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Weekend catch-up: Tall tales from the world of journalism, and much more
Sam Roggeveen
This week we continued our delightful new series on foreign correspondents to mark the imminent awarding of the annual Lowy Institute Media Award.
Published 16 Sep 2017 08:00 0 Comments Follow @SamRoggeveen
This week we continued our delightful new series on foreign correspondents to mark the imminent awarding of the annual Lowy Institute Media Award. Here's David Crowe on his time in Silicon Valley:
One day I had lunch with Google founders Sergey Brin and Larry Page in the staff cafeteria of their run-down office park, decorated with lava lamps. It was 1999 and they had 50 staff. Now they have 57,000. 'The ideal search engine should do everything, answer any question,' Page told me. I smiled at this naïve hope as we swapped opinions on the food – Page and Brin were testing a different chef every day and planned to pay with stock options when they found the right one. Maybe I should have asked for a job as a kitchenhand.
Matthew Abbott on his time in the Middle East:
Nothing prepared me for the sight of kids with phosphorus burns and bullet wounds. I was homesick but the seasoned practitioners with me lapped it up. It was then I realised covering wars was not for me. There might be the danger of death but the constant travel, loneliness and dislocation would, I sensed, wear me down. War reporters do an important job but the toll can be high – everyone I met had broken relationships and an unhealthy addiction to the adrenalin of battle. My mate from Philadelphia bought a Syrian painting but then realised, as he traveled full time, he would never really get to enjoy it.
Bruce Phillips spent part of the 1980s as an ABC correspondent in London:
Technologically we were at the cutting edge: a ticker tape machine called Bertha sent the written word to Sydney, we edited audio tapes with scissors and sticky-tape, and all our stories were poured down to Sydney each evening on a connection not much better than a phone line. You can imagine the amazement with which we witnessed the operation of our first fax machine.
Myanmar, and the plight of the Rohingya, was another prominent theme on The Interpreter this week. And no foreigner knows Myanmar better than Andrew Selth:
Given current attitudes in Myanmar, the Rohingya tragedy could drag on for years. ARSA will not achieve its aims, but Muslim anger both within Myanmar and overseas will remain. Religious divisions in the country will harden. Hundreds of thousands of refugees will be left in squalid camps in Bangladesh, unwanted by anyone and facing a bleak future. The Tatmadaw will consolidate its political gains, while Aung San Suu Kyi and her government will find it even harder to implement much-needed reforms. The democratic transition process in Myanmar, such as it was, has been set back years, possibly decades.
Melissa Crouch:
After a series of coordinated attacks against police on 25 August, the government's Anti-Terrorism Committee declared the Arakan Rohingya Salvation Army (ARSA) to be a terrorist organisation. While this is the first time a group has been declared a terrorist organisation under the nation's new Anti-Terrorism Law, branding an armed group as 'terrorist' appears to be a new trend in Myanmar. On 20 November 2016, the Northern Alliance - a coalition supported by the Kachin, Talaung, Arakan and Kokang ethnic armed groups - began planned attacks on military and police in northern Shan State. In response, on 3 December, the Defence Minister raised a call to brand the Northern Alliance as a 'terrorist organisation' in the lower house of national parliament. The same proposal was then raised in the Shan State Hluttaw by the military members of parliament and the Union Solidarity and Development Party (USDP) where it succeeded, 61 votes to 45.
Sebastian Strangio on Aung San Suu Kyi:
'The Lady"'so embodied her nation's interests in the minds of Western policy-makers that her personal approval was seen as necessary for ending Myanmar's isolation and lifting the final Western sanctions against the country. Inevitably, the Suu Kyi backlash has given rise to calls that she be stripped of her Nobel Prize and other baubles of international recognition. This is a bad idea. In the first instance, it would be to invest more importance than is warranted in this often dubious and meretricious accolade. In the second, it would do nothing constructive to stop the blood-letting in Rakhine State, and would only deflect attention away from the truly guilty party: Myanmar's military.
Another prominent theme on The Interpreter this week was India. We had Chietigj Bajpaee on Sino-Indian relations and Michael Kugelman on Narendra Modi's Make in India campaign. And Shashank Joshi wrote on the booming ties between India and Japan:
This extraordinary improvement in relations, sustained across three Indian premierships and ten Japanese, has been driven, above all, by what both sides view as China's aggressive, 'expansionist' behaviour in Asia over the past decade.
Little Bhutan has been caught in the middle of Sino-Indian tensions of late, but needs to speak up, wrote Olivia Shen:
Bhutan has an opportunity to speak up for its own interests and assert that its sovereignty is no more negotiable than China's or India's. This could help put Bhutan on a firmer footing for boundary talks with China (held annually since 1984) and at the same time assuage India's fears that it will trade off Doklam (as China had proposed during the 1996 talks). In short, Bhutan could adopt more of the hedging behaviour used by other small countries who find themselves in the middle of great-power competition.
As always, The Interpreter maintained an economic focus too, with Stephen Grenville writing on US quantitative easing, Alan Oxley completing his three-part series on the future of world trade, and Richard Moore writing on the uncertain future of the Asian Development Bank.
Olivia Shen argues that the crisis in Marawi forces Australia to think long-term about security in Mindanao:
Prime Minister Malcolm Turnbull and Foreign Minister Julie Bishop have both declared that Marawi is 'in our region' and Australia has a vital vested interest in denying ISIS a foothold in Southeast Asia. But the strategic importance of Marawi is not just about the direct threat of terrorism. More broadly, Marawi is a tactical opportunity to deepen key regional relationships and meet global alliance commitments. Often for Australia these two imperatives conflict, but in Marawi they converge.
The BBC's Nick Bryant said digital diplomacy had been oversold:
Perhaps we all underestimated the extent to which international leaders would use Twitter diplomacy not to promote international relations but rather to shore up domestic support. Whether it's threatening to pull out of NAFTA or chiding China on trade, Donald Trump's foreign policy tweets seem directed more at his electoral base rather than foreign ministries. Social media is a more effective tool of politics than diplomacy, which, again, has had a deleterious effect. What many e-diplomacy advocates thought would become platforms promoting openness and goodwill have in fact become forums to air grievances, settle scores and stoke nationalistic impulses.
Frances Kitt on who will join China's all-important Politburo Standing Committee:
The way in which Xi deals with the age question in the make-up of the PSC will be a good indicator of the nature of his power and the extent of his success. It will indicate if and when Xi is willing to compromise, his future policy priorities and perhaps even his political insecurities.
Two months after its election, Timor Leste finally formed a government this week. This is good news, says Michael Leach:
The 2017 election cycle represents a turning point for Timor-Leste in several respects. Though technically the seventh government since 2002, and the fourth parliament, it is only the second change in government leadership, with the other being the 2007 shift from Fretilin majority government to a CNRT-led coalition. It therefore represents the 'double turnover' moment since independence, in which the fundamental composition of the government changes for the second time. This is considered a key measure of democratic consolidation.
Photo by Flickr user James.
Timor-Leste heads for minority government
Toward a stable Libya: Small steps rather than grand bargains
Elizabeth Buchanan 3 Nov 2016 11:50
TurkStream: Putin's latest triumph over the West? (Part 1)
An avenue of Russian resurgence that has attracted little attention is Putin's pipeline politics.
Allan Gyngell, Sam Roggeveen 31 May 2017 08:33
Fear of abandonment: A dialogue on Australian foreign policy, past and future
The overall story of Australian foreign policy is pretty positive. But there's no doubt we dragged our feet at various stages.
Watna Mori 17 May 2018 06:00
What PNG hopes to win from hosting APEC
The aim of staging a major summit might be to put the country on the global diplomatic map, but at what cost?


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Stay cool in this lovely north end home with air conditioning. Master Bedroom 1 has a King bed with access to the back deck and hot tub. Bedrooms 2 and 3 have both a queen and a twin in each and there's a hide-a-bed in the living room. Quiet neighborhood, natural setting. Close to bike paths & Woodlands Golf Course. Short walk or bike ride to the river. Take a bike ride anywhere in Sunriver on one of the 4 adult bikes provided with this vacation rental house. Soak under the stars in the outdoor hot tub or relax by the cozy fireplace. Lots of space for indoor or outdoor gatherings. Flexible accommodations for families or couples.
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The distance from the main road.


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Exotic and elegant mother-of-pearl look cufflinks are conservative enough for the office yet stylish for evening wear as well. With an iridescent middle stone set in a silver style mount, these cufflinks have a sleek and polished look.
Exotic and elegant mother-of-pearl look cufflinks are conservative enough for the office yet stylish for evening wear as well. With an iridescent middle stone set in a silver style mount, these cufflinks have a sleek and polished look. .


I don't care what some shock jock who knows nothing about being part of any team, but their own, and is so insecure, has to write his name in big print before his article to market himself. You kind of laugh at that but it is notable Lamorielo ignored NY Post (who ignored covering a first place team Sunday) & the Dolan's newspaper, and called Toronto. Tons more competition among few media ego's left, fighting for few jobs left, than on the ice.


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Gouania riparia är en brakvedsväxtart som beskrevs av Reiss.. Gouania riparia ingår i släktet Gouania och familjen brakvedsväxter. Inga underarter finns listade i Catalogue of Life.

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Q: POST Slim Route not working I'm using Slim for development. All my GET routes are working just fine, but whenever I use POST, I get "unexpected result". Please have a look at how I've implemented slim and that "unexpected error".

index-routes.php (index root file)

<?php
require 'Slim/Slim.php';
\Slim\Slim::registerAutoloader();
$app = new \Slim\Slim(array(
'debug' => true
));
require_once 'site-index.php';
require_once 'routes/default-routes.php';
$app->contentType('application/json');
$app->run();
?>

routes/default-routes.php

<?php
$app->post('/login',function(){
    echo 'AllHailSuccess!';
    })
?>

origin of POST request called via AJAX

function try1()
{
    var value1 = "afsfesa";
    API.call('/login','text','POST',function(data){console.log(data)},{var1:value1});
}

AJAX Call API

var API = {
  call:function(url,returnType,reqType,callback,data){
    var data = (!!data) ? data : {};
    var callback = (!!callback) ? callback : function(){};
    $.ajax({
      dataType: returnType,
      type:reqType,
      crossDomain: true,
      xhrFields: { withCredentials: true },
      url: url,
      data:data,
      success:callback,
      error:function(data){
          console.log("Error!");
        console.log(data);
      }
    });
  }
}

"Unexpected error": When I execute try1(), THE POST ROUTE DOES GETS EXECUTED SUCCESSFULLY  but the contents (The entire code in plain-text) of site-index.php (Which I called in root index-routes.php file) also gets logged along with it. The reason why I imported site-index.php in the first place, is because it acts like a "main stage" for my site. It's the only page I want to load and user navigates within it.

