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Исторический материализм — направление философии истории, разработанное К. Марксом и Ф. Энгельсом. Сущность этого направления заключается в материалистическом понимании диалектического развития истории человеческих обществ, которая является частным случаем всеобщего естественного исторического процесса. Это направление наследует философии истории Гегеля, поэтому его яркой особенностью является единство теории развития и методологии познания общества. В советской философии часто отождествлялся с .

Материалистическое понимание истории человечества
Основой материалистического понимания истории является признание ведущим развития производительных сил, то есть труда (опредмечивания потребностей) и производительности труда, в частности, материального производства, по отношению к процессам изменения общественного сознания. Как отмечает БСЭ, краткая и вместе с тем целостная характеристика существа исторического материализма впервые была дана Марксом в «К критике политической экономии», однако истоки концепции восходят к ещё более ранним его трудам.

Не сознание людей определяет их бытие, а, наоборот, их общественное бытие определяет их сознание
В последние годы жизни Маркса и после его смерти Энгельс выступил с первым систематизированным изложением исторического материализма в своём «Анти-Дюринге» и последовавших за ним работах. Согласно материалистическому пониманию диалектического развития истории общество не является каким-то исключением из природы, а является её органической частью. Ход истории человеческого общества обусловлен не только субъективной волей случайных людей (вождей, лидеров, революционеров), а, в первую очередь, подчиняется объективным социальным законам, которые ничем не отличаются от объективных законов природы и не зависят от воли этих людей. Люди свободны использовать эти законы себе на пользу или, наоборот, не использовать их. Исторический материализм ставит себе задачу определить эти объективные законы развития общества и, на основании этих законов, спрогнозировать дальнейшее развитие общества и использовать это знание. В. И. Ленин резюмировал сущность материалистического понимания истории следующими словами:

Люди сами творят свою историю, но чем определяются мотивы людей и именно масс людей, чем вызываются столкновения противоречивых идей и стремлений, какова совокупность всех этих столкновений всей массы человеческих обществ, каковы объективные условия производства материальной жизни, создающие базу всей исторической деятельности людей, каков закон развития этих условий, — на всё это обратил внимание Маркс и указал путь к научному изучению истории, как единого, закономерного во всей своей громадной разносторонности и противоречивости, процесса.

Основные понятия

Способ производства
Способ производства — сочетание производительных сил и производственных отношений, то есть трудящихся людей, их способностей к труду и средств производства, которыми те пользуются, и отношений к собственности и общественных отношений, возникающих в связи с производством.

Социальный класс

В историческом материализме социальные классы были выделены согласно их месту в структуре производства (разделению труда).

Классами называются большие группы людей, различающиеся по их месту в исторически определённой системе общественного производства, по их отношению (большей частью закрепленному и оформленному в законах) к средствам производства, по их роли в общественной организации труда, а следовательно, по способам получения и размерам той доли общественного богатства, которой они располагают. Классы, это такие группы людей, из которых одна может себе присваивать труд другой, благодаря различию их места в определённом укладе общественного хозяйства.

Согласно материалистическому пониманию истории общественное развитие отражает собой материальные противоречия классов, имеющие причиной определённый уровень развития производительных сил и соответствующие им производственные отношения.

История всех до сих пор существовавших обществ была историей борьбы классов.

Свободный и раб, патриций и плебей, помещик и крепостной, мастер и подмастерье, короче, угнетающий и угнетаемый находились в вечном антагонизме друг к другу, вели непрерывную, то скрытую, то явную борьбу, всегда кончавшуюся революционным переустройством всего общественного здания или общей гибелью борющихся классов.

Эволюция и революция
Согласно методу материалистической диалектики общество развивается эволюционно (количественно, постоянно) и революционно (качественно, скачкообразно). Постепенное, количественное, эволюционное развитие производительных сил, когда рост производительных сил происходит благодаря росту уровня знания и понимания человеком природы и её законов, на определённом этапе неизбежно вызывает необходимость скачкообразного, качественного, революционного изменения, обусловленного борьбой антагонистических классов за установление качественно новых производственных отношений, когда рост обеспечивается изменением производственных отношений для дальнейшего и гармоничного развития общества.

В результате постепенного развития производительных сил непримиримые интересы антагонистических классов начинают все больше и больше расходиться, а производственные отношения и надстройка, всегда так или иначе закрепляющая существующие производственные отношения идеологически, все больше и больше перестают соответствовать текущему уровню развития производительных сил.

Производственные отношения из форм развития производительных сил становятся их тормозом, их оковами. В результате борьбы противоположных классов (эксплуатирующих и эксплуатируемых) наступает эпоха социальной и политической революции. Происходит смена устаревших идеологических, политических, производственных отношений на качественно новые.

Таким образом меняется способ производства и производственные отношения, а с изменением этой экономической основы, происходит переворот и во всей надстройке (общепринятые правила нравственности, господствующие философские воззрения, политические взгляды и т. д.).

На известной ступени своего развития материальные производительные силы общества приходят в противоречие с существующими производственными отношениями, … с отношениями собственности, внутри которых они до сих пор развивались. Из форм развития производительных сил эти отношения превращаются в их оковы. Тогда наступает эпоха социальной революции. С изменением экономической основы более или менее быстро происходит переворот во всей громадной надстройке. При рассмотрении таких переворотов необходимо всегда отличать материальный, с естественно-научной точностью констатируемый переворот в экономических условиях производства от юридических, политических, религиозных, художественных или философских, короче — от идеологических форм, в которых люди осознают этот конфликт и борются за его разрешение.

В ходе социальной революции старые антагонистические классы, например, помещик и крепостной, исчезают, будучи уничтожены как класс, как старые отношения собственности, что закрепляется и юридически. Их место занимают новые непримиримые классы: буржуазия и пролетариат.

Базис
Базис ( «основа») — способ производства материальных благ и соответствующая ему структура классов, которые составляют экономическую основу общества.

Базис — общественное бытие, основа всех процессов, происходящих в обществе. Но в то же время базис нельзя назвать «первопричиной» этих процессов, поскольку само понятие первопричины противоречит диалектической логике. Базис находится в диалектически противоречивом отношении к надстройке: без надстройки базис не представляет собой общественное бытие, как топор без человека не является топором, а лишь соединёнными вместе несколькими предметами.

Это диалектическое отношение между общественным бытием и общественным сознанием было в своеобразном виде сформулировано уже в философии Георга Гегеля: на языке его философии общественное сознание, как абсолютная идея в формах субъективного, объективного и абсолютного духа, является основой, на которой осуществляется общественное бытие, история человечества. С точки зрения Маркса, наоборот, общественное бытие является изменяющейся основой общественного сознания.

По своей роли в производстве почти во всех формациях выделяются два «основных» противоположных (антагонистических) класса — трудящиеся-производители (эксплуатируемый класс) и собственники средств производства (эксплуатирующий класс).

Надстройка
Надстройка (; ) — совокупность институтов общества (политических, правовых, религиозных), его идеологии (нравственных, эстетических, философских, теологических воззрений), служащих господствующему, то есть эксплуататорскому классу (рабовладелец, помещик, капиталист) для контроля (диктатура класса рабовладельцев, диктатура класса землевладельцев, диктатура класса капиталистов) над эксплуатируемым классом (рабы, зависимые крестьяне, пролетариат). Термин встречается в Манифесте коммунистической партии (1848).

Надстройка помимо социальных институтов — общественное сознание. Общественное сознание диалектически зависимо от общественного бытия: оно ограничено уровнем развития общественного бытия, но не предзадано им. Общественное сознание может и опережать в своём развитии общественное бытие (сознание революционера), и отставать от него (сознание реакционера). Воплощение общественного сознания подталкивает развитие общественного бытия (революция) или тормозит его развитие (реакция). Таким образом, диалектическое взаимодействие базиса и надстройки принудительно приводит их к соответствию друг другу, в противном случае они перестают существовать.

Положение, что сознание людей зависит от их бытия, а не наоборот, кажется простым; однако при ближайшем рассмотрении немедленно обнаруживается, что это положение уже в своих первых выводах наносит смертельный удар всякому, даже самому скрытому идеализму. Этим положением отрицаются все унаследованные и привычные воззрения на всё историческое. Весь традиционный способ политического мышления рушится….

Материалистическое понимание истории исходит из того положения, что производство, а вслед за производством обмен его продуктов, составляет основу всякого общественного строя; что в каждом выступающем в истории обществе распределение продуктов, а вместе с ним и разделение общества на классы или сословия, определяется тем, что и как производится, и как эти продукты производства обмениваются. Таким образом, конечных причин всех общественных изменений и политических переворотов надо искать не в головах людей, не в возрастающем понимании ими вечной истины и справедливости, а в изменениях способа производства и обмена; их надо искать не в философии, а в экономике соответствующей эпохи. Пробуждающееся понимание того, что существующие общественные установления неразумны и несправедливы, что «разумное стало бессмысленным, благо стало мучением», — является лишь симптомом того, что в методах производства и в формах обмена незаметно произошли такие изменения, которым уже не соответствует общественный строй, скроенный по старым экономическим условиям. Отсюда вытекает также и то, что средства для устранения обнаруженных зол должны быть тоже налицо — в более или менее развитом виде — в самих изменившихся производственных отношениях. Надо не изобретать эти средства из головы, а открывать их при помощи головы в наличных материальных фактах производства.

 Классами называются большие группы людей, различающиеся по их месту в исторически определённой системе общественного производства, по их отношению (большей частью закрепленному и оформленному в законах) к средствам производства, по их роли в общественной организации труда, а следовательно, по способам получения и размерам той доли общественного богатства, которой они располагают. Классы, это такие группы людей, из которых одна может себе присваивать труд другой, благодаря различию их места в определённом укладе общественного хозяйства.

Отношения антагонистических, непримиримых классов общества определяются существованием прибавочной стоимости — разницы между стоимостью товаров и стоимостью использованных для их создания ресурсов, включая стоимость рабочей силы, то есть полученное работником в той или иной форме вознаграждение. Работник (раб, зависимый крестьянин, пролетарий), своим трудом превращая сырьё в продукт, создаёт новую стоимость (которой ранее не было в использованном сырье или оборудовании), причём её величина больше, чем вознаграждение работника. Эту разницу присваивает собственник средств производства (рабовладелец, помещик, капиталист). Таким образом он потребляет рабочую силу трудящегося — эксплуатирует. Именно это присвоение, по Марксу, и является источником дохода собственника (в случае капитализма, — капитала).

