text:
Conscience and Peace Tax International
UNIVERSAL DECLARATION OF HUMAN RIGHTS Article 18: Everyone has the right to freedom of thought, conscience and religion; this right includes freedom … to manifest his religion or belief in teaching, practice, worship and observance.
About CPTI
Proposed Peace Tax Legislation
International Declarations on CO
Dr. Jerilynn Prior
Communication to the Human Rights Committee
c/o Division of Human Rights, United Nations Office, Geneva, Switzerland
Submitted for consideration under the
Optional Protocol to the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights
AUTHOR OF THE COMMUNICATION: JERILYNN PRIOR
STATE PARTY CONCERNED: CANADA
February 2l, 1991
THOMAS R. BERGER
Barrister and Solicitor
#300, 171 Water Street
Vancouver, B.C. V6B 1A7
Counsel for Jerilynn Prior
Exhaustion of Remedies
Dr. Prior's beliefs
Dr. Prior's remedy
This is an application by Jerilynn Prior, a physician and member of the Quaker faith, of 806 W. 18th Avenue, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada, to the Human Rights Committee to consider her complaint against Canada. She says that Canada has violated her freedom of conscience and religion under Article 18 of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights.
Dr. Prior asserts that her refusal to see her taxes used for military purposes is a matter of freedom of conscience and religion. The Income Tax Act, S.C. 1970-71-72, C.63 and amendments thereto have the effect of violating her rights under Article 18.
Dr. Prior says that under the Optional Protocol to the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, the complaint is one which ought to be considered by the Committee.
Canada acceded to the International Covenant and the Optional Protocol on May 19th, 1976; they became binding on Canada on August 19th, 1976.
Dr. Prior has taken her cause to the Federal Court, Trial Division, to the Federal Court of Appeal and to the Supreme Court of Canada, which has refused to grant leave to appeal in her case and has refused a request by Dr. Prior for reconsideration. She has therefore exhausted her domestic remedies. Dr. Prior's Application for Reconsideration in the Supreme Court of Canada accompanies this communication and may be considered as Appendix 'A' hereto.
The Committee should appreciate that there is an anomaly here. The Supreme Court of Canada has adopted in the past the view that freedom of conscience and religion under Canada's Charter of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms, adopted in 1982, should be given a broad meaning. Some of their decisions are referred to in this Communication and in Appendix 'A'. Nevertheless, the Supreme Court refused to grant leave to appeal from the decision of the Federal Court of Appeal and refused an application for reconsideration. In Canada an application for leave to appeal and an application for reconsideration of refusal to grant leave are dealt with by a panel of three judges only (a quorum for an appeal, if leave is granted, is 5 judges; normally 7 or 9 judges will sit). Furthermore, the practice of the court is not to give reasons on refusal of a motion for leave. So no reasons were given in this case for refusing leave and for refusing reconsideration. The point is that where leave is refused, that is not be taken as indicating that the Supreme Court has spoken on the matter. The Court has been known to overrule decisions of lower courts even though in another case involving the same question it may have on another occasion refused leave. So the argument in Appendix 'A' is necessarily addressed to the Reasons of the Federal Court of Appeal.
Dr. Prior has therefore exhausted her domestic remedies, even though the Supreme Court of Canada has not spoken. It may be that the panel of the Court that considered the matter thought the time was not ripe. However that may be, she has no recourse now except to the U.N. Human Rights Committee.
Dr. Prior, and 532 other Canadians who share her beliefs, are paying that portion of their taxes that goes to pay for national defence (approximately 10%) into the Peace Tax Fund Trust Account.
Dr. Prior claims that Canada's Income Tax Act, S.C 1970-71-72, c.63, to the extent that it requires her to contribute her tax money to military expenditures, violates her freedom of conscience and religion under Article 18 of the International Covenant.
Dr. Prior is a member of the Society of Friends or Quakers. It is a matter of Dr. Prior's conscience and a living expression of her religion and faith that she refuse to participate in any expenditures for military or war purposes, including the payment of tax which will be used for military or war purposes whether for defence or otherwise, providing such defence involves the intent to use or actual use of violence.
A Quaker paying taxes to government regards himself or herself as morally responsible for the expenditures of that government.
Dr. Prior, and 532 other Canadians who, like her, are paying a portion of their taxes into the Peace Trust, rely on the tradition of Quaker and Christian pacifism. For Quakers, it goes back to 1661.
"We utterly deny all I outward wars and strife and fightings with outward weapons, for any end or under any pretence whatsoever. And this is our testimony to the whole world. The spirit of Christ, by which we are guided, is not changeable, so as once to command us from a thing as evil, and again to move unto it; and we do certainly know, and so testify to the world, that the spirit of Christ, which leads us into all Truth, will never move us to fight and war against any man with outward weapons, neither for the kingdom of Christ, nor for the kingdoms of this world."
A Declaration from the Harmless and innocent People of God, called Quakers, presented to Charles II, 1661
The tradition of Christian pacifism, central to Quaker belief, is not unknown in Canada. J. S. Woodsworth's famous speech to the House of Commons on the declaration of war against Germany in 1939, reproduced in McNaught, A Prophet in Politics, University of Toronto Press, 1959; includes these words, at page 311:
"I left the ministry of the church during the last war because of my ideas on war. Today I do not belong to any church organization. I am afraid that my creed is pretty vague. But even in this assembly I venture to say that I still believe in some of the principles underlying the teachings of Jesus, and the other great world teachers throughout the centuries… War is an absolute negation of anything Christian." [Emphasis added]
Dr. Prior wishes to apply the idea of conscientious objection to her taxes. This also is intrinsic to Quaker faith: John Woolman, one of the founders of the Society of Friends in North America (1720-72), admitted that he had longstanding scruples against paying taxes "for carrying on wars." He could see no effective difference between actually fighting a war and supporting it with taxes. In his Journal, he wrote:
"To refuse the active payment of a tax which our society generally paid was exceeding disagreeable, but to do a thing contrary to my conscience appeared yet more dreadful. Thus, by small degrees, we might approach so near to fighting that a distinction would be little else but the name of a peaceable people."
Janet Whitney (ed.), The Journal of John Woolman (Chicago, Ill.; Henry Regnery Company, 1950), pages 66, 68.
In Canada the conscription of ordinary citizens has become irrelevant to the maintenance of the armies of modern technological societies. It is the citizen's resources that the government now conscripts.
The issue is one of world-wide importance: resolutions and bills to uphold conscientious objection to taxation on grounds of freedom of conscience and religion have been introduced in Canada from time to time since 1984. In the U.S. Congress similar bills have been introduced every second year since 1972. Britain, West Germany, Italy, the Netherlands and Australia have also seen bills introduced, or will see them introduced soon.
Its importance is also apparent owing to the U.N. authorization of the use of force to expel Iraq from Kuwait and the controversy among the people of the U.N. member countries about the U.N.'s abandonment of sanctions and disproportionate use of force against Iraq.
As William Stringfellow has written:
"This extraordinary change in warfare places military professionals and citizens back home in more nearly the same practical relationship to those who are being killed. And if it is tempting to suppose that remote proximity abolishes responsibility for the killing, it must be remembered that the use of apparently anonymous automated weapons exposes the common and equal culpability for slaughter of those who pull the trigger and those who press the button with those who manufacture the means and those who pay the taxes. ..."
William Stringfellow, An Ethic for Christians and Other Aliens in a Strange Land, 1973, pages 72-73.
This case presents an important test of freedom of conscience and religion under Article 18 of the International Covenant. The judgments in the Canadian courts (the Federal Court, Trial Division and the Federal Court of Appeal) take a narrow view of the corresponding provision of Canada's Charter of Rights, s.2(a), which guarantees freedom of conscience and religion. If allowed to stand, these judgments will stunt the development of emerging notions of freedom of conscience and religion.
Canada has always acknowledged the principle of conscientious objection to military service; it is acknowledged to be a human right in free and democratic countries. Conscientious objectors are allowed to do alternative service. Canadian statutes and orders-in-council going back to 1793 have acknowledged the rights of conscientious objectors and provided for alternative service. Dr. Prior seeks to establish conscientious objection to payment of taxes for military purposes. Dr. Prior wishes to have her tax money do alternative service.
The idea of freedom of conscience and religion is not undeveloped in Canada. In the Queen v. Big M Drug Mart, [1985] 1 S.C.R. 295, Mr. Justice Brian Dickson (as he then was), writing for the Supreme Court, at page 336, offered a broad definition of freedom of religion under Canada's Charter of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms:
"A truly free society is one which can accommodate a wide variety of beliefs, diversity of tastes and pursuits, customs and codes of conduct. ... The essence of the concept of freedom of religion is the right to entertain such religious beliefs as a person chooses, the right to declare religious beliefs openly and without fear of hindrance or reprisal, and the right to manifest belief by worship and practice or by teaching and dissemination. ..."
Dr. Prior's case truly engages freedom of conscience and religion; it requires a consideration of the tenets of the Quaker faith and the violation of her conscience and religion that is entailed by coercing her to contribute to military expenditures.
Dr. Prior asserts that the law in Canada, as applied by the Canadian courts, is in contravention of the rights and freedoms set forth in the International Covenant.
Violation of Article 18
Is there a violation hereof the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights?
Article 18 of the International Covenant reads as follows:
"Everyone shall have the right to freedom of thought, conscience and religion. This right shall include freedom to have or to adopt a religion or belief of his choice, and freedom, either individually or in community with others and in public or private, to manifest his religion or belief in worship, observance, practice and teaching.
No one shall be subject to coercion which would impair his freedom to have or to adopt a religion or belief of his choice.
Freedom to manifest one's religion or beliefs may be subject only to such limitations as are prescribed by law and are necessary to protect public safety, order, health, or morals or the fundamental rights and freedoms of others.
The States Parties to the present Covenant undertake to have respect for the liberty of parents and, when applicable, legal guardians to ensure the religious and moral education of their children in conformity with their own convictions."
The issue of whether coercion of money from citizens for purposes of war is a violation of Article 18 has not yet come before the Committee, let alone been determined.
In Communication No. 89/1981 (Muhonen v. Finland), the Military Service Examining Board at first held against Mr. Muhonen and then, on February 2nd, 1981, reversed itself and found that he was entitled to be exempted from bearing arms. It is true that the Committee found no violation of Article 18. But the Committee said at page 166, that "the decisions of the Military Service Examining Board and of the Ministry of Justice in 1977 and 1978) refusing Mr. Muhonen's application to be exempted from service in the armed forces on ethical grounds, raised a question of compliance with Article 18, paragraph 1 of the Covenant, [but] the subsequent decision of the Examining Board of 2 February 1981 had already provided an answer in that respect and that consequently no further question of violation of that article arose".
The most recent decision of the Committee bearing on the issue is Communication No. 295/1988 (Jarvinen v. Finland). The Committee's decision is dated 25 July 1990. In this case a Finnish citizen complained about Finland's requirement that conscientious objectors should put in 11 or 12 months civilian service in municipalities or in hospitals, in substitution for 8 months' service in the army.
It was held by the Committee that this was not discrimination under Article 26 of the Covenant since it was not unreasonable or punitive, though two members of the Committee found the requirement to be a violation of Article 26. Of most importance is the opinion of Mr. Bertil Wennergren, dealing with Article 18, to which we shall return.
It is true, as the Committee held, in Communication No. 185/1984 (L.T.K. v. Finland) that the Covenant "does not provide for the right to conscientious objection." It is equally apparent, on reading the Covenant, that it does not expressly provide for taxpayers to require that their tax money be diverted to civilian uses. But, just as the Committee has made it plain in Jarvinen v. Finland that the absence of an express right to conscientious objection does not give a state carte blanche to discriminate, so also the absence of a right to require peaceful uses of one's taxes does not mean that coercing the citizen to pay taxes for war is not a violation of Article 18.
Here Dr. Prior calls in aid the opinion of Mr. Bertil Wennergren in Jarvinen v. Finland, who said:
"The ratio legis of [the Finnish statute] that by choosing to prolong service time by as much as 240 days, the effect would be to discourage applicants without sincere and truly genuine convictions. Looked upon exclusively from the point of view of deterrence of objectors without genuine convictions, this method may seem both objective and reasonable. However, from the point of view of those for whom national service had been established in place of military service, the method is inadequate and runs counter to its purpose. As the Committee observes in paragraph 6.5, the impact of the legislative differentiation works to the detriment of genuine conscientious objectors, whose philosophy will necessarily require them to accept civilian service, no matter how long it is in comparison to military service. From this finding I draw the conclusion, contrary to the Committee, that the method not only is inadequate in relation to its very purpose to provide a possibility to those who, for reasons of conscience, are unable to perform military service, to instead perform civilian service. The effect of this practice is that they will be compelled to sacrifice twice as much of their liberty in comparison to those who are able to perform military service on the basis of their belief.
In my view, this is unjust and runs counter to the requirement of equality before the law laid down in article 26 of the Covenant. The differentiation in question is, in my view, based on grounds that are neither objective nor reasonable. Nor does it in my opinion comply with the provisions of article 18, paragraph 2, which state that no one shall be subject to coercion which would impair his freedom to have or adopt a religion or belief of his choice. Obliging conscientious objectors to perform 240 extra days of national service on account of their beliefs is to impair their freedom of religion or to hold beliefs of their choice.
