Dependable Starter for the Rays
The Rays entered this year with what was suppoed to be one of the best rotations in baseball even with James Shields gone. And then the season started and everything went haywire. David Price, Alex Cobb, and Matt Moore have all spent time on the DL (not to mention Jeff Niemann) and Jeremy Hellickson and Roberto Hernandez have been ineffective almost the entire season. Can you name the one Rays pitcher that has done well and not landed on the DL? It's rookie Chris Archer. While Archer's development as a pitcher is still continuing at the big league level, he is already starting to prove himself as a starter the Rays can rely on.
So far this season, Archer is 7-5 with a 2.93 ERA, managing a 6.2 K/9, a 3.0 BB/9, and a 0.9 HR/9 in 16 starts and 95.1 innings pitched. The ERA is nice, but those strikeout, walk, and homer rates are a little iffy. But what those overall numbers don't tell you is that Archer has really started to find himself in his last nine starts after throwing his pitches all over the plae in his first seven. In those nine starts, Archer is 5-2 with a 2.15 ERA, striking out 36 while walking 11 in 58.2 innings pitched. His K/9 has been He has struck out just 5.5 batters per 9 in that stretch, but he has walked just 1.7 and alloewd just a 0.7 HR/9. That's nice, but his strikeout rate is still incredibly low. Is Archer really such a good pitcher?
When an ace heads to the mound without his best stuff, his team expects him to battle and put his team in a position to win nevertheless. Chris Archer has been doing that all season. Archer has two dynamic pitches, his mid-90's fastball and sharp mid-80's slider, and he has been attacking hitters with just those two offerings. But expect for when his command of both pitches is pinpoint, major league hitters aren't fooled enough by them to strike out at high rates. So instead of trying to strike a ton of hitters out, risking leaving pitches in hittable locations as a result, Archer has been content to keep his pitches hittable and force weak contact. Instead of going up above the letters a strike a hitter out, he'll keep the ball down knowing that hitters can't do anything with it anyway. Instead of burying his slider down in the zone, Archer has more and more dropped in his slider for a strike knowing that as long as he doesn't hang it, he can use it to force plenty of groundballs. This is not the ideal for Archer, but until he establishes his changeup as a third effective offering, this is who he is as a pitcher. However, given just how well he has pitched in the last couple months, the pitcher Archer is right now is still quite effective, and knowing that he should only get better from here should send chills down the spines of the rest of baseball.


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The 2022–23 Horizon League men's basketball season began with practices in September 2022 and ended with the 2023 Horizon League men's basketball tournament in March 2023. This wase the 43rd season for Horizon League men's basketball. This was the first season in conference history with 11 teams, as UIC departed for the Missouri Valley Conference following the 2021-22 season.

Head coaches

Coaching changes
 On March 2, 2022, Milwaukee fired head coach Pat Baldwin after five seasons with the team. On March 18, the Panthers hired Division II Queens head coach Bart Lundy to be their next head coach.
 On March 22, 2022, Cleveland State head coach Dennis Gates left the team to become the head coach at Missouri. On April 5, the Vikings hired Iowa State assistant coach Daniyal Robinson to be their next head coach.
 On January 31, 2023, Green Bay fired head coach Will Ryan after three seasons and a 2–19 start. Assistant coach Freddie Owens was named interim head coach.

Coaches

Notes:

 Year at school includes 2022–23 season.
 Records are prior to 2022–23 season.

Preseason

Preseason coaches poll

Preseason All-Horizon League

Preseason Player of the Year: Antoine Davis, Detroit Mercy

Regular season

Player of the Week awards

Conference matrix

Early season tournaments
The following table summarizes the multiple-team events (MTE) or early season tournaments in which teams from the Horizon League will participate.

Postseason

Horizon League tournament

The conference tournament will be played from February 28 to March 6, 2023. The first round and quarterfinals are hosted at campus sites, while the semifinals and finals are held at Indiana Farmers Coliseum in Indianapolis, Indiana. Teams are seeded by conference record, with ties broken by record between the tied teams followed by record against the regular-season champion, if necessary. The top five teams receive a bye to the quarterfinals and the bracket is re-seeded after every round.

NCAA Tournament
The conference champion receives an automatic bid to the 2023 NCAA Division I men's basketball tournament.

National Invitation Tournament
Youngstown State received an automatic bid to the 2023 National Invitation Tournament as the team with the best regular season record who failed to win the conference tournament.

College Basketball Invitational
Both Cleveland State and Milwaukee accepted bids to the 2023 College Basketball Invitational after both teams finished as runner-up and semifinalists in the conference tournament, respectively.

National awards

Preseason watchlists
Below is a table of notable preseason watch lists.

Midseason watchlists
Below is a table of notable midseason watch lists.

Conference awards

References

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


The City Select LUX is Baby Jogger's most versatile pushchair to date, offering the potential of over 20 ride configurations to suit you and your growing family.
The Select LUX can easily be transformed from a single to a double / tandem pushchair with the addition of the second seat unit (included).
Improving on the classic City Select, the Select LUX is 30% smaller when folded and features an auto lock system, making it easy to store and transport. The seat units folds with the pushchair and conveniently folds inwards so they stay clean. A unique and innovative hand-operated decelerating and parking brake is located within easy reach, allowing you greater control over the pushchair, letting you slow down quickly and safely (great for use on hills).
As a true all-terrain pushchair, the City Select LUX features front (lockable) swivel wheels, full suspension & large lightweight (yet durable) wheels so it preforms well even over uneven ground. The telescopic handlebar adjusts in height whilst a huge basket and seat-back pockets provide generous storage space for baby's essentials.
The seat units offers multiple recline positions and adjustable calf supports. They are fully reversible so children can sit forward facing, parent facing or any combination of the two, depending on their mood. The expandable UV50+ canopies offers superior protection from the sun's harmful rays and include peek-a-boo windows with magnetic closures which allow you to keep an eye on your little passengers.
Baby Jogger's huge selection of Select LUX accessories allow you to customise your ride with additional elements such as a child's tray, parent console, raincover and even a bench seat and glider board for older children (all sold separately).
Included, comes x2 Baby Jogger City Select LUX Carrycot Kits, which are used to transform the (City Select LUX) pushchair seat units into a lie-flat carrycots which are suitable from birth.
The newly formed carrycots then secure to the chassis in the same manner as the seat units did, converting it from a double pushchair to a newborn double pram.


