This signed Mexican silver brooch/pendant is 2" high and 2 1/2" wide and it weighs one ounce. For complete text and other photos [click here].
These signed Mexican silver and turquoise earrings are just under 1 1/2" across and a bit over 2" high. For complete text and other photos [click here].
A pair of Mexican earrings measuring 1" wide and 1 3/8" high (including the wires) are adorned with abalone and onyx. For complete text and other photos [click here].
This Mexican signed 'opal' & silver bracelet measures 3/4" wide and it is 7 1/2" long. For complete text and other photos [click here].
Mexican silver bracelet. It measures 1/2" wide a bit over 7 1/4" in length. For complete text and other photos [click here].
Marked Alpaca on the back, this Mexican pin wheel style brooch is inlaid with black onyx and abalone shell. For complete text and other photos [click here].
Mexico signed cactus brooch. It is signed Mexico, TM 18 (I believe as it's a bit difficult to read) and 925. For complete text and other photos [click here].
This marked Otis sterling brooch is in great shape. All the stones are bright and clear. It measures 1 1/4" wide and 2" high. For complete text and other photos [click here].
This sterling marked with gold wash chatelaine dates from the 1952 coronation of Queen Elizabeth of England when royal jewels became the rage. For complete text and other photos [click here].


The Bookstore hires both work-study and general fund students in all areas of the Bookstore. We also employ a large number of temporary students to assist at the beginning and end of each semester.
If you are interested in employment with us, pick up an application & schedule from our cashier at the front of the store, or follow both links below to submit to the Bookstore.


text:
COVID-19 Update >> We Are Open 24/7
A National Alliance Of Products Lawyers
Handling Complex Injury Cases
Paragard IUD
Ethicon Staples
FiberCel Fiber VBM
Knee Implants
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Airbag Recalls
LED Flashlight Explosions
WILL AN MDL HASTEN PAYOUTS?
Taxotere Lawsuit Settlements: Will Louisiana MDL Spur Compensation?
Are There Taxotere Lawsuit Settlements?
Hundreds of breast cancer patients say Taxotere, a common chemotherapy agent, causes permanent hair loss. Citing over a decade of medical research, more than 1,500 of the women have filed lawsuits against the drug's manufacturer, Sanofi-Aventis.
Consolidated MDL in New Orleans federal court
Initial trials schedule for January 2019
Did you or a loved one experience permanent hair loss after receiving Taxotere? Our experienced lawyers are ready to fight for your best interests. Contact our experienced Taxotere attorney for a free consultation.
Litigation Status: Active
Accepting Clients: Yes
Content Author: Laurence Banville
Edited By: Emily Smith
Published: 1010/1818/17171717
Fact checked on: 1010/1818/17171717Resources Cited in this Article
"The lawyers that form this alliance truly work on these cases and often take leadership positions on the steering committees that litigate them." - Laurence Banville
Over 1,500 women have now filed product liability lawsuits against Sanofi-Aventis, the French pharmaceutical manufacturer responsible for Taxotere, one of the most common breast cancer chemotherapy drugs. In their claims, breast cancer patients and survivors accuse Sanofi of concealing the demonstrated link between Taxotere exposure and permanent hair loss, a rare side effect of only two currently-available chemo agents. Taxotere is one of those two drugs.
How MDL Structures Legal Proceedings
The vast majority of Taxotere lawsuits are consolidated in the US District Court for the Eastern District of Louisiana. In New Orleans, all federally-filed claims have been gathered together for coordinated pre-trial proceedings. From now on, any new Taxotere lawsuit that is appropriate for a federal court can be filed directly in the Louisiana court.
A panel of plaintiffs' attorneys, the Plaintiffs' Steering Committee, has been appointed to handle high-level issues of discovery (gathering evidence) and legal strategy. This group will spearhead the effort to probe the allegations that each lawsuit shares. Meanwhile, individual plaintiffs' attorneys are working through the details unique to their own clients' cases.
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Select What Caused Your Injury
Medical Drug
What is the name of the device/product/drug?
Date of Diagnosis / Injury
Describe Injuries Suffered
Date Device Implanted
Date Device Removed
Date First Took Drug
Date Last Took Drug
Date of Product Purchase
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Efficiency & Settlement: The Two Goals Of MDL
The idea behind this sort of consolidation, which is known as MDL (or Multi-District Litigation, since the lawsuits were originally filed in multiple federal district courts), is to promote efficiency.
Instead of stretching its defense team across numerous jurisdictions, Sanofi-Aventis can focus on a single court, addressing all of the similar Taxotere lawsuits in one place. And rather than filing myriad identical requests for evidence, the consolidated group of plaintiffs can all benefit from the submission of a single application.
At bottom, the point is to work through these pre-trial proceedings as quickly and cheaply as possible.
Learn More: Taxotere Lawsuit TV Commercials
Bellwether Trials: Starting January 2019
So what happens after pre-trial proceedings are over? In theory, the Honorable Kurt D. Engelhardt, who has been selected to preside over the litigation, can send each lawsuit back to its original court for further proceedings, including a trial. That's unlikely to happen.
Most litigations that are consolidated end in some form of settlement in the federal court to which they have been transferred. But that doesn't mean a number of cases won't go to trial first. In fact, Judge Engelhardt has already scheduled four of these initial trials, which are set to kick off in January 2019. The early trials selected from an MDL are known as "bellwether" trials.
At some point in the near future, both sides in the dispute, plaintiffs and Sanofi-Aventis, will sit down to pick out four cases that adequately represent the essential aspects of the Taxotere litigation. These four lawsuits will then go to trial, in front of actual federal juries. Those juries will render actual decisions, assigning liability or choosing to absolve Sanofi of responsibility.
What Impact Will Trials Have On Settlement Negotiations?
If one or more plaintiffs secure compensation, the jury will calculate how much their damages are worth and order Sanofi to pay up. All of these results are data, concrete information from real-world trials. In light of this new data, plaintiffs and Sanofi will have gained an invaluable understanding of where their opposing cases fail or succeed. This newfound understanding will, in turn, come to structure the course of ongoing settlement proceedings.
Think about it. If you lost four initial trials, how excited would you be to fight through nearly 1,600 more? Less excited, probably. And, if you won a number of preliminary cases, you would likely become more confident in the legal strategy you'd been employing. Plaintiffs who secure bellwether victories gain leverage in settlement talks, and can demand more money in compensation. In a complementary fashion, defendants who win a few bellwether trials become less likely to settle the cases at all, or at least can justify offering a lower sum in damages.
A Golden Road To Resolution?
As we can now see, the entire process of Multi-District Litigation is geared toward shaping the conversations that take place in the conference room. Needless to say, the Taxotere MDL is still at an early point. The first bellwether trial won't be held until January 2019.
But would it be smart to wait before filing a new case? We don't think so. In important respects, MDL proceedings, despite being held in a centralized federal court, are still governed by a battery of state-based product liability laws. One of these laws is the statute of limitations.
Pay Attention To The Statute Of Limitations
Every state has a statute of limitations, a law that restricts the amount of time breast cancer patients will have to file suit. Miss this all-important deadline and Sanofi is almost certain to request an immediate dismissal, with little resistance from the court. So it would behoove any prospective plaintiff to contact an experienced attorney as soon as possible.
To find information on your state's statute of limitations for product liability claims, check out this guide at FindLaw.
What's At Issue In Taxotere Lawsuits?
While around half of all systemic chemotherapy drugs cause a degree of hair loss, the side effect is almost always temporary. Oncologists frequently reassure their patients, for whom hair loss can be a distressing complication, that any alopecia experienced will begin to resolve within one month of a treatment regimen's end.
Chemotherapy & Permanent Hair Loss
The same cannot be said for many Taxotere patients, according to a wealth of medical studies. In fact, two of Sanofi's own clinical trials, conducted prior to the drug's approval in 2004, revealed evidence that between 3% and 9% of women who underwent breast cancer treatment with Taxotere could experience "persistent" hair loss. Many of the women in these trials were followed for up to 8 years. But in America, Taxotere's warning label contained no mention of this risk.
A section on common side effects listed "hair loss," but gave no clue as to how long this alopecia could last, let alone that it could last forever. More to the point, Taxotere's US labeling appeared to take an encouraging tone, saying only that "hair generally grows back" after treatment.
It's highly likely that, in light of these statements, medical providers in America had little reason to think Taxotere was any different from competitor drugs, none of which are known to cause permanent alopecia.
Why Did US Patients Only Get A Warning In 2015?
Things were different, however, overseas. Separate documentation, prepared for Taxotere's release in the European Union, noted that "cases of permanent alopecia have been reported." That reference appeared in Europe as early as 2009. A similar warning was quietly issued in Canada in 2012. But it was only in 2015, more than a decade after those two fateful clinical trials, that Sanofi-Aventis would finally provide a warning for consumers in the US market. Today, the drug's FDA-approved label contains two references to permanent hair loss.
The current range of estimates suggests that between 3% and 15% of Taxotere patients will never regrow their hair. Is that a high enough proportion to warrant a public warning? The European Medicines Agency certainly thinks so. Any side effect that occurs in between 1% and 10% of patients is considered "common" by the European regulatory body. The FDA takes a similar line.
So why did Sanofi-Aventis choose to omit permanent hair loss from Taxotere's US warning label? That question, perhaps the most important question we will address, is the subject of some 1,500 lawsuits, most of which have been consolidated in the US District Court for the Eastern District of Louisiana.
Free Consults
Get Justice
Medical Journals & Expert Research Cited In This Article
US Courts Eastern District of Louisiana Taxotere Products Liability Litigation
FDA: FDA warns Cancer Drug May Cause Symptoms of Alcohol Intoxication
US National Library of Medicine: Persistent Major Alopecia Following Adjuvant Docetaxel
Taxotere Hair Loss Claims Consolidated In Louisiana MDL
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TheProductLawyers.com is primarily sponsored by Banville Law, PLLC, a New York-based law firm, with attorneys licensed to practice law in the state of New York. and the District of Columbia. TheProductLawyers.com is an alliance of attorneys across the United States who dedicate their professional careers to representing individuals who were seriously injured by defective products, drugs and medical devices. This website is to be considered ATTORNEY ADVERTISING. Past settlement and verdict values are no guarantee of similar future outcomes. TheProductLawyers.com is not a law firm. TheProductsLawyers.com has a team of consumer advocates who can help connect consumers or patients to members of the TheProductLawyers.com alliance who are experienced in a specific type of case for a free legal consultation.
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
New TCAP Report: Capacity Market Will Increase Electricity Costs, Government Regulations
Nov 19, 2013 | Industry News
A proposed system for subsidizing power generators would increase Texas electric bills, but without any clear benefit to consumers, a new report concludes.
"A Retreat from Electric Competition: How a Texas Capacity Market Will Lead to Expensive Subsidies, New Regulations and Higher Prices" shows that the proposed subsidies to power generators could increase electricity costs in Texas by billions of dollars each year. The report was co-commissioned by two city coalitions, the Texas Coalition for Affordable Power and the Steering Committee of Cities Served by Oncor.
Generation companies are lobbying regulators to mandate the subsidies. In theory, the extra cash will give generation companies financial incentives to build more plants and keep pace with the state's growing demand for energy. But generation companies offer few guarantees, and projections relating to the state's energy future have been fraught with problems, the report shows.
"These subsidies will needlessly increase electric bills, but without any clear payoff in terms of system reliability," said Dr. Randy Moravec, executive director of the Texas Coalition for Affordable Power. "Mandating the payment of these capacity subsidies also would mark a retreat from the free market principles upon which Texas deregulated its electricity market."
The new policy primer examines the subsidies as part of a larger proposal for what is known as a "capacity market." Under a capacity market, retail electric providers — that is, the companies that directly serve residential and business consumers — would face new government requirements to make "capacity payments" to generation companies. These payments would be in addition to the regular cost of wholesale power. The cost of the subsidies will end up in residential and business electricity bills, according to the report.
The creation of a capacity market currently is under consideration by the Texas Public Utility Commission. If approved, the change would mark the most dramatic shift to the Texas electricity market since deregulation more than a decade ago.
Jay Doegey
of Cities
Served by Oncor
Although supporters say a capacity market would help address possible power shortfalls in the state's future, the new policy primer concludes that the main impact would be to increase electricity costs. The report also shows that the push by generation companies for the capacity subsidies appears to be based on faulty premises.
Together, the Steering Committee of Cities Served by Oncor and the Texas Coalition for Affordable Power collectively represent more than 230 cities and political subdivisions in Texas with more than 5.5 million residents. Their joint report was released Tuesday on the organizations' websites, www.tcaptx.com and www.citiesservedbyoncor.org.
"With these subsidies, generators would be paid simply for existing," said Jay Doegey, board chairman of the Steering Committee of Cities Served by Oncor. "These very expensive proposals will almost certainly lead to higher electricity prices. What's unclear, however, is whether these subsidies really are necessary and how Texas consumers would ever benefit from them."
The report includes a number of findings:
By their very design, capacity markets contribute to higher electric costs. By one estimate, the mandated subsidies to Texas generators could total nearly $5 billion annually. However, regulators have yet to conduct any sort of cost-benefit analysis to determine possible bill impacts for home and business consumers.
Those calling for these subsidies have premised their arguments on speculative technical projections that have consistently proven to be incorrect.
Similar subsidy mandates in other jurisdictions have not worked well. Even those who stand the most to gain financially — generation owners — have noted serious challenges in other regions.
By mandating payments of these subsidies to generation companies, Texas would be retreating from the free-market principles under which it deregulated its electricity market.
Texas regulators have already taken aggressive action to address the state's reliability concerns, and continue to consider other options that would be less burdensome to ratepayers.
Although generation companies could reap billions of dollars each year in capacity subsidies, most of that money won't go towards building new power plants. This is because the subsidies paid to generators would reflect the value of existing power plant capacity, not new construction. Capacity subsidies may end up with generation company shareholders or for any number of purposes unrelated to resolving resource adequacy challenges.
Download the report in PDF format
The policy primer also includes historical context and recommendations. "A Retreat from Electric Competition" and other policy reports about the Texas electricity market can be found at our Reports repository.
Texas Coalition for Affordable Power Report finds Capacity Market Will Increase Electricity Costs in Texas | SEEDCoalitionBlog.com - […] http://tcaptx.wpengine.com/press-releases/new-tcap-report-capacity-market-will-increase-electricity-costs […]
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The HT55BL was developed for home DIY users who need a dependable yet economical tool. It features a soft, ergonomic comfort handle and light weight stamped steel body making it easy to handle for the occasional user. The convenient quick load magazine makes reloading and clearing jams so easy that users can do it one handed – perfect for when on a roof or in a tight space.


