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Haluza, The Extra-Urban Survey
Christian A. Schöne, Michael Heinzelmann, Diana Wozniok and Tali Erickson-Gini
During 2018–2020, an archaeological survey and a geophysical prospection were conducted in the extra-urban area of Haluza (Elusa, el-Khalaṣa; License Nos. G-14/2018, S-918/2019, S-1011/2020; central map ref. 16750/55475). The survey, on behalf of the Institute of Archaeology at the University of Cologne, was directed by M. Heinzelmann with the assistance of C. Schöne (organization, surveying and GIS), Tali Erickson-Gini (pottery), D. Wozniok (survey technique), A. Schröder (geophysics, portable X-Ray Fluorescence and 3D site recording), D. Zell (digital terrain modelling) and R. Hirsch of Makman Dunes Desert Lodge (accommodation and infrastructure). Students from the University of Cologne participated in the archaeological survey and geophysical prospection. We thank both the Israel Antiquities Authority and the Israel Nature and Parks Authority for their permits and their continuous support of our project.
The current archaeological investigations of the city of Elusa began within the city boundaries (2015–2019; Pickartz, Tezkan and Heinzelmann 2015; Heinzelmann and Erickson-Gini 2015; Di Segni 2018; Heinzelmann et al. 2017; Schöne et al. 2018; 2019; 2022) and then extended to its immediate periphery (2018–2019) and the broadening agrarian landscape (2019–2020). Work at these different locations combined, in addition to excavations, surveys, remote sensing and analysis of recent and historical aerial photographs and satellite images.
Investigations of the extra-urban area of Elusa aimed at obtaining a better understanding of the development of the city and its hinterland, from the establishment of the settlement in the third century BCE to its end in the eighth century CE. The extra-urban survey focused on four belts (1–4; for Belts 1–3 see Fig. 1) surrounding the city. The interior belt (Belt 1; width 50–200 m) comprises mainly large waste mounds arranged in a distinct ring configuration. Investigations then progressed farther from the city, to a belt of mainly horticultural land use of a less well-defined aerial shape (Belt 2; width 80–400 m). Floodplain horticulture was practiced in suitable locations, such as the banks of Nahal Besor (Wadi el-Khalaṣa), west and south of the city, and its subsidiary, Nahal Atadim (Wadi el-'Awsaja), north of the city. These cultivated areas were in turn surrounded by a belt of cemeteries (Belt 3; width 500–800 m), containing thousands of individual burials of a simple expedient type and a few more elaborate built tombs, all still visible on the surface. Beyond the cemeteries, a densely utilized agricultural landscape—the city's hinterland, comprising dozens of farmsteads and villages—extends over many kilometers into the surrounding countryside (Belt 4).
Belt 1: Waste Mounds
Distinct waste mounds on the edge of settlement, sometimes of considerable size, are a characteristic of all Negev settlements of the Byzantine period. Few, however, are as impressive as those of Elusa, where they reach a width of 140 m and rise to a height of 12 m above their surroundings (Fig. 2). These mounds were systematically surveyed and mapped using GPS. They were shown to cover an area of 14 hectares and form an almost closed ring around the built area; the accumulations documented to the north and east were much more substantial and continuous than those on the south and west, near and along Nahal Besor. The dumps begin immediately at the exterior borders of the settlement, and their proximity to the city may reflect an attempt to minimize transport of the waste. Gaps at irregular intervals between the waste mounds indicate that the mounds were positioned so as to leave room for the city's arterial roads to pass through. In some of these locations, the streets appear to widen into large, roughly square-shaped open spaces that may have served as trading areas and for setting up animal enclosures.
The sediment composition of the mound surfaces, largely sand and ash, appears very uniform (Fig. 3). These surface sediments contain mainly small fragments of pottery, animal bones and other organic remains, as well as residues of industrial production, such as slags and misfires. Coins of late antiquity are found on the surface in unusually high numbers. Test excavations by the University of Haifa in 2015 showed that the mounds built up in numerous easily distinguishable layers of (thickness 5–10 cm), apparently originating from repeated individual events of dumping (Bar-Oz et al. 2019). This indicates regular, perhaps even annual, deposition episodes, probably as a result of systematic cleaning operations in the urban area. The high sand content of the mounds seems to indicate that the frequent sandstorms in the region necessitated such regular cleaning operations. Undoubtedly, the large waste dumps of Elusa demonstrate the existence of a highly developed and labor-intensive form of communal waste management.
The chronology of the Elusa waste mounds has only been partially clarified: while the end of their use is dated to the mid-sixth century CE (Bar-Oz et al. 2019:8241), it is yet unclear when this form of systematic waste disposal began. Nevertheless, this can be deduced from indirect evidence, for example, the observation that the mounds encircle the city at its greatest areal extent, which was reached by the late second or the early third century CE. The city's extent at that time is indicated in part by several Roman-period tombs that probably lay just outside the city limits. In several places, these tombs are overlaid by the waste mounds, attesting to their earlier formation (Heinzelmann and Erickson-Gini 2015; Heinzelmann et al. 2017; Schöne et al. 2019). It is noteworthy that by the mid-fifth century CE the streets in the city center had been paved with high quality stone material (Heinzelmann and Erickson-Gini 2015), presumably making them much more amenable to regular cleaning. Excavation of stratigraphic sequences of several streets within the city showed that regular accumulation of waste ceased when the pavements were laid down but had resumed around the mid-sixth century CE, when dumping of waste in the exterior mounds finally came to an end. It could be suggested, therefore, that the waste mounds formed in most part over a relatively short period of about 100 years (Heinzelmann and Erickson-Gini 2015; Heinzelmann et al. 2017; Schöne et al. 2018; Heinzelmann et al. 2022).
Belt 2: Horticulture Areas
A special form of agriculture—floodplain horticulture—seems to have been practiced along the periphery of Elusa, just beyond the ring of waste mounds. The wadis provided both a suitable soil—relatively deep loess soils found on their banks—and the possibility of convenient irrigation, either by floodwater during wintertime or by water from wells sunk into the wadi banks during the summer. An additional source of irrigation water may have been the wastewater collected by large sewers from the urban area (Heinzelmann et al. 2022; Schöne et al. 2022).
Several areas of horticulture were identified surrounding the city on all sides and situated along the course of both Nahal Besor and the Nahal Atadim. These areas were apparently bordered by low dry-stone walls, which subdivided them into cultivation plots, possibly owned by different families. The present-day surface of these areas is strikingly flat and strewn with especially high quantities of small pottery fragments, very likely the result of manuring with household waste (see below). Such waste, which was rich in organic material, could have been obtained directly from the city or the nearby waste mounds. Alternatively, the high density of surface pottery could be due to post-depositional compaction of the cultivated soil by wind erosion, although this is less likely.
The relatively limited size of the horticultural areas indicates that they were utilized for small-scale vegetable gardens that served to supply the day-to-day needs of the city inhabitants, rather than for large-scale crop cultivation for commercial purposes. Remains of plant foods consumed in the city, including barley, wheat, lentil, grape, date, fig, olive, walnut, almond and hazelnut, were identified both in material from the waste mounds and in fills from within the city (Bar-Oz, Weissbrod and Erickson-Gini 2016; Heinzelmann and Erickson-Gini 2015; Heinzelmann et al. 2017; Schöne et al. 2019).
The horticultural areas northwest of the city are pierced by narrow extensions branching off from the waste mounds in a number of places, perhaps intentionally to provide some protection from wind erosion.
Belt 3: Cemeteries
Surprisingly, an especially large number of mostly well-preserved burials was documented in the survey, although these burials could have been easily covered at any time in the past with mobile sand dunes, which are common in this part of the Negev (Heinzelmann et al. 2017; Schöne et al. 2018). The survey revealed no signs of grave robbery, and the only damage to graves was caused by erosion, mainly at wadi edges (e.g., see Fig. 5). Due to these favorable conditions, it was possible to determine the approximate extent of the cemeteries and gain insight into their spatial organization. It appears that much of the city was surrounded by a belt of burial grounds (at least 114 hectares) of varying grave densities. Fewer graves were found on the western bank of Nahal Besor, probably because this area, located in the lee of the hills farther to the west, is mostly covered by thick sand deposits. The possibility that cemeteries also extend to the northwest of the city is reinforced by the presence of graves in a few small sand-free enclaves in this area. It may be extrapolated, therefore, that the maximum extent of the Elusa cemeteries was c. 150 hectares.
A detailed investigation of the graves was conducted in several areas, covering a total of c. 24 hectares and containing 5490 individual burials (Fig. 4). The location of all these graves was recorded by GPS, and about a quarter of them were sufficiently well preserved to record both the size and orientation. The grave orientation was uniformly northwest–southeast (-30 to -45 degrees north). Observations of the interior of several of the graves—mostly graves that were exposed by erosion, but also two intact graves that were opened and excavated—indicated that they were simple cist burials, dug to a depth of c. 1.5 m and mostly constructed of local limestone slabs (Figs. 5–7). The graves were covered aboveground by heaps of densely packed pebbles from the nearby wadis (Figs. 6, 8). Dozens of gravestones, many of them inscribed, were removed from the site by explorers and archaeologists in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries (Jaussen, Savignac and Vincent 1905; Alt 1921:26–31; Kirk and Gignoux 1996). Only one fragment of a gravestone with remains of a cross was observed in the 2019 survey; it was left in situ. The burials are generally evenly spread across the terrain, although small clusters of 2–6 burials can often be observed, presumably representing family burial plots.
While inspecting the cemeteries, mainly in the northern and eastern parts of the cemetery belt (Fig. 4), close to 1600 fragments of pottery wasters and misfires—clear-cut evidence of pottery production—were noted. The misfires generally comprised well-fired clay lumps, some of which contain recognizable sherds of malformed vessels made of the greenish material typical of the Byzantine period in Elusa. Such misfires were often incorporated in the pebble heaps covering the burials. It is possible that the digging of the graves in this part of the cemetery belt disturbed the remains of earlier sites of pottery production.
Systematic collection and analysis of surface finds was conducted in ten areas (A–I, K; Figs. 1, 4), each divided into two sub-areas (5 × 5 m each) situated diagonally to each other, to evaluate the chronology of the cemeteries. The collected surface pottery ranges in date from the Hellenistic period to the Early Islamic period, corresponding to the overall duration of settlement activity at Elusa. Nonetheless, the pottery's chronological span clearly differed between the ten study sites, pointing to different phases of burial in the various parts of the cemetery belt. The earliest of the cemeteries, where the earliest surface pottery was found, seems to lie in an area east of Nahal Atadim (Areas A and K). A typological analysis of the pottery revealed that the proportion of thin-walled drinking vessels in these earlier cemeteries was higher than anywhere else. Cemeteries used at a later time (Areas B–F) yielded mostly coarse wares and cooking vessels. It is possible that these typological differences reflect in part temporal changes in mortuary customs that affected the composition of grave goods.
The two intact graves that were excavated (Tombs 5137, 5485) revealed further details of the interior construction of graves. Tomb 5137 (Fig. 6; Schöne et al. 2018), located in the southeastern part of the cemetery belt, comprised a shaft (depth 1.3 m) covered by a pile of densely packed wadi pebbles. The shaft cut through the remains of an earlier burial, suggesting that the earlier grave was no longer visible aboveground at the time that Tomb 5137 was constructed. A relatively small stone cist (0.63 × 1.27 m; orientation -38 degrees north), its side walls and cover constructed of soft white limestone slabs, was uncovered at the bottom of the shaft. The limestone was likely obtained in one of several local quarries found along Nahal Atadim and Nahal Besor. The burial cist contained the skeleton of a child, of which the skull and long bones were still preserved, although in a very fragile condition. The head was in the northwest. The body posture—with arms tightly cramped—indicates that the body was wrapped in a cloth at the time of burial. The finds included two rings, one made of iron and the other of bronze, which were uncovered at the location of the child's left hand. Also found were several beads, dark blue 'melon' (ridged) beads (diam. c. 0.5 cm) and dark blue and greenish elongated beads (length c. 1.3 cm), located in connection with the child's hip; the beads may have decorated a garment worn by the child. No chronological diagnostic artifacts were recovered from this burial.
Tomb 5485 (Fig. 7), located in the northeastern part of the cemetery belt—on the northern bank of Nahal Atadim—was found exposed down to the cover slabs of the cist due to weathering, but was otherwise undisturbed. The cist (0.70 × 1.71 m; orientation -42 degrees north) was made of local limestone slabs. The skeleton was somewhat better preserved than that of Tomb 5137, comprising the skull, the long bones and the hip and rib bones, although it too was in a very fragile state. The head was in the northwest, and the flexed posture indicated that the corpse was wrapped in a cloth at the time of burial, as was the case with Tomb 5137. No grave goods were found. A cursory anthropological examination of the skeleton revealed that it belonged to a young female. Both skeletons remained in situ and were reburied after documentation.