I am therefore of the view that the terms for performance of national service, in place of military service, imposed on Mr. Jarvinen by Act No. 647/85 disclose violations of articles 18 and 26 in conjunction with article 8 of the Covenant." [Emphasis added]
The Eide/Mubanga-Chipoya report, published in 1985, was prepared pursuant to resolutions 14 (XXXIV) and 1982/30 of the Sub-Commission on Prevention of Discrimination and Protection of Minorities. It is an excellent report, reviewing the provisions that states have made for alternative service for conscientious objectors, and urging the adoption by the Sub-Commission of certain recommendations to the Commission.
"Right to conscientious objection
"States should recognize by law the right of persons who, for reasons of conscience or profound conviction arising from religious, ethical, moral, humanitarian or similar motives, refuse to perform armed service, to be released from the obligation to perform military service.
"States should, as a minimum, extend the right of objection to persons whose conscience forbids them to take part in armed service under any circumstances (the pacifist position).
"States should recognize by law the right to be released from service in armed forces which the objector considers likely to be used to enforce apartheid.
"States should recognize by law the right to be released from service in armed forces which the objector considers likely to be used in action amounting to or approaching genocide.
"States should recognize by law the right to be released from service in armed forces which the objector considers likely to be used for illegal occupation of foreign territory.
"States should recognize the right of persons to be released from service in armed forces which the objector holds to be engaged in, or likely to be engaged in, gross violations of human rights.
"States should recognize the right of persons to be released from the obligation to perform service in armed forces which the objector considers likely to resort to the use of weapons of mass destruction or weapons which have been specifically outlawed by international law or to use means and methods which cause unnecessary suffering.
"Procedural aspects
"States should maintain or establish independent decision-making bodies to determine whether a conscientious objection is valid under national law in any specific case. There should always be a right of appeal to an independent, civilian judicial body.
"Applicants should be granted a hearing and be entitled to be represented by legal counsel and to call witnesses.
"States should disseminate information about the right of objection, and allow non-governmental organizations to do likewise.
"Alternative service
"States should provide alternative service for the objector, which should be at least as long as the military service, but not excessively long, so that it becomes in effect a punishment. States should, to the extent possible, seek to give the alternative service a meaningful content, including social work or work for peace, development and international understanding.
The tendency of the Committee's decisions and of the Sub-Commission's and Commission's deliberations is plainly moving towards a recognition that refusal by a state to recognize the right of conscientious objection to military service and to provide for alternative service is a violation of Article 18.
The United Nations Commission on Human Rights, on March 8th, 1989, adopted unanimously a resolution on conscientious objection to military service. It cited the report prepared by Mr. Eide and Mr. Mubanga-Chipoya for the Sub-Commission on Prevention of Discrimination and Protection of Minorities (E/CN4/Sub.2/1983/30), and decided "to consider this matter further at its forty-seventh session under the agenda item 'the role of youth in the promotion and protection of human rights, including the question of conscientious objection to military service'." The issue has emerged in conjunction with the role of youth. But it has broader implications.
Dr. Prior has the right under Article 18, to freedom of conscience and religion. She has the right to manifest her religion or belief in worship, observance, practice and teaching. Freedom of conscience and religion is therefore expressed in the most liberal terms. Furthermore, she is to be spared "coercion which would impair [her] freedom to have... a religion or belief of [her] choice."
Dr. Prior submits that, by requiring her to pay taxes for military purposes, Canada is violating Article 18 as surely as if, in the case of a young person, it did not make suitable arrangements for alternative service.
The government collects taxes from Dr. Prior and devotes them, in part to military purposes. It is clear from the wording of the Financial Administration Act R.S.C. 1970, Chap. F-10, that Canada's Consolidated Revenue Fund is an aggregate of all public monies, including the taxes paid by Dr. Prior. It merely requires a calculation to determine what portion of Dr. Prior's taxes go to each of the various expenditures, including military expenditures, made by the federal government. Dr. Prior has made the calculation, and sent to the Peace Trust that portion of her federal taxes that would otherwise go to military expenditures. Ordinary taxpayers have no doubt about it; they know that their money in some small proportion goes to pay the salaries of Members of Parliament or the salaries of federal judges, or for national defence and so on. If you told them there was no connection, they would think you an idiot.
To the Quaker, conscience is the essential link between faith and practice. Quakers seek to live a sacramental life, according to an internal yard stick, that Inner Light to which individual choices are subjected. To quote William Penn:
"In that day we judged not after the sight of the eye, or after the hearing of the ear, but according to the light and sense this blessed principle gave us, we judged and acted in reference to things and persons, ourselves and others, yea, towards God our Maker. For being quickened by it in our inward man, we could easily discern the difference of things; and feel what was right and what was wrong, what was fit and what not, both in reference to religious and civil concerns."
Preface to the Journal of George Fox, 8th edition, 1891.
For Quakers, the Inner Light represents conscience i.e., the link between faith and practice.
The paramountcy of the individual's conception of the dictates of his or her own conscience is illustrated by R. v. Videoflicks Ltd. (1985), 14 D.L.R. (4th) 10. Mr. Justice Tarnopolsky, writing for a five-member bench of the Ontario Court of Appeal in that case, said at pages 35-37:
"Freedom of religion goes beyond the ability to hold certain beliefs without coercion and restraint and entails more than the ability to profess those beliefs openly. In my view, freedom of religion also includes the right to observe the essential practices demanded by the tenets of one's religion and, in determining what those essential practices are in any given case, the analysis must proceed not from the majority's perspective of the concept of religion but in terms of the role that the practices and beliefs assume in the religion of the individual or group concerned." [Emphasis added]
The case went to the Supreme Court of Canada, and is reported as Edwards Books v. The Queen, [1986] 2 S.C.R. 713. In the Supreme Court, no difference of opinion was expressed regarding the analysis of s.2(a) by Mr. Justice Tarnopolsky. Indeed, it was affirmed by Chief Justice Brian Dickson at page 735.
Dr. Prior also relies on R. v. Morgentaler (1988), 1 S.C.R. 130. In that case Madam Justice Wilson said:
"In my view, the deprivation of the s.7 right with which we are concerned in this case offends s.2(a) of the Charter. I say this because I believe that the decision whether or not to terminate a pregnancy is essentially a moral decision, a matter of conscience. I do not think there is or, can be any dispute about that. The question is: whose conscience? Is the conscience of the woman to be paramount or the conscience of the state? I believe, for the reasons I gave in discussing the right to liberty, that in a free and democratic society it must be the conscience of the individual. Indeed, s.2(a) makes it clear that this freedom belongs to "everyone", i.e., to each of us individually." [Emphasis added]
Dr. Prior says that, in fact, a proportion of her taxes is used for military purposes. That is what the ordinary man or woman on the street believes. That is what she believes. And she believes she is morally responsible for what the government does with the money. Sophistical distinctions do not alter the fact. And to coerce her into payment of taxes contrary to her beliefs is a violation of Article 18.
The Canadian Courts
The Canadian courts treated Dr. Prior's case as a challenge to the Parliament of Canada's power to impose taxes under S.91(3) of the Constitution Act, 1867. This is patently unsound.
It is true that Canada's power to tax for military or other purposes is ultimately authorized under the heads of federal legislative power, in this case found in the Constitution Act, 1867, s.91(3). In most other countries the power to tax is similarly derived from the country's basic law or constitution. Indeed, in every country with a written constitution, all legislative authority depends on the grant of legislative power by a country's basic law. It does not mean, however, that a challenge to the basic law itself is implicated in every case where the constitutionality of statutes enacted pursuant to the basic law is challenged.
Dr. Prior is not challenging the power of governments to tax (or to spend) for military purposes; rather what is claimed here is her right to be protected in her freedom of conscience and religion.
The Canadian courts held that since the courts are without the power to fashion a legislative remedy no declaration could be made under s.52 of the Constitution Act, 1982. The Federal Court of Appeal rejected the constitutional exemption doctrine, indeed they refused to consider it at all.
Dr. Prior seeks the type of relief granted by the Ontario Court of Appeal to Nortown Foods Ltd. in R. v. Videoflicks Ltd. (1985), 14 D.L.R. (4th) 10, per Mr. Justice Tarnopolsky, at page 35. There the Retain Business and Holidays Act was "read down" so as not to apply to Nortown Foods Ltd., a Jewish firm operating on Sunday, that is, the legislation, though otherwise valid, was held not to apply to Nortown. When the case went to the Supreme Court of Canada (R. v. Edwards Books [1986] 2 S.C.R. 713) the Court reversed the Ontario Court of Appeal on the question whether Nortown's freedom of religion had been violated, but did not rule on the propriety of the order made by Mr. Justice Tarnopolsky. See Chief Justice Brian Dickson at pages 784-785. Chief Justice Dickson said at page 784 that the question whether the Charter could render legislation "ineffective or inapplicable with respect to a limited class of persons" should be left for another day.
To grant the declaration sought regarding the violation of Dr. Prior's conscience would not mean that the Income Tax Act would be rendered a dead letter.
No one suggests that the Income Tax Act and other statutes implicated here are legislation in relation to freedom of conscience and religion; nevertheless, if the effect of legislation is to violate Dr. Prior's freedom of conscience and religion, there has been a violation of Article 18. Dr. Prior need only show the special impact of the legislation on her own situation, she need not show that infringement of her freedom of conscience and religion was the purpose of the legislation.
Dr. Prior does not say she and others should not have to pay their taxes. Parliament would fashion a legislative remedy, and any order by this Committee regarding the constitutional exemption would be suspended for a period of time to enable Parliament to do so. The Supreme Court of Canada did this in RE Manitoba Language Rights, [1985] 1 S.C.R. 721.
All that is required by way of remedy, should it come to that, is a means to enable Dr. Prior's tax money to do alternative service. As early as 1841 this was done for Quaker and Mennonite conscientious objectors in Upper Canada by the old Province of Canada: 4 and 5 Victoria, cap. 2, 1841. It was provided that the money that Quakers and Mennonites had to pay in lieu of military training would be kept on a separate tax roll and paid into a fund for building roads and bridges: The relevant sections of 4 and 5 Victoria, cap. 2, 1841 provided:
"And be it enacted, that it shall be the duty of the Assessor or Assessors in each Township within the said portion of this Province, and they are hereby required to annex a column to each and every Assessment roll of each and every Town, Township or Place in his or their respective District, and therein to insert the names of every such Quaker, Mennonist or Tunker, and also affix the sum of money so to be paid opposite thereunto….
And be it enacted, that it shall be lawful to and for the said Town Clerk for such Town), Township or Place, and he is hereby required to pay out the said monies from time to time to the order of the Road or Path Master of the division wherein such fine shall have been levied and to be expended on the public Roads Highways and Bridges within such division."[Emphasis added]
In the age of computers it should be possible to ensure that the portion of Dr. Prior's tax money that would otherwise go to military expenditure be accounted for separately, and that it then be assigned to the support of, for instance, the Canadian institute for International Peace and Security or some other peaceful purpose.
ALL OF WHICH IS RESPECTFULLY SUBMITTED
Thomas R. Berger,
Counsel for Dr. Jerilynn Prior
Appendix 'A'
Proceedings in the Domestic Courts Contained in Dr. Prior's Application for Reconsideration
Notice of Application for Reconsideration TAB 1
Statement of Claim filed in Federal Court, Trial Division, August 28, 1987 TAB 2
Formal Judgment of the Federal Court, Trial Division, February 3, 1988 TAB 3
Reasons for Judgement of the Honourable Mr. Justice Addy, February 3, 1988 TAB 4
Formal Judgment of the Federal Court of Appeal, October 10, 1989 TAB 5
Reasons for Judgment of the Honourable Mr. Justice Marceau, October 10, 1989 TAB 6
Notice of Application for Leave to Appeal to the Supreme Court of Canada, filed November 28, 1989 TAB 7
Memorandum of Argument on Application for Leave TAB 8
Order Refusing Leave, February 22, 1990 TAB 9
Memorandum of Argument in Support of Application for Reconsideration TAB 10
Order Refusing Reconsideration TAB 11
List of Canadian Statutes relating to Conscientious Objection to Military Service TAB 12
An Act to Amend the Militia Law of that Part of this Province formerly constituting the Province of Upper Canada 4 and 5 Victoria, cap.2, 1841 TAB 13
List of Authorities
Edwards Books v. The Queen (1987), 35 D.L.R. (4th) 1
The Queen v. Big M Drug Mart [1985] 1 S.C.R. 295 at 353
R. v. Videoflicks Ltd. (1985), 14 D.L.R. (4th) 10, pages 35-37
R. v. Morgentaler (1988), 44 D.L.R. 385
Dixon v. A.G.B.C. (1989), 35 B.C.L.R. (2d) 273
Re Manitoba Language Rights [1985] 1 S.C.R. 721
McNaught, A Prophet in Politics, 1960, page 311.
Janet Whitney (ed.), The Journal of John Woolman (Chicago, Ill.; Henry Regnery Company, 1950, pages 66, 68.
Journal of George Fox, 8th edition, 1891.
NOTE: This document appears on pages 27 through 46 (Chapter VI) of the booklet:
The First Freedom: Freedom of Conscience and Religion in Canada by Gisela Ruebsaat, LL.B., Third Edition, 1991.
Freedom of Conscience Series, Number Two, Conscience Canada, Inc.
P.O. Box 601, Station E, Victoria, BC V8W 2P3
The current address of Conscience Canada is available at the website: www.consciencecanada.ca
This document was scanned and reformatted for use on this website. For example, underlined words and passages in the original are now shown either in italic or boldface. The original scan is available in a pdf version.
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Universal Declaration of Human Rights Article 18: "Everyone has the right to freedom of thought, conscience and religion; this right includes freedom to change his religion or belief, and freedom, either alone or in community with others and in public or private, to manifest his religion or belief in teaching, practice, worship and observance."