TUXEDO MONEY PTY. LTD. (Licence# 000504781) is an Australian financial service (AFS) licenced with Australian Securities and Investments Commission (ASIC), Australian Financial Services Licensee Register. The licence issue date is June 13, 2018.
Licence Name TUXEDO MONEY PTY. LTD.


Bubble sleeves on a kimono...shut. up! This Bohemian print kimono features open front, bubble sleeve and beautiful vibrant colors. We love it paired over the Rolled Sleeve V-Neck Tee in Teal. This lightweight kimono will dress up any outfit you pair it with.


Indian Testing Centre Pvt. Ltd.
About Indian Testing Centre Pvt. Ltd.
Indian Testing Centre established in the year 2000 is into testing, analysing and quality evaluation service provision. For that they have set up a laboratory with latest technological equipment and instruments to conduct chemical and mechanical testing. They have expertise in testing of construction materials, metals, alloys, water and soil. Their testing services help to determine the mechanical properties and chemical composition of the subject of tests, which helps to enhance the quality of construction materials to multiple folds. They are able to operate and provide these services because the technologies they possess and their agile and highly professional workforce. In 15 years of operation they have been able to acquire an impressive and loyal client base through their superlative performance.


Cosmetic dental procedures include veneers, bonding, whitening teeth, dental implants, ceramic inlays, onlays and porcelain crowns. Cosmetic dental work can enhance your smile, appearance and overall youthful look!
Our whitening system will help eliminate stains on your teeth caused by aging or consuming coffee, tea, colas, tobacco, red wine, etc. Teeth whitening is one of the safest and most rewarding cosmetic dental treatments available. We have many options for teeth whitening available including one-hour Zoom whitening treatment, white spot lesion removal and quick bleaching.
Snap-On-Smile is a thin, strong resin material that snaps on over your actual teeth. It can be removed in a similar fashion to a retainer, allowing you to easily brush and floss your teeth. The Snap-On-Smile offers patients a beautiful restorative option. There are no injections, no drilling and the entire process takes only 2 office visits. Within a few weeks, you will be well on your way to a beautiful new smile!
Consider Invisalign to get the straight beautiful teeth you've always wanted! Invisalign uses a series of invisible, removable and comfortable aligners to straighter your teeth. You wear a new set of aligners every 2 weeks; removing them only to eat, drink, floss and brush. As you replace each aligner with the next set, your teeth will gradually shift until they have straightened to the final beautiful position determined by the doctor. Total treatment time averages 8-16 months, but will vary from case to case.
Dental Implants are small titanium posts that are placed beneath the gum to work as the roots of missing teeth. An artificial tooth, or crown is then specially fitted to match your teeth and assist in creating a beautiful smile. Dental implants are designed to provide a solid foundation for replacement teeth that look, feel and function exactly like natural teeth. Implants can greatly help those who suffer from poorly fitting dentures or missing teeth.
Dental crowns and bridges are utilized to replace tooth structure which has been lost and restore its proper shape and form. Crowns are often used to fix a broken or worn tooth structure, safeguard cracked teeth, protect weak teeth that are at risk of breaking. Dental bridges replace missing teeth and can improve gum problems, occlusal interferences and unwanted teeth movement.


Selling a home is daunting, we're here to help.
When you work with us we will keep you up-to-date on what is happening in the marketplace and the price, financing, terms and conditions of competing properties. You will know exactly how to price and when to sell your property.
We offer solution services for tough real estate problems. We've cleared liens, closed and funded short sells, and liquidated assets for probate. We have buyers ready to make an offer on your home immediately to help you move forward and without expensive closing costs.