Искать основного отличительного признака различных классов общества в источнике дохода — значит выдвигать на первое место отношения распределения, которые на самом деле суть результат отношений производства. Ошибку эту давно указал Маркс, назвавший ненавидящих её людей вульгарными социалистами. Основной признак различия между классами — их место в общественном производстве, а следовательно, их отношение к средствам производства. Присвоение той или другой части общественных средств производства и обращение их на частное хозяйство, на хозяйство для продажи продукта — вот основное отличие одного класса современного общества (буржуазии) от пролетариата, который лишён средств производства и продает свою рабочую силу.

Люди всегда были и всегда будут глупенькими жертвами обмана и самообмана в политике, пока они не научатся за любыми нравственными, религиозными, политическими, социальными фразами, заявлениями, обещаниями разыскивать интересы тех или иных классов.

Общественно-экономическая формация

Исторический процесс развёртывается как последовательная и закономерная смена общественно-экономических формаций, обусловленная ростом уровня производительных сил. Общественно-экономическая формация это стадия общественной эволюции, характеризующаяся определённой ступенью развития производительных сил общества и соответствующим этой ступени историческим типом экономических производственных отношений, которые зависят от неё и определяются ею. Не существует формационных ступеней развития производительных сил, которым не соответствовали бы обусловленные ими типы производственных отношений.

Маркс не постулировал вопрос общественно-экономических формаций как окончательно решённый, выделяя в разных трудах разные формации в связи с разными критериями. В предисловии к одному из своих основных ранних трудов на данную тему: «К критике политической экономии», — Маркс упоминал «античный» (а также «азиатский») способ производства, в то время как в других работах он (равно как и Энгельс) писал о существовании в античности «рабовладельческого способа производства». Историк античности М. Финли указывал на этот факт как на одно из свидетельств слабой проработки Марксом и Энгельсом вопросов функционирования античного и других древних обществ. В своих поздних работах Маркс рассматривал три новых «способа производства»: «азиатский», «античный» и «германский». Некоторые исследователи связывают это с конкретно-исторической спецификой соответствующих эпох. Например, особенности, отличающие феодализм от рабовладения Маркс якобы связывал с германским завоеванием Римской империи и считал произошедшие изменения достаточно существенными для того, чтобы проводить различение между рабовладением и феодализмом, в то же время относя оба способа производства к одному историческому периоду развития человечества.

Позднее в СССР был официально признан вариант, в соответствии с которыми «истории известны пять общественно-экономических формаций: первобытно-общинная, рабовладельческая, феодальная, капиталистическая и коммунистическая». На протяжении XX—XXI века многие концептуальные положения исторического материализма, и, в частности, формационный подход уточнялись и расширялись многими учёными, оказывались в фокусе внимания как критиков, так и самостоятельных разработчиков концепций философии истории.

Периодизация истории согласно критерию отчуждения труда
У Маркса можно найти схему из первобытности и трёх цивилизаций — докапиталистической, капиталистической и коммунистической. Позднее это было проигнорировано в СССР, где официальное признание получил взгляд, по которому в «истории известны пять общественно-экономических формаций: первобытно-общинная, рабовладельческая, феодальная, капиталистическая и коммунистическая». При этом в послевоенном Советском Союзе официально говорили о социалистическом строе как первом этапе коммунистической формации, достигнутом в СССР в конце 1930-х гг., а в других соцстранах так и не построенном.

Согласно Новой философской энциклопедии РАН и мнению других исследователей, для Маркса «сущностные силы» человека выступают по отношению к человеку как отдельному индивиду как силы отчуждённые, как господствующие над его жизнью. Отчуждение человека (Entäusserung, Entfremdung) предстает как его самоотчуждение (Selbstentfremdung). Противоположный по своей направленности процесс самоосвобождения («эмансипации») человека понимается как освоение (Aneignung): человек должен освоить, сделать своим внутренним достоянием отчуждённые от него силы.

По мнению философа Баллаева, эта перспектива определила и философию истории Маркса, построенную на взаимоотношении понятий «отчуждение» и «освоение». Переход к «освоению» человеком своих «сущностных сил» базируется на преодолении «отчужденного труда». Помимо первого периода, где человек не является отчуждённым от труда, история человечества истолковывается Марксом как последовательность ещё трёх основных эпох. В четырёхчленной схеме Маркс использует «чистые рефлективные определения» сущности из первого раздела второй книги «Науке логики» — категории тождества, различия, противоречия, основания, которые Гегель использовал для описания всех возможных исторических превращений духа в качестве субстанции истории. При этом доминирующий в ту или иную историческую эпоху момент делается полномочным представителем субстанции как целого. В отличие от Гегеля, Маркс рассматривает в качестве субстанции человеческой истории труд, который понимается как опредмечивание потребности. В физическом теле предмета труд запечатлевает идеальный образ человеческой потребности, делая продукт труда эквивалентом человеческой потребности.

 Архаическая формация

Архаической эпохе соответствует период абстрактного тождества труда с самим собой. Труд ещё не является определённой способностью к отдельному виду труда — к земледелию, строительству и т.д… В этот период труд выступает в форме естественно присущей человеку целостной и универсальной рабочей силы, неотделимой от личности. В данную категорию попадает вся история человечества от его возникновения до периода рабовладения, например, период первобытного общества и цивилизаций «азиатского способа производства».

 Вторая формация

Это эпоха господства отношений «личной зависимости» на ранних фазах истории, когда народы и цивилизации оторваны друг от друга, а индивид прочно «вписан» в пределы социальных организаций типа общины, касты, сословия и т. п.

Вторая абстрактная всеобщая форма труда — живая деятельность. «Труд не как предмет, а как деятельность; не как то, что само есть стоимость, а как живой источник стоимости». Эта форма бытия труда представляет труд в его конкретной особенности и единичности. Логическим определением живой деятельности становится рефлективная категория различия.

Практически под данную категорию у Маркса подводится вся история человечества до периода смены т. н. «традиционных обществ» (рабовладения и феодализма) современным «индустриальным обществом».

 Капиталистическая формация

Капитализм — это ступень, которая характеризуется господством отношений «личной независимости», чему соответствует «…система универсального общественного обмена веществ, универсальных отношений, всеобщих потребностей и универсальных потенций». Речь идет об индустриальном обществе с единым мировым финансовым рынком, господством наемного труда и правовым обеспечением личной свободы индивида. Господство социального отчуждения на этой стадии принимает уже не личную, а вещную форму и наиболее наглядно выражено в деньгах. Личная независимость в сочетании с вещной зависимостью, «овеществлением» (Verdinglichung) определяет эту стадию общественного развития.

В этот период превращение формы труда приводит к тому, что труд «переходит из формы деятельности в форму предмета, покоя, фиксируется в предмете, материализуется; совершая изменения в предмете, труд изменяет свой собственный вид и превращается из деятельности в бытие».

Третью абстрактную форму бытия субстанции образует опредмеченный труд. Эта форма бытия труда приводит к тому, что органическая потребность отдаёт свою форму предмету, но при этом сохраняет себя в материи человеческого тела. Её наличное бытие оказывается де факто разорванным надвое. Логически это положение вещей описывает категория противоречия. Определение труда также оказывается противоречивым: труд является и абстрактным, как стоимость вещи, и конкретным, как конкретный вид труда, потребительная стоимость.

 Коммунистическая формация
Коммунизм — это стадия «освоения», означающая ликвидацию господства отчуждённых и овеществлённых сил, подчинение их личностному развитию индивидов. Задачей коммунизма является формирование «богатой индивидуальности, которая одинаково всестороння и в своем производстве, и в своем потреблении».

На этой стадии должна господствовать «…свободная индивидуальность, основанная на универсальном развитии индивидов и превращении их коллективной, общественной производительности в общественное достояние». Становление этой новой исторической формы, которую Маркс называет «концом предыстории» человечества, он связывает с закатом эры наемного труда, неуклонным возрастанием «свободного времени» как пространства свободного развития личности и переходом всей сферы «производящей практики» в ведение науки и т. д.

В этот период истории противоречие труда разрешается и он логически возвращается в своё основание. Воздействуя на внешнюю природу и изменяя её, человек «в то же время изменяет свою собственную природу. Он развивает дремлющие в ней силы и подчиняет игру этих сил своей собственной власти»

Труд возвращается к человеку в качестве конкретного разумного умения — приобретённого навыка движения рук и сознания этого движения в душе. В дополнение к этому физическое потребление продукта воссоздаёт рабочую силу человека, снимая противоречие субъективного и объективного бытия потребности. Однако это уже не та дарованная от природы потенция, а сформированная трудом, человеческая «сущностная сила». Практически в данную категорию попадает социализм, как первая фаза коммунизма, и коммунизм.

Все определения робинзоновского труда повторяются здесь, но в общественном, а не в индивидуальном масштабе.