The occasions of bricks and cement are rapidly being an outdated method of expansion. Rather a lot of companies are swapping to modular structures because of their very superior benefits compared.
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It's back to school time in Hillsborough County.
It's time for everyone to be extra careful, especially the motorists. Slow day, be extra aware.
Plenty of children will be walking and biking to school – twice a day.
Pay attention to the school crossing guards. Pay attention to the speed limits. Pay attention to the school buses. Pay attention to the heavy traffic around schools.
When it comes to the lessons of safety and our children, let's all go for an A!
The bell rings on August 10 to start a new school year. Now more than ever, safety and security is on everyone's mind.
Rest assured, your peace of mind is part of our mission to protect and serve. State law mandates that we protect every public school, every day. We will. Period.
From Day 1, all schools will have exceptionally trained, resolute and armed security personnel on campuses.
Detailed on-site surveys of each school, inside and out, provide precision in our rapid response plans.
You have my word: You can count on all of us when and where it matters most.
Hillsborough County Public Schools has partnered with the Florida Department of Transportation and Hillsborough County Sheriff's Office. In a continued effort to address some of the biggest challenges regarding speeding and distracted driving around school zones a Stop on Red, Kids Ahead PSA campaign will launch this month to educate students, families, and commuters.


This quantity encompasses a choice of empirical reports which use priming tips on how to discover the comprehension, creation, and acquisition of moment language (L2) phonology, syntax, and lexicon. The time period priming refers back to the phenomenon within which previous publicity to precise language varieties or meanings impacts a speaker's next language comprehension or creation. This publication brings jointly a number of the strands of priming study right into a unmarried quantity that in particular addresses the pursuits of researchers, lecturers, and scholars attracted to L2 instructing and studying. Chapters through across the world recognized students characteristic numerous priming ideas, describe a number of psycholinguistic initiatives, and concentrate on various domain names of language wisdom and talents. The booklet is conceptualized with a large viewers in brain, together with researchers now not conversant in priming tools and their program to L2 learn, graduate scholars in moment language acquisition and similar disciplines, and teachers who require readings to be used of their classes.
The Iranian languages shape the main japanese department of the Indo-European workforce of languages, itself a part of the bigger Indo-Iranian relations. anticipated to have among a hundred and fifty and two hundred million local audio system, the Iranian languages represent one of many world's significant language households. This accomplished quantity bargains an in depth assessment of the primary languages which make up this crew: outdated Iranian, heart Iranian, and New Iranian.
This quantity inscribes itself within the long-standing debate at the query of the prestige of "the word". contemplating the multi-faceted nature of the be aware, the authors are conscious that no resolution to the query should be exhaustive, but they realizes that every solution brings us towards a fuller knowing of the difficulty.
The publication bargains a mixed dialogue of the most theoretical, methodological and alertness matters relating to corpus paintings. hence, ranging from the definition of what's a corpus and why examining a corpus demands a unique technique from analyzing a textual content, the underlying assumptions in the back of corpus paintings are mentioned.
That is, suppose that responding was constrained in such a way as to examine more implicit, automatic learning of those words as captured via 25 26 Jeanette Altarriba and Hugh Knickerbocker reaction time tasks. Would these tasks uncover differences in learning in much the same way as free recall tasks have been reported to, in the past? , free recall tasks). A commonly used paradigm in word recognition studies believed to capture cognitive processing that is fast, automatic, and that occurs without intention is the word priming paradigm (Neely 1977; Neely, Keefe & Ross 1989; see Segalowitz, Lacroix & Job, this volume, for a discussion of automaticity in L2 processing and examples of tasks tapping into automatic processing).
A new L2 word) increases, eventually leading to fluent like abilities to access semantic information through L2 vocabulary. While Williams and Cheung warn against simple translation learning, initial acquisition through paired translations may be a good way to create stores of orthographic and phonological information for novel L2 vocabulary (in addition to episodic associations with known L1 vocabulary). , pictorial depictions) should effectively maximize the number of different memory traces associated with newly mastered L2 vocabulary.
Once the new Spanish word set had been fully acquired by the participant, they were then given a LDT to test for their automatic activation of the newly learned word, under constrained presentation conditions. The word priming task that they were administered contained pairings of the correct translations intermixed with unrelated word pairs, in an attempt to uncover whether or not semantic priming effects were moderated by the mode of learning. It was expected, based on the above data on the perception of colored objects, that color pictures might ultimately facilitate lexical decision responses more so than the other two learning formats, as the objects that were learned were basic, common objects that appeared in their expected colors.


