text:
TEA issues guidelines for 2020-21 school year
by: KVEO Staff
Posted: Jul 8, 2020 / 06:58 AM CDT / Updated: Jul 8, 2020 / 06:58 AM CDT
Austin, Texas (KVEO)—The Texas Education Agency (TEA) announced on Tuesday a series of guidelines for students to return to school.
"Both as Commissioner and as a public school parent, my number one priority is the health and safety of our students, teachers, and staff," said Texas Education Commissioner Mike Morath. "That is why the guidance laid out today will provide flexibility to both parents and districts to make decisions based on the ever-changing conditions of this public health crisis. The state is and remains committed to providing a high-quality education to all Texas students, while ensuring the health and safety of students, teachers, staff, and families."
Parents will have the following options and decide which school setting is best for their children.
Daily on-campus learning will be available to all parents who would like their students to learn in school each day.
All parents will have the option to choose remote learning for their children, initially, or at any point as the year progresses. Parents who choose remote instruction for their students may be asked to commit to remote instruction for a full grading period, but will not have to make that commitment more than two weeks in advance, so they can make a decision based on the latest public health information.
Health and safety procedures will be in place to support student and teacher safety.
All students, teachers, staff, and visitors coming to campus must be screened before being allowed on campus. Masks will be required while in school buildings, with certain exceptions made, as noted in Governor Greg Abbott's order. Schools will also be required to follow any forthcoming executive orders issued by Governor Abbott.
Districts have the option to establish a phased-in return to on-campus instruction for up to the first three weeks of the school year, to ensure all appropriate health and safety procedures are fully in place.
TEA is providing school systems with resources to ensure a strong start. This includes:
Reimbursement for extra COVID-19-related expenses incurred during the 2019-20 school year; Tens of millions of Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) supplies provided to school systems at no cost to Texas schools.
Free online, TEKS-aligned learning tools to deliver remote instruction
Statewide efforts to help bridge the digital divide for students at home, along with other ongoing support.
For more information, visit the TEA's COVID-19 website here.
More State & Regional Stories
by Maggie Glynn / Jan 19, 2021
AUTSIN (Nexstar) — On Tuesday, Gov. Greg Abbott addressed the state from Houston Methodist Hospital, touting the hospital's vaccination distribution as a model for the rest of the state.
In addition to providing an update to the statewide vaccination rollout, the governor also addressed what his priorities for health care will be going forward.
DuPont, ex-worker indicted for plant gas leak that killed 4
HOUSTON (AP) — Federal prosecutors have announced that a chemical company and a former employee have been indicted for their roles in a 2014 poisonous gas leak that killed four workers at a Houston-area plant.
Four employees at the now-closed DuPont chemical plant in LaPorte, Texas, died in the release of methyl mercaptan — a chemical used in the manufacture of insecticide and fungicide.
by Jacqulyn Powell, Will DuPree, Russell Falcon / Jan 19, 2021
AUSTIN (KXAN) — As the possibility of unrest looms over the Joe Biden's inauguration in Washington, D.C., the Austin Police Department has its own plan to address any incidents that may happen on Wednesday.
"We have a robust plan in place to ensure the safety of the citizens of Austin," Assistant Chief Joseph Chacon said in a briefing Tuesday. "What I can tell you is we have no known threats to our area."


text:
Q: Fetching user's location asynchronously I want to get user's location when user entered to AddComplaintFragment I'm using LocationManager for this but it lasts about at least 4 or 5 seconds to get the location but   I need to add this location information to my Complaint model when the user clicks to makeComplaint button. But since I don't know when the LocationManager exactly gets location it may return null at the mean time ( while user push the makeComplaint button ). How can I prevent this ?
Thanks in advance.

Function to get location:
private fun requestLocationPermission() {
     when {
         ContextCompat.checkSelfPermission(
             requireContext(),
             Manifest.permission.ACCESS_COARSE_LOCATION
         ) == PackageManager.PERMISSION_GRANTED -> {
             locationManager!!.requestSingleUpdate(
                 LocationManager.GPS_PROVIDER,
                 object : LocationListener {
                     override fun onLocationChanged(location: Location) {
                         val geocoder = Geocoder(requireContext(), Locale.getDefault())
                         val addresses =
                             geocoder.
                             getFromLocation(location!!.latitude, location.longitude, 1)
                         val address = addresses[0]
                         addressString = address.locality
                         latLongMap = hashMapOf()
                         val latitude = address.latitude
                         val longitude = address.longitude
                         latLongMap["latitude"] = latitude
                         latLongMap["longitude"] = longitude
                         println(addressString)
                     }

                     override fun onStatusChanged(
                         provider: String?,
                         status: Int,
                         extras: Bundle?
                     ) {
                     }

                     override fun onProviderEnabled(provider: String) {
                         println("gps enabled")
                     }

                     override fun onProviderDisabled(provider: String) {
                         println("gps disabled")

                     }
                 },
                 Looper.getMainLooper()
             )
         }

         else -> {
             locationPermissionRequest.launch(
                 arrayOf(
                     Manifest.permission.ACCESS_FINE_LOCATION,
                     Manifest.permission.ACCESS_COARSE_LOCATION
                 )
             )
         }
     }
}

Adding complaint to the model in the fragment's onViewCreated method. I'm storing lat and long in a global map variable:
    override fun onViewCreated(view: View, savedInstanceState: Bundle?) {
        super.onViewCreated(view, savedInstanceState)

        btn_make_complaint.setOnClickListener {
            val givenAddress = et_complaint_location.text.toString()
            val complaintContent = et_complaint.text.toString()
            val complaintLocation: String? = addressString
            val complaint = Complaint(
                userName = GlobalValues.userName.value.toString(),
                content = complaintContent,
                location = complaintLocation ?: givenAddress,
                status = "Solving",
                urgency = "Not urgent",
                latitude = latLongMap["latitude"],
                longitude = latLongMap["longitude"],
            )
            viewModel.saveImageToStorage(selectedPicture!!, complaint)

        }
    }

A: Here is a sample code of how I get Location using coroutines:
val isValidLocation = suspendCoroutine<Boolean> { cont ->
            MyLocationProvider.getInstance(context, prefsProvider,
                object : MyLocationProvider.OnMyLocationUpdate {
                    override fun onUpdated(myLocation: MyLocation?, context: Context) {
                        Log.d(TAG, "onUpdated: $myLocation")
                        user.lat = myLocation?.latitude ?: 0.0
                        user.lon = myLocation?.longitude ?: 0.0
                        if (myLocation == null) {
                            cont.resume(false)
                        } else {
                            Utils.getDecodedLocation(
                                context,
                                myLocation.latitude,
                                myLocation.longitude
                            ) { address ->
                                Log.d(TAG, "onUpdated: decoded: $address")
                                user.locationAddress = address ?: "Unknown"
                                cont.resume(true)
                            }
                        }
                    }
                }
            ).setUpLocationFormalities(true)
        }
        if (isValidLocation.not()) {
            emit(DataResponse.Error("Failed to get location"))
            return@flow
        }

Here MyLocationProvider is a class which implements the whole flow of getting location and finally triggers MyLocationProvider.OnMyLocationUpdate on result. I am using suspendCoroutine but you can do the same thing using await method.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


Garry Keller is a seasoned senior executive with over twenty years of experience working with Canada's political and business elite.
He has spent his career focusing on delivering strategic, communications and political advice on both international and domestic issues. He has also delivered high-priority and high visibility outcomes under tight deadlines and in extremely high-pressure situations, both in Canada and around the world.
Garry has served in several key leadership roles. Most recently, he served as Acting Chief of Staff to the Official Opposition in Alberta, bringing leadership and stability during a tumultuous time. He also served as the Chief of Staff to the Leader of Canada's Official Opposition, Rona Ambrose, rebuilding an organization after the 2015 election and leading a team of over sixty people.
As the Chief of Staff to the Foreign Minister, Garry was required to deliver strategic, communication and political advice on both international and domestic matters, as well as leading a team of senior staff. He has experience in dealing with regulatory and legal matters, national security matters, trade negotiations, as well as the promotion of Canadian interests and Canadian values on the world stage. In this role, Garry has built professional and personal relationships with individuals and companies from both the private and public sectors around the world.
Prior to serving as Chief of Staff to the Foreign Minister, Garry acted in several key strategic, communications and policy roles, including serving the Prime Minister as his chief Parliamentary advisor and as the Executive Director of the Government's Communications and Research Group.
He has served with distinction in other senior roles, including as Chief of Staff to both the Government House Leader, and the Chief Government Whip. He has been Director of Communications to the Minister of the Environment, Director of Parliamentary Affairs to the President of the Treasury Board, and Legislative Assistant to the Chair of the House of Commons Public Accounts Committee.
Garry's work has been recognized both in Canada as well as internationally. In 2013, Canada's national newsmagazine, Maclean's, named him one of the "50 Most Important People in Canada" and said, "Keller has solidified his position as one of the most powerful and respected political staffers on (Parliament) Hill" as well as noting his "strategic management and tactical advice".
Other publications that have recognized his work include Embassy Newsmagazine, who named him as one of the top 80 Canadians influencing Canada's Foreign Policy. Power and Influence Magazine named Garry one of the "top 100 influencing Canada's global future" and the Hill Times newspaper has named him one of the top 25 political staff members in Canada on several occasions.
In 2014, Garry attended the Brussels Forum, an annual high-level meeting of the most influential North American and European political, corporate, and intellectual leaders. In 2015, the European Union also named him to their prestigious International Visitors Program, and in 2010, the Government of France awarded Garry a placement in their International Visitor's Leadership Program.
He speaks English and has a functional knowledge of French.