MWC offers weekly instruction Monday – Saturday.
Lessons come in several formats: private, partner and small group.
Private Lessons: Lesson length is flexible, ranging from 20-minute to 60-minute weekly lesson blocks.
Full partnership – both students are with the instructor the entire lesson. Lesson length can be 40 or 60 minutes.
Partner Overlap or 20/20/20 – each student has a 20-minute private teacher time and a 20-minute partner/teacher time. In addition, a 30-minute or 40-minute private time can be scheduled in conjunction with the 20-minute partner time.
In this 60-minute small-group class (3 – 4 adults), adult students not only learn how to play the piano but also how to parent the piano student! These classes can guide parents in developing strategies with home practice while developing their own piano skills. Who should join a class?
Parents who say "I wish my mom/dad didn't let me quit", i.e. those returning to lessons after a long hiatus.
Parents who 'used to play pretty good". For those adults who are more adept, classes can assist in learning duets with their students, understanding the music literacy process at MWA with Guide Notes and Transposition, learn 'the song' they've always wanted to play, and brush up on skills.


text:
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// Any modifications to this file will be lost upon recompilation of the source schema.
// Generated on: 2014.08.15 at 08:44:39 PM EDT
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package org.sierraecg.schema.jaxb._1_04;

import javax.xml.bind.annotation.XmlAccessType;
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@XmlRootElement(name = "generalpatientdata")
public class Generalpatientdata {

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    @XmlElement(required = true)
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    @XmlElement(required = true)
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    /**
     * Gets the value of the mrn property.
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    public String getMRN() {
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    /**
     * Sets the value of the mrn property.
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    /**
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     *
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     * Gets the value of the pacestatus property.
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    /**
     * Sets the value of the pacestatus property.
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    /**
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     * @return
     *     possible object is
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    /**
     * Sets the value of the sex property.
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    public Race getRace() {
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     * @return
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    /**
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     * @return
     *     possible object is
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     * @param value
     *     allowed object is
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     *
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        this.weight = value;
    }

}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


Available with Spatial Analyst license.
If the input locations for the Sample tool are specified as a point feature dataset, the point coordinates may not be the same as the cell centers of the cells specified in the input raster. To determine the values at the exact locations of the selected points, a resampling technique must be adopted. For discrete data types, the default Nearest resampling algorithm will be satisfactory. However, for continuous data types, it is more appropriate to perform another resampling technique. For instance, for elevation data, applying bilinear interpolation or cubic convolution will provide more accurate results. The bilinear option will determine the cell values based on a weighted distance of the four nearest input cell centers. The cubic option will compute the cell value based on the weighted distance of the nearest 16 cells.
The Process as multidimensional parameter determines how the input rasters are sampled. If this parameter is checked, the input rasters will be sampled along all of their dimensions; otherwise, only the current slice of a multidimensional raster will be sampled. When the process as multidimensional parameter is checked, the sampled values appear in separate rows of the output table (row-wise output). When the parameter is unchecked, sampled values appear as separate columns in the output table (column-wise). Row-wise output can be helpful when using the output table to create charts or graphs.


This module will facilitate the development of a critical understanding of key topics on emotional development and the development of emotional disorder in childhood and adolescence, with a specific focus on the emergence of anxious affect. The module will develop students' transferable skills to work independently and in groups and to communicate their understanding of this area of research orally and in written form.
The unit will introduce students to broad issues related to emotional development and emotional disorder and those specific to anxiety in children and adolescents. By the end of the module students should be able to demonstrate and communicate critical thinking both in writing and verbally in key topic areas in the study of emotional development and the development of anxious affect in children and adolescents.
Effective organization of material for written work and oral presentation.
Self-reflection and evidencing that learning outcomes have been met.
(1) Each session will be recorded for student to use for revision. (2) Students will have the opportunity to give and receive feedback from their peer group. (3) Students will have the opportunity to reflect on and allocate a mark to their own work. (4) Students will learn to manage discussion within and between small groups and communicate key points to the audience.
The first two sessions in this module will introduce students to emotional development and developmental psychopathology. Each subsequent weekly session will consist of a 30 minute introduction to a topic within this field of research. Students will then work in groups of 10 to present key empirical papers to highlight a specific issue within an area of research in emotional disorders in development. The presentation group will finish their talk by highlighting a series of discussion questions that the rest of the group will discuss and then bring back to the main group.
Nadel, J., & Muir, D. (2007). Emotional development.
Kendler, K.S., Kendler, S.R. & Romer, D. (2011). The dynamic genome and mental health.
Lewis, M. (2013). Rise of Consciousness and the Development of Emotional Life.
Mash, E.J. & Barkley, R.A. (Eds.) (2007). Assessment of childhood disorders.
Hudziak, J.J. (2008). Developmental Psychopathology and wellness.
Stallard, P. (2008). Anxiety. Cognitive behaviour therapy with children and young people..
Appleton, P. (2008). Children's anxiety..
Beidel, D.C. & Turner, S.M. (2011). Childhood anxiety disorders.


text:
LL Cool J's Ballet Secret Revealed?
Published 11:54 AM PST, February 19, 2013
While consistently juggling multiple TV and music projects, NCIS: Los Angeles star LL Cool J still manages to have fun at work. ET's Rocsi Diaz recently caught up with LL and his co-star Renée Felice Smith, who revealed that one way the rapper unwinds on the set is by trying out new ballet moves!
"He's great -- he's got an infectious spirit and I support that," Renée said about working with LL. She then confessed that the two sometimes "have a little dance break" between scenes. "He's a mover and I'm a tapper, so sometimes we trade moves," she said, adding that LL "has a lovely port de bras (ballet move)."
PICS: Star Sightings
When asked about his tip-toeing talent, LL jokes that he's working hard to master new moves. "Yeah, I've been freelancing, I've been moonlighting doing ballet every weekend, that's my new thing," he said. "I was going to come out with it next week, but since she (Renée) scooped it, yeah. I actually have a leotard on under here, with the ballet slippers -- go LL, go LL!"
You can check out LL and Renée in an all-new episode of NCIS: Los Angeles tonight at 9 p.m. on CBS.
VIDEO: NCIS: LA Cast Reacts to O'Donnell Directing


Following the terror attacks in Brussels, campaigners on both sides of the EU referendum debate have been making claims about whether the UK is safer in or out of the European Union.
In particular, they've stressed the importance of border controls, intelligence sharing, and the role of European courts in Britain's security. The BBC's Reality Check team has taken a closer look at the facts behind the claims.
The biggest issue for many campaigners is how much difference the EU's rules on freedom of movement make to Britain's ability to police its borders.
At the very start of the referendum campaign, Iain Duncan Smith claimed Britain's "open border does not allow us to check and control people that may come", and that made attacks like the ones in Paris in November 2015 more likely in the UK.
On the other side of the argument, Sir David Omand, former director of GCHQ, said: "We are part of an established information sharing network with our partners whilst still retaining control of our border."
So what are the facts? EU freedom of movement allows citizens of all the other 27 EU countries to travel freely to the UK, to visit, study or work.
There is a UK border, and everyone, including citizens of EU-member states, has to produce a passport to cross it. In practice, holders of EU passports are not routinely subjected to detailed checks.
The UK is not a member of the Schengen area of borderless travel. Most EU countries are, as well as some non-EU countries like Switzerland and Norway.
Lack of internal border checks within Schengen has enabled terrorists - and their weapons - to move freely across continental EU, to execute attacks and to escape.
Being outside Schengen and being an island makes travel to the UK harder for potential attackers. But, as noted above, they are not likely to be subject to detailed checks when they try to cross into the UK if they hold an EU passport.
In the wake of the Paris November 2015 attacks, the EU renewed efforts to improve sharing of passenger name record data for flights and there were also calls for the establishment of an EU-wide intelligence service.
One of the most important counter-terrorism measures is sharing information between different security services.
There is no EU-wide intelligence-sharing arrangement, and nor is there likely to be any time soon.
Security and intelligence services are intrinsically secret organisations which share their information only with those they trust to keep their secrets too. That does not apply uniformly across the 28 member states of the EU.
The UK's biggest intelligence relationships lie outside the EU. It shares intelligence with the US and with three other English-speaking countries: Canada, Australia and New Zealand, forming the "five eyes" alliance.
There are direct agreements between certain member states. These are not dependent on membership of the EU - so would they change in the event of Brexit?
Not likely, according to Sir Richard Dearlove, former director of MI6.
In an interview for Prospect magazine, he said: "Britain is Europe's leader in intelligence and security matters and gives much more than it gets in return.
"It is difficult to imagine any of the other EU members ending the relationships they already enjoy with the UK."
While there is no EU-wide intelligence agency, there is an EU-wide enforcement agency - Europol.
It helps fight crime and terrorism across the EU by providing expertise, building criminal databases and supporting investigations on issues ranging from trafficking of people and drugs to money laundering and cyber-crime.
Europol's director, Rob Wainwright, says: "I have seen huge progress in the EU in building up a far stronger capability to fight terrorism and serious crime."
One such advance is the Prüm Convention, an agreement on sharing of DNA, fingerprint and vehicle information, to identify foreign criminals and solve serious crimes. Fourteen EU countries have signed it (the UK voted to join the agreement in December 2015) and it is open to all EU members.
There is also the Schengen Information Service, which is highly valued by UK officials for alerting them to suspects crossing borders.
Then there's the European Arrest Warrant, an EU-wide agreement, that speeds up and simplifies extradition procedures between EU countries.
Last year, the mechanism was used to extradite two British Islamist extremists, Trevor Brooks and Simon Keeler, from Hungary to the UK. In 2005, Hussain Osman, London underground bomber was extradited from Italy to the UK.
While I have found many British military and intelligence experts who agree with Sir Richard that Nato defence arrangements and bilateral intelligence exchanges would probably continue unaltered by Brexit, the majority I've spoken to still express opposition to Britain leaving the EU.
They point to emerging security ties at the European level. Missing out on this, they argue, counts for more than the increased ability to control the movement of EU nationals that "outers" such as Iain Duncan Smith argue would make Britain more secure.
Read more of Mark's analysis here.
When campaigners talk about European courts threatening British security, they're usually referring to the role the courts play in deporting - or, more correctly, blocking the deportation of - criminals and terror suspects.
Most of the examples they're talking about, like the 12-year-long case of Abu Qatada, have been rulings emanating from the European Court of Human Rights (ECHR) or rulings of British courts under the Human Rights Act (HRA).
Crucially, the ECHR is not an EU body. Its job is to uphold the European Convention on Human Rights which was drawn up after the Second World War, partly thanks to Winston Churchill. The Human Rights Act incorporates the convention into UK law.
So leaving the EU wouldn't be enough to get around the convention. The UK would also have to withdraw from the ECHR and abolish the Human Rights Act.
These are things David Cameron has said in the past he's prepared to do, so could the UK just leave the ECHR and remain in the EU? Tricky - legal opinion is divided on whether adherence to the ECHR is a condition of EU membership (as this House of Commons Library research paper makes clear).
Campaigners sometimes refer to another court: the European Court of Justice (ECJ). Its role is to uphold EU law including the right of free movement, and so it can rule on deportations.
Under EU rules, citizens of other EU countries can only be deported or denied entry on the grounds of public policy, public security or public health.
Holding a criminal conviction isn't enough. The person must pose a threat to the interests of society. And the threshold goes up after five and ten years of residence in the UK.
EU law also gives additional rights of entry and residence to the family members of EU citizens even if they're from elsewhere.
That means it's more difficult for Britain to deport or bar entry to criminals who are from the EU or related to EU citizens.
Reality Check: Could Brexit lead to an end to austerity?
Reality Check: Would Brexit cost every household £850?
Reality Check: Should you care about economic models?


