text:
Q: When I press back in fragment(PreferenceFragment) - application is closed I have app with Navigation Drawer. It consists of two items: Main and Settings. All items are Fragments. "Settings" extends PreferenceFragment.
I have problem. When I start app - open MainFragment. Them I switch to PreferencesFragment and then later press Back. In this case my app must switch to MainFragment, but App is closed.
MainActivity
import android.app.Fragment;
import android.app.FragmentManager;
import android.app.FragmentTransaction;
import android.content.res.Configuration;
import android.os.Bundle;
import android.support.annotation.Nullable;
import android.support.v4.view.GravityCompat;
import android.support.v4.widget.DrawerLayout;
import android.support.v7.app.ActionBarDrawerToggle;
import android.support.v7.app.AppCompatActivity;
import android.support.v7.widget.Toolbar;
import android.util.Log;
import android.view.MenuItem;
import android.view.View;
import android.widget.AdapterView;
import android.widget.ListView;

import com.egoriku.lesson_16.R;
import com.egoriku.lesson_16.adapters.ClassAdapter;
import com.egoriku.lesson_16.adapters.DataAdapter;
import com.egoriku.lesson_16.fragments.MainFragment;
import com.egoriku.lesson_16.fragments.PreferencesFragment;

import java.util.ArrayList;
import java.util.List;

public class MainActivity extends AppCompatActivity {

private Toolbar toolbar;
private DrawerLayout drawerLayout;
private ActionBarDrawerToggle drawerToggle;
private ListView drawerListView;
private List<DataAdapter> list;
private ClassAdapter adapter;

public static final String TAG_MAIN = "TAG_MAIN";
public static final String TAG_SETTING = "TAG_SETTING";

private String itemDrawerMain;
private String itemDrawerSettings;

@Override
protected void onCreate(Bundle savedInstanceState) {
    super.onCreate(savedInstanceState);
    setContentView(R.layout.activity_main);
    Log.e("onCreate", "start");

    itemDrawerMain = getString(R.string.item_drawer_main);
    itemDrawerSettings = getString(R.string.item_drawer_settings);

    drawerLayout = (DrawerLayout) findViewById(R.id.draver_layout);
    toolbar = (Toolbar) findViewById(R.id.toolbar);

    drawerListView = (ListView) findViewById(R.id.nav_list);
    drawerListView.setChoiceMode(ListView.CHOICE_MODE_SINGLE);

    list = new ArrayList<>();
    AddMenuItem(list);

    drawerListView.setOnItemClickListener(new AdapterView.OnItemClickListener() {
        @Override
        public void onItemClick(AdapterView<?> parent, View view, int position, long id) {
            String tag = list.get(position).getTagFragment();

            if (tag.equals(MainFragment.TAG_MAINFRAGMENT)) {
                showFragment(
                        MainFragment.newInstance(),
                        MainFragment.TAG_MAINFRAGMENT,
                        null,
                        true
                );
                drawerLayout.closeDrawers();
            }

            if (tag.equals(PreferencesFragment.TAG_PREFERENCE)) {
                showFragment (
                        PreferencesFragment.newInstanse(),
                        PreferencesFragment.TAG_PREFERENCE,
                        MainFragment.TAG_MAINFRAGMENT,
                        false
                );
                drawerLayout.closeDrawers();
            }
        }
    });

    setSupportActionBar(toolbar);
    drawerToggle = new ActionBarDrawerToggle(
            this,
            drawerLayout,
            toolbar,
            R.string.drawer_open,
            R.string.drawer_close
    );

    drawerLayout.addDrawerListener(drawerToggle);

    if (savedInstanceState == null) {
        Log.e("savedInstanceState", "start");

        showFragment(MainFragment.newInstance(), MainFragment.TAG_MAINFRAGMENT, null, true);
    }
}

private void AddMenuItem(List<DataAdapter> list) {
    Log.e("AddMenuItem", "start");
    list.add(new DataAdapter(itemDrawerMain, R.drawable.ic_main_black, MainFragment.TAG_MAINFRAGMENT));
    list.add(new DataAdapter(itemDrawerSettings, R.drawable.ic_setting_black, PreferencesFragment.TAG_PREFERENCE));
    drawerListView.setAdapter(new ClassAdapter(list, this));
}

//функция для переключения фрагментом
private void showFragment(
        Fragment fragment,
        String tag,
        String clearToTag,
        boolean clearInclusive
) {
    Log.e("showFragment", "start");

    FragmentManager fragmentManager = getFragmentManager();

    if (clearToTag != null || clearInclusive) {
        fragmentManager.popBackStack(
                clearToTag,
                clearInclusive ? FragmentManager.POP_BACK_STACK_INCLUSIVE : 0
        );
    }

    FragmentTransaction transaction = fragmentManager.beginTransaction();
    transaction.replace(R.id.fragment_container, fragment, tag);
    transaction.addToBackStack(tag);
    transaction.setTransition(FragmentTransaction.TRANSIT_FRAGMENT_FADE);
    transaction.commit();
}

//нужен для drawer toggle
@Override
protected void onPostCreate(@Nullable Bundle savedInstanceState) {
    Log.e("onPostCreate", "start");
    super.onPostCreate(savedInstanceState);
    drawerToggle.syncState();
}

//нужен для drawer toggle
@Override
public void onConfigurationChanged(Configuration newConfig) {
    Log.e("onConfigurationChanged", "start");
    super.onConfigurationChanged(newConfig);
    drawerToggle.onConfigurationChanged(newConfig);
}

//нужен для drawer toggle
@Override
public boolean onOptionsItemSelected(MenuItem item) {
    Log.e("onOptionsItemSelected", "start");
    return drawerToggle.onOptionsItemSelected(item) || super.onOptionsItemSelected(item);
}

//нужно для хорошего UX
@Override
public void onBackPressed() {
    if (drawerLayout.isDrawerVisible(GravityCompat.START)) {
        drawerLayout.closeDrawer(GravityCompat.START);
        Log.e("onBask", "start");
        return;
    }

    Log.e("onback", String.valueOf(getFragmentManager().getBackStackEntryCount()));
    if (getFragmentManager().getBackStackEntryCount() == 1) {
        finish();
        Log.e("onBask", "count");
        return;
    }
    super.onBackPressed();
}
}

MainFragment
import android.app.Fragment;
import android.content.Intent;
import android.os.Bundle;
import android.support.annotation.Nullable;
import android.view.LayoutInflater;
import android.view.View;
import android.view.ViewGroup;
import android.widget.Button;
import android.widget.EditText;

import com.egoriku.lesson_16.R;
import com.egoriku.lesson_16.activities.ResultActivity;

public class MainFragment extends Fragment {
    public MainFragment() {
    }

    public static final String TAG_MAINFRAGMENT = "TAG_MAINFRAGMENT";

    public static MainFragment newInstance() {
        return new MainFragment();
    }

    private Button btnGetResult;
    private EditText editText;

    @Override
    public void onStart() {
        super.onStart();
        getActivity().setTitle(R.string.app_name);
    }

    @Nullable
    @Override
    public View onCreateView(LayoutInflater inflater, @Nullable ViewGroup container, @Nullable Bundle savedInstanceState) {
        View v = inflater.inflate(R.layout.fragment_main, container, false);

        btnGetResult = (Button) v.findViewById(R.id.main_fragment_btn);
        editText = (EditText) v.findViewById(R.id.main_fragment_edit_text);

        btnGetResult.setOnClickListener(new View.OnClickListener() {
            @Override
            public void onClick(View v) {
                startActivity(new Intent(getActivity(), ResultActivity.class)
                                .putExtra(ResultActivity.EXTRA_EDIT_TEXT, editText.getText().toString())
                );
            }
        });

        return v;
    }
}

A: Well surely that the app will close since you basically only have 1 Activity in which you're switching two different Fragments.
The solution for your problem would be to override the onBackPressed method to check if you're in the settings Fragment (you can use some indicator to check which fragment is currently active) and if you're in the Settings just reopen the MainFragment.
@Override
public void onBackPressed() {
        if (inSettingsFragment)
           showFragment(MainFragment.newInstance(),MainFragment.TAG_MAINFRAGMENT,null,true);
       else { finish();}
    }

A: Override onBackPressed() in your MainActivity in the way that you want it to work, you can check if you're in the Settings fragment and not exit if you are, and just show the Main fragment instead, and if you're in the Main fragment, then you can call finish().