Список общественно-экономических формаций согласно БСЭ
Согласно БСЭ в результате роста уровня производительных сил и борьбы антагонистических классов развитие общества проходит через следующие общественно-экономические формации:
 Первобытно-общинный строй
Первобытный коммунизм: ). Уровень экономического развития крайне низкий, используемые орудия примитивны, поэтому нет даже самой возможности производства прибавочного продукта. Классовое разделение невозможно. Средства производства находятся в общественной собственности. Труд имеет всеобщий характер, собственность — только коллективная.
 Азиатский способ производства. На поздних этапах существования первобытного общества уровень производства позволил создавать прибавочный продукт. Общины объединились в крупные образования с централизованным управлением. Из них постепенно выделился класс людей, занятый исключительно управлением. Этот класс обособился, аккумулировал в своих руках привилегии и материальные блага, что привело к появлению частной собственности и имущественного неравенства. Стал возможным и производительно более выгодным переход к рабовладению. Управленческий аппарат приобретает все более сложный характер, постепенно трансформируясь в государство.Существование азиатского способа производства как отдельной формации не является общепризнанным и являлось темой дискуссий на всем протяжении существования исторического материализма. В работах Маркса и Энгельса он также упоминается не везде.
 Рабовладение (). Марксистская традиция именует формации согласно наиболее прогрессивному классу. Поэтому рабовладельческий способ производства называется не рабским, а рабовладельческим. При рабовладении уже существует частная собственность на средства производства. Непосредственным трудом занят отдельный класс рабов — людей, лишённых свободы, находящихся в собственности у рабовладельцев и рассматриваемых как «говорящие орудия». Рабы трудятся, но не имеют собственности на средства производства. Рабовладельцы организуют производство и присваивают результаты труда рабов. Основным механизмом, побуждающим к труду, является насильственное (внеэкономическое) принуждение, страх физической расправы рабовладельца над рабом.
 Феодализм (). В обществе выделяются класс феодалов — собственников земли — и класс зависимых от них крестьян, находящихся в личной зависимости. Производство, главным образом, сельскохозяйственное, ведётся трудом зависимых крестьян, эксплуатируемых феодалами. Феодальное общество характеризуется сословной социальной структурой. Складываются комбинированные механизмы побуждения к труду. Крепостное право, барщина хотя и содержали элемент рабского труда с внеэкономическим принуждением, но давали зависимым крестьянам гораздо больше личной свободы. Переход к оброку и аренде земли сформировал экономическое принуждение, предоставив крестьянам значительную личную свободу.
 Капитализм. Имеется всеобщее право частной собственности на средства производства. Выделяются классы капиталистов (буржуазия), — владельцев средств производства, — и той части рабочего класса, которая не владеет средствами производства и работает на капиталистов по найму (пролетариат). Капиталисты организуют производство и присваивают прибавочный продукт, производимый рабочими. Основным механизмом, побуждающим к труду, является экономическое принуждение — рабочий не имеет возможности обеспечить свою жизнь иным способом, чем получением заработной платы за выполняемую работу. Наряду с ним могут существовать и другие, например, внеэкономическое принуждение.
 Коммунизм. Коммунистическая формация в своём развитии проходит фазу социализма и фазу полного коммунизма. Социализм следует за окончанием политической борьбы пролетариата с буржуазией во всем мире. В силу факта существования классов сохраняется государство. Происходит обобществление средств производства способом перехода из частной собственности в собственность государства. Поскольку производительные силы ещё недостаточно развиты, чтобы удовлетворять всем потребностям, сохраняются товарно-денежные отношения. Сохраняется экономическое принуждение к труду, характерное для капиталистического общества. При социализме реализуется принцип: «От каждого по его способности, каждому — по его труду». Целью социализма является развитие производительных сил до уровня, когда станет ненужным разделение труда, то есть исчезнут классы. Соответственно этому изменению потеряет всякий смысл существование государства, товарно-денежные отношения, экономическое принуждение и прочие черты товарного общества. Маркс и Энгельс не отводили социализму место отдельной общественно-экономической формации. Сами термины «социализм» и «коммунизм» являлись синонимами и обозначали общество, следующее после капитализма.

Мы имеем дело не с таким коммунистическим обществом, которое развилось на своей собственной основе, а с таким, которое только что выходит как раз из капиталистического общества и которое поэтому во всех отношениях, в экономическом, нравственном и умственном, сохраняет ещё родимые пятна старого общества, из недр которого оно вышло".

Вот это коммунистическое общество, которое только что вышло на свет божий из недр капитализма, которое носит во всех отношениях отпечаток старого общества Маркс и называет «первой» или низшей фазой коммунистического общества".

Неправильно разделять социализм и коммунизм как разные общественно-экономические формации. Социализм — это низшая, начальная фаза коммунизма. Ряд исследователей называют первым социалистическим обществом СССР. В то же время ряд других исследователей отказывали общественно-экономическому строю, установившемуся в СССР и других так называемых социалистических странах, в праве называться социализмом.

В рамках коммунистической формации происходит перерастание социализма в полный коммунизм, «начало подлинной истории человечества», никогда ещё не существовавшее устройство общества. Причиной коммунизма является развитие производительных сил до той степени, что оно требует, чтобы все средства производства находятся в общественной собственности (не государственной). Происходит социальная, а затем и политическая революция. Частная собственность на средства производства полностью устранена, классовое разделение отсутствует. Из-за отсутствия классов нет классовой борьбы, нет и идеологии. Высокий уровень развития производительных сил освобождает человека от тяжелого физического труда, человек занят только умственным трудом. На сегодняшний считается, что эту задачу выполнит полная автоматизация производства, машины возьмут на себя весь тяжелый физический труд. Товарно-денежные отношения отмирают из-за их ненадобности для распределения материальных благ, поскольку производство материальных благ превышает потребности людей, а значит и обменивать их не имеет смысла. Общество предоставляет любые технологически доступные блага каждому человеку. Реализуется принцип «Каждый по способностям, каждому по потребностям!» Человек не имеет ложных потребностей вследствие устранения идеологии и основным занятием имеет реализацию своего культурного потенциала в обществе. Достижения человека и его вклад в жизнь других людей — высшая ценность общества. Человек, мотивированный не экономически, а уважением или неуважением окружающих людей трудится сознательно и намного более продуктивно, стремится принести обществу наибольшую пользу, чтобы получить признание и уважение за проделанную работу и занять как можно более приятное положение в нём. Таким способом общественное сознание при коммунизме поощряет самостоятельность как условие коллективизма, а тем самым добровольное признание приоритета общих интересов перед личными. Власть осуществляется всем обществом в целом, на основе самоуправления, государство отмирает.

Научное и политическое значение материалистического понимания истории
Исторический материализм оказал огромное влияние на развитие исторической и социальных наук во всем мире. Хотя многое из исторического наследия марксизма подверглось критике или было поставлено под сомнение историческими фактами, но некоторые положения сохранили своё значение. Например, является общепризнанным, что в истории зафиксировано несколько устойчивых «общественно-экономических формаций» или «способов производства», в частности: капитализм, социализм и феодализм, — которые отличались друг от друга прежде всего по характеру экономических отношений между людьми. Не вызывает сомнения и вывод Маркса о важности экономики в историческом процессе. Именно постулаты марксизма о примате экономики над политикой послужили бурному развитию в XX веке экономической истории как самостоятельного направления исторической науки.

В СССР начиная с 1930-х гг. и вплоть до конца 1980-х гг. исторический материализм был частью официальной марксистско-ленинской идеологии. Как пишут историки Р. А. Медведев и Ж. А. Медведев, в начале 1930-х годов в советской исторической науке «начал проводиться жёстко направляемый сверху процесс самой грубой фальсификации… История становилась частью идеологии, а идеология, которая официально именовалась теперь "марксизмом-ленинизмом", начинала превращаться в светскую форму религиозного сознания…». По мнению социолога С. Г. Кара-Мурзы, марксизм в СССР стал «закрытой диалектикой, катехизисом».

Часть положений исторического материализма — о рабовладельческом способе производства, о первобытно-общинном строе как универсальном для всех «примитивных» народов до образования у них государства, о неизбежности перехода от менее прогрессивных к более прогрессивным способам производства — ставится под сомнение историками. В то же время находят подтверждение взгляды о существовании устойчивых «общественно-экономических формаций», или типовых социально-экономических систем, характеризующихся определённым характером экономических и социальных отношений между людьми, а также о том, что экономика играет важную роль в историческом процессе.

Критика исторического материализма
Макс Шелер, полемизируя с Марксом, полагал, что экономический детерминизм в общих чертах верен в отношении ограниченного периода поздней истории Запада, но не в отношении всей истории человечества. Кроме того, Шелер отвергал экономический натурализм («материализм») как представление о том, что экономические отношения однозначно определяют содержание духовной жизни.

Карл Поппер полагал, что предсказать ход истории невозможно. Суть его аргументации состоит в следующем:

(1) Значительное воздействие на человеческую историю оказывает развитие человеческого знания. (Истинность этой посылки признают и те, кто видит в наших идеях, в том числе в научных идеях, побочные продукты материального развития.)

(2) Рациональные или научные способы не позволяют нам предсказать развитие научного знания. (…)

(3) Таким образом, ход человеческой истории предсказать невозможно

См. также
 Марксистско-ленинская философия
 Общественно-экономическая формация
 Группа историков Коммунистической партии Великобритании

Примечания

Литература
 Адамян Г. П. Исторический материализм // Большая советская энциклопедия / 1-е изд.
 Барулин В. С. Исторический материализм : Современ. тенденции развития. — М.: Мысль, 1986. — 285 с. — 13 000 экз.
 Бухарин Н. И. Теория исторического материализма: Популярный учебник марксистской социологии. — М.; Л.: Гос. изд-во, 1928. — 390 с.

 Маркс К., Энгельс Ф., Ленин В.И. О диалектическом и историческом материализме. — М.: Политиздат, 1984
 Семёнов Ю. И. «Философия истории» //«Современные тетради», 2003 — крупнейшая теоретическая работа в области исторического материализма
 Семёнов Ю. И. «Введение во всемирную историю» — книга содержит изложение истории человечества с точки зрения материалистического подхода
 Выпуск 1. Проблема и понятийный аппарат. Возникновение человеческого общества. — М. МФТИ. 1997. 202 с.
 Выпуск 2. История первобытного общества. — М.: МФТИ, 1999. — 190 с.
 Выпуск 3. История цивилизованного общества (XXX в. до н. э. — XX в. н. э.). — М.: МФТИ, 2001. — 206 с.
 Муравьёв Ю.  Рецензия на книгу «Введение во всемирную историю»//«Первое сентября». — 2002. — № 71.