text:
By George Horvath
Hospital Board discusses Foundation, Auxiliary, lower clinic prices
The Washakie County Hospital Board of Trustees opened their regular meeting Tuesday, Feb. 26, with Vice Chair Dean Carrell introducing new board member Bryony Volin.
Following this, Mary Jo Hake presented a history of the Washakie Hospital Foundation and described its mission and current activities. The Foundation was established in 1993. Its mission is to engage charitable resources that support and strengthen our hospital and the community and thus enhance the quality of life in the Big Horn Basin. Early fundraising efforts by Ruth Bower and others developed seed money, which Bower invested wisely. The Foundation received donations from many organizations. They continue to hold fundraising events – including nine or 10 in the past year. Last year the Foundation gave more than $25,000 to people in the Big Horn Basin, from the Foundation's cancer fund and its general fund. The Foundation currently has nine volunteer members, and would welcome additional members.
Cathy Immesoete and Meg Stark then discussed the Washakie Hospital Auxiliary. The Auxiliary began in 1976 when early members dressed up as cowboys. With their guns, they pretended to "rob" local merchants for donations. Early efforts helped secure telephones and television sets in all patient rooms. Nowadays the Auxiliary continues their work in helping to brighten the hospital environment for patients and personnel. They do many things to help patients feel more comfortable during their stay.
Immesoete and Stark said the auxiliary is an all-volunteer organization. They hand-sew neck and belly pillows for patients. Every new baby born in the hospital brings home a hand-sewn bib and a few other cute things. The Auxiliary obtains all kinds of materials to improve patient comfort during various tests and procedures. They have also bought waiting room furniture.
Every year, the Auxiliary offers two $500 scholarships to young people considering medical careers – one each to a scholar from Worland and one from Ten Sleep.
Their primary means of fundraising are through the gift shop and the annual ice cream social. The Auxiliary currently has around 30 members.
Ladies and gentlemen potentially interested in joining the Auxiliary's volunteer efforts are invited to attend their monthly meeting (Worland Elks Club, 5:30 p.m. on the third Tuesday of each month; next meeting is March 17).
After these presentations, Chief Financial Officer Jennifer McMillan gave her report. Banner has had a pricing change. Until recently, prices in Banner's western division were different in urban clinical facilities than they were in rural ones. Now prices have been standardized. The price change is not reflected in the current budget, but McMillan's next report will reflect the new prices. Banner made this change in order to be ahead of the curve, in view of upcoming federal regulation as well as new rules concerning transparency in medical costs. Large organizations tend not to be agile, but Banner has a long history of working to get the jump on important new requirements. For example, Banner was an early proponent of patient electronic medical records, McMillan reported.
The hospital was not as busy in January as Banner had anticipated. McMillan reported that although the hospital's costs exceeded the budget by 3%, or $80,000, its expenses were well-controlled. This allowed the hospital to absorb the negative income, and still come out on top. The situation was a bit different at the clinic. For the month, the clinic missed its budget by $6,000. However, there were 8% more clinic visits than had been expected. McMillan speculated that many clinic visits may have been for less acute concerns than might have been expected – so clinic income may have been lower.
McMillan brought some good news. She said that the clinic has been advocating since 2018 to get some price changes – to offer lower prices. Family practice rates at the Worland clinic are relatively high. This has had a negative impact on the numbers of patients seeking care. If folks are shopping around for the right clinic to which they may bring their families, price point may be an issue. Effective April 1, family practice visit charges will be lower. McMillan did not have the exact figures available, but said that patient visit charges would be dropping "significantly." Banner hopes to get the word out about this before April 1.
Chief Executive Officer Jay Stallings then gave his report about several new hospital employees, including a new emergency room physician. Nurse Jessica Wilhelm was named employee of the month for her exemplary work in detecting a glitch in a patient's heart monitoring equipment. Stallings also announced that a nuclear medicine mobile unit will come to the hospital once each month, greatly improving hospital capacity for medical imaging. Due diligence continues for a possible partnership between Banner Health and Wyoming Medical Center in Casper. Stallings said that he feels cautiously optimistic that the alliance will indeed be forged.
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text:
Dreams Minecraft face finally revealed face to the world!
mifrah October 20, 2022 0 Comments
Dreams Minecraft face is a YouTube Star, Unveils His Face Online. After being faceless for years. Dream, a Minecraft content creator with over 40 million subscribers on YouTube alone, The YouTube and Twitch celebrity, exposed his face online for the first time on Sunday. For his big revelation, more than 1.2 million viewers tuned in.
He stood in front of the camera wearing his trademark smiley-face mask after all the teasing. "My name is Clay; you may or may not be familiar with me. Perhaps you watched this video out of curiosity and have no interest in me.
Dream Minecraft face reveal
Minecraft YouTuber Dream has maintained his facial honesty despite having a sizable online following; except for a few brief hints, he has never revealed his appearance. Up until this point. Finally, on October 2, Dream removed the mask.
It's safe to say that Dream is not the only well-known content producer who has concealed their identity for a while. Other identities, such as Corpse Husband and Anomaly, similarly keep it under wraps, albeit the latter unintentionally slipped onto the stream.
Even though there have been many indications and teases over the years, some of which Dream himself has put out there and others that he hasn't, Dream has, for the most part, managed to keep his face a complete secret.
In June 2021, Dream stated that he would ultimately disclose his face but "take full use of it." And he has achieved this by creating anticipation over weeks, revealing his identity to other content producers one at a time before sharing it with viewers worldwide on October 2.
Who is Dream, and Why is he so popular?
Dreams Minecraft face is a 23-year-old man named Clay, and before his reveal, he hyped it up by face-timing several of his gaming pals for the first time.
A celebrity will look like this when it debuts on YouTube to 1.2 million viewers in 2022. Furthermore, you can enter without revealing your face.
There aren't many well-known YouTubers around nowadays who are entirely unknown.
Another video game character that has never knowingly exposed his face is Corpse Husband, although Dream is undoubtedly the biggest to have done so.
Most streamers used to go live with small boxes of themselves in this same corner, but these days, if you're streaming, you're probably doing it with your face, even if it's not your name.
I recall years ago when face reveals were reasonably common on YouTube and Stutter before that.
The exciting emergence of Vtubing is an exception to this rule, in which participants control virtual avatars synced to their physical movements and acting in place of themselves. If you want to go there, it's a bit "metaverse."
Why did a dream have a face?
As for Dream, he explained in the reveal video that he was weary of being "bunked up" and that he made this decision now due to one of his buddies relocating to America. It gives him more freedom to produce a wider variety of content and interact with his pals in real life without worrying about secrecy or leaks. Dreams Minecraft face being concealed for this length of time with this much anticipation must get tiring after a while. I do not envy being a 23-year-old and revealing your face to Thirty million people after decades of build-up and rumours.
Dream Minecraft face "reveal" teasers.
This picture of Dream (supposedly) sporting a Corpse beanie went viral on Twitter in March. The Minecraft celebrity reportedly posted it before quickly removing it because he knew his devoted fans would spread the information soon. But this isn't the first time he's used a short hair reveal to enrage supporters. He also showed his hair on Instagram in August 2021, covering the rest with a happy face mask.
However, these teasers have sometimes led to issues. For instance, he had to refute rumours that his face had leaked.
Dream uses FaceTime to expose the face to a close friend.
Towards the end of September 30, a few of Dream's closest pals uploaded videos to Twitter showing them FaceTime Dream for a secret face reveal. Some of these creators have been anticipating the appearance of a close buddy for more than ten years.
Finally, Dream's face is revealed.
The Dream finally unmasked himself on October 2 after years of laboring around the clock to keep his face out of the public eye. Dream, whose actual name is Clay, lifted the recognisable mask to reveal his face to the world after garnering a lot of online attention.
Dreams Minecraft face addressed the 1.3 million people watching the live broadcast. To put it briefly, his pal GeorgeNotFound was traveling to "meet for the first time." Dream now desired to "start doing things" in public as opposed to needing to remain hidden. He said in jest, "Get out there, meet the makers, and be a person."
As Dream and his buddies interact with other celebrities, viewers may anticipate seeing more "IRL content" from them in the future. However, he has no plans to "add a face cam" to his current Minecraft videos.
When was the reveal of the Dream face?
On September 19, Dreams Minecraft face said on his YouTube community tab that he would reveal his face in his upcoming video. We were finally able to confirm a date after considerable speculation. After years of suspense and mystery, fans finally saw the famous Minecraft star on October 2 at around 5 PM PT.
Dream fan base
To put it lightly, the fact that Dream revealed his identity was a significant issue for his neighborhood and Minecraft. With 5.6 million Twitter followers, 3.1 million Instagram followers, and 30.4 million YouTube subscribers, Dream has an astounding audience. For comparison, Ninja in Fortnite has 23.8 million users. 4.1 million people follow Dr Disrespect, and 47.5 million follow Taylor Swift.
Even though Dreams Minecraft face incredibly cut off from the Minecraft community and have never played a single minute of the game, I am aware of Dream. Some of the most well-known creators on the internet, Minecraft streamers and YouTubers, rule and reign over their expansive ecosystem. The most notable of all may be Dream, who up until now had never shown his face to his followers or even his pals, going by nothing more than a plain, recognisable smiley face.
Dreams Minecraft face
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Chronic Jaw Pain? Headaches? Earaches? We Can Help!
Does your jaw ever feel stiff or sore? Does it pop, click, or even become "locked" sometimes? Do you get migraines or earaches regularly and can't figure out why?
All of these problems and more can actually be caused by the same thing: a strained or injured TMJ. The TMJ, or temporomandibular joint, is the small set of hinges that connects your jaw to your head, and they allow it to move smoothly whenever you speak or eat. Problems with the TMJ, also known as temporomandibular joint disorders (TMD), can lead to years of chronic pain that not only damages your smile but your overall health as well.
Fortunately, Dr. Thomas Redfern and our team are capable of diagnosing and treating TMJ problems right here in Poulsbo. To learn how we do it, simply read on below.
When you come to see us for your regular checkup, we will always examine the health of your TMJ. We'll test your range of motion and ask if you have been experiencing any of the symptoms we mentioned above. If you are, then we have a number of treatment options available to you. They may be as simple as doing a few stretches during the day to loosen the muscles, or we may prescribe you to wear an orthotic device to bed to help place your jaw into a more comfortable orientation.
TMJ problems can often cause the bite to become misaligned, and as a result, this can cause tremendous amounts of pressure to be placed on very small areas of the teeth. This can be very painful, and over time, it can even damage the teeth. To address this situation, we can perform something called and equilibration/occlusal adjustment.
For this, we'll take an impression of your teeth to identify your particular trouble spots, and then Dr. Redfern will gently reshape your teeth so that they come together smoothly and pain-free.
This is a custom-made mouthpiece that will slightly reposition your jaw so that the muscles will be in a more natural and relaxed position. You'll only need to wear it to bed at night, and because it will be made to fit only you, it will be extremely comfortable. After wearing the splint for a few months, your muscles should eventually be able to settle into their new position on their own, completely relieving your pain and other symptoms. If you're constantly dealing with a stiff, sore jaw or chronic headaches, don't hesitate to let us know. Most of our patients are not aware that their TMJ can cause so many problems, or that they can get effective treatment from their trusted dentist. If you're ready to get rid of your everyday pain, be sure to contact us today for an appointment.