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
Google News - Top Stories
Eugene Robinson: Help hurricane victims, but also fight to stop climate change
sltrib.com 09/10/2019 00:01:18
Having trouble reading this article? Read the Original Article »
Washington " It is impossible to prepare for an apocalypse,Dr. Duane Sands, the health minister of the Bahamas, told reporters Sunday.
Somehow, though, we all had better try.
Those who have witnessed the devastation wrought by Hurricane Dorian on Grand Bahama, Great Abaco and Little Abaco islands struggle to describe it. "Some places it's like nothing happened," Mark Green, administrator of the U.S. Agency for International Development, told The Washington Post after an aerial tour. "Other places, it's like they were hit by a nuclear bomb."
Dorian, then a Category 5 storm bearing sustained winds of 185 miles per hour and gusts even stronger, stalled over the northern Bahamas and barely moved for nearly three full days. The result was the kind of damage more commonly seen from tornados, except that a tornado touchdown typically lasts just minutes. In the town of Marsh Harbour on Great Abaco, entire neighborhoods were smashed into rubble and then the broken pieces were blown around like confetti. Journalists who have reached those places say the smell of death is everywhere.
The official toll stood at just 45 on Monday, but authorities have understandably prioritized the care and feeding of thousands of bereft survivors over the counting of the dead. It is assumed that the final number, or estimate, will be orders of magnitude higher. Sands, who oversees the grim tally, has used the word "staggering" to describe the loss of life.
An exact number of casualties will likely never be known because Dorian's tsunami-like storm surge carried many victims away. Survivors have told wrenching stories of how they watched helplessly as loved ones were swept out to sea.
Tens of thousands of people who remain in the devastated areas, and who have lost everything, desperately need food, shelter, clothing and medical attention. This slow-motion catastrophe is unfolding barely 100 miles off the coast of Florida. One thing the United States government can do is avoid a repeat of what happened Sunday night, when scores of refugees were forced to disembark from a ferry about to head from Grand Bahama to Fort Lauderdale because they did not have visas to enter the country.
U.S. Customs and Border Protection blamed the ferry company; the ferry's crew reportedly blamed CBP. Whoever was responsible, such cruelty must not happen again. Republican Sens. Marco Rubio and Rick Scott of Florida have asked President Trump to waive all visa requirements for Bahamians with relatives in the United States.
In other respects, U.S. officials seem to be doing everything they can to help the Bahamas cope with the immediate tragedy. Sadly, however, our government is willfully blind to the bigger picture.
Climate scientists have predicted that human-induced global warming will make hurricanes stronger, more laden with rainfall and, possibly, more likely to stall  just like Dorian. Rising sea levels, due to climate change, make low-lying coastal communities more vulnerable than in the past. Trump may believe climate change is a hoax, but the next hurricane could potentially do to his Palm Beach estate what Dorian did to Marsh Harbour.
Our government should be moving on two fronts. First, it should join the rest of the world in acknowledging the need to try to limit climate change by reducing the use of fossil fuels. It is insane that while the Trump administration sends resources to help the Bahamas, it is simultaneously throwing a legal fit over the decision by California and major car manufacturers to make their vehicles emit less heat-trapping carbon than Trump would prefer. The president refuses to see the contradiction. Perhaps some could draw it for him with a Sharpie.
For a start, we should immediately resume participation in the landmark Paris accords. Trump won't; perhaps his successor will.
Federal officials also should begin taking seriously the increased risks created by warming that has already taken place and further warming that is inevitable. That means, basically, preparing for the next apocalypse.
Think of the immense loss of life and property that would have been suffered had Dorian parked itself over Miami instead. Then work backward: What preparations and precautions could have mitigated that hypothetical damage? Do we need to change building codes and development patterns? Do we need to create more natural or manmade storm-surge barriers? In 2050, when sea levels are projected to have risen an additional foot and a half, will some coastal areas no longer be safe for habitation?
Let's open our hearts to the suffering people of the Bahamas. But let's also try to make sure that the Bahamas  and our own coastlines  have a viable future.
Eugene Robinsons email address is eugenerobinson@washpost.com.
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Published on Tue, 10 Sep 2019 00:01:18 GMT, © All rights reserved by the publisher.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Description View of Civil Rights leader and Georgia State Senator Julian Bond.
Notes Julian Bond (1940- ) was a founding member of the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee, a civil rights organization based in Atlanta, Georgia. In 1965 he was elected to the Georgia Legislature, but was denied the seat because of his outspoken opposition to the Vietnam War. He was finally sworn into office in 1967, and served until 1974. He served in the Georgia Senate from 1975-1986. He is currently a professor of history at the University of Virginia.


* Listen for dripping faucets and running toilets.
* Insulate hot water pipes for more immediate hot water at the faucet and for energy savings.
* When you have ice left in your cup from a take-out restaurant, don't throw it in the trash or down the drain, dump it on a plant.
* Make sure there are water-saving aerators on all of your faucets.
* When you give your pet fresh water, don't throw the old water down the drain. Use it to water your trees or shrubs.
* Monitor your water bill for unusually high use. Your bill and water meter are tools that can help you discover leaks.
* When cleaning out fish tanks, give the nutrient-rich water to your plants.
* When washing dishes by hand, don't let the water run while rinsing. Either rinse when all of the dishes have been washed OR fill one sink with wash water and the other with rinse water.
* Soak pots and pans instead of letting the water run while you scrape them clean.
* Wash your fruits and vegetables in a pan of water instead of running water from the tap.
* Use the garbage disposal sparingly. Scrape food waste into the trash instead of running it through the garbage disposal. Not only will you save water, but you will have fewer plumbing backups due to oil and grease accumulations in the pipes. Vegetable food waste can be composted.
* Some refrigerators, air conditioners, and icemakers are cooled with wasted flows of water. Consider upgrading with air-cooled appliances for significant water savings.
* For cold drinks, keep a pitcher of water in the refrigerator instead of running the tap.
* Don't use running water to thaw food. Defrost food in the refrigerator for water efficiency and food safety.
* Run your dishwasher only when full.
* Run your clothes washer only when full.
* When doing laundry, match the water level to the size of the load.
* Wash dark clothes in cold water to save both water and energy. It also helps your clothes to keep their colors.
* Upgrade older toilets with water-efficient models.
* Put food coloring in your toilet tank. If it seeps into the toilet bowl without flushing, you have a leak.
* If your toilet flapper doesn't close after flushing, replace it.
* When running a bath, plug the tub before turning the water on, then adjust the temperature as the tub fills up.
* When you are washing your hands, don't let the water run while you lather.
* Bathe your young children together.
* Shorten your shower by a minute or two.
* Keep a bucket in the shower to catch water as it warms up or runs. Use this water to flush toilets or water plants.
* Use a water-efficient showerhead.
* Turn off the water while brushing your teeth, shaving, and washing your hair.
* Adjust your watering schedule each month to match seasonal weather conditions and landscape requirements.
* Water your lawn and garden in the morning or evening when temperatures are cooler to minimize evaporation.
* Adjust sprinklers so only your lawn is watered and not the house, sidewalk, or street.
* Use sprinklers for large areas of grass, but water small patches by hand to avoid waste.
* If water runs off your lawn easily, split your watering time into shorter periods to allow for better absorption.
* Learn how to shut off your automatic watering system in case it malfunctions or you get an unexpected rain.
* Set a kitchen timer when watering your lawn or garden to remind you when to stop. A running hose can discharge up to 10 gallons a minute.
* Rather than following a set watering schedule, check for soil moisture two to three inches below the surface before watering.
* Install a rain sensor on your irrigation controller so your system won't run when it's raining.
* Use drip irrigation for shrubs and trees to apply water directly to the roots where it's needed.
* Remember to check your sprinkler system valves periodically for leaks, and keep the sprinkler heads in good shape.
* Apply water only as fast as the soil can absorb it.
* Don't water your lawn on windy days when most of the water blows away or evaporates.
* Water your plants deeply but less frequently to encourage deep root growth and drought tolerance.
* Spreading a layer of organic mulch around plants retains moisture and saves water, time, and money.
* Choose shrubs and groundcovers instead of turf for hard-to-water areas such as steep slopes and isolated strips.
* Plant in the fall when conditions are cooler and rainfall is more plentiful.
* Group plants with the same watering needs together to avoid over-watering some while under-watering others.
* Reduce the amount of lawn in your yard by planting shrubs and ground covers appropriate to your site and region.
* Leave lower branches on trees and shrubs and allow leaf litter to accumulate on the soil. This keeps the soil cooler and reduces evaporation.
* Water only when necessary. More plants die from over-watering than from under-watering.
* Adjust your lawn mower to a higher setting. A taller lawn shades roots and holds soil moisture better than if it is closely clipped.
* Aerate your lawn at least once a year so water can reach the roots rather than run off the surface.
* Use a hose nozzle or turn off the water while you wash your car OR better yet, use a commercial car wash that recycles water.
* Install covers on pools and spas, and check for leaks around your pumps.
* Avoid recreational water toys that require a constant flow of water.
* Make sure your swimming pools, fountains, and ponds are equipped with recirculating pumps.
* Use a broom instead of a hose to clean your driveway and sidewalk.
* Support projects that use reclaimed wastewater for irrigation and industrial uses.
* Wash your pets outdoors in an area of your lawn that needs water.
Products that meet WaterSense criteria for water efficiency and performance carry a special label. When you use products bearing the WaterSense label, you can expect exceptional performance, savings on your water bills, and assurance that you are saving water for future generations.