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Austrian Orders, Decorations and Medals of the Napoleonic Period
by Stephen Herold
Most of the orders of Austria, and of other states as well, were in three classes, usually grand cross, commander and knight. The grand cross and commander insignia were usually worn around the neck on the ribbon of the order, and the knights wore theirs on the left breast hanging from the ribbon of the order. Later, grand cross insignia were worn hanging from a ribbon of the order worn diagonally across the chest. Starting around this time, and becoming general practice by 1848 or so, was the folding of the knights' ribbon into a triangular or "dreiecks" shape. It was peculiarly Austrian but also copied by many other countries who were Austria's neighbors or under her cultural or military influence. Knights grand cross, and often commanders as well, wore a breast star of the order on both ordinary and formal occasions -- with the sash for formal events and alone on the jacket or unform otherwise. On special occassions the Knights Grand Cross wore the collar of the order, and for ceremonies of the Order robes, hats and other special items as well. In later times miniatures were worn in everyday use, hanging not from a ribbon of the order but from a chain that was a minature collar of the order. In addition to being worn as a full size "bijou" and miniature, the Order of the Golden Fleece was worn in German lands as a "knopfloch" buttonhole insignia of the Fleece only with a red ribbon, sometimes full size and sometimes around half size
Although the awarding of orders of knighthood in Europe was traditionally only to members of the nobility, the growth of modern states with larger armies and bureaucracies was requiring a relaxation of the ancient restrictions. Elsewhere, as in Britain, the awarding of the order could elevate one to the nobility as a part of the reward. Similarly, further merit could be rewarded by the granting of a higher grade of the order. In ultra conservative Austria such liberties were seldom seen. Not only did a recipient have to already be a noble to receive an order, but the grade of the order one received was based on the rank of their nobility. This reinforced the ancient elitist structure of the Austrian Empire but completely failed to provide adequate rewards for the mass of he Empire's subjects. Even in such small things we can see the seeds of the collapse of of the Austrian polyglot medieval monarchy in the face of modern realities.
The Order of the Golden Fleece
Ancient and inherited from the dukes of Burgundy who founded it on 10 January 1429. Awarded only to the Imperial family and the highest of the nobility in Austria and abroad. One had to be Catholic and of good character to receive it. Except for Imperial archdukes and foreign nobility it was usually only given late in life as a reward for a lifetime of service to the Imperial family.
Ribbon: Red.
Grades: One only, as in all ancient orders of knighthood.
Also see The Society of the Golden Fleece.
The Military Order of Maria Theresa
Founded by the Empress Maria Theresa on 22 June 1757 as a reward for merit for senior military officers. The order was to be granted as a reward for acts of military valor and to perpetuate the memory of the brave officers receiving it. An officer had to command in a battle or a unit in a winning action to be eligible for the higher grades, and even Oberlieutenants had to perform prodigious feats of duty and valor to receive the knight's cross. Not often awarded in the Austrian army. As with many high orders the decoration was to be returned to the Chancellery of the Order on the death of the holder. This is one reason for its great rarity, especially of older issues. Almost all known copies in commerce are 20th century, most from the First World War or insignia made for holders of the Order after the end of the war.
Ribbon: Equal stripes of red, white and red.
Grades: Three: Knights Grand Cross, Knights Commander and Knights
See also the Medal of Honor for the battle of Villiers-en-Couche in1794 listed below.
The Royal Hungarian Order of St. Stephen
Established by the Empress Maria Theresa on 5 May 1764 to reward her noble Hungarian subjects for civil merit. To receive it one had to have at least four quarterings of arms showing as many generations of noble status. It helped promote her position as Queen of Hungary and reinforced the quasi independent position of Hungary in the Empire. The original statutes allow for only 20 Grand Crosses, 30 Commanders and 50 Knights who are to be "distinguished for virtue and merit and noble birth". Grand Cross Knights were considered so important that the Emperor was to address them as "Cousin". These insignia were to be returned to the Chancellery of the Order on the death of the holder. There was no military application of this order. It is rare, and even modern awards of St. Stephen are seldom seen. Perhaps more than any other Austrian order, this one approached the ideal character as put forth in its statutes and regulations.
Ribbon: Violet with two smaller dark green side stripes.
Grades: Three: Knight Grand Cross, Knight Commander and Knight.
The Austrian Imperial Leopold Order
Established by Emperor Francis I on 8 January 1808 in honor of his father, and to provide the Empire with an order that could be used to reward noble subjects for service to the Emperor and the State. The existing senior orders before 1808 were too limited in their scope to permit rewarding sufficient subjects for their duty. The choice of Leopold for this order's name is not too strange, since he was Francis' father, but he is also the most shadowy of the modern emperors with his brief two year reign. The Knights Grand Cross were also addressed by the Emperor (as Grand Master of the Order) as "Cousin" as with Grand Cross members of the St. Stephen Order. Collars and insignia were returnable upon death of the member, the collar to the Grand Master and the insignia to the Registar.
Ribbon: Red with two thin white edge stripes.
Grades: Three: Knight Grand Cross, Knight Commander and Knight Ordinary.
The Austrian Order of the Iron Crown
When Austria resumed control of Northern Italy in 1815 she continued the Coronne de Fer as an Austrian order. The Austrian order was founded by decree of 1 January 1816. All existing noble members were eligible, but non-nobile members had to accept the Military Service Medal "Pro Virtute Militari" (listed below).
In the first issue it was given in gold to ex-dignitaries and ex-grand dignitaries and silver to knights, as in Napoleon's Coronne de Fer. Soon thereafter given in gold only (later silver gilt and finally bronze gilt). The early pieces had as much variation and irregularity as the French issue, but the order soon settled on the pattern of a slender eagle with both legs clearly showing above the Iron Crown. After 1860 the eagle's legs are smaller and the tail is placed mostly within the Iron Crown. On 12 January, 1860 the use of War Decorations ("Kriegs Decoration" or KD) was authorized for awards made during wartime. Originally there were to be only 100 members: 20 First Class, 30 Second and 50 Third (with "Princes of Our Imperial House not included in this number"), but the number was later greatly increased. The Knight's decorations of the Order were returnable upon death up to July 18, 1884, after which date they could be retained, but the higher classes of the Order were always to be returned.
Until the end of the Empire this was the most commonly awarded Austrian order. During the later part of the First World War it even turned into an officer's bravery medal that could be awarded more than once. With the loss of her Italian territories in the wars of 1859-70 Austria had little need for the Iron Crown as an Italian symbol and it became an "all purpose" order. In design, many find the order one of the most attactive of all the orders of Europe. Interestingly, the crown shown on the Coronne de Fer, Austrian Order of the Iron Crown and the Royal Italian Order of the Crown is the crown of Queen Theodolinda, not the Iron Crown of Lombardy as intended.
Ribbon: Golden yellow with two thinner blue stripes at the edges.
Grades: First,second and third classe knights (following Napoleon's three grades of Grand Dignitary, Dignitary and Knight). The insignia of the three grades were in descending size matching the grade of the member.
