text:
Georges Lemaître
Belgian scientist and priest (1894-1966)Template:SHORTDESC:Belgian scientist and priest (1894-1966)
This article is about the Belgian physicist and priest. For the spacecraft, see Georges Lemaître ATV. For the American physician, see George D. LeMaitre.
The Reverend Monsignor
RAS Associate
File:Georges Lemaître 1930s.jpg
Lemaître in the 1930s
Georges Henri Joseph Édouard Lemaître
(1894-07-17)17 July 1894
Charleroi, Belgium
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Catholic University of Leuven
Catholic University of Louvain
St Edmund's House, Cambridge
Charles Jean de la Vallée-Poussin (Leuven)
Other academic advisors
Arthur Eddington (Cambridge)
Harlow Shapley (MIT)
Theory of the expansion of the universe
Lemaître coordinates
Notable awards
Francqui Prize (1934)
Eddington Medal (1953)
Ecclesiastical career
by Désiré-Joseph Mercier
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Ultimate fate of the universe
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Georges Henri Joseph Édouard Lemaître (/ləˈmɛtrə/ lə-MET-rə; French: [ʒɔʁʒ ləmɛːtʁ] ( listen); 17 July 1894 – 20 June 1966) was a Belgian Catholic priest, mathematician, astronomer, and professor of physics at the Catholic University of Louvain.[1] He was the first to theorize that the recession of nearby galaxies can be explained by an expanding universe,[2] which was observationally confirmed soon afterwards by Edwin Hubble.[3][4] He first derived "Hubble's law", now called the Hubble–Lemaître law by the IAU,[5][6] and published the first estimation of the Hubble constant in 1927, two years before Hubble's article.[7][8][9][4] Lemaître also proposed the "Big Bang theory" of the origin of the universe, calling it the "hypothesis of the primeval atom",[10] and later calling it "the beginning of the world".[11]
4 Honours
4.1 Namesakes
After a classical education at a Jesuit secondary school, the Collège du Sacré-Coeur, in Charleroi, Lemaître began studying civil engineering at the Catholic University of Louvain at the age of 17. In 1914, he interrupted his studies to serve as an artillery officer in the Belgian army for the duration of World War I. At the end of hostilities, he received the Belgian War Cross with palms.[12]
After the war, he studied physics and mathematics, and began to prepare for the diocesan priesthood, not for the Jesuits.[13] He obtained his doctorate in 1920 with a thesis entitled l'Approximation des fonctions de plusieurs variables réelles (Approximation of functions of several real variables), written under the direction of Charles de la Vallée-Poussin.[14] He was ordained a priest on 22 September 1923 by Cardinal Désiré-Joseph Mercier.[15][16]
In 1923, he became a research associate in astronomy at Cambridge UK, spending a year at St Edmund's House (now St Edmund's College, University of Cambridge). He worked with Arthur Eddington, who introduced him to modern cosmology, stellar astronomy, and numerical analysis. He spent the next year at Harvard College Observatory in Cambridge, Massachusetts, with Harlow Shapley, who had just gained renown for his work on nebulae, and at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), where he registered for the doctoral program in sciences.
File:MillikanLemaitreEinstein.jpg
Millikan, Lemaître and Einstein after Lemaître's lecture at the California Institute of Technology in January 1933.
File:Universe expansion-en.svg
According to the Big Bang theory, the universe emerged from an extremely dense and hot state (singularity). Space itself has been expanding ever since, carrying galaxies with it, like raisins in a rising loaf of bread. The graphic scheme above is an artist's conception illustrating the expansion of a portion of a flat universe.
On his return to Belgium in 1925, he became a part-time lecturer at the Catholic University of Louvain and began the report that was published in 1927 in the Annales de la Société Scientifique de Bruxelles (Annals of the Scientific Society of Brussels) under the title "Un Univers homogène de masse constante et de rayon croissant rendant compte de la vitesse radiale des nébuleuses extragalactiques" ("A homogeneous Universe of constant mass and growing radius accounting for the radial velocity of extragalactic nebulae"), that was later to bring him international fame .[2] In this report, he presented the new idea that the universe is expanding, which he derived from General Relativity. This later became known as Hubble's law, even though Lemaître was the first to provide an observational estimate of the Hubble constant.[17] The initial state he proposed was taken to be Einstein's own model of a finitely sized static universe. The paper had little impact because the journal in which it was published was not widely read by astronomers outside Belgium. Arthur Eddington reportedly helped translate the article into English in 1931, but the part of it pertaining to the estimation of the "Hubble constant" was not included in the translation for reasons that remained unknown for a long time.[18][7] This issue was clarified in 2011 by Mario Livio: Lemaître omitted those paragraphs himself when translating the paper for the Royal Astronomical Society, in favour of reports of newer work on the subject, since by that time Hubble's calculations had already improved on Lemaître's earlier ones.[4]
At this time, Einstein, while not taking exception to the mathematics of Lemaître's theory, refused to accept that the universe was expanding; Lemaître recalled his commenting "Vos calculs sont corrects, mais votre physique est abominable"[19] ("Your calculations are correct, but your physics is atrocious"). In the same year, Lemaître returned to MIT to present his doctoral thesis on The gravitational field in a fluid sphere of uniform invariant density according to the theory of relativity.[20] Upon obtaining his PhD, he was named ordinary professor at the Catholic University of Louvain.
In 1931, Arthur Eddington published in the Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society a long commentary on Lemaître's 1927 article, which Eddington described as a "brilliant solution" to the outstanding problems of cosmology.[21] The original paper was published in an abbreviated English translation later on in 1931, along with a sequel by Lemaître responding to Eddington's comments.[22] Lemaître was then invited to London to participate in a meeting of the British Association on the relation between the physical universe and spirituality. There he proposed that the universe expanded from an initial point, which he called the "Primeval Atom". He developed this idea in a report published in Nature.[11] Lemaître's theory appeared for the first time in an article for the general reader on science and technology subjects in the December 1932 issue of Popular Science.[23] Lemaître's theory became better known as the "Big Bang theory," a picturesque term playfully coined during a 1949 BBC radio broadcast by the astronomer Fred Hoyle,[24][25] who was a proponent of the steady state universe and remained so until his death in 2001.
Lemaître's proposal met with skepticism from his fellow scientists. Eddington found Lemaître's notion unpleasant.[citation needed] Einstein thought it unjustifiable from a physical point of view, although he encouraged Lemaître to look into the possibility of models of non-isotropic expansion, so it is clear he was not altogether dismissive of the concept. Einstein also appreciated Lemaître's argument that Einstein's model of a static universe could not be sustained into the infinite past.
With Manuel Sandoval Vallarta, Lemaître discovered that the intensity of cosmic rays varied with latitude because these charged particles are interacting with the Earth's magnetic field.[26] In their calculations, Lemaître and Vallarta made use of MIT's differential analyzer computer developed by Vannevar Bush. They also worked on a theory of primary cosmic radiation and applied it to their investigations of the sun's magnetic field and the effects of the galaxy's rotation.
Lemaître and Einstein met on four occasions: in 1927 in Brussels, at the time of a Solvay Conference; in 1932 in Belgium, at the time of a cycle of conferences in Brussels; in California in January 1933;[27] and in 1935 at Princeton. In 1933 at the California Institute of Technology, after Lemaître detailed his theory, Einstein stood up, applauded, and is supposed to have said, "This is the most beautiful and satisfactory explanation of creation to which I have ever listened."[28] However, there is disagreement over the reporting of this quote in the newspapers of the time, and it may be that Einstein was not referring to the theory as a whole, but only to Lemaître's proposal that cosmic rays may be the leftover artifacts of the initial "explosion".
In 1933, when he resumed his theory of the expanding universe and published a more detailed version in the Annals of the Scientific Society of Brussels, Lemaître achieved his greatest public recognition.[29] Newspapers around the world called him a famous Belgian scientist and described him as the leader of the new cosmological physics. Also in 1933, Lemaître served as a visiting professor at The Catholic University of America.[30]
On July 27, 1935, he was named an honorary canon of the Malines cathedral by Cardinal Josef Van Roey.[31]
He was elected a member of the Pontifical Academy of Sciences in 1936, and took an active role there, serving as its president from March 1960 until his death.[32]
In 1941, he was elected a member of the Royal Academy of Sciences and Arts of Belgium.[33] In 1946, he published his book on L'Hypothèse de l'Atome Primitif (The Primeval Atom Hypothesis). It was translated into Spanish in the same year and into English in 1950.[citation needed]
By 1951, Pope Pius XII declared that Lemaître's theory provided a scientific validation for Catholicism.[34] However, Lemaître resented the Pope's proclamation, stating that the theory was neutral and there was neither a connection nor a contradiction between his religion and his theory.[35] [36][16] Lemaître and Daniel O'Connell, the Pope's scientific advisor, persuaded the Pope not to mention Creationism publicly, and to stop making proclamations about cosmology.[37] Lemaître was a devout Catholic, but opposed mixing science with religion,[37] although he held that the two fields were not in conflict.[38]
During the 1950s, he gradually gave up part of his teaching workload, ending it completely when he took emeritus status in 1964. In 1962, strongly opposed to the expulsion of French speakers from the Catholic University of Louvain, he created the ACAPSUL movement together with Gérard Garitte to fight against the split.[39]
During the Second Vatican Council of 1962–65 he was asked by Pope John XXIII to serve on the 4th session of the Pontifical Commission on Birth Control.[40] However, since his health made it impossible for him to travel to Rome – he suffered a heart attack in December 1964 – Lemaître demurred, expressing surprise that he was chosen. He told a Dominican colleague, Père Henri de Riedmatten, that he thought it was dangerous for a mathematician to venture outside of his area of expertise.[41] He was also named Domestic prelate (Monsignor) in 1960 by Pope John XXIII.[33]
At the end of his life, he was increasingly devoted to problems of numerical calculation. He was a remarkable algebraicist and arithmetical calculator. Since 1930, he had used the most powerful calculating machines of the time, the Mercedes-Euklid. In 1958, he was introduced to the University's Burroughs E 101, its first electronic computer. Lemaître maintained a strong interest in the development of computers and, even more, in the problems of language and computer programming.
He died on 20 June 1966, shortly after having learned of the discovery of cosmic microwave background radiation, which provided further evidence for his proposal about the birth of the universe.[42]
Lemaître was a pioneer in applying Albert Einstein's theory of general relativity to cosmology. In a 1927 article, which preceded Edwin Hubble's landmark article by two years, Lemaître derived what became known as Hubble's law and proposed it as a generic phenomenon in relativistic cosmology. Lemaître was also the first to estimate the numerical value of the Hubble constant.