I love the Beautiful Bouquet bundle and decided to make a Fall bouquet with it. I used a color combo of Crushed Curry, Fresh Fig, Cajun Craze, Island Indigo, and Soft Suede.
I used some Painted Autumn dsp and mounted everything on Some Sahara Sand card stock.
We'd love for you to join us and create your own card using the sketch. It's always fun for us to see what you create. Meanwhile, be sure to hop on over to the Freshly Made Sketches site to see what the design team has created for your inspiration.
One of the first stamp sets I ordered from the new catalog was the Beautiful Bouquet bundle. I am a sucker for flowers, especially cute ones that I don't have to color. And this one even has matching framelits — total win!
I started by stamping several of the flower and leaf images and cutting them out. I love how there are different sizes and types of flowers.
Not only does this set have gorgeous flowers, but it has lots of pretty sentiments as well. I love the mix of fonts that are used.
The fun little black scalloped edges are actually washi tape. This pattern comes in a multi-pack of five different patterned rolls. I didn't realize it, but two of my rolls were stuck together and I thought it was just one big roll. When I was trying to decide what to put on that layer, I looked through my basket of washi tape and thought I could use that big roll and just cut off the scalloped part. Imagine my surprise when I went to peel a strip off and the roll "broke" in two exactly where I had planned on cutting it. Some things are just meant to be!
I hope you'll join us and create your own card using the sketch! I'm excited to see what you do with it when I look through the gallery. Meanwhile, be sure to visit the Freshly Made Sketches site to see what the design team has created for your inspiration. They always inspire me!


Sevens & Classics Limited was founded to provide our customers with a wide choice of quality Sevens and Classics, backed up by a professional, passionate and reliable service. Our aim is to exceed our customers' expectations whenever possible, whilst offering a relaxed and entertaining environment. Whether you are looking to buy, sell or just take a look around our busy showroom, you will always find a welcoming atmosphere at our Brands Hatch location.
As well as buying and selling quality used cars, we offer full service and repair facilities including full body resprays and chassis repairs using approved factory suppliers. We are also happy to pick up and deliver your car should it be necessary or we can drop you off at the nearby mainline station should you need to get into London.
We would be delighted to welcome you to our premises; why not drop by to see what we have to offer. We guarantee it will be worth it!
Sevens & Classics provide a comprehensive car and bike maintenance, repair and refurbishment service at our Brands Hatch premises. All work is undertaken by our fully experienced staff and utilitises original factory parts and processes wherever possible.
We can offer a "while you wait" service where practical, where you are welcome to utilise our customer lounge with full facilities including coffee, TV and WiFi. Alternatively, you may prefer to leave your car with us, using our "drop off and collect from our local train station" service. In addition, we can provide a courtesy car if more practical, or at a minimal cost, a collection and delivery service for your car.
Our rates are very competitive and we try to ensure we offer the best value for money. We are also able to undertake all insurance repair work, right from a complete chassis change to broken nose cones! We deal direct with the insurance company, making a painful experience as easy as possible for the owner. Please just call us on 01474 871184 or email at service@sevensandclassics.com for a quote.
At Sevens & Classics, we always do our utmost to put the customer first; your satisfaction is extremely important to us. We will always advise of any additional work required before we undertake any work, and will always stand by any prices we have quoted. We strive to provide complete customer satisfaction!
Six Months Unlimited Mileage Warranty – No quibble in-house warranty gives you great peace of mind with your purchase. If somethings gone wrong that's not your fault, we'll fix it!
The Right Car for You – If you agree to purchase a car from Sevens and Classics, we'll let you test drive as many cars as you wish to make sure you end up with the right one.
All Under One Roof – All our servicing, maintenance and repair work is done on site in our Brands Hatch showroom in full view of our customers. We've nothing to hide here!
Unrivalled Experience and Expertise – Most of our team are ex-Caterham employees and have been serving and maintaining Sevens for majority of their lives. The Caterham marque flows through our veins.
Guaranteed Quality – All our vehicles under-go a full service and check over, HPI check and have a new MoT before leaving our showroom for pastures new, meaning you, the customer, can buy with confidence.
Huge stock of Pre-owned Caterham Sevens – We are the world's largest independent Caterham specialists and subsequently have a huge stock of Sevens. We guarantee to put you into the right car, in the right specification, in the right colour.
Welcoming Showroom – We have created a warm, friendly showroom here at Brands Hatch, including a customer waiting lounge with full facilities and complimentary refreshments all day with a courtesy car or local main-line station taxi service all included.
Friendly, Enthusiastic, Knowledgeable Staff – All of us who work at Sevens and Classics do so because we want to, because we love what we do. Yes, it's a business, but it's so much more than that to us; it's what we love doing. And we hope this enthusiasm and passion for the Caterham brand is evident for all to see.


