Cutoff at 21.1k: 12:30 p.m.
3. You MAY need a VISA to enter the U.S. Please refer to the U.S. Customs website to learn about visa requirements for entry into the U.S.
4. I-94 entry document PRIOR to race day available from U.S. Customs. Participants must obtain this form IN PERSON from the Rainbow Bridge (91-109 Rainbow Bridge, Niagara Falls, NY 14303). You can walk across the Rainbow Bridge from most hotels in downtown Niagara Falls, Canada.
Register by Oct. 6th to receive a personalized bib with your name on it!
Start Time: Up to 12:30 p.m.
Cutoff at Finish Line: 4 p.m.
For RUNNER #2, point to point course starting at the 21.1 km mark, run entirely along the Niagara Parkway. While it can be windy, the views are majestic of both the river & the mansions that line the route.


Here are our favorite ways to boost your health outdoors during training, work, play time and even happy hour!
Dive In–Not only is swimming a killer total body workout, it also helps promote circulation to improve recovery from other workouts, eliminates pounding on your joints and is an obvious way to stay cool during hot days. Eli and Joanna are pictured here with the incredible team from FINIS whose performance products are designed to make swimming more fun (think Mermaid Swim Fins, Neptune Underwater Mp3 Player and Animal Head Swim Caps)!
Ditch The Treadmill And Hit The Trails–Summer is the prime time to explore new trails with friends and add new elements to your training (Joanna runs the trails of Boston with her New Balance teammates in the photo above). Not only will you enjoy the views, but you will also recruit new muscle fibers, engage your core and burn more calories as your body stabilizes and balances itself over rough terrain. Or if dirt is not your thing and you still want a challenge, enter a short local road race. Eli admits that short races like the 5K can be intimidating, but once you dive in, you are rewarded with an amazing workout and sense of accomplishment before breakfast. Treat yourself post-race to play time in the pool to cool off and speed up recovery–Eli is pictured below in her pool with her sons Andrew and Luke after a local 5k.
Play Outside–Exposing children to the joys of being outside is critical to their development and fun for the entire family! This week Eli hosted a backyard "summer camp" for her boys and their friends with activities that ranged from drills and running led by Natasha, classic summer games, swimming, water balloon fights and cooking. The amazing memories you create outdoors will last a lifetime and have the potential to create shared passions and improved relationships within your family–Nicole is pictured here with her Dad during a recent boating trip at Big Bear Lake.
Camp Vibes–Sleeping under the stars is not only fun and good for your soul, it can also improve sleep! The lack of electricity (and dangerous blue light from phones and computers) urges your body to get in sync with its natural circadian rhythm. Consequently, you are more likely to fall asleep when it gets dark and wake as the sun rises. In fact, several studies show that just seven days of camping are enough to completely reset your sleep cycles to healthy levels.
Treat Yourself–There is nothing like a cool sweet treat on a hot summer afternoon, and even Olympians like Sara indulge in moderation. Rather than focus on calories and forbidden foods, stay in the moment and truly savor and enjoy every bite of your treat knowing that your extra outdoor activities will balance out the sugar. This massive ice cream cookie sandwich hit the spot!
Hit The Road–There is nothing like a classic American road trip and summer is an ideal time to head to one (or several) of our incredible National and State Parks. These pristine landscapes will inspire you (like Crater Lake and Yosemite pictured above), and also provide an ideal setting to hike, trail run, camp and learn more about our environment and resources. Find your ideal National Park destination here.
Be Still–A quiet spot outside is an incredible place to meditate, think, solve problems or just relax as it allows us to literally step outside the box. Morgan likes to hike to nearby lakes and then simply sit to recharge her energy and creative juices as she observes the ever changing landscape, animals and weather.
Don't wait for the weekend or the perfect weather to step outside–even if it is a short walk around the block, we encourage you to reap the many health benefits of breaking a sweat in the fresh air!


text:
Q: Importing images like MNIST I have a 100 images, each 10 for every digit and i am trying to convert it like MNIST images in python.  But, constantly i am getting an error. Error is posted down!
   from PIL import Image, ImageFilter
from os import listdir

def imageprepare(argv):
    """
    This function returns the pixel values.
    The imput is a png file location.

    """
    imagesList = listdir(argv)

    for image in imagesList:
        im = Image.open(argv).convert('L')
        width = float(im.size[0])
        height = float(im.size[1])
        newImage = Image.new('L', (28, 28), (255))  # creates white canvas of 28x28 pixels

        if width > height:  # check which dimension is bigger
        # Width is bigger. Width becomes 20 pixels.
            nheight = int(round((20.0 / width * height), 0))  # resize height according to ratio width
            if (nheight == 0):  # rare case but minimum is 1 pixel
                nheight = 1
            # resize and sharpen
            img = im.resize((20, nheight), Image.ANTIALIAS).filter(ImageFilter.SHARPEN)
            wtop = int(round(((28 - nheight) / 2), 0))  # calculate horizontal position
            newImage.paste(img, (4, wtop))  # paste resized image on white canvas
        else:
        # Height is bigger. Heigth becomes 20 pixels.
            nwidth = int(round((20.0 / height * width), 0))  # resize width according to ratio height
            if (nwidth == 0):  # rare case but minimum is 1 pixel
                nwidth = 1
            # resize and sharpen
            img = im.resize((nwidth, 20), Image.ANTIALIAS).filter(ImageFilter.SHARPEN)
            wleft = int(round(((28 - nwidth) / 2), 0))  # caculate vertical pozition
            newImage.paste(img, (wleft, 4))  # paste resized image on white canvas

    # newImage.save("sample.png

        tv = list(newImage.getdata())  # get pixel values

    # normalize pixels to 0 and 1. 0 is pure white, 1 is pure black.
        tva = [(255 - x) * 1.0 / 255.0 for x in tv]
        print(tva)
        return tva
argv= 'images/'
x=imageprepare(argv)#file path here
print(len(x))# mnist IMAGES are 28x28=784 pixels

error:
  File "C:/Users/lenovo/.spyder-py3/Project1/test12.py", line 47, in
    x=imageprepare(argv)#file path here
File "C:/Users/lenovo/.spyder-py3/Project1/test12.py", line 14, in imageprepare
    im = Image.open(argv).convert('L')
File "C:\Users\lenovo\Anaconda3\lib\site-packages\PIL\Image.py", line 2477, in open
    fp = builtins.open(filename, "rb")
PermissionError: [Errno 13] Permission denied: 'images/'

A: From the log above, it seems that you have no permission on folder images/ which has been passed as an argument to function imageprepare. Have you tried to change the access privileges of images? Or just run this from prompt as Administrator.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


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text:
Empires of the Indus The Story of a River
Authors: Alice Albinia
One of the largest rivers in the world, the Indus rises in the Tibetan mountains and flows west across northern India and south through Pakistan. It has been worshipped as a god, used as a tool of imperial expansion, and today is the cement of Pakistan's fractious union. Alice Albinia follows the river upstream, through two thousand miles of geography and back to a time five thousand years ago when a string of sophisticated cities grew on its banks. "This turbulent history, entwined with a superlative travel narrative" ( The Guardian ) leads us from the ruins of elaborate metropolises, to the bitter divisions of today. Like Rory Stewart's The Places In Between , Empires of the Indus…
is an engrossing personal journey and a deeply moving portrait of a river and its people.
Born in 1976, Alice Albinia read English Literature at Cambridge, and South Asian History at SOAS. In between, she worked for two years in Delhi as a journalist and editor. Her previous book, Empires of the Indus, won the Somerset Maugham Award, the Authors' Club Dolman Travel Award and the Jerwood/Royal Society of Literature Prize.
Ramzan in Karachi
Conquering the Classic River
Ethiopia's First Fruit
River Saints
The Guru's Army
Up the Khyber
Buddha on the Silk Road
Alexander at the Outer Ocean
Indra's Beverage
Alluvial Cities
Huntress of the Lithic
The Disappearing River

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Q: If three six-sided fair dice are rolled, what is the probability that two dice show one number, and the remaining die shows another number? If three six-sided fair dice are rolled, what is the probability that two dice show one number, and the remaining die shows another number?
I think the total of possible outcomes is $6^3= 216$, but I don't know how to apply the n C r in this case.

A: Strategy:  Assume the colors of the dice are blue, red, and green to make the dice distinguishable.  To count the favorable cases:

*

*Choose which two dice show the same outcome.

*Choose which number those dice show.

*Choose which of the remaining numbers the other die shows.

Finally, divide by the total number of possible outcomes, which you have correctly calculated.

A: There are $6\cdot5\cdot4=120$ ways of three different numbers and $6$ ways of three equal numbers. The remaining $216-126=90$ ways are favorable. The probability in question therefore is ${90\over216}={5\over12}$.

A: Hint, when you can't find a magical formula, start by counting the favourite outcomes. There are $6\cdot6\cdot6$ possible outcomes altogether. But favourite ones are:

*

*$d_1=d_2=1$ and $d_3\in\{2,3,4,5,6\}$. $5$ outcomes.

*$d_1=d_2=2$ and $d_3\in\{1,3,4,5,6\}$. $5$ outcomes.

*$...$

*$d_1=d_2=6$ and $d_3\in\{1,2,3,4,5\}$. $5$ outcomes.

Then count for

*

*$d_1=d_3=1$ and $d_2\in\{2,3,4,5,6\}$. $5$ outcomes.