All of the medals issued during this period -- 1792-1815 -- were during the reign of Emperor Francis I (II). Just as Napoleon was the leader of France throughout, so Francis was the guiding spirit of Austrian policy and architect of her ultimate patient victory. It is also under Francis that there was a sudden increase in the number of medals awarded to his subjects. The prolonged importance of the wars and alliances was mirrored in the medals issued for duty and merit. Many are for the daring experiment of citizen militias, an experience so tainted by association with the citizen armies of the French revolution that it was quickly suppressed and not soon repeated.
Reward Medal of 1792 for Services to the Austrian Army in Belgium
Founded by Emperor Francis II to reward Dutch citizens who joined or rendered good service to the Austrian army fighting the French Republic. Issued in silver and gold as an eight sided medal with ball and ring suspension.
Obverse: head of the Emperor facing right with a circumference inscription: "FRANCOIS II. IMP DES ROM ROI DE HONG ET DE BOH" .
Reverse:Inside a laurel wreath, tied at the stem, are six lines of type: "POVR / SERVICES / RENDVES / AUX / ARMEES / MDCCXCII".
Belgium Reward Medal Reissue for 1793-94
The medal was reissued in 1793 in gold, and 1794 in gold and silver. They only differ from the item above in the changed date. In 1793 four gold medals were awarded, and in 1794 six gold and 20 silver.
Honor Medal "LEGE ET FIDE" of 1792
Founded by the Emperor on the occasion of his coronation as German Emperor at Frankfort am den Main. Issued as large, medium and small gold and large and small silver medals. However, none of the small silver medals has ever been found. (The official Austrain statutes frequently mention medal size distinctions that were never issued.) It was given to members of the Emperor's suite according to their rank. The large gold medal could be awarded with a linked mail chain of gold of the weight of the medal as an extra honor. Many Austrian medals could be so awarded with an extra gold chain suspension. Normally suspended from a soldered ring.
A variation with the Bohemian lion on the reverse may have been issued for the Bohemian coronation of Francis (v. Heyden 1058-9).
Size: Large, 49 mm; medium 43 mm; small 36 mm.
Obverse: Head of Francis II facing right with a laurel wreath in his hair. Circumference inscription: "IMP. CAES. FRANCICVS. II P. FG. AUG.". Signed by the designer at the base "I. N. WIRT. F.".
Reverse: An Imperial Crown above crossed scepter, sword and orb. At the top: "LEGE ET FIDE".
Honor Medal for Bravery 1792-1805
Like the bravery medal of Joseph II of 1789-92, but bearing the head of Francis II, and awarded in gold and silver.
Ribbon: White side stripes (5 mm), rose stripes (5 mm) separated by a central white and rose ladder stripe pattern (1 mm stripes) -- that came to be known as the "bravery ribbon". The rose color later became red.
Obverse: Head of Francis II, crowned with laurel, facing right. Above "FRANZ II" and underneath the designers name "I.N. WIRT. F.".
Reverse: A tied laurel wreath with flags showing Austrian arms, within the wreath is the inscription "DER / TAPFERKEIT".
Medal for the Battle of Neerwinden, 1793
Issued in silver by the Prince Friederich Josaias of Saxe-Coberg, the Imperial fieldmarshall in Belgium. The medal was granted by Francis II after the defeat of the French under General Dumouriez on 18 March 1793. Suspension was by a soldered ring.
Obverse: Bust of Prince friederich facing right with a circumference inscription: "FRIDERIC. JOSIAS. PINC. SAXO. COB. S. R. J. SUPR. BELLI. DUX." . At the bottom is "Baldenbach", the die cutter's name.
Reverse: Roman soldiers in a ritual scene with the circumferance inscription: "RESTUTITORI. BELGII. AUSPICE. AUGUSTO." above, and below on three lines and smaller: "GALLIS MENSE. MARTIO / MDCCXCIII. UTROQUE / BELGIO EXATIS." .
Medal of Honor for the battle of Villiers-en-Couche, 1794
Issued in gold by Francis II to eight English officers of the Fifteenth Light Dragoons who personally attended and protected him during the battle of Villiers-en-Couche on 24 April 1794. The medals, although not officially established by written proclamation, were given with a letter of praise on 1 May 1798. All of the medals were also given with a golden chain of equal weight (280 grams). By some accounts the dragoons saved Francis from capture by the French. The Emperor wished to give them the Military Order of Maria Theresa, but the regulations of the order made that impossible. Later the regulations of the Order were changed and the MMTO was awarded to several Russians. The British government made repeated requests to obtain the MMTO for the dragoon officers, and it was finally granted on 7 November 1800. The medal was no longer to be worn once the MMTO was awarded, but could be kept.
Only one genuine pair of awards is known, which was in the collection of Mr. E. Hyde Greg of London as early as 1897. The pair was sold by Spink & Son in 1966 when it was purchased by Dr. Fattovich of Venice, Italy. The medal is unnamed as issued. (This interesting information is from von Falkenstien.)
Obverse: Head of Francis with a laurel wreath facing right. Circumference inscription: "IMP. CAES. FRANCISCUS. II. P. F. AUG." . Signed by die cutter below and very small: "I. N. WIRT. F." .
Reverse: Above small crossed laurels on four lines: "FORTI. BRITANNO. / IN. EXERCITV. FOED. / AD CAMERACVM. / XXIV. APR. MDCCXCIV." .
Tyrolian Mobilization Medal of 1796
Issued by Emperor Francis to all Tyrolians who took up arms in the mobilization call of 12 August 1796. Given in large silver to officers and small silver to non-commissioned officers and soldiers. The ribbon is hung through a flat ring eye.
Ribbon: Multicolored green, white, black and red.
Size: Large, 40 mm; small 35 mm.
Obverse: Porfile head of Emperor Francis with a laurel wreath facing right. Circumference inscription: "FRANCISCVS. II. D. G. R. IMP. S. A. H. B. R. COMES. TYROLIS." with the smaller designers name below: "I. N. WIRT. F." .
Reverse: Circular laurel wreath, tied at the bottom. Inside the inscription: "PRO. FIDE. / PRINCIPE. / ET. / FORTITER. / PUGNANTI." (To the heroic fighter for faith, prince and country). Around the circumference: "TIROLIS. AB. HOSTE. GALLO. VNDIQUE. PETITA." on the top, and below: "MDCCXCIV.".
Medal for the Volunteers of Olmutz, 1796
Given by the civil board of the town of Olmutz to those who volunteered in the mobilization call of 12 August 1796 and formed a fully armed volunteer corps for service with the Emperor. Issued in gold plated silver, hung through a circular ring soldered on at right angles to the medal.
Ribbon: Yellow with black edges.
Obverse: The laurel crowned head of the Emperor facing right. Beneath the bust is: "F II / R. I. S. A." (Franciscus II Rex Imperator Semper Augustus), and around the circumference inside a pearled border: "Milito Electo Caesarem et Patriam Defendenti".
Reverse: The checkered eagle of the town arms, and on its breast shield "FMT". Around the circumference: "SENATUS POPULUSQUE OLOMUCENSIS Ao: 1796" within a pearled edge.
Founded by Emperor Francis in 1797 for those members of the Tyrolian volunteer contingent who served in the keeping the Tyrol free from the French army. Given in large gold, for highest officers, gold for officers and silver for soldiers. The large gold are very rare and the gold ones rare. Suspended from a ribbon through a circular eye. The silver medal is much commoner than that of 1796 so many more Tyrolians must have responded to the mobilization call.
Ribbon: Three black and two gold equal stripes with thin gold edging.
Size: Large gold and silver, 39 mm; small gold 35mm.
Obverse: Profile bust of Francis wearing a laurel wreath and facing right. Circumference inscription: "FRANZ II R. K. ERZH. ZU OEST. GEG. GRAF VON TYROL", and below and smaller the designers name "I. N. WIRT. F.".
Reverse: Within a laurel wreath tied at the bottom, on six lines: "DEN / TAPFERN VERTHEIDIGERN / DES / VATERLANDS / MDCCXCVII".
Lower Austrian Mobilization Medal of 1797
Given to those able bodied men who answered the national emergency mobilization call of Count Saurau in Lower Austria. These troops were formed into free corps called Landesstande. The medal was, on paper, awarded in five types: gold for highest officers, largest silver for officers, large silver for underofficers, silver for soldiers and black cast iron for non-combattants. The iron medal has never been seen and the soldier's silver medal is also unknown and probably not issued. The gold medal, given to Count Saurau, the Duke of Wurttemburg (as commander of the troops) and high district and government officials is very rare. Almost all medals known are the largest and the large silver. Suspended by a ribbon from a circular eye.
Ribbon: Half dark rose half white.