*

*I want to know:

*

*Why I'm getting this type of output?

*Is my approach alright? I think importing my main-stage file from index-       routes is causing this. Is there any other way of doing this?

Any help is appreciated. Thank you.

A: Your Slim calls are going to return anything that is displayed on the page.
There are a few ways to work around this:

*

*Nest all of your page renders inside the route and don't render full pages for AJAX routes.

*Modify your AJAX calls to search the returned DOM to find the relevant information.

In your example shown, AllHailSuccess! will be displayed after all of the content in site-index.php
Many people use templating software to render their pages and then use a service to render their page via the template. For more basic sites, I would recommend you create a simple service to display content.
Here's a simple example of a Viewer class I use in my project(s)
class Viewer {
  /**
   * Display the specified filename using the main template
   * @param   string $filepath The full path of the file to display
   */
  public function display($filepath) {
    //set a default value for $body so the template doesn't get angry when $body is not assigned.
    $body = "";
    if (file_exists($filepath)) {
      $body = get_include_contents($filepath);
    } else {
      //You want to also return a HTTP Status Code 404 here.
      $body = get_include_contents('404.html');
    }
    //render the page in the layout
    include('layout.php');
  }
}

/**
 * Gets the contents of a file and 'pre-renders' it.
 * Basically, this is an include() that saves the output to variable instead of displaying it.
 */
function get_include_contents($filepath, $params = array()) {
  if (is_file($filepath)) {
    ob_start();
    include $filepath;
    $ret = ob_get_contents();
    ob_end_clean();
    return $ret;
  }
  return false;
}

Your routes that you want to display the page layout to the user should look something like this now:
$app->get('/', function() {
  (new Viewer())->display('home.html');
});

This is by no means a comprehensive solution because it does not address proper HTTP status codes and files are referenced directly in your code which can get messy, but it's a good starting point and its quick to mock something like this up.
If you want to continue in this direction, I would recommend you take a look at the Slim v2 Response Documentation and create a class that constructs and returns Response objects. This would give you much more flexibility and power to set HTTP status codes and HTTP Return headers.
I highly recommend checking out Slim v3 Responses as well because Slim 3 uses PSR-7 Response objects which are standard across multiple frameworks.

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Happy New Year! TAT Newsroom is giving away 50 Michelin Bangkok guidebooks to our Facebook fans. Simply join our contest on Facebook, and follow these simple rules.
The 50 lucky persons to receive this special gastronomic guidebooks will be announced on 31 March, 2018 on this space as well as on our Facebook page. The lucky winners can pick-up the book at the Tourism Authority of Thailand (TAT) headquarters in Bangkok, or receive it via a postal service.
Best of luck! Contest is Thailand-only and ends on 31 January 2017.
The Tourism Authority of Thailand (TAT) has celebrated the opening of an exciting new chapter in Thailand's dynamic culinary evolution with the launch of the first Michelin Guide Bangkok on 6 December, 2017. The Guide features 3 two-star restaurants, 14 one-star restaurants and 35 Bib Gourmand restaurants. In total, there are 98 Thai, Asian and international restaurants, including for the first time 28 Thai street-food stalls, being featured in the inaugural Michelin Guide.
Bangkok, 1 January 2018 – Millions of Thais and foreign visitors to Thailand ushered in the New Year 2018 via Amazing Thailand Countdown celebrations held simultaneously for the first time in five provinces nationwide.
With colourful fireworks, food festivals, parades and music concerts, revellers in Lampang, Sakon Nakhon, Rayong, Phuket and Kanchanaburi bid farewell to 2017 and welcomed the New Year. All the events were extremely well-managed by the local city, provincial and security authorities, and went off without a hitch.
In the Northern region's Lampang Province, the Amazing Thailand Countdown 2018 took place at the Clock Tower Intersection, where the city's famous horse-drawn carriages were brightly and beautifully adorned with lighting decorations.
In the Eastern region, the Countdown was held at a popular seaside town of Ban Phe, Rayong province. The event was set in a cosy ambiance by the sea, and featured 90's and EDM live music along with local food by community chefs, DIY activities at several interesting workshops, and a clean-up activity.
In the Southern region, the Countdown was held at the Watch Tower and Standard Chartered Building in Phuket. Phuket's historic Old Town came alive with brightly decorated Sino-Portuguese buildings and a variety of joyous activities including traditional Peranakan cultural shows and parades, a carnival, concerts and retro market fairs. A clean-up activity was held on the morning of 1 January, 2018.
In the Western Region, the Countdown was held at the historic 'Bridge over the River Kwai' in Kanchanaburi province. Among the highlights was a special train crossing over the famous bridge just after the New Year was rung in.
TAT offices nationwide reported significant growth in both foreign and domestic travel to the Countdown provinces as well as surrounding provinces such as Lopburi, Ang Thong, Singburi, Chainat, Ayutthaya, Saraburi, Samut Songkram, Samut Sakorn, Trad, Chachoengsao, Samut Prakarn and Chanthaburi.
Hotel occupancies in Eastern Region, for example, were reported to be 90 per. At U-Tapao Airport, charter flights came in from Russia, as well as 10 private jet flights.
Mr. Yuthasak said: "The Amazing Thailand Countdown 2018 celebrations were carefully designed to reflect TAT's latest marketing concept of 'Open to the New Shades' and the action-packed Amazing Thailand Tourism Year 2018.
"The Countdown stressed on five unique activities: Discovering new attractions or experiences, exploring a variety of local and international dishes, shopping for locally-made products, sharing wonderful experiences with family and friends, and helping local communities to thrive through sustainable tourism.
NAKHON RATCHASIMA, Thailand � The Khao Yai National Park, about three hours' drive by car from Bangkok, is an increasingly popular highland environment tourist attraction.
Thailand's tourism authority said that last year alone, 1.2 million domestic and foreign tourists visited this national park located in the province of Nakhon Ratchasima (also known as Korat) in Thailand's northeastern corner.
The Khao Yai National Park covers 300 sq km and is the third biggest national park in Thailand. It offers various attractions such as diverse wildlife, waterfalls, hiking and biking trails, and farms growing temperate fruits such as strawberries.
However, the sunflower farms on the Khao Yai highlands have become a major tourist draw.
Tourists are willing to travel from as far as from China, for instance, and also from Malaysia to enjoy and capture the beautiful scene of swaths of sunflower farms.
With the cool weather in Khao Yai from November until early January; the day temperature hovering around 20 degrees Celsius and below, and dropping to about 10 degrees Celsius at night, the number of tourists to the sunflower farms rises sharply during the public holidays.
According to Thailand's tourism authority, the sunflower farms at Khao Yai have become increasingly popular as a tourist attraction, resulting in the emergence of more sunflower farms in nearby areas such as Saraburi and Lopburi.
To cater to the influx of tourists, scores of hotels and resorts have cropped up, some imitating the structures in the United Kingdom with names such as 'Thames Valley' and 'Notting Hill', and Tuscan Valley in Italy.
The Khao Yai National Park also has its own 'Toscana Valley', taking after a quaint village in Florence, Italy as this has also become another tourist attraction.
BANGKOK, Thailand � More photos have emerged showing a woman purportedly to be former Thai Prime Minister Yingluck Shinawatra, who fled the kingdom in August, strolling in an undisclosed London shopping centre.
Several photos which appear in a Facebook account @secret100million also show Yingluck to be accompanied by a teenage boy, claimed to be his 15-year-old son, Supasek Amornchat.
A spokesman for the National Council of Peace and Order (NCPO), Maj Gen Piyapong Klinpan has asked the relevant agencies to investigate the alleged photos of Yingluck in London.
If it's true the woman in the photos is Yingluck as alleged, it would be the first image of the former prime minister since she fled the country in August on the eve of a landmark decision by the Supreme Court on her negligence case.
She has not been seen by the public since her disappearance nor made any public statement.
Following her no-show in court, the Supreme Court postponed its decision, but in a September judgment sentenced the former prime minister to five years in jail for negligence in a rice pledging scheme during her administration which the military-led government claimed had caused the state to suffer multi-billion dollar losses through corruption.
Following a multi-agency investigation after her disappearance, the government confirmed that Yingluck had fled to Dubai where her older brother, Thaksin, who had also been Thailand's prime minister, owned a house.
The confirmation did not douse the speculation that Yingluck's true destination was the United Kingdom where she was said to be in the midst of applying for political asylum.


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Animal Essentials' Calcium is a natural calcified red seaweed (Lithothamnium sp.) that contains a wide variety of essential nutrients, including calcium, magnesium, boron and zinc. It is harvested from the seabed off the coast of Iceland, where each batch is cleaned, heat processed and tested for purity by an analytical laboratory. Calcium carbonate, the form of calcium found in Seaweed Calcium, is one of the most challenging essential minerals for the animal body to utilize For instance, the calcium carbonate contained in bone meal is only about 45% available to the body. However, because of the unique honeycomb-like porosity of the tiny particles that comprise Seaweed Calcium, the calcium carbonate it contains is up to 70% bioavailable.
High digestibility equates to smaller feeding amounts and lower cost to feed.
Virtually odorless, flavorless powder is easy to feed.
No risk of BSE (bovine spongiform encephalitis) or other issues that may be associated with bovine products.
Each batch tested for pathogens and chemical contaminants.
Recommended Feeding: Add 1 teaspoon to each pound of home-prepared food or as directed by your veterinarian.
Ingredients: Calcified Lithothamnium seaweed harvested from the Atlantic seabeds off Iceland's coast.