 Семёнов Ю. И. История (историология) как строгая наука (Труд Ш.-В. Ланглуа и Ш. Сеньобоса «Введение в изучение истории» и современная историческая наука // Ш.-В. Ланглуа и Ш. Сеньобос. Введение в изучение истории. М., 2004. С. 3-36.)
 Семёнов Ю. И. Материалистическое понимание истории: «за» и «против»
 Семёнов Ю. И. Материалистическое понимание истории: недавнее прошлое, настоящее, будущее // Новая и новейшая история. 1996. № 3. С. 80-84
 Сталин И. В. О диалектическом и историческом материализме

Марксизм
Философские направления и школы
Направления социологии
Исторические теории


Siem Reap presents you the world like you've never seen it before. Be ready to be embraced by people with a warm culture and unique traditions that date back from the Angkorian Empire.
At night this small town lightens up as people relax after a long day visiting the temples. Be inspired by Apsara dancing, Khmer traditional art and ancient temples surrounded by ancient trees in an eloquent collaboration between art and nature.
Opening hours: Most shops are open from 8:00 AM - 7:00 PM and markets are open from 6:00 AM - 5:00 PM on Sunday to Saturday. Stores and markets close on public holidays.
Even if Siem Reap isn't a big city with a lot to offer. Be inspired by the Apsara dancing, Khmer traditional art and the ancient temples surrounded by ancient trees in an eloquent collaboration between art and nature. Transportation is readily available so feel free to visit whatever is on offer, as nothing is too far or too hard to access. The entrance to the Angkorian temple complex is just a simple drive away on a road magnificently lined with ancient trees.
This is the former capital of the Khmer Empire, which ruled this region between the 9th and 12th centuries. Angkor Archaeological Park evokes the rich historical, architectural and cultural past of the Khmers. The majestic Angkor complex offers temples galore, which is a marvel to explore. Each temple is unique, from the grandeur of Angkor Wat to the beauty of Bantey Srei, this dynastic 'village' is spellbinding. You need a minimum of two days to explore. As the temples are spread out, transportation is required. Bicycles, motorbikes, tuk-tuks and air-conditioned cars are at your disposal. Guides can be sought through most hotels and guesthouses.
Tonle Sap Lake is the largest fresh-water lake in Southeast Asia. This vast expanse of water is at the heart of Siem Reap's past and present lure. Cruising through the most popular village, Chong Khneas, you can see floating markets, a school and a bar. They look even more charming under the sunset. Not to forget that around the lake's mangrove forests live over 100 different waterfowl. So go discover more.
Revel in 360-degree views of temples, hovering high and low on a thrilling hot-air balloon ride. From 200 metres height you can see the Angkorian ruins and the neighbouring countryside in all its splendour.
This Disney-styled village recreates Cambodian culture and history. From hill tribes to Phnom Penh's Central Market, this tour gives you an original insight into the country's past and present.
Dy Proeung has, over the years, laboriously replicated Angkor's famous temples. His passion for these Khmer marvels and his craftsmanship have been recognised by former King Norodom Sihanouk, who awarded him a special prize for his contribution to the Cambodian arts.
Browse around this workshop as craftsmen work and then cross the garden to the shop, which offers the finest silk designs and famous carvings. The Silk Centre will also give you an interesting insight into the steps needed in the production of scarves and fashion fabrics.
This outdoor circus is built to keep and encourage the careers of Cambodian artists. Different performances with music, dance, juggling and acrobatic tell the stories about the life and society of Cambodian. When you visit this theatre, you can also contribute to their wishes of having an indoor venue one day.
The Angkor Centre for Conservation of Biodiversity (ACCB) can only be visited through booking a guided tour for one and a half hour. This centre rescues and rehabilitates local animals and offers visitor a chance to learn about Cambodian wildlife.
This park is welcoming break from temple-watching and is filled with beautiful butterflies and tropical flowers. Thousands of native species fly around the park and the professional guides will introduce you to the project and the park.
Cambodia still suffers from landmines spreading out in the country. This is not only a museum but also a home and school for at-risk youth and landmine affected children. It tells the story of the 35 year war and how the inhabitants are still working to get rid of these cruel hidden weapons.
This temple is located close to the Old Market area and the Royal Residence. This is one of the oldest pagodas in the town and it is known for being unusually colourful compared to other temples, as well as unusual sculptures and beautiful gardens.
After a lot of walking among temple ruins, you might enjoy a relaxing massage. Sokkhak Spa also offers a wide array of different treatments such as facials and scrubs in a tranquil atmosphere. After a visit here you are ready to climb the temples again.
If you are planning to visit the temple ruins of Angkor Wat, this museum is a perfect start. It will equip you with a lot of valuable information shown in galleries and artifacts so you can easily understand history and beliefs behind the temples.
To get into this national park, foreigners must pay a toll fee. This place sits magically on the top of mountains that have been used to build the temples of Angkor Wat. The water running from the beautiful waterfall is said to be holy and locals often bring a bottle of it with them home.
Angkor Thom was the last and most enduring capital city of the Khmer empire. It is a compound containing many temples created by and for King Jayavarman VII. At the centre of the city is Jayavarman's state temple, the Bayon, one of the most impressive temple. The tour is like walking in the past offering you a glimpse of the earlier civilization.
This temple is a must-see in Siem Reap. The photogenic and atmospheric combination of trees growing in the ruins of the temple make it one of the most favorite tourist attractions. It was founded by the Khmer King Jayavarman VIIas as a Mahayana Buddhist monastery and university.


LANCASTER – South Glengarry council has given final approval for plans to build a truck stop on County Road 23 near Bainsville next year.
It will be on west side of County Road 23 – better known as 4th Line Road (6100 4th Line Road) – right across the street from the Curry Hill Truck Stop – and next to the Highway 401 interchange.
South Glengarry planner Joanne Haley told council recently that the project is over three years in the making but was sidelined when one of the five company partners died and the Ontario numbered company had to reorganize. The owner is listed as Harminder Sandhu with four business partners – Jasbir Singh Dhesi, Harbinder Dhesi, Inderpal Sandhar and Gursharn Dhugga.
The first phase of the development will see a 2,000 square foot convenience store, gas pumps for cars and trucks, pumps for transport trucks and transport parking.
"This is the first phase of a few other ideas that are proposed for the site, which is exciting for us because their goal is to develop the whole 15 acres," Haley said.
"Everybody would probably remember this property as the former drive-in that used to be on 4th Line Road," she said.
Haley believes it will alleviate complaints in Eastern Ontario about the lack of adequate parking for big rigs.
Construction is likely to start in the spring and Haley said the company is working with another firm to look as possibly starting with some winter construction. The second phase, if it happens, wouldn't be until "later 2020," Haley said, although there's no guarantee subsequent phases would be built.
South Glengarry council signed off last week on the final site plan, which had been delayed a couple of weeks to deal with a paving issue.


text:
STUDENSKI MEMORIAL Award
The Studenski Memorial Award is a grant of up to $6,000 established in the memory of Paul Studenski, a Caltech student who was killed in an automobile accident while traveling across the United States in 1974. It is awarded to a Caltech undergraduate who has reached a crossroads in life and would benefit from a period away from the academic community to obtain a better understanding of self and to explore possible directions for the future.
The following links provide an overview of proposal guidelines and the selection process and sample proposals from past recipients:
Proposal Guidelines and the Application and Selection Process
Sample Proposal 1 Sample Proposal 2
Applications are due no later than 12:00 noon on Friday, April 19th. Applications should be submitted electronically to caltechy@caltech.edu.
If you have additional questions about the award or application process, please contact either Athena Castro (athena@caltech.edu) or Greg Fletcher (gregf@caltech.edu) at 395-6163 or visit the Caltech Y.
Past studenski Awardees
Amanda Lin
Amanda will travel to Japan to participate in intensive culinary boot camps to see if she has what it takes to enter a culinary lifestyle. In Kyoto, she will participate in Cooking Sun's 6 Day Intensive Japanese Cooking Course where she will learn to master the basic techniques of Japanese food and learn about the skills, ingredients, and flavors at the foundation of Japanese Cuisine. Afterwards, she will travel back to Tokyo for Simply Oeshii's 2-week Intensive Japanese Course, where she will apply the skills learned in Kyoto to popular Japanese dishes. This course also includes table setting and food presentation essential to Japanese Cuisine. To round out her training experience, she will take a 5 Day Japanese Home Cooking Class taught by someone who has lived her whole life in Japan. This course will teach show Amanda to incorporate Japanese cooking into her everyday life. READ MORE about her experience.
Jessica Cheng
Jessica spent two months living on the Upper West Side of Manhattan and studying pottery at the Brickhouse Ceramic Art Center in Long Island City. Jessica selected Brickhouse from the numerous pottery programs in the country, as she found this studio to have the attributes most important to her: a wide range in equipment, plenty of practice time, a friendly atmosphere, and a location near a vibrant art scene. While creating many pieces int he studio, she also attended weekly classes and workshop to hone her ceramics skills. Perhaps most importantly, with this award, Jessica had the time and energy to really experience an artist's lifestyle and explore its viability as a career option. READ MORE about her experience.
Mara Green
Mara worked for three months with One Circle Inc., a small non-profit associated with the Los Angeles Sheriff's Department. The organization primarily advocates and runs community centers for children at risk of abuse or facing any type of crisis at home. She worked directly in the community centers while also learning how to run an independent non-profit organization. "I believe that in working with a small organization such as this one I will be able to gain some perspective about the variety of ways everyone can strive to change the world."
Dan Ilyin
Dan explored his life-long passion to perform in front of the crowds. He participated in the four-week Summer Adult Immersion Improv and Writing Series course at Chicago's famous Second City. "I will be able to actively explore improvisation and writing in a world-class professional learning environment and to grow as an artist, professional, and person."

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
The Beatles – Red Parlophone Love Me Do 45
A beautiful UK 'Red Parlophone' first pressing of the Beatles debut single, 'Love Me Do/P.S. I Love You,' in Near Mint condition. This pressing was the first Beatles record released anywhere in the world, and is such extremely collectible. Soon after the release of this single, Parlophone changed the design of their 45 labels to the famous black label with silver printing, making the 'Red Parlophone' copies of the Beatles debut quite scarce. This is the earliest pressing, with the embossed ZT tax code on the center of the A-Side. Furthermore, only the red label copies feature the early version of 'Love Me Do' with Ringo on drums (replaced on the black label copies and their debut album with a version featuring session drummer Alan White, and Ringo on tambourine.) The labels here are in superb NM condition, while the vinyl grades NM/NM-. The single comes in the original multicolored diamond design sleeve. One of the cleanest examples we've ever seen of this historic–and fantastic–debut single.