Belt 4: The Hinterland
The survey of the city's broader hinterland—an ongoing project—aims at evaluating the amount of land that was under cultivation and the irrigation technology used. It is understood that farming based on run-off irrigation and extensive terracing—techniques which were widely practiced in the Negev Highlands (Evenari, Shanan and Tadmor 1971:95–119; Bruins 1986:33–51; 2012)—was ill-suited for the relatively flat topography of the surroundings of Haluza. No evidence of terracing has been found along the part of Nahal Besor near the city, where this form of farming was likely hindered by the wide wadi channel prone to destructive flash floods. Only a few subsidiary wadis suitable for terrace farming are found near Haluza, such as Wadi Umm Ghasuma, a subsidiary of Nahal Besor. Other features documented in the survey so far are farmsteads, boundary walls, cisterns, winepresses and dense concentrations of surface ceramics.
The survey carried out in 2019—2020 was conducted within the area bounded by Road 222 and Nahal Besor, beginning at Haluza and extending c. 3.5 km to the southeast, up to the modern cultivated fields of Kibbutz Revivim (Heinzelmann et al. 2019/20). Some work was also conducted west of Nahal Besor, although the survey in this area has progressed slowly due to military restrictions, allowing access only on weekends. In preparation for the survey, available aerial and satellite images covering a radius of about 4 km around the city were analyzed. These images included early aerial photographs taken by the British Royal Air Force and the Israeli Air Force from the 1940s to the 1960s, which proved to be especially useful for detecting features of interest (Figs. 9, 10). More than 450 points of interest (POI), representing suspected ancient remains other than terraces or boundary walls, were identified (Fig. 11). Ninety-nine of the POIs were subsequently surveyed in 2019 and 2020.
To date, a total of c. 10 sq km of land (1012 hectares; Fig. 12) have been surveyed. Favorable conditions for the survey included the mostly flat, unvegetated terrain, offering unhindered visibility of the ground surface and built features that were often visible above ground. However, it was also apparent that over extensive parts of the surveyed area, ancient remains were buried due to the movement of sand. A comparison of present-day conditions with those observed in aerial photographs from the 1950s shows that in some cases even in recent decades entire structures, even quite large ones, were buried under the shifting sand. It is estimated that 70–80 percent of the area under investigation is now covered by sand accumulations (e.g., the area around Farmstead SI-001 [see below]; Fig. 13). In some places these may reach considerable depth, such as on the windward side of natural promontories. To account for the distorting effect that variable topography and sand accumulation across the area may have on the survey, a digital terrain model (DTM) with a resolution of c. 20 cm per pixel and a high-resolution orthophoto mosaic were created for the investigated area using a drone (Figs. 14, 15). The model both revealed the topography of the area and provided additional information on archaeological features.
The ground survey was restricted to the sand-free areas within the surveyed quadrant (30%). For the first 90 hectares of the survey, the surveyors were first spaced at intervals of 10 m, but the intervals were increased to 50 m once it was realized that only one new POI which was not previously identified by remote sensing was found. All find spots were registered by GPS, photographed both from the ground and with the aid of a drone and described in detail. During the ground survey, 81 of the 99 remotely sensed POIs in the area were confirmed as archaeological features. Twenty-eight additional features were registered during the survey, most of which were too small to be identified in the aerial and satellite images, such as cistern openings. Altogether, 109 ancient sites were registered in the sand-free areas. Assuming that the density of find spots in the sand-covered areas is similar to that in the sand-free area (one site per every 3.5 hectares), it is estimated that more than 400 such sites exist within the surveyed quadrant as a whole. The survey also registered over 200 wall remnants, such as terraces and field boundary walls; most of the walls were previously identified as lineaments in the aerial photographs and were thus verified on site. These walls are widely distributed across the surveyed areas, indicating the extent of recent landscape modification and possibly the importance and organization of private land ownership.
A systematic collection of surface finds was conducted at all sites, and 54 of them provided enough material to permit dating. Selected sites were also investigated through geophysical prospection by means of magnetometry and electrical resistivity (e.g., the area around Farmstead SI-001 [see below]; Fig. 13), and in some cases a georadar. The sites registered in the survey varied widely in nature, and several different types were identified: settlement sites, farmsteads, winepresses, cisterns and wells, as well as terrace walls and boundary walls.
Settlement Sites. The largest site uncovered in the survey was a village of about 4.1 hectares (SI-006; Fig. 16), situated c. 2.1 km south of Haluza on a natural terrace between Nahal Besor and one of its tributaries, Wadi Umm Ghasuma. Preliminary evaluation of surface pottery from this site indicates a date between the Roman and the late Byzantine periods. Two nearby cemeteries, one to its south (NP-008) and the other to its north (NP-009), undoubtedly belonged to the village. This settlement may be one of nine Negev settlements mentioned by name in the Nessana Papyrii, of which the archaeological remains are yet to be identified (Kraemer 1958:228). A smaller village (SI-018), also associated with a series of tombs, and having several deep wells, which like SI-006 overlooks Wadi Umm Ghasuma.
Farmsteads. These are single collapsed structures, often occurring as whitish mounds of building debris (rarely larger than 15 × 15 m, height 1–2 m; Fig. 17). Wall remains were often recognizable on the surface of these mounds. These small to medium-sized buildings—typically found along the banks of wadis and in intervals of less than 100 m from each other—appear to represent farmsteads. The distribution of the farms along the wadi indicates that each managed, and perhaps privately owned, a section of the wadi system, which was likely utilized for farming based on a form of run-off irrigation. Isolated farmsteads were also found in flatter terrain, away from the wadis, where a different form of farming was likely practiced (see below). Some of the farmsteads comprised two adjacent buildings (e.g., SI-001; Fig. 13), indicating that they were occupied by two separate households or that the buildings were used for different functions. A small number of simple burials or built tomb structures were found in connection with some of the farm building (e.g., SI-065; Fig. 16). A preliminary evaluation of the surface pottery from these farmsteads indicates that they were generally in use from the Early/Middle Roman period to the late Byzantine period, with much of the material—indicating a peak in occupation—dating from the early and middle Byzantine periods. So far, only a few scattered pottery sherds from the Early Islamic period have been found in both the small villages and the farmsteads, suggesting that most were no longer in use by that period.
Winepresses. Wine-producing facilities occurred in the form of pressing basins with floors paved with stone slabs (e.g., SI-068; Figs. 16, 18). The basins were connected to collecting tanks sunk into the ground and coated with hydraulic mortar (e.g., SI-040; Fig. 19), in a manner similar to water cisterns found in the area. Interestingly, this clear evidence of wine production was found in areas of flat terrain rather than within the wadi systems, indicating that run-off irrigation was less desirable for the cultivation of vineyards. A surprising find was that most of these wine-production sites were found in isolated settings, away from the farmsteads.
Cisterns and Wells. Installations related to water use comprise cisterns and deep wells. Cisterns are often found at the foot of moderate slopes, which served as catchment areas. Wells dug to a depth of several meters to reach groundwater were found both within the city and its hinterland. A particularly well-preserved example with a circular shaft (BR-004; interior diam. c. 2.3 m; Fig. 20), constructed of well-cut masonry, is located on the west bank of Nahal Besor. The beginnings of arches used as a substructure for cover slabs were detected at the upper preserved edge of the well shaft. Since the aquifer is located 2–3 m below the wadi bottom, this well might have originally reached a depth of 12–14 m. Some of the cisterns and wells registered in the survey seemed to be associated with farms, while others were found in isolated settings, mostly in the areas of relatively flat terrain away from the wadis. These wells were likely employed primarily for irrigation.
Terrace Walls. Such walls, naturally restricted to the wadis, were found for example in the southern part of Wadi Umm Ghasuma and in the western part of another nearby unnamed wadi, dubbed Nahal Irus (Nahal Iris; for the mass occurrence of the Negev Iris in spring). They were also found along Nahal Besor along with many short segments of boundary walls, especially where the slope of its banks was less steep. These features are oriented parallel to the course of the wadi and subdivide the entire slope into multiple terraced agricultural areas, extending from the riverbed to the upper edges of the wadi (Figs. 21, 22). Several of these terraced areas were clearly associated with farm buildings (e.g., SI-025 and SI-044). Some of the terraced plots are located at an elevation of up to 10 m above the wadi bed and therefore, their irrigation cannot have been provided by flood water from the wadi. It is possible that these terraces were irrigated using well water obtained at the upper edge of the wadi slopes, taking advantage of the natural gradient. This possibility is indicated by irrigation channels documented in some of the terraced fields, with corresponding water outlets in the terrace walls.
Boundary Walls. Dry-built walls extending over appreciable distances were documented in the areas of relatively flat topography away from the wadis, subdividing the terrain into fields of various sizes (Figs. 12, 21, 23). These walls appear to have demarcated property boundaries and may have provided some protection from the damage caused by sandstorms and animals. The boundary walls form an extensive net-like system, extending from the outskirts of the city into the surrounding terrain across much of the survey area, with no indication of any attempt at orderly parceling. Gaps in the boundary walls appear to represent passageways and roads. These walls reinforce the possibility that large swaths of the flat terrain along the wadis were part of a system of intensive exploitation of the landscape for agriculture. Evidence of extensive manuring, based on high densities of surface pottery sherds found across the survey area, further reinforces this interpretation. Dense concentrations of small sherds were observed in nearly all areas not covered by sand, including areas located at considerable distance from the settlements. Collection of 66,000 of these surface sherds in six survey areas (TA-001–TA-006; 100 × 100 m each; Fig. 12) revealed an average density of 46 pieces per sq m, in some places reaching values close to 200 pieces per sq m, far above the typical densities found within settlements in the survey area. These sherds represent a time span from the first to the seventh centuries CE, with a clear dominance of sherds dating from the early and middle Byzantine periods. Systematic fertilization appears to have been conducted with organic urban waste also containing appreciable quantities of pottery sherds, unintentionally transported to the fields.
It is suggested, based on the results of this survey, that large parts of Elusa's hinterland beyond the wadi systems were under intensive cultivation—particularly viticulture—utilizing groundwater for irrigation (for a more extensive discussion, see Heinzelmann et al. 2019/20). It should also be taken into consideration that grapevines are able to grow deep roots, to depths of over 8–10 m, especially in the local sandy soil, and could have reached groundwater, quite possibly limiting the need for artificial irrigation during the first year after planting (Amnon Bustan, pers. comm.). This survey uncovered ample evidence of the complex agricultural system extending across Elusa's hinterland. It comprised, in addition to the well-known system of run-off farming, previously undocumented forms of agriculture, including small-scale horticulture on the city periphery and wine cultivation using deep wells and intensive manuring on the flatlands outside the wadis.
Bar-Oz G., Weissbrod L. and Erickson-Gini T. 2016. Haluza. HA-ESI 128.
Schöne C.A., Jordan F., Erickson-Gini T. and Heinzelmann M. 2022. Haluza. HA-ESI 134.
1. Location map and features uncovered in the surveys.
2. A waste mound, looking south.
3. Detail of the waste mound, looking south (the depression formed by a trial trench of the Colt expedition [Baly 1938]).
4. Survey of part of the eastern cemeteries, displaying 1295 individual burials.
5. A cist grave naturally exposed within an erosion gully.
6. Tomb 5137: (a) the pebble cover after initial cleaning; (b) the covering stones of the cist; and (c) the burial.
7. Tomb 5485: (a) the cist unearthed by erosion after superficial cleaning; (b) the opened cist; and (c) the burial.
8. A grave marked by a pile of pebbles, looking north.
9. Aerial photograph of Haluza and its vicinity from the mid-twentieth century.
10. Detail of the aerial photograph, showing remains of agricultural fields.
11. Map of Points of interest (POIs) and agricultural walls based on remote sensing.
12. Survey map of Elusa's hinterland.
13. Farmstead SI-001 and its surroundings: (a) percentage of sand coverage and density of surface pottery; (b) geophysical prospection results.
14. Digital elevation model of the surveyed area.
15. Orthophoto mosaic of Elusa and its surroundings, based on the digital elevation model.
16. Survey map of Village SI-006 and its surroundings.
17. A typical mound comprising the remains of a farmstead structure (SI-026).
18. The pressing area of a winepress (SI-068).
19. Collecting tanks of a winepress (SI-040).
20. Well BR-004.
21. Survey map of the bank along part of Nahal Besor, showing terrace and boundary walls: (a) as identified in the ground survey and (b) as identified in the ground survey and on an aerial photograph.
22. Agricultural plots along the bank of Nahal Besor.
23. A typical field boundary wall.