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Although none of us ever hoped to join the wisterhood club, studies show that there are parts of healing that can only happen in community. We are absolutely delighted to connect with our wisters who want to learn and grow in a group setting as we strive to "Love it Forward".
Because we honor the privacy of our ladies, we do not announce our meeting locations on our website. Instead we ask that you contact us to tell us more about your story. Members of our Introduction & Welcome Committee can then provide you with information on our group and the meeting registration process, greet you when you arrive for your first meeting, follow up with a welcome email, and get you invited to join our Private Facebook page. Ready to join us? Contact Us and tell us more about you.
Scientists can measure the effects of grief on our brains. (Functional Neuroanatomy of Grief: an fMRI study, Nov 1, 2003, American Journal of Psychiatry). The blood literally drains from the higher thinking parts of our brains to the emotional processing centers, making decision-making more difficult. In addition, compromised immune systems lead to higher chances of the widow herself developing disease in both the short and long-term.
Our holistic health committee focuses on the overall well-being of the widow with the goal of improving physical and mental wellness through improved cognition and mental and emotional processing. We do this by educating widows about these topics at our monthly meetings and providing resources (LINK) on our website.
The Education & Programs Committee puts together our monthly meetings by identifying timely and engaging speakers on topics that widows need to know. We address the whole person, both inside and out, with topics ranging from health and nutrition to organizing and feeling safe in your home, dealing with relationships post-loss, and legal and financial issues. We include social time and table discussion in each meeting as we learn so much from each other. You can find handouts from some of our previous speakers here.
The committee plans the fun activities that happen outside our regularly scheduled monthly meetings and maintains our private Facebook Page. Once you've attended a monthly meeting, you'll have access to our "Members Only" Calendar where you can check out all upcoming events. From movies and plays to concerts under the stars and shopping events, we plan a wide array of activities to get you out of the house with a group of encouraging friends who understand your circumstances.
The goal of the Financial Empowerment & WIN Committee is to give Wisters the sense of financial and emotional security that comes from being able to support themselves and their families. We do this by educating widows about legal, tax and financial topics at our monthly meetings and providing resources on our website.
Our short-term goal is to identify resources to serve widows in our community who need job and financial skills training in order to survive and thrive.Our long-term goal is to lift more widows out of poverty and allow all widows, regardless of income or net worth levels, to be financially secure and more productive members of society.


text:
Homophobe gets more than he bargained after attacking couple
Joe Williams August 4, 2015
The couple were enjoying a quiet lunch on Sunday when they were set upon by the man in the up scale neighbourhood of Soho.
Larry and Daniel Lennox-Choate – who were one of the first couples to marry in Manhattan – claim an unidentified man, aged around 40-years old, "screamed anti-gay obscenities" before punching Daniel in the face, New York Daily News reports.
"It's hard to believe that in 2015 we would have to deal with anti-gay hate crimes in soho of all places but that's what happened today," Larry wrote on Facebook.
However, according to Larry, the assailant picked on the wrong couple, and got more than he bargained for after the pair retaliated.
"The guy who screamed anti-gay obscenities at us in a bodega before sucker-punching Danny?
"He left covered in his own blood with his tail between his legs after I handled the situation and tossed him in the street like the coward loser he is."
Larry said that he and Daniel – who were married in 2013 – escaped from the scuffle relatively unscathed.
"Aside from one fat lip and a sore punching arm, we are fine," the couple notes.
"The hate crimes division of the NYPD is on the case and we have full faith a positive outcome will follow," Larry adds.
"We refuse to be victims and are thankful we can defend ourselves, but are saddened by the fact that idiots like this guy might not pick two guys who went through Plebe Boxing next time."
Police say they are investigating the attack, but that no "arrests have been made and the investigation is ongoing, police said."
According the NYPD, homophobic attacks in the city have fallen by 20% this year. There have been 43 incidents this year, compared to 54 for the same period last year.
Last week, a gay man from Staten Island said he is suing the NYPD over a violent beating after he was dragged out of his home.
Louis Falcone said officers from the NYPD officers dragged him from his home and violently attacked him on 19 June, after they arrived to investigate a noise complaint.
More: Facebook, homophobic attack, New York City, NYC, Soho, US
This bizarre story about a straight man and a cauliflower will make you feel better about your romantic life
Vic Parsons - January 15, 2020
New queer community space for London rises from the ashes of XXL closure
Josh Milton - January 15, 2020
Woman who poured wine over her aunt's dress for saying her gay friends would 'go to hell' is the hero we need in 2020
Meet the straight man who is genuinely afraid that breastfeeding will make his kid a lesbian

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text:
Difference between revisions of "Book:Monstrous Regiment"
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Jagra (talk | contribs)
==Annotations==
The title of the book comes from ''{{wp|The First Blast of the Trumpet Against the Monstruous Regiment of Women|The First Blast of the Trumpet Against the Monstruous Regiment of Women}}'', a misogynistic book written by the Protestant preacher {{wp|John Knox|John Knox}}. He criticised Mary I of England and Mary of Guise (the acting ruler of Scotland) and argued that having women in power went against the Bible. This backfired spectacularly on him because Elizabeth I became the Queen of England later that year. Although a Protestant, Elizabeth was offended by his writings and banned him from entering England for the rest of his life. At the time the two words had different meanings: "monstruous"/"monstrous" meant "unnatural" while "regiment" meant "rule"/"governance".
==Adaptations==
===[[Theatre Adaptations|Theatre]]===
Adapted by [[Stephen Briggs]] into a stage play in 2004.
Monstrous Regiment
Cover art by Paul Kidby
Illustrator(s)
Publisher Doubleday
Publication date 25th September 2003
Main characters Polly Perks, Sergeant Jackrum, Sam Vimes
Series Discworld Series
Annotations View
All data relates to the first UK edition.
1 Blurb
6 Adaptations
6.1 Theatre
It was a sudden strange fancy...
Polly Perks had to become a boy in a hurry. Cutting off her hair and wearing trousers was easy. Learning to fart and belch in public and walk like an ape took more time...
And now she's enlisted in the army, and searching for her lost brother. But there's a war on. There's always a war on. And Polly and her fellow recruits are suddenly in the thick of it, without any training, and the enemy is hunting them.
All they have on their side is the most artful sergeant in the army and a vampire with a lust for coffee. Well... they have the Secret. And as they take the war to the heart of the enemy, they have to use all the resources of... the Monstrous Regiment.
Borogravia is a small, backward country which is at war with Zlobenia. The traditional deity of the country is Nuggan, but he has become increasingly psychotic and taken to declaring many trivial things "Abominations" - including garlic, cats and ginger hair. As a result, the population are losing their faith in Nuggan and many are instead starting worship their official leader, Duchess Annagovia.
Polly Perks sets out to find her slow-witted brother Paul after he disappears while serving in the army. Nugganatic law prevents women from owning property, meaning that unless Paul returns the family pub will pass to their cousin (a drunk) after their father's death. Women are also prohibited from serving in the army, so Polly disguises herself as a boy with the name "Oliver" in order to enlist. After she enlists, she meets Sergeant Jackrum and the patriotic Corporal Strappi. Her fellow soldiers include a vampire named Maladict, a Troll named Carborundum, and an Igor. They also include "Tonker" Halter, "Shufti" Manickle, "Wazzer" Goom, and "Lofty" Tewt.
On the night after joining, Polly hears a mysterious voice from someone who knows her to be a girl, but promises not to tell and even gives tips on how to conceal her gender. Over the next few days, Polly realizes that Lofty and Shufti are both girls. As the story progresses, she gradually discovers that the entire regiment consists of girls pretending to be male soldiers. She also realizes that Borogravia's situation in the war is hopeless.
The regiment head towards the Keep where their enemies are based, on a mission to rescue Borogravian soldiers who are in their captivity. They run into an elite enemy detachment that includes Zlobenia's Prince Heinrich and easily manage to defeat them. As a result, the regiment get publicity in the outside world via the Ankh-Morpork Times. They also draw the interest of Samuel Vimes, who is currently staying at the Keep.
Polly and most of the rest of the regiment infiltrate the Keep disguised as washerwomen. They manage to free the captured troops and take control of most of the building, but their own forces remove them from the conflict after Polly admits that they are women. They are brought before a council of senior officers. They are about be discharged and sent home, when Jackrum arrives and reveals that many of them are also women. In the midst of this, Wazzer becomes possessed by Annagovia. The Duchess is actually dead, but because of how the power of belief works in Discworld, she has turned into a deity. By communicating through Wazzer, she urges the generals to abandon the war, return home and repair the country.
It is then revealed that Jackrum is also a woman. The regiment is sent to the enemy and successfully negotiates peace. The military rules are changed to allow women to serve, while Polly finds her brother and they return home. At the end of the book, it is revealed that another conflict has broken out and Polly sneaks away from the family pub (now in her possession) to join the army and become commander of a group of boy-impersonating female soldiers.
Borogravians
Grand Duchess Annagovia
General Froc
Major Clogston
Lieutenant Blouse (of the Tenth Infantry)
Private Lart Hubukurk the younger
Private Joe Hubukurk the elder (retired)
Sergeant-Major Jack Jackrum
Corporal Strappi
Polly Perks
Maladict
"Tonker" Halter
"Shufti" Manickle
"Wazzer" Goom
"Lofty" Tewt
Zlobenians and other neighboring countries
Prince Heinrich
Ankh-Morporkians
Samuel Vimes (of the Ankh-Morpork City Watch)
Angua von Überwald
Buggy Swires
Reg Shoe
Clarence Chinny (Consul to Zlobenia)
William de Worde (of the Ankh-Morpork Times)
Otto Chriek (of the Ankh-Morpork Times)
Ronald Rust
Borogravia
Munz
Zlobenia
The title of the book comes from The First Blast of the Trumpet Against the Monstruous Regiment of Women, a misogynistic book written by the Protestant preacher John Knox. He criticised Mary I of England and Mary of Guise (the acting ruler of Scotland) and argued that having women in power went against the Bible. This backfired spectacularly on him because Elizabeth I became the Queen of England later that year. Although a Protestant, Elizabeth was offended by his writings and banned him from entering England for the rest of his life. At the time the two words had different meanings: "monstruous"/"monstrous" meant "unnatural" while "regiment" meant "rule"/"governance".
Adapted by Stephen Briggs into a stage play in 2004.
First Edition Cover by Paul Kidby
Book Proof-US
Cover by Scott Mckowan
US Cover
Paperback cover 2012
Collectors Library
Monstrous Regiment Annotations - The Annotated Pratchett File
The Wee Free Men
Discworld Series
A Hat Full of Sky
Retrieved from "https://wiki.lspace.org/index.php?title=Book:Monstrous_Regiment&oldid=30793"


text:
//Robinson Services
National finalists for 2019 edition of British Security Awards unveiled by BSIA
The British Security Industry Association (BSIA) has announced the full list of national finalists for the 2019 edition of the Trade Association's ever-popular British Security Awards, with the ceremony to be held on Wednesday 10 July at the Marriott Hotel on London's...
, By Brian Sims
BSIA to recognise "outstanding work" of UK's security personnel at Annual Awards
The British Security Industry Association (BSIA) has announced the 2018 regional winners of the Trade Association's ever-popular Security Personnel Awards. Each year, the BSIA holds awards both regionally and nationally to celebrate some of the truly outstanding personnel...
BSIA's national industry award winners demonstrate high value of security personnel
The British Security Industry Association (BSIA) has announced the national winners of its 2017 Security Personnel Awards. The award presentations took place on Wednesday 12 July at the Trade Association's Annual Luncheon, held at the Grand Connaught Rooms near...
BSIA's regional Security Personnel Awards 2017 highlight "exceptional" industry talent
The British Security Industry Association (BSIA) has announced the winners of its regional Security Personnel Awards for 2017. Now in their nineteenth year, the prestigious annual awards serve to recognise the outstanding achievements and invaluable contributions made by...