Workshop 4: Delivering Your Rocket Pitch was held on Wednesday, February 27th, in Lydon Library. As over 30 students arrived, they made their way over to serve themselves fresh salad and a delicious lasagna dinner.
Professor Michelle Veilleux, DifferenceMaker Faculty Fellow in Fine Arts, Humanities and Social Sciences, and Professor Michael Ciuchta, Faculty Fellow in the Manning School of Business, led our fourth workshop with a focus on how teams should properly and effectively pitch their ideas to the judges at the upcoming Preliminary Pitch-off and Idea Challenge. Professor Veilleux and Professor Ciuchta emphasized the importance of clearly stating the problem, opportunity, and value of each teams' solutions. Students were even shown videos of DifferenceMaker teams' pitches at past years' Idea Challenges and were able to work together to analyze what each team did well and what they could have improved on.
To end the night one brave team volunteered to practice their pitch to the rest of the audience. After the pitch, the audience was able to give valuable feedback and ask questions that may be brought up by the panel of judges!
We would like to thank all the students, faculty, and speakers who made our 2019 Workshop Series fun, engaging, and very informative! We hope that everyone learned some valuable information and advice for the upcoming Idea Plan, which is due on March 4th!
Please join us at our upcoming competitions!
April 25, 5- 8:30 p.m.


text:
When God Rescripts Your Life: Seeing Value, Beauty, and Purpose When Life Is Interrupted - Audiobook (Unabridged)
By: Jaci Velasquez, Julie Lyles Carr
Narrated by: Jaci Velasquez
Much of what happens in our lives is not what we planned, not what we expected, and certainly not what we would have chosen.
At a young age, Jaci Velasquez's singing career rocketed to stardom, and her marriage thrived—then both suddenly crashed. Losing her reputation, her record label, and even some of her most-treasured relationships, Jaci began a long, healing journey from thinking of herself not as a Christian music darling or a broken young woman but as a beloved child of God. Today, her renewed faith carries her through a resurrected career, the adventures of a second marriage, and the ups-and-downs of being a mother of a child who has autism.
When God Rescripts Your Life is Jaci's exploration of the lessons she's learned living a story full of mistakes and grace, rejection and contentment, worldly success and spiritual rest. Drawing on lessons from biblical characters such as Aaron, Joseph, and Paul, as well as from illustrations from her own life, Jaci reminds us how God loves to rewrite pain and weakness into a glorious tale of redemption. The most difficult parts of life don't need to be removed; they need to be rescripted.
Contributor(s) Jaci Velasquez , Julie Lyles Carr
Narrator(s) Jaci Velasquez
Jaci Velasquez has attained three RIAA® certified Platinum® albums, three RIAA certified Gold® albums, sixteen No. 1 singles, six more singles in the top 10, seven Dove Awards, three Latin Grammy® Award nominations, and three Grammy Award nominations. She has also graced more than fifty magazine covers, including Teen People, Latin Girl, Teen Beat, Parade, and People and has as appeared in ads for Pepsi, Doritos, and Target. For nearly six years, she has co-hosted Salem Broadcasting Network's "The Family Friendly Morning Show with Doug and Jaci Velasquez" with more than 1.5 million daily listeners. In addition to writing, recording, touring, and serving as an advocate for autism awareness, Velasquez has been featured in five faith-based films since 2009, hosted the SESAC Christian Music Awards and the GMA IMMERSE conference, and has been internationally active in the music industry since her emergence as an award-winning artist at the age of sixteen.
Julie Lyles Carr holds a degree in psychology which she uses every day in her parenting of eight children and also a degree in English Literature, which came in handy for writing a book on parenting. She is a popular speaker and blogger. She serves as the Pastor of Women's Ministry at her home church of LifeAustin in Austin, Texas. Julie is also the Founder and Executive Director of Legacy of Hope Austin, a non-profit group dedicated to serving families of children with special needs. Julie and her husband Michael have been married for almost twenty-six years.


text:
17-year-old stabbed Friday in Shawnee remains hospitalized
Published: Mon, December 4, 2017 11:19 AM Updated: Mon, December 4, 2017 11:51 AM
SHAWNEE — A 17-year-old boy who tried to help a woman from being beaten by a man Friday night was stabbed several times and remains hospitalized, police report.
Dillon Burge was admitted to a hospital after being stabbed about 11:30 p.m. at Walmart, 196 Shawnee Mall Drive, said police Sgt. Daniel Shumaker.
Roy D. Harjo, 57, was arrested on complaints of assault and battery with deadly weapon.
Witnesses told police Harjo was yelling and hitting a woman and Burge approached and attempted to stop him from assaulting the woman, Shumaker said.
Burge was then stabbed several times. Emergency workers took Burge by ambulance to a hospital.
Police later recovered a knife from the parking lot. A report has been submitted to the Pottawatomie County District Attorney's office, and on Monday, Harjo remained in Pottawatomie County jail, Shumaker said.
Comments17-year-old stabbed Friday in Shawnee remains hospitalized


David Cameron announced this week that he is sending troops to Somaliato assist in efforts to counter al‑Shabaab. The very real possibility, however, is that Britain may end up helping the Islamist group to build its support among local people.
Nearly every Somali knows the words of poets like Mohammed Abdille Hassanwhom the British called "the Mad Mullah". To Somalis, Hassan is a hero precisely because he resisted the British. And now, al‑Shabaab use his poems to rally support among the Somali public for their cause.


Notes: This was our first year planting tomatoes (because I'm the only one that really likes tomatoes in this family) and we had SO! MANY! just from 2 plants. We had one cherry tomato plant that went absolutely insane, so needed to find some new ways of using them. This was a really good sauce for pasta, I think it'd be even better with some crusty bread. Also extremely easy and a great way to use up excessive cherry tomatoes.


The topic for #beachchat on Twitter (Don`t forget to join from 2.30 – 3.30 pm EDT!) is BEACH FAVORITES. We`ll be talking about your favorite beaches, beach outfits, beach activities and so much more!
I thought it would be a great opportunity to tell you more about my favorite beaches. It`s always difficult to pick just one (it`s like asking which child do you love more!) so I choose these three all for different reasons.
This is Warwick Long Bay and it is just one of the many absolutely stunning beaches of Bermuda. The sand is really pink and the water is the most beautiful shades of blue and turquoise I`ve seen. If you want to see more photos, then check out my Bermuda beach photos.
I choose this beach, because I remember the water being the perfect temperature for a swim. I`ve rarely had that the water temperature was not too cold, but just like it should be. Refreshing, but pleasant.
Even though it might not have the white sand and turquoise water, Bethany Beach stays one of my all-time favorites. I`ve been lucky to spent a few Summers there and maybe it`s because I could really embrace the beach life here that it is so high on my list. Morning strolls along the beach, afternoon swims and sunsets from the boardwalk…bliss!
Of course there are many gorgeous beaches around the world and these are just a few that stood out for me. I would love to hear where your favorite beach is. Feel free to share it in the comments!
Want to talk about your beach favorites?


An increasing number of migrants from the Mediterranean area to Denmark presents a fundamental problem for the greater Danish community. Currently, finding asylum in Denmark takes refugees anywhere from two to twelve months. During that time they have very limited options for housing.
This development provides housing for such individuals in the Nørrebro neighborhood of Copenhagen. The lot is narrow and deep, but faces southeast for optimal sun exposure. 30 sleeping areas are provided for men, and 18 for women, all across 1,000 square meters. A soup kitchen, dining area, and other communal spaces complete the space to provide a safe and comforting atmosphere. Residents can enjoy varying levels of privacy while remaining a part of the community.


text:
<############################
| USING POWERSHELL CLASSES 2|
#############################

Version 5 and Later

Starting in PowerShell 5, you can define PowerShell classes. You can use classes to create new
objects, and by defining one or more "constructors", you can easily initialize the newly created
objects as well.

#>

class Employee
{
    [int]$Id
    [string]$Name

    Employee([int]$Id, [string]$Name)
    {
        $this.Id   = $Id
        $this.Name = $Name
    }

    Employee([string]$Name)
    {
        $this.Id   = -1
        $this.Name = $Name
    }

    Employee()
    {
        $this.Id   = -1
        $this.Name = 'Undefined'
    }
}

# Once you run this code, there is a new class called "Employee" with three constructors. And
# here is how you can use the new class:

[Employee]::new()

[Employee]::new('Alex')

[Employee]::new(123, 'Alex')

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
import hexchat
import re

__module_name__ = 'AutoUnban'
__module_version__ = '1.0'
__module_description__ = ''

hexchat.prnt('AutoUnban script loaded')

def banned_callback(word, word_eol, user_data):
	channel = word[0]

	def notice_callback(word, word_eol, user_data):
		unban_result = hexchat.EAT_NONE
		nickname = hexchat.get_info('nick')

		if re.search(r'{0} has been unbanned from {1}\.'.format(nickname, channel), hexchat.strip(word[1])):
			hexchat.unhook(notice_hook)
			unban_result = hexchat.EAT_HEXCHAT
			hexchat.command('join {0}'.format(channel))

		elif word[1] == 'Permission denied.':
			hexchat.unhook(notice_hook)

		return unban_result

	notice_hook = hexchat.hook_print('Notice', notice_callback)

	hexchat.command('msg ChanServ unban {0}'.format(channel))

	return hexchat.EAT_HEXCHAT

hexchat.hook_print('Banned', banned_callback, priority=hexchat.PRI_HIGHEST)