Einstein was skeptical of this paper. When Lemaître approached Einstein at the 1927 Solvay Conference, the latter pointed out that Alexander Friedmann had proposed a similar solution to Einstein's equations in 1922, implying that the radius of the universe increased over time. (Einstein had also criticized Friedmann's calculations, but withdrew his comments.) In 1931, his annus mirabilis,[43] Lemaître published an article in Nature setting out his theory of the "primeval atom."[11]
Friedmann was handicapped by living and working in the USSR, and died in 1925, soon after inventing the Friedmann–Lemaître–Robertson–Walker metric. Because Lemaître spent his entire career in Europe, his scientific work is not as well known in the United States as that of Hubble or Einstein, both well known in the U.S. by virtue of residing there. Nevertheless, Lemaître's theory changed the course of cosmology. This was because Lemaître:
Was well acquainted with the work of astronomers, and designed his theory to have testable implications and to be in accord with observations of the time, in particular to explain the observed redshift of galaxies and the linear relation between distances and velocities;
Proposed his theory at an opportune time, since Edwin Hubble would soon publish his velocity–distance relation that strongly supported an expanding universe and, consequently, Lemaître's Big Bang theory;
Had studied under Arthur Eddington, who made sure that Lemaître got a hearing in the scientific community.
Both Friedmann and Lemaître proposed relativistic cosmologies featuring an expanding universe. However, Lemaître was the first to propose that the expansion explains the redshift of galaxies. He further concluded that an initial "creation-like" event must have occurred. In the 1980s, Alan Guth and Andrei Linde modified this theory by adding to it a period of inflation.
Einstein at first dismissed Friedmann, and then (privately) Lemaître, out of hand, saying that not all mathematics lead to correct theories. After Hubble's discovery was published, Einstein quickly and publicly endorsed Lemaître's theory, helping both the theory and its proposer get fast recognition.[44]
Lemaître was also an early adopter of computers for cosmological calculations. He introduced the first computer to his university (a Burroughs E 101) in 1958 and was one of the inventors of the Fast Fourier transform algorithm.[45]
In 1931, Lemaître was the first scientist to propose the expansion of the universe was actually accelerating which was confirmed observationally in the 1990s through observations of very distant Type IA supernova with the Hubble Space Telescope which led to the 2011 Nobel Prize in Physics.[46][47][48]
In 1933, Lemaître found an important inhomogeneous solution of Einstein's field equations describing a spherical dust cloud, the Lemaître–Tolman metric.
In 1948 Lemaître published a polished mathematical essay "Quaternions et espace elliptique" which clarified an obscure space.[49] William Kingdon Clifford had cryptically described elliptic space in 1873 at a time when versors were too common to mention.[ambiguous] Lemaître developed the theory of quaternions from first principles so that his essay can stand on its own, but he recalled the Erlangen program[further explanation needed] in geometry while developing the metric geometry of elliptic space.[citation needed]
Lemaître was the first theoretical cosmologist ever nominated in 1954 for the Nobel Prize in Physics for his prediction of the expanding universe. Remarkably, he was also nominated for the 1956 Nobel Prize in Chemistry for his primeval atom theory.
On 17 March 1934, Lemaître received the Francqui Prize, the highest Belgian scientific distinction, from King Leopold III.[33] His proposers were Albert Einstein, Charles de la Vallée-Poussin and Alexandre de Hemptinne. The members of the international jury were Eddington, Langevin, Théophile de Donder and Marcel Dehalu. The same year he received the Mendel Medal of the Villanova University.[50]
In 1936, Lemaître received the Prix Jules Janssen, the highest award of the Société astronomique de France, the French astronomical society.[51]
Another distinction that the Belgian government reserves for exceptional scientists was allotted to him in 1950: the decennial prize for applied sciences for the period 1933–1942.[33]
In 1953, he was given the inaugural Eddington Medal awarded by the Royal Astronomical Society.[52][53]
In 2005, Lemaître was voted to the 61st place of De Grootste Belg ("The Greatest Belgian"), a Flemish television program on the VRT. In the same year he was voted to the 78th place by the audience of the Les plus grands Belges ("The Greatest Belgians"), a television show of the RTBF.
On 17 July 2018, Google Doodle celebrated Georges Lemaître's 124th birthday.[54]
On 26 October 2018, an electronic vote among all members of the International Astronomical Union voted 78% to recommend changing the name of the Hubble law to the Hubble–Lemaître law.[6][55]
The lunar crater Lemaître
Lemaître observers in the Schwarzschild vacuum frame fields in general relativity
Minor planet 1565 Lemaître
The fifth Automated Transfer Vehicle, Georges Lemaître ATV
Norwegian indie electronic band Lemaitre
The Maison Georges Lemaître is the main building of the University of Louvain's UCLouvain Charleroi campus, adjacent to Lemaître's birthplace
File:Musée L 0032.jpg
"L'Hypothèse de l'Atome primitif" (The Primeval Atom – an Essay on Cosmogony) (1931)
G. Lemaître, L'Hypothèse de l'atome primitif, 1931
G. Lemaître, The Primeval Atom – an Essay on Cosmogony, D. Van Nostrand Co, 1946.
"The Primeval Atom," in Munitz, Milton K., ed., Theories of the Universe, The Free Press, 1957.
The gravitational field in a fluid sphere of uniform invariant density according, to the theory of relativity ; Note on de Sitter ̕Universe ; Note on the theory of pulsating stars (PDF), Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Dept. Of Physics, 1927b <templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
"Un Univers homogène de masse constante et de rayon croissant rendant compte de la vitesse radiale des nébuleuses extra-galactiques". Annales de la Société Scientifique de Bruxelles (in français). 47: 49. April 1927. Bibcode:1927ASSB...47...49L. CS1 maint: date and year (link)<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
(Translated in: "A Homogeneous Universe of Constant Mass and Growing Radius Accounting for the Radial Velocity of Extragalactic Nebulae". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 91 (5): 483–490. 1931. Bibcode:1931MNRAS..91..483L. doi:10.1093/mnras/91.5.483. <templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>)
"Expansion of the universe, The expanding universe". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 91: 490–501. March 1931. Bibcode:1931MNRAS..91..490L. doi:10.1093/mnras/91.5.490. CS1 maint: date and year (link)<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
"The Beginning of the World from the Point of View of Quantum Theory". Nature. 127 (3210): 706. 9 May 1931. Bibcode:1931Natur.127..706L. doi:10.1038/127706b0. ISSN 1476-4687. S2CID 4089233. CS1 maint: date and year (link)<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
"The Evolution of the Universe: Discussion". Nature. 128 (3234): 699–701. October 1931. Bibcode:1931Natur.128..704L. doi:10.1038/128704a0. S2CID 4028196. CS1 maint: date and year (link)<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
"Evolution of the Expanding Universe". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 20 (1): 12–17. 1934. Bibcode:1934PNAS...20...12L. doi:10.1073/pnas.20.1.12. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 1076329. PMID 16587831. <templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
Cold Big Bang
List of Roman Catholic cleric-scientists
List of Christians in science and technology
Michał Heller – Polish catholic priest and physicist/astronomer.
↑ "Obituary: Georges Lemaitre". Physics Today. 19 (9): 119–121. September 1966. doi:10.1063/1.3048455. <templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
↑ 2.0 2.1 Lemaître 1927a, p. 49.
↑ Reich, Eugenie Samuel (27 June 2011). "Edwin Hubble in translation trouble". Nature. doi:10.1038/news.2011.385. <templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 Livio 2011, pp. 171-173.
↑ "name change for Hubble Law". Nature. 563 (7729): 10–11. 31 October 2018. doi:10.1038/d41586-018-07180-9. PMID 30382217. The International Astronomical Union recommends that the law should now be known as the Hubble–Lemaître law, to pay tribute to the Belgian priest and astronomer Georges Lemaître, who derived the speed–distance relationship two years earlier than did US astronomer Edwin Hubble. <templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
↑ 6.0 6.1 "International Astronomical Union members vote to recommend renaming the Hubble law as the Hubble–Lemaître law". iau.org. 29 October 2018. Retrieved 5 November 2018. <templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
↑ 7.0 7.1 van den Bergh, Sidney (6 June 2011). "The Curious Case of Lemaitre's Equation No. 24". Journal of the Royal Astronomical Society of Canada. 105 (4): 151. arXiv:1106.1195. Bibcode:2011JRASC.105..151V. <templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
↑ Block 2012, pp. 89-96.
↑ Reich, Eugenie Samuel (27 June 2011). "Edwin Hubble in translation trouble". Nature. doi:10.1038/news.2011.385. ISSN 1476-4687. <templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
↑ "Big bang theory is introduced – 1927". A Science Odyssey. WGBH. Retrieved 31 July 2014. <templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
↑ 11.0 11.1 11.2 Lemaître 1931b, p. 706.
↑ "Croix de guerre, reçue en 1918 et la palme en 1921 (Georges Lemaître)". archives.uclouvain.be. Retrieved 7 September 2018. <templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
↑ Farrell, John (22 March 2008). "The Original Big Bang Man" (PDF). The Tablet. Retrieved 7 April 2015. <templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
↑ "Georges Lemaître - the Mathematics Genealogy Project". <templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
↑ Lambert, Dominique (1996). "Mgr Georges Lemaître et les "Amis de Jésus"". Revue Théologique de Louvain (in français). 27 (3): 309–343. doi:10.3406/thlou.1996.2836. ISSN 0080-2654. <templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
↑ 16.0 16.1 Lambert, Dominique (1997). "Monseigneur Georges Lemaître et le débat entre la cosmologie et la foi (à suivre)". Revue Théologique de Louvain (in français). 28 (1): 28–53. doi:10.3406/thlou.1997.2867. ISSN 0080-2654. <templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
↑ Belenkiy, Ari (2012). "Alexander Friedmann and the origins of modern cosmology". Physics Today. 65 (10): 38. Bibcode:2012PhT....65j..38B. doi:10.1063/PT.3.1750. <templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
↑ Way, Michael; Nussbaumer, Harry (2011). "Lemaître's Hubble relationship". Physics Today. 64 (8): 8. arXiv:1104.3031. Bibcode:2011PhT....64h...8W. doi:10.1063/PT.3.1194. S2CID 119270674. <templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
↑ Deprit, A. (1984). "Monsignor Georges Lemaître". In A. Barger (ed.). The Big Bang and Georges Lemaître. Reidel. p. 370. <templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
↑ Lemaître 1927b.
↑ Eddington, A. S. (1930). "On the instability of Einstein's spherical world". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 90 (7): 668–688. Bibcode:1930MNRAS..90..668E. doi:10.1093/mnras/90.7.668. <templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
↑ Lemaître 1931a, pp. 490-501.
↑ Menzel, David (December 1932). "A blast of Giant Atom created our universe". Popular Science. Bonnier Corporation. p. 52. <templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
↑ "Third Programme – 28 March 1949 – BBC Genome". genome.ch.bbc.co.uk. Retrieved 4 September 2018. <templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
↑ "Hoyle on the Radio: Creating the 'Big Bang'". www.joh.cam.ac.uk. Retrieved 4 September 2018. <templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
↑ Lemaitre, G.; Vallarta, M. S. (15 January 1933). "On Compton's Latitude Effect of Cosmic Radiation". Physical Review. 43 (2): 87–91. Bibcode:1933PhRv...43...87L. doi:10.1103/PhysRev.43.87. S2CID 7293355. <templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
↑ Einstein and Lemaître: two friends, two cosmologies… http://inters.org/einstein-lemaitre
↑ Kragh, Helge, 1996. Cosmology and Controversy". p. 55.
↑ Lemaître 1934, pp. 12-17.