Support students 24/7 and help them achieve their goals.
Provide online study skills workshops to students who can't make it to campus.
Support online students 24/7 to improve retention.
Encourage faculty to use the workshops as resources in class or as a supplemental tool.
Integrate StudentLingo into FYE, Orientation, Student Services & more.


text:
Wyandanch JROTC Gives Back
The Wyandanch JROTC collected and donated hundreds of food and clothing items for those in need this holiday season. The group of JROTC members came together to collect winter clothing, non-perishable food items and other household items which were then donated to the Gerald J. Ryan Outreach Center in Wyandanch.
Wyandanch Elementary Students Head to the North Pole
The hallways of the Lafrancis Hardiman and Martin Luther King, Jr. Elementary Schools in the Wyandanch Union Free School District were filled with festive decorations and the sounds of happy students as they took part in Polar Express Day.
MLK Student Government Hosts First School Grounds Clean-up
Members of the Student Government Organization (SGO) from Wyandanch Union Free School District's Martin Luther King Jr. Elementary School began their school clean up initiative on December 16.
Wyandanch Memorial High School Preps Students for Higher Education
Wyandanch Memorial High School students were visited by representatives from LeMoyne-Owen College of Memphis as part of the district's initiatives to encourage educational achievement and provide information about higher education.
Lt. Gov. Brian Benjamin Meets with Wyandanch School District
It was an exciting day in the Wyandanch School District, when Lt. Gov. Brian Benjamin visited the district to meet with Superintendent of Schools Dr. Gina Talbert, members of the board of education and district administrators.
Congratulations to our award winners at our Section XI SCSCA dinner at Villa Lombardi. Special accomplishment by our very own- Jonathon Salguero All State (first time In Wyandanch history), 3 time All county, 4x Academic All County.
Welcome Mr. Joshua Okpala
Welcome Ms. Rascheda O. Wallace
Welcome Mr. Alessandro Gallina
Welcome Mr. Richard Snyder


The Paxful team is in Kenya for a couple of days to talk cryptocurrencies and peer-to-peer finance. The CEO has appeared in a series of mainstream TV interviews discussing the mission and vision of Paxful.
Paxful is committed to building 100 schools in the developing world with Rwanda being among its first countries where they've already built two schools. Youssef is passionate about having an impact in peoples' lives and mentioned he gives over 30% of everything he makes annually to support such causes.
Youssef advised those getting into the cryptocurrencies not to get into it as an investment, but as business – what it allows you to do.
"In a place like Africa, people live with financial limitations we could not imagine in the West. Now we can get past these limitations with cryptocurrencies." Said Youssef.
The Paxful team is here to meet with entrepreneurs, students, and young people to talk cryptocurrencies and the opportunities in the financial world.
Paxful is a crypto trading platform that enables users to buy crypto instantly in a variety of ways. Paxful owns a web wallet and stores your private keys and secures it using a 2-factor authentication mechanism. The company intends to launch KYC on the platform to make transactions and trading safer.


text:
How To Be Under 40 And Also Named Diane
Issue 15.4 - Living - Jun 23, 2015 By: Jessye McGarry
Acts of Courage
Are you named Diane and somehow under the age of 40? Chances are you're not, being named Diane an unfortunate condition affecting several thousand women across the country. It's completely possible to be in your twenties while having a totally mom name like the aforementioned Diane, or even Sharon, Karen, or Tina. Use these tips to help remind people that you're not quickly approaching menopause, even though your name might suggest it.
Create a fun nickname for yourself.
While women named Eleanor who are under 40 can just go by Ellie, Diane doesn't lend itself to young nicknames easily. That means you're going to have to do some work in terms of creating a nickname. If you have a simple last name like "Green," go by that. Otherwise create a nickname for yourself, like "Apple" if you like apples or "Party girl" if you want to up your dwindling social capital. Look, we didn't say it would be easy.
Wear your birth certificate as a necklace.
The name Diane is a basically a Scarlet Letter when it comes to being perceived as under 40. So in order to prove that you really are just 26, have your birth certificate laminated and wear it around your neck on a tasteful gold chain. This way, whether you're at the bar, a job interview, or just at dinner with some friends, everyone will know that you're definitely not 60!
Do childlike things so your age approximates to your actual age.
You're 22, but your name makes you look and feel like you're 44. That means you need to do things babies would do so that people will average out your childlike behavior against your impossibly old name. Try drinking milk out of a bottle and crawling instead of walking. No one will think you're about to hit menopause if you're taking a nap in the middle of the workday! (This only applies if you don't snore.)
There's no reason to feel embarrassed for having an old lady name. It's a name your parents gave you. But just because it's the burden you've been given to bear until you reach Diane age (approximately 40 years old), there's no reason you have to suffer. Good luck, Diane! We're rooting for you!
Sex Over 40?!?!?!?!?!?!?!?!?!?!?!?!?!?!?!
Top 30 Banyan Trees Under 30
How to Hide Those Dark Secrets Under Your Eyes
Spruce Up Your Resume By Making It Sound Like You're a Man Are You An Indigo Child Or Just Really Dizzy?


Saudi Aramco's initial public offering (IPO) was not in the government's transformative Vision 2030 strategy. But reports it will not happen next year, as promised, suggest the drive behind the radical agenda it defined is fading.
This is only partly due to forecasts that Saudi Arabia's oil export earnings this year will be 70% higher than in 2016 and its budget deficit in 2019 should be sharply lower.
The kingdom still needs foreign finance, but on terms it wants, not the conditions investors will set for buying shares in the world's largest oil producer.
Securing full control of Saudi Aramco, which was incorporated as a 100% Saudi company in 1988, took two generations to complete. Every Saudi Aramco executive has known nothing else. There is a case for an international IPO in theory. In practice, it could undermine Saudi Arabia's capacity to act with minimal external interference.
The delay marks the end of Saudi Arabia's honeymoon with Donald Trump, who made his first overseas visit as US president to Riyadh in May last year and lobbied for Saudi Aramco to list in New York.
The disenchantment started with Trump's decision to recognise Jerusalem as Israel's capital, which King Salman opposed, and personally open the US embassy in the city in May.
He compounded the insult the following month by misrepresenting in a Twitter message a telephone conversation he had with the Saudi head of state about oil prices. This was offensive, but still redeemable.
The key issue for Riyadh is that Trump's domestic credibility is crumbling. He looks like a one-term president who will be a lame-duck after America's November mid-term elections, which his party will probably lose.
There is nevertheless no fundamental threat to the kingdom's partnership with the US. Trump's decision to withdraw from the Iran nuclear deal and reimpose sanctions are a welcome sign that America has stopped wooing Tehran. It has lifted oil prices and created space for additional Saudi oil exports. But Riyadh wants Tehran to stop interfering in Arab states, not a new Iranian revolution, as some in the US administration seem to favour.
Breaking relations with Canada about public criticisms of the kingdom's treatment of dissidents may be the last foreign policy departure of King Salman's reign. The point has been made and will not need repeating. Allowing women to drive will also probably be his sole significant social reform.
Syria's President Bashar al-Assad has not been deposed, but he is dependent upon Russia, which is, like everyone else, anxious to maintain good relations with the kingdom. UN attempts to broker talks between Houthi rebels and the Yemen government are not working. The Saudi-led coalition renewed an attempt to capture Hodeidah in mid-September. The only certainty is Yemenis will suffer.
Other things never change. For business, Saudi Arabia, the Middle East's largest export market, remains irresistibly attractive.
The Washington-based IMF said in August that the Saudi economy will grow about 14% in current terms this year and should continue to expand while remaining exceptionally creditworthy for the foreseeable future.
Banks have been appointed to advise Saudi Aramco on its plan to acquire up to 70% of the shares in Sabic held by private investors. The deal could be worth $70bn and generate tens of millions of dollars' worth of fees for foreign bankers and lawyers.
There were fears that spending cuts imposed following the 2014/15 oil price slump, the introduction of VAT in January and increases in utility prices would lead to recession. But these are being dispelled by the postponement of the target date for the government to balance its budget to 2023 from 2019. The Saudi government, encouraged by oil approaching $80 a barrel, is preparing to further increase public spending.
The IMF says the government is transferring 1.7% of GDP from its deposits at the Saudi Arabian Monetary Agency (Sama) to specialised credit institutions for on-lending. The Public Investment Fund alone is planning to invest up to 2.8% of GDP. All this is outside the 2018 budget's spending commitments.
Vision 2030 targets remain in place. But those doing business in and with the kingdom are focusing on incremental reforms that are being systematically implemented.
A bankruptcy law has been approved. New public procurement and competition laws are being developed. Further innovations including speedier approval of business licences are expected. Eye-catching public-private partnership projects are planned.
Foreign direct investment (FDI) in the kingdom slumped in 2016 and confidence has been shaken since by the arrest last summer of prominent business people as part of a crackdown on corruption. Some are still in detention. The IMF says the government plans to relax restrictions on foreign investment to reverse the FDI trend. It is unlikely the business elite will suffer further official assaults.
This is all good news for business. And it is evidence that Saudi Arabia, still the Arab world's most influential nation, is once again concentrating most on the hard grind of detailed governance at home.