*$d_1=d_3=2$ and $d_2\in\{1,3,4,5,6\}$. $5$ outcomes.

*$...$

*$d_1=d_3=6$ and $d_2\in\{1,2,3,4,5\}$. $5$ outcomes.

And one more ...
It should be easy to finish the exercise from here.

A: First we need to select those two dies out of the three which show same number which can be done in $^3C_2$ ways. Now for those two dice with same number the third dice can have five different results to satisfy the condition. So the answer will be  $$\frac{^3C_2\times5\times6}{6^3} = \frac{5}{12}$$


text:
Q: mclapply sendmaster error only with Rscript I intermittently get the following error when using Rscript to call mclapply from the command-line:
Error in sendMaster(try(lapply(X = S, FUN = FUN, ...), silent = TRUE)) :
  write error, closing pipe to the master

If I run the exact same code in R Studio or from an interactive R session, I don't get the error.  This error pops up in a variety of contexts from very large jobs where each worker has to return a very large object to small jobs.  I've also tried turning prescheduling off but it still throws the error.  Sometimes it will go away if I reduce the number of threads in the mc.cores argument.  I am using Microsoft R Open on Ubuntu 18.04.1.  It also popped up on Ubuntu 16.04.  One thing I haven't tried is running the code in standard R instead of MRO.
Here's my Rscript -e 'sessionInfo()':
R version 3.5.1 (2018-07-02)
Platform: x86_64-pc-linux-gnu (64-bit)
Running under: Ubuntu 18.04.1 LTS

Matrix products: default
BLAS: /opt/microsoft/ropen/3.5.1/lib64/R/lib/libRblas.so
LAPACK: /opt/microsoft/ropen/3.5.1/lib64/R/lib/libRlapack.so

locale:
 [1] LC_CTYPE=en_US.UTF-8       LC_NUMERIC=C
 [3] LC_TIME=en_US.UTF-8        LC_COLLATE=en_US.UTF-8
 [5] LC_MONETARY=en_US.UTF-8    LC_MESSAGES=en_US.UTF-8
 [7] LC_PAPER=en_US.UTF-8       LC_NAME=C
 [9] LC_ADDRESS=C               LC_TELEPHONE=C
[11] LC_MEASUREMENT=en_US.UTF-8 LC_IDENTIFICATION=C

attached base packages:
[1] stats     graphics  grDevices utils     datasets  methods   base

other attached packages:
[1] RevoUtils_11.0.1     RevoUtilsMath_11.0.0

loaded via a namespace (and not attached):
[1] compiler_3.5.1

Any ideas?  Has anyone else encountered something like this?  I apologize for not having a reproducible example but the data/code where I've encountered the error so far is impractically large to share, and I have not been able to reproduce the error in other contexts.  It seems to just occur randomly.

A: Try upgrading to R v3.6.0 or later.
I was facing the same issue, which was caused by a bug (use of uninitialized variable) in the parallel package as discussed in detail here: https://r.789695.n4.nabble.com/error-in-parallel-sendMaster-td4760382.html.


text:
Study Finds Producing 40 Percent of Power from Renewable Energy in Minnesota Would Spur $6 Billion in Clean Energy Investments and Boost Rural Economies
Renewable Generators Would Provide Millions in Local Tax Revenue and Payments to Rural Communities, While Keeping Rates Affordable
ST. PAUL (January 21, 2014)—Strengthening Minnesota's renewable electricity standard to require that 40 percent of the state's electricity comes from renewable sources, such as wind and solar, by 2030 would drive billions in new investment in clean energy generation in Minnesota at little additional cost to consumers, according to a study released today by the Union of Concerned Scientists (UCS). Minnesota's current standard is 25 percent by 2025.
"Getting 40 percent of power from renewable energy is a good deal for Minnesota families, businesses and rural communities," said Steve Frenkel, director of UCS's Midwest office. "Tapping more of Minnesota's homegrown clean energy resources will spur more than $6 billion in new private capital investment and provide millions in local tax revenue to help rural communities fund essential services like police and fire departments and schools."
UCS's analysis found that increasing Minnesota's standard from 25 percent in 2025 to 40 percent by 2030 would:
Spur more than $6 billion in capital investments through 2030;
Drive 3,100 megawatts (MW) of new renewable energy development in Minnesota;
Inject $155 million into the state economy in money spent to operate and maintain wind and solar facilities by 2030;
Generate $14 million in annual state tax revenue by 2030;
Generate nearly $9 million in annual payments to landowners who lease their land to be used for wind turbines by 2030;
Reduce out-of-state electricity imports each year, resulting in Minnesota becoming a net electricity exporter in 2030.
UCS's report confirmed results from a recent report prepared for the Minnesota Department of Commerce that found a 40 percent by 2030 renewable energy standard would preserve electricity reliability year-round while reducing Minnesota's reliance on imported electricity with only modest additional investment in the transmission system.
UCS's analysis found the strengthened standard would add less than 0.2 percent (two-tenths of one percent) to consumers' utility bills—about 12 cents per month through 2030.
"The capital costs of wind and solar power have declined more than 60 percent in recent years, making these zero-carbon technologies competitive with coal and natural gas power plants. And because wind and solar power have no fuel costs, they're less risky than relying on imported fossil fuels that can experience dramatic price swings," said Sam Gomberg, UCS energy analyst and report author. "Strengthening the renewable electricity standard is the best way to sustainably meet Minnesota's electricity demand while reaping significant economic and environmental benefits."
Boosting Minnesota's renewable electricity standard would build on the significant economic benefits the current standard has delivered with little or no change in electricity bills. Since 2007, $5.6 billion has been invested in Minnesota wind facilities that have paid $42 million in state taxes—money distributed to municipalities to support local services. In addition, wind facilities now pay more than $10 million annually in lease payments.
"In 2007, Minnesota adopted its current renewable energy standard with strong bipartisan support from the majority democratic legislature and republican governor," said Frenkel. "Now it's time to build on the state's legacy of leadership and success to secure Minnesota's clean energy future, an idea that both sides of the aisle should again work together to support."


Video of Florida's only black state attorney being pulled over by two white police officers prompted criticism after it was published to the Orlando Police Department's YouTube page on Wednesday.
The nearly three-minute video — which has been viewed on YouTube more than 228,000 times and shared through social media thousands times more — shows State Attorney Aramis Ayala being pulled over by two unidentified officers.
Ayala had just finished teaching a law class at Florida Agricultural and Mechanical University, a historically black university, when the traffic stop took place.
An officer is seen exiting an unmarked police vehicle with its lights flashing and approaching a white sedan as the clip begins.
As the officer approaches the car, he takes a driver license from Ayala, who remains face-forward.
"What agency are you with?" the officer asks.
"I'm the state attorney," Ayala responds.
The officer then tells Ayala that the license plate on her car did not come back as registered to any vehicle when the plate was run. The officer says he's never seen a license plate not return a registration before.
"What was the tag run for?" Ayala asks. The officer tells her that it's routine to run plates.
"That's how we figure out if cars are stolen," the officer says.
As he begins to explain that Ayala's windows are "really dark" as another reason for the traffic stop, the state attorney seems to smile uncomfortably.
"You guys have cards on you?" Ayala asks. The officer writes both his and his partner's name down on a piece of paper and gives it to Ayala before telling her to have a good day. The video then ends.
After the video was published, prominent activists tweeted out their questions and criticisms of the traffic stop.
The Orlando Police Department said in a statement that the video was released as part of a public records request and its officers routinely run tags on patrol.
Ayala said in her statement that the video has been viewed more than 2 million times and has produced some misinformation.
She said she has not filed a lawsuit or complaint, as some have alleged.
However, Ayala said she violated no laws, her license plate was properly registered and her window tint was not a violation of Florida law.
She agreed the traffic stop was consistent with Florida law, but still merited a conversation with law enforcement.
Ayala was in the news earlier this year after she announced she would not seek the death penalty for an accused cop-killer. Gov. Rick Scott removed her from the case over the decision.
The state attorney received a racist message in March and a week later received another letter with a noose made of green twine enclosed. It was unclear who sent Ayala the message.
With friends like these, who needs enemies, right? Two cops doing their job, making sure a citizen was either safe or on the right side of the law, and the result? No, not a ticket or even a reprimand but since the color scheme of the individuals involved wasn't 'correct,' somehow the cops are at fault.
This is why law enforcement needs your support EVERY DAY. Show them you are behind them. Click here for your own 'Blue Line' flag to proudly display.


text:
Neben den Meeresschildkröten sind die Seeschlangen (Hydrophiinae) die bekanntesten der heute im Meer lebenden Reptilien. Sie gehören zu den Schlangen (Serpentes) und werden innerhalb dieser in die Verwandtschaft der Giftnattern (Elapidae) eingeordnet. Taxonomisch werden die terrestrischen australoasiatischen Giftnattern, zu denen etwa die Taipane, Braunschlangen und Schwarzottern gehören, ebenfalls dieser Unterfamilie zugeordnet. Von den marinen Seeschlangen sind etwa 56 Arten bekannt.

Merkmale

Die meisten Seeschlangen erreichen Körperlängen zwischen 1,2 und 1,4 Metern, einige Arten können jedoch auch deutlich über 2 Meter lang werden. So erreichen etwa Hydrophis cyanocinctus 2,5 Meter oder Hydrophis spiralis bis zu 2,75 Meter. Meistens werden die Weibchen deutlich länger als die Männchen. Das Gewicht der Tiere ist abhängig von Art und Geschlecht sowie vom Ernährungszustand. Die gestreifte Seeschlange Laticauda colubrina wiegt dabei im Schnitt etwa 0,9 bis 1,3 Kilogramm bei einer Körperlänge von bis zu 1,80 Metern (Voris et al. 1998).