text:
Healthcare Industry News: Alfasigma
Biopharmaceuticals Litigation Licensing
News Release - May 6, 2020
Bausch Health And Alfasigma Announce Resolution Of XIFAXAN(R) Intellectual Property Litigation
Salix Will Maintain Market Exclusivity for XIFAXAN® (rifaximin) 550 mg Tablets Until 20281
LAVAL, Quebec, May 6, 2020 -- (Healthcare Sales & Marketing Network) -- Bausch Health Companies Inc. (NYSE/TSX: BHC) ("Bausch Health" or the "Company") along with its wholly owned subsidiary, Salix Pharmaceuticals ("Salix"), which is one of the largest specialty pharmaceutical companies in the world committed to the prevention and treatment of gastrointestinal diseases, together with Salix's licensor Alfasigma SpA (collectively the "Salix Parties"), have agreed to resolve the outstanding intellectual property litigation with Sandoz Inc., regarding XIFAXAN® (rifaximin) 550 mg tablets. The Salix Parties will grant Sandoz a non-exclusive license effective Jan. 1, 2028 to its intellectual property relating to XIFAXAN 550 mg tablets in the United States.
Sandoz acknowledges the validity of the licensed patents. Final patent expiry on XIFAXAN 550 mg tablets is October 2029.
Under the terms of the agreement, beginning Jan. 1, 20281 (or earlier under certain circumstances), Sandoz will have the right to market a royalty-free generic version of XIFAXAN 550 mg tablets, should it receive approval from the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) on its Abbreviated New Drug Application.
Litigation between the parties related to XIFAXAN will be dismissed, and all intellectual Property protecting XIFAXAN remains intact. Bausch Health and Alfasigma remain confident in the strength of the XIFAXAN patents, and they will continue to vigorously defend their intellectual property. XIFAXAN is protected by 23 patents covering the composition of matter and the use of XIFAXAN listed in the FDA's Approved Drug Products with Therapeutic Equivalence Evaluations, or the Orange Book.
In September 2018, Bausch Health agreed to resolve earlier outstanding intellectual property litigation with Actavis Laboratories FL, Inc. ("Actavis"), regarding XIFAXAN 550 mg tablets. Under the terms of the agreement, the Salix Parties will grant Actavis a non-exclusive license effective Jan. 1, 20282 to the Salix Parties' intellectual property relating to XIFAXAN 550 mg tablets in the United States.
About Alfasigma
Alfasigma, one of the leading Italian pharmaceutical companies, is present in over 90 countries, through distributors and subsidiaries and has a workforce of around 3,000 people, R&D laboratories, and 5 production plants. In Italy, Alfasigma is a leader in the market for prescription products where, in addition to the strong focus on gastrointestinal, it is present in many primary care therapeutic areas. Alfasigma also produces and markets self-medication products, nutraceuticals and food supplements. More information is available at the Alfasigma website at: http://www.alfasigma.com/en.
About Bausch Health
Bausch Health Companies Inc. (NYSE/TSX: BHC) is a global company whose mission is to improve people's lives with our health care products. We develop, manufacture and market a range of pharmaceutical, medical device and over-the-counter products, primarily in the therapeutic areas of eye health, gastroenterology and dermatology. We are delivering on our commitments as we build an innovative company dedicated to advancing global health. More information can be found at www.bauschhealth.com.
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1 Sandoz will be able to begin marketing the medicine earlier if another generic rifaximin product is granted approval and starts selling or distributing such generic rifaximin product before Jan. 1, 2028. On Feb. 17, 2020, the Salix Parties received a Notice of Paragraph IV Certification from Norwich Pharmaceuticals, Inc. relating to XIFAXAN tablets, 550 mg; and filed suit against Norwich on March 26, 2020.
2 Actavis will be able to begin marketing the medicine earlier if another generic rifaximin product is granted approval and starts selling or distributing such generic rifaximin product before Jan. 1, 2028.
Source: Bausch Health Companies
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Allen Eugene Wilson, Boxing Hall of Famer, 80, of Charlotte, died Monday, October 22, 2018 at his home. He was born in Gaston County, son of the late Lawrence and Fannie Pearl Wallace Wilson. Allen was the 1959 Golden Glove Boxing Champion. In addition to his parents, he was preceded in death by a grandson Brandon Hester, as well as three brothers. Those left to cherish his memory include his wife of 60 years, Bobbie Phillips Wilson; two daughters Donna W. Hester (Terry), and Rhonda W. McGee (Jeff) both of Charlotte; grandchildren Jerad Hester (Rebecca) of Mount Holly, Ryan Hester (Sommer) of Huntersville, Taylor Putnam (Jon) of Charlotte, and Cathy Dawson of Wesley Chapel, Florida; a sister Rachel Faircloth of Kings Mountain; as well as five great-grandchildren. A service to celebrate his life will be held 3:30 pm Saturday, October 27 at Belmont Foursquare Church, 8 Elizabeth Street, Belmont. The family will greet guests from 1:30 to 3:30 pm prior to the service at the church. In lieu of flowers, memorials may be made to Hospice and Palliative Care Charlotte Region, PO Box 470408, Charlotte, NC 28247 or to Belmont Foursquare Church Camp Fund.