Listen to a snippet of a song that Sean Don is working on.
(AllHipHop News) It looks like Big Sean is officially in album mode. The Detroit emcee declared on Instagram, "I started getting back to making the music, and it started being fun again. I'm making the best music of my life."
On March 25, Sean also uploaded a video to Twitter showing him playing new music. He tagged producers Key Wane and Amaire Johnson in the tweet. The Roc Nation representative also shouts out Jay-Z in the unnamed song.
Johnson has worked with Big Sean in the past. Key Wane has also been a long-time collaborator of the 31-year-old Midwesterner. They created tracks together for the Hall of Fame, Dark Sky Paradise, Twenty88, and I Decided albums.


text:
============
Coding Style
============

Like all development teams, the `Dataverse developers at IQSS <https://dataverse.org/about>`_ have their habits and styles when it comes to writing code. Let's attempt to get on the same page. :)

.. contents:: |toctitle|
	:local:

Java
----

Formatting Code
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

Tabs vs. Spaces
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^

Don't use tabs. Use spaces.

Format Code You Changed with Netbeans
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^

As you probably gathered from the :doc:`dev-environment` section, IQSS has standardized on Netbeans. It is much appreciated when you format your code (but only the code you touched!) using the out-of-the-box Netbeans configuration. If you have created an entirely new Java class, you can just click Source -> Format. If you are adjusting code in an existing class, highlight the code you changed and then click Source -> Format. Keeping the "diff" in your pull requests small makes them easier to code review.

We would like to someday automate the detection and possibly correction of code that hasn't been formatted using our house style (the default Netbeans style). We've heard that https://maven.apache.org/plugins/maven-checkstyle-plugin/ can do this but we would be happy to see a pull request in this area, especially if it also hooks up to our builds at https://travis-ci.org/IQSS/dataverse .

Logging
~~~~~~~

We have adopted a pattern where the top of every class file has a line like this::

    private static final Logger logger = Logger.getLogger(DatasetUtil.class.getCanonicalName());

Use this ``logger`` field with varying levels such as ``fine`` or ``info`` like this::

    logger.fine("will get thumbnail from dataset logo");

Generally speaking you should use ``fine`` for everything that you don't want to show up in Glassfish's ``server.log`` file by default. If you use a higher level such as ``info`` for common operations, you will probably hear complaints that your code is too "chatty" in the logs. These logging levels can be controlled at runtime both on your development machine and in production as explained in the :doc:`debugging` section.

When adding logging, do not simply add ``System.out.println()`` lines because the logging level cannot be controlled.

Avoid Hard-Coding Strings
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

Special strings should be defined as public constants. For example, ``DatasetFieldConstant.java`` contains a field for "title" and it's used in many places in the code (try "Find Usages" in Netbeans). This is better than writing the string "title" in all those places.

Type Safety
~~~~~~~~~~~

If you just downloaded Netbeans and are using the out-of-the-box settings, you should be in pretty good shape. Unfortunately, the default configuration of Netbeans doesn't warn you about type-safety problems you may be inadvertently introducing into the code. To see these warnings, click Netbeans -> Preferences -> Editor -> Hints and check the following:

- "Raw Types" under "Standard Javac Warnings"

If you know of a way to easily share Netbeans configuration across a team, please get in touch.

Bike Shedding
-------------

What color should the `bike shed <https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/bikeshedding>`_ be? :)

Come debate with us about coding style in this Google doc that has public comments enabled: https://docs.google.com/document/d/1KTd3FpM1BI3HlBofaZjMmBiQEJtFf11jiiGpQeJzy7A/edit?usp=sharing