Auch in der Körperform variieren die Seeschlangen: Astrotia stokesii etwa ist im Verhältnis zur Körperlänge eher kräftig gebaut und wirkt entsprechend plump; viele Hydrophis-Arten haben einen extrem langen und schmalen Kopf- und Nackenbereich, der früher zu der Annahme führte, sie würden sich nur von entsprechend dünnen Aalen ernähren. Heute weiß man allerdings, dass sie in der Lage sind, Beutetiere zu schlucken, deren Körperumfang dem doppelten ihrer selbst entspricht. Der schmale Kopf dient wahrscheinlich dem Aufspüren von Beutetieren in engen Verstecken.

Seeschlangen unterscheiden sich aufgrund ihrer marinen Lebensweise in einigen Merkmalen deutlich von anderen Schlangen. Dabei ist das auffälligste sichtbare Merkmal der seitlich abgeflachte Schwanz, der allen Seeschlangen gemeinsam ist und der besseren Fortbewegung im Wasser dient. Hinzu kommt meist eine reduzierte Anzahl von Bauchschuppen (Ventralia, außer bei den Laticauda-Arten, welche sich auch an Land bewegen können) und die unter der Zunge liegende Salzdrüse, die der Ausscheidung von überschüssigem Salz dient. Des Weiteren ist der rechte Lungenflügel der Seeschlangen stark vergrößert und reicht bis in die Schwanzspitze der Tiere. Teile der Lunge dienen zudem als hydrostatisches Organ. Die Tiere können bis zu zwei Stunden lang und bis zu 180 Meter tief tauchen. Dabei helfen ihnen auch die ventilartigen Verschlüsse ihrer Atmungslöcher. Wahrscheinlich sind sie in der Lage, Sauerstoff auch über die Haut aufzunehmen und so eine bessere Versorgung zu gewährleisten.

Einige der beschriebenen Merkmale kommen auch bei anderen, nicht näher verwandten Schlangentaxa vor. So besitzen die im Brackwasser lebenden Warzenschlangen ebenfalls eine Salzdrüse, und eine Reduktion der Ventralia kann bei verschiedenen wühlenden Schlangen gefunden werden, etwa bei den Blindschlangen.

Vorkommen

Die Seeschlangen bewohnen die tropischen Meeresregionen des Indischen und des Pazifischen Ozeans. Man trifft sie entsprechend vom Persischen Golf bis in die japanischen Küstengewässer sowie an den Küsten der südostasiatischen Inseln bis nach Australien an. Bis auf die sehr weit verbreitete Plättchenseeschlange (Hydrophis platurus) leben alle Seeschlangen in Küstennähe.

Die Plättchen-Seeschlange hat sich außer in den genannten Gebieten bis an die Küsten Madagaskars und Südost-Afrikas sowie an die Westküste des tropischen Amerika ausgebreitet, wobei sie auch schon im Panama-Kanal angetroffen wurde. Einige Wissenschaftler befürchten, dass sich die Schlange über den Panama-Kanal auch in die Karibik ausbreiten könnte und hier als Neozoon ein schwerwiegendes ökologisches Problem auslösen könnte.

Alle anderen Arten leben vornehmlich im Flachwasser an den Küsten, häufig im Bereich von Flussmündungen (etwa Enhydrina schistosa). In diesen Flüssen können sie mitunter auch weit ins Landesinnere eindringen, allerdings ist mit Hydrophis semperi nur eine Art bekannt, die dauerhaft im Süßwasser lebt. Das Verbreitungsgebiet dieser Schlange ist auf den etwa 270 Quadratkilometer großen Lake Taal auf der Philippineninsel Luzon beschränkt. Von Laticauda crockeri sind auf den Salomonen ebenfalls Süßwasserpopulationen bekannt. In den bekannten Verbreitungsgebieten liegt der Salzgehalt bei maximal 3,5 Prozent. Im Roten Meer mit seiner Salzkonzentration von 4 Prozent kommen daher wahrscheinlich keine Seeschlangen vor.

Lebensweise

Ernährung

Seeschlangen sind wie beinahe alle Schlangen Räuber und ernähren sich vor allem von Fischen. Dabei sind einige Arten regelrechte Nahrungsspezialisten. Der Nattern-Plattschwanz (Laticauda colubrina) ernährt sich etwa vornehmlich von bestimmten Meeresaalen und Hydrophis ornatus ist auf Welse spezialisiert. Die Plättchen-Seeschlange lebt und jagt als Freiwasserspezialist beinahe ausschließlich entlang der Thermoklinen, also dem Bereich, wo zwei Wasserschichten aufeinanderliegen. Hier lebt vor allem Plankton, welches Jungfische der verschiedensten Freiwasserarten anlockt. Bei Magenuntersuchungen bei dieser Art wurden entsprechend Vertreter von 21 Fischarten gefunden, fast ausschließlich Jungfische. Die in den Riffspalten jagenden Seeschlangen erbeuten demgegenüber meist recht große Beutefische.

Manche Seeschlangen jagen auch nachts. Sie finden dann ihre Beutefische durch ihren ausgezeichneten Geruchssinn.

Neben den Spezialisten gibt es auch Seeschlangenarten, die ein sehr großes Beutespektrum haben. So ernährt sich etwa Aipysurus laevis außer von Fischen auch von deren Laich sowie von Kopffüßern.

Fortpflanzung
Die Seeschlangen sind bis auf die Laticauda-Arten (Plattschwänze) lebendgebärend und bekommen ihre Jungen im Meer, wo sie ihr gesamtes Leben verbringen. Die Plattschwänze verlassen demgegenüber das Meer und legen ihre Eier an Land ab, wo sie auch außerhalb der Paarungs- und Eiablagezeit recht häufig anzutreffen sind und Ruhepausen einlegen. Zur Fortpflanzungszeit besiedeln die Schlangen in sehr großen Zahlen verschiedene Inseln, vor allem auf den Philippinen finden sich dann Laticauda laticauda und Laticauda semifasciata in vielen tausend Exemplaren ein. Allgemein sind sonnen- und wärmesuchende Seeschlangen oft auch auf See in großen Gruppen an der Wasseroberfläche anzutreffen.

Natürliche Feinde
Neben dem Menschen haben die Seeschlangen vor allem aufgrund ihres sehr wirksamen Giftes kaum wirkliche Fressfeinde. Es ist anzunehmen, dass sie gelegentlich von Haien oder Walen gefressen werden, Belege dafür fehlen allerdings weitgehend. Der Tigerhai soll gegen das Gift der Seeschlangen immun sein. Weiterhin wurden größere Adler, insbesondere Seeadler, beobachtet, die Seeschlangen aus dem Meer fischten, als diese zum Luftholen und zum Teil auch zum Aufwärmen an der Sonne an die Oberfläche kamen, und sie verspeisten.

Schlangengift
Seeschlangen produzieren Toxine, die durch einen Giftapparat aktiv appliziert werden können. Die Toxine dienen der raschen Immobilisierung von Beutetieren sowie der Verteidigung. Angepasst an die Beute, häufig beispielsweise schnelle Fische, wirkt das Gift der meisten Seeschlangen stark und schnell.

Zur Verteidigung beißen die Tiere, außer in der Paarungszeit, nur sehr selten und fliehen stattdessen eher. Besonders in Südostasien werden die Tiere von den Küstenfischern gern gefangen, wobei diese sie ohne größere Schutzmaßnahmen mit den Händen hinter dem Kopf greifen. So kommt es trotz der Beißfaulheit der Tiere nicht selten zu tödlich verlaufenden Bissen, auch da in den kleinen Fischerdörfern nur selten Antivenine (Gegengifte) zur Verfügung stehen. So sind über 90 Prozent aller dokumentierten Seeschlangenbisse als Unfälle beim Fang der Tiere anzusehen. Die meisten Bissunfälle sind durch die Arten Enhydrina schistosa und Streifenruderschlange (Hydrophis cyanocinctus) bekannt.

Giftapparat
Der Giftapparat besteht aus zu Giftdrüsen umgebildeten Speicheldrüsen, welche über einen Giftkanal mit im vorderen Oberkiefer befindlichen, nicht beweglichen Giftzähnen (Fangzähne, zumeist an Paar) verbunden sind (proteroglyphe Zahnstellung). Die Giftzähne weisen eine tiefe Furche als Leitbahn für das Gift auf und dienen der Applikation des Giftsekrets in die Bisswunde. Die Giftzähne der Seeschlangen sind kleiner als die der meisten terrestrischen Giftnattern. Gebiss und Giftdrüsen von Emydocephalus (Schildkrötenköpfige Seeschlangen) sind in Anpassung an die bevorzugte Beute (Fischlaich) stark zurückgebildet.