Read Carl's interview with multi-genre author, blogger and artist, Lily Amis, based in Switzerland.
They are talking about Carl's life as a performer, his music and songwriting, what do if you visit Stockholm (Carl's hometown), touring life and much more.
Many thanks to Lily for a wonderful interview!


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STUDENTS GET A BEHIND-THE-SCENES LOOK AT CLEVELAND STATE'S NEW FILM FACILITIES
Film Department Chair and Director of Innovation Mr. Nick Kuhar and twelve of St. Ed's most ambitious film students had the opportunity to tour Cleveland State University's brand new Film facilities on the sixth floor of the Idea Center at Playhouse Square. Mr. Frederic Lahey, Program Director of CSU Film, personally guided our Eagles on an hour-long tour where they got to see firsthand CSU's multiple new editing bays, each loaded with bleeding edge hardware and software. Students also got to see CSU's expansive equipment room, observed an acting-for-directors class and more. The new state-of-the-art facility will provide students at CSU's School of Film & Media Arts with a more contemporary and collaborative workspace to create original film and media content.
This new facility will provide new screening rooms, recording studios, enhanced audio and video editing suites, makeup and wardrobe rooms, a green room and a multi-purpose editing and mixing studio. "I really enjoyed seeing everything that CSU has provided its student filmmakers from equipment to specialized rooms for different pre-production and post-production needs," says Jimar Curry '19. "Seeing the students working diligently on their films, both collaboratively and independently, was a cool glimpse of what I can be looking forward to in the near future."
The trip to CSU not only spurred inspiration for new ideas that can be implemented at St. Ed's, but also strengthened a connection between both institutions for further collaboration. "As St. Ed's film program continues to grow, we continue to strengthen our relationships with major filmmaking institutions such as the Greater Cleveland Film Commission and CSU," says Mr. Kuhar. "In concert, our institutions have made bold moves to prepare some of the nation's finest up-and-coming filmmakers." In an effort to prepare students for excellent film programs such as CSU's, St. Edward's Film Department has made strides to match our most ambitious young filmmakers' passions and interests. "Via our four-year, flexible Film track, which includes Introduction to Visual Storytelling, Digital Cinema 1 + 2, Sports Documentary, Animation 1, and IB Film, we provide a mosaic of structured opportunities for students to excel at fundamental film production," says Mr. Kuhar. Since 2011, St. Ed's has invested in over $125,000 worth of film-related hardware and software and has constructed a curriculum that has provided our students entry into the world's top film schools, including the University of Southern California and NYU Tisch School of Arts. "CSU's film department is definitely more complex, but St. Ed's film curriculum and facilities are more than adequate for us to create amazing film," says Jimar. "St. Ed's provides us with the proper training, equipment and software in order for us to produce the best work and to follow our dreams in filmmaking."