↑ McCarthy Hines, Mary. "Physics Professor Earns Historic Recognition". Catholic U. The Catholic University of America (Spring 2019): 16. <templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
↑ "The Faith and Reason of Father George Lemaître". catholicculture.org. February 2009. Retrieved 3 January 2021. <templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
↑ "Georges Lemaitre". Pontifical Academy of Science. Retrieved 4 September 2018. <templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
↑ 33.0 33.1 33.2 33.3 "Rapport Jury Mgr Georges Lemaître". Fondation Francqui – Stichting (in français). 1934. Retrieved 4 September 2018. <templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
↑ Pope XII (22 November 1951). "Ai Cardinali, ai Legati delle Nazioni Estere e ai Soci della Pontificia Accademia delle Scienze". www.vatican.va. Retrieved 3 September 2018. <templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
↑ Peter T. Landsberg (1999). Seeking Ultimates: An Intuitive Guide to Physics, Second Edition. CRC Press. p. 236. ISBN 978-0-7503-0657-7. Indeed the attempt in 1951 by Pope Pius XII to look forward to a time when creation would be established by science was resented by several physicists, notably by George Gamow and even George Lemaitre, a member of the Pontifical Academy. <templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
↑ Soter & deGrasse Tyson 2000.
↑ 37.0 37.1 Singh 2010, p. 362.
↑ Crawley, William. 2012. "Father of the Big Bang". BBC.
↑ "ACAPSUL – Association du corps académique et du personnel scientifique de l'Université de Louvain". <templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
↑ McClory, Robert (1998). "Appendice II: Membres de la Commission". Rome et la contraception: histoire secrète de l'encyclique Humanae vitae (in français). Editions de l'Atelier. p. 205. ISBN 978-2-7082-3342-3. <templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
↑ Lambert, Dominique, 2000. Un Atome d'Univers. Lessius, p. 302.
↑ "Georges Lemaître: Who was the Belgian priest who discovered the universe is expanding?". 16 July 2018. <templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
↑ Luminet, Jean-Pierre (2011). "Editorial note to: Georges Lemaître, The beginning of the world from the point of view of quantum theory". General Relativity and Gravitation. 43 (10): 2911–2928. arXiv:1105.6271. Bibcode:2011GReGr..43.2911L. doi:10.1007/s10714-011-1213-7. ISSN 0001-7701. S2CID 55219897. <templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
↑ Singh 2010.
↑ Biography at Archived 14 April 2011 at the Wayback Machine UCL
↑ Longair, Malcolm (2007). The Cosmic Century. United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press. pp. 118–119. ISBN 978-0-521-47436-8. <templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
↑ Riess, Adam G.; Filippenko, Alexei V.; Challis, Peter; Clocchiatti, Alejandro; Diercks, Alan; Garnavich, Peter M.; Gilliland, Ron L.; Hogan, Craig J.; Jha, Saurabh; Kirshner, Robert P.; Leibundgut, B.; Phillips, M. M.; Reiss, David; Schmidt, Brian P.; Schommer, Robert A.; Smith, R. Chris; Spyromilio, J.; Stubbs, Christopher; Suntzeff, Nicholas B.; Tonry, John (1998). "Observational Evidence from Supernovae for an Accelerating Universe and a Cosmological Constant". The Astronomical Journal. 116 (3): 1009–1038. arXiv:astro-ph/9805201. Bibcode:1998AJ....116.1009R. doi:10.1086/300499. ISSN 0004-6256. S2CID 15640044. <templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
↑ Steer, Ian (2013). "Lemaître's Limit". Journal of the Royal Astronomical Society of Canada. 107 (2): 57. arXiv:1212.6566. Bibcode:2013JRASC.107...57S. ISSN 0035-872X. <templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
↑ Georges Lemaître (1948) "Quaternions et espace elliptique", Acta Pontifical Academy of Sciences 12:57–78
↑ "Abbé Georges Edouard Etienne Lemaître, Ph.D., D.Sc. – 1934". Villanova University. Retrieved 5 September 2018. <templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
↑ "Médaille du prix Janssen décernée par la Société Astronomique de France à Georges Lemaître (1936)". archives.uclouvain.be. Retrieved 7 September 2018. <templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
↑ "Medallists of the Royal Astronomical Society". Archived from the original on 16 July 2011. Retrieved 13 June 2012. <templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
↑ Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 113, p.2
↑ "Who was Georges Lemaître? Google Doodle celebrates 124th birthday of the astronomer behind the Big Bang Theory". 17 July 2018. <templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
↑ Gibney, Elizabeth (2018). "Belgian priest recognized in Hubble law name change". Nature. doi:10.1038/d41586-018-07234-y. <templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
Block, David L. (2012). "Georges Lemaître and Stigler's Law of Eponymy". Astrophysics and Space Science Library. 395: 89–96. arXiv:1106.3928v2. Bibcode:2012ASSL..395...89B. doi:10.1007/978-3-642-32254-9_8. ISBN 978-3-642-32253-2. S2CID 119205665. <templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
Farrell, John (2005). The Day Without Yesterday: Lemaitre, Einstein, and the Birth of Modern Cosmology. New York: Thunder's Mouth Press. ISBN 978-1-56025-660-1. <templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
Holder, Rodney; Mitton, Simon (2013). Georges Lemaître: Life, Science and Legacy (Astrophysics and Space Science Library 395). Springer. ISBN 978-3-642-32253-2. <templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
Livio, Mario (10 November 2011). "Lost in translation: Mystery of the missing text solved". Nature. 479 (7372): 171–173. Bibcode:2011Natur.479..171L. doi:10.1038/479171a. PMID 22071745. S2CID 203468083. <templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
Nussbaumer, Harry; Bieri, Lydia (2009). Discovering the Expanding Universe. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-51484-2. <templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
Singh, Simon (2010). Big Bang. HarperCollins UK. ISBN 978-0-00-737550-9. <templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
Soter, Steven; deGrasse Tyson, Neil (2000). "Georges Lemaître, Father of the Big Bang". Cosmic Horizons: Astronomy at the Cutting Edge. American Museum of Natural History. Archived from the original on 17 January 2013. Retrieved 13 April 2013. <templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
Berenda, Carlton W (1951). "Notes on Lemaître's Cosmogony". The Journal of Philosophy. 48 (10): 338–341. doi:10.2307/2020873. JSTOR 2020873. <templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
Berger, A.L., editor, The Big Bang and Georges Lemaître: Proceedings of a Symposium in honour of G. Lemaître fifty years after his initiation of Big-Bang Cosmology, Louvain-Ia-Neuve, Belgium, 10–13 October 1983 (Springer, 2013).
Cevasco, George A (1954). "The Universe and Abbe Lemaitre". Irish Monthly. 83 (969). <templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
Godart, Odon & Heller, Michal (1985) Cosmology of Lemaître, Pachart Publishing House.
Farrell, John, The Day Without Yesterday: Lemaître, Einstein and the Birth of Modern Cosmology (Basic Books, 2005), ISBN 978-1560256601.
Lambert, Dominique, The Atom of the Universe: The Life and Work of Georges Lemaître (Copernicus Center Press, 2015), ISBN 978-8378860716.
McCrea, William H. (1970). "Cosmology Today: A Review of the State of the Science with Particular Emphasis on the Contributions of Georges Lemaître". American Scientist. 58 (5). <templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
Kragh, Helge (1970). "Georges Lemaître" (PDF). In Gillispie, Charles (ed.). Dictionary of Scientific Biography. New York: Scribner & American Council of Learned Societies. pp. 542–543. ISBN 978-0-684-10114-9. <templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
Turek, Jósef. Georges Lemaître and the Pontifical Academy of Sciences, Specola Vaticana, 1989.
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text:
Jacinda Ardern announces resignation as New Zealand PM
Jacinda Ardern resigns before the elections in New Zealand.
New Zealand Prime Minister, Jacinda Ardern announces resignation before upcoming elections in the country.
Jacinda Ardern, New Zealand Prime Minister quits before elections in the country announcing she would not seek re-election and will be stepping down next month.
Related: UK PRIME MINISTER LIZ TRUSS RESIGNS
During her speech announcing her retirement, Ardern assured that she has no plans once she leaves the position, and that she will take the opportunity to spend more time with her family.
Ardern became prime minister in 2017 and led New Zealand through a period of major incidents including the COVID-19 pandemic and an attack on two mosques in Christchurch in which 51 people were killed.
Recommended: Greta Thunberg released after being arrested by German police
At the moment there is no designated successor, therefore, the next prime minister wil be chosen on January 22 by voting within the party, in which the winner will need at least two thirds of the support of the members.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
MPR News Tracking the buildings and the money
St. Paul Saints
Saints ballpark budget has $8.8 million hole
Curtis Gilbert June 12, 2013, 5:12 PM Jun 12, 2013
A new minor league ballpark in downtown St. Paul will cost almost $9 million more than the $54 million the city budgeted.
St. Paul has found the soil underneath the ballpark site is far more polluted than it originally thought. It also underestimated the cost of constructing the ballpark itself.
Listen Saints ballpark budget has $8.8 million hole
Design concept for new Lowertown Ballpark in St. Paul. (Photo/City of St. Paul)
Despite the shortfall, the city is continuing with construction of the new home for the minor league Saints baseball team.
"We're proceeding with the demolition of the building, and we're proceeding with identifying sources to address the financing gap," Parks and Recreation Director Mike Hahm said in a conference call with reporters.
The ballpark site is currently home to an abandoned factory. The St. Paul Port Authority did preliminary soil tests before it purchased the land last year for $2.3 million. Based on those tests, the city budgeted about $5 million for pollution cleanup. It now projects the cost will be more than double that.
"It's not atypical," Port Authority President Louis Jambois said of the increased costs. "There's a lot of things that are unknown below the surface of the ground, and until we start digging in the dirt, we're not going to know all of it."
The site, over its history, has been used to manufacture shampoo and turn coal into gas. The soil contains solvents, petroleum, coal byproducts and heavy metals. The city knew it would have to haul away the top five to seven feet of soil. Now it's discovered that the problems run much deeper — more like 20 feet.
The increased cleanup costs account for $6.2 million of funding gap. The other $2.6 million comes from the price of building the ballpark itself.
"To build a ballpark that you and the residents have come to expect, we will need to make investments that the current project budget does not allow," Hahm wrote in a letter to the City Council.
This is the second time St. Paul has had to fill a hole in the ballpark's budget. The state of Minnesota committed $25 million to the project last year — $2 million less than the city had asked for. It later kicked in the balance in the form of a loan and a $1 million clean-up grant.
St. Paul is currently contributing $17 million, and the Saints has pledged $10 million. Hahm said the city will ask the team to increase its contribution, but did not say by how much. The solution, he said, would include "public and private funds."
City Councilmember Dave Thune, who represents Lowertown, the neighborhood where the ballpark will be built, said he's not worried about the budget gap and that the ballpark has lots of supporters, from the mayor to the team to the Chamber of Commerce.
"Everybody wants it to happen and to work. And, with that said, I think we will find a way to do it," Thune said.
Lowertown Lowertown ballpark St. Paul St. Paul Saints
‹ Older Saints ballpark to cost nearly $9 million more than budgeted
Newer › Vikings stadium site may not hold pollution surprises of St. Paul's ballpark location
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text:
package com.sz.site7road.service;