Quotations about Aimless. Quotes to stimulate mind and drive action! Use the words and quote images to feed your brain inspiring things daily!
Man does not drift into goodness...the chance port of an aimless voyage. He must fight ever for his destination.
Among the aimless, unsuccessful or worthless, you often hear talk about 'killing time.' The man who is always killing time is really killing his own chances in life. While the man who is destined to success is the man who makes time live by making it useful.
Home is a place in the mind. When it is empty, it frets. It is fretful with memory, faces and places and times gone by. Beloved images rise up in disobedience and make a mirror for emptiness. Then what resentful wonder, and what half-aimless seeking. It is a silly state of affairs. It is a silly creature that tries to get a smile from even the most familiar and loving shadow. Comical and hopeless, the long gaze back is always turned inward.
The concept of unlimited expansion that alone can fulfill the hope for unlimited accumulation of capital, and brings about the aimless accumulation of power, makes the foundation of new political bodies - which up to the era of imperialism always had been the upshot of conquest - well-nigh impossible.
I didn't want to be thirtysomething and not know what I was going to do. I was quite afraid of that, there were quite a lot of aimless kids around, in that 'other' side of my life, who didn't really know what to do because they always had a bank balance to fall back on and they were quite lost.
The right art is purposeless, aimless! The more obstinately you try to learn how to shoot the arrow for the sake of hitting the goal, the less you will succeed in the one and the further the other will recede.
The streets of a modern city are depressing. They are so aimless and so weak in their lines and their masses, that the mind and senses jog on their way like passengers in a train with blinds down in an overcrowded carriage.


text:
Click to copyhttps://apnews.com/b4ad81bac224480c806e7d9ca4820bfe
Flying Eagles escape with narrow 58-57 victory at HHS
By TIM STEPHENS The Herald-Dispatch tstephens@herald-dispatch.comJanuary 23, 2019
Huntington's Madison Slash, center, and Woodrow Wilson's Victoria Staunton battle for rebounding position during a girls high school basketball game Tuesday at Huntington High School.
HUNTINGTON — The two missed free throws by Huntington High with less than one second left in the game will be remembered, but several other factors contributed just as much to Woodrow Wilson's 58-57 defeat of the Highlanders in a girls high school basketball game Tuesday in Lucas-Archer Gym.
Alezha Turner missed two foul shots for the Highlanders with 0.7 of a second remaining and the Flying Eagles (9-4) escaped with a victory. Turner, though, kept the Highlanders (7-7) in the contest by scoring a team-high 21 points with 12 on 3-point shots.
"At the end of the game we did a good job rebounding, but if we don't foul, we don't have to rebound," Woodrow Wilson coach Brian Nabors said.
Huntington High led 55-49 after Turner's steal and layup with 4:21 to play and 57-52 after a pair of free throws by Ravyn Goodson with 3:32 left, but couldn't hang on.
Elizabeth Cadel scored Woodrow Wilson's last six points, hitting a jumper from the lane to make it 57-54 with 1:46 left,
converting a three-point play to tie it 57-57 with 1:07 remaining, then hitting the first of two free throws with 51 seconds to play to set the score.
"She did a good job," Nabors said of Cadel. "She's fearless. She did a good job making plays on the offensive end. She puts in a lot of time on her game and it shows."
The Eagles had a chance to increase its lead after a Cloey Frantz steal with 22 seconds left, but turned over the ball, giving the Highlanders the opportunity to win it.
The contest featured 10 lead changes and four ties, with neither team leading by more than eight points.
Nabors wasn't pleased with how his team performed and said it will need to be much better at 7:30 p.m. Thursday when it plays at Class AAA top-ranked Parkersburg.
"I don't think we started out real good," Nabors said. "We didn't have the intensity that we've been having. On defense, we had poor communication and didn't play our best basketball."
Nabors gave credit to Huntington High, however, for taking the game to the closing second. The Highlanders made nine 3-point shots, to Nabors' consternation.
"I didn't think they would shoot like that," he said. "In the first half, 21 of their 28 points came off 3-pointers."
Laken Ball led the Eagles with 22 points. Cadle finished with 16 points and seven rebounds.
Goodson backed Turner with 15 points and seven rebounds for HHS, which plays at Capital at 7:20 p.m. Thursday. Katie Swann scored 11.
Huntington High committed 16 turnovers and missed four of 11 foul shots.
WOODROW WILSON 14 16 15 13 — 58: Frantz 3, Conley 3, Staunton 4, Cadle 16, Ball 22, Walton 8.
HUNTINGTON HIGH 14 14 17 12 — 57: Swann 11, Jackson 4, Turner 21, Slash 4, Goodson 15, Foley 2.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


With so many poker tours happening these days, the European Poker Tour (known as the EPT) sticks out from the crowd in several ways. Quality venues, huge prize pools and poker celebrity participation are almost certain – as is the ability of any player to qualify online with just a small outlay.
I already went into some detail on what I consider the best site for EPT qualifiers online in the article of the same name. Pokerstars stand out, not only as the biggest online poker site but as the owners of the EPT brand (among many others).
This article is aimed at the next 2 events, in Barcelona and then London – giving you information on the when, where and what to expect + your different options for qualifying online.
Last year's event in the beautiful Spanish city of Barcelona attracted more than 750 players and a prize pool of close to 4 million Euros – who would bet against this year being even bigger, perhaps even passing the €1 million mark for the winner?
You can win a package at Pokerstars worth €8,000 which includes the €5,300 buy-in, accommodation and travel expenses. See below for the different options on how to do this.
The European Poker Tour's stop in London has traditionally been one of the highlights. There are several events including one for high-rollers and an 8-game tournaments, which should increase the number of poker superstars at the tables. Entry to the main event costs £5,250 and last years winner took home £900,000 (which is $1.45 million at current exchange rates). This event is held in the prestigious Hilton London Metropole hotel.
Winning the entry fee for this tournament at Pokerstars starts with sub-qualifiers at just $4.40c – how about turning this into a cool million!!
If you have not checked out the huge list of satellites available for the European Poker Tour, then you may well be in for a pleasant surprise! These are grouped under EVENTS (top level) –>> EPT (second level) and then you get to choose the type of satellite you prefer, or use the ALL tab to see the whole list.
First I'll cover Steps SNGs which are handled differently. These are 1 table tournaments. The idea is that you work your way up from small buy-ins (starting at $7.50c) by coming in the top 2 spots of each game – with the 3rd an 4th usually 'try again' spots for the current level. Once you get to the top step you are playing for a prize package. These are great for players who only get to have a quick poker session here and there, and are not able to commit the time for larger multi-table tournaments.
Multi-Table EPT Qualifiers: Most of the qualifiers are in multi-table tournament format. There are 'supersatellites' which offer the seats in the events, and then a whole lot of smaller buy-in tournaments which offer you the chance to win seats in the supersatellites – which cost from $215 to $530 to enter.
With several formats to choose from there should be something to suit most tastes. These include freezeouts (one buy-in, when you are out you are out!), rebuy tournaments, turbo rebuys and '3x Turbos' which are rebuy events with very fast blinds and a long rebuy period.
You can even join SNGs (including hyper-turbos) which offer seats into the bigger sub-qualifiers.
Grab That EPT Seat – Next Steps!
Well, there is only one way to give yourself a chance of qualifying for these amazing EPT events – you have to get on over to Pokerstars and get involved. You can even claim a matched first deposit bonus while you are qualifying (use Pokerstars Marketing Code PSP3108 when you register). Click To Check Out Pokerstars Now – We'll See You At The EPT!!
Online Poker Events, Includes SCOOP, WCOOP, ECOOP FTOPS and More!
Main Poker Satellites Page For Tons More!