Size: Gold and silver 37 mm, largest silver 41 mm, Large silver and black iron 39mm.
Obverse: Bust of Francis wearing a laurel wreath and facing right. Circumference inscription: "FRANZ II. ROM. KAI. ERZHERZOG ZU OESTERREICH" and smaller on the bottom edge: "I. N. WIRT. F.".
Reverse: Within an oak wreath tied at the bottom, on eight lines: "DEN / BIEDEREN / SOEHNEN / OESTERREICHS / DES / LANESVATERS / DANK / MDCCXCVII".
The Ecclesiastical Cross of Merit "Pius Meritus"
Austrian military chaplains were active during campaigns and frequently awarded the Honor Medals for bravery. At the suggestion of the Apostolic Field Vicar Count Hohenwerth, and supported by a report of Archduke Charles, the ecclesiastical cross of merit was established in 1801 by Emperor Francis. Initially given in two grades -- gold and silver -- with a third added in 1860. It was to be given for outstanding performance of duty in administering to the spiritual requirements of the troops during war when under fire or in a battle area.
More like an order than a medal, the crosses had cloverleaf ends on the arms and the bottom arm was longer. The arms had a deep cut border and a flat suspension eye soldered onto the top. The central medallion in blue enamel had the words "PIIS / MERITIS" on two lines.
Ribbon: Four white and three red stripes.
Size: 53 mm high, 44 mm wide, 20 mm center medallion.
Dalmatian Service Medal of 1801
Founded by Francis in 1801 for administrative and civil merit in the Kingdom of Dalmatia which had been awarded Austria by the Peace of Campo Formio. Issued in silver and suspended from a ribbon through a soldered eye.
Size: 43 mm.
Obverse: Laurel crowned bust of Francis facing right. Circumference inscription: "FRANCISCVS. II. ROM. IMP. DALMATIE. REX.". Below, in smaller letters: "I. N. WIRT. F.".
Reverse" In two lines: "DALAMTIAE / BENEMERENTI", and smaller at the bottom "MDCCCI".
Civil Medal of Honor "JUSTITIA . . ." 1804-35
Founded on 11 August 1804 along with the next item (Honor Medal "Honori") following the change in Francis' title from German Emperor to Austrian Emperor. This medal was for persons without special rank (i.e. lower ranking non-nobles) and was largely given for service at the court. Suspended by a ribbon from a coined, vertically holed and tailed eye with a large circular ribbon ring. Issued in large gold, gold, large silver and silver.
Size: Large 43 mm, small 36 mm.
Obverse: Bust of Francis in profile, crowned with a laurel wreath and facing right. Circumference inscription: "FRANCISCVS AVST. IMP. HVN. BOH. GAL. LOD. REX. A. A.", but on the small medals FRANCISCVS is shortened to "FRANC.". On the bottom and smaller is "I. N. WIRT. F.".
Reverse: Under an Imperial Crown a crossed sceptre and staff of Mercury with the scales of justice below. All connected by a flowing ribbon in a bow. Around the upper circumference: "IVSTITIA REGNORVM FVNDAMENTORVM" (Justice is the foundation of the Empire).
Civil Medal of Honor "HONORI" 1804-13
Founded by Emperor francis soon after he became Emperor of Austria so that non-nobles who could not receive the Imperial orders could be rewarded for their service. Issued in gold and silver and the gold medal could be awarded with a gold chain of the weight of the medal. One of the best known recipients of this medal, in gold with the chain, was Andreas Hofer who led the Tyrol revolt of 1809 against the French and Bavarians. Whereas the Honor Medal "JUSTITIA" was primarily awarded to members of the Emperor's entourage, this medal was for more general presentation.
Obverse: Profile bust of the Emperor with laurel wreath facing right. Circumference inscription: "FRANCISCVS AVSTRIAE IMPERATOR", and smaller at the bottom "I. N. Wirt. F.".
Reverse: A classic temple with six columns, with an enthroned Austrian coat of arms in the middle. On a rectangular box on the temple plinth is found "HONORI". Around the top is the circumference inscription: "AVSTRIA AD IMPERII DIGNITATUM EVECTA", and across the bottom is the date. Von Falkenstein states that the date is "1813", but since the medal was given from 1804 that seems very unlikely. Just how often the date was changed is unknown.
Medal for the Country's Defenders of 1808
This is a medal with many questions still unanswered, including why it was given. One theory is that it was for the 10th anniversary of Francis' Hungarian coronation on 6 June 1808. Given in silver and often with no suspension, as if a display medal not intended for wearing.
Ribbon: Unknown, if any.
Obverse: Head in profile of Francis and Empress M. Louise Beatrix (daughter of Archduke Ferdinand of Austria, Duke of Modena-Breisgau, and third wife of Francis). The Emperor's head is in front and largely covering that of his wife. Beneath their busts are small laurel branches and the initials "ST" of Stuckhart, the die cutter, working in Prague in 1796 and Vienna 1801-1816.
Reverse: Two wreaths of oak leaves tied at the base. Around the top is the cirumference inscription: "SEINEM VERTHEIDIGER DAS DANKBAR VATERLAND" (To its defenders -- The thankful country) and below the wreath, on two lines "6 JUNE / 1808". At the very bottom and quite small is the engraver's name "A GUILLEMARD F.".
Medal for the Tyrol and Voralburg Defenders of 1809
Issued for service in the Tyrol by volunteer citizens in 1809. Issued in bronze.
Ribbon: Half green and half white.
Obverse" Within a laurel wreath on seven lines: "ZUM / ANDENKEN / DER TYROL UND / VORALBERGER / LAND- / VERTHEIDIGER / 1809" (In memory the Tyrol and Voralberg land defenders 1809).
Reverse: On the left, Andreas Hofer, his left hand on the Austrian flag and his right hand raised as in oath taking. Opposite him a Tyrolian and Voralberger in local costume with their right hands raised . At the bottom the small inscription "O. STEINBOCK INV. ET F.".
Bravery Medal of Francis I of 1809
With the change in 1805 of the Emperor's title from Francis II of Germany to Francis I of Austria new medals were required. Seemingly only issued for the war of 1809 (until 16 October 1809). No changes from the 1792 issue except for the obverse inscription. Regulations were also changed to prohibit continued wearing of the silver medal if the gold was also won. Issued in gold and silver.
Ribbon: Rose edge stripes with a white and rose ladder center.
Obverse: Head of Francis II, crowned with laurel, facing right. Above around the circumference "FRANZ KAISER VON OESTERREICH" and underneath the designers name "I.N. WIRT. F.".
Bravery Medal of Francis I of 1812-14
Identical to the bravery medal of 1809 except for a coined on oval suspension loop and a new designer's name on the lower obverse: "I, HARNISCH. F.". Given for service in Russia in 1812, Germany in 1813-14 and Italy in 1815. Two die types are known.
Civil Honor Medal "Honori" 1813-1835
As with the issue of 1804-1813, but the die engraver was Heuberger rather than Wirt. The only changes were to the inscription on the obverse. The new circumference inscription reads: "FRANC. I. AUST. IMP. HVN. BOH. LOMB. ET. VEN. GAL. LOD. IL. REX. A. A." and at the bottom "HEUBERGER" (missing the usual "F." for "fecit" or "I made this").
Bronze Canon Cross of 1813-14
Authorized by Emperor Francis in 1814 for award to his soldiers in memory of their participation in the Befreiungskrieg of 1813-14 to free Germany and Europe from the domination of Napoleon. It was not actually awarded until 1815. Usually called the "Canon Cross" because it was made from captured bronze canon, and sometimes wrongly called the "Leipzig Cross" after that decisive battle in 1813. It is significant in that it is the first award given equally to all serving soldiers irrespective of rank. There originally were plans for three sizes of cross, and some specimens do exist, but in the end only one type, the small bronze with green varnish background, was made and distributed. One large gilded cross with a laurel leaf decorated wearing ring was made for FM. Prince Schwarzenberg as commander in chief, and it was intended to be worn from a ribbon around the neck. This unique piece is in the Army Museum in Vienna.
Perhaps some 200,000 crosses were issued but only a few thousand at most remain today. Suspension was by an elongated and groved suspension ring for the ribbon, and the dies were by J. Harnisch. Aging and repairs have led to many variations from type, and the ribbon color comes in various hues from yellow to gold.Illustrated is the normal issued cross with groved suspension ring and a modern ribbon.
Ribbon: A golden yellow stripe between two black ones, all equal width.
Size: The issued small broze cross was 27 mm. The unissued large cross was 45 mm and the medium one 39 mm.