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


This app was created for Swansea University and the Coleg Cymraeg Cenedlaethol to help you feel confident when using your Welsh language skills as part of your studies or in the workplace.
Full of useful medical terms for anyone working in or studying health and social care, Gofalu Trwy'r Gymraeg is a useful tool for medical practitioners.
Each term has an accompanying audio file – voiced by S4C presenter Nia Parry – perfect for anyone wanting to use more Welsh or brush up on their vocabulary.
The app has been updated in 2018 to use a bespoke Content Management System to allow Swansea University to easily amend content. We've also added a Phrase of the Day feature to encourage use.
The app was based on a booklet created by Angharad Jones, Senior Lecturer at Swansea University's College of Human and Health Sciences. The forty page booklet was given to the college's students in 2011, with the aim of encouraging them to practice their Welsh in order to be able to offer a first class service to the public. By turning the booklet into an interactive learning tool, this handy resource is available for everyone to use as needed, and following additional funding from the Coleg Cymraeg Cenedlaethol, the app was recently developed to support both Apple and Android mobile devices.
This app scooped the IT and the Welsh Language award in the Welsh Government's Welsh Language in Health, Social Services and Social Care Awards 2014.
The award, which carries a £1,000 prize, was presented at the Words into Action Conference on 19 June, at the Wales Millennium Centre, Cardiff Bay.


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Larsa Pippen Opens Up About Co-Parenting With Scottie Pippen One Year After Split!
Larsa Pippen is opening up about co-parenting with Scottie Pippen one year after their split. "[We] are really best friends," the former Real Housewives of Miami alum told Us Weekly. "Our kids are amazing, and I feel like we both parent the same way. We're really traditional in the way we raise our children. That's really important."
She added: "We are obsessed with our kids. Scottie and I are both the same in a lot of ways. Family always comes first."
The former couple called it quits in November 2018 after 21 years of marriage. "It is with deep sadness that Scottie and I announce that we are legally separating. We have both tried very hard for a long time to make our marriage work and have ultimately come to the conclusion that it is best that we live separate lives," she said in a statement to Us Weekly at that time. "We have so many amazing memories together, remain best of friends and love each other very much. Our four children have always been our priority and for their sake we ask for as much privacy as possible for our family during this sensitive time."
Their breakup came two years after the legendary NBA player filed for divorce from the former Bravo reality star, only to dismiss the case in November 2017.
Larsa and Scottie wed in July 1997 and have four children: Scotty Jr. (19), Preston (17), Justin (14), and Sophia (11).
Posted by iRealHousewives at 11:30:00 PM
Labels: Larsa Pippen , Real Housewives News , Real Housewives of Miami , RHOM , Scottie Pippen , Sex Dating & Relationships


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Tag: threshing
Medieval Monday: The Labors of August
The most crucial labor in August was harvesting and threshing the rye and winter wheat, which would have to sustain the community through many months to come. August 1st began the feast of Lammas, when the first grain of the new harvest was consecrated and made into bread for the Eucharist. There would be more harvest celebrations yet to come in September and October, but Lammas celebrated its beginning, and was as much a symbol of the spiritual harvest as it was the physical.
Wheat was cut down with a sickle; a short handled tool with a curved blade. Those reaping the wheat would grasp a handful of it, well below the heads of grain, and cut the stems. They would be bundled into small sheaves at first, then into larger ones called shocks that could be left standing in the sun to dry out. Once all of the grain had been harvested from the field, first the poor could come through and glean any fallen grain, then the livestock would be allowed to eat down the stalks and forage.
Long stretches of dry weather were extremely important for a good harvest. Too much damp weather could ruin the grain, or leave it tainted with ergot, a dangerous, toxic fungus that could do severe physical and neurological damage, causing hallucinations and paranoia. There has even been some speculation by historians correlating the most intense periods of witch hunting and inquisitions, with the worst outbreaks of ergot tainted food.
If grain could not be dried out in the sun, due to unseasonable weather or climates with damp or short growing seasons, grain dying kilns might be used. These were shaped much like regular medieval ovens, but larger, with well-constructed flues.
Once the grain stalks were dried out, the next task would be threshing and winnowing. This process separated the useful heads of grain, which could be made into flour, from the useless stalks and chaff that could not be eaten.
A flail was used to beat the wheat bundles, which shook loose the grain. If done outdoors, the chaff would naturally blow away on the wind—but it might also take some of the grain with it. Therefore, threshing was often done inside barns. This made it an activity that could continue through the fall, and even winter months if necessary.
I found this very short video that shows someone using a flail to separate grain from wheat stalks. There is even a portion of it where you can actually see the wind lifting away the chaff. The hand-crank machine he uses at the end is obviously not period, but everything before that is informative for those who want to see how this was done. Can you imagine doing this kind of labor for hours at a time, days on end? I would imagine it was a sweaty, back-breaking task in the August heat—with no possibility of a soothing shower at the end of the day!
Below that is the August video for Tales from the Green Valley. Sadly it's their last month in the valley, but since I didn't start with episode 1, I will keep posting them each month until I've gone through the entire year. They will stay in my Medieval Monday Index indefinitely, so those of you doing research can go back and find them at any time. In this episode they discuss cutting, drying, and bringing in the grain harvest, taking out the geese, making writing quills, duster brushes, and collecting goose down, making lights from rushes and animal tallow, and making a period goose meat pie.
Medieval Monday: The Labors of March
March 23, 2020 March 9, 2020 Leave a comment
Warmer March weather meant it was time to finally put most indoor tasks aside and get out into the fields. There weren't a great variety of tasks associated with March, mainly because preparing the fields for plowing and planting was such an onerous chore that began at dawn and ended at dusk. Getting the spring grain into the ground was one of the most important tasks of the season.
Medieval farmers generally had a three field system, where each season one of the fields was left unplanted. But leaving it fallow didn't mean there wasn't any work involved. The fallow field would have to be plowed several times during the year to keep the weeds under control and at the same time enrich the earth with organic matter. Every time the field was plowed, new weeds would grow, and livestock would be sent out to graze on it, with the added benefit that they would fertilize it with manure as they went.
Pruning vines and trees continued in March, as did calving. By the end of March, some of the calves were ready to be weaned, which meant milk became available once again. Cows whose calves had been weaned were milked twice per day. The same was true of sheep. Another important food source which returned to the medieval diet in March was eggs. Hens require at least 12 hours of daylight to produce, which meant they began laying around the spring equinox at the end of March, and ceased production around the autumn equinox at the end of September.
This week you can also enjoy another episode of "Tales from the Green Valley" which focuses on what daily life would have been like during the month of March. As I watched, I was reminded that even though certain jobs took priority in specific seasons, many of them happened to some degree all year round. In this video, you will see in action some of the tasks that have been mentioned in past Medieval Monday posts, such as threshing and winnowing, milling wheat into flour, sending pigs out to forage, playing games, and brewing ale and beer for every day drinking. You'll get to see some period recipes being made as well (like what they did with all that dried, salted fish saved up for winter). Again, it's worth setting aside half an hour to watch this BBC production. It makes for excellent research and really sends you back in time!
Use the Medieval Monday Index to discover more topics relating to daily life in the Middle Ages.
Medieval Monday: The Labors of September
"Now in autumn, in which the fruits of the earth are assembled, is the time of reaping and of the vintage, and it signifies the time of the General Judgment, when every single person will receive the reward for his works." – Hrabanus Maurus (9th Century Theologian)
Summer is nearing its end—can you feel it? For some of us the nights are finally getting cooler, and the birds are just starting to gather and circle in large numbers. With children going back to school, our routines have changed, and we're already feeling some anticipation about upcoming autumn activities and holidays.
Medieval people had a heightened awareness of seasonal changes. The onset of autumn brought about a final burst of activity as they prepared themselves to endure an inevitable winter. The grain harvest that had begun in summer continued into fall, with threshing and winnowing of what had already been reaped from the fields. At the same time legumes, such as peas and beans, were gathered after they had dried on the plants. Never letting anything go to waste, the leftover leaves and stems could be used to feed the animals, or plowed under as fertilizer. Some fields would be plowed anew with seeds for rye and winter wheat.
Another significant labor for September was harvesting grapes for wine making. Because of the amount of land needed, and the extensive labor involved in both cultivating and working vineyards, they were usually only kept on large estates or monasteries. Wine was incredibly important in medieval society. It was consumed by most classes with meals, but also had medicinal uses, and spiritual significance as part of the Eucharist.
New wine was the most common drink, which had very limited alcohol content. But stronger wines were also produced, and could be watered down if needed. There were many more variations in taste, smell, and color than people are accustomed to today. Wines might be red, gold, pink, green, white, or such a dark red that it had a black appearance. There was also a variety of flavor–some were pleasant and sweet (usually reserved for special occasions), where others might be more bitter, or even vinegary.
Sometimes the type of wine chosen was dependent on the season (and which bodily humors were at play), on age, or on the state of one's health. Melancholy was thought to be the dominant humour in autumn, which was "cold and dry." The Secretum Secretorum advocated specific foods, drink, and activities to combat the negative effects. "Hot moist foods like chicken, lamb and sweet grapes should be eaten and fine old wines drunk, to ward of melancholy…Overmuch exercise and lovemaking are not recommended…but the heat and moisture of warm baths are helpful in keeping melancholy under control."
Other labors of September included gathering honey and wax from beehives, which would then be moved to suitable locations for winter. Cows would be bred to ensure there would be young calves in the spring. Any cattle, or other livestock, that there were not enough resources to feed through the winter would be sold or butchered for meat. The meat would then be salted, smoked, or otherwise preserved in anticipation of the winter to come. At the end of September, on Michaelmas, lords and other debtors collected their rents and payments.
In this month's Tales from the Green Valley, learn about plowing with oxen, sowing seeds, harrowing, baking bread, period clothing, caring for pigs, and making period food (pigeon, apple fritters, mushrooms).
Learn more about life in the Middle Ages by checking out the Medieval Monday Index.
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Jack Benny (born Benjamin Kubelsky, February 14, 1894 – December 26, 1974) was an American comedian, vaudevillian, radio, television, and film actor, and also a notable violinist. Widely recognized as one of the leading American entertainers of the 20th century, Benny played the role of the comic penny-pinching miser, insisting on remaining 39 years old on stage despite his actual age, and often playing the violin badly. Benny was known for his comic timing and his ability to get laughs with either a pregnant pause or a single expression, such as his signature exasperated "Well!" His radio and television programs, popular from the 1930s to the 1960s, were a foundational influence on the situation comedy genre.