----

Previous: :doc:`debugging` | Next: :doc:`making-releases`

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
About the country
Political system, law and government
to see the prices
of advertisement.
National Institutions
President and Government
National Congress
Ministry of Economy and Energy
Ministry of External Relations
Ministry of General Secretary of Government
Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs
Ministry of Labour and Social Provision
Ministry of Mining
Ministry of National Assets
Ministry of Planning and Cooperation
Ministry of Public Works and of Transport and Telecom.
Central Bank of Chile
National Statistical Institute
National Television of Chile
Republic of Chile General Comptroller Office
Court of Appeals of Valdivia
Chile - Geography
Official Name: Republic of Chile
Capital City: Santiago de Chile
Languages: Spanish (Official language); German; Indigenous languages: Mapudungun, Quechua, Rapa Nui, Huilliche, Aimara, Kawesqar and Yamana
Official Currency: Peso (CLP)
Religions: Catholicism (around 70% of the total Chilean population), Protestantism (15%), other religions
Population: 16,763,470 (June 2008)
About 85% of the Chilean population is urban-dwelling, roughly half of which (approx. 6.5 million people) is densely concentrated in Santiago. The population growth is amongst the lowest in Latin America, at around 0.97%, and comes in third only to Uruguay and Cuba. Population density: 22/km2
Land Area: 756,950 km2
Borders: Chile is a country in South America occupying a long and narrow coastal strip wedged between the Andes mountains and the Pacific Ocean. It borders Peru to the north, Bolivia to the northeast, Argentina to the east, and the Drake Passage at the country's southernmost tip. It is one of only two countries in South America that does not have a border with Brazil. The Pacific forms the country's entire western border, with a coastline that stretches over 6,435 kilometres.
Landforms: The Chilean landscape is extremely diverse as the country extends over 4,300 km along the southwestern coast of South America from a latitude of 17° South to Cape Horn at 56°. At the same time, its width never exceeds 240 km, making the country more than eighteen times longer than its widest point. The northern Atacama Desert contains great mineral wealth, primarily copper and nitrates. The relatively small Central Valley, which includes Santiago, dominates the country in terms of population and agricultural resources. Southern Chile is rich in forests, grazing lands, and features a string of volcanoes and lakes. The southern coast is a labyrinth of fjords, inlets, canals, twisting peninsulas, and islands. The Andes Mountains are located on the eastern border. The highest point in the country is Ojos del Salado Mt., at 6,893 m - the highest volcano in the world.
Land Divisions: Chile is divided into 15 regions.
Climate: The climate of Chile comprises a wide range of weather conditions across a large geographic scale, extending across 38 degrees in latitude, making generalisations difficult. Chile hosts within its borders at least seven major climatic subtypes, ranging from desert in the north, to alpine tundra and glaciers in the east and southeast, humid subtropical in Easter Island, Oceanic in the south and mediterranean climate in central Chile. There are four seasons in most of the country: summer (December to February), autumn (March to May), winter (June to August), and spring (September to November).
Beginning***America
Chile - History
About 10,000 years ago, migrating Native Americans settled in fertile valleys and along the coast of what is now Chile. The Incas briefly extended their empire into what is now northern Chile, but the area's barrenness prevented extensive settlement.
In 1520, while attempting to circumnavigate the earth, the Portuguese Ferdinand Magellan, discovered the southern passage now named after him, the Strait of Magellan. The next Europeans to reach Chile were Diego de Almagro and his band of Spanish conquistadors, who came from Peru in 1535 seeking gold. The Spanish encountered hundreds of thousands of Native Americans from various cultures in the area that modern Chile now occupies. These cultures supported themselves principally through slash-and-burn agriculture and hunting. The conquest of Chile began in earnest in 1540 and was carried out by Pedro de Valdivia, one of Francisco Pizarro's lieutenants, who founded the city of Santiago on February 12, 1541. Although the Spanish did not find the extensive gold and silver they sought, they recognized the agricultural potential of Chile's central valley, and Chile became part of the Viceroyalty of Peru.
The drive for independence from Spain was precipitated by usurpation of the Spanish throne by Napoleon's brother Joseph in 1808. A national junta in the name of Ferdinand—heir to the deposed king—was formed on September 18, 1810. The junta proclaimed Chile an autonomous republic within the Spanish monarchy. A movement for total independence soon won a wide following. Spanish attempts to re-impose arbitrary rule during what was called the "Reconquista" led to a prolonged struggle.
Intermittent warfare continued until 1817, when an army led by Bernardo O'Higgins, Chile's most renowned patriot, and Jose de San Martin, hero of the Argentine War of Independence, crossed the Andes into Chile and defeated the royalists. On February 12, 1818, Chile was proclaimed an independent republic under O'Higgins' leadership. The political revolt brought little social change, however, and 19th century Chilean society preserved the essence of the stratified colonial social structure, which was greatly influenced by family politics and the Roman Catholic Church. A strong presidency eventually emerged, but wealthy landowners remained extremely powerful.
A new constitution which enters an indirect and qualificational electoral right was founded in 1833. Even though corrected and changed, this constitution remains in action right until 1925.
In 1881, Chile signed a treaty with Argentina confirming Chilean sovereignty over the Strait of Magellan. As a result of the War of the Pacific with Peru and Bolivia (1879–83), Chile expanded its territory northward by almost one-third, eliminating Bolivia's access to the Pacific, and acquired valuable nitrate deposits, the exploitation of which led to an era of national affluence. The Chilean Civil War in 1891 brought about a redistribution of power between the President and Congress, and Chile established a parliamentary style democracy. However, the Civil War had also been a contest between those who favored the development of local industries and powerful Chilean banking interests. Hence the Chilean economy partially degenerated into a system protecting the interests of a ruling oligarchy. By the 1920s, the government became relatively more liberal. A new constitution which increased the power of the president of the Chilean republic was accepted in 1925. In addition, a communist and socialist motion in the country emerged by the trade-union motion at the beginning of the 20-th century. In 1932, a strong middle-class party, the Radicals, emerged. It became the key force in coalition governments for the next 20 years.
By the 1960s, the newly elected Cristian Democratic government made an attempt for a significant economic development and agrarian reform.
In 1970 Salvador Allende became a president of Chile. The left politics of Allende and the serious economic difficulties to the country, attended by some social swells guided to a military coup in september 1973. A military government, led by General Augusto Pinochet Ugarte, took over control of Chile for the following 16 years.
In a plebiscite on October 5, 1988, General Pinochet was denied another 8-year term as a president of Chile. The military rule ended finally in 1990.
Chileans elected a new president and the majority of members of a two-chamber congress on December 14, 1989. Christian Democrat Patricio Aylwin, the candidate of a coalition of 17 center-left political parties called the "Concertacion" , received an absolute majority of votes. President Aylwin served from 1990 to 1994, in what was considered a transition period.
In December 1993, Christian Democrat Eduardo Frei Ruiz-Tagle led the Concertacion coalition to victory with an absolute majority of votes. Frei Ruiz-Tagle was succeeded in 2000 by Socialist Ricardo Lagos, who won the presidency in an unprecedented runoff election against Joaquin Lavin of the rightist Alliance for Chile. In January 2006 Chileans elected their first woman president, Michelle Bachelet Jeria, of the Socialist Party. She was sworn in on March 11, 2006, extending the Concertacion coalition governance for another four years.
Chile - Economy
Chile has a dynamic market-oriented economy characterized by a high level of foreign trade.
After a decade of impressive growth rates, Chile began to experience a moderate economic downturn in 1999, brought on by unfavorable global economic conditions related to the Asian financial crisis, which began in 1997. The economy remained sluggish until 2003, when it began to show clear signs of recovery, achieving 4.0% real GDP growth. The Chilean economy finished 2004 with growth of 6.0%. Real GDP growth reached 5.7% in 2005 before falling back to 4.0% growth in 2006 which was among the weakest in South America for the first time in many years. GDP expanded 5.2% in 2007 and was estimated at $232,8 billion.
Chile has pursued generally sound economic policies for nearly three decades. The 1973-90 military government sold many state-owned companies, and the three democratic governments since 1990 have continued privatization, though at a slower pace. The government's role in the economy is mostly limited to regulation, although the state continues to operate copper giant CODELCO and a few other enterprises (there is one state-run bank). Chile is strongly committed to free trade and has welcomed large amounts of foreign investment. The country has signed free trade agreements (FTAs) with a whole network of countries, including an FTA with the United States, with the European Union, South Korea, New Zealand, Singapore, Brunei, China, and Japan. It reached a partial trade agreement with India in 2005 and began negotiations for a full-fledged FTA with India in 2006. Chile conducted trade negotiations in 2007 with Australia, Malaysia, and Thailand, as well as with China to expand an existing agreement beyond just trade in goods. The country hopes to conclude FTA negotiations with Australia and the expanded agreement with China in 2008. Negotiations with Malaysia and Thailand are scheduled to continue throughout 2008.
High domestic savings and investment rates helped propel Chile's economy to average growth rates of 8% during the 1990s. Unemployment stubbornly hovered in the 9%-10% range after the start of the economic slowdown in 1999, above the 7% average for the 1990s. Unemployment finally dipped to 7.8% for 2006, and has kept falling in 2007, averaging 6.8% monthly. Wages have risen faster than inflation as a result of higher productivity, boosting national living standards. The percentage of Chileans with household incomes below the poverty line—defined as twice the cost of satisfying a person's minimal nutritional needs—fell from 45.1% in 1987 to 13.7% in 2006, according to government polls. Critics in Chile, however, argue true poverty figures are considerably higher than those officially published, due to the government's use of an outdated 1987 household budget poll, updated every 10 years. According to these critics, using the 1997 household budget data, the poverty rate rises to 29%. Chile's top 10 richest percentile possesses 47 percent of the country's wealth. In relation to income distribution, some 6.2% of the country populates the upper economic income bracket, 15% the middle bracket, 21% the lower middle, 38% the lower bracket, and 20% the extreme poor.
Chile's independent Central Bank pursues an inflation target of between 2% and 4%. Inflation has not exceeded 5% since 1998. Chile registered an inflation rate of 4.4% in 2007. The Chilean peso's rapid appreciation against the U.S. dollar in recent years has helped dampen inflation. Most wage settlements and loans are indexed, reducing inflation's volatility. Under the compulsory private pension system, most formal sector employees pay 10% of their salaries into privately managed funds.
Chile continues to attract foreign direct investment (FDI). However, 80% of FDI continues to go to only four sectors: electricity, gas, water and mining. The Chilean Government has formed a Council on Innovation and Competition, which is tasked with identifying new sectors and industries to promote. It is hoped that this, combined with some tax reforms to encourage domestic and foreign investment in research and development, will bring in additional FDI and to new parts of the economy. As of 2006, Chile invested only 0.6% of its annual GDP in research and development (R&D). Even then, two-thirds of that was government spending. The fact that domestic and foreign companies spend almost nothing on R&D does not bode well for the Government of Chile's efforts to develop innovative, knowledge-based sectors. Beyond its general economic and political stability, the government also has encouraged the use of Chile as an "investment platform" for multinational corporations planning to operate in the region. Chile's approach to foreign direct investment is codified in the country's Foreign Investment Law, which gives foreign investors the same treatment as Chileans. Registration is simple and transparent, and foreign investors are guaranteed access to the official foreign exchange market to repatriate their profits and capital.
Chile's economy is based on the export of minerals, which account for about half of the total value of exports. Copper is the nation's most valuable resource and Chile's overall trade profile has traditionally been dependent upon copper exports - the country is the world's largest producer of it, responsible for over a third of world's copper production. The state-owned firm CODELCO is the world's largest copper-producing company, with recorded copper reserves of 200 years.
Agriculture is the main occupation of about 15% of the population; it accounts for about 6% of the national wealth, and produces less than half of the domestic needs. The Vale of Chile is the country's primary agricultural area; its vineyards are the basis of Chile's wine industry. Grapes, apples, pears, onions, wheat, corn, oats, peaches, garlic, asparagus, and beans are the chief crops. Livestock production includes beef and poultry. Sheep raising is the chief pastoral occupation, providing wool and meat for domestic use and for export. Fishing and lumbering are also important economic activities. Chile's industries largely process its raw materials and manufacture various consumer goods. The most important non-mineral exports are wood and wood products, fresh fruit and processed food, fishmeal and seafood, and wine, iron and steel, transportation equipment, and textiles. The chief trading partners are the United States, China, Brazil, Argentina, and Japan.
The dependence of the economy on copper prices and the production of an adequate food supply are two of Chile's major economic problems. Chile's main imports are petroleum and petroleum products, chemicals, electrical and telecommunications equipment, industrial machinery, vehicles, and natural gas.
Chile's financial sector has grown quickly in recent years, with a banking reform that broadened the scope of permissible foreign activity for Chilean banks. The Chilean Government implemented a further liberalization of capital markets in 2001, and there is further pending legislation proposing further liberalization. Over the last ten years, Chileans have enjoyed the introduction of new financial tools such as home equity loans, currency futures and options, factoring, leasing, and debit cards. The introduction of these new products has also been accompanied by an increased use of traditional instruments such as loans and credit cards. Chile's private pension system, with assets worth roughly $70 billion at the end of 2006, has been an important source of investment capital for the capital market. Chile maintains one of the best credit ratings in Latin America. The government is required by law to run a fiscal surplus of at least 1% of GDP. In 2006, the Government of Chile ran a surplus of $11.3 billion, equal to almost 8% of GDP. The Government of Chile continues to pay down its foreign debt, with public debt only 3.6% of GDP at the end of 2007.
Chile - Culture
During the period between early agricultural settlements and to the late pre-Hispanic period, northern Chile was a region of Andean culture that was influenced by altiplano traditions spreading to the coastal valleys of the north. While the central and southern regions were areas of Mapuche cultural activities. Through the colonial period following the conquest, and during the early Republican period, the country's culture was dominated by the Spanish. Other European influences, primarily English, French, and German began in the 19th century and have continued to this day. German migrants influenced the Bavarian style rural architecture and cuisine in the south of Chile in cities such as Valdivia and Puerto Montt.
The national dance is the cueca. Another form of traditional Chilean song, though not a dance, is the tonada. Arising from music imported by the Spanish colonists, it is distinguished from the cueca by an intermediate melodic section and a more prominent melody. In the mid-1960s native musical forms were revitalized by the Parra family with the Nueva Cancion Chilena, which was associated with political activists and reformers such as Victor Jara, and by the folk singer and researcher on folklore and Chilean ethnography, Margot Loyola.
Chileans call their country "pais de poetas" - country of poets. Gabriela Mistral was the first Chilean to win a Nobel Prize for Literature (1945). Chile's most famous poet, however, is Pablo Neruda, who also won the Nobel Prize for Literature (1971) and is world-renowned for his extensive library of works on romance, nature, and politics. His three highly individualistic homes, located in Isla Negra, Santiago and Valparaiso are popular tourist destinations.
Chilean cuisine is a reflection of the country's topographical variety, featuring an assortment of seafood, beef, fruits, and vegetables. Traditional recipes include cazuela, empanadas, humitas, and curanto.
Chile's most popular sport is soccer. Chile has appeared in seven FIFA World Cups which includes hosting the 1962 FIFA World Cup where the national football team finished third. Other results achieved by the national football team include four finals at the Copa America, one silver and two bronze medals at the Pan American Games, a bronze medal at the 2000 Summer Olympics and two third places finishes in the FIFA Under-17 and Under-20 youth tournaments. The main soccer clubs are Colo-Colo, CF Universidad de Chile and CD Universidad Catolica. Colo-Colo is the country's most successful club, winning 41 national tournaments and three international championships, including the coveted Copa Libertadores South American club tournament.
Tennis is the country's most successful sport. Its national team won the World Team Cup clay tournament twice in 2003-04, and played the Davis Cup final against Italy in 1976. At the 2004 Summer Olympics the country captured gold and bronze in men's singles and gold in men's doubles. Marcelo Rios became the first Latin American man to reach the number one spot in the ATP singles rankings in 1998. Anita Lizana won the US Open in 1937, becoming the first women from Latin America to win a Grand Slam tournament. Luis Ayala was twice a runner-up at the French Open and both Rios and Fernando Gonzalez reached the Australian Open men's singles finals.
Rodeo is the country's national sport and is practiced in the more rural areas of the country. A sport similar to hockey called chueca was played by the Mapuche people during the Spanish conquest. Skiing and snowboarding are practiced at ski centers located in the Central Andes, while surfing is popular at some coastal towns.
Chile - Lifestyle
Chileans' lifestyle, as their culture, is strongly influenced by the Spanish world view. The population of Chile is made up of Mestizos, persons of mixed Spanish and Native American ancestry, who make up for 93 percent of the current population. Only 3 percent consists of pure Native American, mainly Araucanians who are concentrated in the southern region; and the other 2 percent of the population is made up of unmixed European race. Most of the population lives in urban centers, and more than one-third of the people live in the capital city of Santiago. Communities both in the south and in the northern desert are generally isolated and separated by vast, virtually unpopulated stretches.
Chileans are a nocturnal people. Once you make a few friends, it's not uncommon for people to come by your house late at night and stay late.
Chileans love music, art and movies. Especially art, in fact one section of downtown is devoted to the "starving artist". There's a large town square type of area that is populated by all types of artists. It's called the Plaza de Armas, in downtown Santiago.
Some statistical data about the Chilean lifestyle: in 2007 the population in the country has spent $19758.7 million on food. The registered Internet users by the same year are 4,616 million, and the total newly registered passenger cars are 151200.
Chile - Political system, law and government
The politics of Chile takes place in a framework of a presidential representative democratic republic, whereby the President of Chile is both head of state and head of government, and of a multi-party system. Executive power is exercised by the government. Legislative power is vested in both the government and the two chambers of the National Congress. The Judiciary is independent of the executive and the legislature.
Chile's Constitution was canceled in a national plebiscite in September 1980, under the military government of dictator Augusto Pinochet. It entered into force in March 1981. After Pinochet's defeat in the 1988 plebiscite, the Constitution was amended to ease provisions for future amendments to the Constitution. In September 2005, President Ricardo Lagos signed into law several constitutional amendments passed by Congress. These include eliminating the positions of appointed senators and senators for life, granting the President authority to remove the commanders-in-chief of the armed forces, and reducing the presidential term from six to four years.
Chile elects its President by popular vote for a four-year term. The President appoints the cabinet.
The current President of the country, Michelle Bachelet, won 53.49% of the vote in a run-off election on 15 January 2006 and was sworn in as President on March 11, 2006. This was Chile's fourth presidential election since the end of the Pinochet era. All four have been judged free and fair. The President is constitutionally barred from serving consecutive terms.
The bicameral National Congress (Congreso Nacional) consists of the Senate (Senado) and the Chamber of Deputies (Camara de Diputados). Chile's congressional elections are governed by a unique binomial system that rewards coalition slates. Each coalition can present two candidates for the two Senate and two lower-chamber seats apportioned to each chamber's electoral districts. Typically, the two largest coalitions split the seats in a district. Only if the leading coalition ticket outpolls the second-place coalition by a margin of more than 2-to-1 does the winning coalition gain both seats. The political parties with the largest representation in the current Chilean Congress are the centrist Christian Democrat Party and the conservative Independent Democratic Union (Union Democrata Independiente). The Communist Party and the small Humanist Party failed to gain any seats in the 1998 elections.
The Senate is made up of 38 members elected from regions or subregions which serve approximately eight-year terms.
The Chamber of Deputies has 120 members, who are elected by popular vote to serve four-year terms. The last congressional elections were held in December 11, 2006. The next congressional elections are scheduled for December 2009.
Since 1987 the Congress operates in the port city of Valparaiso, about 110 kilometers northwest of the capital, Santiago. However some commissions are allowed to meet in other places, especially Santiago. Congressional members have tried repeatedly to relocate the Congress back to Santiago, where it operated until the 1973, but these attempts have not been successful. The last attempt was in 2000, when the project was rejected by the Constitutional Court, because it allocated funds from the national budget, which, under the Chilean Constitution, is a privilege of the President.
Chile's judiciary is independent and includes a court of appeal, a system of military courts, a constitutional tribunal, and the Supreme Court. The judges on the Supreme Court or Corte Suprema are appointed by the president and ratified by the Senate from lists of candidates provided by the court itself. The president of the Supreme Court is elected by the 21-member court.
Chile's legal system is civil law based. It is primarily based on the Civil code of 1855, derived from Spanish law and subsequent codes influenced by European law of the last half of the 19th Century. Chile provides for a very limited judicial review of legislative acts in the Supreme Court. It does not accept compulsory ICJ jurisdiction.
From the year 2000 onward, Chile completely overhauled its criminal justice system; a new, US-style adversarial system has been gradually implemented throughout the country until June 2001.
www.psp-ltd.com