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text:
"Spheres" is a classical digital-only single by Mike Oldfield from his album Music of the Spheres released on 3 March 2008.

Demo version
The track "Spheres" is an early demo from the conception of Music of the Spheres and thus has no input from others, such as Karl Jenkins. It contains parts of the tracks "Harbinger" and "Shabda" from the album. The track is largely recorded using synthesized instruments, which were not used in the final album in favour of a full orchestra.

Charts
At the week ending 9 March 2008, "Spheres" was #1 on the 7digital Track Chart.

Track listing
 "Spheres" – 5:22

References

2008 singles
Mike Oldfield songs
Songs written by Mike Oldfield
Mercury Records singles
2008 songs

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
Study estimates first human HIV infection 100 years ago
Scanning electron micrograph of HIV-1
Image: CDC.
An eight year study, published in scientific journal Nature, claims the HIV-1 virus that leads to AIDS could have infected humans around 1908 in Africa. Scientists found traces of the HIV-1 genome collected in 1960 from a woman who lived in Léopoldville, presently called Kinshasa, the capital of the Democratic Republic of the Congo. An earlier study had also isolated the virus from a 1959 blood sample of a male from Léopoldville. Study of both the samples and estimate of the rate at which the virus mutates over time has led the researchers to conclude that the human strain could have been around for 100 years.
The study, co-sponsored by the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), part of the U.S. National Institutes of Health, was carried out by Michael Worobey of the University of Arizona in Tucson, Arizona and colleagues from the United States, France, Belgium, Australia, Democratic Republic of the Congo and Denmark.
HIV is one of these pathogens that you could almost think of as living on the edge of extinction. It means there are things we could do to actually make it so that it doesn't have a chance of spreading.
—Michael Worobey, University of Arizona in Tucson
Earlier estimates of this nature had indicated the first infection in humans occurred between 1915 and 1941. The present study pushes the date of the infection back to sometime between 1884 and 1924, with a more focused estimate at 1908. Earlier studies have suggested that HIV-1 virus was spread from chimpanzees to humans in Cameroon.
"Now, for the first time, we have been able to compare two relatively ancient HIV strains. That helped us to calibrate how quickly the virus evolved and make some really robust inferences about when it crossed into humans, how the epidemic grew from that time, and what factors allowed the virus to enter and become a successful human pathogen," Dr. Worobey said.
"HIV is one of these pathogens that you could almost think of as living on the edge of extinction," Worobey continued. He believes that had HIV not been carried to a city, it may not have survived the jump to humans.
"It means there are things we could do to actually make it so that it doesn't have a chance of spreading," Worobey said.
The first human infection could have happened around the time when the colonial cities were established in Africa. Rapid urbanization in colonial Africa around the beginning of the twentieth century may be responsible for the spread of the AIDS pandemic. It is estimated that several thousand people were infected by the 1960s. Today, HIV infection is reported in 33 million people and has killed 25 million. Researchers opine that an understanding of the origin and pathways for human infection of the virus could help in developing a vaccine to fight it.
Worobey, M. et al.. "Direct evidence of extensive diversity of HIV-1 in Kinshasa by 1960" — Nature (journal), October 2, 2008
Anna Boyd. "HIV Origins Traced around 1900, Much Earlier than Believed" — eFluxMedia, October 2, 2008
Julie Steenhuysen. "Study pushes back origin of AIDS pandemic to 1908" — Reuters, October 2, 2008
Heidi Ledford. "Tissue sample suggests HIV has been infecting humans for a century" — Nature (journal), October 1, 2008
Larry Greenemeier. "African colonization helped spread HIV and AIDS more than a century ago, study says" — Scientific American, October 1, 2008
Retrieved from "https://en.wikinews.org/w/index.php?title=Study_estimates_first_human_HIV_infection_100_years_ago&oldid=4285258"