Toxikologie
Seeschlangen produzieren in der Regel nur wenig Gift, die Ausbeute eines Giftbisses (Trockengewicht) beträgt beispielsweise bei Enhydrina schistosa 8 mg (Brown, 1973) und bei Aipysurus duboisii (Dubois' Seeschlange) 0,43 mg (Minton, 1983). Das Toxingemisch der meisten Seeschlangen ist eine farblose bis gelbliche und zähe Flüssigkeit und enthält Neurotoxine und Myotoxine. Das Gift der meisten Arten zählt zu den stärksten bekannten Schlangengiften, Aipysurus duboisii gilt als giftigste Art der Seeschlangen. Häufig wird mit einem Verteidigungsbiss kein Gift oder nur eine klinisch nicht relevante Menge an Gift appliziert.

Nach einem Giftbiss beim Menschen treten die ersten Symptome innerhalb einer bis weniger Stunden auf. Es können unspezifische Allgemeinsymptome (z. B. Kopfschmerz, Übelkeit, Emesis, Abdominalschmerzen, Diarrhoe, Schwindel, Schock, Krämpfe) auftreten. Innerhalb von 30 Minuten bis mehrere Stunden nach erfolgtem Giftbiss treten durch die myotoxische Komponente hervorgerufen allgemeine Muskelschmerzen und -steifheit ein. Die neurotoxische Komponente bewirkt nach anfänglichen allgemein-neurologischen Symptomen (z. B. Parästhesien) und Ptosis eine fortschreitende Paralyse, die zur Unbeweglichkeit der Extremitäten führen kann. Der Tod kann durch eine periphere Atemlähmung eintreten. Bei 25 Prozent der Todesopfer tritt der Tod spätestens acht Stunden nach dem Biss, bei 50 Prozent innerhalb von acht bis 24 Stunden und bei den verbleibenden 25 Prozent nach bis zu drei Tagen ein. Die Betroffenen sind häufig bis zum Eintritt des Todes bei vollem Bewusstsein.

Die Neurotoxizität wird durch Polypeptide aus der Gruppe der Drei-Finger-Toxine (z. B. Erabutoxine) vermittelt. Während diese Toxinfamilie bei terrestrischen Elapiden neben neurotoxischen Wirkungen auch andere pharmakologische Effekte (beispielsweise Zytolyse oder Hemmung der Hämostase) bewirken, sind innerhalb der Hydrophiinae nur Fünf-Finger-Toxine bekannt, die hauptsächlich als Antagonisten mit nikotinischen Acetylcholinrezeptoren in Wechselwirkung treten und somit durch eine Hemmung der neuronalen Erregungsweiterleitung an der motorischen Endplatte die obig geschilderte neurotoxische Symptomatik hervorrufen.

Während die Neurotoxine nur akut lebensbedrohlich sind und ihre Wirkung auf die Einwirkzeit der Toxine am Wirkort (Nikotinrezeptoren der motorischen Endplatte) beschränkt ist, führen die Myotoxine über eine zum Teil massive Schädigung des Muskelgewebes (Rhabdomyolyse) und damit einhergehender Myoglobinurie zu einer sekundären Schädigung der Nieren bis hin zu akutem Nierenversagen und bleibende Schäden (Niereninsuffizienz unterschiedlicher Ausprägung, chronisches Nierenversagen) sind möglich. Zudem greifen die Myotoxine den Herzmuskel an. In diesem Sinne wirken sie gleichzeitig als Cardiotoxine und können zusammen mit einer durch den Gewebsuntergang hervorgerufenen Hyperkaliämie zu Funktionseinschränkungen des Herzens bis hin zum Herzstillstand führen.

Bemerkenswert ist eine stark ausgeprägte Kreuzreaktivität bezüglich der Interaktion zwischen den Antitoxinen des durch Immunisierung mit Toxinen von Enhydrina schistosa gewonnen Antivenins und Toxinen zahlreicher anderer Seeschlangengattungen. Daraus folgt, dass das Antivenin nicht nur bei Enhydrina, sondern auch bei vielen anderen Gattungen der Seeschlangen als Gegengift eingesetzt werden kann. Bei den nahe verwandten terrestrischen Elapiden Australiens erweist sich die Kreuzreaktivität auf Antitoxine zwischen den Gattungen (z. B. Oxyuranus, Pseudechis, Pseudonaja) dagegen als relativ gering, was bei der Produktion polyvalenter Antivenine die Nutzung der Toxine verschiedener Gattungen erforderlich macht. Diese Kreuzreaktivität ist unter anderem Gegenstand evolutionsbiologischer Untersuchungen der Elapiden.

Bei allen Seeschlangenbissen wird als Erste Hilfe die sogenannte "Pressure/Immobilization Technique" empfohlen. Außerdem muss die Möglichkeit der künstlichen Beatmung gewährleistet sein. Weitere Maßnahmen sind von den auftretenden Symptomen abhängig. Für die meisten Arten stehen gut wirksame polyvalente Antivenine zur Verfügung.

Wirtschaftliche Bedeutung

Seeschlangen als Fleischlieferanten

Die wirtschaftliche Nutzung der Seeschlangen ist für zwei unterschiedliche Zwecke relevant, zur Ernährung und zur Lederverarbeitung. Dabei dienen Seeschlangen vor allem in den küstennahen Gebieten der Philippinen, auf den Gesellschaftsinseln, in Südchina sowie in Japan als beliebte Fleischlieferanten. In Japan werden Seeschlangen aus den Philippinen importiert, da der Bedarf die Fangzahlen übersteigt.

Zubereitet werden die Tiere ähnlich wie Fische auf vielfältige Weise. Seeschlangenfleisch gilt als Aphrodisiakum und ist entsprechend beliebt. Besonders bei Japanern geschätzt ist die lebende Schlange, die direkt am Tisch getötet und roh mit Sojasauce verspeist wird. Auf den Philippinen sind gekochte, gebratene oder frittierte Seeschlangenteile allerdings beliebter.

Seeschlangen als Lederlieferanten
Als Lederlieferanten spielen die Seeschlangen beinahe ausschließlich auf den Philippinen eine Rolle. Als meeresbewohnende Lebewesen unterliegen diese Tiere nicht dem Schutz des "Department of Environment and Natural Resources" (DENR), die den Handel mit Wildtieren und ihren Produkten auf den Inseln reguliert und für alle Reptilien verbietet. Die Zuständigkeit für die Seeschlangen liegt im "Bureau of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources" (BFAR) und ein Verbot zur Nutzung der marinen Ressourcen ist in einem Inselstaat wie den Philippinen mit einem sehr hohen Anteil an Menschen, die vom Fischfang leben, weder vorgesehen noch durchsetzbar. Des Weiteren treten die meisten Seeschlangen in ihren Verbreitungsgebieten in so großen Individuendichten auf, dass eine Gefährdung aktuell nicht zu erkennen ist.

Lohnend ist der Fang von Seeschlangen für die Lederindustrie nur dort, wo diese in großen Mengen auftreten, da der Lederpreis für diese Tiere im Verhältnis zu anderem Schlangenleder gering ist. Das lukrativste Fanggebiet ist dabei die Koralleninsel Gato vor der Küste von Cebu, da hier vor allem die Plattschwanz-Seeschlangen sehr häufig sind. 1949 berichteten etwa Herre und Rabor, dass in einem einzigen Jahr auf der Insel über 20.000 Laticauda fasciata gefangen wurden. 1960 wurde die Genehmigung zum Fang der Seeschlangen auf und um Gato an einen Geschäftsmann übertragen, und in der Folgezeit entstand in Tapulan auf Cebu der erste vollständig auf die Häutung der Tiere spezialisierte Betrieb, in dem die Verarbeitung bis heute weitgehend in Handarbeit geschieht. 1976 wurden noch 13.052 Laticauda gefangen, bis 1981 reduzierte sich der Fang auf gerade mal noch 1454 Exemplare; der Seeschlangenfang wurde zu einem Nebenerwerb einzelner Fischer.

In der Folgezeit wurden verstärkt auch andere Seeschlangenarten für die Lederproduktion genutzt, vor allem verschiedene Hydrophis-Arten, Astrotia stokesi und Lapemis hardwicki, die vor allem aus der Visayan Sea stammen.

Bestandsgefährdung
Der Fang von Seeschlangen als Nahrungsquelle spielt nur eine sehr untergeordnete Rolle und führt zu keiner Bedrohung der Bestände. Anders sieht die Situation durch den Fang für die Lederproduktion aus. Zumindest lokal kam es hierdurch zu sehr starken Einbrüchen bei der Art Laticauda fasciata der Insel Gato, wo Anfang der 1980er Jahre in den leichter zugänglichen Verstecken kaum noch Schlangen gefunden werden konnten. Der Populationseinbruch hängt auch mit der Ortstreue der Tiere zusammen, die immer wieder die gleichen Inseln zur Fortpflanzung aufsuchen, eine intensive Besammlung dieser Inseln führt zwangsläufig zu einem Rückgang der dort ansässigen Populationen.

Eine Gefährdung der rein marinen Arten durch die Lederindustrie ist nicht anzunehmen, da es hierbei keine gezielte Ausbeutung gibt, die Fangraten als Beifang von Fischkuttern sind dabei sicher das größere Problem. Nach Ward (1996) wurden allein von Garnelenschleppern aufgrund der engmaschigen Netze in den Gewässern Nordaustraliens im Jahr 1990 etwa 81.000 Seeschlangen gefangen und getötet. In den letzten 30 Jahren haben die Garnelenfischer hochgerechnet entsprechend mehrere Millionen Seeschlangen als Beifang getötet, hinzu kommen etliche Tausend Tiere aus den Netzen der Fischschlepper. Wie sich diese Fangzahlen auf die Artenbestände und -zusammensetzungen auswirken, ist bislang nicht geklärt.