Obverse: On a bronze cross pate with a circular gilded wreath between the arms is the following inscription: "GRATI / PRINCEPS ET PATRIA / FRANC. / IMP. AUG.".
Reverse: On five lines: "EUROPAE / LIBERTATAE ASSERTA / MDCCCXIII / MDCCCXIV".
Proposed Cross by J. Harnisch 1813
The original design proposed by Harnisch was slightly different from the issued one. It was 39 mm and narrower where the arms met in the center. The obverse inscription was the same as on the issued cross, but the reverse read: "TORMENT / E CAPTIS BELLICUS / MDCCCXIII". The single date indicates that the original plan to issue an 1813 cross was later expanded to cover the entire befreiungskrieg. Some few specimens of this cross exist.
Officers Canon Cross 1813-14
As might be expect in such a rank conscious country many officers resented having to wear the same medal as common soldiers. It was for this reason that three sizes had originally been proposed. Probably based on the golden cross of FM. Schwarzenberg, many officers had their cross gilded, usually after removing the green varnish. Less often the cross was recast in gold, or in bronze and heavily gilded. In some cases officers had their initials or entire name, rank and unit engraved on the ends of the arms. Suspension was usually a replacement oval gold strap and they vary greatly. All officer's crosses are scarce and the named ones especially so. As these crosses were unofficial many collectors take no note of them (or at least pay no premium for them) while others prize them dearly. Illustrated is a recast and heavily gilded officers cross with gold strap suspension.
This medal was awarded to all serving soldiers in the years 1813-1814, and with so many being awarded several sets of dies (and perhaps several production facilites) were used. I am unaware of any study having been made of these variations, but I show one here that was illustrated in Die Befreiungskriege 1813: Festscrift zur Jahrhundertfeier which was the centennial volume produced by the city of Vienna on the campaigns covered by this medal. Note the deeply tailed arms, unlike the straight arms of the normal version. This piece is supposedly from the Army Museum in Vienna. Also note that original copies have a double eagle hallmark within a diamond on the top suspension strap. Since the bronze wore away quickly with use it is often replaced with a plain metal strap and so lacks the hallmark. The green lacquer applied to the background itself has numerous variations in color and composition. I have four Canon Crosses with the lacquer intact and all have noticably different shades of green and pigment types.
Civil Honor Cross for 1813-14
Established by Emperor Francis in 1814 to reward high state officials who distinguished themselves during the Befreiungskrieg of 1813-14. The award was finalized on 26 May 1815 when it was awarded. The dies were also made by Harnisch and the cross was issued in gold and silver.The Civil Cross is identical to the Canon Cross except it lacks the laurel wreath. Only 38 gold and 149 silver crosses were issued, and Gottschalk lists all recipients. As it is so rare one must be careful to avoid Canon Crosses without wreaths that have been silver or gold plated.
As a parallel to the large gold cross of FM. Schwarzenberg, a great gold cross was given to Prince Metternich, minister of foreign affairs at this time. It too was to be worn around the neck and is said to have been twice the size of the other crosses and similar in details to that of FM. Schwarzenberg. It is seen in prints and paintings of the period but its current location is unknown. It was likely taken away by Prince Metternich when he fled Vienna during the Revolution of 1848, but could either have been destroyed in the fire that later burned the family schloss on the Rhine or it could be in the possession of one of his modern heirs.On the left is an engraving of Prince Metternich wearing his special large Civil Honor Cross. On the right is a gilt museum replica of the Metternich Cross. Note that, as in the engraving, Metternich's Cross has the normal, grooved ribbon ring and not the elaborate laurel leaf ring as on Schwartzenberg's large Cross in the Army Museum in Vienna.
Ribbon: Gold/black/gold, the reverse of the Canon Cross.
Size: Accounts are confused, some saying exactly the same 27mm of the Canon Cross and others 10% larger at 30 mm. Obviously few genuine examples are around to be measured. Von Falkenstien says both, that it was the same size and also 30 mm!
Gold Cross for the Guard of Bohemian Nobles in 1814
Established by Emperor Francis toward the end of 1814 as a sign of thanks for the 38 members of the Bohemian nobility who had accompanied him in the field in 1813-14. Of these medals only 22 can be traced and 21 are in museums.
Ribbon: White, red, white stripes of equal width.
Obverse: A red enamelled gold cross with a center circle containing the heraldic lion of Bohemia in silver.
Reverse: The cross enamelled red with the central medallion in white enamel bearing the seven line inscription: "NOBILIBUS BOHEMIS BELLO GALLICA FIDES CORPORIS CUSTODIBUS FRANCISCUS AUGUSTUS MDCCCXIV".
Military Service Medal "Pro Virtute Militari" of 1816
Although the Coronne de Fer was for military or civil merit this replacement medal for non-noble members was for military service only. It is very rare since so few members of the Coronne de Fer were willing to exchange it for this unassuming (even dull) silver medal. It was issued in silver but is (unofficially) also known in gold and bronze gilt. Although the Austrian Order of the Iron Crown changed its ribbon from green and gold to blue and gold, this medal for lesser members retained the French green and gold ribbon. Suspended through a soldered ring.
Ribbon: Golden yellow with two thinner sides stripes in green.
Obverse: An upright antique sword.
Reverse: Inscription: "PRO / VIRTUTE / MILITARI".
Small Reward Medal "ZUR BELOHNUNG"
Small reward medal for service to the Emperor and state. Von Falkenstien says it was issued in silver with a red ribbon, but I have an example in bronze gilt on an original ribbon of equal red and white stripes with original stitching intact (illustrated at the left).
Ribbon: Red, or possibly red and white.
Obverse: The laurel crowned Emperors bust in profile facing right. The circumference inscription reads: "FRANZ DER ERST KAISER VON OESTERREICH".
Reverse: A garland of flowers around the circumference, and in the center, on two lines: "ZUR / BELOHNUNG".
Gottschalck, F. Almanach der Ritterorden, 3 vols., Leipzig 1817-19.
Contemporary with this period, Gottschalck's book is a goldmine of information on the ancient orders. Very scarce, although some modern reprints exist.
Gritzner, M., Handbuch der Ritter und Verdienstorden Aller Kulturstaaten der Welt, Leipzig, 1893.
Michetschlager, H., Das Ordesbuch der gewesenen Österreichisch-Ungarischen Monarchie, Vienna, 1918-19.
Spada, Antonio, Onori e Glorie, Vol. 3, Brescia, 1983.
One of the finest illustrated books on orders ever produced, this publication displays Dr. Spada's incomparable collection. Austrian orders and some medals of the Napoleonic period are well illustrated.
Steiner, Jörg C., Orden und Ehrenzeichen der Österreichisch-Ungarischen Monarchie, Vienna, 1991.
Not complete and the prices are now out of date, although relative values are still useful. Nevertheless this is the only current listing of Austrian material and we can hope for an improved new edition.
von Falkenstien, J., Imperial Austrian Medals and Decorations, Tucson, 1972.
The only thorough discussion and catalog of Austrian medals in English (orders are not included). Uneven and has many errors but is essential for English readers.
von Hessenthal, W. and Schreiber, G., Die Tragbaren Ehrenzeichen Des Deutschen Reiches, Berlin, 1940.
von Heyden, H., Ehren-Zeichen der Erlbschenen und Bluhenden Staaten Deutschlands und Österreich-Ungarns, Meiningen, 1897-1910 editions.
von Rosenfeld, F.H., Die Orden und Ehrenzeichen der K. und K. Österreichisch-Ungarischen Monarchie, Vienna, 1889 and 1899 editions.
von Wrede, A., K. und K. Wehrmacht, Vienna, 1901.
A complete official history of the K. und K. army. Lists awards of orders and bravery medals to officers, sometimes with details of service.
Sales Catalogs
Much useful information is also to be found in the auction and sales catalogs of the better dealers in this material such as those of Graf Klenau and Andreas Thies. Of particular value is:
The Art of Chivalry: Orden und Ehrenzeichen der Deutschen Befreiungskriege, Thies and others, Nörtingen, 1991.
Austrtian orders and decorations for sale can often be found at:
Stephen Herold Historical Objects