Book launch of David Quantick's new book, 'All My Colours'. Wednesday 17th April. 6pm. Printed Matter Bookshop, 185 Queens Road, Hastings, TN34 1RG. Free entry.Todd Milstead is a failed writer and a horrible man, even by the standards of late '70s America. But even he is confused when he realises he is the only person in the world who remembers an enormously-successful novel called All My Colours. And when Todd discovers that he remembers it well enough to copy it out and submit as his own, he thinks the answer to all his problems has arrived. Until the book that never existed takes its revenge.All My Colours is darkly funny and cheerfully unpleasant in a Richard Bachman stylee. It is written by Emmy-winning comedy writer David Quantick.


text:
\section{Introduction}

The cuprates remain an intriguing problem because they are strongly interacting electron systems close to the Mott state characterized by strong competing fluctuations of charge, magnetic, and superconducting order.  The subtle interplay between these fluctuations manifests as different behavior in the various cuprate versions.  Charge order is emphasized near 1/8 doping.  Superconducting fluctuations extend to high temperatures in the hole doped (p-type) cuprates.  Magnetic order is more strongly expressed in the electron (n-type) doped cuprates.  Mott correlations as half filling is approached become particularly important in underdoped materials. The difficulty of describing the electronic properties of the cuprates may lie in the necessity to account for these different fluctuating orders simultaneously.

The predominance of magnetic order in the n-type cuprates has lead to the suggestion that they approach the Mott state through a spin density wave (SDW) transition at a quantum critical point near optimal doping.\cite{Lin_Millis} Evidence for this SDW order in the magnetic state is seen in the direct observation of a gap in angular resolved photoemission (ARPES) measurements,\cite{ARPES_edoped_Park} and an onset of gap-like optical absorption in the infrared whose frequency increases as half filling is approached.\cite{Lin_Millis,Zimmers_OpticalGap}  No such gap-like feature is present in the p-type cuprates, which instead exhibit a pseudogap corresponding to a suppression of spectral weight near the Fermi level at temperatures below a characteristic pseudogap temperature.\cite{PseudoGapReview} Both the gap and pseudogap produce Fermi arcs in ARPES measurements, wherein portions of the large hole-like Fermi surface (FS) observed at optimal doping are obliterated.\cite{ARPES_FermiArcsReview} In the case of n-type cuprates the obliterated sections are reasonably hypothesized to result from a SDW gaping of the FS from the ($\pi$, $\pi$) magnetic order which doubles the unit cell and reconstructs the FS by zone folding, leading to small electron-like Fermi pockets centered at ($\pi$, 0).\cite{Lin_Millis}

In this paper we examine the dc and infrared (IR) magneto-transport of underdoped n-type cuprates to test the SDW picture by comparing the transport data with ARPES data within conventional transport theory. In the magnetically ordered state with the absence of magnetic fluctuations it might be expected that transport theory within the relaxation time approximation (RTA) would be applicable.  ARPES data provides the FS geometry, the Fermi velocities and the quasiparticle relaxation rates which are the required ingredients for calculating the magneto-conductivity tensor in the RTA. We have measured the Hall angle of four underdoped Pr$_{2-x}$Ce$_x$CuO$_4$ (PCCO) samples at an optical frequency of 10.5 meV. Our principle observation is large discrepancies between the magneto-transport data and the predictions of the RTA based on the Fermi surface properties measured by ARPES.

\section{Measurement and Results}

Thin c-axis oriented films of PCCO were grown via pulsed laser deposition onto LaSrGaO$_4$ (001) substrates. We report data on two samples which were previously measured in the near-infrared \cite{AZimmersFilmGrowth} along with two new similarly grown samples.\cite{PatrickFilmGrowth} The four samples have a chemical doping of x=0.10, 0.12, 0.135, and 0.15, thicknesses of 275, 126, 220, and 145 nm, and Tc's of less than 2K, 2K, 12.5K, and 19.6K, respectively.

\begin{figure}[t]
\includegraphics[scale=.45,clip=true, trim = 50 0 180 0]{UnderPublicationgGraph
\caption{\label{fig:ReImHA}
(a) Real and imaginary part of the Hall angle measured at 10.5 meV as a function of temperature. A negative value implies a dominant electron-like response. Grey depicts error bars of one standard deviation.
(b) Schematic of the FS model of the electron
pocket centered at ($\pi$,0). The blue and red arcs have
different radii of curvature whose center defines the 'edge' and 'corner' of the pocket, respectively.
The distance from the center of the pocket to the edge is $k_e$. The
radius of curvature of the edge arc divided by $k_e$ defines variable
$\beta_e$. $\kappa$ is the fraction of the FS which is made up of
the edge arc lengths. Along with the condition that the tangent to
the FS is continuous at all points, the three variables $k_e$, $\beta_e$, and $\kappa$
define the size and shape of the FS. The corner and edge arc are assigned Fermi velocities and scattering rates as measured by ARPES.}
\end{figure}

The Faraday rotation and circular dichroism, characterized by the complex Faraday angle $\theta_F$, were measured at 10.5 meV as
a continuous function of temperature. The output of a far-infrared
molecular vapor laser was polarization modulated with a rotating
quartz 1/4-wave plate and subsequently transmitted through the
sample at normal incidence. Magnetic fields up to 8T were applied parallel to the c-axis of the film. The detector signal was
harmonically analyzed and the complex Faraday
angle extracted, a technique that is detailed elsewhere.\cite{GJThesis}

In the thin film limit, the complex Hall angle is derived from the
Faraday angle via $\theta_H = (1+ \frac{n+1}{Z_0 \sigma_{xx} d})
\theta_F$, where $n$ is the index of refraction of the substrate,
$Z_0$ is the impedance of free space, and $d$ is the thickness of
the film. The film thickness was chosen to allow
sufficient transmitted power while maintaining a relatively small
conversion factor. FTIR spectroscopic transmission measurements
were performed in the spectral range from 2 to 13 meV at a set of
discrete temperatures ranging from 10 to 300 K. The complex
conductivity was extracted by fitting the transmission data to a simple Drude model.\cite{RefFit}

The Hall frequency $\omega_H $
and Hall scattering rate $\gamma_H$ are defined in terms of
the complex Hall angle within a Drude parameterization:
\begin{eqnarray}
\theta_H = \frac{\sigma_{xy}}{\sigma_{xx}} =
\frac{\omega_H}{(\gamma_H - \it{i}\omega)}\label{eq:HAdefinition}
\end{eqnarray}
where $\sigma_{xy}$ is the Hall conductivity, $\sigma_{xx}$ is the
longitudinal conductivity, $\omega_H=q B / (m_H c)$ is the Hall
frequency,  $\omega$ is the radiation frequency, $m_H$ is the
effective Hall mass, B is the applied magnetic field, and q is the
effective charge of the quasiparticle. The Hall mass can
be expressed as:
\begin{eqnarray}
\frac{m_H}{m_e}  = -\frac{\omega_c^e}{\omega}
Im(1/\theta_H)\label{eq:mHFromHall}
\end{eqnarray}
where $\omega_c^e = 0.115 meV / T$ is the bare electron cyclotron
frequency.