import com.sz.site7road.entity.article.ArticleEntity;

/**
 * project: 公司官网重构---李福春
 * Created by cutter.li on 2014/12/3 9:53.
 * remark:文章管理的服务接口
 */
public interface ArticleService extends BaseService<ArticleEntity>{
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
Fidżi na Letnich Igrzyskach Olimpijskich 2016 – występ kadry sportowców reprezentujących Fidżi na letnich igrzyskach olimpijskich w 2016 roku w Rio de Janeiro.

Reprezentacja liczyła 54 zawodników – 37 mężczyzn i 17 kobiet. Wystąpili oni w czternastu konkurencjach w dziesięciu dyscyplinach sportowych. Najstarszym członkiem reprezentacji był 53-letni strzelec, Glenn Kable, a najmłodszą – 17-letnia tenisistka stołowa, Sally Yee.

Męska reprezentacja kraju w rugby 7 zdobyła pierwszy w historii medal olimpijski dla Fidżi. Rugbyści zostali mistrzami olimpijskimi po zwycięstwie we wszystkich rozegranych meczach.

Chorążym reprezentacji podczas ceremonii otwarcia igrzysk był kapitan drużyny rugbystów, Osea Kolinisau.

Był to czternasty start reprezentacji Fidżi w letnich igrzyskach olimpijskich i siedemnasty występ olimpijski, wliczając w to zimowe igrzyska.

Zdobyte medale

Reprezentanci

Boks

Judo

Lekkoatletyka

 Konkurencje biegowe

 Konkurencje techniczne

Łucznictwo

Piłka nożna

Turniej mężczyzn

 Faza grupowa

 Tabela końcowa grupy C

Pływanie

Podnoszenie ciężarów

Rugby 7

Turniej kobiet

 Skład reprezentacji
Ana Roqica (kapitan)Merewal CumuRusila NagasauLitia NaiqatoTimaima RavisaViniana RiwaiAsena RokomaramaTimalma TamoiRebecca TavoLavenia TinaiLuisa TisoloJiowana SautoTrener:  Chris Cracknell

 Faza grupowa

 Faza pucharowa

 1/4 finału

 Mecz o miejsca 5–8

 Mecz o miejsca 7–8

 Zdobywczynie punktów dla Fidżi

Turniej mężczyzn

 Skład reprezentacji
Osea Kolinisau (kapitan)Apisai DomolailaiJasa VeremaluaJosua TuisovaKitione TaligaLeone NakarawaSamisoni ViriviriSavenaca RawacaSemi KunataniJerry TuwaiVatemo RavouvouViliame MataMasivesi DakuwaqaTrener:  Ben Ryan

 Faza grupowa

 Faza pucharowa

 1/4 finału

 1/2 finału

 Finał

 Zdobywcy punktów dla Fidżi

Strzelectwo

Tenis stołowy

Przypisy

Państwa uczestniczące w Letnich Igrzyskach Olimpijskich 2016
2016
Fidżi w XXI wieku

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


After the fervor of the past year, the buzz around blockchain's use in advertising is subsiding, leading to issues for businesses built entirely around the ledger-based technology.
While there's been plenty of buzz around how advertisers could potentially use blockchain to resolve the fraud and hidden fees embedded in programmatic trading, there's been a dearth of actual use cases. Advertisers have questioned whether they should spend their money on it — and if the tech even works as promised for this particular type of use case.


