At the invitation of French Minister of Defense Michèle Alliot-Marie, the 22nd International Workshop on Global Security was presented at La Chapelle-en-Serval and the Chateau de Chantilly on 10-12 June 2005 in order to address the theme of "Global Security: A Security Strategy for the Coming Decade." Responding to the "continental drift" that has threatened to further separate the two shores of the Atlantic, Minister Alliot-Marie has said that she would be the Minister of "defense diplomacy" (diplomatie de defense): For the first time in two decades, she invited the NATO Defense Ministers to an informal ministerial meeting that was held in Nice earlier this year. And we hope that our 22nd International Workshop further contributes to her vision of strengthened U.S.-European relations.
Patronage of Minister Michèle Alliot-Marie. We appreciate Minister Alliot-Marie's warm invitation to hold this year's Workshop in France, her many contributions as Workshop Patron, and the remarkable help of an organizing committee that her Ministry established in Paris nearly one year in advance of the Workshop. This committee comprised well-chosen representatives of French government and industry: Ambassador Marc Perrin de Brichambaut, then Director for Strategic Affairs in the Defense Ministry and now OSCE Secretary General; Mr. Jean-Louis Gergorin, Executive Vice President at EADS-France; Ingénieur Général de l'Armement Robert Ranquet, Deputy Director of Strategic Affairs in the Ministry; and Admiral Jean Betermier (Ret.), Special Advisor to the Chairman of EADS.
Workshop Advisory Board. Members of the Workshop Advisory Board were also invaluable in planning for this year's Workshop, and we have tried to recognize them and some of their contributions below. On this committee, General George Joulwan was especially helpful. Ever since he succeeded General John Shalikasvili as Supreme Allied Commander, Europe and Honorary General Chairman of the Workshop, General George Joulwan has played an important leadership role. During this year's Workshop discussions, he has expressed grave concern for casualties in Iraq and called for a major program to deal with the improvised explosive devices that are the major cause.
Addresses by Defense Ministers. In her role as Workshop Patron, Minister Alliot-Marie presented the Workshop's opening keynote address on 10 June and presided a panel of distinguished political leaders: British Defence Secretary Dr. John Reid, Canadian Defense Minister Bill Graham, Bulgarian Defense Minister Nikolay Svinarov, Slovakian Defense Minister Juraj Liška, and Slovenian Defense Minister Karl Erjavec.
General Harald Kujat's valedictory address. Later that evening, General Harald Kujat gave his final address as Chairman of NATO's Military Committee and NATO's most senior military official. General Kujat has supported and participated in the Workshop as Director of Germany's Planning Staff, as Chief of Defense of Germany, and as Chairman of the NATO Military Committee. He has contributed much to the Workshop and his leadership will be missed. We were glad that General Raymond Henault, his successor, was able to participate in the Workshop as well.
NATO's operational role. On 11 June, opening speakers were General George Joulwan, former Supreme Allied Commander, Europe; Mr. John Koenig, Acting U.S. Permanent Representative on the North Atlantic Council; General Rainer Schuwirth, Chief of Staff of Supreme Headquarters Allied Powers Europe (SHAPE); and General Gerhard W. Back, Commander of Allied Joint Force Command, Brunssum (whose responsibilities include NATO's mission in Afghanistan).
Iran and the Middle East. Dr. Werner Fasslabend, Member of the Austrian Parliament and former Minister of Defense of Austria, gave a luncheon address on "Iran's Security Implications in the Middle East" which was followed by discussions led by Ambassador Benoît d'Aboville, France's Permanent Representative on the North Atlantic Council. His Canadian counterpart, Ambassador Jean-Pierre Juneau, presided over a special session in which Ambassador Thomas Pickering, former United States Under Secretary of State for Political Affairs and a Boeing Senior Vice President, also addressed Iran and the Middle East.
The EU and NATO. Ambassador Marc Perrin de Brichambaut chaired a major panel on "The Way Ahead for the EU and NATO" with presentations by Admiral Giampaolo Di Paola, Italy's Chief of Defense Staff; General Klaus Naumann, former Chief of Defense of Germany and Former Chairman of the NATO Military Committee; and Lieutenant General Jean-Paul Perruche, Director General of the European Union Military Staff.