Various calibrations of the IR Hall system were performed to ensure the accuracy and validity of the measurement technique.\cite{GJThesis} A polarizer and waveplate substituted for the sample induce a rotation and ellipticity which are easily calculated and compared to measurements. To fully test the system under similar operating conditions as the measurements performed on high-Tc cuprates, a GaAs 2-DEG heterostructure was measured as a function of magnetic field with a thin film of NiCr deposited on the surface with a 25\,$\Omega$ sheet resistance to lower the transmitted power to a level commensurate with a typical high-Tc sample. The cyclotron resonance of a 2-DEG produces a resonance and antiresonance associated with the imaginary and real part of the Faraday angle, respectively. Since the resonance and antiresonance are simply related, the relative sizes of the real and imaginary Faraday angle allow careful comparison with measurements. In addition, measurements performed on optimally doped single crystal Bi$_{2}$Sr$_{2}$CaCu$_{2}$O$_{8+x}$ measured at 10.5, 5.25, and 3.0 meV when analyzed with Eq.\,\ref{eq:mHFromHall} demonstrate a temperature and frequency independent Hall mass\cite{GJThesis} consistent with ARPES,\cite{ARPES_Valla} the optical mass derived from ac conductivity,\cite{Tu} and the Hall mass derived from near-infrared Hall measurements.\cite{DSThesis}

For all PCCO samples, the measured complex Faraday angle at fixed temperature was linear in applied field. The measured Hall angle as a function of temperature for all four samples is presented in Fig.\,\ref{fig:ReImHA}a. The Hall mass extracted from the complex Hall angle is shown in Fig.\,\ref{fig:mHandModelDiagram}.

\begin{figure}[t]
\includegraphics[scale=.38,clip=true, trim = 70 30 90 60]{mHUnderdoped2_all
\caption{\label{fig:mHandModelDiagram}
(a) The Hall mass extracted from Fig.\,\ref{fig:ReImHA}a using Eq.\,\ref{eq:mHFromHall} normalized to the bare electron mass. Temperatures above 200 K are excluded due to noise introduced into $m_H$ from the exceedingly small Hall angle. The negative value of the Hall mass signifies a net electron-like response.  The extremely small Hall masses associated with the 10\% and 12\% samples exemplify a large IR Hall response which cannot be obtained from ARPES data analyzed in terms of the RTA. Failure of the system to recover to a large hole-like Fermi surface (positive $m_H$) well above the N\'eel temperature (marked by arrows)\cite{Motoyama} indicates that current vertex corrections induced by antiferromagnetic fluctuations in the paramagnetic state are active. (b) The low temperature (28\,K) Hall mass plotted versus doping.}
\end{figure}

\section{Comparison of Low temperature IR Hall results and ARPES}

It is interesting to compare dc and IR magneto-transport data directly with the reconstructed FS properties measured by ARPES. Both dc and IR Hall measurements are sensitive to Fermi surface geometry as well as quasiparticle scattering rates and velocities, precisely the quantities measured by ARPES. We will show that considerable deviations between the information garnered from ARPES data analyzed in terms of the RTA and magneto-transport measurements illustrate a fundamental breakdown of the RTA. Within a Fermi liquid based theory, this breakdown signals a need to properly account for vertex corrections.

Within the RTA in Boltzmann theory, the off-diagonal and diagonal conductivities ($\sigma_{xy}$ and $\sigma_{xx}$) may be expressed as path integrals around the FS involving the Fermi velocity, scattering rate, and size and shape of the FS:\cite{DrewMillisSigmaXX}
\begin{align}\label{eq:RTA}
\sigma_{xy}&=\frac{e^2}{h c_0}\frac{e \vec{B}}{\hbar c}  \cdot
\oint_{\text{\tiny{FS}}} dk \frac{\vec{v}_k^* \times
d\vec{v}_k^*/dk
}{(\gamma^*_k - i \omega)^2} \notag\\
\sigma_{xx}&=\frac{e^2}{h c_0} \oint_{\text{\tiny{FS}}} dk
\frac{|\vec{v}_k^*|}{\gamma^*_k - i \omega}
\end{align}
where $\gamma^*_k= v^*_k \, \Delta k$, $\Delta k$ is the momentum distribution curve (MDC) width as measured by ARPES, $l=1/\Delta k$ is the mean free path, $v^*_k$ is the (renormalized) Fermi velocities measured by ARPES, and $c_0$ is the interplane spacing. In a comparison of ARPES and transport data it is important to recognize that the current relaxation time that characterizes transport is not necessarily the same as the quasiparticle lifetime measured by ARPES.  For example, small angle elastic scattering as seen by ARPES does not affect transport.\cite{DrewMillisSigmaXX}  Therefore in implementing our model we compare the $\gamma^*$ needed to reproduce the transport data to the ARPES values.

As depicted in Fig.\,\ref{fig:ReImHA}b, we construct a two-arc FS model of the electron pocket centered at ($\pi$,0) whose shape and size is based on ARPES. The corner  and edge arcs as defined in the caption are assigned ARPES measured values of Fermi velocities $v^*_k$ and scattering rates $\gamma^*_k$ computed from the MDC widths. Setting Fermi velocities and scattering rates along each arc to a constant is not strictly correct. If they are considered as effective average values along each arc, then the model captures the quantitative features of the FS properties. Since the discrepancies between ARPES and transport data will be shown to be very large in comparison, errors which may be introduced into the analysis from this approximation are negligible. Utilizing Eq.\,(\ref{eq:RTA}), the complex IR Hall angle and dc Hall coefficient $R_H=\sigma_{xy}/\sigma_{xx}^2$ are calculated and compared to measurements. The results are presented in Table\,\ref{tab:ModelResults}.

\newcommand\T{\rule{0pt}{2.6ex}}
\newcommand\B{\rule[-1.2ex]{0pt}{0pt}}

\begin{table*}[t]
\begin{ruledtabular}
\begin{tabular}{c|ccc|cccc|cc|cccc}
\multicolumn{1}{c|}{Doping} &\multicolumn{3}{c|}{FS Size and
Shape} &\multicolumn{4}{c|}{FS Properties}
&\multicolumn{2}{c|}{Mean Free Path}
&\multicolumn{4}{c}{Modelled/Measured Values}\\[1.5pt]

x (\%) &$k_e$ (1/\AA) &$\beta_e$ &$\kappa$ &$v_e$ (eV \AA) &$\gamma_e$
(eV) &$v_c$ (eV \AA) &$\gamma_c$ (eV) &$l_e$ (\AA) &$l_c$ (\AA)
&$R_H$ &Re($\theta_H$) &Im($\theta_H$) &$m_H$
\\ \hline

10\T   &0.207   &2.50    &0.75    &1.5    &0.06    &0.6    &0.06    &25    &10    &0.4    &0.3    &0.5    &5.6\\
10   &0.207   &2.50    &0.75    &1.5    &0.06    &0.6    &0.02    &25    &36    &1.0    &0.5    &4.2    &8.2\\
10\B   &0.207   &2.50    &0.75    &1.7    &0.06    &3.5    &0.09    &27    &40    &1.0    &1.0    &1.0    &1.0\\
\hline
12\T   &0.221   &7.50    &0.65    &1.5    &0.06    &0.6    &0.06    &25    &10    &0.2    &0.2    &0.1    &2.7\\
12   &0.221   &7.50    &0.65    &1.5   &0.06    &0.6    &0.01    &25    &41    &1.0    &0.7    &2.0    &2.3\\
12   &0.221   &7.50    &0.65    &1.5    &0.07    &1.2    &0.04    &21    &35    &1.0    &1.0    &1.0    &1.0
\end{tabular}
\end{ruledtabular}
\caption{\label{tab:ModelResults}ARPES measured properties of the FS are used to calculate dc $R_H$ and IR Hall angle values under the assumptions of the RTA. Strong deviations are observed (rows 1 and 4). The three parameters used to fit the FS size and shape to ARPES measurements are defined according to the model presented in Fig. \ref{fig:ReImHA}b and associated caption.
Measured values of dc $R_H$ at low temperature are $-6.5 \times 10^{-9} \Omega \, m$ for the 10\% sample
  \cite{Onose_RH_Optical} and $-6.2 \times 10^{-9} \Omega \, m$ for the 12\% sample.\cite{QCP_16percent}
  Fixing the Fermi velocities to those measured by ARPES and allowing the scattering rates to vary,
  a large mean free path along the corner direction is required to fit the dc $R_H$ (rows 2 and 5).
  Simultaneously fitting the IR Hall data and dc $R_H$ requires a large $v_c$ and $l_c \sim 1.5 l_e$ (rows 3 and 6)
  in contrast to the ARPES measured $l_c \sim 0.4 l_e$ and relatively small $v_c$, illustrating a fundamental breakdown of the relaxation time approximation.}
\end{table*}