Should I get involved with section 8?
ForumsArrowStarting OutArrowShould I get involved with section 8?
I have limited capital to work with and the idea of buying a property at $25,000 putting about $10,000 into rehabbing the house and renting it for $800 (local section 8 rent estimate) sounds like a great deal. I would hire a property manager experienced in section 8 to guide me through the venture, but I do not want to rely on someone else for the success of my business. Could someone with section 8 experience help me understand how the section 8 program changes the rental process, and if there are any hidden expenses with section 8?
@John LaVecchia The Section 8 programs are going to have an inspector come out and inspect the property to meet their standards. You could hire a Home Inspector that works on a lot of Section 8 housing to do the same thing, one time. You can call your local section 8 offices and see if they have some people they recommend, then do your background checks on the people recommended. You should be able to find some good ones who can tell you what you need to fix to pass an inspection and get you on your way for the program. Best of luck to you.
Perhaps the accompanying questions is WHY do you WANT to get involved in Section 8 governance? There are positives and negatives.. are you looking to be talked out of the negatives?
so for $35k you could rent it for $800/mo? That seems like the deal of a lifetime. I'd be curious about your expenses. I've had experience with section 8 and it can go either way depending on the tenant. Some will screw you and cause you nothing but problems, others will be just like any other tenant and your rent always shows up on the 4th like clockwork. There should not be any hidden expenses if your property meets code and passes inspection.
@Jack Bobeck thank you for the insight, I will definitely speak to my local section 8 office for the recommendation.
@Eric Taylor, my motivation to participate would be the increase in rent. In this case I would get about $200 more a month using the program.
Totally agree with Eric. I would also add that it is very important that you still screen your prospective tenant thoroughly, regardless of age, even though they have a Section 8 voucher. Section 8 may be paying all or most of their rent, but that should not affect your credit, previous landlord and criminal background checks. Best of luck to you.
@Eric Taylor Having an elderly section 8 tenant is a great idea to reduce the risk of damage to the property. I will definitely try to find a solid marketing outlet to that demographic. Thank you for that creative idea to reduce the risk of my investment.
@Laticia Braxton What would you consider a "good" credit score for a section 8 tenant?
You decide what you will require as a "acceptable" credit score. You do not lower your standards to qualify sub standard applicants. Even S8 recipients can have descent money management skills. If they do not then you do not want them as tenants. A low credit score is a indication of a overall sub standard individual in most cases.
600 + credit scores is what I look for with section 8 tenants and non-section 8. While inspections are a pain it's really a free evaluation of your home and can help you keep up on important things.
When reading posts from people discouraging you from going Section 8, make sure and get a feel for whether or not they have ever rented a property through Section 8. I have a Section 8 property, my numbers are very close to your desired target range, the venture has been lucrative and I am having a blast. My tenant only pays $46 and the government pays $629. I didn't see the need to run their credit, I received a deposit of $600, so if the tenant doesn't keep up, I won't renew to him. I do send him a bill every month saying the right things but I don't sweat it much. I did go with a disabled man in his 50s because I think he gave me a good shot at a long term tenant.
I'll be happy to answer any specific questions you have about Section 8. I did not go with a property manager, I just got a list from my local housing authority of what they need done to the property and showed the list to my contractor. You will likely fail your first inspection of two, don't worry about it and be nice to the inspector; I thought of it as a long term play, I want to do many deals with Section 8 so I will likely deal with the inspector many times over. Be calm when dealing with the bureaucratic red tape of the housing authority; make a phone call to figure out the next step when you are going through the process, when you get sent to voicemail, leave a message; when you don't hear a reply a day later, send an email; when you don't get a reply from your email two days later, drive to the Section 8 office and politely figure out what the next steps are. A lot of times you will be past from one person to the next and the last person won't tell you that you are now to be working with a new person.
I get a direct deposit into my bank account every month. I get above market rent. It's a sweet deal. Just be cool and have fun with it, you'll love it once you do your first deal.
Typically, anything below 600 (whether a Section 8 or a traditional tenant) will not be approved although I don't consider a credit score as an indicator of a "sub standard individual". Many people have had or will have challenges at some point in their lifetime. I do, however, look very heavily at past rental history and ability to pay and that is what mainly drives the decision with Section 8 tenants.
@Thomas S. What do you think of the 600 mark suggested by Mr. Calloway and Ms. Braxton?
@Jonathan R. Do you find it is harder for you to get equity partner on a section 8 property, and how do you present the investment to minimize the perceived risk (without being dishonest or misleading)?
@Ryan Delauz You can only raise it 5% per year. To get it up that high you have to finish the lease and start a new one with a new tenant all together. @John LaVecchia I have never used an equity partner. I think it would be pretty simple. Something like, "Here are the days I get direct deposits, it is nice not to have to worry about getting the majority of my money on time. We are also providing an excellent home for someone in need and a tremendous amount of value to the community."
Thank you for the tip @Jonathan R. I'll be using that line when I speak to my potential partner later today!
@Jonathan Roper So my best option would be not to renew lease when it expires and get a new section 8 tenant at higher rent?
@Ryan Delauz Yes, that is the only way. Always shoot high and let the housing authority correct you downward if need be. It isn't difficult to get a tenant to agree to your number on Section 8, at least not in my area.
Reduced evictions - Applicants lose their voucher if they are evicted so collecting the tenant portion of rent is easier. The question we often have to ask short/no payers is "do you want to pay us $200 now or $900 without your voucher?"
Increased vacancy - At least in Chicago, the unit must be vacant before an inspection can occur. Add to that the processing time of moving papers and potential for a failed first inspection, it can take 30+ days before the applicant moves in.
Bureaucracy - Expect plenty of red tape, delays and unexpected problems.
Limited recourse - Tenants typically have little income so collecting on any judgments/damage is practically non-existent.
Inspections - This might be a local issue but these have been getting stricter and fail rates have been increasing. Quality control inspections (after a pass) can make a simple passed inspection turn into three (initial inspection, quality control fail, 2nd inspection from quality control). Inspection times are only provided the afternoon before so it makes scheduling difficult especially if you have multiple inspections on a day (they do not always consolidate inspections of multifamily buildings).
On screening, we never hold Section 8 tenants to FICO credit scores as many are underbanked and the scores have little predictive insight for this population. I personally have had many great long term tenants who have been unscored (shows up as a no hit) by FICO. However, I recommend screening every tenant to review for criminal, evictions and overall stability.
@Jeremy S. Thank you so much for that breakdown of the system. Your experience shows in your ability to articulate the pros and cons of the system. As a rookie, how can I appropriately screen tenants for stability outside of there criminal and evictions records?
You got lots of pros and cons for Section 8, from above replies. If you have tenant now, just keep until they move out. No point in kicking out a paying tenant. If no tenant now, I would go with section 8 tenant.
I currently have section 8 tenants. From what I noticed, opinions are 50-50 to which is best.
There are two main reasons why I chose section 8.
1. Can get 20-25% more than market.
2. I don't have to chase down late paying tenants, and list to excuses why they are having difficulty paying. Here's a real situation that happened within last two weeks. Tenant has been 50-50 late over past year, and I have been waiving the late fee. This last month, November, tenant have not been return call or text message. When finally get a hold of daughter of tenant, she starts off by yelling at me for not fixing items, which I have and have handyman living in same complex. I agree to work with her to fix items. I ask about rent, then she said Thursday. Thursday comes and go's. She next said Friday, Friday comes and goes. She pays Saturday, but not late fees per our lease agreement.
I send her a copy of portion lease regarding late fees, and current 3 bedroom 2 bath rental for $895 in same complex. Current tenant is paying $700.


The Civil Society and Expanded Dialogue Unit of the G8 Research Group conducts research and analysis on the G8's ongoing relationship with major external stakeholders, including emerging economies and civil society. The CSED also publishes thematic reports on the G8's past and present involvement in issues that will be discussed at the summit.
For information, please contact the G8 Research Group at <g8@utoronto.ca>.
The Choreography of Resistance: Civil Society Action at the 2007 G8 Summit. A report on the various forms of civil society action directed at the 2007 G8 Heiligendamm Summit, by Joanna Dafoe and Miranda Linn, August 2007.
See also the G8 Research Group - Oxford for more research on the Outreach Five.


Spring Scent Inspired Floral Rose Baby Pink Dog Harness Size: Chest Girth 16.5"-21.5"
Spring Scent Inspired Floral Rose Baby Pink Dog Harness Size: Chest Girth 20"-26"
Simple yet charming, this sweet dog harness is designed in a baby pink color and looks good on all the breeds. Inspired by the spring flora and scents, this designer dog harness will bring both style and comfort to the most playful member in your family. Easy to care for, these soft, comfortable harnesses are even machine-washable.
Vibrant color combination, unique design to show off your dog.
Made of a tough grosgrain ribbon sewn on to a high density hot pink nylon webbing.
Buckles are made from recycled, eco-friendly plastic bottles. D-ring is coated with nickel for added durability.


We dug with our hands into the soft coastal soil. There we found multiple white, pock-marked, hollow, spherical objects the size of miniature rugby balls. They looked a bit like animal skulls, but TPR told me that they belonged to the gun emplacements on the clifftops.
Later I wandered over to the cliff. It was so narrow that I was astonished that anyone had built anything there. I almost dropped into the waves below when I peered over the edge to look at the birds nesting on the rock ledges beneath me.
This entry was posted in Uncategorized and tagged animal, ball, bird, build, cliff, coast, dig, edge, emplacement, gun, ledge, nest, rugby, secret, secrets, skull, soil, TPR, wave, white. Bookmark the permalink.


Police in Australia are investigating a series of incidents involving men with very little clothing terrorising members of the public.
Quitting smoking and losing weight are once again the top of the new year's resolutions list.
PHOTO GALLERY | Check out our photos of The Church Christmas Party for 2013 at The Coronet.
History making art; The Namatjira Project by Big hART Inc.
According to new research by health services, having coloured phlegm or snot does not mean you need antibiotics.


This new body of work extends the artistic trajectory charted across Roger Ballen's three previous books – Outland, Shadow Chamber and Boarding House.
The black-and-white images were photographed within the confines of a house in a Johannesburg suburb, the location of which remains a mystery. The inhabitants of the house, both people and animals, and most notably, the ever-present birds, are the cast who perform within a sculptural and decorated theatrical interior that Roger Ballen creates and orchestrates.
The resulting images exist in a space between painting, drawing, installation and photography. They are timeless, psychologically powerful and masterfully composed. In a world in which photographers seek to avoid definition, Roger Ballen's photographs defy classification and genres: his world stands out as one of a kind.