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


The heart and soul of growing a therapy practice centers around the ability to do effective local networking. However, a lot of therapists do too much "hard labor" with little results.
If you experience local networking as very stressful, it's probably a signal that your efforts are unnatural in some way and need to change.
Start with every single person you know. Talk to your parents, siblings, friends, colleagues, practitioners you see, and anyone else in your social orbit. Tell them what you're doing and to check out your website. So many people overlook this very natural way of interacting with people.
When you're talking to people you already know about your practice, ask them if they know anyone else that might be a good person to talk to. Have them send an email introducing you. Introductions go a lot further than reaching out on your own to people you don't know.
Ease into every relationship that's new. Whether you've been introduced by someone else or it's a completely new person, pace yourself. First, send a very short introduction email that doesn't take very much time to read. Literally four to five sentences. Second, increase the contact by asking them more about who they are, what they do, and share similar information about yourself. Only ask for an in person meeting once you've established some level of connection or you will waste a lot of efforts and burn bridges by going too fast.
Qualify new leads that you don't know. It's one thing to reach out to everyone that you do know by telling them what you're up to. But for people that you don't know you need to make sure they actually have clients to send you and that there is a likelihood they will send them your way. This involves researching their specialities, how long have they been in practice, how close to they are to your location, etc.
When meeting in person with other professionals dress in a way the shows how much you care about yourself, your practice and this profession. People often underdress in these meetings. It can easily have a negative impact.
Come prepared with excellent marketing material. Nowadays, you can get a beautiful brochure designed for you for under $40 and can print them for even less than that. Although print media matters less and less to prospective clients, it will matter to new referral sources since they rely on print media when talking about your services to prospective clients.
Make as many new friends as possible. You're wasting a lot of time and energy if you go out and do a ton of networking, but you're not making friends in the process. The fastest practices grow through friendships. You don't have to hang out often with the people you're networking with, but the more you can establish a sense of friendship the more clients they will entrust to you.
You've probably heard how important it is to niche when growing a practice. That's not entirely true. If you want clients quickly in your local networking efforts, focus on niches that are in high demand. Niches alone won't help you stand out in your community. A high demand niche will.
Don't forget to give talks. You probably know this already, but a talk can put you in front of 5 to 50 people in one hour. That can take months of individual meetings and emails to accomplish. Effective local networking means you're efficient with your time. If you like talks, do as many as you can.
Referrals are usually nonlinear. Many times the clients are coming to you in a nonlinear fashion. You may have done a bunch of meetings with people, but none of your new clients report coming from your direct networking efforts. Don't be discouraged. Referrals are often nonlinear in this way. The more you put yourself out there, the more you will get referrals. Plain and simple.
Consistency is the key in local networking to consistent results. It's easy to slip into a fast out-of-the-gate mentality and then puttering out. This type of inconsistency allows people in your community to easily forget who you are. If you do a few small tasks everyday in your community, you stay on people's minds in the long run.
Always carry a business card. Even though they matter less and less, you never know when you will need one. Don't only give out cards when someone asks for them. Give out business cards whenever the opportunity presents itself.
Be kind and grateful as much as you can with others in your network. The more you experience true gratitude for the community around you that's supporting your work, the more your community will be grateful for you and your service.
Local networking is one of the fastest ways to new clients. However, if you're not efficient you will feel stressed and get little to no results. Local networking done well will result in a consistent influx of new clients and a growing network of friendships in your community.
The more natural you can make this process, the more likely you're going to achieve the results you want.


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text:
John Browne was an English merchant, the first holder of the post of King's Gunfounder, which was created in 1615. He was heavily involved in the Wealden iron industry, having control of six furnaces in Surrey and Sussex, two in the Forest of Dean as well as his own furnace between Brenchley and Horsmonden.

Biography
During the reign of Charles I, he sold a great number of guns to the former United Provinces, the King being a partner in this traffic.

Browne also held a patent which gave him a monopoly on the casting of pots, pans and firebacks.

John Browne developed a type of cannon known as "The Drake" in the 1620s. This cannon was much lighter than previous cannons firing a similar weight of shot, thus enabling ships to be more heavily armed. One such cannon made by Browne was recovered from the wreck of , a  Cromwellian warship lost in a storm off the Isle of Mull in 1653 whilst attacking Duart Castle. This cannon weighed 3cwt, 2qtrs, 23 lbs () and had a 3½" (89mm) muzzle. It fired shot weighing . HMS Swan was the last ship built for Charles I; its guns were all cast in iron. A larger ship,  had 92 Drakes, cast in bronze, as well as 10 non-Drakes, also cast in bronze.

In 1642, John Browne was ordered by Parliament to deliver a list of "grenadoes" being held at the Stillyard, and he was not to deliver them except with the Order of the House.  In 1645, John Browne and his son were ordered by Parliament to be taken into safe custody, and no visitor was allowed to be alone with either of them, because he was suspected of supporting the Royalist cause. Browne appears to have been released in December 1645. John Browne died in 1651. In 1677, another John Browne built a boring mill at Birchden Forge, Rotherfield.

Browne's wife Martha is commemorated by a cast iron graveslab in St Margaret's Church, Horsmonden.

References

Sources

External links
Photo of the retrieved cannon

English businesspeople
Year of birth missing
1651 deaths


Favourite genre of music: D&B, Lounge.
Favourite photographer: Anyone whom pictures brings pleasure to my eyes.
Favourite style of art: Abstract.
MP3 player of choice: My handphone.
Personal Quote: Why did the chicken cross the road?.
Favorite visual artist Pollock, Dali. Favorite movies Anything by Scorsese. Tarantino. Kubrick. Favorite bands / musical artists Adam F, FBS, Bebel Gilbeto. Favorite writers . Favorite games Daytona. Favorite gaming platform Nintendo 64. Tools of the Trade A few cams. A tripod. A few lenses, A pair of eyes which needs aid. Other Interests Graffiti. Photography. Films.
i need to shoot!!! im craving to shoot!!!.
Your gig pictures are just stunning man!
Your Jap backside better get on dAmn soon!
bum its me! motorono died on me man. so i changed to this. add me up dude.


text:
package com.hazelcast.collection.impl.list;

import com.hazelcast.core.HazelcastInstance;
import com.hazelcast.core.IList;
import com.hazelcast.test.HazelcastSerialClassRunner;
import com.hazelcast.test.SplitBrainTestSupport;
import com.hazelcast.test.annotation.ParallelTest;
import com.hazelcast.test.annotation.QuickTest;
import org.junit.experimental.categories.Category;
import org.junit.runner.RunWith;

import static org.junit.Assert.assertEquals;

@RunWith(HazelcastSerialClassRunner.class)
@Category({QuickTest.class, ParallelTest.class})
public class ListSplitBrainTest extends SplitBrainTestSupport {

    private String name = randomString();
    private int initialCount = 100;
    private int finalCount = initialCount + 50;

    @Override
    protected int[] brains() {
        // 2nd merges to the 1st
        return new int[]{2, 1};
    }

    @Override
    protected void onBeforeSplitBrainCreated(HazelcastInstance[] instances) throws Exception {
        IList<Object> list = instances[0].getList(name);

        for (int i = 0; i < initialCount; i++) {
            list.add("item" + i);
        }

        waitAllForSafeState(instances);
    }

    @Override
    protected void onAfterSplitBrainCreated(HazelcastInstance[] firstBrain, HazelcastInstance[] secondBrain)
            throws Exception {

        IList<Object> list1 = firstBrain[0].getList(name);
        for (int i = initialCount; i < finalCount; i++) {
            list1.add("item" + i);
        }

        IList<Object> list2 = secondBrain[0].getList(name);
        for (int i = initialCount; i < finalCount + 10; i++) {
            list2.add("lost-item" + i);
        }
    }

    @Override
    protected void onAfterSplitBrainHealed(HazelcastInstance[] instances) throws Exception {
        for (HazelcastInstance instance : instances) {
            IList<Object> list = instance.getList(name);
            assertListContents(list);
        }
    }

    private void assertListContents(IList<Object> list) {
        assertEquals(finalCount, list.size());

        for (int i = 0; i < finalCount; i++) {
            assertEquals("item" + i, list.get(i));
        }
    }
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