text:
Late Blight of Potatoes and Tomatoes
Fact Sheet Page : 726.20 Date 7-1998
William E. Fry
Department of Plant Pathology, NYS College of Agriciculture and Life Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY
Also see our "SPINNING TOMATOES" Page!! See a 3 dimensional view of late blight on tomatoes.
This factsheet has been translated into Hungarian by Szabolcs Csintalan. See it at http://hunsci.com/zoldseg-novenyek/
This factsheet has been translated into Romanian by Patricia Motosan. See it at http://www.bildelestore.dk/blog/mana-de-cartofi-si-tomate/
Ukranian translation by Natalie Harman.
Lithuanian translation by Giedrius Sadauskas
Late blight of potatoes and tomatoes, the disease that was responsible for the Irish potato famine in the mid-nineteenth century, is caused by the fungus-like oomycete pathogen Phytophthora infestans. It can infect and destroy the leaves, stems, fruits, and tubers of potato and tomato plants. Before the disease appeared in Ireland it caused a devastating epidemic in the early 1840s in the northeastern United States.
P. infestans was probably introduced to the United States from central Mexico, which is its center of origin. After appearing in North America and Europe during the 1840s, the disease spread throughout most of the rest of the world during subsequent decades and had a worldwide distribution by the beginning of the twentieth century.
Severe late blight epidemics occur when P. infestans grows and reproduces rapidly on the host crop. Reproduction occurs via sporangia that are produced from infected plant tissues (Fig. 1) and is most rapid during conditions of high moisture and moderate temperatures (60°-80°F). Sporangia disperse to healthy tissues via rain splash or on wind currents. Reproduction is asexual; each sporangium is an exact copy of the one that initiated the parent lesion, and each can initiate a new lesion.
Phytophthora infestans affects several different plant species and has the potential to cause devastating disease almost everywhere potatoes are grown. It is also a serious pathogen on tomatoes in cool, wet climates. In central Mexico it is a parasite or pathogen of many different wild Solarium species. In Canada and the United States P infestans has been reported to infect hairy nightshade (Solanum sarachioides), bittersweet (S. dulcamara) and Petunia (Petunia hybride) in addition to potatoes and tomatoes. In South America it has been reported as an important pathogen of pear melon (S. muticatum).
Recent Introductions of Exotic Strains
During the early 1990s several exotic strains of P. infestans were introduced from Mexico. These strains have increased the severity of late blight on potato and tomato because they are more aggressive than earlier ones in the United States and Canada. They initiate infections more quickly and reproduce more profusely, causing epidemics to occur rapidly. To combat these strains it is necessary to use more resistant potato and tomato cultivars or to use fungicides more intensively. Unfortunately, resistance of potato foliage and stems is not necessarily related to tuber resistance. For example, though the foliage of the cultivars Allegany and Elba is moderately resistant, the tubers are quite susceptible.
Potato cultivars with desirable market qualities and whose foliage and tubers show high levels of resistance are being developed. Traditional methods include using breeding lines or cultivars as sources of resistance; new methods include using wild species as sources of resistance and employing molecular techniques in which genes responsible for resistance are transferred into potato cultivars via genetic engineering techniques.
Though some commercial tomato cultivars are more susceptible than others, few are resistant. Under conditions that are favorable to late blight, epidemics in tomatoes seem to be more rapid than in potatoes. Some sources of resistance have been identified in wild relatives of tomato, and efforts are being made to bring higher levels of resistance into cultivars that are desirable for the market.
In most of the United States and Canada, Phytophthora infestans requires a living host to survive between seasons. Usually it lives in infected potato tubers (Fig. 2), which can survive in storage or the soil (to become volunteers) after harvest or anywhere potatoes might be discarded. Tubers that have been discarded at any stage of crop production or handling (harvest, storage, shipping, spring cleanup, or planting) are known as "culls." Culls may survive if they are not destroyed (frozen, crushed, composted, or buried at least 2 feet beneath the soil surface). Infected tubers that are planted or cull tubers that survive the winter may be sources of the pathogen that initiate epidemics the following season.
Figure 2. Potato tubers infected with P. infestans: external symptoms (left), typical granular rot of internal tissues (right).
Figure 3. Sporangia of P. infestans: intact sporangium (left), sporangium from which a zoospore is germinating (right). (photos: B. G. Turgeon)
P. infestans is usually dispersed aerially one to several miles from the overwintering site to living potato or tomato foliage via sporangia (Fig. 1, and Fig. 3 left), which can survive exposure to dry, sunny conditions for up to an hour and even longer under cloudy conditions. Sporangia can germinate within a few hours after landing on potato or tomato foliage if free moisture (e.g., dew, rainfall, sprinkler irrigation, fog) is present. Germination takes place either indirectly via zoospores (Fig. 3 right) or directly via a germ tube that penetrates into foliage, stems, or fruit to initiate infections. Infections are visible as small lesions after three to four days. Necrotic areas on some lesions are only 1 to 2 mm in diameter (Fig. 4). Lesions enlarge as the pathogen grows through the tissues, and the pathogen can sporulate from older lesions when the environment is favorable (leaf wetness for more than 10 to 12 hours at moderate temperatures [60°-70°F) (Fig. 5). Sporulation may occur on lesions that are only four to six days old. Under dry conditions no sporulation occurs and the lesion has a brown dead center, surrounded by host tissue that has collapsed and appears either water soaked, gray-green, or yellowed (Fig. 6). Both tomato and potato fruits are susceptible (Fig. 7, and Fig. 8). Their stems may be infected (Figs. 9, 10), and stem lesions are capable of producing sporangia for a longer time than can lesions on leaves.
Figure 4. Potato leaflet with many very young (small) late blight lesions. Figure 5. Potato leaflets with older (six to eight days old), sporulating lesions. Figure 6. Potato leaflet with older lesion that is not sporulating. Figure 7. Tomato fruits infected with P. infestans. (photo: T. A. Zitter)
Figure 8. Green tomato fruits infected with P. infestans. The pathogen is sporulating from the infected fruits. (photo: T. A. Zitter)
Figure 9. Potato stem infected with P. infestans. Figure 10. Infected tomato plants with lesions on stems and foliage. (photo: T. A. Zitter)
Disease development (growth and reproduction of the pathogen) is favored by moderate temperatures (60°-80°F) and wet conditions. It can develop in very warm daytime temperatures (ca. 95°F) if conditions are extremely wet and night temperatures are moderate (60°-75°F). Epidemics can be rapid and devastating because of the high reproductive potential of this pathogen. Individual lesions can produce 100,000 to 300,000 sporangia per day. Each sporangium is capable of initiating a new infection that will become visible within three to four days and produce sporangia within another day or two under optimal conditions. Thus rapid reproduction of the pathogen and destruction of leaflets can defoliate potatoes or tomatoes and completely destroy healthy fields in a short time (Figs. 11-13). Such epidemics result from many sequential cycles of infections: every lesion produces many sporangia, each of which can be dispersed to a new leaflet to initiate a new infection, which in turn can produce many sporangia, and so on.
Figure 11. Field of healthy potato plants.
Figure 12. Field of potatoes with severe late blight.
Figure 13. Field of potatoes completely destroyed by late blight. (photo: S. B. Goodwin)
Figure 14. Piles of potatoes discarded owing to infections by P. infestans, followed by severe soft rot.
Tubers may be infected by P. infestans whenever sporangia and tubers come into contact, from early in the tuberization process until harvest. Infections most commonly occur when sporangia are washed from lesions on stems and foliage to the soil and then through the soil to tubers. Infections can occur on developing or mature tubers, but contact between tubers and sporangia is more likely when the tubers are enlarging; tuber enlargement creates cracks in the soil and gives sporangia ready access. Tubers become infected most often when soils are cool and wet (near field capacity); soil temperatures higher than 65°F seem to suppress infections. Because sporangia can survive days or weeks in soil, tubers can become infected for a period of time after infections in the foliage are no longer producing sporangia.
Tubers infected by late blight are especially susceptible to soft rot. If some tubers in a crop are infected, store the crop in cool, dry conditions. If infected potatoes are stored at high relative humidity and moderate temperatures, soft rot can be severe, destroying infected tubers first but subsequently destroying previously healthy ones (Fig. 14).
Infections can probably also occur during harvest and subsequent handling. Although late blight inoculations during storage were previously considered highly unlikely, such occurrences have been documented recently.
Tomato leaflets (Fig. 15) can be destroyed at least as rapidly as potato leaflets, leading to complete defoliation (Fig. 16) in a short time.
Figure 15. Tomato leaflet with late blight lesions. (photo:T.A. Zitter)
Figure 16. Tomato plants completely defoliated by late blight
Use of integrated management practices is necessary for successful suppression of potato or tomato late blight. In the absence of sexual reproduction P. infestans requires a living host to survive between seasons. Therefore, sanitation (elimination or exclusion of infected plant parts from a farm) is important in the overall management strategy. Ideally, no infected potatoes should be present in the vicinity of the crop. Volunteer plants that might be infected should be destroyed. Cull potatoes should be frozen, crushed, fed to livestock, or buried under at least 2 feet of soil. Only tubers that are free of P. infestans should be planted. The "Certified" grade for seed potatoes allows up to 1 percent late blight infection. Growers should request information from the seed potato producer as to whether late blight was observed during field or harvest inspections.
After planting, additional precautions will reduce the chances of successful inoculations and can suppress development and reproduction of the pathogen. Using resistant cultivars (Figure 17) will reduce the chances of infection and slow the pathogen growth rate if some infections develop. Early in the season, the lowest labeled rate of protectant fungicide will provide protection and thus prevent a rapid epidemic. Fungicide should be applied either at an appropriate regular interval for the production area or adjusted on the basis of weather. Several forecasting systems that identify favorable weather conditions are available (e.g., Blitecast, Tomcast) and can be used to adjust the intensity of scouting as well as the frequency of fungicide applications. Hilling of potatoes increases the amount of soil between tubers and the soil surface and thus helps protect tubers from sporangia that land on the soil surface.
Scouting. Regular inspections of growing crops are important to the overall management of late blight. Because topography and crop growth can influence the microclimate encountered by the pathogen, late blight may be detectable earlier in some areas than in others. It is likely to appear first in wet areas (low spots in the field, areas adjacent to woods and hedgerows, dense crops, or areas adjacent to other features that might shade crops), especially when the macroclimate has been less than optimal for pathogen development.
Protectant fungicides are often needed from mid- to late season when plants are growing actively and have a dense canopy. Applications should be repeated regularly to replace fungicide that has been washed or abraded away and to protect foliage produced since the last application. It is during this time that the more effective fungicides are needed. (Consult current Cooperative Extension recommendations for specific information.) Applications should be more frequent during weather that is favorable to late blight (wet with moderate temperatures) than in unfavorable weather (dry foliage and very cool [<50°F] or very hot temperatures).
Applying fungicides. Protectant fungicides are most effective if applied more frequently at low labeled dosages than less frequently at high dosages. This is partly because more frequent applications ensure better coverage. Coverage can be poor when applications are made using very low volumes of water (less than 15 to 20 gallons/acre). Some application systems such as electrostatic sprayers can achieve good coverage with very low volumes of water (5 gallons/acre), but most systems that produce large droplets and small volumes will achieve poorer coverage than those that use smaller droplets and larger volumes of water.
Treating a crop exposed to inoculum. Fungicides that have systemic activity (penetrate into plant tissues) are necessary if a crop has been exposed to sporangia within the last 24 hours. Even if the first infections occurred more than 24 hours earlier, if lesions are visible in the crop and a systemic has not been applied, an effective systemic will probably provide some benefit that is not possible from a protectant. Protectant fungicides (those that are not systemic and cannot penetrate tissue) are ineffective against the pathogen once it has penetrated the cuticle (sometimes within two hours of germination). Thus applications of a protectant fungicide will have no visible effect on disease suppression until six to nine days after application because it takes that long for lesions to be easily visible. Unfortunately, even systemic fungicides (at least those available in 1998) do not suppress all infections and will have little effect on infections that are more than 24 to 48 hours old. Effects from systemic fungicides may be visible within three to four days.
Treating "hotspots." A hotspot is a group of infected plants located amid relatively healthy ones. If very little disease is present in the crop and there are only a few hotspots, the latter should be destroyed as quickly as possible by flaming, disking, and burying the infected foliage or killing the plants with a rapidly acting herbicide. Plants immediately surrounding the hotspot should also be destroyed because they are very likely infected even though the infections are not yet visible. If fungicides are being used, the remainder of the held should be treated with a fungicide that has some systemic activity, and subsequently, applications of a protectant fungicide should be applied on a tight (frequent) schedule.
Treating established infections. Once 5 to 10 percent of the foliage is infected it is usually not possible to halt the development or progress of the disease. Currently available (1998) systemic fungicides are inadequate to halt an epidemic at this stage. Only weather that is very dry and hot, both day and night, might temporarily stop the epidemic. Stem infections are very resistant to drying, however, and will sporulate when sufficient moisture is available. Growers can attempt to salvage apparently uninfected tomato fruit but should be aware that some fruit infections will not become visible for several days. Foliage in such fields should be promptly destroyed to prevent spread to nearby fields or farms.
Forecasting. Forecasting schemes and fungicide registrations are constantly changing. Consult Cooperative Extension for the latest information on fungicide registrations, efficacy, and forecasting information.
Using fungicides at planting. At the time of this writing, it appears that some systemic oomycete-specific fungicides can protect healthy seed tubers during the seed cutting process. If there is a chance that some seed tubers are infected, use of an effective fungicide will lower the chances that late blight will develop in the subsequent crop. Consult Cooperative Extension recommendations for the most current information.
Late blight in the United States may need to be managed very differently in the future than in the past. Before exotic strains were introduced in the early 1990s, the late blight pathogen could only reproduce asexually via sporangia. Sexual reproduction requires two individuals of different mating type (Al and A2), and before the 1990s all strains were of the same mating type. Both mating types of P. infestans (A1 and A2) are now present in the United States and Canada, however, and have sometimes come into contact. Thus sexual reproduction is now theoretically possible.
The spores resulting from sexual reproduction are called oospores. Oospores are thick-walled dormant structures (Fig. 18) that can survive in the absence of living plant tissue. The occurrence of oospores could change the epidemiology of the disease because they can survive in soil over winter or summer (if soil temperatures do not exceed 40°C [= 102°F]). If oospores are produced, the soil may become a source of this pathogen, therefore adding an entirely new dimension to the epidemiology of P. infestans and the control of late blight. The result will be new "sources" of the pathogen. At the time of this writing (1998), there is no evidence that oospores are contributing to the epidemiology of late blight of potatoes or tomatoes in the United States. Nonetheless, the possibility of sexual reproduction exists and growers and scientists need to be alert to this development.
Sexual reproduction will also yield recombinant individuals, thus providing a supply of "new" genotypes among the progeny. Whereas the majority of recombinant progeny are expected to be less problematic than parental strains, it is possible that some progeny could be more problematic.
Successful management of late blight relies on an integration of the following tactics: removing sources of the pathogen by eliminating cull potatoes and volunteers and planting only healthy seed tubers; using resistant cultivars when possible and as they become available; scouting locations where late blight might appear first; using a forecasting scheme to gain early warning of weather that is favorable to disease and to adjust frequency of fungicide application or the intensity of scouting; and using appropriate protectant or systemic fungicides. After harvest, store potato tubers at cool temperatures under conditions sufficiently dry that there is no free moisture on tuber surfaces. Control tactics are constantly modified as new information and technology become available, so consult the latest Cooperative Extension publications for the best recent specific recommendations.
Bouma, E., and H. T. A. M. Schepers, eds. 1997. Proceedings of the workshop on the European network for development of an integrated control strategy of potato late blight. NL8200 AK Lelystad (the Netherlands), Applied Research for Arable Farming and Field Production of Vegetables.
Cornell University. (annually). Pest Management Recommendations-Commercial Vegetable and Potato Production. Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell Cooperative Extension.
Fry, W E., and S. B. Goodwin. 1997a. Re-emergence of potato and tomato late blight in the United States. Plant Disease 81:1349-5 7.
Fry, W E., and S. B. Goodwin. 1997b. Resurgence of the Irish Potato Famine Fungus. Bioscience 47:363-71.
Fry, W E., arid D. Shtienberg. 1990. Integration of host resistance and fungicide to manage potato diseases. Canadian Journal of Plant Pathology 12:111-16.
Inglis, D. A., D. A. Johnson, D. E. Legard, W E. Fry, and P B. Hamm. 1996. Relative resistances of potato clones in response to new and old populations of Phytophthora infestans. Plant Disease 80:575-78.
Ingram, D. S., and P H. Williams. 1991. Phytophthora infestans, the Cause of Late Blight of Potato. London: Academic Press. 273 pages
NOT CURRENTLY AVAILABLE: Figure 17. Relative resistances of potato cultivars. Cultivars that are feast resistant are shown on the left-hand side and most resistant ones are shown on the right-hand side. This ranking is derived from a series of experiments in different locations (see Inglis et al. 1996.) This ranking considers foliage reactions only and not tuber reactions (which may be different from foliage reactions).
Listing of Factsheets and Information Bulletins regarding Potatoes
Listing of Factsheets and Information Bulletins regarding Tomatoes