Very little ARPES data actually exists for PCCO.\cite{ARPES_PCCO_Richard} However, ARPES measurements have characterized various similar n-type cuprates at a variety of doping levels including Nd$_{2-x}$Ce$_x$CuO$_{4\pm\delta}$,\cite{ARPES_edoped_Matsui, ARPES_edoped_Armitage,ARPES_Schmitt} Pr$_{0.89}$LaCe$_{0.11}$CuO$_4$,\cite{ARPES_Matsui_opt-PLCCO} and Sm$_{1.86}$Ce$_{0.14}$CuO$_{4}$.\cite{ARPES_edoped_Park}
ARPES measurements together with dc $R_H$ data show fractionalization of a large hole-like FS upon underdoping below a critical value $\sim$16\% into arcs gapped along the magnetic Brillouin zone (BZ).\cite{QCP_16percent,Patrick_New_RH_Data, Lin_Millis,ARPES_edoped_Matsui, ARPES_edoped_Park} Below a doping of $\sim$13\%, the arc in the vicinity of ($\pi/2$,$\pi/2$) is completely gapped out \cite{ARPES_edoped_Matsui} leaving only the arc near ($\pi$,0). In this paper we take the point of view that these observations correspond to the formation of a single convex electron pocket centered at ($\pi$,0) in PCCO for x$<$13\% and that the band-folded sections of FS are much reduced in intensity due to coherence factors in ARPES.\cite{ARPES_edoped_Park}

The FS curvature associated with the edge sections of the electron pocket (defined in Fig.\,\ref{fig:ReImHA}b) is an important consideration when calculating Hall transport. In the case of NCCO, the edge sections have a convex curvature at $\sim$13\%, become straight at around $\sim$15\%, and eventually become concave (or hole-like) at $\sim$16\%.\cite{ARPES_edoped_Matsui} Substitution of various lanthanide elements show a systematic correlation of edge section curvature with atomic number.\cite{ARPES_edoped_Ikeda} The edge sections become hole-like at a cross-over doping level which decreases with a decrease in lanthanide atomic number.\cite{ARPES_edoped_Ikeda} Based upon the measured trends, the curvature of the edge sections at $\sim$12\% of PCCO should be a bit flatter along the edge section than a sample of NCCO at the same doping. For PCCO, we expect a fully convex electron pocket with no hole-like contributions at and below $\sim$12\% doping. Increasing the doping above $\sim$13\%, any hole-like contributions caused from the edge curvature would be more prevalent in PCCO than NCCO.

From the published ARPES data,\cite{ARPES_PCCO_Richard,ARPES_edoped_Matsui,ARPES_edoped_Armitage,ARPES_Schmitt, ARPES_Matsui_opt-PLCCO,ARPES_edoped_Park,ARPES_edoped_Ikeda,PrivateComm} reasonable values of the size and shape of the FS as well as the edge and corner Fermi velocities and scattering rates for excitation energies near the FS (below the observed kink in the energy dispersion)\cite{ARPES_PCCO_Richard} are summarized in Table\,\ref{tab:ModelResults} for 10\% and 12\% doping levels. It should be noted that only one study reports the corner Fermi velocity where $v_c\,\sim\, 0.4 v_e$.\cite{ARPES_edoped_Park}

We focus upon the two lowest doped samples, 10\% and 12\%, where no hole-like contributions exist either from the hole-pocket near ($\pi / 2$, $\pi / 2$) observed at higher doping or from concave curvature of the edge sections associated with the electron pocket. However, it should be emphasized that our fundamental observation is a very large Hall angle response at low doping expressed as a small Hall mass. Admixtures of hole-like contributions tend to reduce $\sigma_{xy}$ which suppress the Hall response manifesting as a \textit{large} apparent Hall mass. This enhancement of the apparent Hall mass is observed in the 15\% sample, for example (see Figs.\,\ref{fig:ReImHA}a and \ref{fig:mHandModelDiagram}).

The number density calculated from the FS volume measured by ARPES is consistent with the stoichiometric doping to within 10\%. However, the calculated dc $R_H$ \cite{Patrick_New_RH_Data,QCP_16percent} and the IR Hall data for the two lowest doped samples are off significantly compared to the measured values (see Table\,\ref{tab:ModelResults}, rows 1 and 4). It should be emphasized the discrepancy lies well outside of any measurement errors associated with input model parameters or transport values. To fully illustrate this large discrepancy, we consider two cases.

In the first case, we only consider the dc $R_H$ data. The Fermi velocities measured by ARPES are fixed but the scattering rate along the corner sections is allowed to vary in order to fit the dc $R_H$. The result that $l_c \sim 1.5 \, l_e$ (Table\,\ref{tab:ModelResults}, rows 2 and 5) is contrary to ARPES measurements reporting $l_c \lesssim (1/2) \, l_e$.\cite{ARPES_edoped_Park}

A similar comparison between the low temperature dc $R_H$ data and values calculated from a mean field SDW model was performed by J. Lin and A. J. Millis.\cite{Lin_Millis} They used a tight binding band model with a doping dependent SDW gap which produces a Fermi surface whose size and shape is very similar to that measured by ARPES.  The Fermi velocities were weakly anisotropic such that $v_c/v_e\sim0.8$, compared with $v_c/v_e\sim0.4$ measured by ARPES. An isotropic scattering rate was assumed. Our model reproduces the same calculated Hall coefficient using the Fermi velocities calculated from their tight binding model. The trend observed in their study, that the measured dc $R_H$ is significantly larger than expected, becomes much more pronounced when the actual anisotropic velocities as measured by ARPES are used to calculate transport values.

Although the dc $R_H$ can be fit by only adjusting the corner scattering rates, the IR Hall data is off by over a factor of 2 and cannot be fit under any parameter values assuming the ARPES measured Fermi velocities. Therefore, in the second case, we allow the Fermi velocities as well as scattering rates to vary to fit both the dc $R_H$ as well as the low temperature IR Hall data. The resulting values are significantly different from those measured by ARPES (Table\,\ref{tab:ModelResults}, rows 3 and 6). We still require $l_c \sim 1.5\, l_e$ in order to fit the dc $R_H$, but to concurrently fit the IR Hall data requires a large $v_c$ whereas ARPES measures a relatively small $v_c$.

This large discrepancy can be intuitively understood. For a simple one-band isotropic FS, $m_H \sim k_f/v_F$, so extremely small Hall masses result from strongly curved sections of FS (a small radius of curvature $k_F$, like at the corner sections of the electron pocket) and a large Fermi velocity. The more rigorous model shows this precise behavior requiring large velocities along the corner sections of FS (Table\,\ref{tab:ModelResults}, rows 3 and 6). The large discrepancy between the analyzed ARPES data and the dc and IR magneto-transport data elucidates a significant breakdown of the RTA approximation.

There are other observations which cast doubt on a simple SDW model fully describing the ground state in the underdoped n-type cuprates. The large increase in $v_c$ required to describe the IR Hall data when doping from 12\% to 10\% contradicts the mean-field SDW prediction. Using reasonable values in a tight binding model (t, t', t'', and changes of the gap energy and Fermi energy with doping), a very gradual decrease in the velocities $\lesssim$25\% is expected as the doping is changed from 12\% to 10\%. However, in order to describe the IR Hall data, an increase in $v_c$ by a factor of $\sim$3 is required. Furthermore, the same tight binding model predicts very little anisotropy of the Fermi velocity associated with the electron pocket such that $0.7 \lesssim v_c/v_e \lesssim 0.8$. However, the measured anisotropy by ARPES is a much larger factor, $v_c/v_e \approx 0.4$. Note that to fit the IR Hall data tabulated in Table\,\ref{tab:ModelResults} (rows 3 and 6) requires anisotropies in velocity in the opposite sense, $v_c/v_e \approx 2$ for the 10\% sample. Lastly, ARPES data shows a weak remnant large unreconstructed hole-like FS superimposed upon the reconstructed FS suggesting that a simple SDW may not capture all the physics associated with the underdoped state.\cite{ARPES_edoped_Park} However, it should be noted that this effect would tend to suppress the Hall angle response due to the admixture of hole-like contributions reducing $\sigma_{xy}$, a trend which is contrary to the observed large dc and IR Hall response.

In this section we have shown that the low temperature dc $R_H$ response associated with the 10\% and 12\% doped samples is anomalously large compared to that expected from ARPES measurements. Our measured IR Hall angle response was also shown to be anomalously large, characterized by a small and doping dependent Hall mass. These deviations were shown to lie well outside the error bars associated with any of the measurements.  The discrepancy between ARPES and magneto-transport measurements signals a breakdown of the RTA.

\section{Temperature dependence of the Hall mass}

In Fig.\,\ref{fig:mHandModelDiagram}a, the three lowest doped samples show a gradual increase in Hall mass parameter with temperature. This is qualitatively consistent with a rollover from an electron-like FS to a large hole-like FS.  In this scenario, the Hall angle would be expected to be negative at low temperatures eventually becoming positive, crossing zero in the interim. At the zero crossing, the apparent Hall frequency would be zero and the corresponding Hall mass parameter would be infinite. The gradual rise of the Hall mass parameter observed in Fig.\,\ref{fig:mHandModelDiagram}a corresponds to a fractionalized FS slowly recovering to a large hole-like response at high temperature. A similar behavior is observed in the dc $R_H$ \cite{QCP_16percent, Patrick_New_RH_Data, Onose_RH_Optical} and dc $\cot(\theta_H)$ \cite{Dagan_RHvsDoping_lowTemp} for similarly underdoped samples in which the response is electron-like at low temperature and gradually decreases in magnitude with increasing temperature.