Systematik
Die Systematik und Phylogenetik der Elapidae ist nach wie vor Gegenstand der Forschung.  Die Seeschlangen gehören nach aktuellen Erkenntnissen zu den Giftnattern (Elapidae) und werden als Unterfamilie Hydrophiinae innerhalb dieser eingruppiert. Ein Fossilbeleg für die Abstammung der Seeschlangen ist allerdings bislang nicht bekannt, einen Anhaltspunkt für die Zeit ihrer Entstehung liefern daher einstweilen nur die aus dem unteren Miozän Europas bekannten ersten Giftnatter-Fossilien.

Innerhalb der Seeschlangen werden traditionell die Echten Seeschlangen und die Plattschwanz-Seeschlangen (Gattung Laticauda) unterschieden. Nach neueren Untersuchungen wurde diese Unterteilung aufgegeben und alternativ werden drei oder vier verschiedene Gattungsgruppen zusammengefasst. Die folgende Darstellung folgt der Systematik nach Rasmussen (1997, bei Hydrophis aktualisiert 2014), die im Wesentlichen auf Merkmalen des Schädels basiert, etwa der Form des Parietale und des Maxillare. Nicht mehr gültige Gattungen sind mit einem Stern markiert:

 Aipysurus-Gruppe
 Aipysurus
 Aipsyurus apraefrontalis
 Dubois' Seeschlange (Aipysuris duboisii)
 Marmorierte Seeschlange (Aipsyurus eydouxii)
 Aipsyurus foliosquama
 Timor-Riffschlange (Aipysurus fuscus)
 Olivgrüne Seeschlange (Aipysurus laevis)
 Aipsyurus mosaicus
 Aipsyurus tenuis
 Emydocephalus (Schildkrötenköpfige Seeschlangen)
 Eierfressende Seeschlange (Emydocephalus annulatus)
 Japanische Schildkrötenkopf-Seeschlange (Emydocephalus ijimae)
 Emydocephalus orarius
 Hydrophis-Gruppe
 Acalyptophis*
 Astrotia*
 Enhydrina
 Schnabelseeschlange (Enhydrina schistosa)
 Zweifels Seeschlange (Enhydrina zweifeli)
 Ephalophis
 Greys Mangrovenseeschlange (Ephalophis greyae)
 Hydrelaps
 Darwins Mangrovenseeschlange (Hydrelaps darwiniensis)
 Hydrophis (Ruderschlangen, inkl. der ehem. Gattung Pelamis)
 Hydrophis annandalei
 Hydrophis anomalus
 Hydrophis atriceps
 Hydrophis belcheri
 Hydrophis bituberculatus
 Hydrophis brookii
 Hydrophis caerulescens
 Hydrophis cantoris
 Hydrophis coggeri
 Kurzschwanz-Seeschlange (Hydrophis curtus)
 Streifenruderschlange (Hydrophis cyanocinctus)
 Hydrophis czeblukovi
 Hydrophis donaldi
 Elegante Ruderschlange (Hydrophis elegans)
 Hydrophis fasciatus
 Kleinköpfige Ruderschlange (Hydrophis gracilis)
 Hardwickes Seeschlange (Hydrophis hardwickii)
 Hydrophis inornatus
 Hydrophis jerdonii
 Hydrophis kingii
 Hydrophis klossi
 Hydrophis laboutei
 Hydrophis lamberti
 Hydrophis lapemoides
 Hydrophis macdowelli
 Hydrophis major
 Hydrophis mamillaris
 Hydrophis melanocephalus
 Hydrophis nigrocinctus
 Hydrophis obscurus
 Hydrophis ocellatus
 Hydrophis ornatus
 Hydrophis pacificus
 Hydrophis parviceps
 Gehörnte Seeschlange (Hydrophis peronii)
 Plättchenseeschlange (Hydrophis platurus)
 Hydrophis schistosus
 Lake Taal-Ruderschlange (Hydrophis semperi)
 Sibau River-Seeschlange (Hydrophis sibauensis)
 Gelbe Ruderschlange (Hydrophis spiralis)
 Stokes Seeschlange (Hydrophis stokesii)
 Hydrophis stricticollis
 Hydrophis torquatus
 Hydrophis viperinus
 Hydrophis vorisi
 Hydrophis walli
 Kerilia*
 Kolpophis*
 Lapemis*
 Parahydrophis
 Arafura-Mangrovenseeschlange (Parahydrophis mertoni)
 Thalassophina*
 Thalassophis*
 Laticauda-Gruppe
 Laticauda (Plattschwänze)
 Nattern-Plattschwanz (Laticauda colubrina)
 Crockers Plattschwanz(Laticauda crockeri)
 Vanuatu-Plattschwanz (Laticauda frontalis)
 Laticauda guineai
 Gewöhnlicher Plattschwanz (Laticauda laticaudata)
 Laticauda saintgironsi
 Niue-Plattschwanz-Seeschlange (Laticauda schystorhyncha)
 Halbgebänderter Plattschwanz (Laticauda semifasciata)

Molekulare Untersuchungen zur Phylogenese der Seeschlangen nach Keogh et. al (1998) auf der Basis von Cytochrom b und 16S rRNA-Sequenzen legen eine noch weitere Zerlegung der ursprünglichen Systematik nahe, da nach dieser außer den klassischen Unterfamilien teilweise auch die neu gebildeten Gattungs-Gruppen und sogar etablierte Gattungen als nicht-natürliche Gruppen (Paraphyla) dargestellt werden.

Terrestrische Hydrophiinae
Die landlebenden Giftnattern Australasiens werden in der Regel ebenfalls zur Unterfamilie der Hydrophiinae gestellt. Diese umfassen folgende Gattungen:
 Todesottern (Acanthophis)
 Antaioserpens
 Aspidomorphus
 Australische Kupferköpfe (Australaps)
 Brachyurophis
 Cacophis
 Cryptophis
 Demansia
 Denisonia
 Drysdalia
 Echiopsis
 Elapognathus
 Furina
 Hemiaspis
 Hoplocephalus
 Loveridgelaps
 Micropechis
 Neelaps
 Tigerottern (Notechis)
 Ogmodon
 Taipane (Oxyuranus)
 Parapistocalamus
 Parasuta
 Paroplocephalus
 Schwarzottern (Pseudechis)
 Braunschlangen (Pseudonaja)
 Rhinoplocephalus
 Salomonelaps
 Simoselaps
 Suta
 Toxicocalamus
 Tropidechis
 Vermicella

Mythologie
Die Seeschlangen sind nicht mit den aus Sagen und dem Volksglauben bekannten mythologischen Seeschlange der Kryptozoologie identisch.

Einzelnachweise

Literatur

Allgemein
 J. S. Keogh, R. Shine, S. Donnellan: Phylogenetic Relationships of Terrestrial Australo-Papuan Elapid Snakes (Subfamily Hydrophiinae) Based on Cytochrome b and 16S rRNA Sequences. In: Molecular phylogenetics and evolution. Elsevier, San Diego Cal 10.1998, 1, 67–81.
 S. B. McDowell:  Notes on the Australian sea-snake Ephalophis greyi M. Smith (Serpentes: Elapidae: Hydrophiinae) and the origin and classification of sea-snakes. In: The journal of the Linnean Society of London. London 48.1969, 333–349.
 S. B. McDowell: The genera of sea-snakes of the Hydrophis group (Serpentes: Elapidae). In: Transactions of the Zoological Society of London. London 32.1972, 189–247.
 A. R. Rasmussen: Systematics of sea snakes; a critical review. In: R.S. Thorpe, W. Wüster, A. Malhotra (Hrsg.): Venomous snakes – ecology, evolution and snakebite. In: Symposia of the Zoological Society of London. Clarendon Press, London 70.1997, 15–30.
 M. A. Smith: Monograph of the sea snakes (Hydrophiidae). British Museum of Natural History. London 1926. Wheldon & Wesley, Weinheim 1964 (Repr.).
 H. K. Voris: A phylogeny of the sea snakes (Hydrophiidae). In: Fieldiana. Zoology. Museum, Chicago Ill 70. 1977, 79–169.
 Schwerpunkt Seeschlangen. In: Reptilia. Terraristik-Fachmagazin. Natur- u. Tier-Verl., Münster 14.1998,12. , dar.:
 M. Gaulke: Fotoreportage Seeschlangen.
 H. K. Voris, H. H. Voris: Pendler zwischen den tropischen Gezeiten. Das Leben der Seekobra "Laticauda colubrina".
 M. Gaulke:  Seeschlangen als Handelsware.

Wirtschaft
 P. T. Bacolod: Notes on sea snake fishery on Gato Islet, Philippines and a proposal for a conservation and management program. In: The Philippine scientist. University of San Carlos, Cebu City 21.1984, 155–163.
 P. T. Bacolod: The biology of some commercially important species of sea snakes (Hydrophiidae) in th Visaya Seas. In: The Philippine scientist. University of San Carlos, Cebu City 27.1990, 61–88.
 Albert W. C. T. Herre, D. S. Rabor: Notes on Philippine Sea Snakes of the Genus "Laticauda". In: Copeia. A journal of cold blooded vertebrates. Washington DC 1949, 182–284.
 T. M. Ward: Sea snakes by-catch of prawn trawlers on the northern Australian continental shelf. In: Marine and Freshwater Research. CSIRO, Melbourne 1996, Nr. 47, S. 631–635.
 T. J. Wassenberg, J. P. Salini, H. Heatwole, J. D. Kerr: Incidental capture of sea snakes (Hydrophiidae) by prawn trawlers in the Gulf of Carpentaria. In: Australian journal of marine and freshwater research. CSIRO, Melbourne 45.1994, 429–443.