The kind of stupid where unapologetic fun takes over while pensive thoughts are left at the door and only the simplest pleasures remain because sometimes you don't really care about symbolism or approach, you simply want to see something that is so straightforward that any additional thoughts would somehow ruin the movie going experience. Now, I've always preached that horror movies are purely entertainment for this Vault Master and I stand true to my word. Of course, horror movies can go a little or A LOT deeper than just pure entertainment but for my purpose of watching horror flicks, entertainment will always be the first priority and further evaluation usually comes in during or after the entertainment has commenced. There are horror flicks however that bluntly celebrates this sort of absurdity by never going out of their way to be too clever in the way of story-telling, character development, dialogue, etc. but purely targeting the pleasure zones of all horror movie goers where you want to see some honest to goodness, gruesome fun.
Killer Klowns from Outer Space constantly feels like its poking fun at itself but at the same time, you'd be quite the clown (see what I did there?) to think that this movie didn't take itself seriously because my FearTASTIC friends, this flick was quite serious in bringing in the FUN. This is a breed movie that is a dying breed where the filmmakers were successful in making a silly horror movie without the audience being in on the joke. It's quite simple; there will always be a better reaction to silliness if the audience believes that you took your film very seriously. Once the audience has figured out that the filmmakers and actors also find this whole ordeal to be idiotic, the audience tends to generally agree. The problem with a lot of the silly horror films that are coming out nowadays is that the audience is already in on the joke before the movie starts.
For your next party-planning event, KILLER KLOWNS INC!
Cotton Candy Pods…yeah, that pretty much speaks for itself.
Never ask Killer Klowns to pimp your ride, EVER.
There is no sense that the movie is trying to be serious so the audience already starts shaking their head in shame before the opening credits begin to roll. Silly horror movies such as Killer Klowns were so artful in the sense that they were making a solid, stupid horror movie that was intentionally fun but was also quite serious in their execution. The actors were never really "winking" at their audience through their dialogue, but rather reacting to monstrous aliens that happen to look like clowns in a way that didn't come off sarcastic. Of course, some of this will come off as corny as times, but at least it was genuine acting as opposed to acting knowing that the audience already thinks this is a stupid movie. The potential consequence of presenting a movie that you know is stupid is that the audience tends to agree and not give it another thought but if you present a stupid movie that has the intention of a fun execution, the audience will potentially rally around you and possibly make your movie the next cult sensation!
The movie's plot is pure simplicity where a guy and girl with the intentions for some make-out action stumble upon an alien invasion involving clown – looking aliens looking to abduct humans for their nefarious plot. As stupid as this premise sounds, I will always remember watching this flick as a kid and having such a good time because although the kills consisted of cotton candy, silly looking guns and clowns with sharp crocodile – style teeth, it was executed in a way where I can feel the filmmakers feeling proud that I was laughing as my eyes were glued to the screen. They probably know they weren't making the next Godfather series but they presented it in a fashion where it did not seem insincere and this FearTASTIC Vault Keeper will always appreciate a movie that is genuine entertainment and not forced; yes, I'm calling out 95% of all SyFy flicks, get your act together!
Just when you thought it was safe to Poop once again.
And now for a really odd episode of Law & Order.
As much as I pegged this flick as a silly, stupid movie that is equally endearing, I have friends/colleagues/acquaintances that will go nowhere NEAR this flick. Enter Coulrophobia, the fear of clowns; as silly as this flick seems to me, there will always be something about childhood figures turned into something terrifyingly gruesome that will never sit well with some folks, no matter how silly the plot. So I challenge you my FearTASTIC Vault O' Fun FREAKS to grab someone you know who has this fear and pop in this flick. Perhaps the amount of absurdity this movie brings will make them think it's so stupid and fun to the point where the fear could somehow be slightly alleviated…or perhaps the giant clown boss at that turns up around the end of the flick may scar them for life, OOPS, SPOILER ALERT (don't tell them of course, tee hee tee hee)!
Before Sunrise, during the sunset and after midnight.


Reducing your intake of sugar-sweetened drinks (iced tea, soda, lemonade) by just one can a day can lower blood pressure.
According to a recent study, drinking one less can of soft drink a day translates into nearly a two point reduction in blood pressure.
A handful of studies have suggested that high sugar intake increases blood pressure, but overall, very little research has been done in this area.
People who drink a lot of these beverages could see a significant drop in blood pressure just by switching to diet soft drinks, or preferably, water.
In the study, researchers looked at consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages—regular soda, lemonade, fruit drinks and fruit punch. A typical 12-ounce can of soda contains about 130 calories of sugar, eight teaspoonfuls. Since the researchers found no effect on blood pressure from consumption of diet soda, it's reasonable to assume that the sugar was responsible for the blood pressure increase seen in the study.
Because the researchers found a direct dose-response relationship between how much soft drink participants drank and their blood pressure, people who drink a lot of these beverages could see a significant drop in blood pressure just by switching to diet soft drinks, or preferably, water.
The researchers also looked for an effect on blood pressure from caffeine consumption, but none was found.
The study followed 810 adults, average age 50, for 18 months. Blood pressure and dietary intake were recorded at the start of the trial and 6 and 18 months into the trial. Dietary intake was recorded from participant recall (memory). The results at 18 months showed that a one serving per day decrease in soft drink consumption was associated with a 1.8 point drop in systolic blood pressure (the first number in a 120/80 reading) and a 1.1 point drop in diastolic blood pressure.
The association between soft drink consumption and blood pressure remained, even after the researchers adjusted for any weight loss that occurred in the participants (weight loss lowers blood pressure, too).
The study participants, on average, drank about one can of sugary drink per day at the start of the study. This is well below the U.S. average of 2.3 cans. It would be interesting to see just how large a drop in blood pressure is possible when people who drink more sugary beverages than this test group did start cutting down.
An article detailing the study was published online ahead-of-print May 24, 2010 by the journal Circulation.


text:
UW-Madison Campus
Report captures persisting racial disparities in UW Political Science Faculty
'I see myself represented in faculty, but that's not true for every student,' author of report says
by Erin Gretzinger · Jun 20, 2020 Share Tweet
Daniel Chinitz/The Badger Herald
A new report compiled by University of Wisconsin graduate students reveals historic and current racial disparities in the institution's Department of Political Science faculty.
On Wednesday, five UW political science PhD candidates released a report on Twitter detailing faculty diversity in the UW Department of Political Science. Using publicly available data, the graduate students found there has not been more than one Black faculty member in any given year since 1970.
Hundreds shut down South Park Street for Glow in the Dark March for Black LivesHundreds gathered at Brittingham Park for the Glow in the Dark March for Black Lives during the fourth week of Read…
While the overwhelming majority of white male faculty has decreased over the years, the report said most of the change in the faculty's makeup can be attributed to the increased hiring of white female faculty. The representation of people of color in faculty remains stagnant and lagging behind, according to one of the authors and PhD candidate Anna Meier.
"There's been a lot of conversations in UW Poli Sci over the last couple of years about diversity in our department, both among faculty and among graduate students," Meier said. "But we haven't really seen much action in that regard, or much change, among these conversations, which is frustrating as a graduate student."
The total number of Black, Indigenous and people of color has risen throughout the years. But the report says this year, Black people only represented 3% of the department's faculty — the highest percent of Black faculty in the department's history, but still only representing a single Black faculty member.
Meier and four other students decided to tag onto the #BlackintheIvory Twitter campaign encouraging Black graduate students and scholars to share their experiences of discrimination and exclusion in academia. Meier said while the results themselves are not surprising, the greater shock is how long the current disparities have persisted in the hiring and retention of BIPOC faculty.
"We are generally an overwhelmingly white campus, both among faculty and the student body," Meier said. "That's something we all sort of know, but seeing it in front of us on paper in hard numbers really drives it home … I'm white, so I can get away with not thinking about this everyday because it doesn't affect me. I see myself represented in faculty, but that's not true for every student."
Protesters march for Black queer, trans lives, celebrate Pride monthProtesters marched in support of Black, queer and trans people. Celebrating as a community with dance performances during Friday's protest Read…
In an email statement to the Badger Herald, UW Political Science Department Chair John Zumbrunnen said the department will continue to make diversity a priority once they are able to hire again. At the same time, Zumbrunnen recognizes there is immediate work to do.
Zumbrunnen said the department is working to provide a curriculum that dives into topics of race and diversity, and to offer training to support an inclusive instructional design and engage the campus community in meaningful conversations about power and privilege in the world.
"I very much appreciate the effort, thoroughness and concern for our department reflected in the report," Zumbrunnen said in the statement. "The report is right: a more diverse faculty should be — and is — a goal for our department, and we must be sure that we provide an inclusive and professional workplace where colleagues can come and spend their careers."
The report concluded with several recommendations to the department, including a call to hire at least two Black tenure-track faculty members by 2025. The recommendations also ask for a commitment in writing to host a graduate level seminar on race and ethnicity once every other year starting in 2022.
UW-Madison announces formal reopening plan for fall semesterFollowing the plans of several other University of Wisconsin System institutions, UW-Madison released their plan for reopening campus for the Read…
Meier said descriptive representation is crucial to including necessary perspectives in research and in classrooms. More broadly, Meier said the authors of the report hope to increase transparency on diversity issues and efforts around campus to ensure the institution is making changes.
"The real aim here is to be transparent and be able to hold people accountable," Meier said. "It's to let students know that this isn't just cheap talk but that people are actually doing things."
This article was published Jun 20, 2020 at 9:19 am and last updated Jun 20, 2020 at 9:19 am
Tags: #BlackintheIvory, Anna meier, BIPOC, Graduate students, Higher education, John Zumbrunnen, Uw diversity, UW Madison diversity, Uw political science


So, I told him that he'd better shut his mouth and do his job like a man.
And he answered, "Listen, father, I will never kill another."
He thinks he's better than his brother that died.
What the hell does he think he's doing to his father who brought him up right?
Win or lose, now, you must choose, now.
And, if you lose, you're only losing your life.
Tell the jailer not to bother with his meal of bread and water today.
He is fasting 'til the killing's over.
But, he's a coward. He's just playing a game.
He can't do it. He can't change it.
It's been going on for ten thousand years.
Tell the people they are safe, now.
Hunger stopped him. He lies still in his cell.
We are free now. We can kill now.
We can hate now. Now, we can end the world.
We're not guilty. He was crazy.
And it's been going on for ten thousand years.