However, the N\'eel temperature for the n-type cuprates is relatively low as depicted in Fig.\,\ref{fig:mHandModelDiagram}a: $T_N|_{10\%}\,\approx\,150$K, $T_N|_{12\%}\,\approx\,100$K, and $T_N|_{13.5\%}\,\approx\,0$.\cite{Motoyama} Well above the N\'eel temperature where antiferromagnetic (AFM) fluctuations are negligible we expect a recovery of a large hole-like FS. A continuing electron-like response with a gradually changing Hall mass is observed well above the N\'eel temperature, an observation consistent with dc $R_H$ measurements.\cite{Onose_RH_Optical,QCP_16percent, Dagan_RHvsDoping_lowTemp} We interpret this as evidence of current vertex corrections induced by AFM fluctuations in the paramagnetic state. In overdoped PCCO, the current-vertex corrections were shown to successfully describe the salient features of the dc and IR Hall angle measurements as a function of temperature, doping, and frequency.\cite{Jenkins_Overdoped}

In a simple SDW scenario, a temperature independent Hall mass is expected well below the N\'eel temperature. Together with the observation that the ARPES measured FS properties strongly deviate from dc and IR magneto-transport data, the clear temperature dependence of the Hall mass well below the N\'eel temperature we interpret as additional evidence that a simple SDW model is not a viable description of the ground state of the system.

\section{Discussion}

In this section we discuss the possible origins of the observed discrepancies of the dc and IR magneto-transport data with ARPES data analyzed within the RTA. First we note that the discrepancy associated with the dc $R_H$ is not explained by Mott correlations since $R_H$ is not affected by the quasiparticle spectral weight. This suggests that vertex corrections to the conductivity are the relevant effect. Vertex corrections arising from AFM fluctuations in the paramagnetic state account for the anomalous dc and IR magneto-transport in overdoped PCCO.\cite{ Kontani-ACHall1, Kontani_2008Review,Jenkins_Overdoped}

Further insight into the nature of the ac magneto-transport can be obtained from the following expression for the Hall mass:
\begin{eqnarray}
\frac{m_H}{m_e}  = -\frac{\omega_c^e}{\omega}\frac{\left|\sigma_{xx}\right|}{\left|\sigma_{xy}\right|}\sin(\phi_H - \phi_C)\label{eq:mHphase}
\end{eqnarray}
where $\sigma_{xx}=|\sigma_{xx}|e^{i\phi_C}$, $\sigma_{xy}=-|\sigma_{xy}|e^{i\phi_H}$, and $\omega_c^e = 0.115 meV / T$ is the bare electron cyclotron
frequency.

From Eq.\,\ref{eq:mHphase}, it can be seen that a reduced $m_H$ can occur in two ways.   First, $|\sigma_{xx}|$ can reduce more rapidly than $|\sigma_{xy}|$.  This is the expectation for small pockets as $\sigma_{xx}$ is proportional to the Fermi circumference and $\sigma_{xy}$ tends to be less dependent on the size of the Fermi pocket (see Eq.\,\ref{eq:RTA}).  Note that a mixture of hole-like and electron-like contributions to $\sigma_{xy}$ leads to a reduction in $|\sigma_{xy}|$ and a corresponding \textit{increase} in $m_H$. Alternatively a strong reduction of $m_H$ can occur due to a diminishing phase difference.  Moreover, to achieve a zero crossing of $m_H$ as suggested by the data in Fig.\,\ref{fig:mHandModelDiagram}b below a doping of $\sim9$\% it is necessary to have a sign change of $\phi_H-\phi_C$.

Therefore the observed rapid reduction in $m_H$ may signal a reduction in $\phi_H$ relative to $\phi_C$.  Some insight into this possibility is gained by expressing the conductivity in an extended Drude parameterization.  We can write to lowest order in $\omega/\Gamma$:
\begin{eqnarray}
\phi_H  \cong \frac{2 \omega (1+\lambda_H)}{\Gamma_H} \text{\,\,\,\,\,\,\,and\,\,\,\,\,\,\,} \phi_C  \cong \frac{\omega (1+\lambda_C)}{\Gamma_C} \label{eq:mHphaseExtDrude}
\end{eqnarray}
Where $\Gamma_H$ ($\lambda_H$) and  $\Gamma_C$ ($\lambda_C$) are the relaxation rates (mass enhancement parameters) for $\sigma_{xy}$ and $\sigma_{xx}$ respectively.  From Eqs.\,\ref{eq:mHphase} and \ref{eq:mHphaseExtDrude} it is seen that a reduced $\lambda_H$ with a nearly constant $\Gamma_H$ will lead to a reduced $m_H$.  The $\lambda_H$ / $\lambda_C <1$ behavior is expected based on frequency dependent IR Hall studies of BSCCO and YBCO.\footnote{In mid IR Hall measurements a reduced  $\Gamma_H$ compared with $\Gamma_C$ is observed.  By Kramers-Kronig relations this implies that $\lambda_H$ / $\lambda_C <1$ in the far IR spectral region.}$^,$\cite{SchmadelPRBRapid} These effects can arise from vertex corrections.\cite{Kontani-ACHall1, Kontani_2008Review,SchmadelPRBRapid}

In underdoped PCCO the vertex corrections from magnetic fluctuations should be significantly modified from those observed in overdoped PCCO due to the long range magnetic order.\cite{Jenkins_Overdoped}  That is, below the N\'eel temperature, AFM fluctuations are absent so that vertex corrections would need to arise from some other interaction effect. Apart from phonons, the possibilities are charge and magnons fluctuations.

In the magnetically ordered phase the magnon excitations near the center of the magnetic Brillouin zone (BZ) can mediate the electron-electron interaction in the small electron pocket. The strong electron-magnon interaction in the cuprates implies that these interactions can affect the electron transport. However, the discrepancies of the experimental data with the RTA means that vertex corrections are needed to explain the data in terms of the electron-magnon interaction.

The observed temperature dependence of $R_H$ and $m_H$ support this scenario. $R_H$ and $m_H$ in the paramagnetic phase are electron-like despite the expected hole-like FS in the absence of the SDW gap.  The negative $R_H$ and $m_H$ in the paramagnetic phase can be explained by vertex corrections due to the electron-electron interactions induced by magnetic fluctuation similar to that observed in overdoped PCCO.\cite{Jenkins_Overdoped} Moreover, the absence of a magneto-transport signature of the N\'eel temperature indicates a continuous transition from magnetic fluctuation induced CVC in the paramagnetic phase to magnon induced CVC in the antiferromagnetic phase.

The striking observation of a rapid reduction of $m_H$ with underdoping appears to imply a rapid decrease in the phase of $\sigma_{xy}$ compared with that of $\sigma_{xx}$ and may provide an important clue as to the nature of the corresponding interaction induced corrections to RTA.

Charge fluctuations related to stripe order can also lead to vertex corrections.  The nearly square electron Fermi surfaces observed in ARPES implies nesting associated with the nearly flat edges. This nesting could lead either to a charge density wave ground state with long range charge order or vertex corrections to the conductivity due to charge order fluctuations. These two possibilities produce similar effects, namely a reduction of the low frequency contributions to $\sigma_{xx}$ from some of the edge segments of the FS.  A reduction in $\sigma_{xx}$ implies an enhancement of $R_H$ and $\theta_H$ (and therefore a suppression in $m_H$). However, CDW ordering would be expected to reconstruct the electron pocket leading to nearly one dimensional segments of FS with some hole-like curvature induced by the CDW gap thus reducing $\sigma_{xy}$ as well. Furthermore, the electron pocket associated with the 12\% sample is more square than that of the 10\% sample. Any CDW effects observed in transport measurements should be more pronounced in the 12\% pocket although the Hall mass continues to dramatically decrease with underdoping. While we believe these arguements make the CDW scenerio unlikely a theoretical analysis of the mixed SDW and CDW effects on the transport would better test this possibility.

\section{Conclusion}
We measured the IR Hall angle as a function of temperature and doping at an excitation energy of 10.5 meV. Although the data is qualitatively consistent with the formation of a small electron pocket in underdoped PCCO, neither the dc $R_H$ data nor IR Hall angle response at low doping is consistent with ARPES data when analyzed under the assumptions of the relaxation time approximation. The large discrepancy between transport and ARPES data demonstrates a clear breakdown of the RTA implying the importance of including vertex corrections in the conductivity.  A negative and continuously increasing Hall mass well above the N\'eel temperature observed in all underdoped samples is difficult to explain within a SDW model in the ordered phase, but can be understood in terms of current vertex corrections from AFM fluctuations in the paramagnetic state, similar to the case of overdoped PCCO.\cite{Jenkins_Overdoped}

\acknowledgements
The authors wish to acknowledge the support of NSERC, FQRNT, CFI, CNAM and NSF (DMR-0653535 and DMR-
0303112). We wish to thank N. P. Armitage, M. Ikeda, V. Galitski, H. Kontani, T. D. Stanescu, and T. Takahashi and  for insightful discussions. We thank S. Pelletier and Dr. K. D. Truong for their technical assistance.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaArXiv


For more information on this Pokémon's species, see Magby.
Magby (Japanese: ブビィ Magby) is a Fire-type Baby Pokémon card. It is part of the Neo Genesis expansion.
If this Baby Pokémon is your Active Pokémon and your opponent tries to attack, your opponent flips a coin (before doing anything else required in order to use that attack). If tails, your opponent's turn ends without an attack.
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This page was last edited on 16 October 2018, at 07:18.


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If you are having problems with the pressure washer, contact the manufacturer of the pressure washer.
If you have having problems with the engine, contact a local engine dealer.
Your warranty is based upon when your Honda engine was originally sold.
You can find a copy of the engine warranty here, by contacting your selling dealer, or through Honda Power Equipment Customer Relations at 770-497-6400.
General purpose engines carry an international warranty. If you have a question regarding this type of warranty, please contact the regional engine distributor or contact Honda Power Equipment Customer Relations at 770-497-6400.
You may take your Honda engine to any authorized Honda Engine dealer in the United States that carries your particular product line for warranty repairs. When taking your product in for warranty service, you must provide proof of purchase.
How do I become a Honda Engine dealer?
Please contact the Regional Honda Engine Distributor in your area.