Investing in capabilities. Speaking on "Global Security: Investing in Capabilities" were Dale Klein, U.S. Assistant to the Secretary of Defense for Nuclear, Chemical and Biological Defense Programs; Mr. Jean-Louis Gergorin; Rt Hon Bruce George, Chair of the Select Committee on Defense of the U.K. House of Commons; and Mr. Denis Ranque, Chairman and CEO of Thales.
Ukraine's Orange Revolution. At the Chateau de Chantilly, the historic residence of the Princes de Condé, Mr. Jean-Louis Gergorin welcomed participants on behalf of the French government and industry. Ukraine's Foreign Minister Borys Tarasyuk described Ukraine's experience since the Orange Revolution six months earlier.
Providing the capabilities. On 12 June, addressing the theme of "International Cooperation: Providing the Capabilities," Mr. Patrick Auroy, Director for Force Systems and Industrial, Technological and Cooperation Strategies, Délégation Générale pour l'Armement at the French Ministry of Defense, led a large and distinguished panel of acquisition and industry leaders with Mr. Jan-Olof Lind, Swedish National Armaments Director; Dr. Hans-Heinrich Weise, Ministerialdirektor, Director of the Armaments Division at the German Defense Ministry; Mr. Alfred Volkman, Director for International Cooperation in the Office of the Under Secretary of Defense (Acquisition, Technology, and Logistics); Admiral Sir Mark Stanhope, Deputy Supreme Allied Commander Transformation; Mr. François Courtot, Senior Vice President for International Development at SAFRAN; Mr. Giovanni Bertolone, Chief Executive Officer of Alenia Aeronautica S.p.A.; and Dr. Scott Harris, President for Continental Europe of Lockheed Martin Global.
Network-centric operations. Dr. Linton Wells II, U.S. Assistant Secretary of Defense for Networks and Information Integration (acting), chaired a series of major presentations on network-centric technologies and information technologies which were presented by Mr. Kent Schneider, President of Defense Enterprise Solutions at Northrop Grumman Information Technology and Mr. Thomas Vice, Vice President–Business Development at Northrop Grumman Integrated Systems.
Workshop wrap-up. Ambassador Jaromir Novotný, Czech Ambassador to India, chaired a final "Overview" panel with Latvian State Secretary Edgars Rinkevics, Romanian State Secretary Ion Mircea Plangu, and Vice-Admiral Tarmo Kõuts, Commander of the Estonian Defense Forces.
Center for Strategic Decision Research, which founded the Workshop series and has presented the Workshops annually for twenty-two years.
French Ministry of Defense. At the French Ministry of Defense, we received outstanding support from Minister Michèle Alliot-Marie, Ambassador Marc Perrin de Brichambaut, Ingénieur Général Robert Ranquet, as well as two members of Minister Alliot-Marie's private office, Mrs. Hélène de Rochefort and Mr. Camille Grand. Other vital contributors were Ambassador Benoit d'Aboville, Air Force Chief of Staff General Richard Wolsztynski; Lt. General Patrick Porchier, French Military Representative to the NATO Military Committee; Mr. Patrick Auroy, Lt. General Jean-Paul Perruche, and Ms. Claude-France Arnould, a senior French diplomat currently on the EU staff in Brussels.
EADS. Mr. Jean-Louis Gergorin, who shared the Workshop's early conceptual leadership with Ambassador Perrin de Brichambaut, was truly one of the Workshop's principal architects. We greatly appreciate the effective support of Admiral Jean Betermier, as well as the help of Mr. Jacques Beltran and Ms. Emmanuelle Lemaire. Other key EADS participants were Mr. Wolf-Peter Denker, Senior Vice President of EADS Germany, Professor Dr. Holger Mey, head of Customer Relations in Defense and Security Systems, and Dr. Stefan Zoller, President and CEO of EADS Defence and Communications Systems.
Northrop Grumman. After many years as a leading supporter of the international Workshops, Northrop Grumman was a vital Principal Sponsor for the second year. Under the leadership of Northrop Grumman executives Mr. Tom Vice, Mr. Bill Ennis, Mr. K.C. Brown, and Mr. Harry Pearce (now retired), Mr. James Moseman, and Mr. Jacques Pous, as well as Mr. Kent Schneider, Mr. Tom Baker, Mr. Vince Roske, and Mr. Joseph Penarczyk, Northrop Grumman helped us broaden and strengthen the Workshop senior military dimension, as well as the discussion of Alliance transformation and Network-centric operations (including Allied Ground Surveillance).