From May 6 to May 9,2013 the second time ZCCC attended the exhibition of OTC(Offshore Technology Conference) held in Houston USA. Founded in 1969, the annually-held Offshore Technology Conference is the world's foremost event for the development of offshore resources in the fields of drilling, exploration, production, and environmental protection and the industry's largest equipment exhibition as well.
Carbide buttons was our main product on the exhibition, and there were other 3 categories accompanied including Hard-facing powder materials, Wear parts and Raw powder materials for making carbide products.
2013OTC provided a fast and efficient way to further extend the company's popularity, while our sales personnel got more access to the industry's leading-edge technical information and valuable new professional contacts and eventually gained better understanding of the market.
We have succeeded in the application of exhibition space on 2014 OTC. You are warmly welcome to our booth 7549 for meeting and business proposal during May 5 to May 8, 2014 at Reliant Park in Houston.


The Keysight 83558A Millimeter Wave Source Module product has been replaced by a new product.
The 83558A millimeter-wave source module, one of a series of Keysight millimeter-wave source modules, can be driven by a variety of Keysight microwave sources providing millimeter-wave test signals for waveguide bands from 75 to 110 GHz. In addition, the 83558A millimeter-wave source module offers leveled high output power, full waveguide band frequency coverage, and the high frequency accuracy and resolution of the driving microwave source. Leveled output power from the 83558A is rated at +0 dBm and can permit the source module to serve as a mixer LO in some applications and also expands the available dynamic range in frequency response measurements.
© 2019 by Advanced Test Equipment Corp. All Rights Reserved.


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Spread A Little Love
La Vela Bella
Women who inspire V1 - Alison Westlake
Natalie Mancini
Parkdale, Toronto, Women Who Inspire
I was first introduced to who Alison Westlake (lovingly known as 'Coriander Girl') was from my friend Sapna, who sent me her website (http://www.coriandergirl.com/) just before the One of a Kind Show in March of 2013 and said 'Nat, this woman is awesome, you should really try to connect with her'. It was a moment in time, and it was a website that I looked up and thought - yes, this lady is really, really, really cool.
The days and weeks that lead up to the One of A Kind Show were as hectic as could be imagined and I was unable to reach out to Alison before the show, but I knew that I needed and wanted to connect with her as soon as possible, so I left it alone and promised myself to reach out afterwards.
Fast forward a few weeks later and on one of the days while we were exhibiting at the show, I came back from a break and my husband said 'This lady named Alison came by the booth, she really liked your stuff and gave me her card'. There he held, this adorable white card with a floral pattern that could only belong to Alison Westlake. I said 'Where did she go? Which way did she walk!' and he pointed down the aisle which he saw her turn and I spotted her down the aisle. I practically football tackled her when I caught up with her as I was so eager to introduce myself.
'HI! I'M NATALIE! MY FRIEND SENT ME YOUR WEBSITE! I LOVE YOUR STUFF! OMG I THINK YOU'RE SO COOL! I'M SO HAPPY TO MEET YOU! OMG OMG OMG!' And there we stood, practically holding hands and jumping up and down. A sweet kinship started and I knew that the coolness which was felt through her online presence was actually so real, and so accurate that I was an instant fan of hers.
She was kind and gracious and super inspirational. At our first meeting after the show at her shop she walked me through the process of how her shop came to be, what it has been like being a small business in Parkdale as the neighbourhood was gentrifying and her secrets of success (mainly courage and positive thinking). Lovely, gracious, enthusiastic and generally awesome were the take home feelings after meeting with Alison.
She has been featured in many magazines and has been the resident florist for The Marilyn Denis Show.
One day she sent me an email and said something along the lines of 'hey hon, check my site' to which I found this video (click here). She brought our candles to the Marilyn Denis Show and demonstrated different table settings to match different vibes using our candles. She didn't need to do this and I had no idea she was promoting our candles on live TV.
In that moment and on that day she further demonstrated that we're all in this together, and helping each other in any possible way is the absolute best way to go.
Thank you Alison, you are about as awesome as they come.
© 2020, La Vela Bella. POS and Ecommerce by Shopify


Eileen Patel has a general litigation practice. She focuses on the area of commercial litigation, but also has experience in administrative law matters. Eileen's practice areas are diverse, reflecting a generalist approach.
She has represented clients in shareholder disputes, contract disputes, civil fraud actions, estate litigation, class actions, challenges to municipal by-laws, strata disputes, and a variety of other matters. She has appeared as counsel in both trial and appellate courts, including the Supreme Court of Canada. Eileen has contributed to CLE publications and seminars in the areas of administrative law and the law of restitution.
As a former clerk to justices of the British Columbia Court of Appeal and then to Chief Justice Beverley McLachlin, she has a particular interest in appellate advocacy. Eileen graduated from the University of British Columbia Law School as a Westbrook Scholar and was the 2009 Law Society Gold Medalist.
Counsel to the defendants in a dispute between two shareholders of a large roofing supply distribution company over the purchase of one shareholder's interest by the other.
Appeared as counsel before the Supreme Court of Canada.


The European Union Services Directive, Directive 2006/123, was very controversial. The popular press focused on that aspect of the Directive which would have allowed employers to comply with the 'home' regulations when offering services in an EU 'host' country. For example, a cleaning service could employ Polish workers to clean Irish offices and paid them according to Polish minimum wage laws. As a result of the controversy, this aspect of the Directive was dropped. The controversy deflected attention from the broader impact of the Services Directive. The Directive, as ultimately adopted, will require member states to conduct an 'audit' of all rules and national regulations impacting on cross-border provision of services. Some will have to be eliminated as a potential violation of the Directive (e.g., the requirement of a physical office in the host member state). Other regulations will have to be defended as necessary and proportionate to the pursuit of a legitimate aim. In addition, member states will have to streamline and simplify the procedures by which one obtains permission to provide services across borders into the host member state. This will require the establishment of a central facility through which all necessary information can be obtained. It must be possible to do this online. The Services Directive will have a major impact on the Irish tourism industry, one of the largest industries in Ireland. This industry is rife with protectionist rules and regulations, and lacks the transparency required under the Directive. This article examines this overlooked aspect of the impact of the Services Directive.