Spending five months with the most hyped gadget of this century you learn more than any review can tell you. So was the iPhone worth five months of my life? Yes, but not for the obvious reasons.
Now the iPhone is available in more than just the US, it's somewhat ironic that I'm writing this piece from the State where the phone was originally purchased some five months ago. Apple is notorious for hardware lock-in and their behaviour over the iPhone has meant for many the Apple honeymoon ended far quicker than the Cupertino based firm would have hoped.
The skinny is this, Apple has created one of the most desirable objects on the planet. For many years mobile phones have been desired by the mass public, but the iPhone brings turns desire into lust. The combination of striking looks, an outstanding user interface and the best mobile phone screen currently available means that you'll want one. But should you get one?
For the purposes of this article I'm leaving out comparing regional price plans. It's commonly known that Apple takes a cut from these price plans so their efforts to keep the device locked is far from surprising. The problem, for Apple at least, is that an unlock is freely available and has managed to keep pace with the latest firmware releases. Typically all that's missing with "unlocked" iPhones on networks other than Apple's intended one is video voicemail. Unless you've experienced video voicemail there's very little to miss.
The vitals are quad band GSM radio, WiFi and Bluetooth support, iPod touch functionality, a 2 megapixel camera, 8Gb of flash based storage and an utterly superb touch sensitive screen. The hardware specifications are, apart from the screen, distinctly average. There's no forward facing camera, no MMS support, no GPS (even though there is a Google Maps application preinstalled) and there's problems if you want to earphones other than the ones supplied.
The problem with the earphones occurs because the jack is recessed into the body, so much so that if your earphone's jack has a plastic or rubber jacket at its neck, it probably won't fit. I remedied this by taking a pair of nail clippers to the jack and while I got my Shure units to work, it wasn't pretty. Also I'm unsure how many people would mutilate their expensive earphones like I did but an accurate guess would be very few.
Managing your iPhone's contacts, music, videos and pictures is done through iTunes which is without doubt the most cumbersome piece of junk I've ever had the misfortune to use. I actually gave up trying to make it work on my Windows workstation, instead resorting to using my Powerbook. I just want an application where I can use the iPhone's memory as a portable flash disk and that's it. The inability to do that coupled to the utterly despicable iTunes software forced upon the user is by far the worst aspect of owning this device.
The lacklustre experiance is continued if you have normal sized hands. Because there is no tactile keyboard, the keyboard which is displayed on screen is too small. Although text prediction is excellent and continually adapting, it's still too small. The lack of stylus isn't a big issue, infact apart from getting over the reflex action of digging out a stylus, the fingers are a suitable replacement although single handed operation is quite hard.
So why a photograph of a smudged phone? Well this is how it looks after normal daily operation with maybe one rub against a sweater during the day. It survives absolutely fine, is scratch resistant and once the screen is lit up, most smudges become invisible.
For an Apple device, battery life is very good. On a long haul flight from Tokyo (lasting just over 12 hours) the iPhone played music for over 10 of those without problem. Although the battery did die on the Tube ride afterwards, it's respectable for a device which has such a serious screen, powerful processor and after all, playing music.
Physically the iPhone isn't small or light but it is thin. Weight can be forgiven as Apple has made the excellent decision of covering the screen with Sapphire Crystal a material usually reserved for expensive Rolex or Omega watches. The overall build quality is good, except for the little plastic black covering on the back of the phone which looks out of place. Overall, the design is unmistakably Apple.
Without question I have never had a device which resulted in so much attention being poured on its owner. The day after I got my iPhone I went to a conference which included some of the biggest names in the world of computer networks. These are professors, doctorates, people who have invented most of what we use on the Internet today, old people who aren't impressed by a glossy box all reduced to statements such as "can I just touch the iPhone, please" or showing me respect which as a scribe I rarely get (or deserve).
A few days later at Frankfurt airport security, when asked to place my carry-on, wallet, phone and so on through the X-Ray scanner, I was stopped not to be searched but rather so the security guards could play around with the iPhone. For a minute or two they seemed oblivious to the fact that other people were actually waiting to board a plane. There is no other bit of technology that has ever caused such curiosity and interest. Apple's immense branding has made the iPhone.
As I said at the start, no matter what negative points you read about the iPhone you'll still want one. It is hideously overpriced as a device and especially so when you factor in the (almost) compulsory line rental (wherever you are in the World), but it's all about the fuzzy feeling you get from owning one. That's what gadgets are about and that's what the iPhone delivers in spades.
So would I buy the iPhone again? If I needed a phone right now, probably. The only problem is the mobile phone market is full of nimble companies who know what they are doing. It's not like Creative, Microsoft or Sandisk who either took too long to produce a decent product or came late to the party. This time Apple really needs to produce not one generation of excellent product but two or three in order to really make inroads. The iPhone isn't a bad start though.


A knife attacker has been jailed for five years and three months after stabbing a man and battering the victim's grandfather.
Michael Hill, 23, forced his way into a house in Haddington, in East Lothian, and launched an attack on Kieran Cooper, repeatedly striking him with the weapon.
The victim's 68-year-old grandfather, Alan Cooper, managed to get Hill out of the property in Lynn Lea Avenue but the assailant returned and struck him with a bag and began repeatedly kicking him on the head when he fell to the ground.
A judge told Hill at the High Court in Edinburgh that his offences were "a very grave course of violent, criminal conduct".
Lord Arthurson said he had inflicted sustained violence on Kieran Cooper with a large, bladed weapon and a substantial custodial sentence was appropriate.
The judge told him he would have faced a sentence of seven years imprisonment, but for his guilty pleas.
Hill, also from Haddington, earlier admitted assaulting Kieran Cooper to his severe injury, permanent disfigurement and to the danger of his life on August 8 last year by forcing his way into the house, pursuing him, struggling with him and wounding him with the knife.
He also admitted assaulting Alan Cooper to his injury by striking him on the head with the bag and repeatedly kicking him after he fell.
The court heard that apprentice plumber Hill had turned up in the street asking where Kieran lived before going to the address where the attacks occurred.
Mr Cooper, 23, answered the door to him and Hill began shouting at him about having a relationship with his sister and immediately tried to strike him on the face with the knife.
Mr Cooper tried to shut the front door on him but Hill kept forcing his way into the house and chased him into the kitchen area and repeatedly stabbed him.
After hearing a disturbance and shouting the victim's grandfather came downstairs and saw his grandson holding his upper left arm with blood running down his side and a large amount of blood in the kitchen.
He took hold of Hill who shouted: "Get your hands off me or I will stab you too." He managed to get him out the front door but he returned and swung the bag at him and struck him on the side of the face.
After the attacks Hill walked off and a witness found a knife with an eight inch serrated blade left at the scene.
Emergency services were called and when police arrived they noticed blood in the kitchen and on the floor which led through to the living room where the stab victim was found.
The grandson was taken to Edinburgh Royal Infirmary and found two have two penetrating wounds to the chest and further wounds on his left bicep. A chest drain was inserted and his injuries were stitched up. The grandfather was found to have sustained cuts, scratches and bruises.
Defence lawyer David Nicolson said Hill was "a decent, young man from a decent, hardworking, supportive family".
He said that Hill had shown genuine remorse and was assessed as posing a low risk of re-conviction.


text:
package io.fabric8.utils.cxf;

import java.io.ByteArrayInputStream;
import java.io.File;
import java.io.FileInputStream;
import java.io.FileNotFoundException;
import java.io.InputStream;
import java.security.KeyFactory;
import java.security.KeyStore;
import java.security.cert.Certificate;
import java.security.cert.CertificateFactory;
import java.security.cert.X509Certificate;
import java.security.interfaces.RSAPrivateKey;
import java.security.spec.RSAPrivateCrtKeySpec;
import java.util.ArrayList;
import java.util.Arrays;
import java.util.List;
import java.util.concurrent.Callable;
import javax.net.ssl.HostnameVerifier;
import javax.net.ssl.KeyManager;
import javax.net.ssl.KeyManagerFactory;
import javax.net.ssl.SSLSession;
import javax.net.ssl.TrustManager;
import javax.net.ssl.TrustManagerFactory;
import javax.ws.rs.WebApplicationException;

import com.fasterxml.jackson.databind.ObjectMapper;
import com.fasterxml.jackson.jaxrs.cfg.Annotations;
import com.fasterxml.jackson.jaxrs.json.JacksonJaxbJsonProvider;
import io.fabric8.utils.Strings;
import io.fabric8.utils.ssl.TrustEverythingSSLTrustManager;
import net.oauth.signature.pem.PEMReader;
import net.oauth.signature.pem.PKCS1EncodedKeySpec;
import org.apache.cxf.attachment.Base64DecoderStream;
import org.apache.cxf.configuration.jsse.TLSClientParameters;
import org.apache.cxf.jaxrs.client.WebClient;
import org.apache.cxf.transport.http.HTTPConduit;
import org.apache.cxf.transport.http.auth.DigestAuthSupplier;
import org.slf4j.Logger;
import org.slf4j.LoggerFactory;

import static io.fabric8.utils.cxf.JsonHelper.createObjectMapper;

/**
 */
public class WebClients {
    private static final transient Logger LOG = LoggerFactory.getLogger(WebClients.class);

    public static InputStream getInputStreamFromDataOrFile(String data, File file) throws FileNotFoundException {
        if (data != null) {
            return new Base64DecoderStream(new ByteArrayInputStream(data.getBytes()));
        }
        if (file != null) {
            return new FileInputStream(file);
        }
        return null;
    }

    public static KeyStore createTrustStore(String caCertData, File caCertFile) throws Exception {
        try (InputStream pemInputStream = getInputStreamFromDataOrFile(caCertData, caCertFile)) {
            CertificateFactory certFactory = CertificateFactory.getInstance("X509");
            X509Certificate cert = (X509Certificate) certFactory.generateCertificate(pemInputStream);

            KeyStore trustStore = KeyStore.getInstance("JKS");
            trustStore.load(null);

            String alias = cert.getSubjectX500Principal().getName();
            trustStore.setCertificateEntry(alias, cert);

            return trustStore;
        }
    }

    public static void configureCaCert(WebClient webClient, String caCertData, File caCertFile) {
        try {
            KeyStore trustStore = createTrustStore(caCertData, caCertFile);
            TrustManagerFactory trustManagerFactory =
                    TrustManagerFactory.getInstance(TrustManagerFactory.getDefaultAlgorithm());
            trustManagerFactory.init(trustStore);
            TrustManager[] trustManagers = trustManagerFactory.getTrustManagers();

            HTTPConduit conduit = WebClient.getConfig(webClient)
                    .getHttpConduit();

            TLSClientParameters params = conduit.getTlsClientParameters();

            if (params == null) {
                params = new TLSClientParameters();
                conduit.setTlsClientParameters(params);
            }