Under Secretary of Defense for Acquisition, Technology, and Logistics. In the Office of the Under Secretary of Defense, we are grateful for the advice and support of Mr. Alfred Volkman—who developed and chaired the panels on international cooperation over the last several years—as well as Mr. Robert Bruce, Mr. Roger Golden, Colonel Rodney Schmidt, and Ms. Karen Kay. We also appreciated the efficient assistance of Ms. Rita Bidlack.
Assistant Secretary of Defense (Networks and Information Integration). Thanks to Assistant Secretary Linton Wells II (Acting), Mr. Robert Lentz, Mr. Michael Kern, and Mr. Tim Bloechl (now at Microsoft), network-centric operations have become an increasingly important component of the international workshops. We also appreciate the helpful administrative support of Lieutenant Colonel Richard Palermo and Ms. Cecilia Jones.
Office of the Director of Net Assessment. As Director of Net Assessment, Mr. Andrew Marshall has been one of our most stimulating sponsors for more than two decades. Ms. Rebecca Bash has been a very effective administrator of this project, who arranged for the review of this report prior to publication.
Defense Threat Reduction Agency (DTRA). At DTRA, Director Dr. James Tegnelia, Mr. Doug Englund, Lt. General Robert Chelberg (ret.), and Colonel Robert Dickey greatly facilitated our efforts on this project.
National Defense University. At the National Defense University (NDU), we appreciate the support and encouragement of the NDU Foundation and especially General Chuck Link and Mr. Robert O'Such, as well as Dr. Hans Binnendijk, Colonel Steve Brooks at the Industrial College of the Armed Forces, and NDU's former President, Lt. General Paul Cerjan.
Alenia Aeronautica S.p.A. We greatly appreciate Alenia Aeronautica's continued sponsorship support, as well as this year's Workshop address by Chairman and CEO Ing. Giovanni Bertolone, the involvement of Mr. Stefano Tagliani and Mr. Riccardo Rovere, and the long-term interest and encouragement of Ing. Dr. Giorgio Zappa—now COO of Alenia's parent company, Finmeccanica.
Boeing Company. The Boeing Company was a sponsor again this year. We appreciate the continued interest and encouragement of Senior Vice President Thomas Pickering and especially his Workshop address on Iran and the Middle East. We also appreciate the participation again this year of Mr. Fred Spivey, as well as Mr. Russ Preston.
Lockheed-Martin Corporation. Dr. Scott Harris has contributed to the Workshop for many years, both as a participant and as a speaker—initially as an executive at Lockheed-Martin's Bethesda headquarters and more recently as President for Continental Europe of Lockheed Martin Global. We appreciate his continued support and participation.
MBDA Missile Systems. We are grateful for the personal efforts of MBDA's CEO Marwan Lahoud in support of the Workshop as well as his address and MBDA's vital sponsorship. Ms. Sarah Markell was helpful in coordinating MBDA's involvement.
MITRE Corporation. We appreciate MITRE's two decades of support for the international workshops on global security, the contributions over most of this period by Mr. John Quilty (now retired) and the enthusiasm of his successor Mr. Raymond Haller, Vice President at the Washington C3 Center, as well as that of Senior Vice President Alfred Grasso and Vice President Dr. Stephen Huffman.
Raytheon International. Vice Admiral Norman Ray has supported the Workshop for over a decade in his various roles of Deputy Chairman of the NATO Military Committee, Assistant Secretary General of NATO, and more recently as President for Europe of Raytheon International. We were pleased that Mr. Torkel Patterson, Raytheon International's new President could join us this year in Chantilly.
SAFRAN. We would like to acknowledge SAFRAN's vital sponsorship of the Workshop and the participation and address of SAFRAN's Senior Vice President for International Development, Mr. François Courtot.
Thales. We greatly appreciate the participation and Workshop address by Thales's Chairman and CEO Denis Ranque, as well as Thales's vital sponsorship of this year's Workshop.
General Dynamics Corporation. Mr. Michael Malzacher, CEO of Land Combat Systems Europe, represented General Dynamics this year. We are grateful for the long-time support of General Dynamics, including that of General George Joulwan, Member of the General Dynamics Board of Directors and former Supreme Allied Commander Europe, as well as that of Vice President William Schmieder, and Mr. Tom Leris, Director of International Marketing for Europe.
Iridium Satellite LLC. As Chairman and CEO of Iridium Satellite, Mr. Carmen Lloyd has been a strong Workshop supporter; we especially appreciate the participation of Executive Vice President Greg Ewert at this year's Workshop in Chantilly.