text:
PSD-S1 50/100/300/2000KG Scale Load Cell Weight Weighing Sensor With Cable
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One of the most time consuming chores I have is mowing the property. We're sitting on a bit over four acres, and probably one acre of that is taken up by the house, the gardens, and the well area (the pump, the aeration tank. We also have about a quarter acre at the rear of the property that we left as is: it's filled with trees, wild muscadine grapes, blackberry bushes, a small depression someone dug out at one point for reasons known only to them, and so forth. There is a small circular path at the front edge of it that I try to mow, but generally, that area is flooded when it rains, so I have to wait for dry weather on that.
We broke our streak of 15 straight days of rain – thanks, Mother Nature! – and I was able to get some mowing in today. I managed to get everything done except the beeyard done on one tank. This is what I had left in the tank as I finished up the chicken yard and the area behind the rear garden.
I was cutting (ha!) it close, but got back to the shed. As I neared the end of the mowing, I felt the breeze pick up, which was good, because it was another sweltering day at the ranch. I also saw the clouds starting to build up.
Now, I don't mind meteorologists. I don't. But it seems to be the only job you can be so wrong at and still keep your job. Let's take my area as an example. When I was getting breakfast down the tube, our forecast said 20% chance of rain. When I came in after three hours of mowing, it had changed to 40%. I mention these two because this is what I saw on the radar when I made it back inside.
See that 90 about center, a little right? That's my weather station. See all that angry red, orange, and green? That's a front, across the entire northern part of this state. It does not take a meteorologist to get the wind direction (ours from the NNW as that was captured) and understand this thing was going to roll over us, bringing us more rain. And that's what it did: pushed right over the ranch, with not a ton of lightning and thunder, but certainly with rain.
That big green/yellow blob at the NW part of that image is now coming our way, as the wind has shifted.
Our forecast – as it was raining – changed to 90% chance of rain. It is now back at 60%. I'm wondering if, in meteorology classes, they had lessons on changing your forecasts to get in tune with what was actually happening at the location for which you were doing forecasts. Do they have a Revisionist History class for the meteorological degree folks?
On that note, it's time for me to get some work work done. The life of a person whose business is in tech: the weekends, at least parts of them, have to be given over to work to get stuff done.


PETER Andre's wife Emily has revealed that they will spend Valentine's Day apart and won't even exchange cards or gifts.
The 29-year-old mother-of-four will be left at home while her 45-year-old chart-topping husband is off on the road for his tour.
Emily is step-mother to his children Junior and Princess from his failed marriage to Katie Price and shares two kids of her own with the star.
And despite their four years of marriage, Emily says she is not expecting much this Valentine's Day because Peter is "too busy".
"It's Valentine's Day this week but as Pete is away on tour we don't have any plans," she wrote in her latest column for OK! magazine.
"I don't mind because we're not massively into it.
Peter will be in Newcastle on Thursday as his #Celebrating25Years tour rolls across the UK.
It comes a week after Emily has boasted about the strength of their marriage — just after claims Katie Price wants him back.
The junior doctor, 29, told how that she never argues with her husband shortly amid rumours that Katie is still "fixated" on Peter.
Writing in her OK! magazine column, the mum said: "Sharing problems is a great way to get them sorted!
"I think all couples have things they don't agree on, but we're very lucky that we happen to get on very well."
Last month, Kieran Hayler said he couldn't compete with his ex's first love Peter Andre and revealed she treated him like a "b***h" during their five-year marriage.
The pair split last year and Kieran, 32, blasted the 40-year-old for her behaviour toward him in a scathing interview with new! magazine.
He said: "She always said if it wasn't for her celeb lifestyle, the reality show s and stuff, her and Peter probably would've lasted. He was the love of her life and no on can compete with that.
"There's always someone else to blame. How many more years can she blame things on her and Pete not working out?
Closer Magazine also claimed in January that Katie is "fixated" on her first husband.
The publication also claims Katie thinks the age gap between Peter, 45, and Emily, 29, will eventually come between them - and she's ready to pick up the pieces when it does.
Peter proposed to Emily on New Year's Eve 2013 and he popped the question in their baby nursery just days before their first daughter Amelia was born.
The couple - who met in 2010 - finally tied the knot in July 2015 in a ceremony in Exeter's Mamhead House.
At the time, Peter said: "I couldn't have wished for a better day. I've married the love of my life and I couldn't be happier."


Miss Becky Boo: Op Shop Bargain!!!!
I have a cake tin fetish! Look how big this lovely cake tin is (hense the Chapstick showing you how humongous this gorgeous tin is!). I'm looking forward to finding some Nut Loaf recipes for my new nut loaf tin. Soooo loving these. Op Shops Rock!
I must come op shopping with you one day!
Great finds... I need to hit the op shops sometime!


Deliver a compelling, shared vision that focuses on the success of our customers and our partners--and is consistently communicated to them and the rest of the world.
Always remember that our attitudes and subsequent behaviors are controlled 100% by our own minds and not by outside forces. No matter the situation, a positive outlook and demeanor will improve it.
Work tirelessly in the very best interests of our customers, our company, our partners and our industry.
Be professional in every interaction with employees, customers and partners. Treat everyone with the utmost honesty, respect, courtesy, directness, and always follow through.
Be accountable in every situation. If a mistake is made, own it, correct it, communicate it and help everyone learn from it.
We have all been given different talents and strengths. It is our duty to share them so we can better serve everyone--our employees, customers and partners.
Always inspire ourselves and our partners to a higher state of service, performance, quality, speed and ultimately, competitiveness.
Out-think the competition. Constantly strive for improvement. Work to bring the best ideas and practices to South Placer Tax and Notary Services, our customers and our product partners.
Listen well, entertain the ideas of others (both inside and outside the company) and seek counsel. Then act decisively.
Stay focused on the success of our customers, employees and product partners. Never get distracted.
Make each employee, customer and product partner a South Placer Tax and Notary evangelist. Do everything possible to create solutions. Do what we say we will do when we say we will do it. Be positive, available, and honest.


Hello Sir/Madam, I'm Cowboytepangkor as some of many guests knew me already. I was born in a very poor family so I know how difficult it is when I'm poor. I'm Cowboyteangkor represent to this Tuk Tuk organization which has more than 100 Tuk Tuk drivers.They decided to choose job as a driver of Tuk Tuk as it's a great job and we love talking and meeting with the people who come from all over the world. We guess that it's the best part of working in tourism. We are very flexible and can help you set up an itinerary, arrange accommodation, transportations. I have only an honest idea to help the Tuk Tuk Driver to get enough profit from what they should get. So you will be able to pay your booking directly to your Tuk Tuk Driver who made your day or bring you to the best places.
We will take our best responsibility to bring you to the wonderful places as you want to go or we will guide you also. And we are sure that you'll like it as your dream. If you need any information, please don't be hesitating to ask us. We are here to help you. Thank you very much of spending your time to know about us and we hope that you will choose our tour services while you're here visiting one of the 7 wonders of the world.


text:
UBA's Leo clocks 4, set to further transform digital banking in Nigeria,
Africa's global bank, United Bank for Africa (UBA) has said that it has concluded plans to commemorate the 4th year anniversary of its flagship artificial intelligence Chabot, with new offerings set to further change the face of digital banking in Nigeria
"Birthed January 11, 2018, with a firm resolve to prioritise its customers as well as put the bank at the heart of disruptive technologies that will transform the experience of esteemed customers, UBA did the unthinkable by getting 3 million users hooked in less than three years of its inception."
Leo, which the bank stressed, has proven to be the most formidable artificial intelligence chat bot till date; serving an ever-increasing customer base who now have less transaction hassles to worry about, is currently available on Facebook Messenger, WhatsApp, Apple Business Chat
To further extend its reach, UBA has concluded plans to commence Leo services on Instagram and Google Business, terrains none of its peers can lay claim to.
READ ALSO: 2023: Aspirants must reveal plans for healthcare
Group Managing Director/CEO, of the bank, Mr. Kennedy Uzoka, affirmed that UBA customers indeed agree that Leo is one of the bank's biggest investments in cutting-edge technology and has been steadily changing the face of banking on the continent.
He stated: "Three years later, and with over almost four million customers and counting, UBA's Leo, has without a doubt, remained the smartest Banking Chatbot in Nigeria because of its speed and quick learning intelligence and has continued to evolve with plenty to offer its teeming customers".
"While other financial institutions are still trying to find their feet as regards Artificial Intelligence, we can proudly say that our Leo has become a massive success as it continues to consolidate on its successes and accolades winning several awards in a short while of its existence, ".
Uzoka added that in just four years, Leo's landmark achievements have been indeed overwhelming, covering 20 African countries as well as garnering over 10 prestigious awards globally. "A feat that is exceptional by every standard, I must say we are proud of Leo's intimidating achievements which is largely unbeatable.
READ ALSO: We'll investigate molestation of arrested protesters – Police
"With this in mind, we have ensured that, Leo continues to enjoy periodic and systematic upgrade with special emphasis on enhanced advancements and specialised unique features where necessary".
Tags: banking Clocks Digital Leo Nigeria set transform UBAs


Over the past year or so I've been thinking that some of the forms I use in my jewellery would work well in 2D. I've always loved prints but hadn't done any printing since my school days. So after finally finding a short course that included printing on paper (not just fabric) – I spent the last two Sundays making various kinds of screen prints.
I did a few t-shirts for the kids but also some prints on paper which I was quite pleased with. It definitely confirmed for me that this is something I want to investigate further as a complement to my jewellery practice. An added bonus is that it gives me the opportunity to play with colour – which I love – despite the fact that most of my jewellery designs have a very neutral palette.
Posted on 09.12.11	This entry was posted in Uncategorized. Bookmark the permalink.