            TrustManager[] existingTrustManagers = params.getTrustManagers();

            if (existingTrustManagers != null && existingTrustManagers.length > 0) {
                List<TrustManager> list = new ArrayList<>();
                list.addAll(Arrays.asList(existingTrustManagers));
                list.addAll(Arrays.asList(trustManagers));
                trustManagers = list.toArray(new TrustManager[list.size()]);
            }

            params.setTrustManagers(trustManagers);
        } catch (Exception e) {
            LOG.error("Could not create trust manager for " + caCertFile, e);
        }
    }

    public static void disableSslChecks(WebClient webClient) {
        HTTPConduit conduit = WebClient.getConfig(webClient)
                .getHttpConduit();

        TLSClientParameters params = conduit.getTlsClientParameters();

        if (params == null) {
            params = new TLSClientParameters();
            conduit.setTlsClientParameters(params);
        }

        params.setTrustManagers(new TrustManager[]{new TrustEverythingSSLTrustManager()});

        params.setDisableCNCheck(true);
    }

    public static void disableHostNameChecks(WebClient webClient) {
        HTTPConduit conduit = WebClient.getConfig(webClient)
                .getHttpConduit();

        TLSClientParameters params = conduit.getTlsClientParameters();

        if (params == null) {
            params = new TLSClientParameters();
            conduit.setTlsClientParameters(params);
        }
        LOG.debug("Disabling host name checks");

        params.setHostnameVerifier(new HostnameVerifier() {
            @Override
            public boolean verify(String s, SSLSession sslSession) {
                return true;
            }
        });
    }

    public static void configureClientCert(WebClient webClient, String clientCertData, File clientCertFile, String clientKeyData, File clientKeyFile, String clientKeyAlgo, char[] clientKeyPassword) {
        try {
            KeyStore keyStore = createKeyStore(clientCertData, clientCertFile, clientKeyData, clientKeyFile, clientKeyAlgo, clientKeyPassword);
            KeyManagerFactory keyManagerFactory =
                    KeyManagerFactory.getInstance(KeyManagerFactory.getDefaultAlgorithm());
            keyManagerFactory.init(keyStore, clientKeyPassword);
            KeyManager[] keyManagers = keyManagerFactory.getKeyManagers();

            HTTPConduit conduit = WebClient.getConfig(webClient)
                    .getHttpConduit();

            TLSClientParameters params = conduit.getTlsClientParameters();

            if (params == null) {
                params = new TLSClientParameters();
                conduit.setTlsClientParameters(params);
            }

            KeyManager[] existingKeyManagers = params.getKeyManagers();

            if (existingKeyManagers != null && existingKeyManagers.length > 0) {
                List<KeyManager> list = new ArrayList<>();
                list.addAll(Arrays.asList(existingKeyManagers));
                list.addAll(Arrays.asList(keyManagers));
                keyManagers = list.toArray(new KeyManager[list.size()]);
            }

            params.setKeyManagers(keyManagers);

        } catch (Exception e) {
            LOG.error("Could not create key manager for " + clientCertFile + " (" + clientKeyFile + ")", e);
        }
    }

    public static KeyStore createKeyStore(String clientCertData, File clientCertFile, String clientKeyData, File clientKeyFile, String clientKeyAlgo, char[] clientKeyPassword) throws Exception {
        try (InputStream certInputStream = getInputStreamFromDataOrFile(clientCertData, clientCertFile)) {
            CertificateFactory certFactory = CertificateFactory.getInstance("X509");
            X509Certificate cert = (X509Certificate) certFactory.generateCertificate(certInputStream);

            InputStream keyInputStream = getInputStreamFromDataOrFile(clientKeyData, clientKeyFile);
            PEMReader reader = new PEMReader(keyInputStream);
            RSAPrivateCrtKeySpec keySpec = new PKCS1EncodedKeySpec(reader.getDerBytes()).getKeySpec();
            KeyFactory kf = KeyFactory.getInstance(clientKeyAlgo);
            RSAPrivateKey privKey = (RSAPrivateKey) kf.generatePrivate(keySpec);

            KeyStore keyStore = KeyStore.getInstance("JKS");
            keyStore.load(null, clientKeyPassword);

            String alias = cert.getSubjectX500Principal().getName();
            keyStore.setKeyEntry(alias, privKey, clientKeyPassword, new Certificate[] {cert});

            return keyStore;
        }
    }

    public static void configureUserAndPassword(WebClient webClient, String username, String password) {
        if (Strings.isNotBlank(username) && Strings.isNotBlank(password)) {
            HTTPConduit conduit = WebClient.getConfig(webClient).getHttpConduit();
            conduit.getAuthorization().setUserName(username);
            conduit.getAuthorization().setPassword(password);
        }
    }

    public static void enableDigestAuthenticaionType(WebClient webClient) {
        HTTPConduit conduit = WebClient.getConfig(webClient).getHttpConduit();
        conduit.setAuthSupplier(new DigestAuthSupplier());
    }

    public static List<Object> createProviders() {
        List<Object> providers = new ArrayList<Object>();
        Annotations[] annotationsToUse = JacksonJaxbJsonProvider.DEFAULT_ANNOTATIONS;
        ObjectMapper objectMapper = createObjectMapper();
        providers.add(new JacksonJaxbJsonProvider(objectMapper, annotationsToUse));
        providers.add(new ExceptionResponseMapper());
        return providers;
    }

    /**
     * A helper method to handle REST APIs which throw a 404 by just returning null
     */
    public static <T> T handle404ByReturningNull(Callable<T> callable) {
        try {
            return callable.call();
        } catch (WebApplicationException e) {
            if (e.getResponse().getStatus() == 404) {
                return null;
            } else {
                throw e;
            }
        } catch (Exception e) {
            throw new WebApplicationException(e);
        }
    }
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
Ferrari honours Webasto & Eligio Re Fraschini. The Winners take to the track with Alonso and Massa.
by Editorial TeamPublished 6 September 2012 Updated 14 November 2019
The 2012 edition of the Podio Ferrari took place in Maranello. This now-traditional annual event celebrates the work of Ferrari's suppliers and strategic partners, honouring those whose contribution to the Scuderia Ferrari and our road car division has proved particularly impressive in terms of technical excellence, technologies, innovation, competitiveness and development.
This very special event was attended not only by Chairman Luca di Montezemolo, Deputy Chairman Piero Ferrari and CEO Amedeo Felisa, but also by Scuderia Ferrari Team Principal Stefano Domenicali and drivers Fernando Alonso and Felipe Massa who performed the opening ceremony.
Two awards were presented at the end of the day:
Best GES supplier: Eligio Re Fraschini –In the course of its consolidated and exclusive carbon-fibre component partnership with the Scuderia Ferrari, Eligio Re Fraschini has continually improved response times, flexibility and time-to-market performance. This contributed significantly to bringing to the track solutions that guaranteed the competitiveness of our single-seaters in the 2012 Formula 1 World Championship.
Best GT supplier: Webasto – For its vital contribution to the development of the world's first Retractable Hard Top for a rear-engined GT spider and for successfully industrialising that product on the 458 Spider, thanks to its skills as a world leader in the convertible systems arena.
A special surprise awaited winners Massimo Re Fraschini and Franz-Josef Kortüm at the end of the ceremony when Fernando Alonso and Felipe Massa gave them a taste of the power of Maranello's latest model, the F12berlinetta, over several laps of the Fiorano Circuit
New Toyota GR Yaris – Small on the Outside, Huge Under the Bonnet
To The Point And As Sharp As Ever – The Art Of DARTZ
The Ultimate 'Excursion' to Whet Motoring Fans Appetites