Rolls-Royce. As Chairman of Rolls-Royce Deutschland Ltd & Co. KG, Mr. Axel Arendt's continued interest and support was welcome again this year.
Sponsoring governments. With special thanks this year to the French Ministry of Defense and Minister Michèle Alliot-Marie, we would like to acknowledge those governments which, over two decades, contributed to the Workshop series: Czech Republic, Kingdom of Denmark, Republic of France, Federal Republic of Germany, Republic of Greece, Republic of Hungary, Kingdom of the Netherlands, Kingdom of Norway, Republic of Poland, Republic of Portugal, the Austrian Ministry of Defense, Italian Ministry of Defense, the Canadian Armed Forces, and the Russian Ministry of Science and Technology and the Ministry of Communications.
Ing. Giovanni Bertolone; CEO, Alenia Aeronautica S.p.A.
Mr. William Ennis; Acting Director, Northrop Grumman International Inc.
Dr. Scott Harris; President, Continental Europe, Lockheed Martin Global, Inc.
Mr. Torkel Patterson; President, Raytheon International, Inc.
Mr. Stefano Tagliani; Head of Media Relations, Alenia Aeronautica S.p.A.
Château de Chantilly. At the Château de Chantilly, the "Trompes de Chasse" (ensemble of traditional hunting horns) of the Garde Républicaine of the French Ministry of Defense welcomed the Workshop participants. We are grateful to Minister Alliot-Marie, the Garde Républicaine, and especially Ingenieur Général Robert Ranquet for making this performance possible.
Surrounded by gardens and canals designed by Le Nôtre and set in the midst of one of the largest forests north of Paris, the Château de Chantilly was built over a period spanning the 14th to the 19th centuries. Its Condé Museum hosts the largest collection of paintings in France after the Louvre, with paintings by Fra Angelico, Raphael, Van Dyke, and a library of rare books including the famous Book of Hours, the Très Riches Heures du Duc de Berry. It has been the residence of great figures in French history, from the Princes de Condé to the Duc d'Aumale, son of King Louis-Philippe. We are grateful for the tremendous support of Château Director Mr. Frédéric Nancel, and its many outstanding staff members including Mr. Alexis de Kermel.
Château Hotel Mont Royal. Its beautiful and efficient facilities on a hill-top in the Chantilly forest near the Château de Chantilly were ideal; The château hotel's Director, Mrs. Valérie Claude, and her well-trained staff gave us truly outstanding support.
Workshop international staff. Dr. Lin-Hua Wu (J.D., Stanford) returned to the Workshop staff for the eighth year. Caroline Baylon, a graduate of Stanford, coordinated a very effective international workshop staff including Britta Schultheis, manager of the all-important Workshop database, Dr. Eugene Whitlock (J.D., University of Michigan), who helped coordinate the Workshop logistics, and Jean Lee, director of the Workshop's graphics and photography. Jean made life easier for us this year by shifting to digital photography. Other staff members were Jonathan Durand, Jens Domberg, Dr. Frances Hsieh (J.D., Stanford), and Julien Sauné.
Workshop publications. As CSDR Deputy Director, Anne D. Baylon played a key role in every aspect of the Workshop's development as well as the editing of this volume, for which she was responsible. She acknowledges the contributions of her editorial team, including Carol Whiteley, and the valued assistance of Kevin Cotter with layouts and printing. We appreciate the tireless efforts and years of experience of everyone on this outstanding staff.


'Introducing health sciences: a case study approach' (SDK125) was awarded an Open University Teaching Award in 2009 for innovation in supporting students new to science and distance learning through online collaborative activities, and blended text, multimedia and interactive assessments.
The course team developed a wide range of tools, for example, online split screen tutorials that allow simultaneous internet access alongside text that guides the student step by step through keyword searches in OU library or on the internet. Students are then able to locate data on water quality and sanitation via the internet, and share their data whith their tutor group though the use of wikis and forum discussions.
Captivate animations have been used to teach students how to analyse shared tutor group data from a home experiment to measure lung volume using spreadsheets and scatterplots.
Throughout the course, knowledge and understanding of the science is supported by a multimedia DVD that uses a wide range of video, flash animation, and interactive self-assessment quizzes. iCMAs created in OpenMark have been used both formatively and summatively throughout the course in a little but often assessment approach that we believe reinforces learning and enhances retention.