Thanks for stopping by to party with us this week! We are delighted to have you, and can't wait to see what your are sharing. Be sure to check out other links and say, Hello," from #HomeMattersParty ... let's get inspired!
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World Archaeology /
Australia & the Pacific /
Australia's Ancient Aboriginal Past
Australia's Ancient Aboriginal Past: A Global Perspective [Paperback]
Murray Johnson (Author)
ISBN: 9781925003710 | Published by: Australian Scholarly Publishing | Year of Publication: 2020 | Language: English	290p,
This book places the Aboriginal occupation of Australia within a broad framework of human evolution and habitation. The author discusses the pioneering studies that delve into the mists of antiquity, and he engages with current controversies, including the extinction of mega fauna, land management practices, and social development over many millennia. The extraordinary achievements of Australian Aborigines are revealed in all their complexity and the evidence surrounding the identity of Australia's first occupants is re-examined. The discovery of the 'Hobbits' of the Indonesian island of Flores show that proto-humans were edging towards the great southern continent; their capacity to cross the sea implies intelligence and organisation, but how far did their footsteps extend? This is just one of many challenging questions brought to life in this absorbing account of Australia's pre-contact history.


text:
LongwoodLancersLONG
12-8, 2-3 Conf
LONG 27 37 64
PRE 34 37 71
PresbyterianBlue HosePRE
D. GeterD. GeterF 17 1-6 0-2 0-0 1 2 3 1 0 0 0 1 2
J. SmithJ. SmithF 28 3-11 0-6 3-8 0 4 4 0 1 1 1 1 9
S. FranklinS. FranklinF 24 2-2 0-0 1-1 2 1 3 0 1 0 0 3 5
S. PhillipsS. PhillipsG 34 5-9 4-8 4-4 0 7 7 5 0 0 3 4 18
J. WilsonJ. WilsonG 22 2-8 0-5 2-2 1 1 2 1 1 0 0 1 6
J. CintronJ. CintronF 9 1-4 1-3 0-0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 3
P. AdgeiP. AdgeiF 11 0-0 0-0 1-4 1 3 4 0 0 0 2 2 1
J. MunozJ. MunozG 2 0-0 0-0 0-0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
I. WaltonI. WaltonG 26 3-9 1-4 4-4 1 2 3 0 0 0 1 3 11
S. FloodS. FloodG 27 3-7 3-7 0-0 0 7 7 2 1 0 1 1 9
TEAM 20-56 9-35 15-23 8 28 36 9 4 1 8 17 64
Technical Fouls: 0
F. LewisF. LewisF 21 3-8 1-4 2-4 1 5 6 0 0 0 1 4 9
C. HightowerC. HightowerF 29 3-8 0-2 5-6 3 9 12 2 0 0 2 2 11
C. MartinC. MartinG 19 2-4 0-1 1-1 0 4 4 2 0 0 0 1 5
D. BellD. BellG 31 2-7 0-1 2-3 1 2 3 1 0 0 2 3 6
A. FlaglerA. FlaglerG 34 7-17 3-11 4-4 0 5 5 1 1 0 2 0 21
M. CatchingsM. CatchingsG 3 0-0 0-0 0-0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0
J. YoungerJ. YoungerG 28 2-6 1-5 0-1 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 2 5
R. CrouchR. CrouchG 26 4-6 3-5 3-5 4 2 6 2 1 0 1 4 14
K. ShubertK. ShubertG 9 0-1 0-0 0-0 0 1 1 2 0 0 0 0 0
TEAM 23-57 8-29 17-24 11 33 44 11 2 0 8 18 71
Buggs, Hawaii beat UC Santa Barbara 70-63
Drew Buggs scored 12 points and tied his career high with 12 assists, Zigmars Raimo and Justin Webster combined to score 16 of their 21 points in the second half, and Hawaii beat UC Santa Barbara 70-63 on Saturday night.
Boise St. rallies from 19 down, beats Utah State 88-83 in OT
Justinian Jessup forced a turnover and scored with 1.9 seconds left to send the game into overtime as Boise State rallied from 19-points down in the second half and beat Utah State 88-83 on Saturday night.
Defense shines as UC Irvine tops UC Riverside 69-53
Evan Leonard recorded 13 points as UC Irvine topped UC Riverside 69-53 on Saturday night.
All College Basketball News
2019-2020 Big South Conference Standings
Winthrop 6-0 - 12-7
Radford 5-1 1 10-8
Presbyterian 5-1 1 8-11
Hampton 3-2 2.5 8-10
Charleston Southern 3-3 3 9-9
Gardner-Webb 2-3 3.5 6-11
UNC Asheville 2-4 4 8-9
South Carolina Upstate 2-4 4 7-12
High Point 2-4 4 5-14
Campbell 2-5 4.5 11-8
Longwood 1-6 5.5 6-14


text:
template<typename T>
Json::Value serializeMaterialParam(const MaterialParam<T> &param)
{
    assert(0 && "Unsupported material param type");
    return Json::Value();
}

template<>
Json::Value serializeMaterialParam(const MaterialParam<float> &param)
{
    Json::Value result(Json::objectValue);
    result["paramName"] = param.paramName;
    result["value"] = param.value;
    return result;
}

template<>
Json::Value serializeMaterialParam(const MaterialParam<int> &param)
{
    Json::Value result(Json::objectValue);
    result["paramName"] = param.paramName;
    result["value"] = param.value;
    return result;
}

template<>
Json::Value serializeMaterialParam(const MaterialParam<std::string> &param)
{
    Json::Value result(Json::objectValue);
    result["paramName"] = param.paramName;
    result["value"] = param.value;
    return result;
}

// TODO: improve template specializations
template<typename T, size_t N>
Json::Value serializeMaterialArrayParam(const MaterialParam<T[N]> &param)
{
    Json::Value result(Json::objectValue);
    result["paramName"] = param.paramName;
    Json::Value jArray(Json::arrayValue);
    for (size_t index = 0; index < N; ++index)
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        jArray.append(param.value[index]);
    }
    result["value"] = jArray;
    return result;
}

template<>
Json::Value serializeMaterialParam(const MaterialParam<std::vector<StringPair>> &param)
{
    Json::Value result(Json::objectValue);
    result["paramName"] = param.paramName;
    Json::Value jArray(Json::arrayValue);
    for (const auto &pair : param.value)
    {
        Json::Value jPair(Json::objectValue);
        jPair[pair.first] = pair.second; // maybe it's better to make separate entry for "first" item
        jArray.append(jPair);
    }
    result["value"] = jArray;
    return result;
}

Json::Value serializeMaterial(const Material &material)
{
    Json::Value result(Json::objectValue);
    result["materialId"] = material.materialId;
    result["materialName"] = material.materialName;
    Json::Value jFloatParams(Json::arrayValue);
    for (const auto &floatParam : material.floatParams)
    {
        jFloatParams.append(serializeMaterialParam(floatParam));
    }
    result["floatParams"] = jFloatParams;
    Json::Value jIntParams(Json::arrayValue);
    for (const auto &intParam : material.intParams)
    {
        jIntParams.append(serializeMaterialParam(intParam));
    }
    result["intParams"] = jIntParams;
    Json::Value jFloat3Params(Json::arrayValue);
    for (const auto &float3Param : material.float3Params)
    {
        jFloat3Params.append(serializeMaterialArrayParam(float3Param));
    }
    result["float3Params"] = jFloat3Params;
    Json::Value jFloat4Params(Json::arrayValue);
    for (const auto &float4Param : material.float4Params)
    {
        jFloat4Params.append(serializeMaterialArrayParam(float4Param));
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    result["float4Params"] = jFloat4Params;
    Json::Value jMapNameVectorParams(Json::arrayValue);
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    result["mapNameVectorParams"] = jMapNameVectorParams;
    Json::Value jMapNameParams(Json::arrayValue);
    for (const auto &mapNameParam : material.mapNameParams)
    {
        jMapNameParams.append(serializeMaterialParam(mapNameParam));
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    result["mapNameParams"] = jMapNameParams;
    return result;
}