Weblinks

 Weitere Infos

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


UPDATE: Alex is dead. He was t-boned on December 31st, 2018. He will be missed. A new model, Cara van Scamp, has since entered our nomadic lives.
We adopted Alex from a very cool young family in Seattle (you can read that story here) and, aside from a few minor items, he was ready for adventure the day we picked him up. The updates his previous family had already administered were to our liking, so we took our cues from those and just finished the job.
First priority was to fix the broken furnace and update the thermostat. Next was the wiring. The right turn signal worked intermittently at first, and then not at all. After a whole lot of trouble-shooting and experimenting, turns out all that was needed was a little dielectric grease to help the connection. While we had the dinette benches out and the "rat fur" marine carpet wall covering torn apart, we saw that the tubing from the water tank to the sink pump was kind of gross, so we replaced that.
One the cosmetic side of things, Alex was in limbo. His original owners (we're family #3) left the roof vent open during a Seattle downpour, and the water-damaged flooring had been replaced with a vinyl I would have chosen myself, so that was easy. Four carpet squares purchased from Flor's online clearance fit perfectly for barefoot friendliness and insulation. The curtains were a large botanical print. They had the right colors in them, and although the pattern was more…pattern…than I would have chosen, I liked them. The cabinet doors had been painted white, but only on the outside, so I painted the insides to match. Cute vintage knobs had replaced the originals, but the ones on the larger doors were mismatched and just a tiny bit too funky and clunky for my taste. I kept the small painted knobs and replaced the large ones with simple white ceramic.
Last from a design standpoint were the vestiges of a travel trailer industry that had not caught up with the interior design industry in 1997, when Alex came to be. Alex was trimmed in 1970's dark brown: dark brown pinstriping on his cabinets, dark brown furnace grill, dark brown bullet-style reading lights above the bed, and dark brown accented plaid upholstery. All of these had to go. To my surprise, the pinstriping peeled off easily. I used white heat resistant spray paint to update the furnace grill. The reading lights were riveted to the underside of the fiberglass cabinet, so we had to drill out the rivets in order to bolt on the white replacements we ordered from Scamp. The sofa cushions…off came the plaid, which I saved for patterning purposes. With dog hair and spills in mind, I found a deal on a faux tooled-leather vinyl upholstery fabric and ordered enough of it to allow for a mistake or two. I used the leftovers to cover a lightweight storage cube we were using as a bedside table in our house. It fits perfectly in the niche on the sofa next to the stove for additional storage and counter space.
We ditched the dinette cushions for an IKEA memory foam mattress I cut to fit Alex's rounded corners and tailored the cover to fit. Since we can't flip the mattress, we flip ourselves, switching ends the first of each month. Real sheets. Down comforter with duvet cover. The hardware to convert the bed platform to a table was nullified, so we removed it to create more usable storage space. I was able to find some plastic bins that fit perfectly to take advantage of every inch, with just enough to spare for my favorite IKEA storage crate…and oh yeah, Frankie, too.
The tall cabinet across from the kitchen took a bit of thought and research. Apparently, Scamp thinks people want a closet to hang clothes in their camper. Since we divested ourselves of formal attire before leaving, we wanted a place to store food instead. We also needed to house our Goal Zero Yeti 400 somewhere we could monitor input and usage and plug things in. I waded through Scamp and RV forums and blogs to find the best solution. The result was pretty simple; I built plywood shelves supported by a frame made out of 1″ pvc. The cabinet has a short door that opens into a black hole that houses the wheel well. The weird part is that there's still a bunch of space above the wheel well and below the door opening. I put in a thin sheet of plywood that sits atop the wheel well just so things wouldn't disappear into the narrow void on the left side, then a 3/4″ plywood shelf that sits just below the door opening. This shelf is split in half from side to side so the front half can be lifted to access the storage space below. The Goal Zero Yeti sits on the back half of the shelf, and there's a hole in the removable section for the input from the solar panels. We drilled a hole in the floor under the dinette bench next to the water tank, and fitted it with a short piece of pvc we caulked into place. The solar cable runs through the cabinet, into the bench, and out to the panels. We push the cable up into the pipe and cap it for travel. I fitted the rest of the closet wth two more shelves, the lower of which is cut away to allow easier access to the Yeti.
We added a bunch of accessories: hooks, shelves, and a paper towel holder. We took advantage of every flat surface we could. Those Command adhesive strip things are the bomb for mounting things on the fiberglass, even things that are intended for use with hardware.
Alright, let's address the most common question we get about Alex. Does he have a bathroom? Nope. We were lucky enough to have a friend give us a porta-potty that fits in the space under the sofa in case of "emergencies". We haven't used it, but it's nice to know it's there in the event we have to overnight somewhere in the midst of civilization. Besides, there's nothing that makes you feel closer to nature than digging a 6″ deep hole in the ground and copping a squat. Two 2.5 gallon solar showers and a privacy tent round out our "facilities".
I never truly recognized how much "more" we lived with until Alex came into our lives. Honestly, we would probably be perfectly alright with even less, but we're grateful for the comforts of a good bed and warm shelter. We're home.
The kitchen, with its brown furnace grill. Not for long.
Curtains good, brown bullet lights bad.
Strange useless space on bench next to kitchen.
The closet with the hanging rod for clothes. Huh?
Sink, stove, furnace and fridge. All we need.
The heart of it all…the Yeti 400.
The plaid had to go.
The best surprise…he came with a screen door!
Frankie checking out the dog food and the never-been-used porta potty.
Never enough hook and shelves.
Flor carpet squares=happy bare feet.
The nomad and his Nomad 100.


Technology has advanced so much over the last 20 years that now we're in a position where IT is becoming completely critical to how we get our jobs done and, in some cases, changing the way we do our mission.
As for the cloud, let me give you an example. Let's say you want to start a small business. If you're on the commercial side, you don't have to go and buy servers and infrastructure. You can use your workstation at your desktop, or your employees can, and you can get access to services out in the commercial cloud. You can start to run a lot of analytics or other things in the cloud. Maybe one day it will make sense for you to buy your own dedicated server, but you don't have to do that initially. And you only pay for what you consume. It's that kind of business model that we're trying to bring to the CIA and the Intelligence Community.
Can you explain a little more about how cloud computing will work at the Agency?
Industry really put a lot of this together—the Googles and Amazons and others—because they had huge compute needs. Setting up the massive data centers was a huge cost in terms of their overall business model. So they needed to have ways to bring out the maximum efficiency of the hardware and the infrastructure they employed. To be flexible on what these—they call them virtual machines—but on what these machines can do hour-by-hour is really at the heart of the cloud computing model.
Here at the Agency, there are a lot of functions that we do where a particular application is heavily used—for example, the last two weeks before a deadline. But after the deadline has come and gone and pretty much everybody has complied, there's really no need to have IT resources allocated to a function like that until the next deadline is looming. So what happens is, with the cloud infrastructure, you can now spin up the computers that you need to process now, and then when you're done, when that demand goes away, you can release those computers into the pool. Those processors can now go and do mission analytics for the DI (Directorate of Intelligence) or something else. It's a much more dynamic way to think about it.
From what I understand, CIA has one cloud and NSA has another. How does that work?
Yes, well, this is one of two clouds in the Intelligence Community Enterprise. So we have the CIA cloud—it's often referred to as "C2S" or Commercial Cloud Services—and then NSA has a cloud, which is often referred to as "Gov Cloud." Our approach is to partner with industry to bring in the most state-of-the-art technology commercially available. NSA's approach is a little different in that while they're also using state-of-the-art technology, they're essentially building and implementing that from within. It's basically just different models for how to acquire and get access to the services.
Now, both of the clouds serve all of the agencies within the IC, so they're accessible across all of the different agencies and missions. Each agency will, of course, have some different features and mission emphasis areas within the cloud. CIA will be using parts of the Gov Cloud and hopefully NSA, as well as other agencies, will be using parts of our commercial cloud.
It's a bit of a new arena. I don't know if it's unheard of, but in the past, CIA in general has bought IT and built IT to support our own agency. Now we're buying and building an IT infrastructure that's going to support not just CIA, but the entire intelligence community.
I'd imagine there has to be some difficulty trying to keep up with commercial sector technology, especially given the rate of innovation and development?
Well, there is. And there is a certain desire to keep up, but you have to be smart about that and understand which technological advantages can really make a difference in your particular mission. Sometimes 20-year-old technology is perfectly fine, and we ought to continue to just use that. I think it's important to select and innovate in various aspects that really have the most potential to provide payoff and not just chase the technology for the sake of technology.
How receptive has the CIA and Intelligence Community in general been to the adoption of cloud computing and other state-of-the-art technologies?
I think there's pretty wide recognition that it's a good thing to go to the cloud system. Some of the typical government challenges about how you contract and pay for this thing, how do you deal with security, what data can go where and why… these are the kinds of questions that we continuously have to answer. But as we gain more experience with it, I think we're knocking down a lot of those roadblocks, and I think people are having, for the most part, pretty good experiences using the cloud infrastructure.
At the same time, there are some things we cannot do. Some people talk about "your Mondays being like your Sundays." While I think it's important that CIA be on top of the latest technologies, in some cases, it's not going to happen as fast as people want. The technology has to make sense for the mission. And I do appreciate how people in our workforce are willing to take the time to understand why there are some things we can't do because of security or other reasons. There will always be some restrictions and people will have to live with those. We're going to try to minimize those in cases where it really matters, but "bring your own device to work" is probably not going to happen.
It's a different world, so we've got to figure out how to move forward in this digital age. It's a pretty big challenge.
Do you have a personal mission or a philosophy that has guided you in this job?
When I first got this job these were the three things I concluded as okay, these are the big deals the CIO needs to do. And then, if we could deliver on those things, there was a huge amount of technology and opportunity out there we could bring in and make available to the Agency for future missions. The cloud was part of that.
The CIO's work on cloud computing has generated quite a bit of public attention over this past year, including your recent selection by GCN as their IT Executive of the Year. What has that experience been like?
This job in general has been a new experience because I've never done anything with this kind of external exposure before—giving interviews, or speeches, or public presentations— you know, I just never anticipated being in a situation like this. It's a different experience, but it's been good so far.
I do think that because this commercial cloud work that CIO is doing is pretty innovative, and a lot of people want to know about it, it is helpful for us to be able to talk about it publicly to the level that we can. And I think it's a good news story for CIA.