text:
«Абай» () — проміжна станція першої лінії Алматинського метрополітену. Розташована між станціями «Алмали» і «Байконур».

Станція розташована під рогом проспекту Абай і вулиці Фурманова . Відкрита 1 грудня 2011 у складі черги«Райимбек батир» - «Алатау».

Технічна характеристика
Конструкція станції —  пілонна трисклепінна (глибина закладення — 50 м). Відстань між коліями 18.1 м. Складається з трьох залів — центрального і двох бічних, що утворюють загальну острівну платформу шириною 15.2 м і довжиною 104 м. Похилий хід чотиристрічковий, висотою підйому 46,0 м, довжиною 92,0 м.

Вестибюлі
Станція розташована під рогом проспекту Абай і вулиці Фурманова.

Обслуговує Палац республіки, готель «Казахстан», кінотеатр «Арман», театр драми імені Лермонтова, навчальні заклади, Національну бібліотеку.

Входи в підземний вестибюль розташовані вздовж проспекту Абай на перетині з вулицею Тулебаєва. До вестибюля підходить пішохідний перехід, розташований поперек проспекту Абай.

Оздоблення
Архітектурно-художнє рішення станції створює сучасний автентичний інтер'єр без використання традиційних архітектурних елементів. Стіни і колони оздоблені мармуром бежевого і коричневого кольорів. Підлога викладена гранітом сіро-бежевого і коричневого кольорів. Карниз виконано з нержавіючої сталі.

У торці центрального залу розташовано художнє панно, виконане в техніці рельєфу в бронзі і флорентійської мозаїки. Для гармонії з рештою архітектурою композиція виконана в сучасному стилі. Бронзовий рельєф, що зображає Абая Кунанбаєва, виділяється на кам'яному тлі, на якому написані його вірші і слова повчання, підносячись над сучасним містом.

Ресурси Інтернету
 «Абай» на офіційному сайті Алматинського метрополітену

Станції Алматинського метрополітену
Колонні станції глибокого закладення
Засновані в Казахстані 2011


Just as his Wedding Crashers co-star Vince Vaughn is segueing to more serious fare with the second season of HBO's True Detective, Owen Wilson is making another go in the action realm with the Weinstein Company's Labor Day opener No Escape, his first serious bullets-and-chase feature, sans comedy, since 2001's Behind Enemy Lines ($91.8M worldwide box office).
In No Escape, Wilson plays an American who moves his family to Southeast Asia, only to find themselves in the throes of a violent political uprising. The film is directed and written by John Erick Dowdle with his brother Drew Dowdle also co-penning. Lake Bell plays Wilson's wife while Pierce Brosnan stars as a government agent trying to help Wilson's protagonist.
The film opens September 2 against Relativity's Natalie Portman Western Jane Got A Gun and Sony's comedy Kitchen Sink.


text:
using namespace std;

DataLayer::DataLayer()
{
    db = QSqlDatabase::addDatabase("QSQLITE");
    QString dbName = "amazingDatabase.sqlite";
    db.setDatabaseName(dbName);
}
bool sortByScientistName(const Person &lhs, const Person &rhs)
{
    return lhs.getScientistLowerCaseName() < rhs.getScientistLowerCaseName();
}
bool sortByScientistNameReverse(const Person &lhs, const Person &rhs)
{
    return lhs.getScientistLowerCaseName() > rhs.getScientistLowerCaseName();
}
bool sortByScientistBirth(const Person &lhs, const Person &rhs)
{
    return lhs.getScientistBirth() < rhs.getScientistBirth();
}
bool sortByScientistBirthReverse(const Person &lhs, const Person &rhs)
{
    return lhs.getScientistBirth() > rhs.getScientistBirth();
}
bool sortByScientistGender(const Person &lhs, const Person &rhs)
{
    return lhs.getScientistGender() < rhs.getScientistGender();
}
bool sortByScientistAge(const Person &lhs, const Person &rhs)
{
    return lhs.getScientistAge() < rhs.getScientistAge();
}
bool sortByNameComputers(const Computer &lhs, const Computer &rhs)
{
    return lhs.getComputerLowerCaseName() < rhs.getComputerLowerCaseName();
}
bool sortByNameComputersReverse(const Computer &lhs, const Computer &rhs)
{
    return lhs.getComputerLowerCaseName() > rhs.getComputerLowerCaseName();
}
bool sortByDateComputers(const Computer &lhs, const Computer &rhs)
{
    return lhs.getComputerDate() < rhs.getComputerDate();
}
bool sortByDateComputersReverse(const Computer &lhs, const Computer &rhs)
{
    return lhs.getComputerDate() > rhs.getComputerDate();
}
bool sortByTypeComputers(const Computer &lhs, const Computer &rhs)
{
    return lhs.getComputerType() < rhs.getComputerType();
}
void DataLayer::sortScientistNames(vector<Person>& getPersons)
{
    std::sort(getPersons.begin(),getPersons.end(), sortByScientistName);
}
void DataLayer::sortScientistNamesReverse(vector<Person>& getPersons)
{
    std::sort(getPersons.begin(),getPersons.end(), sortByScientistNameReverse);
}
void DataLayer::sortScientistBirth(vector<Person>& getPersons)
{
    std::sort(getPersons.begin(),getPersons.end(), sortByScientistBirth);
}
void DataLayer::sortScientistBirthReverse(vector<Person>& getPersons)
{
    std::sort(getPersons.begin(),getPersons.end(), sortByScientistBirthReverse);
}
void DataLayer::sortScientistGender(vector<Person>& getPersons)
{
    std::sort(getPersons.begin(),getPersons.end(), sortByScientistGender);
}
void DataLayer::sortScientistAge(vector<Person>& getPersons)
{
    std::sort(getPersons.begin(),getPersons.end(), sortByScientistAge);
}
void DataLayer::sortNamesComputers(vector<Computer>& com)
{
    std::sort(com.begin(),com.end(), sortByNameComputers);
}
void DataLayer::sortNamesComputersReverse(vector<Computer>& com)
{
    std::sort(com.begin(),com.end(), sortByNameComputersReverse);
}
void DataLayer::sortDateComputers(vector<Computer>& com)
{
    std::sort(com.begin(),com.end(), sortByDateComputers);
}
void DataLayer::sortDateComputersReverse(vector<Computer>& com)
{
    std::sort(com.begin(),com.end(), sortByDateComputersReverse);
}
void DataLayer::sortTypeComputers(vector<Computer>& com)
{
    std::sort(com.begin(),com.end(), sortByTypeComputers);
}
int DataLayer::stringToNumber(string st)
{
    string text = st;
    int value = atoi(text.c_str());
    return value;
}
void DataLayer::readScientistsFromDatabase(vector<Person>& sci)
{
    db.open();