The Leap Blog: What does it take to make a land market work?
Writing in Hindustan Times, Gautam Chikermane ruminates on the legal dimensions of India's eminent domain crisis. You might like to see two blog posts on this in the past: link, link.
I feel that the lack of property as a fundamental right in the Indian constitution is a key flaw in our situation. Power corrupts, and it is not surprising that the State has abused this power. But if we go one step further and think: Suppose property was made a fundamental right in the Constitution, does this get the job done? Why is it that one can landup in the US and buy 2000 acres of land while it's hard to do this in Maharashtra? What else is required by way of making a land market work, other than strengthening the property rights of citizens? And in a well functioning land market, what is the appropriate `eminent domain' mechanism that should exist?
Actually, the law that finally withdrew the right to property as a fundamental right was enacted in 1978 by the Janata party itself.
Of course, the roots of eminent domain in India goes back to the land reforms of the 50s.
Thanks! I was wrong. I went back and edited the post.
Ajay - Hernando De Soto has done groundbreaking and seminal work in this area (in my irrelevant opinion, Nobel worthy work). I am sure you and the erudite readers of your blog are aware of his work.
The right to property enshrined in the constitution does not mean much if there is no case law built around it as to how courts interpret the law. There is still eminent domain - but it has to be limited - national defence - yeah, post office - no or yes?.
There can be variants - the developer can invite a bigger number of land owners - say those owning 1000 acres but stop the auction the moment they have some contigious parcel - 300. This will prevent some of the holdout profiteering that goes on now.
There are sensible and free market solutions to a lot of these problems. In India's qausi capitalist system - they probably won't work.
f) Economists - especially financial economists - who don't think they understand the (arguably fragile) theoretical links between the pricing of risk and equilibrium, because they were schooled in the Friedman-Lucas-Kydland-prescott-Cochrane tradition of rational expectations.
I think we can safely dismiss ambiguities that arise from the legal protection of property rights when we have a "working market" that will eventually make a mockery of it.
"f) Economists - especially financial economists - who THINK they understand the (arguably fragile) theoretical links between the pricing of risk and equilibrium, because they were schooled in the Friedman-Lucas-Kydland-prescott-Cochrane tradition of rational expectations.