text:
Super-Coulombic atom–atom interactions in hyperbolic media
Type-I hyperbolic metasurfaces for highly-squeezed designer polaritons with negative group velocity
Yihao Yang, Pengfei Qin, … Hongsheng Chen
Interaction of edge exciton polaritons with engineered defects in the hyperbolic material Bi2Se3
Robin Lingstädt, Nahid Talebi, … Peter A. van Aken
Brewster quasi bound states in the continuum in all-dielectric metasurfaces from single magnetic-dipole resonance meta-atoms
Diego R. Abujetas, Ángela Barreda, … José A. Sánchez-Gil
Image polaritons in boron nitride for extreme polariton confinement with low losses
In-Ho Lee, Mingze He, … Sang-Hyun Oh
Two-dimensional Dirac plasmon-polaritons in graphene, 3D topological insulator and hybrid systems
Chihun In, Un Jeong Kim & Hyunyong Choi
Hybrid exciton-plasmon-polaritons in van der Waals semiconductor gratings
Huiqin Zhang, Bhaskar Abhiraman, … Deep Jariwala
Hyperbolic optics and superlensing in room-temperature KTN from self-induced k-space topological transitions
Yehonatan Gelkop, Fabrizio Di Mei, … Aharon J. Agranat
Casimir forces exerted by epsilon-near-zero hyperbolic materials
Igor S. Nefedov & J. Miguel Rubi
Semiconductor Hyperbolic Metamaterials at the Quantum Limit
Inès Montaño, Salvatore Campione, … Ting S. Luk
Cristian L. Cortes1,2 &
Zubin Jacob1,2
Atomic and molecular interactions with photons
Nanophotonics and plasmonics
Polaritons
Dipole–dipole interactions, which govern phenomena such as cooperative Lamb shifts, superradiant decay rates, Van der Waals forces and resonance energy transfer rates, are conventionally limited to the Coulombic near-field. Here we reveal a class of real-photon and virtual-photon long-range quantum electrodynamic interactions that have a singularity in media with hyperbolic dispersion. The singularity in the dipole–dipole coupling, referred to as a super-Coulombic interaction, is a result of an effective interaction distance that goes to zero in the ideal limit irrespective of the physical distance. We investigate the entire landscape of atom–atom interactions in hyperbolic media confirming the giant long-range enhancement. We also propose multiple experimental platforms to verify our predicted effect with phonon–polaritonic hexagonal boron nitride, plasmonic super-lattices and hyperbolic meta-surfaces as well. Our work paves the way for the control of cold atoms above hyperbolic meta-surfaces and the study of many-body physics with hyperbolic media.
Dipole–dipole interactions (DDIs) are instrumental in mediating entanglement and superradiance in cold atoms1,2,3, as well as coherent coupling between single molecules or atoms4,5,6,7. Often described by real and virtual photon exchange, they also cause cooperative frequency shifts between superconducting qubits in circuit quantum electrodynamic (QED) systems8,9 and Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET) between dye molecules or quantum dots10,11. There are two fundamental ways of controlling the strength and length scales of DDIs. The first method involves the tuning of intrinsic atomic properties such as transition dipole moments and transition frequencies (cf. highly excited Rydberg atoms and superconducting qubits7,12,13). The second method involves the tuning of the QED vacuum, achieved through cavities, waveguides and photonic bandgaps14,15,16,17. Up to now, these electrodynamic methods have relied on resonant effects that require large quality factors along with extensive nanofabrication steps. It is an open question, however, whether there exists alternative non-resonant techniques for controlling DDIs that would be robust to broad spectral lineshapes of atoms or molecules with possible room temperature applications. Here we present work related to this new avenue of research.
In this study, we reveal a class of divergent excited-state atom–atom interactions that can occur in natural and artificial media with hyperbolic dispersion. Unlike the above mentioned approaches, which engineer radiative coupling, we show that the homogeneous hyperbolic medium itself fundamentally alters the Coulombic near-field. The resultant singular long-range interaction, referred to as a super-Coulombic interaction, is described by an effective interaction distance that goes to zero (re→0) along a material-dependent resonance angle. We show that this interaction affects the entire landscape of real photon and virtual photon phenomena such as the cooperative Lamb shift (CLS), the cooperative decay rate (CDR), resonance energy transfer rates and frequency shifts, as well as resonant interatomic forces. Although we find that the singularity is curtailed by material absorption, it still allows for interactions with much larger magnitudes and longer ranges than those found in any conventional media. We also show that atoms in a hyperbolic medium will exhibit a strong orientational dependence that can effectively switch the dipolar interaction off or on, providing an additional degree of freedom to control DDI. Our investigation reveals a marked contrast between ground-state and excited-state interactions which can be used to distinguish the super-Coulombic effect in experiment. Finally, we provide a unified perspective for controlling DDIs on multiple experimental platforms for hyperbolic media including plasmonic super-lattices, hyperbolic metasurfaces and natural hyperbolic media such as hexagonal boron nitride (h-BN).
We emphasize that the materials platform we introduce in this study, to enhance DDIs, is fundamentally different from the cavity QED18,19 or waveguide QED regimes5,8,20,21 (see Supplementary Table 1). We do not rely on atom confinement2,5,6,7,19, cavity resonances or modal effects such as the quasi transverse electromagnetic (TEM) mode in circuit QED8, the band-edge slow light as in PhC waveguides5,6,22, the low-mode volume of plasmonic waveguides21,23 or the infinite phase velocity at the cutoff frequency of epsilon-near-zero (ENZ) waveguides14,24. We also stress that the super-Coulombic effect engineers the conventional non-radiative (longitudinal) near-fields as opposed to radiative (transverse) modes and will occur over a broad range of frequencies due to the broadband nature of the hyperbolic dispersion relation25,26,27,28. Figure 1 depicts a schematic of the proposed super-Coulombic DDI using h-BN29,30,31,32 and two dopant atoms. In the infrared spectral range, h-BN is a uniaxial material that supports ordinary waves (polarization perpendicular to the optic axis) and extraordinary waves (polarization along the optic axis). Extraordinary waves satisfy the hyperbolic dispersion relation when .
Figure 1: Overview of super-Coulombic interaction.
The proposed long-range super-Coulombic DDI may be observed (a) between single-photon defect centres in natural hyperbolic media (for example, h-BN, Bi2Se3 and Bi2Te3) or (b) between ultra-cold atoms trapped above a hyperbolic meta-surface. (c,d) The super-Coulombic interaction occurs over a broad range of frequencies along the resonance angle of a hyperbolic medium and causes the effective interaction distance to approach zero irrespective of the physical distance.
QED theory of hyperbolic media
We begin by formulating the QED theory33 of DDIs between two neutral, non-magnetic atoms in a hyperbolic medium. We focus on dipolar interactions where the electrodynamic field is initially prepared in the vacuum state . Using the multipolar Hamiltonian, the interaction of two neutral atoms [positions rj, transition frequencies ωj and transition electric dipole moments (j=a, b)] is specified by the interaction Hamiltonian
where h.c. stands for the Hermitian conjugate. The matter-assisted electric field is given by
and G(r, r′;ω) is the classical dyadic Green function that satisfies the macroscopic Maxwell equations. Here, and are bosonic field operators, which play the role of the creation and annihilation operators of the matter-assisted electromagnetic (polaritonic) field. The unique interaction properties are a direct result of the dispersion relation of the hyperbolic polariton, as opposed to the photonic dispersion relation, ω=ck, seen in vacuum. The electric field is defined so that it rigorously satisfies the equal-time commutation relations and fluctuation–dissipation theorem33. We use conventional perturbation theory to calculate the various dipolar interactions in a hyperbolic medium. We emphasize that the QED theory captures both ground state–ground state interactions and excited state–ground state interactions, which a semiclassical approach cannot.
Resonant dipole–dipole interaction
If the initial state of the atomic system is prepared in the symmetric or anti-symmetric state, , then one can show that the resonant DDI (RDDI) (see Methods) is given by
where is the transition dipole moment of atom j, assumed to be real. Jdd is the CLS (also known as the virtual photon exchange interaction) and γdd is the CDR commonly associated with superradiant or subradiant effects.
Our result for the RDDI in a hyperbolic medium is
valid when ra≠rb. The first term arises exclusively from extraordinary waves following a hyperbolic dispersion, whereas the second term arises from a combination of ordinary and extraordinary waves. Here we have defined the near-field and far-field dipole orientation matrix factors and , respectively. Equation (4) reduces to the vacuum RDDI expression when , which is applicable both in the retarded (r≫λ) and non-retarded (r<<λ) regimes. The most unique aspect of DDIs in uniaxial media is the divergence that is predicted from the first term only when the hyperbolic condition is satisfied. In the ideal lossless limit, we find that the effective interaction distance between two atoms, , tends towards the limit
This super-Coulombic effect results in the divergence of the DDI strength |Vdd|/ħ along the resonance angle θR, defined with respect to the optic axis.
Atoms in a hyperbolic medium will then have an associated CLS and CDR
in the limit θ→θR. Equations (6) and (7) are the dominant factors of the extraordinary wave contribution only.
We now contrast the scaling of CLS with distance when mediated by hyperbolic media as opposed to vacuum modes. In vacuum, for separation distances much larger than the transition wavelength, the CLS scales as and becomes much smaller than the free-space spontaneous emission rate (γo). On the other hand, for distances much smaller than the wavelength, the CLS scales as , which implies that it can become much larger than the spontaneous emission rate. In contrast, the CLS in a hyperbolic medium is dependent on , , for all interatomic distances. The material-dependent factor 1/ diverges in the lossless case and therefore results in giant CLSs for short and large interatomic distances.