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Celebrating the Release of "Courting Lord Whitmire" with an Excerpt & Giveaway
Posted on July 15, 2019 by Regina Jeffers • 43 Comments
Regency Summer Escape is currently on preorder for $0.99 or free on Kindle Unlimited on Amazon; it will release on July 23. This wonderful anthology contains stories from my friends Victoria Hinshaw and Arietta Richmond, as well as my "Courting Lord Whitmire." I have been teasing you with the cover and snippets for awhile now, and, finally, I can provide you more details for my particular story.
Three wonderful Regency Summer stories! Will the Lord win his Lady by summer's end?
***** FREE ON KINDLE UNLIMITED *****
This anthology contains:
Her Summer Duke by Arietta Richmond
Courting Lord Whitmire by Regina Jeffers
Sarah's Summer Surprise by Victoria Hinshaw
If you love great stories, and the Regency era, you'll love these!
Presenting "Courting Lord Whitmire"…
At the bend of a path, an unexpected meeting.
She is all May. He is December.
But loves knows not time.
Colonel Lord Andrew Whitmire has returned home to England after spending fifteen years in service to his country. In truth, he would prefer to be anywhere but England. His late wife cuckold him, before he departed England. His daughter, who was reared by his father, enjoys calling him "Father" in the most annoying ways. However, his future is the viscountcy, and Andrew knows his duty to both title and child. He imagines himself the last of his line until he encounters Miss Verity Coopersmith, the cousin of his dearest friend, Robert Coopersmith. Miss Coopersmith turns Whitmire's world on its axis. She is more than twenty years his junior, but all he can think is she is absolute perfection.
As you may guess from the book blurb, Andrew Whitmire denies his attraction for Miss Verity Coopersmith, but it vibrates just under the surface whenever they are together. He attempts to be strong; however, Miss Coopersmith has other ideas. Despite his objections, she is determined to win Lord Whitmire's heart. She accepts the challenge and "courts" Lord Whitmire.
Enjoy this excerpt from Andrew and Verity's first meeting in Chapter One.
She wished she had taken her aunt's warning to heart, but Verity had been determined to mail her letter to her brother at the posting inn, assuring him, once again, she was satisfied with her life and that their aunt and uncle had promised they would bring her out into Society with the Short Season in the autumn. Robinson was concerned she would not be permitted a Season until he took the reins as the new baron. Repeatedly, she had told herself, it was not that either her Uncle Spenser or Aunt Margaret were neglectful of either her or Robinson: It was simply they always had another new discovery or another relic that took precedence over days spent in doing nothing more than attending balls, soirees, afternoon teas, and the like. She hoped she was correct in that assumption, but, of late, a niggling doubt had crept in and would not be displaced. Unfortunately, she had nothing upon which to hang her concerns, and so she had assumed it was simply her loneliness and her desire to see Robinson once again that kept her in a state of melancholy.
Although Robinson was three years her junior, since their parents' untimely deaths, eight years prior, her brother had considered himself her protector, whereas, their father's will specifically stated that when she was one and twenty or when she married, Verity was to be Robinson's guardian, until he reached his majority. Naturally, her parents had thought she would have had a husband and perhaps a child by now, not still be living with her relations. They had expected her to be in a position to aid Robinson; regrettably, no one had considered the possibility of their early demise and the unthinkable outcome.
The fact Uncle Spenser and Aunt Margaret had interrupted their lives and his career to take in a twelve-year-old niece and a nine-year-old nephew when no one else stepped forward proved their worth in Verity's opinion. The fact she had not been given a Season was of little consequence in the realm of what all had occurred. Moreover, she had been given much more: experiences no fresh maid out of the schoolroom would ever be able to claim. And if not a "parent's love," her aunt and uncle had provided her their support and their encouragement. She and Robinson had been fortunate in many ways. Yet, of late, she wondered how benevolent her relations actually were. Certainly, they had placed their lives on hold for some six months, but, after those few months of grieving the family they all had lost, her aunt and uncle had packed up her and Robinson and taken them on an "adventure," meaning Uncle Spenser had resumed his life as an archaeologist and historian. Until recently, she and Robinson had trailed their family across exotic lands.
"Just a bit eccentric." She grinned as she pulled her cloak tighter around her. "Eccentric and kind and well-meaning, but more somewhat forgetful," Verity declared aloud to convince herself of the truth of the words and then looked around, making certain no one had heard her talking to herself. "Everyone will soon think I am quite as odd as is my uncle if they hear me having a conversation with myself."
It was then a large drop of rain landed upon the top of her hand, where she held her bonnet upon her head. "Wonderful," she grumbled, picking up her pace. She would likely be soaked to the bone before she reached Cooper Hall.
With every step Verity took, the rain increased in intensity to the point she could barely see a foot or two in front of her. It slanted down in torrents. How she wished she had taken the time to learn some of the alternate paths that led across the stiles and farmlands and woods, instead of taking the traditional road into the village every time she ventured that way. She had been at Cooper Hall for a mere eight months, and she knew little of the surrounding area, for she spent most of her days serving as both housekeeper and companion to her Aunt Margaret, rather than the other way around.
Pausing to claim her bearings, Verity turned in a circle. In the rain and beneath the dark clouds that had stolen away much of the daylight, everything appeared different. Had she reached the fork in the road that led to her family's residence? "Surely not," she murmured in indecision. Swallowing her confusion, she plowed ahead, certain she would soon stumble across the entrance road to Cooper Hall.
Shoving back the drooping bonnet for the fifth time, in a fit of anger at herself for being caught out in this onslaught, Verity ripped the dratted thing from her head, which allowed her hair to fall around her shoulders in a matted mess. Water ran into her eyes, but she stumbled forward again. She hoped she would come across Vicar Simonsen's cottage soon. The vicar would offer her shelter until the storm ended.
Spotting what she thought must be the steeple of the village church, she paused to use her handkerchief to clean away the steady flow of rain from her hair sliding over her forehead and into her eyes. "Must be the church," she said aloud, as she turned to the left to follow a path she thought she remembered being wider and smoother.
Decision made, Verity again stepped smartly along the road, attempting to sidestep the quickly-forming puddles full of muddy water. Her half-boots were soggy, water seeping in every time her stride was too short to miss the accumulating water overflowing the ditches, leaving her gown some six inches deep in brown smudges.
The farther she walked the less familiar her surroundings became. She debated on turning back, but she was not certain she could find the main road again, for she had made several turns along the way. Her relations were not sociable people, not the type to make calls and have people over for company, and they rarely went into the village. They all resided in Uncle Spenser's childhood home, and Aunt Margaret's people had been from an estate some five miles on the other side of the village. They knew the roads when they moved into Cooper Hall, and they had never thought to teach either Verity or Robinson their way around the neighborhood, and, moreover, Verity had never thought to ask them because she knew their doing so would take them away from Uncle Spenser's work. Renowned as an archaeologist and a military history expert, his work was very important to the history of England and the world.
Feeling her gown and cloak weighing her down, Verity shortened her stride. It was rare for her to know fear, but she wished the rain would stop, so she could claim something familiar. Thunder rumbled through her as easily as it did the sky. And each bolt of lightning made her literally jump in alarm. Not knowing for certain where she was had caused a knot of urgency to settle in her chest—making it harder to breathe. Her steps clicked and stomped along the road, echoing back to her. For a moment, she wondered if a wild animal might have caught her scent and was, at that very minute, stalking her. She looked repeatedly over her shoulder to note its approach. Were there wild animals in Worcestershire? Highwaymen? Smugglers?
As the fear began to fill her chest, she turned to study the path behind her. Was the movement marking the bend in the trail the wind stirring up the trees or had someone stepped back from view? Staring intently at the spot, she prayed she had not stumbled upon the land of some irate farmer or into a den of poachers. Without realizing what she did, Verity slowly backed away from the spot, where, again, she noted movement.
Unfortunately, in her retreat, she had not taken into account how soggy the ground had become until she took a giant step backward, only to feel her right leg sink into a watery bog. "Demme!" she growled. "Now what?" Mud and slime settled around her leg, which held her upright, but she teetered, nearly falling face-first into the muck. Quickly releasing her cloak, she wadded it into a ball, attempting to toss it toward what she hoped was solid ground; however, the movement set her wobbling again, balancing in an awkward stance where her right leg was stuck in the bog, while her left one was raised in the air, placing her in what would have been a high kick if she were standing upon a stage in some Parisian burlesque, her toes resting upon the soggy ground surrounding the pit in which she was trapped.
The trees overhead provided some protection from the rain, but the new leaves hid whatever light remained of the day. "I still have one leg on solid ground," she reasoned. "Or as close to solid ground as this rain provides. But I possess no means to pull myself out. Not a fingerhold anywhere." A sigh of frustration escaped as she examined her position. "Claws," she said with a second sigh, this one in disbelief. She was afraid to move too quickly, fearing, if she slipped, her other leg might slide into the waiting bog. It was reposed slightly above the muck at the moment, but she did not expect to be able to hold it in place for long. If her left leg also slid below the surface, she could be pulled under completely. Already, that leg cramped from being held in such an awkward position.
"What do we have here?"
A very masculine voice came from behind her, but Verity made no attempt to turn. She feared the slightest movement would spell her doom.
"How does it appear to you, sir?"
"It appears you thought the bog was a warm mineral spring." The man's voice held levity, but Verity found nothing amusing about the situation in which she found herself. She heard the man dismount and begin to walk slowly in her direction. "It is not often people dare to trespass upon my land, and, especially, not any as comely as you." Although he attempted to sound intimidating, Verity suspected he simply thought her situation a diverting tale to share with his chums over ale at the inn. There was no hardness in his tone.
He continued to stroll casually around the outside rim of the bog. At length, he stopped before her. "Perhaps you are one of those fairies who creates the steps which are impossible to climb—so impossible you took a fall and were caught in your own trap."
Verity scowled. "I would appreciate it, sir, if you would cease with your attempts to make light of my situation and, instead, provide me a hand out of this muck."
He grinned again, and Verity realized how breathtakingly handsome he was. Certainly, he was not a young man, likely old enough to be her father; yet, there was nothing lacking in his appearance. His eyebrows were everything masculine. He possessed a nose that was a bit crooked—as if he had known more than one round of fisticuffs—but, nevertheless, it was very aristocratic. And his mouth sat in a straight line, but remained unable to disguise his humor. She wished she could view the color of his eyes and the exact shade of his hair. She thought he would make an excellent study for her paints. Would she be capable of capturing the life and depth she viewed in his countenance?
He studied her for a moment, without comment. Finally, he asked, "How did you come to be caught in the bog?"
"It was a mistake," she began.
"You do not appear to be a half-wit," he declared, "so I assumed your situation was not purposeful."
She glanced off to the path. "I permitted my imagination free rein. For a few minutes, I thought someone followed me." She made her gaze meet his. "In fact, how do I know it was not you who trailed me?" she accused.
"I assure you, a man of my age has better things to do than to frighten young ladies in the midst of a rain storm." As if on cue, a crack of thunder and a bolt of lightning accented his words. He tossed his hat behind him, and, without notice, he stepped into the bog and edged forward. "At least my batman will kill me but once for the abuse my clothes and boots have known today." Although he did not ask her permission first, he placed his hand around her waist. "It would be of use if you would wrap your arms around my neck," he instructed. "I plan to lift you into my arms."
"But, sir—" she began to protest.
"Dear lady," he corrected, "there is no tree or rock close enough to the edge for you to use as leverage to release yourself. If I am to remove you from this scum, you must assist me. I intend to lift you and to cradle you in my arms, and we will walk out together."
After an elongated second, she presented him a nod of acceptance. Carefully, he bent his knees and slid an arm underneath and around her legs and lifted her to him. With a grunt, he pivoted to return to solid ground. It was then that her right leg finally pulled free with a popping sound, and she released a gasp of pain before she could swallow it. Her rescuer did not stop his progress until they stood along the tree line, with her still cradled in his arms. "What occurred?" he asked, as he set her on a downed tree.
Verity was still shaky, but she managed a response. "My boot stayed in the bog. My ankle—" She gestured toward the foot that throbbed as thoroughly as if it were a rotten tooth.
"May I?" He indicated her ankle. All the teasing was gone from his tone.
Tears crept into her eyes, but, again, she nodded her agreement. The gentleman knelt before her and discreetly lifted her skirt before bracing her right heel in the palm of his hand. With the fingers of his other hand, he rotated her foot and studied the movement before poking the soft tissue with his finger. "The ankle is not broken, but I fear it will turn black and blue before it knows no pain." Standing again, he said, "Permit me to see you home. I will put you up before me on Tyr."
Just as she thought to remark on the horse's name being the same as that of the son of the Norse god, Odin, and a god of war, the man bent to lift her to him again. He was certainly a man accustomed to having his way—a man, a gentleman, no doubt, who gave orders and expected them to be obeyed. He strode toward the waiting horse and lifted her, with ease, to the saddle. Verity was, most assuredly, on the lean side, but she was tall and "solid," as her father had often called her. Even so, her rescuer lifted her as if she weighed no more than a sack of meal. "Be careful, my dear," he cautioned. "The saddle is wet and, therefore, slippery." Then he retrieved her discarded cloak and hat and handed the items to her. With that, he stepped into the stirrup and swung himself onto the saddle behind her.
Before he took up the reins, he lifted her onto his lap. "Slide your left hand around my waist and catch hold. If you like, you may rest your head against my shoulder." He had unbuttoned his coat and wrapped it around her. "Such will provide you more balance, and ladies unaccustomed to riding often require assistance with balance."
Despite the man's kind deed, Verity's temper arrived. She was unaccustomed to men making condescending remarks about her, specifically, or about the female populace, as a whole. Neither her father nor her uncle spoke as such, but she had heard many men do so in the various countries she had visited with her relations. Just because she had heard the tone before did not mean she would tolerate anyone using it in her presence. "I assure you, sir, I am no weeping violet. You will notice I did not cry when I found myself in the bog nor when your rough handling caused me injury, as well as the loss of my boot."
He leaned back as if to have a closer look at her—to study her as if she were a rare specimen. Verity could feel her cheeks redden under his prolonged gaze; yet, she willed herself not to look away. In spite of her previous ire, she found herself suddenly quite lightheaded. Those eyes she had wished to view when she first encountered him were now only a few inches removed and focused purely on her. Silver. Molten. And darkening in what appeared to be concern.
"Perhaps your previous fear of an attacker has finally known fruition," he declared in self-assurance. "You are trembling."
Although she knew the gentleman she faced had more to do with her sudden loss of control than she would care to admit, she declared, "I am soaked to the bone! My ankle is injured! And one of my boots—a favorite pair, I might add—is lost to the muck of a bog located upon your land!"
"So your woes all arrived at my hand?" he asked incredulously.
"All except for the rain," she retorted.
He leaned closer. They were at eye level, and Verity found the experience quite disconcerting. "At least you did not place that fault also at my feet," he said boldly. "Mayhap you would prefer I replace you where I found you. I would be less than a gentleman if I ignored the wishes of a lady. That is what you are, is it not? A lady?" He paused as if he knew how he inflamed her pride. His words had been purposeful, but Verity had no means to control her growing temper nor the feeling the man had just undressed her with his eyes. She blushed thoroughly.
"You rogue!" she accused. "I am most certainly a lady. My brother is a baron or will be a baron when he reaches his majority!"
A look of puzzlement crossed his countenance. "The only baron in this area was Theodore Coopersmith of Cooper Hall."
"Exactly," she confirmed in triumph.
His features hardened. "Both Theodore and his son Robert are dead. The latter died at Waterloo. I understand Theodore suffered a bout with his heart and passed nearly two years removed."
The rain had lessened to a steady drizzle, but Verity barely noticed the difference. "Although you obviously consider yourself the chronicler of the aristocracy in this little section of Worcestershire, you forget Theodore was not an only child. My uncle had two brothers: Murdoch and Spenser. My brother and I are products of the marriage of Mr. Murdoch Coopersmith and Miss Clare Hadley."
"But Murdoch passed some ten years before Theodore," he argued in tones that spoke of disbelief and of an emotion she could not identify.
"Very true, sir," she said through trembling lips that betrayed her state of mind. Speaking of her parents' deaths always had that effect on her. They were sorely missed. "But it was eight years, not ten, and such is why I am blessed that Uncle Spenser and Aunt Margaret showed compassion and accepted the responsibilities for my brother Robinson and me. We returned to Cooper Hall when Uncle Spenser determined that before Robinson could claim his title, my brother would require an English education."
"Then you are Miss Coopersmith?" he asked in bewilderment.
"Did I not just say so, sir?" She raised her chin on a dare. "And you are?"
He pulled himself up straight in the saddle. "I fear I am your neighbor."
"Colonel Lord Whitmire?" she said with a small gasp. "But I thought you were still in Canada." She knew much of the exploits of Lord Whitmire. He was a decorated hero on two Continents. She wished to melt away—to disappear with a snap of her fingers for appearing before a man she had admired from afar for many years.
"Hardly. If Spenser Coopersmith is anything like the man I recall from my youth, it is no wonder you are behind in the latest gossip of the neighborhood. I returned to Whit Manor a fortnight ago."
GIVEAWAY!!! I have 3 eBooks copies of a Regency Summer Escape to share with those who comment below. The giveaway will end at midnight EDST on Monday, July 22.
Filed Under: Giveaways/Contests, Places/Locations, Regency, Writing & Publishing
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43 Responses to Celebrating the Release of "Courting Lord Whitmire" with an Excerpt & Giveaway
Congratulations on your new release, Regina! Will you be releasing this Regency story as a standalone in future? Btw, I love the pretty anthology cover.
Wonderful excerpt! I'm all astonishment!
Glad you joined us, Caryl.
Jerilynn says:
Sounds great!!
I am glad you phone finally worked for you, Jeri. One would think if they were called "Smart" phones, we would not need to tell them what to do. LOL! Thanks for being a part of the giveaway.
Awesome giveaway!! Thanks for the chance to win??
Jeri Rodriguez says:
Sorry..my smartphone is a complete idiot…lol
Jennifer Redlarczyk says:
Love this excerpt. Another fun read. Congratulations on another release and the anthology sounds wonderful.
reginajeffers says:
Thanks for the encouragement, Jen.
Don't include me in the giveaway… I grabbed the pre-order and told my friends. What fun! Three authors, three books allowing a lot of summer fun reading Regency romance. I love this excerpt. I like these two. They will provide a lot of fun reading about them. I could feel the sparks already. Congratulations Regina… best wished in the launch and success of this book.
Thanks, Jeanna. I am excessively fond of these two.
Danielle C says:
So excited to see another story from you Regina!!! I pre-ordered the book so please don't enter me the giveaway. 🙂
Thank you for your patronage, Danielle.
taswmom says:
What a fun excerpt! It does appear she might have her work cut out, but I believe it should be exiting. The cover is also very pretty.
Andrew is a bit stubborn, but so is Verity. Two great forces coming together. Something must give. Right?
Thank you, Charlene.
Teresa Broderick says:
Oh wow! What a gorgeous cover. I love it. Really love the sound of your story. I do enjoy these type of stories. The hero doesn't always have to be young and handsome. An older hero is very appealing. Looking forward to reading it.
I named the majority of the characters in this one after family members. Robert is my grandfather. Andrew is his older brother, while Charles is the younger one. We have a Verity, Evelyn, Alberta, Albert, etc. It was great fun.
susannebarrett says:
This is a brilliant beginning to what looks to be a rather fiery relationship!! I would LOVE to win an e-book of this story collection!! I quite admire Verity (and love her name–and she is obviously well-named!) and her courage in spite of highly embarrassing circumstances!!
Thank you so much for sharing this excerpt with us, Regina–it's delightful!! 😀
Susanne 🙂
I have a new excerpt next Monday over at my blog if you would like to read more, Susanne.
Gianna Thomas says:
Enjoyed the excerpt, Regina. I've got the book already, and I'm sure I'll enjoy it. 🙂
Pardon me, Regina. I've ordered it. 🙂
Carol Harris says:
I pre-ordered the book
Thank you for your patronage, Carol.
Sorry I did not respond earlier. I have been on jury duty ALL day.
I also thank you, Gianna. I appreciate your kindness.
So excited! A new book!!
I have a lot of books this year, Talia: In Want of a Wife, Lady Chandler's Sister, Letters from Home, and still to come Courting Lord Whitmire, The Heartless Earl, Mr. Darcy's Bet, and Last Woman Standing.
evamedmonds says:
All of your Regency books are fabulous! This summer anthology will be perfect for the hazy, hot, and humid days of August. Thank you for the excerpt and giveaway.
The other two authors, Victoria Hinshaw and Arietta Richmond, were part of the Christmas-themed anthology I was recently a part of.
BeckyC says:
Love the excerpt! Yes, you have been a tease. So excited for release day! Congratulations Regina! (No need to enter me as I am already a winner! Woohoo!!!!!!!!)
You got in the winner's circle on the first round, Becky.
Mary Campbell says:
This book sounds like a delightful recency read. With the haughty Lord Whitmere and the feisty Miss Coopersmith, things could be interesting. I like the cover, also. Thank you for the chance to win a copy.
Glad you stopped by, Mary. I am loving this pair, but, fair warning, bring your Kleenex.
I love that the blurb said Verity would be the one doing the courting as that's a nice change from the norm. Based on the excerpt and their chemistry, I'm confident in her success.
He simply thinks himself too old for her, Michele. Yet, in many ways, Verity is his first and only true love.
Kayla Rose says:
I don know if his hair is silver, but I do love those silver foxes! This is a really good excerpt. Thank you!!
He has a bit of gray around his temples, Kayla.
alliecresswell says:
Sounds like the perfect summer read. I'm off to order my copy now.
Many thanks, Allie, and welcome to Austen Authors.
virginiakohl says:
What a lovely excerpt! Thank you for the chance to win of a copy of this summer anthology. 🙂
Good morning, Virginia. Thanks for joining me today.