In June, NASA invited a small horde of robots and their makers to Massachusetts to compete for a chance to win as much as $1.5 million.
The Sample Return Robot Challenge, one of NASA's Centennial Challenges, is designed to simulate the object retrieval tasks and abilities of rovers operating far from Earth. The competition, held at Worcester Polytechnic Institute, drew about 20 teams this year, vying to pass level one to qualify for the round with the big prize. Five made it.
NASA holds the competition to crowdsource ideas from robot geeks ranging from high school and college students to retired couples and families of diverse backgrounds. While NASA says it hasn't incorporated anything from the challenges into the real rovers yet, some competitors have used the experience they gained to start companies.
For level one, the robot has to move around unfamiliar terrain on its own, find and carefully collect objects, and return to home base. Because the competition is meant to simulate what rovers on the moon or Mars would do, the robot can't use any sensors that we take for granted, such as those that depend on satellites or our planet's magnetic field. That means no compasses, no GPS.
It also can't have systems that require the presence of an atmosphere. The robot has to complete the task in less than 30 minutes, all without being allowed to move faster than walking speed.
– Step 1: Find what NASA calls the "pre-cached sample." It looks like a pirate hook and is the most important object. It represents a sample that's already been identified and just needs a rover to retrieve. The robot should already have all the data about this one.
– Step 2: Collect the sample. Creators have come up with a number of ways for collection. One is to sweep the sample into a box; another involves a claw-like mechanism to grasp the object and lower it onto the robot.
– Step 3: Find and collect the purple rock. Competitors know the size and weight of the rock but don't have all the data to give their robots.
– Step 4: Find and return to base. This is harder than it sounds, because the location isn't predetermined or loaded up. Remember, no GPS.
The five competitors that passed each walked away from the event with $5,000 in prize money. These five, plus a couple more from previous years that had already passed level one, will reconvene in September to take on level two. To win the grand prize, the robots will have to collect many more objects, including ones that will be much more difficult to identify.
May the best thing win.


We're glad you're interested in creating a de Florez funded project. This page gives all the information you need to apply, as well as a link to the online Application Form, and contact information should you have questions or want to discuss your project before applying.
To apply, first read the guidelines on this page, then fill out the online application form.
Proposals for grants under $750 are considered on a rolling basis, throughout the year. Proposals for larger amounts are accepted once a semester, in fall and spring of each academic year. The 2018-2019 due dates are for fall, Sunday, September 23, 2018, and for spring, Sunday, February 24, 2019. Events must take place a minimum of three weeks after the application deadline.
What does the Fund fund?
Funded projects are to be "contributions to innocent humor at MIT, including activities that do not involve risk of damage to persons or property, or embarrassment to others." The Fund Committee thus welcomes and considers a wide range of proposals—from groups and individuals—to support such projects as: events, performances, films and other creative media works, lectures, workshops, curriculum development, class trips, and even (humorous) scholarly conferences.
All members of the MIT community—students, instructors, and staff—may apply as long as the activities reach a student audience. Student-led undertakings receive preference, as will proposals that show a funding partnership.
Proposals for small grants (under $750) are considered on a rolling basis, throughout the year. Proposals for larger amounts are accepted once a semester, in fall and spring of each academic year.
The 2018-2019 due dates are Sunday, Sept. 23, 2018 and Sunday, February 24, 2019.
Applications are evaluated by the faculty and student members of the de Florez Humor Fund Committee. Funding decisions will be made approximately two weeks following the application deadline. If an award is made, disbursement of the award will take place within 10 days of the decision announcement. Awarded funds can only be transferred to a valid cost object in the MIT accounting system. Funds cannot be disbursed in the form of cash or a personal check. Applicants are responsible for providing the cost object. For more information, students may contact, Ana Ludwig.
1) Keep events and projects within the fund's guidelines of "innocent humor."
2) Use funding only for activities that do not involve risk of damage to persons or property, or embarrassment to others.
4) Provide a brief report on how you spent the funds—and whether you had any fun doing so.
Apply — and good luck!


MONTREAL--(LadyDragon.com)26/02/16--2.38am EST, LadyDragon wrote - SolPad is a disruptive technology that will change the Solar industry forever.
SolPad has announced pricing and pre-order date for its SolPad™ Mobile, the world's first integrated solar panel with built-in energy storage and an Internet of Energy (IoE) smart home platform.
Beginning May 3, 2017, SolPad Mobile can be pre-ordered at www.solpad.com, for a special introductory price of $1395.00.
A limited-offer SolPad will include for free the SolControl Solar Smart Plug (valued at $59.95).
Additional SolControls are available for an introductory discount price of $39.95.
The SolPad Mobile and SolControl units will ship in the second half of 2017.
SolPad is the world's first and only truly integrated solar panel, marks a quantum leap in personal power and aims to gamify sustainable energy use for the masses.
SolPad combines solar, battery storage and intelligent IoE software into a single device that gamifies and personalizes energy management, giving the user unprecedented control over their solar power.
SolPad Mobile is a portable power solution that easily integrates into any home environment or that can be taken on-the go for off-grid applications.
SolPad's patented SolControl software allows you to send solar power to specific items, appliances and rooms, and experience total control of your power with an iPhone.
It can also choose the best time to use solar or grid power for maximum utility bill savings.
At 25 pounds, SolPad Mobile is the thinnest, lightest and most powerful integrated IoE solar panel device in the world.
SolPad Mobiles can easily be linked together to create a revolutionary personal solar micro-grid.
Using mesh networks, it can also act as an internet hot spot, enabling campers, RVs, boats, disaster relief agencies and people in the developing world to have AC power for items such as lights and internet, all in one device.
SolPad Mobile can also be integrated into your home or apartment through the SolControl smart plug.
Once connected to an AC outlet, SolPad Mobile's software directs SolPad's stored solar power to offset the energy of specific household appliances, such as a coffee maker, television, computer or IoT lighting.
SolPad Mobile combines 70 watts of solar generation, 600 Wh battery storage, two fast-charging USB outlets and IoE software with powerful LED lighting, Wi-Fi and a talking UI personality engine.
Its two universal AC outlets can output 2000 watts of peak power and 1000 watts continuous.
Pricing and pre-order date are TBA for the SolPad's other configuration, SolPad Home, a gorgeous rooftop solar panel device that's like having a smart-energy computer on your roof.
Each SolPad Home can generate and store solar or grid power, and provide automatic backup power in case of a blackout.
SolPad Mobile will be available for pre-order beginning May 3, 2017.