Translation:It was always like this.
"This is how it always was" seems like a pretty direct and clear translation.
Aşa means "like this". So directly transmated it is "like this it was always" hence the closest but better sounding translation would be "It was always like this"


text:
Rep. Deshotel proposes legislation banning TikTok on state devices
Published 10:04 am Wednesday, December 21, 2022
On Dec. 20, State Representative Daryl Deshotel announced he is pre-filing legislation for the upcoming 2023 legislative session to ban the app TikTok from all devices owned or leased by the State of Louisiana.
"TikTok is a Chinese company with close ties to the Chinese Communist Party. The last thing we need to do is give them access to the data on our state devices," Deshotel said. "This is common sense. We have no way of knowing what information is being shared or how TikTok is being used by the Chinese government to gather information on United States government officials."
In 2020, United States Department of Justice lawyers filed a court brief stating ByteDance CEO Zhang Yiming has made public statements showing he is "committed to promoting" the agenda of the Chinese Communist Party. TikTok's parent company, ByteDance, is based in China.
Legislation has been filed by Congress to ban the app on federal government devices, and several states are already in the process of doing the same.
"We've seen first-hand that foreign agents will go to any length necessary to gather important intelligence on the United States using social media applications and sophisticated data collection," Deshotel said. "TikTok is a clear-and-present danger to our national security and election integrity. It should be banned from government devices immediately."


text:
on the South Coast of England
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French for Beginners
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English Summer Courses in Portsmouth - UK
Learning a foreign language takes time and dedication.
Our teachers have a passion to teach their native language and they would be delighted to have the opportunity to teach you.
See our teacher profiles below:
Italian Teacher
In love with languages since childhood and always curious about other cultures, Barbara has studied Foreign Languages and Literature (English and French) at Ca' Foscari, University of Venice, as well as studying German.
Italian native speaker and based in London since 1997, she has been running groups and teaching Italian in different contexts, from one-to-one bespoke tuition to teaching different age groups.
In addition to her love for languages, Barbara is passionate about music. She is a Jazz singer and songwriter and has a Bachelor's Degree in Music and Performance.
After having worked in an International School in Italy for 10 years, Fabia moved to UK with her family. Fabia has a vast experience in teaching Italian language to children and adults in collaboration with Southampton Community Languages.
Italian & English Teacher
Simona is an enthusiastic Italian language teacher with almost two decades of experience in teaching Italian, Spanish and English in England, Argentina and Italy.
She qualified as a primary school teacher in Italy and when she moved to England she obtained a TESOL certificate (Sheffield, UK).
Simona has also taught English in multinational companies, adapting to various teaching situations like one to one as well as small to big groups of professionals and young adults with diverse linguistic needs and backgrounds. Developing therefore tailored techniques that make teaching personal and unique.
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Hortênsia holds a bachelor's degree in Language and Literature (Portuguese, English and German) and she is a qualified teacher. She worked as a Portuguese teacher at state schools in São Paulo, Brazil. Her experience includes also teaching German and English at private schools. Hortênsia loves languages. She has studied also French and recently some Italian at Tertulia. Languages are not her only interests in life. She is also passionate about Brazilian sambas and she loves sewing small pieces of Calico to create beautiful patchwork quilts.
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Katja is a native German qualified teacher. She has over 10 years of experience in teaching German, working with all age groups in school settings, colleges as well as 1:1 tuition. She has been living in the UK for almost 20 years, and she also holds the qualification for Teaching English as a Foreign Language.
Katja likes to adapt her lessons to the learner's needs, as we all learn in different ways. She believes that learning a language should be an enjoyable experience for the learners achieving their goals.
Italian & Spanish Teacher
Valentina is an Italian CELTA graduated ESL teacher, with a passion for student learning and languages.
She is fluent in Italian, English, French and Spanish and this helps her not only to understand the doubts the students might have, but also to identify common difficulties and mistakes tailored to each specific language.
Her main aim is to find a perfect balance between theory and its application in a creative and stimulating way.
English & French Teacher
Louis was born in the UK, but he grew up in France from the age of 5. After acquiring a degree in English and a Master's degree in Teaching, he decided to move back to England to pursue a CELTA certification and to gain more experience in the field of education. Louis is thus fluent in both English and French and is able to adapt himself to the needs of the students.
English & Italian Teacher
Portia Powell, friendly and experienced Italian tutor with a passion for languages and learning.
Andrew is a languages teacher with over 20 years of experience teaching French and German both in schools and in Adult Education. He has a B.A. Honours degree in French, a PGCE in Modern Foreign Languages, a Masters Degree in Translation, and a TEFL qualification from the University of Portsmouth. He believes that being able to communicate with others in their own language, opens up a whole host of opportunities. Learning a language engenders understanding in other people's cultures. He enjoys working with individuals and groups to help everyone achieve their potential and become capable and speakers of languages other than their own.
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Quality assurance engineers play a key role in the development process for small startups all the way to major tech companies like Facebook and Google.
A great QA engineer does a lot more than test software at every stage of the development process to ensure it meets quality standards. QA engineers really "own" the entirety of the development process. From ideation through to delivery, QA engineers act almost as a technical project manager charged with ensuring the end product is delivered on-time, on-budget, and to the specifications outlined before the project launched.
Given their key role in a tech company's success, top organizations are willing to dish out considerable QA engineer salaries to attract best-in-class talent. While the average national salary for a QA engineer is just $95,000 per year, you'll soon find in this article that many tech companies will pay more than double that rate for the right candidate.
In case you're not familiar, Palantir is the brainchild of Peter Thiel, the first investor in Facebook and a Silicon Valley icon responsible for PayPal. Palantir is a data analysis company, so while it may lack some of the glitz and glam of tech companies like Facebook, it certainly doesn't lack in competitive pay for top talent. QA engineer salaries at Palantir average out to $222,000 per year. That includes a $147,000 base salary, $14,000 annual bonus, and $61,000 in equity each year.
Just as Peter Thiel was launching Palantir in the early 2000s, his PayPal co-founder, Reid Hoffman, was revolutionizing professional networking with his new company, LinkedIn. Today, LinkedIn has over 500 million users and a variety of products to support recruiters, marketers, job seekers, and freelancers. That's why LinkedIn salaries for QA engineers are so far above the national average: they need top-tier talent. Base salaries for QA engineers at LinkedIn average $149,000, with a $14,000 bonus and $37,000 in equity to create a total compensation package worth $199,000 each year.
It should be no surprise to see these guys make the list. While Facebook proudly boasts a "move fast and break things" motto for its engineers, someone needs to be in charge of making sure things don't get too broken. That's why as a QA engineer at Facebook, you can expect to earn an average salary of $197,000 per year, which includes a $145,000 base salary, $15,000 annual bonus, and $37,000 in equity.
Sure, BitTorrent may not be a household name like the other companies on this list, but that doesn't mean they don't know how to take care of their QA engineers. BitTorrent salaries for QA engineers average out to $192,000 per year, which includes a $122,000 base salary and $70,000 annual bonus.
A recent look at the top-paying jobs at Lyft revealed that QA test engineers have some of the highest salaries at the company. And it makes sense why: when your product is responsible for transporting people to and from important destinations, there's very little room for errors. That's particularly true in the ultra-competitive ride-sharing space where one bad experience could mean losing customers to your competitors for life.
QA engineer salaries at Lyft average out to $192,000 per year—the same as at BitTorrent. Lyft provides a bit more stability in the form of a $146,000 base salary (compared to the $122,000 at BitTorrent), but Lyft QA engineers don't have bonuses—only annual equity totaling $46,000 per year. That means BitTorrent may be a better option for candidates with an interest in higher variable compensation, while Lyft might make more sense for those seeking stability.
If you're feeling like a career as a QA engineer might be right for you, check out this recent post from the Paysa blog on the right path to take to enter the field. Or, if you're already a QA engineer looking to level-up, here's a post on how to get promoted as a QA engineer.
All the salary data in this post is accurate and up-to-date as of publication. However, Paysa is continuously adding new data. As a result, precise salaries may differ from what you see in this post. If you'd like to check out the most up-to-date QA engineer salaries at top companies or explore salary data for other roles, check out our salaries page. You can also sign up to personalize Paysa for you.