The inaugural North West Ecofest Schools Writing Competition is open.
The competition is divided into two sections: Primary School Students and Secondary School Students.
Entries are to be submitted to: jmpodcastingservices@gmail.com with the Subject line Essay Competition Primary.
The Primary School Student Section will be judged by Mr Rich Bowden of Permaculture Plus.
"Old Farming Techniques Due for a Comeback" Total maximum word length: 750 words.
The first three placed essays in the Secondary Section will be recorded for the World Organic News Podcast.
The Secondary School Student Section will be judged by Mr Jon Moore of World Organic News.


text:
Q: Programar peticiones HTTP en Windows de forma automática Tengo un script en PHP en un servidor local montado en Windows Server 2008 y lo que necesito es ejecutarlo por ejemplo cada 3 minutos. Al estar el script en un servidor local, sería suficiente con programar una petición HTTP al script como si de un navegador se tratase, pero sin abrir una ventana de chrome u otros, ya que esto se realiza cada 3 minutos y se colapsaría el servidor. Ej: http://localhost/dir/script.php
He probado usar PowerShell junto al programador de tareas de Windows para hacerlo pero al ejecutar el comando Invoke-WebRequest de la solución que mencionan en esta respuesta, pero me aparece este error:

El término 'Invoke-WebRequest' no se reconoce como nombre de un
cmdlet, función, archivo de script o programa ejecutable.