text:
U-M to let city-hired shooters kill deer at Nichols Arboretum, North Campus
Updated: Jan. 19, 2019, 7:46 p.m. | Published: Nov. 21, 2016, 3:02 p.m.
A deer in Nichols Arboretum in Ann Arbor. (File photo | The Ann Arbor News)
By Ryan Stanton | ryanstanton@mlive.com
ANN ARBOR, MI - The University of Michigan has agreed to partner with the city of Ann Arbor on efforts to reduce and control the local deer population.
That includes allowing sharpshooters hired by the city to kill deer on university property in four general areas: in Nichols Arboretum; between the Huron River and the railroad tracks south of Fuller-Mitchell fields; south of Glazier Way and east of Fuller Road; and south of Hubbard and west of Huron Parkway.
A map showing where 202 deer were spotted in Ann Arbor during a helicopter flyover conducted by the city on Feb. 18, 2016. The city emphasizes the count is not intended to be a comprehensive census of the deer population, but rather a number that gives some insight into the minimum number of deer in certain areas of the city at one point in time.
The university also will consider allowing non-lethal deer management activities on other parts of North Campus during the university's mid-winter break from Feb. 25 through March 5, Kevin Hegarty, U-M's executive vice president and chief financial officer, wrote in a Nov. 16 letter to City Administrator Howard Lazarus.
Hegarty said the university is willing to cover 15 percent of the city's costs for lethal and non-lethal deer management efforts, up to a total of $25,000.
Tom Crawford, the city's chief financial officer, informed City Council members of the university's offer in an email on Friday, Nov. 18.
The City Council voted 9-2 last week to approve a $153,940 contract with White Buffalo Inc. to kill up to 100 deer in parks and nature areas and to dart and sterilize up to 60 female deer in neighborhoods where sharpshooting cannot occur.
Overall, the city expects to spend more than $250,000 on activities related to deer management in 2017. It will be the city's second-annual deer cull.
Sharpshooters hired by the city killed 63 deer in 14 city parks and nature areas during the city's first annual cull in January and February. The cull proved to be hugely controversial, prompting several protests and lawsuits against the city, and the Humane Society of Huron Valley launched a "Stop the Shoot" campaign visible in the form of yard signs dotting lawns around the city.
Crawford said the city's staff will be working with White Buffalo over the next few weeks to determine how to incorporate U'M's offer into the winter 2017 plan.
Deer in a neighborhood near Nichols Arboretum in Ann Arbor on Nov. 18, 2016.
City officials have been hoping to get cooperation from the university since deer are abundant on some U-M properties such as the Arb.
Hegarty said the U-M Division of Public Safety and Security needs to authorize the possession, use and discharge of firearms on U-M property, and the university must have indemnification protection. The university intends to waive a 450-foot safety zone restriction to allow deer management activities near the caretaker cottage and maintenance building in the Arb, and near the North Campus auxiliary support building and grounds services buildings.
U-M is stipulating that any university properties where shooting will occur must be identified as closed to the public from 4 p.m. to 7 a.m. Monday afternoon through Friday morning for no more than one week at a time.
"The university should be provided sufficient signage to properly post and provide notice of anticipated activities," Hegarty wrote
"We would, of course, expect to work closely with city communications personnel to properly advise university constituents of anticipated deer management activities."
The city still needs to get approval from the Michigan Department of Natural Resources before implementing the plan in early 2017. Specific details about city park closures and where shooting will occur haven't been released yet.


Take the main highway north (Highway 1) towards Amberley and Picton.
After Amberley township, turn left at the next major intersection towards Hanmer Springs and the West Coast via the Lewis Pass. This is Highway 7 (about 300 metres past Mudhouse Wines, just after you cross the Waipara river).
Three kilometres past Culverden, turn right at the Red Post corner onto Highway 70 towards Waiau and Kaikoura.
In the middle of Waiau (very small township just after you cross a long one-way bridge with two passing bays), turn left onto Highway 70 toward Kaikoura and Mt Lyford (the turn off is opposite the Waiau Lodge Hotel). From Waiau to The Gates Road is 9.5 kms.
From Waiau you will cross two one-way bridges, then you will come to a 25kph corner advisory sign. The Gates Road is about 500metres past the 25kph sign on the right hand side. Opposite The Gates Road is a blue Lodge accommodation sign.
The Gates Country Lodge is half a kilometre along an unsealed road (The Gates Road) on the left hand side.
Travelling time from Christchurch is approximately one hour and fifty minutes.


Executives also wanted restaurants to appear less "eerie" amid health concerns by packing the lines with customers looking for a free meal.
Chipotle handed out around 3.5 million free burritos to prove their food was safe amid health concerns and to make its restaurants less "eerie" to customers, the chain's executives said Wednesday.
After outbreaks of norovirus, salmonella, and E.coli at Chipotle locations all around the country last year, sales tanked and the company closed all locations on February 8th to have an all-employee safety meeting.
The revamped safety guidelines were accompanied by an ongoing massive marketing push centered around sending out coupons for free burritos. Mark Crumpacker, Chipotle's chief creative officer, said at a Bank of America Merrill Lynch conference that the company had expected the promotion to "go viral" and that 2.5 million would redeem the coupons.
Over about five hours, he said, 5.3 million people requested coupons, and about two thirds of them actually used them — "an extraordinarily high number." Crumpacker said that Chipotle was planning on sending out 21 million pieces of direct mail, and that between six and 10 million had already been sent out.
"We also wanted to show that this is what Chipotle looks like and it was kind of eerie, and we've heard this from customers, they would walk by our restaurant and see, God that was always busy and now there is no line whatsover, that's not the case anymore," Hartung said.
Chipotle's sales are still falling this month, but are starting to climb back this year overall after plunging 40% in January, the company's co-chief executive officer, Steve Ells, added at the conference.
Ells's comments came after Chipotle announced on Tuesday that it was anticipating its first quarterly loss ever as a public company — and that its comparable sales in February had declined 26%.
Ells said sales had gotten back to a negative 20% decline at the beginning of March before dipping again after a suburban Boston location closed after employees called in sick on March 8.
"Our teams did an awesome job, they followed the protocol fully. And as a result, they protected our customers and no customers were affected. So, this was a really good thing," he said.
Chipotle put a brave face on what otherwise looks like sobering data, saying in a presentation that a "comparable sales recovery [is] underway." After the Boston area closing, Chipotle chief financial officer Jack Hartung said, "our comps declined..to about (negative) 27%."
But since Chipotle previewed its quarterly earnings and reported its monthly sales, the company's stock is still down slightly and has fallen over 26% in the last year.
"Our earnings and margins are not going to be very impressive in the short term," Hartung said, pointing not only to the poor consumer perception of the chain, but also supply chain issues introduced by the burrito coupons that led to more food waste, along with higher marketing and legal costs spurred by a Department of Justice investigation into its food safety practices. Ells said that the company has gotten closer to identifying the source of the E.coli outbreak.
"We have many more fresh ingredients in the typical fast-food restaurants. And so, there are potentially a lot of sources for such an incident," Ells said. "We have been looking with the CDC, with our epidemiologist, with food safety experts, with local health departments and nobody initially could identify what the source was. We think we have a pretty good idea, but not definitively are we going to say what it was."
Ells said the changes, despite being costly and time-intensive, have been good not just for the safety of the food, but for how it tastes. "Every single ingredient now that we bring in has been scrutinized, every single cooking technique has been scrutinized and we've made a number of changes and a lot of these changes also have been for the better, I mean the food actually tastes better."


text:
Q: Getting 500 on query $result = $db->execute("
INSERT INTO arrowchat_chatroom_rooms (author_id, name, description, welcome_message, image, type,password, length, max_users, session_time, limit_message_num, limit_seconds_num)
VALUES ('" . $db->escape_string($userid) . "',
'" . $_POST["add_chatroom_name"] . "',
'" . $_POST["add_chatroom_desc"] . "',
'" . $_POST["add_chatroom_welcome_msg" . "',
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'". $_POST["add_chatroom_type"] . "',
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);