This marked contrast is also revealed in the CDR. At large distances, the CDR in vacuum scales as , therefore becoming weak for distances much larger than the wavelength. For distances much smaller than the wavelength, the CDR becomes independent of position, , and remains on the order of the free-space spontaneous emission rate. In contrast, the CDR in a hyperbolic medium along the resonance angle is not dependent on the effective interaction distance re and instead it depends crucially on the orientation angle φ of the dipoles, . When both dipoles are oriented perpendicular to the optic axis (φ=π/2), there exists a unique wavelength when the medium can achieve an anisotropic ENZ medium ( and ) resulting in a divergent CDR. Surprisingly, the effect is independent of interatomic distance. When both dipoles are parallel to the optic axis (φ=0), the same anisotropic ENZ condition gives a null CDR between the two atoms, independent of interatomic distance.
We will now consider the role of material absorption ( and ) on atom–atom interactions in a hyperbolic medium. We find that the effective interaction distance is not zero and tends to the finite value . This curtails the singularity of the hyperbolic dipolar interaction but nevertheless allows for very large interaction strengths compared with conventional media whenever |re|/|r|<1 is satisfied. Material absorption will also modify the spatial scaling laws of the RDDI in equation (3) so that both the CDR and Lamb shift will scale as . Another consequence of material absorption on RDDIs is in the transition from non-retarded (r−3) to retarded (r−1) interactions. In vacuum, the transition occurs when the interatomic separation distance is on the order of wavelength, . In an ideal lossless hyperbolic medium, this transition from near-field to far-field does not occur, as the effective separation distance approaches zero, re→0 specifically along the resonance angle of a hyperbolic medium. Therefore, we find that RDDI should scale with the characteristic power law of near-field (longitudinal) non-radiative interactions (r−3) for all interatomic distances. Once material absorption is included, the transition is expected to occur approximately when . The dipolar interactions will transition from the power law to the exponential scaling law , which is valid at large interatomic distances.
Figure 2 shows the result of the CLS and CDR for two z-oriented dipoles in a hyperbolic medium that includes material absorption. We compare the RDDIs with the conventional results of a lossy dielectric and vacuum. It is noteworthy that the RDDI peaks near the resonance angle θR as predicted theoretically. The spatial field plots in the insets clearly demonstrate the distinguishing features of the RDDI in a hyperbolic medium compared with vacuum. Figure 2c,d demonstrate the super-Coulombic spatial dependence along the resonance angle. It is noteworthy that the sign of the interaction is dependent on the orientation of the dipoles, as well as the relative position of the dipoles within the hyperbolic medium.
Figure 2: Manifestation of super-Coulombic interaction in hyperbolic media.
Angular dependence of (a) CLS Jdd and (b) CDR γdd for two z-oriented dipoles in a lossy hyperbolic medium, lossy dielectric and vacuum. The CLS and CDR have large peaks near the resonance angle of the hyperbolic medium indicative of the super-Coulombic interaction, even for distances of a wavelength. Comparison of (c) CLS and (d) CDR at the resonance angle versus interatomic separation distance. The CLS and CDR both obey a 1/r3 power law dependence in the near-field due to the inclusion of absorption in the hyperbolic medium. It is noteworthy that the giant interactions start occuring at distances on the order of a wavelength (arrows) even in the presence of material absorption, which is in stark contrast to vacuum. The insets show the contrasting spatially-resolved (c) CLS and (d) CDR for vacuum and for a hyperbolic medium.
Orientational dependence
We now turn to the unique orientational dependence of the RDDI between two atoms positioned along the resonance angle θR. In Fig. 3, we plot the normalized CLS of two atoms a full wavelength apart (r=λ) as a function of dipole orientation angle φ. The CLS has a minimum when φ=θR and a maximum when φ=θR+π/2. Assuming that , , and , we find that the ratio between the maximum and minimum is
Figure 3: Unique orientational dependence of RDDI in hyperbolic media.
The plot shows CLS versus orientation angle φ for two dipoles positioned along the resonance angle. The CLS is minimized when the dipoles are collinear with the the resonance angle and it is maximized when the dipoles are perpendicular to the resonance angle. The inset shows the asymmetric nature of the spatially-resolved Jdd/γo when the dipoles are orthogonal to the resonance angle.
showing that it is proportional to the square of the figure of merit of the hyperbolic medium. In Fig. 3, we use the full Green's function to calculate the orientational dependence of the dipolar interaction in a hyperbolic medium with material absorption and find excellent agreement with the analytical expression.
Resonance energy transfer
We now consider second-order super-Coulombic QED interactions between non-identical atoms arising from initial state preparation consisting of atom A in its excited state and atom B in its ground state, . In the weak-coupling regime, an irreversible resonance energy transfer takes place, transferring a photon from atom A to atom B. This process is FRET and the transfer rate given by Fermi's golden rule is ΓET=2πħ−1|Vdd|2δ(ħωa−ħωb). Along the resonance angle, FRET is mediated by hyperbolic modes and the rate is given by
which shows a scaling dependence and giant enhancement—the key signature of second order super-Coulombic interactions in hyperbolic media.
Casimir–Polder potential
In addition to the FRET rate, there is also a predicted frequency shift that comes from the initial state preparation . This is the excited-state Casimir–Polder potential, , composed of a resonant and off-resonant contribution. The resonant excited-state Casimir–Polder potential is of the form (ref. 34). We therefore predict that the excited-state energy potential will also diverge with a scaling dependence similar to the FRET rate.
Figure 4 shows the full numerical results for the second-order DDIs in a lossy hyperbolic medium, a lossy dielectric and vacuum. In the non-retarded regime , we clearly see the effect of the super-Coulombic interaction, which results in a large enhancement of the dipolar interactions Ueg and ΓET (shown in inset). The super-Coulombic enhancement occurs only along the asymptotes of the hyperboloid and is unrelated to the suppression of FRET rate of an ensemble of emitters near a conventional metallic surface or hyperbolic medium35,36,37.
Figure 4: Ground-state and excited-state Casimir–Polder interaction energy in hyperbolic media.
Casimir–Polder interaction energy between two ground-state atoms (Ugg) and between an excited-state atom and ground-state atom (Ueg) show fundamental differences when interacting in hyperbolic medium. Ueg≫Ugg, as resonant interactions lie completely within the bandwidth of hyperbolic dispersion and are strongly enhanced. The results are normalized to Ugg in vacuum, evaluated at the near-field interatomic distance of ro=λ/100. The inset shows the giant enhancement of the FRET rate, ΓET, as compared with vacuum. The FRET rate is normalized to the vacuum energy transfer rate evaluated at ro.
It is interesting that the dispersive van der Waals interaction between two ground-state atoms does not diverge in a hyperbolic medium. Using fourth-order perturbation theory38, the interaction energy between two ground-state atoms is given by , where αA,B(ω) is the isotropic electric polarizability of atom A or B. In the non-retarded limit, the dominant contribution is given by
which reduces to the well-known free-space non-retarded van der Waals interaction energy when . It is important to note that the integral is performed over the entire range of positive imaginary frequencies (η=iω). In general, the hyperbolic condition is only satisfied within a finite bandwidth of the electromagnetic spectrum. We therefore expect that it would not alter the broadband cumulative effect of the entire electromagnetic spectrum and, as a result, we predict that the ground state–ground state interaction energy will not diverge in a hyperbolic medium. From Fig. 4, it is also clear that the ground state–ground state Casimir–Polder potential Ugg does not show any type of enhancement for the hyperbolic medium, in agreement with our discussion. It is noteworthy that the distance scaling dependence in the non-retarded regions is in agreement with equations (9) and (10), as expected. In the retarded regime (r≫λ), the excited-state interactions Ueg and ΓET display an exponential damping behaviour due to material absorption, whereas the ground-state interaction Ugg displays the typical Casimir–Polder power law dependence, r−7 (Fig. 4).
In the following, we discuss multiple experimental platforms for hyperbolic media paving the way for the experimental demonstration of the long-range super-Coulombic interactions and unique many-body physics in hyperbolic media.
Figure 5a–b propose a practical plasmonic super-lattice system to enhance atom-atom interactions taking into account the role of dissipation, dispersion and finite unit cell size. We show the large enhancement of CLS (Jdd) for an effective medium model and compare it with a 40-layer structure consisting of Ag and TiO2 with a total slab thickness of 100 nm. For such a system, effective medium theory predicts a type I response for wavelengths smaller than 492 nm and a type II response for wavelengths larger than 492 nm. Atom A is 4 nm away from the top interface (see Fig. 5 inset), whereas atom B is assumed to be adsorbed to the bottom interface. Atom B has a fixed horizontal displacement of xb=5 nm and therefore there is a fixed separation angle θo between atom A and atom B with respect to the normal to the interface. The two large peaks seen in Fig. 5 occur when the dispersive resonance angle θR(λ) is equal to the fixed separation angle, that is, θR(λ)=θo in agreement with theory. For the material system shown here, this occurs both in the type I and type II hyperbolic regions. The inset shows the directional sensitivity of the interaction as a function of atom B's horizontal displacement. It is noteworthy that accurate agreement between the effective medium model and the super-lattice structure is achieved when the unit-cell size is smaller than the separation distance between atom A and the top interface (Supplementary Note 1).
Figure 5: Giant long-range CLS in practical structures.
(a,b) Plasmonic super-lattice in visible range and (c,d) natural hyperbolic medium in infrared range. (a) The effective hyperbolic model is compared with (b) a 40-layer multilayer system taking into account dissipation, dispersion and finite unit cell size. Atom A is 4 nm away from top interface, whereas atom B is adsorbed to the bottom interface with a horizontal displacement of xb=5 nm. The inset shows the CLS dependence on atom B's horizontal displacement when λ=550 nm. Good agreement is seen between the EMT model and practical multilayer design paving the way for an experimental demonstration of the super-Coulombic effect with cold atoms. CLS for (c) two atoms above h-BN and (d) two atoms across an h-BN structure; dashed lines denote bulk vacuum results. It is noteworthy that a smaller spontaneous emission rate in the infrared range will contribute to a larger normalized CLS Jdd/γo. The orange and blue curves denote the two orientations of the transition dipole moment of the atoms. The total slab thickness for both structures is 100 nm.