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Poland's planned border wall will cut Europe's oldest forest in half
Michał Żmihorski | Author provided
By Eko Diena in
Poland is planning to build a wall along its border with Belarus, primarily to block migrants fleeing the Middle East and Asia. But the wall would also divide the vast and ancient Białowieża Forest, a UNESCO World Heritage site which harbours more than 12,000 animal species and includes the largest remnants of primeval forest that once covered most of lowland Europe.
Frontiers like this are of conservation priority because they often host unique biodiversity and ecosystems but are increasingly threatened by border fortification. We are experts in forest ecosystems and two of us combined have more than three decades of experience working in Białowieża, at the intersections of forest, plant and bird ecology. In the journal Science, we recently described how the border wall planned by Poland would jeopardise this trans-boundary forest.
The core of Białowieża is characterised by old-growth forest rich in dead and decaying wood on which mosses, lichens, fungi, insects and also many vertebrates depend. Big animals such as the European bison, boar, lynx and wolf inhabit the forest on both sides of the border.
Białowieża Forest is rich in dead and decaying wood. Michał Żmihorski, Author provided
A wall would block the movement of these animals, for instance preventing brown bears from recolonising the Polish side of the forest where they were recently observed after a long absence. The wall would also risk plant invasions, and would mean noise and light pollution that will displace wildlife. The influx of people and vehicles, and already accumulated garbage (mainly plastics) also pose risks, including disease – we already know that humans can transmit COVID to wild species, like deer.
Poland's wall will be 5.5 metres high, solid, with barbed wire at the top, and will replace a 130 km provisional 2.5m high razor-wire fence built during summer to autumn 2021. This wall will be high enough to affect low-flying birds, such as grouse.
Impeding wildlife more than people
Poland's proposed wall resembles the barrier built along parts of the US-Mexico border. Research there based on camera-traps shows that such walls deter people less than they impede wildlife. Animals affected by the US-Mexico barrier include jaguars, pygmy owls, and a bison herd whose food and water were split by the border.
The fences across Europe are highly varied, and no mitigation standards exist. A razor-wire fence, constructed in 2015 by Slovenia along its border with Croatia, killed deer and herons with a mortality rate of 0.12 ungulates (hoofed mammals) per kilometre of fence. Along the Hungary-Croatia border, mortality in the first 28 months following construction of a fence was higher, at 0.47 ungulates per kilometre. Large congregations of red deer were also observed at the fence-line which could spread disease and upset the predator-prey dynamic by making them easier for wolves to catch.
People can and will use ramps, tunnels, and alternative routes by air and sea, whereas wildlife often cannot. Walls have a big human cost too. They may redirect people, and to a lesser extent wildlife, to more dangerous routes, for example, river crossings or deserts, which may intersect with areas of high natural or cultural value.
Physical barriers such as fences and walls now line 32,000 kilometres of borders worldwide with significant increases over the past few decades. According to one recent study, nearly 700 mammal species could now find it difficult to cross into different countries, thwarting their adaptation to climate change. The fragmentation of populations and habitats means reduced gene flow within species and less resilient ecosystems.
Border security over climate action
According to the Transnational Institute, wealthy nations are prioritising border security over climate action, which contravenes pledges made at COP26 such as protecting the world's forests. Some of the 257 World Heritage forests are now releasing more carbon than they absorb, but Białowieża Forest is still a healthy, well-connected landscape. Poland's border wall would put this at risk.
The construction of such walls also tends to bypass or be at odds with environmental laws. They devalue conservation investment and hamper cross-boundary cooperation. It was already hard for us to collaborate with fellow scientists from Belarus – the new wall will make cross-border scientific work even harder.
It is possible to mitigate the effects of certain border barriers. But that requires, at the very least, identifying at-risk species and habitats, designing fences to minimise ecological harm and targeting mitigation at known wildlife crossing points. It may also mean assisted migration across a barrier for certain species. To our best knowledge no formal assessment of either social or environmental costs has yet been carried out in the case of Poland's planned wall.
It's time conservation biologists made themselves heard, particularly when it comes to the issue of border barriers. As climate change threatens to disrupt borders and migratory patterns of people and of wildlife, we will need to reform, not only policies and frameworks, but also how we perceive borders.
This is already happening without us as "natural borders flood, drift, crumble, or dry up". Walls – like reactive travel bans – are out of sync with the global solidarity and coordinated actions we urgently need to safeguard life on earth.
Article by Katarzyna Nowak, Białowieża Geobotanical Station, Department of Biology, University of Warsaw; Bogdan Jaroszewicz, Professor of Biology and Director of Białowieża Geobotanical Station, University of Warsaw, and Michał Żmihorski, Biogeography Research Leader, Mammal Research Institute, Polish Academy of Sciences
Belarus, borders, forests, Poland
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Thermal decomposition kinetics for two different types of polyurethane elastomers prepared with 2,2'-dichloro-4,4'-methylenedianiline (MOCA) and 3,5-dimethyl-thiotoluenediamine (Ethacure-300), based on PTMG/TDI isocyanate prepolymer, were studied using non-isothermal thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). Thermograms were obtained and analyzed using Friedman (FR) and Kissinger-Akahira-Sunose (KAS) methods for activation energy, $E_a$. The results obtained showed that decomposition reaction of both samples was observed similarly to occur through three different stages, i.e., initial stage with vaporization of low molecular weight materials, second stage of urethane linkage decompositions, and later stage of polyol segment decompositions. However, activation energy values at each stage for the sample cured with Ethacure-300 was much lower than those for the sample with MOCA, exhibiting relatively lower thermal stability for the sample with Ethacure-300 than that with MOCA.
M. Barikani, N. Fazeli, and M. Barikani, "Study on thermal properties of polyurethane-urea elastomers prepared with different dianiline chain extenders", J. Polym. Eng., 33(1), 87 (2013).
S. Yamasaki, D. Nishiguchi, K. Kojio, and M. Furukawa, "Effects of polymerization method on structure and properties of thermoplastic polyurethanes", J. Polym. Sci. Part B: Polymer Physics, 45, 800 (2007).
C. Demarest, "Life Beyond MOCA", PU Manufacturers Association Annual Meeting, Phoenix, Az May, 1 (2014).
H. L. Friedman, "Kinetics of Thermal Degradation of Charforming Plastics from Thermogravimetry: Application to a Phenolic Plastic", J. Polym. Sci. Part C: Polymer Symposia., 6(1), 183 (1964).


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Sensible Wealth Management, Inc. is a Florida for profit corporation based in Miami. They registered with the Florida Department of State's Division of Corporations on May 25, 2017.
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The following table lists the directors and officers for Sensible Wealth Management, Inc.. It shows their name and position within the company. It also shows possible addresses and related companies for the officer based on their name. These are addresses and companies associated with a person of that name. Their inclusion in the table does not indicate anything more than a potential relationship between Sensible Wealth Management, Inc. and the address or company.
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Q: Query runs in less than a millisecond in SQL, but times out in Entity Framework The following linq-to-entities query throws

Entity Framework Timeout expired. The timeout period elapsed prior to
  completion of the operation or the server is not responding.

after ToList()ing it.
 var q = (from contact
          in cDB.Contacts.Where(x => x.Templategroepen.Any(z => z.Autonummer == templategroep.Autonummer)
                                && !x.Uitschrijvings.Any(t => t.Templategroep.Autonummer == templategroep.Autonummer))
          select contact.Taal).Distinct();

((System.Data.Objects.ObjectQuery)q).ToTraceString() gives me:
SELECT
[Distinct1].[Taal] AS [Taal]
FROM ( SELECT DISTINCT
[Extent1].[Taal] AS [Taal]
FROM [dbo].[ContactSet] AS [Extent1]
WHERE ( EXISTS (SELECT
1 AS [C1]
FROM [dbo].[TemplategroepContact] AS [Extent2]
WHERE ([Extent1].[Autonummer] = [Extent2].[Contacts_Autonummer]) AND ([Extent2].[Templategroepen_Autonummer] = @p__linq__0)
)) AND ( NOT EXISTS (SELECT
1 AS [C1]
FROM [dbo].[UitschrijvingenSet] AS [Extent3]
WHERE ([Extent1].[Autonummer] = [Extent3].[Contact_Autonummer]) AND ([Extent3].[Templategroep_Autonummer] = @p__linq__1)
))
)  AS [Distinct1]

the query from tracestring runs in under 1 seconds in sql management studio, but times out when actually to-listing it? how is that possible again?
*Update: added SQL PROFILER output for query *  this runs as slow as the EF ToList() (>30seconds)
exec sp_executesql N'SELECT
[Distinct1].[Taal] AS [Taal]
FROM ( SELECT DISTINCT
    [Extent1].[Taal] AS [Taal]
    FROM [dbo].[ContactSet] AS [Extent1]
    WHERE ( EXISTS (SELECT
        1 AS [C1]
        FROM [dbo].[TemplategroepContact] AS [Extent2]
        WHERE ([Extent1].[Autonummer] = [Extent2].[Contacts_Autonummer]) AND ([Extent2].[Templategroepen_Autonummer] = @p__linq__0)
    )) AND ( NOT EXISTS (SELECT
        1 AS [C1]
        FROM [dbo].[UitschrijvingenSet] AS [Extent3]
        WHERE ([Extent1].[Autonummer] = [Extent3].[Contact_Autonummer]) AND ([Extent3].[Templategroep_Autonummer] = @p__linq__1)
    ))
)  AS [Distinct1]',N'@p__linq__0 int,@p__linq__1 int',@p__linq__0=1,@p__linq__1=1

A: (DBCC FREEPROCCACHE)
DBCC DROPCLEANBUFFERS

made the problem go away for now, but I think that might just be a temp. solution

A: I know this is a little late, but I found the answer here.
Basically Entity Framework likes to track everything by default.  If you don't need it (i.e. not inserting or updating or deleting entities), turn it off to speed up your queries.
If you're using Entity Framework Code First you can achieve this like so:
var q = (from contact
      in cDB.Contacts.AsNoTracking()
          .Where(x => x.Templategroepen.Any(z => z.Autonummer == templategroep.Autonummer)
                            && !x.Uitschrijvings.Any(t => t.Templategroep.Autonummer == templategroep.Autonummer))
      select contact.Taal).Distinct();

A: I had similar issue with EF6. When using SqlQuery function in EF, I got timeout although query was executed  in milliseconds in Management Studio. I found that it happened due the value of one of the sql parameters that I used in EF query. To make it clear, below is the similar SQL query I experienced with.
SELECT * FROM TBL WHERE field1 > @p1 AND field2>@p2 AND field3<@p3

When @p1 is zero, I received timeout exception. When I made it 1 or something different, it was executed in milliseconds. By the way, the table that I queried on has more than 20M rows.
I hope it helps,
Best

A: I observed this issue with EF6.
await _context.Database.SqlQuery<MyType>(sql) was timing out even when my timeout value was cranked up to 60 seconds. However, executing the exact same SQL (used profiler to confirm the sql I passed in was unmodified) in SSMS yielded expected results in one second.
exec sp_updatestats
Fixed the issue for me.