¿Alguien conoce un software o alternativa que permita realizar esto o la solución al error anterior?


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Brazil Politics Press Releases South America (featured)
Revenge of the Right in Brazil?
May 16, 2016 January 4, 2017 COHA Brazil, impeachment, Michel Temer, Sean Burges, Temer
By Sean Burges, Senior Research Fellow at the Council on Hemispheric Affairs
This article was originally published by The Canberra Times on May 13, 2016.
About a month ago, when it became apparent that the centre-right opposition in Brazil would succeed in their politically-driven impeachment of the leftist president Dilma Rousseff, one of the biggest concerns raised by many observers was that the development gains made under 13 1/2 years of Workers' Party rule would be reversed. The early signs from the centre-right presidency of Michel Temer are not promising.
Within scant hours of being elevated to the presidency from the vice-presidency, Temer dropped a presidential decree reducing the number of government ministries from 32 to 23. On the face of it this is a good thing and will help to reign in a bloated bureaucracy that places serious strain on the national budget. But deeper examination raises some serious concerns. Among the disestablished ministries are the Ministry of Agricultural Development and the Ministry of Women, Racial Equality and Human Rights.
Brazil is a country of contradictions. It is a fabulously wealthy place, but one which is staggeringly unequal where literally tens of millions of citizens try to eek out a subsistence living in remote rural areas. Assisting these people is the central mission of the Ministry of Agricultural Development, a department that has played a critical role in the great strides Brazil has made over the last decade in poverty reduction.
Equally worrying is the decision to shutter the Ministry of Women, Racial Equality and Human Rights. Although recently ruled by a woman, Brazil is still cursed by serious gender biases and glass ceilings. The country also exhibits levels of racism that beggar belief, with young black men in poor urban communities facing a worrying high chance of either arbitrary detention or extra-judicial execution, and this is for those who are not driven to join narco-mafias due to the lack of opportunities and social services. Indeed, in many ways one of the core challenges facing Brazil is human rights, precisely the policy area championed by this now-defunct department.
In his inauguration speech, Temer made the appropriate noises that his administration would be about inclusive growth, prioritising restarting the economy while simultaneously protecting the social programs launched by the two previous leftist presidents. Yet, it is hard not to escape the feeling that these are simply weak words uttered simply, as the Brazilians say in reference to the half-hearted abolition of slavery in 1888, "for the English to see".
The optics of Temer's cabinet are not good. It is entirely male, effectively excluding the perspective of just over half of the Brazilian population from the main policy-making table. Perhaps this should not come as a surprise. After all, shortly after it became apparent that Temer would eventually replace Dilma, the staunchly right-wing news magazine Veja ran a cover on Temer's wife with a headline lauding her as the ideal: beautiful, reserved in nature, and content to manage the home. In contrast, another rightist magazine IstoÉ labeled Dilma as 'hysterical'.
Temer's cabinet is also entirely white. Almost half have been drawn from congress – a body wracked by corruption – and nearly all of them are from the south-east of the country. In many ways his team represents a microcosm of the national elites who have been protesting so vociferously against Dilma. This creates a serious danger for Temer's presidency, one which is also under the threat of impeachment proceedings.
A dark and ugly division is emerging in Brazil. Lula and Dilma's success in bringing over 30 million people out of poverty and into the middle class has driven massive changes in the country's socio-economic structure. The comfortable days of the past where the predominantly white middle and upper classes working office jobs could easily afford domestic servants and expect instantaneous and cheap service have faded away. Indeed, this was the major complaint voiced in the country's leading newspapers after Dilma won re-election.
The terror felt by the majority of poor Brazilians, who cannot afford the time to protest between the multiple jobs they need to survive, is that Temer's government is going to be a 'revenge' of the elite. Temer's promise to strengthen and improve the administration – often neo-liberal code for cutting – of the country's hallmark social programs like Bolsa Familia is thus critical. Failure on this front could have dire social consequences.
Although unelected and occupying an interim position while Dilma faces trial, Temer has launched his administration with an air of permanency that suggests he expects to be in office until 2018 (when he must step down because he has been banned from running for elected office until 2026 by the Supreme Electoral Court). His cabinet looks like a government of the elite, which he claims will benevolently restore growth and prosperity to Brazil in much the manner of a platonic philosopher king. He has less than six months to deliver the goods. Although success will not heal the wounds in Brazilian society opened over the last year, failure could have devastating consequences and condemn Brazil to yet another "lost" decade.
Sean Burges is deputy director, Australian National Centre for Latin American Studies, at the Australian National University.
Please accept this article as a free contribution from COHA, but if re-posting, please afford authorial and institutional attribution. Exclusive rights can be negotiated. For additional news and analysis on Latin America, please go to: LatinNews.com and Rights Action.
Featured Photo: Michel Temer. Taken From Flikr.
← Soft Coup in Brazil: A Blow to Brazilian Democracy
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Ecuador's 2017 Presidential Election: Hope for Latin America's Leftist Movements
April 4, 2017 COHA 3
Bush's Millennium Challenge Corporation: A New Approach to Overseas Development, or the Same Old Strategy?
August 16, 2005 COHA Comments Off on Bush's Millennium Challenge Corporation: A New Approach to Overseas Development, or the Same Old Strategy?
Jamaica's Homophobia Forced 'Out of the Closet' by the Rainbow Flag
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Network: In the 1970s, terrorist violence is the stuff of networks' nightly news programming and the corporate structure of the UBS Television Network is changing. Meanwhile, Howard Beale, the aging UBS news anchor, has lost his once strong ratings share and so the network fires him. Beale reacts in an unexpected way. We then see how this affects the fortunes of Beale, his coworkers (Max Schumacher and Diana Christensen), and the network.