Figure 5c,d propose a two-dimensional van der Waals bonded natural material, hBN, as a candidate material to control optically active vibrational transitions between molecules, or electronic intersubband transitions between quantum wells. hBN is a natural hyperbolic medium in the mid-infrared spectral range. We show giant CLSs Jdd for the case of two atoms 10 nm away from the top interface of an h-BN structure, as well as for two atoms across an h-BN film. In the first case, the atom–atom interaction is due to a super-Coulombic ray-like interaction that reflects from the bottom interface (see insets). In the second case, the interatomic interaction is primarily due to a direct super-Coulombic interaction from atom A to atom B. Atom A is 10 nm above the top interface, whereas atom B is assumed to be adsorbed to the bottom interface. It is noteworthy that these long-range DDIs are seen equally in the type I hyperbolic region (λ∼12–13 μm) and in the type II hyperbolic region (λ∼6–7 μm). We have used the experimentally verified permittivities for h-BN from Caldwell et al.29 for our numerical simulations.
Finally, Fig. 6 proposes a two-dimensional material system to enhance RDDIs, using hyperbolic metasurfaces. Our theoretical proposal provides additional future directions for designer metasurfaces based on graphene, black phosphorous, h-BN, gold/air or silver/air nanogratings39,40,41,42 (see Fig. 6a). We must emphasize that all of the experimental and theoretical studies thus far have focused on Purcell factor enhancements or the photonic spin-Hall effects. Here we propose hyperbolic metasurfaces to control many-body DDIs. Figure 6a shows the key difference from bulk hyperbolic media where a two dimensional resonance cone mediates giant long-range interactions due to in-plane hyperbolic dispersion (x–y plane anisotropy). In Fig. 6b, we show an enhancement of the CLS Jdd versus angle θxy of atom B. The angle θxy is defined with respect to the optic axis that lies parallel to the interface, such that . A clear enhancement is seen along the resonance angle θR compared with the vacuum and the dielectric half-space cases. Furthermore, when the position of atom B lies along the resonance angle we find a clear order-of-magnitude enhancement in the CLS up to distances of 200 nm (Fig. 6b,c). Numerical simulations of the hyperbolic meta-surface were done using a dyadic Green function approach (Supplementary Note 2).
Figure 6: Super-Coulombic CLS above hyperbolic meta-surface.
CLS, Jdd, above hyperbolic metasurface with optic axis in the direction, calculated via dyadic Green function approach. Atom A and atom B are 2 nm above the interface. (a) Two-dimensional resonance cone on hyperbolic metasurfaces which causes giant in-plane long-range DDIs (b) CLS dependence on angle θxy of atom B for a fixed separation distance of r=λ/2=250 nm. The clear enhancement of the RDDI near the resonance angle θR is worth noting. (c) Separation distance dependence of CLS along the resonance angle θxy=θR. Inset shows giant FRET enhancement (>2,000) for separation distances of 100 nm in the metasurface plane.
To summarize, we have revealed a class of singular excited-state atom–atom interactions in hyperbolic media that arise from a fundamental modification of the Coulombic near-field. The experimental observation of such effects will require careful isolation of medium-induced cooperative interactions between atoms from the effect of independent atoms interacting with the hyperbolic medium. Preliminary results have shown signatures of such interactions between molecules via FRET43. Future work should also focus on understanding the intricate role of non-locality44,45 on DDIs in hyperbolic media. Our work motivates the search for defect centers in natural hyperbolic media such as h-BN, where the interaction is mediated by hyperbolic phonon–polaritons. It should also motivate the study of unique many-body physics in atomic lattice quantum metamaterials with hyperbolic response46. Our work also paves the way for studies of long-range entanglement and self-organization6. It is also a first step towards cold-atom studies with hyperbolic meta-surfaces exhibiting unique effects that are not found in photonic crystals, waveguides or cavities.
Atomic system
In the following, we only consider the interaction between two identical atoms for the case of RDDIs. We then consider the interaction between two non-identical atoms for the case of second-order DDIs such as FRET and the excited-state Casimir–Polder interaction. For the simulations, we took the transition frequency of atom A to be ωa/2π=500 THz, whereas the transition frequency of atom B was ωb/2π=460 THz.
In the study, we provided equations for the interaction between two two-level systems for illustrative purposes. The generalized interaction between two N-level atoms can be easily extended with the general perturbation results. Furthermore, it is noteworthy that h-BN is considered due its high-quality factors and its low-loss phonon–polaritonic nature. The super-Coulombic effect will occur even in the presence of rapid dispersion in the dielectric constant of h-BN as long as the emitter linewidths are not significantly broader than the Reststrahlen bands of h-BN where optically active hyperbolic phonon-polaritons are found. For our simulations, representative values of loss and dielectric constants have been chosen from recent experiments in the mid-infrared spectral range.
Perturbation theory
All DDIs can be calculated from the transition matrix element:
where the summation in the second- and higher-order terms runs over all possible intermediate states; the summation can be replaced by integration for the case of continuum states. The energy level shift of the initial state is then given by
where it is understood that the principal value is taken during the integration of continuum intermediate states. The probability transition rate from initial state to final state is given by Fermi's Golden rule
where the summation runs over all initial and final states.
We now consider the interaction between two identical atoms, labelled atom A and atom B, respectively. The probability transition rate between state and is found through equation (13) to give the CDR
Assuming the dipole moments of both atoms are oriented along the same direction, the total decay rate of two identical atoms will be γtot=γa±γdd, where γa is the bare spontaneous emission rate of atom A (or atom B). The initial state is and final state . It is noteworthy that represents the single-photon Fock state with position r and frequency ω.
The first-order dipole–dipole frequency shift of initial state is then found through evaluation of equation (12), which results in a resonant and off-resonant contribution , specified by
In the Letter, we only retain the resonant contributions (4) and (5), as they give rise to the super-Coulombic DDIs. The results agree with those of ref. 47.
Resonance energy transfer rate
Using equation (3), the resonance energy transfer rate between state and can be calculated to give
where we have taken and final state (ref. 48).
Excited state–ground state interaction
The excited-state Casimir–Polder potential is given by34
where the resonant component is
and off-resonant component is given by
is the isotropic electric polarizability of atom A in the kth energy eigenstate, defined as
Ground state–ground state interaction
The ground state–ground state Casimir–Polder potential is given by38
which is applicable in the retarded and non-retarded regimes. It is noteworthy that we have dropped the spatial coordinate dependence of the Green function in equations (19), (20) and (22).
It is worth noting that for the numerical calculation of the integrals, we considered an anisotropic medium with a Lorentz resonance parallel to the optic axis with parameters ωPz/2π=550 × 1012 Hz, ωTz/2π=450 × 1012 Hz and γz=0.01ωPz, and a Lorentz resonance perpendicular to the optic axis with parameters ωPx/2π=770 × 1012 Hz, ωTx/2π=600 × 1012 Hz and γz=0.01ωPx. The isotropic medium had the same relative permittivity as the x axis of the anisotropic medium.
Applicability of perturbation theory
It is noteworthy that the perturbative formalism used in this work is strictly applicable for the case of finite absorption with a sufficiently large interatomic separation distance. This is in agreement with our simulations for practical experimental systems such as plasmonic super-lattices and hyperbolic metasurfaces. For the case of low losses and extremely short separation distances, a non-perturbative treatment will be required to treat the dipole–dipole singularity in a self-consistent manner. It is also noteworthy that the presence of emitters do not alter the hyperbolic polaritonic branches in the weak coupling limit.
Green function in a uniaxial medium
The Green tensor is the unique solution to the homogeneous Helmholtz equation with permittivity tensor ,
and radiation condition G(r, r′; ω)=0 for |r−r′|→∞. The coordinate-free form of the Green function is given by49
where we have fixed the spatial coordinate of the source at the origin, that is, r′=0. It is noteworthy that this Green function is only applicable when r≠r′, as we have excluded the singularity term that occurs when r=r′.
The data that support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author upon request.
How to cite this article: Cortes, C. L. et al. Super-Coulombic atom-atom interactions in hyperbolic media. Nat. Commun. 8, 14144 doi: 10.1038/ncomms14144 (2017).
Publisher's note: Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
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Research was funded by the National Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada (NSERC) as well as the National Science Foundation (NSF).
Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, T6G 2V4, Alberta, Canada
Cristian L. Cortes & Zubin Jacob
Birck Nanotechnology Center and Purdue Quantum Center, School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Purdue University, 1205 West State Street, West Lafayette, 47906, Indiana, USA
Cristian L. Cortes
Zubin Jacob
C.L.C developed the theoretical formalism, performed the analytic calculations and performed the numerical simulations. Both authors contributed to the final version of the manuscript. Z.J supervised the project.
Correspondence to Cristian L. Cortes or Zubin Jacob.
Supplementary Figure 1, Supplementary Table 1, Supplementary Notes 1-2 and Supplementary References. (PDF 594 kb)
Cortes, C., Jacob, Z. Super-Coulombic atom–atom interactions in hyperbolic media. Nat Commun 8, 14144 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms14144
Interface nano-optics with van der Waals polaritons
Qing Zhang
Guangwei Hu
Cheng-Wei Qiu
Collective near-field coupling and nonlocal phenomena in infrared-phononic metasurfaces for nano-light canalization
Peining Li
Rainer Hillenbrand