A: You need to Add one column serves as uniqueId or key to be able to work in EF

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


This list of the best classroom electric pencil sharpeners is based on real tests. We took into consideration the most important factors of classroom electric pencil sharpeners in order to find models with the best price/quality ratio. We also suggest you to make additional research juts to be sure that you are buying the most suitable classroom electric pencil sharpeners for you.
Considering the amount of options on the current market, choosing the right classroom electric pencil sharpeners is very hard. Many companies offer all kinds of classroom electric pencil sharpeners nowadays, and it might take you weeks to explore all the options. Our team made this buying guide for those who would like to get the best classroom electric pencil sharpeners in the shortest period.
All-in-one electric pencil sharpener is compatible with both colored pencils and regular pencils. Supports sizes between and jumbo (6.5mm – 11mm). Heavy duty high-speed steel blade and smart stop technology eliminate lopsided points for the ideal point every time. Built in safety switch disables the sharpener if the front cover is removed. Safe for use around young children. Features an extra large pencil shavings tray and handy storage slot. Vertical design saves valuable space; perfect for use in an office, classroom or at home. Includes ul certified power adapter; 1 year warranty after registration.
What should I do if I receive a wrong item instead of my classroom electric pencil sharpeners?
If you were unlucky enough to get a wrong or broken product, use electronic mail or international telephone to contact the customer support team. They will help you to return your money or get the right classroom electric pencil sharpeners.
Easy cleaning, take out the shaving bin and clean it up. It allows trouble-free cleaning. Space-saving, the compact design and small size make the pencil sharpener, a real space saver. You can carry it easily without any burden or hassle. It is the perfect electric pencil sharpener for the classroom, home or office. Multiple power sources, powered by 4, aa batteries (batteries not included) or ac adapter (included). Flexible and convenient to use anywhere and easy to carry around. Large capacity design, large capacity shavings reservoir can hold a lot of shavings. Scraps will not fall out if the lid is closed.
What did you do to create the TOP list of classroom electric pencil sharpeners?
We compared over a hundred of classroom electric pencil sharpenersfrom various manufacturers. To make our buying guide as honest as it is possible, we took into consideration all the important characteristics, such as price, weight, material, assembly quality, and many more. If you want to find the best classroom electric pencil sharpeners for the least amount of money, our TOP list will be very useful for you.
Ac & battery operated,: powered by 4 x aa batteries (not included), an ac adapter or a usb cable. 3 pencil nib options,: this pencil sharpener has 3 pencil nib options available: blunt, medium, sharp. Choose the sharpness of your no.2 pencils and colored pencils as you want. Best pencil sharpener,: with a premium and durable helical steel blade, it sharpens 4000 times without wearing out. It sharpens every pencil to a perfect point quickly and evenly. Auto stop pencil sharpener,: this electric pencil sharpener will start working when you press the pencil down and auto stop at a perfect point.
Safety guarantee,, this small but powerful pencil sharpener will stop working if the shavings box is open. The safety lock on the top prevents kids from inserting their fingers into the hole, which makes it an ideal choice for young kids.
Compact & portable: easy to transport. An ideal choice for artists, students, professors, engineers, architects, and fashion designers of all ages, making drawing, writing, and coloring much easier. With ac adapter, more powerful: longer lifespan, the cutter within the sharpener is replaceable. The sharpener is powered by a standard usb outlet or 4 aa batteries so there is no need to worry about running out of power. Kid-friendly: it won t operate if the cover is removed or is not installed correctly, which means that it won't hurt your kid's finger when he or she is using it in classroom. Top priority performance: easy to clean by simply removing the cover and dusting away the shavings. Package includes: 1 x electric pencil sharpener.2 x cutters.1 x usb cable, and an ac adapter all in one decent box (batteries not included).
Double hole design & solid: powerful enough to sharpen every pencil to a perfect and durable point in only 3-5 seconds with ease, especially for no. Two holes for 6-8mm and 9-12mm diameter pencils separately.
Are there anything special that I should know before buying a classroom electric pencil sharpeners?
Thanks to the our site, you do not have to worry about anything. Choosing a classroom electric pencil sharpeners on this site is very simple! You can check photographs. read detailed description of any specific classroom electric pencil sharpeners and read various user reviews. Learn from the experience of other people!
Large capacity design, large capacity shavings reservoir can hold a lot of shavings. Scraps will not fall out easily when the top open lid is closed. It could sharpen your pencil over 3.000 times. Multiple power sources, powered by 4 aa batteries (batteries not included) or ac. Flexible and convenient to use anywhere and easy to carry around. Auto & safety features, automatically work when plug the pencil into the shaving entrance. Auto-stop working if finished or the lid is opened. 8mm diameters shaving entrance could prevent kids' fingers from entering to avoid hurting. Easy to clean, open the cover of the reservoir to pour out the pencil shavings when finished, not adding too much trouble.
Powerful motor, with heavy-duty and durable helical blade, fast sharpening for 5-10 seconds and auto-stop working at a perfect point to protect pencil lead and dispose the broken lead intelligently. Fit for sharpening colored pencils, lead pencils, charcoal pencils, eyebrow pencils.
Safety shut-off feature: the built in safety mechanism prevents you from using the sharpener when the shavings bin is removed to keep you safe. Large pencil holder: this versatile pencil sharpener ensures that you always have fresh pencils at the ready with the large built in pencil holder. Powerful titanium bonded blades: razor sharp blades to gets you a smooth, uniform sharp point each time and it only takes seconds. Ul approved adapter: these sharpeners are powered with ul approved adapters and are safe enough for children to use, making them great for the classroom and are also suitable for the office.
Multiple power sources, powered by 2 aa batteries (batteries not included) or dc, by using the provided usb cord to connect sharpener and charger, power bank or laptop. Electric motor, with the help of full-powered motor.6-8mm pencils can be well trimmed 5 seconds later. Specially designed for kids, students, teachers, artists, engineers, industrial designers, etc. Auto & safety features, sharpener begins working when a pencil being plugged into the shaving entrance and pressed, and it will auto-stop when stop pressing or the scrap box is opened. 8mm diameters entrance can avoid kids' fingers being hurt.
Non-slip design, anti-slip mat on the bottom will keep sharpener sturdy when it's working, which also helps to make a perfect pencil point. Easy to clean, pinch and pull out the cover of the reservoir to pour out the pencil shavings, not adding too much trouble.
Powered three ways: no electrical outlet nearby. Don t like the clutter of cords. The sharpener is powered by an ac adapter & usb cord or by batteries (not included). Works as well with batteries as it does when using an outlet. Note: before connecting the usb cord directly into an electronic device please check with the manufacturer to ensure compatibility. Compact and portable: small desk. The sharpeners footprint is small and it can fit almost anywhere and it is mighty and sharpens a new pencil in 10-15 seconds. Take it where ever you need to, such as your workshop, the park, or to your art class.
Safety feature is kid friendly: children can safely use the pencil sharpener as it has a unique safety tab that stops the pencil sharpener from working when the shaving cover is removed. Get the perfectly even point you want: tired of a lopsided pencil point. That dreaded leftover wood is gone. Get the best pencil point you have ever had for your colored, graphite and standard pencils. Great for the office, artists, kids and everyone that needs and wants a dependable pencil point.
Auto-sharp light indicator: built-in led light indicates when your pencil is completely sharpened. Sharpening motor automatically shuts off when the perfect sharpness is reached. The ex-20 can tackle colored and soft lead pencils with ease. Looking for a colored pencil sharpener. Looking for a solid standby to sharpen no. Compact, heavy-duty & quiet: made specifically for teachers, artist, students and office workers alike. The ex-20 electric pencil sharpener offers 40x longer blade life, and the best in performance and durability. Crafted from high-quality materials and sustainable manufacturing practices, it does the job right, every time. Precision sharpening, flexible power options: conveniently powered by aa batteries, included ac power adapter, or even a usb port (2.1v). The built-in variable sharpness selector allows for quick and easy artistic sharpening options. 2 pencils, colored pencils, daily writing, drawing, and shading/coloring. Lifetime replacement warranty: time tested quality you can count on.
Adult & child friendly: the innovative safesharp safety function prevents this pencil sharpener from being used if any part of the assembly is missing. That means no hurt fingers, which makes it an ideal choice for classrooms. Anti-skid feet keep this sharpener in place during use, while also reducing noise.
Fast work,: with heavy duty, fast sharpen ultra-durable high-grade stainless steel helical blade, only 4 seconds to sharpen. Multiple power sources, powered by 4 x aa batteries (not included), use usb, or via ac power adapter (included). Very portable, lightweight and minimal cords make it easy to take wherever your busy life takes you go. Auto & safety features, automatically work when the pencil into the entrance. Auto-stop working if finished or the lid is opened. Large capacity &easy to clean, large capacity shavings reservoir, open the top lid to pour out the pencil shavings. It could sharpen your pencil over 3.000 times.
What are the price limits for decent classroom electric pencil sharpeners?
If you want to buy the best classroom electric pencil sharpeners on the market, remember that it does not have to be the most expensive one. Of course, costly models are usually good, but there is always a possibility that you can find an option with better price/quality ratio. If you want to get the most value out of your classroom electric pencil sharpeners, choose wisely and consider all its characteristics, not only the price.
What warranty should be offered with a decent classroom electric pencil sharpeners?
We recommend all our readers to buy classroom electric pencil sharpenerswith at least the two-year long warranty period. This is the optimal term for an average classroom electric pencil sharpeners. Instead of overpaying for a lifetime warranty, save the money to buy a new classroom electric pencil sharpeners later.
Is there a way to get my money back for a classroom electric pencil sharpeners?
If you receive a wrong or a broken classroom electric pencil sharpeners, seller will oblige the seller to return your money or send you a replacement. There is no need to worry about refunds anymore thanks to the amazing customer-friendly policy!


Even though travel is fun and exciting, it can be disruptive to your routines. And while I don't always love a routine, their power cannot be ignored.
It's pretty unrealistic to assume that I'll stick to whatever I'm doing at home 100% of the time while I'm on vacation. Whether that is eating or exercising, vacation is a chance to let loose a little, even for a frequent traveler. BUT it is not a chance or even a reason to completely abandon all your goals and do whatever you want. I certainly loosen up my standards a bit, but I still like to stick to "the plan" more than 50% of the time. That might seem like a shockingly low number, but remember that I have managed to build some pretty solid habits and can probably meet that goal without even trying.