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A: you are missing the closing ] for
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in your query, and that is the most probable cause of your 500 error try enabling the display_errors = On from the php.ini


SIMS and CMIS Administrators needed urgently!
Aspire people are currently recruiting CMIS and SIMS School Administrators to work in Primary, Secondary and SEN Schools across Sandwell.
Applicants must have previous school administration experience and be proficient on SIMS and/or CMIS. Applicants with strong administration experience in a similar sector will also be considered but you must have the drive and enthusiasm to learn new skills and have the ability to adapt quickly.
To be able to be considered for such positions, applicants must either have a DBS that is dated within the last 12 months or be willing to pay GBP53 for a new one. Due to the fact that we are one of the leading suppliers of school administrators in Sandwell, we are currently inundated with admin vacancies and currently have more vacancies than we do administrators!
If you feel you could excel in these roles please contact Aspire People today!
At Aspire People we listen to and care about our candidates. We will support and guide YOU to find the perfect role. We are a well known Education Supplier, respected name within the East and West Midlands market.


text:
Die Deutsche Vereinspokalmeisterschaft 1936, im Volksmund nach dem damaligen "Reichssportführer" und Initiator des Wettbewerbs Hans von Tschammer und Osten als Tschammerpokal bezeichnet, war die zweite Auflage eines nationalen Fußball-Pokalwettbewerbs in Deutschland. Insgesamt nahmen 5291 Mannschaften, darunter 4112 Kreisligisten, am Wettbewerb teil. Der Wettbewerb war wie im Vorjahr in vier Phasen unterteilt und wurde nach dem gleichen Modus ausgetragen. In zwei Abschnitten spielten zunächst die Kreisliga- und Bezirksligamannschaften um die Qualifikation für die Hauptrunde, in der auch die Gauligisten in den Wettbewerb eingriffen. Erneut qualifizierten sich 64 Teams für die Schlussrunde.

Im Finale, das erst am 3. Januar 1937 ausgetragen wurde, standen sich der VfB Leipzig und der FC Schalke 04 gegenüber. Dabei unterlag der haushohe Favorit Schalke 04 vor 70.000 Zuschauern im Berliner Olympiastadion dem Außenseiter aus Leipzig mit 1:2.

Teilnehmende Mannschaften
Für die 1. Schlussrunde waren folgende Mannschaften qualifiziert
 die 16 Gauligen-Meister der Saison 1935/36

 die 48 aus den Pokalspielen auf regionaler Ebene qualifizierte Vereine

1. Schlussrunde

Die Spiele fanden von 7. Juni bis 16. August 1936 statt.

|}

Wiederholungsspiel

|}

2. Schlussrunde

Die Spiele fanden von 21. Juni bis 23. August 1936 statt.

|}

Wiederholungsspiele

|}

Achtelfinale

Die Spiele fanden von 5. bis 20. September 1936 statt.

|}

Wiederholungsspiele

|}

Viertelfinale

|}

Wiederholungsspiel

|}

Halbfinale

|}

Finale

Erfolgreichste Torschützen
(1. Schlussrunde bis Finale)

Weblinks
 Tschammerpokal 1936 bei www.kicker.de

Literatur

 Matthias Weinrich, Hardy Grüne: Enzyklopädie des deutschen Ligafußballs. Band 6: Deutsche Pokalgeschichte seit 1935. Bilder, Statistiken, Geschichten, Aufstellungen. Agon-Sportverlag, Kassel 2000, ISBN 3-89784-146-0, S. 20–27.

1936
Fußballsaison 1936
Fußball (Deutsches Reich, 1933–1945)


text:
package com.gh4a.fragment;

import org.eclipse.egit.github.core.Repository;
import org.eclipse.egit.github.core.RepositoryId;
import org.eclipse.egit.github.core.client.PageIterator;
import org.eclipse.egit.github.core.service.RepositoryService;

import android.os.Bundle;
import android.support.v7.widget.RecyclerView;

import com.gh4a.Gh4Application;
import com.gh4a.R;
import com.gh4a.activities.RepositoryActivity;
import com.gh4a.adapter.RepositoryAdapter;
import com.gh4a.adapter.RootAdapter;

public class ForkListFragment extends PagedDataBaseFragment<Repository> {
    private String mRepoOwner;
    private String mRepoName;

    public static ForkListFragment newInstance(String repoOwner, String repoName) {
        ForkListFragment f = new ForkListFragment();

        Bundle args = new Bundle();
        args.putString("owner", repoOwner);
        args.putString("repo", repoName);
        f.setArguments(args);

        return f;
    }

    @Override
    public void onCreate(Bundle savedInstanceState) {
        super.onCreate(savedInstanceState);
        mRepoOwner = getArguments().getString("owner");
        mRepoName = getArguments().getString("repo");
    }

    @Override
    protected RootAdapter<Repository, ? extends RecyclerView.ViewHolder> onCreateAdapter() {
        return new RepositoryAdapter(getActivity());
    }

    @Override
    protected int getEmptyTextResId() {
        return R.string.no_forks_found;
    }

    @Override
    public void onItemClick(Repository repo) {
        startActivity(RepositoryActivity.makeIntent(getActivity(), repo));
    }

    @Override
    protected PageIterator<Repository> onCreateIterator() {
        RepositoryService repoService = (RepositoryService)
                Gh4Application.get().getService(Gh4Application.REPO_SERVICE);
        return repoService.pageForks(new RepositoryId(mRepoOwner, mRepoName));
    }
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
District looks to stimulate industry
Staffers working on tax exemption bylaw
Rod Link
Jan. 8, 2020 1:30 a.m.
With a bylaw now in place providing tax exemptions for businesses and property owners who meet specific criteria by making physical improvements, the District of Houston is now turning its attention to encouraging the development of new industrial concerns or the expansion of existing ones.
And so the District council has now given its staffers the go ahead to draft a bylaw that would provide tax exemptions based on the value of increased assessments of industrial properties.
In outlining the direction given to District staffers by council, chief administrative officer Gerald Pinchbeck provided four guiding principles:
– increase the total assessed value of industrial properties within the District
– exemptions are to be granted on the basis of increases to the assessed value of properties
– expanding the type of businesses and availability of industrial services in the community
– providing the same program for both light and heavy industry
In setting out the guiding principles, council relied on a six-page backgrounder prepared by District corporate services officer Jennifer Bruns.
One of its key points was that a tax exemption on improvements only or new construction is not taxation lost, just delayed for however many years council decided to provide the exemption.
In examples provided by other local governments, exemption periods ranged from four to 10 years with a sliding percentage that decreases as the number of exemption eligible years increases so that, for instance, a 100 per cent exemption in the first year declines to 10 per cent in the tenth year.
The backgrounder did propose, for council's consideration, that an investment of between $100,000 and $150,000 and the creation one job be required as a minimum buy-in.
District finance director Yun Ke Ni, in supporting comments to the backgrounder, noted "the program will sacrifice general municipal property tax dollars for the period of the exemption, delayed the direct financial benefit the District would receive."
"However, this program would seek to incentivize investment that would benefit the District in future years."
Houston and District Chamber of Commerce executive director Maureen Czirfusz said the organization was excited to have the District develop an exemption bylaw aimed at the industrial sector.
"This program will assist the efforts to attract investments to the community," she said.
B.C. hereditary chiefs ban Coastal GasLink from Wet'suwet'en lands
New poll suggests Tories know what they want in a new leader but not whom to pick


text:
Fisherman in tragic overboard incident on Shetland trawler named
by editor | Feb 19, 2021 | Featured News, Latest News, Scottish Fishing News
The fisherman who died after falling overboard from the Shetland trawler FV Copius has been named. Photo: @Trawlerphotos
The fisherman who died after he went overboard from a local trawler off the Shetland Islands has been named by police.
The unfortunate casualty has been named as Edison Joseph Carrera Lacaste, 45, from the Philippines.
A mayday call was raised from the trawler FV Copious LK 985 at 03:20 in the early hours of Thursday morning when the vessel was about 30 nautical miles south east of Sumburgh Head.
The Shetland Coastguard rescue helicopter and Lerwick lifeboat were sent to the scene, while other vessels in the area also responded.
Mr Lacaste was recovered from the water and flown ashore before being taken to Gilbert Bain Hospital in Lerwick where he was later pronounced dead.
Police said they were working with the Marine Accident Investigation Branch (MAIB) to establish the full circumstances of the incident, and a report will be sent to the procurator fiscal in due course.
The MAIB said in a statement: " We have started an investigation into yesterday's fatal man overboard from the UK registered trawler Copious (LK985) off Sumburgh Head, Shetland, Scotland.
"Sadly, one fisherman lost his life when he fell overboard. The MAIB is investigating the circumstances that led to the accident."
A fundraising appeal for the family of a fisherman who died after falling overboard near Shetland yesterday raised more than £10,000 within hours.
The appeal was set up by Robie Johnson, who said her friend Joseph Lacaste died in the incident 30 miles south east of Sumburgh in the early hours of Thursday morning.
The fundraiser is looking to raise money for the father of two's family back home in the Philippines to assist them with mortgage payments, as well as living and travel costs.
The fundraising appeal can be found on Facebook.
Northern Isles MP Alistair Carmichael said it was "also a tragic reminder that fishermen do a dangerous job to put food on our table".
Featured News	International fleet gathers off southwest Ireland …
Featured News	McConalogue announces €1m in grants for seafood …