text:
9 Oldest Cartoons in the World
If you ask most people what the oldest cartoon is, chances are they would tell you it was Disney's Steamboat Willie. Although many people believe it is the oldest cartoon, it obviously isn't as it is the last item on this list. The oldest cartoons predate Steamboat Willie by a few decades and people were already toying with animating pictures in the mid to late 1800s – even people from the paleolithic era attempted to depict motion in their cave drawings. Although there were a few early attempts of animated drawings, the items on this list are considered to be the earliest cartoons.
9. Steamboat Willie
Creator: Walt Disney and Ub Iwerks (animated by: Les Clark, Ub Iwerks, and Wilfred Jackson)
Running Time: 7:42
Of all the early cartoons on this list, Steamboat Willie is the most iconic as it is considered the official debut of Mickey Mouse and Minnie Mouse. The film was the third featuring Mickey to be produced, but the first to be released. It was also the first Disney cartoon with synchronized sound and the first cartoon ever to feature a fully post-produced soundtrack.
The cartoon was an immediate hit with audiences and critics and its popularity lead Disney to reproduce the first two Mickey films with sound and release them in theaters. Steamboat Willie is now a part of popular culture and has been referenced numerous times in other animated and non-animated works.
8. Trolley Troubles
Creator: Walt Disney, Charles Mintz, and George Winkler (animated by: Ub Iwerks, Hugh Harman, Les Clark, Friz Frelang, Ben Clopton, Norm Blackburn, and Rollin "Ham" Hamiltion)
Trolley Troubles was the first animated short that featured Oswald the Lucky Rabbit, the inspiration for Mickey Mouse. Oswald was created by Walt Disney and Ub Iwerks for Universal Pictures.
Although the film was the first Oswald film released to the public, it was the second one produced. Disney and his team finished Poor Papa earlier in 1927, but Universal was unhappy with how the short turned out and Trolley Troubles was released instead. The film was immediately successful and Universal released a new Oswald cartoon every two weeks. It was released on DVD in 2007 in the Walt Disney Treasures volume The Adventures of Oswald the Lucky Rabbit.
7. The Adventures of Prince Achmed
Release Date: February 1926
Creator: Lotte Reiniger (animated by: Walter Ruttmann, Bertold Bartosch, and Carl Koch)
The Adventure of Prince Achmed (Die Abenteuer des Prinzen Achmed in the original German) is the oldest surviving animated feature-length film. Although there were two earlier animated feature films created by Argentinian cartoonist Quirino Cristiani, they were accidentally destroyed and are now considered lost.
The film features a silhouette animation technique that was created by Lotte Reiniger and the original prints of the movie featured color tinting. It took three years for Reiniger and her team to make the film and each second of the movie features 24 frames. The movie's story is based on "The Story of Prince Ahmed and the Fairy Paribanou" and other elements from One Thousand and One Nights.
6. Alice's Wonderland
Creator: Walt Disney (animated by: Hugh Harman, Rudolf Ising, Ub Iwerks, and Carman Maxwell)
Alice's Wonderland, not to be confused with Alice in Wonderland, was the first animated short film produced by Walt Disney. It was the first of several short films in Disney's Alice Comedies series. The film was never shown in theaters, but was shown to film distributors. It was released as a bonus feature in the Special "Un-Anniversary Edition" of Alice in Wonderland and can be viewed on the film's Wikipedia page.
The film mixes live action with animation as Alice is played by a young actress named Virginia Davis. After she goes on a tour through Disney's animation studio, she later dreams that she is in "cartoon-land."
5. Feline Follies
Creator: Pat Sullivan and Otto Messmer
Running Time: 48 seconds
Feline Follies was the first cartoon to feature Felix the Cat, one of the most famous cartoon characters from the silent film era. The creation of Felix has been disputed and both Pat Sullivan and Otto Messmer are credited as Felix's creators. Messmer was an American cartoonist and the lead animator at Sullivan's studio, which produced the Felix cartoons.
The first 25 cartoons were shown in theaters and distributed by Paramount Pictures from 1919 – 1921. In the first two cartoons, Feline Follies and The Musical Mews, Felix's character is named Master Tom. Some of the old cartoons, including Feline Follies were well-preserved and can be viewed at archive.org or official British Pathé archives at britishpathe.com.
4. Gertie the Dinosaur
Creator: Winsor McCay
Although American cartoonist and animator Winsor McCay created two earlier animated films, Gertie the Dinosaur is his most famous work. It is typically cited as the first example of a true cartoon and was the first to use animation techniques such as registration marks, keyframes, tracing paper, animation loops, and the Mutoscope action viewer.
The film is so important in the history of animation that it is the best preserved of McCay's films and a copy is housed in the U.S. Library of Congress' Film Registry. McCay's film influenced the next generation of animators including Walt Disney, Otto Messmer, Paul Terry, and the Fleischer brothers.
3. How a Mosquito Operates
Running Time: 6 minutes
How a Mosquito Operates was the second animated film created by cartoonist Winsor McCay. After the success of his first film Little Nemo, McCay improved his animation techniques and dedicated more time to creating new films. He spent more time developing a more coherent story line and deeper characterization for this film than in Little Nemo.
In addition to being technically better than other animated shorts of the time period, it is one of the first examples of line-drawn animation. The film features minimal backgrounds and focuses on the character's actions to tell the story without the use of intertitles, which were commonly used to show dialogue in silent films.
2. Little Nemo
Little Nemo (also called Winsor McCay: The Famous Cartoonist of the N.Y. Herald and His Moving Comics) is one of the oldest examples of detailed hand-drawn animation, which looks similar to modern cartoons. It was the first animated film created by famous American cartoonist, Winsor McCay and it features characters from McCay's comic strip Little Nemo in Slumberland.
Most of the film's runtime shows McCay betting his colleagues that he can make 4000 drawings move, which is then followed by the actual animation. The film was immediately well-received after it premiered in 1911 and McCay ended up hand-coloring each of the frames, which were originally black and white, for future shows.
1. Fantasmagorie
Creator: Émile Cohl
Country of Origin: France
Running Time: Approx. 1:20
Fantasmagorie is considered to be the oldest cartoon in the world. The very short animation is one of the earliest examples of traditional (hand-drawn) animation. It was created in 1908 by French cartoonist Émile Cohl. The film depicts a stick figure man moving around and encountering morphing objects such as a wine bottle that turns into a flower. Cohl eventually worked for the French studio Éclair and in 1912, he came to the U.S. to spread the studio's animation techniques.
Fantasmagorie was followed by two more short films created by Cohl Le Cauchemar du fantoche (The Puppet's Nightmare, which is lost) and Un Drame chez les fantoches (The Love Affair in Toyland for American release and Mystical Love-Making for British release).
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text:
Game-Changing Technologies For Today's Data Scene
Joe McKendrick
Page 1 of 4 next >>
While change has always been a part of the database credo, the growing emphasis on data-driven decision making in today's economy has resulted in a dizzying plethora of technologies and methodologies entering the market. The number and scope of game-changing technologies are too numerous to mention, and one thing is certain: Database management will never be the same. We have identified some of the most promising technology initiatives, based on discussions with and input from data experts from across the industry spectrum, gathering their views on the key technologies—well-known or under the radar—that are worth watching.
"Streaming data has changed the way companies ingest information and has had an incredible impact on how businesses manage their big data opportunities," said Bobby Johnson, CTO and co-founder of Interana, and former director of engineering at Facebook. "Enterprises with the biggest competitive advantage empower both data analysts and business users to go beyond aggregate data with the ability to ask iterative questions at a granular level and in real time to fully understand their customers and their business."
Emerging or widespread? "Leveraging streaming data innovations is conceptually very established, but the adoption is emerging if you look at usage in Fortune 500 companies," said Johnson. "While the actual big pipe streaming of this data is becoming increasingly mainstream, the parts that are closer to cutting-edge involve what you do after you collect this data, such as behavioral analytics."
Potential challenges: To support streaming data, visibility and speed of insights are key, "because you must have that clear visibility in seconds—not days or weeks—to understand the diversity of your customer journey and ever-changing market conditions," Johnson said. "Without visibility, you may never see the data's richness and depth. The challenge here is that it can be more complicated, but the payoff is that it's really rich."
Future prospects: The future of streaming data is robust. "The need for streaming massive amounts of data from every angle of your business is critical for your business insights and planning," said Johnson. "In 5 years, every decision maker will have clear, reliable data that one can question in real time. Everything you care about—even something as simple as a light switch—is going to be generating information and it's going to end up in a pipeline, so it's critical to have access to interactive, real-time visibility of these things."
For today's market-savvy enterprises, automated customer data platforms (CDPs) unlock the value in their customers' data, said Abhi Yadav, CEO of Zylotech. "Automated CDPs solve a variety of data challenges for marketing and sales operations staff members who can miss upsell/cross-sell opportunities simply because their data is not working to their advantage. Their benefit is in consolidating customer data from a variety of siloed sources into one platform that significantly increases the level of insights available to users. Driven by AI, automated CDPs unify the demographic, behavioral, and transactional data of customer records, creating complete views of customer data."
Widespread or emerging? While it's a newer generation tool, "CDPs are increasingly seeing widespread use, according to a recent Forbes Insights survey," said Yadav.
Potential challenges: "The primary roadblock for the adoption of a CDP remains the chaos or noise within the industry," said Yadav. "As the CDP category has gained momentum in the past few years, many vendors which touch any form of customer data have now begun positioning themselves as CDPs. This makes it difficult for enterprises to quickly understand the relative strengths and weaknesses of one platform versus the other, which in turn makes it more difficult to choose a partner to form a solution around a business problem."
Future prospects: "Today, only some automated CDPs are enhanced with AutoML (automated machine learning), allowing business operations teams to have self-learning access to their data," said Yadav. "As these operations teams need a more complete view of customer data in real time to keep up with customer demands, all CDP users will require AutoML as a feature. This will not only make CDPs easy to use for non-technical users but it will give them a powerful capability to stay competitive."
ECOSYSTEM INTEGRATION SOFTWARE
With inefficient B2B, application, and data integrations with partners, suppliers, and customers, "ecosystem integration software is one technology area where enterprises can significantly differentiate themselves from their competitors," said Tushar Patel, CMO of Cleo. "Most companies are not keeping up because they are still approaching B2B and application integrations separately. Ecosystem integration software allows enterprises to orchestrate their end-to-end business workflows by taking an outside-in view—creating opportunities to optimize critical business processes."