This article focuses on what is next for the Nintendo 3DS, following Nintendo's announcement that they will be releasing a simplified Switch.
Yesterday, The Wall Street Journal reported that Nintendo will be launching 2 new models of the Nintendo Switch. So we have to ask where does that leave the 3DS?
When is the announcement likely to become official?
It is believed that one of the two models will be an enhanced version of the current Switch. Which Nintendo have described as being for 'Avid' Gamers.
The second will be a simplified version of the Switch. Which will presumably be aimed at making the console more accessible for casual Gamers.
Could this simplified Switch spell the end of Nintendos' Flagship handheld – The 3DS?
The New 3DS XL series is about 4 years old now and the original 3DS console was released 8 years ago.
Both the Gameboy Advance and the Nintendo DS had a lifespan of 9 years. This in itself would suggest that the 3DS could be coming to the end of its life expectancy.
Furthermore, it only takes a quick scroll through Nintendo's upcoming games section. Where you will struggle to find any mention of the 3DS.
It seems that more likely than not, that Nintendo's announcement at E3 will spell the end of the life of one of Nintendo's most successful handhelds of all time.
It seems a shame to see the end of such a wonderful handheld. However, as with all good things in life, we knew that it had to come to an end eventually.
The portability of the original Switch may have been the catalyst. But it will likely be Nintendo's new simplified Switch that puts the final nail in that particular coffin.


"Can't Even" culture is silly, but one of the silliest things I see on social media is people complaining about how other people eat certain foods. Who cares if you pour the cereal or the milk first – do you and leave everyone else alone.
The first part of that quote, along with the technical design of a KitKat result in the common understanding that a KitKat is meant to be broken into 4 separate pieces (or 8 if you have a King Size. . . or 2 if you have a Halloween/snack size) which are then individually consumed.
I tried the KKM, which inspired this post, and I must admit that doing so changed my ways. The candy is more enjoyable, lasts longer, and the consumer has an opportunity to appreciate each of the variety of flavors and textures of a KitKat bar.
At the end of the day; though, a KitKat is simply made to be eaten, and consuming a KitKat bar means that it is fulfilling its destiny.
I might raise an issue if someone throws away a perfectly good KitKat bar. They are a wonderful candy and, as far as I recall, one of the few made without high fructose corn syrup (give me that real sugar, baby!). As long as someone is eating it; however, I am not going to raise a fuss. Different people enjoy KitKats in different ways.
Fraternities too have an ultimate destiny, and that is to serve as a family away from home for college students. They do and have always done things families do for family members: Keep them accountable, build them up, help them launch their future, and support them through tough times.
That sounds like a valuable experience on its own, especially for those students without supportive families behind them – so why do we obsess over every minute detail regarding how that family is built? Why do we encourage that fraternities become expensive programming bodies with hired professionals and a laundry list of expectations and functions to complete throughout the year. What family operates in such a robotic, impersonal way?
While working as a Director of Fraternity Growth I would often pitch to potential campus partners that our organization was different – and it is. The vast majority of campus professionals I worked with would emphasize the need for something different at their school, and would warn us that they needed a fraternity that would shock the system.
In almost every case; however, the chapter was expected to do the exact same things as every other chapter on campus immediately after establishment. When my partners said "different," what they really meant was a fraternity chapter that would do everything asked of them without question to show the other chapters how to obey the checklist.
At this school you are not a fraternity if you don't participate in the lip sync. At this school you are not a fraternity if you don't have a house. At this school you are not a fraternity if you don't at least try to win all of the trophies we offer. . .
Well, what about if students don't care about those things? By the looks of it, 70% or more of students at most college campuses don't care about those things. How do we appeal to them? Do we make the lists more complex? Do we further limit and intensify the definition of what specific things need to be completed in order to be a "fraternity"? Would eating KitKats be more enjoyable if we demanded that everyone apply the KKM?
It is a shame that I would be turned down from setting up a chapter at a school because a few chapters were "struggling," and that the only way for those struggling chapters to be considered successful is if they grew and did everything all of the other chapters were doing.
Many still fail, succumb to debt, or take years to get to where we professionals want them to get, but in reality they could just simplify their expectations, grow to a size they are comfortable with, and be each other's family.
Within 3 years we forget who won which award, how many hours a chapter completed, what type of event they did, what the banner they hung from their house said or the names of a majority of their members. We encourage students to meet all of the fraternities because the only thing we allow to be different about them is their personalities – everything else is very often the same.
The "right" way to do fraternity (according to most professionals, speakers and umbrella organizations) is repetitive, forgettable, and it distracts students from being creative with their fraternity/sorority experience.
It would be wonderful if we would allow more students to enjoy their KitKats fraternity experience in a way which suits their passion. Not everyone should be required to subscribe to the KKM checklist leadership in order to eat their KitKat have a family away from home.