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Four individuals, one institute to receive Mercantile Bank accolades
Mehedi Hassan
AKM Shaheed Reza, chairman of Mercantile Bank Ltd, addresses the media on the eve of the bank's 20th anniversary at its head office in Dhaka on Sunday Courtesy
Each awardee will receive Tk3 lakh, a gold medal and a crest
Four personalities and one institute will be honoured with the Mercantile Bank Sommanona 2019 Awards for their outstanding contribution to the country in their respective fields.
On the occasion of its 20th anniversary, Mercantile Bank organized a press conference at its Head Office in Dhaka on Sunday.
The bank's chairman AKM Shaheed Reza attended the briefing as the chief guest, while he highlighted the bank's significant achievements over the last years and underscored the future action plans.
The recipients of the Mercantile Bank Sommanona 2019 Awards are Dr Tofail Ahmed (education), Captain Shahabuddin Ahmed Bir Uttom (research on the War of Liberation), Abul Kashem of Abul Khair Group (industry and commerce), Mosharraf Hossain Khan (swimming) and Bangladesh Fisheries Research Institute, Mymensingh (economics research).
Each awardee will receive Tk3lakh, a gold medal and a crest.
Shaheed Reza also stated that a colorful event will be organized in a Dhaka hotel on the occasion of Bank's 20th Anniversary today (17th June). Bangladesh Bank Governor Fazle Kabir will attend the program as chief guest.
Five talented young bankers will also be awarded with "MBL Young Bankers Appreciation Award-2019", he added.
Bank's Chairman also announced the winners of 'MBL Young Bankers Appreciation Award-2019'. He added that these talented young bankers were selected through five competitive phases of assessment. They are Uzzwal Kumar Singha, AVP, IFIC Bank Ltd; Sirajul Islam, AVP, AB Bank Ltd; A.K.M. Hossainuzzaman, FAVP, Mercantile Bank Ltd; Tawhid Khan Majlish, FAVP, Mutual Trust Bank Ltd and Mohammad Arafat Hossain, FAVP, Bank Asia Limited.
Each awardee will be honored by Tk2 lakh, crest and a certificate.
Bank's Managing Director and CEO Md Quamrul Islam Chowdhury presided over the press conference while Bank's Vice Chairman ASM Feroz Alam, Chairman of the Executive Committee Al-Haj Akram Hossain (Humayun), Chairman of Mercantile Bank Foundation M Amanullah, Chairman of Mercantile Bank Securities Limited Md Selim and Directors Morshed Alam MP, Md Anwarul Haque and Al-Haj Mosharref Hossain were present in the conference.
At the end of March, 2019, Mercantile Bank's deposits stood at Tk23,640crore, Loans and advance stood at Tk22, 611crore and banks profit stood at Tk159 crore. Now the total branches of this bank are 139 and the number of ATM booths stood at 169, according the bank's statement.


Self-coordination of an interdisciplinary group of students for the creation of a full graphic design project.Identit y intended to celebrate the 25th anniversary of a Design School, based on the concept of silver weddings ( argent ) as the only condition.
Every year, Josep Serra i Abella School, a Design and Arts center in l'Hospitalet de Llobregat, held "Fora de Sèrie" (out of range) festival an event dedicated to enrich the academic experience by complementing the usual practice courses.
This festival has several objectives, such as promoting the involvement and participation of students and teachers in the school, allowing the encounter between professionals, students and teachers and the exchange of experiences together in a more relaxed and holiday sphere.
The 2015 edition's name was 'Argent' to celebrate the 25th anniversary of the school. This celebration became a silver wedding anniversary that had three main courses: the first day there was a workshop where design, photography and illustration professionals were participating; the second day was filled with a large list of conferences; finally, on the third day, like in all weddings, there was a big party!


Great for pots, but also, "think outside the pot." Use it to scrape windshields, remove dried candle wax, shim a chair, to apply frosting on cake, or round up loose dirt on a potting bench. The truth is, the possibilities are limited only by your imagination. Be sure to get several.
Different shape in each corner to get into a variety of spots. Fits perfectly in your hand.
Hand-crafted from Certified organic bamboo.


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ATLANTIS COMPUTING EXPANDS VDI SOLUTION PARTNER PROGRAM - Joe Austin - ContactCenterWorld.com Blog
ATLANTIS COMPUTING EXPANDS VDI SOLUTION PARTNER PROGRAM
Joe Austin
Dell and 46 New Partners Offer Atlantis ILIO to Accelerate VDI Opportunities
Mountain View, Calif., October 4, 2011 – Atlantis Computing™, the leader in Virtual Desktop Infrastructure (VDI) storage and performance optimization solutions, today announced the expansion of its VDI Solution Partner Program with Dell and 46 new authorized partners in North America, EMEA and APAC. The Atlantis Computing VDI Solution Partner Program offers a unique opportunity for VMware, Citrix, and Quest partners to complement their existing VDI offerings with a solution architected to help them grow their VDI business.
The Atlantis ILIO™ software virtual appliance allows organizations that are deploying virtual desktops to ensure the success of their project by slashing the amount of storage normally required, boosting performance to ensure user acceptance, and enabling security to be deployed without impacting server density. The solution is easily deployed by channel partners into existing VMware View, Citrix XenDesktop, or Quest vWorkspace deployments to either support more users on the same storage, or address ongoing scalability and performance issues.
"We designed Atlantis ILIO specifically with channel partners in mind," said Bernard Harguindeguy, president and CEO of Atlantis Computing. "It's easy to install and complements VMware, Citrix, and Quest VDI solutions to deliver a lower cost per desktop while enriching the user experience. The continued expansion of our partner program underscores the value of our products as more and more solutions providers use Atlantis ILIO to address the two major VDI obstacles: high storage costs and poor user acceptance."
"The top VMware and Citrix desktop virtualization solution providers in North America have joined our program not only because of our game changing technology, but also because of our unique, best in class channel program," said Joel Davis, vice president of sales for North America, Atlantis Computing. "Our partner program is one of the richest in the industry with margins between 20 to 30 percent and our unique "Opportunity Registration" enables our partners to protect their house accounts."
New solution providers include:
• ePlus Inc., www.eplus.com, is a leading provider of technology solutions and helps to enable organizations to optimize their IT infrastructure and supply chain processes by delivering world-class IT products. "When it comes to delivering on the value of VDI, Atlantis ILIO is an innovative, high-impact solution that offers immediate value in terms of performance and user experience," said Mark Melvin, CTO, ePlus. "As an authorized member of their VDI Solution Partner Program, we are pleased to deliver Atlantis ILIO to our customers that are adopting VDI to lower their infrastructure costs."
• GreenPages Technology Solutions, www.greenpages.com, is a national IT consulting and integration organization that helps clients fully virtualize their environments and transform their datacenter and IT operations to strategically leverage the power of cloud computing. "The full value of a virtual infrastructure comes through a combination of cost savings and strong user performance and experience," said Chris Ward, vice president of consulting and integration, GreenPages. "There are few products like Atlantis ILIO that have such a dramatic impact on both. Joining the Atlantis VDI Solution Partner Program is further validation of our strong belief in both their technology and organization."
• INX, Inc., www.inxi.com, is a leading U.S. provider of IP communications and data center solutions for enterprise organizations. It offers a suite of advanced technology solutions focused around the entire lifecycle of enterprise IP network communications and data center infrastructure. "Designing storage for VDI is critical to the success and significant cost for all VDI projects," said Steven Kaplan, vice president of virtualization, INX. "We are recommending that our customers use Atlantis ILIO to make VDI storage more efficient, lower the cost per desktop and ensure the success of their VDI deployments by providing users with a much better desktop experience."
• Long View, www.longviewsystems.com, is one of the most powerful IT solutions and services companies in North America. With a clear focus on the strategic sourcing of IT environments, and combining business and technology in key areas such as Cloud, Data Center Infrastructure, User Support, and IT outsourcing, Long View is able to customize and define the future of IT. "Atlantis matches their innovative optimization technology with unmatched VDI expertise and the support attention of a world-class organization," said Kent MacDonald, vice president, business development, Long View. "We are very pleased to be a member of their partner network as we leverage their technology for dramatic VDI storage cost savings and performance benefits."
• OnX Enterprise Solutions Ltd., www.ONX.com, is a leading business and technology solutions provider with clients and operations throughout North America and Europe. OnX has the depth and breadth to address the most demanding data and data center challenges of major corporations as well as medium size enterprises and government organizations. "With Atlantis ILIO, our customers can experience a VDI implementation that delivers affordability as well as a user experience that is on par with physical PCs," said Dan LeGrow, global software alliance manager, OnX Enterprise Solutions Ltd. "We have proudly become an Atlantis partner to leverage the flexibility of their unique VDI optimization technology to drive further VDI adoption among our customers."
• Varrow, www.varrow.com, is a leader in world-class information solutions and unparalleled service for virtualization, storage and disaster recovery. "Atlantis ILIO fundamentally changes the economics and performance of VDI," said Jeremiah Cook, CTO, Varrow. "By helping to simplify VDI so that persistent and non-persistent desktops can leverage any type of storage, Atlantis is rapidly changing the VDI landscape for the better. We are pleased to become a member of their authorized partner network."
About the VDI Solution Partner Program
The Atlantis VDI Solution Partner Program supports its certified technology and solution partners with sales tools, training, and marketing materials to fuel their success. As a channel driven company, Atlantis Computing embraces partners that have built a virtualization practice and works in partnership to enable their long term growth and success. For more information on the Atlantis VDI Solution Partner Program and a list of current partners, please visit: http://www.atlantiscomputing.com/partners/solutions/
Tweet This: @Atlantis Computing Expands #VDI Solution Partner Program - http://bit.ly/n78wW3
About Atlantis Computing
Atlantis Computing is transforming enterprise desktop computing by solving the challenges of virtual desktop deployments: storage costs, performance and the impact of security on server density. The Atlantis ILIO software complements Citrix, VMware, and Quest VDI solutions to cut VDI costs and deliver a desktop that is faster than a PC. With Atlantis ILIO, IT organizations can deploy 4-7 times more desktops on the same storage footprint, making VDI more affordable by both cutting the amount of storage needed per desktop and enabling the use of less expensive storage. Atlantis Computing is privately held and funded by El Dorado Ventures, Partech International and Cisco Systems with headquarters in Mountain View, California, and offices in London, England and Bangalore, India.
Atlantis Computing
Ventana Public Relations for Atlantis Computing
Sabrina Sanchez
sabrina.sanchez@ventanapr.com
Follow Atlantis Computing on Twitter: @AtlantisILIO
Atlantis Computing and Atlantis ILIO are trademarks of Atlantis Computing, Inc. All other trademarks and registered trademarks are the property of their respective owners.
Publish Date: October 4, 2011 1:10 PM