text:
Zvečaj je naselje u Republici Hrvatskoj, u sastavu Grada Duge Rese, Karlovačka županija.

Stanovništvo

Prema popisu stanovništva iz 2001. godine, naselje je imalo 226 stanovnika te 74 obiteljskih kućanstava.

Prema popisu stanovništva iz 2021., naselje je imalo 175 stanovnika.

Iako ima stalnih stanovnika, značajan je broj kuća za odmor.

Šport
 NK Mrežnica, nogometni klub

Izvori

Naselja u Karlovačkoj županiji

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


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If Michigan State and Indiana have any games scheduled, they can be seen at the top of this page. Tickets to a Michigan State home game typically cost $40, but this varies from game to game and may not be the case when Indiana come to town. Tickets to Indiana homes games typically cost $89, and again this may change depending on factors such as the matchup, day of week, and the weather.
To see all Michigan State Spartans Basketball tickets, fans can browse the Michigan State tickets page. For a complete list of Indiana Hoosiers Basketball tickets, feel free to browse our Indiana tickets page.


text:
Charlotte Rampling Thinks That The Idea That The Oscars Are Racist Towards Black People Is Racist Towards White People
The Guardian- Oscar nominee Charlotte Rampling has claimed the current campaign to boycott the 2016 Academy Awards over claims of a diversity deficit is racist to white people.
Rampling, 69, is up for the best actress prize for her role in the British drama 45 Years, from director Andrew Haigh, where she will compete against Room's Brie Larson, Carol's Cate Blanchett, Joy's Jennifer Lawrence and Brooklyn's Saoirse Ronan. Asked for her take on the current furore over all-white lists of nominees on French Radio network Europe 1 on Friday morning, the British actor did not mince her words. "It is racist to whites," she said.
"One can never really know, but perhaps the black actors did not deserve to make the final list," added Rampling. Asked if the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences should introduce quotas, a proposal which no current advocate of increased diversity has mooted, she responded: "Why classify people? These days everyone is more or less accepted ... People will always say: 'Him, he's less handsome'; 'Him, he's too black'; 'He is too white' ... someone will always be saying 'You are too' [this or that] ... But do we have to take from this that there should be lots of minorities everywhere?"
Be honest, did you get a little confused reading that headline? Don't feel bad, I almost confused myself writing it. That's how you know this was the perfect response from Charlotte Rampling. I can't say I am enough of a movie buff to know whether or not a deserving amount of black people were awarded Oscar nominations. Maybe there was a hint of prejudice in the selection process, maybe there wasn't. Who's to say really? I do know that there are only a few ways to respond to allegations of racism, and quite possibly the best way is to claim reverse racism. You see what Charlotte just did? She muddied the waters. Looks like we are in quite the segregative stalemate. Fire meet fire. The only time racism has ever met it's match is when it was staring in the mirror. Even sexism can't hold a candle to the wrath of racism. Talk about an evenly matched fight. It's basically a pick 'em. I guess you could say the blacks are favored, but the whites have home field advantage for sure. Either way, this matchup belongs on primetime. The rivalry game to end all rivalry games.
Seriously though, this is 2016. We don't do moderation here. You either love the Oscars or the Oscars are racist. Take your pick, but don't you dare try to sit on that fence. You may not like what Charlotte Rampling had to say, but at least she's saying something other than "I don't know". Plus, she really had no choice. She nominated for an Oscar. She was going to be sitting in that crowd. She had to defend the honor of everyone else that was going to be sitting there with her. She's not going to bite the hand that feeds her. She'd rather bite the black hand that's desperately waving to the bouncer to let them into the Academy Awards. It may have been an extremely misguided move to invoke the help of a term as accusatory as "racist" to describe the criticisms of a bunch of predominantly white people sitting around an amphitheater drinking champagne in expensive suits. However, that's what you get when you put her on the spot. She's an actress, she does her best work when she has a script to read from. I don't think that calling the Oscars racist against black people is racist against white people, but I don't think a lot of things are racist, and if I have learned anything over the last year it's that I am usually wrong.
P.S. I google imaged 'charlotte rampling black people' to see if I could find a funny, out of context picture and it returned zero pictures of her next to a black person. I'm not saying, but I'm saying....


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