    QSqlQuery query(db);
    query.exec("SELECT * FROM Scientist");

    while(query.next())
    {
        int id = query.value("id").toUInt();
        string name = query.value("SciName").toString().toStdString();
        string gen = query.value("gender").toString().toStdString();
        int birth = query.value("YearOfBirth").toUInt();
        int death = query.value("YearOfDeath").toUInt();
        string comment = query.value("comment").toString().toStdString();

        if(death < 0 && death > 2016)
        {
            death = 0;
        }
        char gender = gen[0];
        sci.push_back(Person(name, gender, birth, death, comment, id));
    }
}
void DataLayer::readComputersFromDatabase(vector<Computer>& com)
{
    db.open();

    QSqlQuery query(db);
    query.exec("SELECT * FROM Computers");

    while(query.next())
    {
        int id = query.value("id").toUInt();
        string name = query.value("CompName").toString().toStdString();
        string type = query.value("type").toString().toStdString();
        int date = query.value("date").toUInt();
        string wasItBuilt = query.value("wasitbuilt").toString().toStdString();
        com.push_back(Computer(name, wasItBuilt, date, type, id));
    }
}
void DataLayer::addScientist(string name, char gender, int yearOfBirth, int yearOfDeath, string comment, int vsize)
{
    QString qname = QString::fromStdString(name);
    QString qcomment = QString::fromStdString(comment);
    QString qgender = QChar(gender);

    QSqlQuery queryAdd;
    queryAdd.prepare("INSERT INTO Scientist (id, SciName, gender, yearofbirth, yearofdeath, comment) VALUES (:id, :name, :gender, :yearofbirth, :yearofdeath, :comment)");

    queryAdd.bindValue(":id", vsize);
    queryAdd.bindValue(":name", qname);
    queryAdd.bindValue(":gender", qgender);
    queryAdd.bindValue(":yearofbirth", yearOfBirth);

    if (yearOfDeath != 0)
    {
        queryAdd.bindValue(":yearofdeath", yearOfDeath);
    }
    queryAdd.bindValue(":comment", qcomment);
    queryAdd.exec();
}
void DataLayer::addComputer(string name, string type, int yearbuilt, string isbuilt, int vsize)
{
    QString qname = QString::fromStdString(name);
    QString qtype = QString::fromStdString(type);
    QString qisbuilt = QString::fromStdString(isbuilt);

    QSqlQuery queryAdd;
    queryAdd.prepare("INSERT INTO Computers (ID, CompName, Type, Date, WasItBuilt) VALUES (:id, :name, :type, :yearbuilt, :isbuilt)");

    queryAdd.bindValue(":id", vsize);
    queryAdd.bindValue(":name", qname);
    queryAdd.bindValue(":isbuilt", qisbuilt);
    queryAdd.bindValue(":yearbuilt", yearbuilt);
    queryAdd.bindValue(":type", qtype);
    queryAdd.exec();
}
void DataLayer::updateScientist(string name, char gender, int yearOfBirth, int yearOfDeath, string comment, int sciId)
{
    QString qname = QString::fromStdString(name);
    QString qcomment = QString::fromStdString(comment);
    QString qgender = QChar(gender);

    QSqlQuery queryAdd;
    queryAdd.prepare("UPDATE Scientist SET SciName=:name, Gender=:gender, YearOfbirth=:yearofbirth, YearOfDeath=:yearofdeath, Comment=:comment WHERE ID=:id");

    queryAdd.bindValue(":id", sciId);
    queryAdd.bindValue(":name", qname);
    queryAdd.bindValue(":gender", qgender);
    queryAdd.bindValue(":yearofbirth", yearOfBirth);
    if(yearOfDeath != 0)
    {
        queryAdd.bindValue(":yearofdeath", yearOfDeath);
    }
    queryAdd.bindValue(":comment", qcomment);
    queryAdd.exec();
}
void DataLayer::updateComputer(string name, string type, string isbuilt, int Yearbuilt, int compId)
{
    QString qname = QString::fromStdString(name);
    QString qtype = QString::fromStdString(type);
    QString qisbuilt = QString::fromStdString(isbuilt);

    QSqlQuery queryAdd;
    queryAdd.prepare("UPDATE Computers SET CompName=:name, Type=:type, Date=:Yearbuilt, WasItBuilt=:isbuilt WHERE ID=:id");

    queryAdd.bindValue(":id", compId);
    queryAdd.bindValue(":name", qname);
    queryAdd.bindValue(":type", qtype);
    queryAdd.bindValue(":isbuilt", qisbuilt);
    queryAdd.bindValue(":yearofdeath", Yearbuilt);
    queryAdd.exec();
}
void DataLayer::addConnection(int linkId, int sciId, int compId)
{
        QSqlQuery queryAdd;
        queryAdd.prepare("INSERT INTO CompAndSci (ID, ComputerID, ScientistID) VALUES (:id, :compId, :sciId)");

        queryAdd.bindValue(":id", linkId);
        queryAdd.bindValue(":compId", compId);
        queryAdd.bindValue(":sciId", sciId);

        queryAdd.exec();
}
void DataLayer::removeComputer(string name)
{

    QString qname = QString::fromStdString(name);
    QSqlQuery queryRemove;
    queryRemove.prepare("DELETE FROM Computers Where CompName=:name");
    queryRemove.bindValue(":name", qname);

    queryRemove.exec();
}
void DataLayer::removeConnection(int id)
{
    QSqlQuery queryRemove;
    queryRemove.prepare("DELETE FROM CompAndSci Where ID=:id");
    queryRemove.bindValue(":id", id);

    queryRemove.exec();
}
void DataLayer::removeScientist(string name)
{
    QString qname = QString::fromStdString(name);
    QSqlQuery queryRemove;
    queryRemove.prepare("DELETE FROM Scientist Where SciName=:name");
    queryRemove.bindValue(":name", qname);
    queryRemove.exec();
}
void DataLayer::readLinksFromDatabase(vector<Linker>& link)
{
    db.open();

    QSqlQuery query(db);
    query.exec("SELECT * FROM CompAndSci");

    while(query.next())
    {
        int id = query.value("id").toUInt();
        int sciId = query.value("ScientistID").toUInt();
        int comId = query.value("ComputerID").toUInt();

        link.push_back(Linker(id, sciId, comId));
    }
}
void DataLayer::removeConnection(int sciId, int compId)
{
    QSqlQuery queryRemove;
    queryRemove.prepare("DELETE FROM CompAndSci Where ComputerID=:compId AND ScientistID=:sciId");
    queryRemove.bindValue(":sciId", sciId);
    queryRemove.bindValue(":compId", compId);
    queryRemove.exec();

}
void DataLayer::sortConnectionsBySciName(vector<LinkerOutput>& linkout)
{
    db.open();
    QSqlQuery query(db);
    query.exec("SELECT Scientist.SciName, Computers.CompName FROM Scientist, Computers INNER JOIN CompAndSci ON Scientist.ID=CompAndSci.ScientistID AND Computers.ID = CompAndSci.ComputerID ORDER BY Scientist.SciName ASC");

    while(query.next())
    {
        string sciName = query.value("SciName").toString().toStdString();
        string compName = query.value("CompName").toString().toStdString();
        linkout.push_back(LinkerOutput(sciName, compName));
    }
}
void DataLayer::sortConnectionsByCompName(vector<LinkerOutput>& linkout)
{
    db.open();
    QSqlQuery query(db);
    query.exec("SELECT Scientist.SciName, Computers.CompName FROM Scientist, Computers INNER JOIN CompAndSci ON Scientist.ID=CompAndSci.ScientistID AND Computers.ID = CompAndSci.ComputerID ORDER BY Computers.CompName ASC");

    while(query.next())
    {
        string sciName = query.value("SciName").toString().toStdString();
        string compName = query.value("CompName").toString().toStdString();
        linkout.push_back(LinkerOutput(sciName, compName));
    }
}
void DataLayer::sortConnectionsBySciNameDesc(vector<LinkerOutput>& linkout)
{
    db.open();
    QSqlQuery query(db);
    query.exec("SELECT Scientist.SciName, Computers.CompName FROM Scientist, Computers INNER JOIN CompAndSci ON Scientist.ID=CompAndSci.ScientistID AND Computers.ID = CompAndSci.ComputerID ORDER BY Scientist.SciName DESC");

    while(query.next())
    {
        string sciName = query.value("SciName").toString().toStdString();
        string compName = query.value("CompName").toString().toStdString();
        linkout.push_back(LinkerOutput(sciName, compName));
    }
}
void DataLayer::sortConnectionsByCompNameDesc(vector<LinkerOutput>& linkout)
{
    db.open();
    QSqlQuery query(db);
    query.exec("SELECT Scientist.SciName, Computers.CompName FROM Scientist, Computers INNER JOIN CompAndSci ON Scientist.ID=CompAndSci.ScientistID AND Computers.ID = CompAndSci.ComputerID ORDER BY Computers.CompName DESC");

    while(query.next())
    {
        string sciName = query.value("SciName").toString().toStdString();
        string compName = query.value("CompName").toString().toStdString();
        linkout.push_back(LinkerOutput(sciName, compName));
    }
}
void DataLayer::searchConnectionsBySci(vector<LinkerOutput>& linkout, int sciId)
{
    db.open();
    QSqlQuery query(db);
    query.prepare("SELECT Scientist.SciName, Computers.CompName FROM Scientist, Computers INNER JOIN CompAndSci ON Scientist.ID=CompAndSci.ScientistID AND Computers.ID = CompAndSci.ComputerID WHERE CompAndSci.ScientistID=:id");
    query.bindValue(":id", sciId);
    query.exec();

    while(query.next())
    {
        string sciName = query.value("SciName").toString().toStdString();
        string compName = query.value("CompName").toString().toStdString();
        linkout.push_back(LinkerOutput(sciName, compName));
    }
}
void DataLayer::searchConnectionsByComp(vector<LinkerOutput>& linkout, int compId)
{
    db.open();
    QSqlQuery query(db);
    query.prepare("SELECT Scientist.SciName, Computers.CompName FROM Scientist, Computers INNER JOIN CompAndSci ON Scientist.ID=CompAndSci.ScientistID AND Computers.ID = CompAndSci.ComputerID WHERE CompAndSci.ComputerID=:id");
    query.bindValue(":id", compId);
    query.exec();

    while(query.next())
    {
        string sciName = query.value("SciName").toString().toStdString();
        string compName = query.value("CompName").toString().toStdString();
        linkout.push_back(LinkerOutput(sciName, compName));
    }
}