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Home/Our Blog/GPCR structural biology: from stubborn to stress-free
GPCR structural biology: from stubborn to stress-free
Recently, we've been thinking carefully about how we can work with G‑protein coupled receptors (GPCRs), a large class of membrane protein in human that mediate and propagate extracellular stimuli to elicit a cellular response. They are involved in sight, smell, touch, development and stress response in the human body, to name a few. Their location on the cell surface and critical role mean GPCRs are an important class of protein for pharmacological intervention of human disease, with an estimated 12% of approved drugs in Europe and America targeting them (1).
A typical step in the drug discovery process is to understanding where and how small molecules bind their target. This understanding allows rational improvements in chemical properties of the potential drug in order to increase potency and efficacy. Until recently, structural biology of GPCRs was unachievable due to technical challenges related to their biological nature. A number of key advances in technique and understanding between 2004 and 2008 broke this hurdle down, leading to the solution of two key GPCR structures: the β2-adrenergic receptor (2, 3) and the adenosine A2Areceptor (4). Since then, the technical advances that allowed the initial breakthroughs have been transferred to other GPCR family members, leading to an explosion in the number of GPCR structures submitted to the Protein Data Bank (PDB).
So, what was challenging about GPCR structural biology, and what are the steps have become the normal routine for GPCR structure solution?
GPCRs are small alpha-helical membrane proteins located at the plasma membrane. Recombinant expression of human GPCRs must be done in a system that can adequately handle their post-translational processing and modification such as insertion and folding into the membrane, and glycosylation of side-chains. Human embryonic kidney (HEK) cell expression systems have been used, which provide a like-for-like environment for expression. However, the most popular method for GPCR expression is in insect cell systems, with 65% of GPCR structures submitted to the PDB being expressed in Hi5, Sf9or Sf21 cell systems.
A key requirement for successful structure-guided drug discovery is the routine solution of crystal structures to a resolution better than 2.5 Å. There have been some exciting advances in the field of CryoEM that promise to deliver on difficult targets where crystallography has been a bottleneck previously. However, only a handful of GPCR structures have been solved by CryoEM to date, and X-ray crystallography remains the workhorse.
The traditional method for producing protein crystals is the vapour diffusion method, which has been used in the solution of 34% of GPCR structures. However, the Lipidic Cubic Phase (LCP) method for crystallisation of membrane proteins pioneered by the Caffrey Lab has been used in the solution of 65% of GPCR structures (5). LCP is successful because it accommodates membrane proteins in a biphasic, hydrophobic and hydrophilic environment, facilitating crystal nucleation and growth.
A key difficulty with membrane protein work is that membrane proteins must be extracted from their lipid bilayer environment before purification, which is usually done by solubilisation in detergent micelles. Once extracted from the membrane, GPCRs become unstable and prone to unfolding unless specific steps are taken to stabilise them. One way to increase stability is the careful selection of detergent used for GPCR solubilisation. The most popular detergents are decyl maltoside (DM), dodecyl maltoside (DDM), nonyl glucoside (NG) and lauryl maltose neopentyl glycol (LMNG), respectively.
Another method for stabilisation of GPCRs is the introduction of beneficial changes to the amino acid sequence via point mutations. The methods by which these stabilising mutations are found is usually an exhaustive screen of variants by combining iterative rounds of alanine scanning followed by position mutagenesis (6). Two-thirds of all the GPCR structures solved so far have had at least one stabilising mutation introduced.
A final method for stabilising GPCRs is the introduction of a super-stable soluble fusion partner or binding of antibody derivatives or nanobodies to the GPCR. This can reduce conformational flexibility and increase surface area for crystal contact formation, thus increasing crystallisation success and resolution. The most popular fusions are phage T4 lysozyme and thermostabilised apocytochrome b562RIL (BRIL), and the most popular positions for their insertion is in intracellular-loop 3 or at the N-terminus, respectively.
By following these key steps, there is a clear recipe for success in GPCR structural biology, turning a challenging area into a routine science in drug-discovery pipelines.
To find out how Peak Proteins could help you with your membrane protein projects, have a look at our website or contact us directly at info@peakproteins.com
admin2019-03-07T16:26:25+00:00March 5th, 2019|Our Blog|
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Thermofluor Stability Assays: More Than Just Thermal Melting
Keeping the 'ions' in the fire
Protein Tags for Expression and Purification – What to use and pitfalls to avoid
The trials, tribulations and joy of protein crystallisation
Thermofluor Stability Assays: More Than Just Thermal Melting 26th June 2019
Interested in Becoming a COFUND MemTrain Fellow? 20th June 2019
Dr Mark Abbott Travels to India to Talk About Protein Mass Spectrometry 19th June 2019
Peak Proteins Presenting at Industrial Biotechnology Careers Fair in Manchester 31st May 2019
Job vacancy for a Senior Protein Scientist 20th May 2019
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For my family, chicken wings are ALL about the sauce.
(I think that "double baking" is the trick to perfect wings).
The best part of was the quick clean up.
We ate outside, used paper plates and had plenty of Wet-Nap® wipes on hand.
I love having them around.
we will be chowing down on wings all summer.
How messy do your kids get?
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Use this coupon to save 55 cents off any Wet-Nap® product, while supplies last.
What a great idea for a summer barbecue or party with friends! Thanks for sharing!
Believe it or not, I don't like chicken wings (not enough meat on them, ah ha ha!) but... Mouth.Is.Watering. Love it!!
Individually packaged hand wipes?! GENIUS! And who can say no to a wing bar? So creative!


What hoedown you call the factor with camera,reside television,mp4 and tuner?
I got my previous movie clips converted to mp4 without cost. free of charge. 5 stars. I won't complain in regards to the inconvenience of malware.
Awesome spinster video converter software. ought to add some video downloading capability to make it even better breed AllYoutube2MP4 for windows.
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Megan Jones
Bachelor of Engineering (Honours) / Bachelor of Arts
Liveris Undergraduate Scholar
Megan Jones graduated from Clairvaux Mackillop College in 2018, where she received an OP 1 and school Dux. She was the Social Justice and Engagement Captain at her school and a committed member of the St Vincent De Paul Society.
Megan is a Duke of Edinburgh Award recipient and enjoys travelling, reading and playing hockey. In 2019, Megan had a Gap Year. She volunteered in Nepal teaching English and worked on a Summer Camp in America for children experiencing homelessness. These experiences catalysed Megan's passion for social and environmental justice.
In 2020 Megan will study a double degree in Bachelor of Engineering (Honours) and Bachelor of Arts, majoring in chemical engineering. She hopes this degree will allow her to tackle sustainability issues and the social dynamics behind them.
It is Megan's goal to use chemical engineering to address plastic pollution in a way that empowers vulnerable people. She wants to help create a circular economy that identifies and builds on environmentally friendly, sustainable solutions that protect people and the planet.
Privacy & Terms of use | Feedback | Updated: 6 Jul 2021


A beautifully engaging novel set in the world of a boutique teashop. With rose petals, cinnamon bark and orange peel scenting the air, three women come together from very different backgrounds and learn to trust themselves, and each other, on their way forward.
This is the MiNDFOOD 'Book of the Month' in our May 2014 issue.