Valentines Enterprise Sale captures hearts and wallets!
Year 10 & Year 11 Business Studies students have been learning about finance (cash flow, profit & loss) and had the opportunity to put this in to practise with a Valentines sale.
Year 11 Business Studies student Matthew Osei tried to encourage Mr Alexander to finalise his purchase.
Both classes are competing to see who makes the most profit after the sale. We look forward to finding out the results after Half Term!


This is the third in my series of OnStage Atlanta swaps. This card features the Eastern Palace Suite--stamps, dies, and designer paper. The Eastern Beauty bundle of the stamps and dies will be available only until the end of May. After that time, they will be available individually in the new catalog.
I also created a couple of alternatives for my own stash--very similar but not quite the same.
Just a reminder--Many of the items on the Retiring List and the Clearance Rack are either sold out or in very limited supply. If you are interested in any of these things, you need to place your order now. I don't want any of you to be disappointed if the items that you want are no longer available.
If you place an order that is below $150, please use my April Host Code HY7EQVS3 and you will be entered into my monthly drawing for gifts from me. This month I am gifting a new ink pad, Grapefruit Grove, one of the new In Colors.


Real Estate is NOT my JOB, it's my PASSION!
My extensive 25 years experience and expertise in the PRATHER, TOLLHOUSE, AUBERRY, PRATHER, FRESNO & CLOVIS real estate market will benefit you whether you are looking to buy or sell a home in the area.
As a Broker Associate & Seniors Real Estate Specialist, I have been selling real estate in this area for 25 years and have been the TOP selling agent for the past 24 years. My clients are extremely important to me and therefore I strive to give them the best service possible and make myself available to them at all times.
To better assist my clients, I have formed The JERI KUDDES TEAM, full time licensed agent & right hand man, David Sheppard & buyers agent, Kelli Crawford. Together, with our combined 57 years of experience, we offer you service that compares to none.
I moved to TOLLHOUSE 27 years ago from Thousand Oaks, CA. My family and friends thought that I was crazy leaving such a nice area and moving to the country and they all thought that I would be back in 6 months. Well, 27 years later, I am still here and loving it every day. Our foothills are so awesome that you cannot possibly tire of looking at all the beauty that surrounds you here. The schools are great, people are friendly and the area is safe. Come take a look today!
I hope that you find my website to be a great source of information and visit often. We will always be available for personal service by phone or email, so feel free to contact us with questions any time! If you are looking to BUY or SELL a home or land, you have come to the right place.
Call or email us any time! Selling or Buying is probably going to be one of the largest financial transactions you will face. Don't face it alone. Put the knowledge and experience of our combined 57 years behind you. Better yet, let us do the work and worrying so you don't have to!
Find information on buying or selling your next home. Let an expert Tollhouse California Realtor® help you through the real estate buying or selling process. This is a great area to live! Whether you have an area in mind or are looking for some suggestions, contact me today and we can discuss any question you might have about Tollhouse CA or any of the surrounding cities!


Trend Micro has released a new Critical Patch (CP) for Trend Micro OfficeScan XG. This CP resolves two vulnerabilities related to weak file permissions.
There is an additional step required to resolve these vulnerabilities after applying the CP if it has not already been performed after deploying a previous hotfix or patch. Please refer to the following steps below to be performed on the OfficeScan server.
1. Ensure that the OfficeScan Critical Patch (CP) has already been installed.
2. Open the "Ofcscan.ini" file (usually in the \PCCSRV folder of the OfficeScan installation directory) in a text editor.
4. Save the changes and close the file editor.
5. Open the OfficeScan web console and navigate to the "Agents > Global Agent Settings" section.
6. Click "Save" to confirm the settings and deploy the modified ofscan.ini settings to the agents.
Optional step: if this setting ever needs to be reversed, please follow the same procedure as above but change the value of "1" to "0" in step 3.
1. CVE-2018-18331: Weak file permissions on a particular folder for a particular group may allow an attacker to alter the files, which could lead to other exploits.
2. CVE-2018-18332: Permissions on some key files can be potentially manipulated to modify other files and folders.
3. *Defense in Depth (DiD) Credit: An attacker may attempt shutdown Trend Micro OfficeScan services or prevent them from running on startup using a specially crafted file on Windows 10. However, the attacker must already have obtained administrator privileges beforehand either legitimately or via a entirely different exploit. Please see the mitigating factors below for this issue since it is not completely addressed in the CP above.
* For the DiD Credit mentioned above, the current mitigation strategy is to ensure that administrator access on client machines are sufficently secured to legitmate users only to prevent such a scenario from happening. A malicious user with administrator or root level access on a client machine is capable of doing serious damage to the operating system itself and is not limited to applications - including OfficeScan. The OfficeScan product development team is currently evaluating how to better protect against an attack such as this while still respsecting the operating system privileges intended by the OS vendor.


Cruyff Santi Rip Stop Trainers in Black. Legendary footballer Johan Cruyff wouldn't put his name to anything that isn't 100% top quality and these super-sleek trainers are no exception. With a Rip stop upper with patent accents.


text:
Q: How to switch between different content on my js dropdown/showcontent box I've made a JS Fiddle. I'm aware my drop down content isn't working there but it appears fine on file so I'm assuming it's just some code missing in the JSFiddle which is causing it not to work.
http://jsfiddle.net/akgfxrue/
HTML CODE

 🔗

    📱
    ℹ

bananas bananas bananas bananas

bananas bananas bananas bananas

bananas bananas bananas bananasbananas.

bananas bananas bananas bananas

bananas bananas bananas bananas

    FOR MORE DETAILS CLICK HERE

CSS CODE
 #links {
    display: block;
    padding: 0;
    text-align: center;
    margin-left: auto;
    margin-right: auto;
    background-color: #E04E39;
}
#links .circles {
    display: inline-block;
    position: relative;
    height: 75px;
    width: 60px;
    line-height: 70px;
    bottom: 10px;
    margin: 0;
    margin-top: 5px;
    margin-left: 30px;
    margin-right: 30px;
    padding: 10px;
    padding-left: 20px;
    padding-right: 20px;
    font-family:"entypo";
    font-size: 40pt;
    text-align: center;
    color: #E04E39;
    border-radius: 150px;
    background: #eee;
    overflow: hidden;
    cursor: pointer;
    z-index: 700;
}
/* I don't need the background image or css styling changing, I merely need the content changing such as the list items and the promo image */
#bananas {
    position: relative;
    transition: height 0.6s ease-out 0s;
    overflow: hidden;
    width: 100%;
    height: 0em;
    background-image: url("hidden_bg.jpg");
    background-repeat: repeat-x;
    padding: 0;
    padding-left: auto;
    padding-right: auto;
    margin: 0;
    margin-bottom: 20px;
    color: #ffffff;
}
ul.dropcontent {
    float: left;
    font-family:"Thonburi";
    font-size: 12pt;
    font-weight: 200;
    color: #ffffff;
    margin-: 20px;
    padding: 200px auto;
    text-align: left;
    height: 100%;
    width: 50%;
}
li.dropcontent {
    color: #ffffff;
}
.dropcontent {
    width: 60%;
    float: center;
    margin-left: auto;
    margin-right: auto;
    padding-top: 10px;
    height: 100%;
    overflow: hidden;
}
.promo {
    display: inline-block;
    float: right;
    vertical-align: middle;
    margin: auto;
}
img.promo {
    display: block;
    float: right;
    line-height: 20px;
    vertical-align: middle;
    margin-top: 2%;
    margin-bottom: 8%;
    top: 5%;
    padding: 0;
}
.talk {
    position: absolute;
    left: 62%;
    bottom: 10%;
    margin-left: auto;
    margin-right: auto;
    text-align: left;
    background-color: #E04E39;
    padding: 7px 7px;
    color: #ffffff;
    border-radius: 4px 4px 4px 4px;
    text-shadow: 0px 1px 1px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.6);
    cursor: pointer;
}

JS CODE
    function show_content() {
    var s = document.getElementById("bananas");
    s.style.height = "290px";
}

Anyway, I currently have this code working within my homepage. You'll notice this content drop down is full browser width and utilises a background image. In the drop down is a bullet list, promo image floated to the right and a link to show more details.
I only have the code working with one lot of content at the moment (bannanas div) and I'd like to be able to add two more, near identical content areas that appear instead dependent on which button is clicked.
Currently there is only one active button (the big image). Clicking this reveals the content below but I want it to show content related to the link that is clicked.
Any help would be greatly appreciated. I understand to an extent I can get this working with simple one word content but haven't found anything for a slightly more complex content dropdown using the JS code I'm currently working with.
Side note, I've also not managed to find a way to hide said content as of yet using my current code. Any tips on this would be great too of course.
Thanks in advance.

A: Your JSFiddle wasn't working because the function was not available when the DOM elements have loaded. I have created a JSFiddle fixing that issue (moved function definition to jquery ready) and also included code to toggle between two similar lists (bananas and bananas1).
Below is how toggling is done, first time bananas div will be displayed, from the second time bananas and bananas1 will be displayed alternatively
show_content = function () {
    var s = document.getElementById("bananas");
    var s1 = document.getElementById("bananas1");

    if (s.style.height != "290px") {
        s.style.height = "290px";
        s1.style.height = "0px";
    } else {
        s.style.height = "0px";
        s1.style.height = "290px";
    }
}

A: You should not use onclick="function()" in js, because:

*

*if script loads faster than the content, it will fail

*untidy and harder to organize

*reasons, reasons, reasons, too many to say, you can google it.

http://jsfiddle.net/xzgv6va3/
What I changed is deleted the onclick attribute and used an event listener, so the script can work anywhere. Using the logic on if the dropdown's height is matched, toggles the dropdown.(it would be better if you can use the class to compare though)
Also, you had an error on this line, so here's the correction:
FOR MORE DETAILS CLICK HERE

(There's an extra a)
The Fix:
function showContent() {
    if (this.nextElementSibling.className == "dropdown") {
        var s = this.nextElementSibling;
        if (s.style.height == "290px") {
            s.style.height = "0px"
        } else {
            for(var i=0;i<dropdowns.length;i++){
                dropdowns[i].style.height = "0px"
            }
            s.style.height = "290px"
        }
    } else {
      return false
    }
}
var classname = document.getElementsByClassName("dropdown-btn");
var dropdowns = document.getElementsByClassName("dropdown");

for(var i=0;i<classname.length;i++){
    classname[i].addEventListener('click', showContent, false);
}

To add more dropdowns:
Add a dropdown button and the dropdown immediately after. Here's the minimal template:
Dropdown Button

    Content

There is no requirement on id attributes
Please feel free to ask for explainations


Hey there.. I usually look over here at the salon finder section of NaturallyCurly to find reviews for stylists. For Devachan in NYC, here are the reviews of different stylists (Melanie's name isn't listed here) http://www.naturallycurly.com/salons/view/id/761/...Hope this helps!