text:
Mourning Jimmie Durham
By Aruna D'Souza • Features• July 20, 2017
Jimmie Durham, "Head," 2006. Courtesy kurimanzutto.
In April, I wrote a review of an exhibition at the Hammer Museum at UCLA: "Jimmie Durham: At the Center of the World." I knew Durham's work only vaguely, having seen it in dribs and drabs, one piece at a time in group shows; but seeing a wide collection all at once, in his first large-scale solo exhibition in the U.S., was revelatory. The work tickled all my sweet spots – it was funny, self-deprecating, ironic, anti-essentialist when it came to the artist's own identity and the romantic stereotypes forced upon him by the artworld, and it was deeply critical.
The problem was, of course, that while Jimmie Durham's work appealed to me – a South Asian woman determined to work beyond the bounds of my identity – precisely because of his defiant rejection of attempts to box him into the category of "Cherokee artist," it turns out that it wasn't his box to claim or reject in the first place.
Doubts as to Durham's allusions to his Cherokee ancestry have been circulating since his days as an active member of AIM (the American Indian Movement) in the 1970s. They eventually led to his cutting ties with the organization in the late '70s, and leaving the U.S. altogether a decade or so later. The Hammer made these facts clear in the catalogue and supplementary material for the show, although it explained them as a principled stand by Durham: his "refusal to register" with any of the recognized Cherokee tribes was his protest of both the U.S. government (which he said had no right to name him or his people), and of the presumably reactionary stance of the Cherokee "establishment," who were simply picking up where the state left off by insisting on arbitrating its membership.
Jimmie Durham, "Self-Portrait Pretending to Be a Stone Statue of Myself," 2006. Courtesy Collection Fluid Editions, Karlsruhe, Germany.
To my eyes, this narrative made so much sense; Durham was not that different from artists like Coco Fusco and Kara Walker, steeped in a new form of critical race theory. Around the same time, these artists also faced accusations from their own communities that their art didn't correctly reflect their identities. (Walker seems to have alluded to this history's bearing on the current Durham brouhaha in a recent Instagram post: a photo of a protest pamphlet made by the artists Betye Saar and Howardena Pindell just after Walker won a MacArthur "genius" grant.)
The crucial difference is that while these artists have been charged with not performing their identities appropriately in their work, no one contests that Kara Walker is Black or Coco Fusco is Cuban. By contrast, an increasingly loud chorus of Cherokee and American Indian activists, artists, and curators is arguing that Durham is not Cherokee at all.
David Bernie, "Indian Country 52 #26 – Jimmie Durham (Walker Art Center)" (detail). Close-up of poster taken from: http://ow.ly/tRwz30dMNar
Their claim is based on extensive genealogical research, and the fact that Durham is never known to have engaged in any aspect of Cherokee culture. (His involvement in the AIM in the early 1970s was not related to the Cherokee community specifically.) Their long-standing objection to Durham's self-styling as a Cherokee artist gained traction in recent weeks, when the show moved from the Hammer Museum to the Walker Art Center. No doubt the mainstream artworld was more disposed to hear the concerns of American Indian protesters after a recent controversy saw Sam Durant's appropriative Scaffold, installed and then taken down at the Walker just a month or two earlier. In the face of this new awareness on the part of many non-expert bystanders, Durham's repeated, cheeky warnings not to call him a Cherokee artist – made both explicitly, in his statements, and implicitly, in the work itself – sound rather more literal than they first seemed.
My friend Daniel Quiles, as we watched the Durham affair unfold on social media, described the reaction by non-Native commentators as akin to cycling through Kübler-Ross's five stages of grief. In my own case, this has definitely proven to be true. That I passed through these stages in public, on Facebook threads that will forever record my stubborn refusal to accept some basic truths about art, identity, and settler colonialism, is more than a little embarrassing. But, shame aside, I was lucky to benefit from a group of incredibly patient, open-minded Native American friends and strangers who took the time to school me – and trust me, they schooled me – through every one of the inevitable steps required to process such a major revelation.
At first, I performed denial: Just because Durham refused to register doesn't mean he isn't Cherokee. But of course, as my interlocutors informed me, there was no refusal involved – all the Cherokee tribes have refused to claim him because they find no evidence of his relationship to the community or the culture.
Then, anger: How can the Cherokee police their membership in such a draconian way? Doesn't it simply replicate the strategies of the U.S. government to control and at times eliminate American Indians? But what a strange and troubling slippage, to accuse an embattled minority, subject to genocidal attempts by a settler colonial power, of reproducing those power relations by simply trying to contend with the fact that hundreds of thousands of Americans have mythologized their heritage to include Cherokee ancestry. In fact, the Cherokee have one of the most open conceptions of tribal affiliation of all the U.S. tribes – even people who can trace only a single ancestor back hundreds of years are invited to reconnect with a tribe and become recognized.
Jimmie Durham, "Tlunh Datsi," 1984.
Next, bargaining: Okay, perhaps he's not technically Cherokee, but his work is still great and deals with important issues, and challenges essentialist identity politics. But of course this is nonsensical: how on earth can we imagine that an artist's identity doesn't frame our understanding of what they're doing? How would we react to Walker's play with racist stereotypes if she were a white man, for example, no matter how objectively excellent the work?
I made the briefest stop at depression – can't we just focus on the art? why are we always getting distracted by these other controversies? – but others have spent more time here.
And finally, acceptance. I came to see no reason to doubt the challenges to Durham's identity, other than a selfish desire to retain him for my own personal artistic canon. To take seriously the notion of Cherokee sovereignty means to honor the Cherokee's right to define tribal membership. Whatever the future consensus about the value of Durham's art, any discussion about it from this point forward must start with the recognition that his claims to Cherokee heritage have been rejected.
The Native American protesters have only asked that the Walker and the show's subsequent venues (the Whitney in New York and the Remai Modern in Saskatoon) make clear in their didactics and publications that Durham is not a Cherokee. However, the artworld must go further, asking ourselves what the stakes are of promoting Durham's work when so few American Indian artists are shown in mainstream U.S. museums. To what extent has Durham's success been predicated on his talent as a trickster, and to what extent has it depended on what artists, critics, art institutions, and art audiences value? Are our critical assumptions leading to a situation where the only good Indian (artist) is a fake Indian (artist)? What are our collective "sweet spots"?
While some will try to frame this as another attempt to "censor" well-meaning artists working in difficult territory (cf. Dana Schutz at the Whitney, or Sam Durant at the Walker), the implications are in fact much broader. This is a question about whether our attachments to certain works or artists warrant setting aside the efforts of a community that has barely survived U.S. genocide to claim its sovereignty, and to survive under the conditions of a centuries-long occupation. If addressing ourselves to these problems makes us question our sacred cows in the process, so much the better. It won't be easy, but it's our obligation to do the crucial work of mourning, so that we can finally turn our attention to the long-standing, still-unresolved question of the place of Native American art in our vision of American art writ large.
By Aruna D'Souza
Aruna D'Souza writes about modern and contemporary art for outlets including 4Columns.org. Her new book, "Whitewalling: Art, Race, and Protest in 3 Acts," will be published by Badlands Unlimited in May 2018.
Latest Posts By Aruna D'Souza
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Aruna D'SouzaBetye SaarCoco FuscoHammer MuseumHowardena PindellJimmie DurhamKara WalkerMomusWalker Art Center
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Episode 11: "What Makes Great Art?" with Jinn Bronwen Lee
This is the sanest thing I've read yet about the whole debacle.
baylor_swim says:
Thank you, Aruna, for your thoughtful analysis of the situation. As Durham is gradually reframed in the art world as the English-American artist living in Europe that he is, his art will say much more about the realities of colonialism and race.
Regarding the art world's embrace of a faux American Indian artist, Philip S. Deloria (Standing Rock Sioux) wrote the classic book, Playing Indian (Yale, 1998), which describes how, as soon as they hit the Americas, Europeans invented an Other to represent Native Americans. Whether positive or negative, their romantic stereotypes of the Other were so alluring to them—and actual Native Americans kept refusing to live up to these stereotypes—that repeatedly throughout American history, Europeans and European-Americans have stepped into to embody this vision of the Noble Savage.
z_horseman says:
You might find that reports of Durham's passing have been greatly exaggerated. His right to self-identity as a non-enrolled individual been supported by many indigenous artists and activists, despite also having detractors.
And the recent "extensive genealogical research" (confirmed and official genealogical charts?) has never made public, apart from some generalities that do not constitute proof, and some inconsequential doubt as to his place of birth.
This "evidence" is said to be based on the research of a Cherokee "Genealogist" Kathy Griffin White. I Googled her earlier, and found that she doesn't seem to be a professional genealogist at all, and perhaps more of a fake than she accuses Durham of being. Based on the blog of a *professional* Cherokee Genealogist (http://www.pollysgranddaughter.com/2015/09/coming-soon-new-series-forgotten.html), Kathy Griffin White appears to be a pretender to the discipline, and is caught using appallingly bad research and judgement. I'm not sure that it's a good idea to hang Durham out to dry based on Kathy Griffin White's say so.
David Cornsilk says:
Kathy Griffin White is a researcher in the field of genealogy. It is not required to be "certified" by non-Cherokees for a Cherokee to investigate the false claims of wannabes including Durham. The artist Jimmy Durham's ancestry has been vetted by numerous Cherokee researchers including Kathy, myself, America Meridith and Gene Norris, a non-Cherokee certified genealogist who works for the Cherokee Heritage Center. There is no question Durham is not a Cherokee. The only questions remaining in regard to his art and the show taking place now and those pending is whether the white privilege enjoyed by the artist and protected by the venues will continue unabated or will respect for the Cherokees rise to the top like cream on fresh milk?
Regarding genealogy, numerous people have researched Durham's extensive family tree, including Gene Norris, the professional genealogist at the Cherokee Heritage Center, who found no Cherokee ancestors. As Sheila Regan pointed out in her Hyperallergic article, Durham's parents are Jerry Loren Durham and Ethel Pauline Simmons Durham, whose family lines are easy to trace.
Just an FYI the Cherokee Nation made direct contact with The Hammer Museum regarding the labeling of Durham as a Cherokee to promote the show. Complaints reached the highest levels of the museum's administration and board but achieved only one result, being blown off and patronized. Aruna your treatment of the situation is not only on point, it is exactly what many Cherokees, including myself, have felt but unable to articulate so succinctly or eloquently. We need allies in this struggle for our sovereignty and very existence. You may not have intended it, but you are now our ally. Wado (thank you) from the bottom of our Cherokee hearts!
Aruna D'Souza says:
I am so touched by your comment, David. Thank you.
Heid E. Erdrich says:
Miichwech! It means so much that even one person in the art world gets it. Took a lot of people a lot of (upaid) time and emotional energy to get to this point. Would love to see Whitney engage around the fullness of Durham's story.
Would also love the show to pack up and go home, but…
Nancy Marie Mithlo says:
Your essay is important for several reasons. First, it is original by daring to expose your own thought process from adulation to acceptance of the rights of a community. The incorporation of new findings is the highest mark of an accomplished researcher. Bravo. Second, your essay is the first I am aware of that suggests that cultural institutions go further than simply changing their signage to indicate doubt of Durham's claims. This is an important observation, for you note the important task of institutional critique. However, I suggest that you not stop at the suggestion for greater representation of American Indian art (re: "few American Indian artists are shown in mainstream U.S. museums"). In general, American Indians are not seeking the validation of their oppressors. The "get-in" is a minor goal. I note that your conclusion also supports this inclusion model ("the place of Native American art in our vision of American art writ large.") While inclusion is appreciated, this is not commonly thought of as the ultimate end game for Indigenous scholarship and creative endeavors. Finally, I am grateful to see the concepts of U.S. genocide, sovereignty, occupation and settler colonialism included in an art review. I look forward to learning more about your important work.
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Future Forecast: The Montreal Biennale 2014
The Montreal Biennale is at once a new institution and an old one. Last year, the previous iteration of the Biennale (independently operated since…


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JJ made a Dance Church presentation.


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