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Donald and Melania Fly Down to Texas and Louisiana and Visit the Thousands Made Homeless by Hurricane Harvey … and the Delighted Children Can't Get Enough of Their President!
First Lady Melania Trump and President Donald Trump disembark Air Force One after arriving in Houston on Saturday
President Trump and First Lady Melania Trump flew to Houston on Saturday morning for their second trip to Texas since Hurricane Harvey ravaged the state.
Their first stop was the NRG Stadium in Houston, where thousands are evacuating after being forced out of their homes by the devastating floods brought by Harvey earlier in the week.
Together they gave out Red Cross meal boxes, shook hands and took selfies with some of the thousands who are being forced to take shelter.
President Trump was jovial and upbeat, kissing the heads of babies and holding hands with little boys who strode up to him for a hug. Before taking their places to give out food, the notoriously germaphobic president proclaimed 'my hands are too big' as he struggled his fingers in to a pair of latex gloves.
Melania, who received criticism for the glamorous outfit she chose to travel to Texas in earlier in the week, was defiant with her wardrobe choices on Saturday.
She first emerged from the White House in a $1590 Ralph Lauren dress and $650 pair of Manolo Blahnik heels before changing on board Air Force One into a denim shirt, jeans and sneakers.
After spending time with evacuees at the stadium, the pair went on to a church in Pearland where Trump heaped praise on Texas governor Greg Abbott and congratulated him on doing a 'terrific job' since Harvey hit.
President Trump and Melania Trump were greeted by Houston Mayor Sylvester Turner and Texas Governor Greg Abbott and his wife Cecilia
President Donald Trump boards Air Force One at Chennault International Airport in Lake Charles, Louisiana, following a visit with those helping with the impacted of Hurricane Harvey on Saturday
'The water is disappearing, we have a long way to go, but the water is disappearing. Yesterday we had water and today it's all swept up and cleared up. That's a lot of hard working people, I'll tell you that.
'You have a great governor and a great first lady of Texas. Special people,' he said, gesturing towards Abbott and his wife Cecilia.
'They have worked so hard and the coordination between the federal, state and local governments has been terrific. We're going to keep it going.'
He strayed from the topic briefly to congratulate Education Secretary Betsy DeVos on a 'full page story' in the Wall Street Journal and heaped praise on Ben Carson for his work with Veteran Affairs.
Before leaving the church, he said the clear-up from Harvey may take 'two or three years'.
'They say two years, three years. Because this is Texas you'll probably do it in six months,' he said, winning roaring applause from the congregation.
'I think for a lot of places maybe it never gets done. I think in your case it'll get done very quickly,' he went on, adding that it was 'a real honor' to be with them.
He was joined on stage by Senator Ted Cruz, Education Secretary Betsy DeVos, Governor Greg Abbott and his wife Cecilia, and a handful of others.
After his speech, the president and first lady went outside to load waiting cars and vans with cases of bottled water. Trump, 71, was hands on, lugging the heavy cases from the ground to the lined-up vehicles.
Senator Ted Cruz leaned back in order to get the perfect snapshot of President Trump and some supporters on Saturday
At a church relief center, President Trump commended Senator Ted Cruz (pictured) along with Texas Governor Greg Abbott for their orchestrated response to the disaster
First Lady Melania Trump later posted photos of the day on Twitter, writing: 'Spent today with the wonderful families helping each other after #HurricaneHarvey'
Trump praised Governor Greg Abbott for doing a 'terrific' job in dealing with the catastrophe
After giving his speech at the church, the president and first lady loaded supplies of food and water on to the back of waiting trucks
Melania was keen to get involved with the heavy lifting and helped her husband as they dished out supplies
The president spoke with residents as they made their way through a drive-thru at First Church in Pearland on Saturday
The president and first lady deliver supplies from the American Red Cross and Feed The Children to Harvey victims
The pair left the White House at 9.20am to make their way to Joint Air Base Andrews where they boarded Air Force One shortly afterwards.
Melania, heeding none of the criticism she received earlier in the week for wearing towering stilettos for the journey, stuck with sky scraper heels again.
She paired her snakeskin pumps with a khaki dress and wore her signature pair of sunglasses. An aide toted two Louis Vuitton bags carrying a change of outfit for her.
After touching down at Eliot Field in Houston, she emerged in a denim shirt, jeans and a pair of sneakers, adding a hat with the word 'Texas' stitched on the front.
President Trump was dressed in a more weather appropriate outfit of a rain coat, shirt and dark trousers. He carried an umbrella for the pair as they made their way across the South Lawn to board Marine One.
Immediately after arriving in Texas, the pair went to the NRG Stadium where thousands are sheltering to give out food.
They went to immediately visit evacuees at the NRG Stadium in Houston where the president picked up and kissed a little girl to the delight of the first lady
He was tender in his treatment of the little girl whose beady hair bands appeared to get in his eye
President Trump greets a little boy at the NRG Stadium in Houston on Saturday during his visit to the city
The president was particularly taken with the children taking shelter at the evacuation center, paying special attention to them as he made his way around
One little boy walked right up to the president and hugged him. Trump, without batting an eyelid, returned his embrace
The president sat down with another little boy who was playing in the stadium where thousands have been forced to take shelter
Trump signed the wall with a sharpie while the first lady played with children nearby
Trump was warm and jovial, kissing babies and chatting to young children who have been forced to recuperate at the stadium with their families after having their homes wiped away by the storm.
They dished out lunch boxes containing hot dogs, potato chips and apples to lines of hungry evacuees and posed for selfies with fans before leaving the stadium to move on to Louisiana.
Before making his exit, Trump told gathered reporters that the people he spoke with were 'very happy' and said that though the hurricane itself was 'tough', the unified response of the country was 'wonderful'.
He made brief reference to his request for an additional $7.9 billion to give the victims of the hurricane.
'We're signing a lot of documents now to get money into Houston. We signed it and now it's going through a very quick, hopefully quick process,' he said.
It is his second visit to Texas where at least 44 are dead and 32,000 are in evacuation shelters as a result of Harvey which has been heralded as the worst natural disaster to have ever hit the US.
Floods have destroyed entire neighborhoods in Houston and Beaumont and Port Arthur in south east Texas.
There are areas of Louisiana which have also been affected. Local authorities are working round-the-clock to rescue anyone still stranded and recover the bodies of those who were unable to escape.
The president posed proudly for photographs with evacuees in the stadium, some of whom were forced to flee a week ago
The president and first lady sort through books and toys at the NRG Stadium in Houston on Saturday.
The president was upbeat and said it was 'wonderful' to see so many Texans in high spirits
First Lady Melania Trump plays with two little girls at the NRG stadium in Texas on Satruday
The pair handed out food to a line of evacuees and took pictures with some fans who had lined up
Evacuees at Houston's NRG Stadium take photographs with the president and first lady on Saturday
A volunteer helps the first lady pack a meal box at the NRG Stadium in Houston on Saturday
Melania Trump gives out food to evacuees at the NRG stadium in Houston on Saturday
The president poses for a selfie with a family of evacuees at the NRG Stadium in Houston on Saturday
They were also welcomed by residents in one affected neighborhood which is now clear of flood water
The pair listen to an aid worker at the church drive-thru on Saturday in Pearland, Texas
Trump poses with a fan in a neighborhood of Houston, Texas, which was affected by the hurricane
During their brief visit to Houston, the Trumps also met with members of the Texas delegation before making their way to Louisiana at around lunchtime.
There, they will take part in a meet and greet with members of the Cajun Navy, a civilian organization comprised of volunteers with boats who have saved thousands since Harvey hit last week.
The couple will fly back to Washington DC afterwards and will arrive back at the White House at 9pm.
On Tuesday, Trump faced criticism for their upbeat visit to the state where he addressed a crowd of supporters in Corpus Christi and met with Governor Greg Abbott but did not visit one of the evacuation shelters in place.
He steered clear of Houston, where the hurricane was ongoing at the time, and instead went to Corpus Christi.
The president was optimistic with his public message as the worst of the storm hit. He marveled at the size of it but assured Texans the 'good news' was there was 'talent' on the ground who would be equipped to cope with the catastrophe.
The pair paused briefly outside the White House before making their way on to the South Lawn
The pair emerged from the White House shortly after 9.20am and made their way across the South Lawn, battling heavy rain along the way
Melania, heeding none of the criticism she received earlier in the week, wore a pair of towering snakeskin stilettos
An aide carried Louis Vuitton luggage for the first lady which contained her change of outfit
The president and first lady approach Marine One on the White House South Lawn on Saturday, September 2
The pair moved quickly from the helicopter on to Air Force One at Joint Air Base Andrews, battling wind and rain along the way
The president waved at gathered photographers and reporters before boarding Air Force One at around 9.30am
The first lady boarded first, giving what was likely the last glimpse of her glamorous outfit before changing on board
Melania faced criticism earlier in the week when she emerged from the White House to fly to Texas in a pair of towering stilettos. She changed on Air Force One and emerged later in a pair of sneakers
Since then, the reality of the hurricane's devastation has set in. There has been sharp criticism of the federal response to it from experts who were involved in handling the aftermath of Hurricane Katrina, and some fear not enough will be done to repair the damage caused.
The president has donated $1million of his own money to relief funds and the government is asking for $7.9 billion in emergency aid for those impacted.
Trump asked for the increase on Friday to replenish the dwindling FEMA fund which had an existing $7 billion. The additional $7.9 billion is likely to be swiftly approved by Congress this week.
Republicans are planning to use it as an example of why the federal borrowing limit should be increased. Democrats do not want to see the $19.9 trillion debt limit go up and say that Harvey relief money should be dealt with separately.
More than 430,000 homes have already registered for FEMA aid since Harvey hit. On Friday, Trump declared a national day of prayer to take place on Sunday in honor of the hurricane's victims.
The estimated cost of the damage will be in excess of $110 billion. Experts earlier said it could reach $160 billion.
Huge swathes of Texas remain underwater after the floods which Harvey brought at the start of the week
A view of a neighborhood in Houston, Texas, on Friday shows the persisting flood waters a week after Harvey first hit
SOURCE: Daily Mail, Jennifer Smith
board Marine One
cajun navy
Cecilia Abbott
debt limit
devastating floods
Education Secretary Betsy DeVos
Eliot Field
evacuation shelters
Harvey relief money
Joint Air Base Andrews
jovial
Red Cross meal boxes
relief funds
South Lawn
worst natural disaster
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