Customized for MeCompare UsLose WeightPay Less, Get MoreToo Busy?
You're ready to lose weight right now.
You're concerned about your overall health.
You have dietary issues, such as diabetes or high cholesterol.
food for the rest of your family, or are too busy for complex recipes and calorie counting.
Get the Body You Want With The Zone Diet.
The Zone Diet is based on nutritionally sound principles. When you're eating right, the pounds seem to melt away.
If you're new to the Zone, here's a quick explanation: you'll plan your meals, shop for groceries as you've always done, and cook your meals.
There's a substantial math requirement, though, to keep your nutrition scientifically balanced to make your body release those extra pounds. FormulaZone was created to do the calculations for you, and make following the Zone Diet easy.
FormulaZone starts you out with over 3,580 recipes, and offers a dozen easy-to-use tools to help your whole family successfully lose weight and get healthy. And because being healthy shouldn't be expensive, you can join, and plan meals for every member of your family at no additional charge.
You don't have to make major changes to the way you eat.
The FormulaZone simplifies your diet. You won't be hungry when you get the right kind of nutrients - low glycemic carbohydrates, enough protein, and some fat each meal, you'll think clearly, have more energy, lose weight, and not worry about blood sugar or cholesterol levels.
Start now By your next meal you'll be enjoying the large portions and loving the variety. Your family won't even realize they're on a diet.
Whether your choice is the Zone Diet, the Formula, 40-30-30, Vegetarian / Vegan, or even the Glycemic Index, we have an incredible collection of tools that make sticking to your plan infinitely easier.
Plus the largest collection of 40-30-30 recipes available anywhere - all customizable for your family.
Under a doctor's care / special dietary needs?
FormulaZone has tools for diabetics to control blood sugar, for people suffering from food allergies, even for picky eaters.
Get more from your vegetarian diet.
Use the hundreds of proven vegetarian recipes, or use the Recipe Builder tool to create your own.
Celebrities - get fit and stay healthy like the stars do.
Jennifer Aniston, Sandra Bullock, Charlie Sheen, Kevin Costner, and other celebrities follow the Zone, for the same reasons you should.
Become your own success story.
Want to brag that you lost up to 9 pounds in your first week? If you decide to make the commitment, we'll be there with the science, the tools, and the best support available - from other members and from the FormulaZone support staff. Don't put it off until later. Get started now, before your next meal.
Learn how to put real power into every part of your diet program with our exclusive diet tools. Compare to other sites to see you'll pay less and get more from FormulaZone. Take the tour and learn everything this site has to offer you and your whole family as well.


Recent analyses conducted by economists with Fresno State's Center for Agricultural Business (CAB) have indicated that America's once-feared cold war enemy – Russia – is warming up to new agricultural trade partnerships with U.S. exporters.
In a June report to members of the California Specialty Crops Council in San Francisco, CAB Director Dr. Mechel Paggi (left) said Russia is now considered an "emerging market" for U.S. farm products, including several specialty crops produced mainly in California.
"U.S. exports of raisins and mixed dried fruit reached new records in fiscal year 2011, with the value of raisin exports to Russia increasing 25 percent to nearly $1.8 million and the value of mixed dried fruit exports more than tripling to nearly $1.2 million," Paggi reported to the council. Import demand for prunes has doubled in the last five years, making Russia now the largest importer of prunes in the world. The United States supplies about 20 percent of that market, with record sales of $12 million in 2012, Paggi noted.
Other California crops seeing trade growth to Russia are fresh fruits such as apples, pears and grapes. In the last decade, for example, the value of U.S. grape imports to Russia grew from less than $1 million to $8 million; pear imports have risen from less than $1 million to nearly $12 million; and apple sales have surged from about $1 million to nearly $16 million.
Fresh berries also are seeing more demand from Russian consumers, especially strawberries, raspberries and blueberries. Although the U.S. share of the Russian berry market is still small at about 1 percent, overall demand in that country is rapidly rising, growing from just over $20 million in sales in 2006 to more than $100 million in 2011.
Trade studies show the value of tree nut imports into Russia jumped from less than $50 million in 2004 to nearly $400 million in 2011. The United States currently owns 29 percent of the total market share for Russian tree nut imports, including 90 percent share of the almond market. This rise in purchasing of both almonds and pistachios in Russia has been a welcome trend for California producers.
Two key factors have fueled the trade impetus with Russia, Paggi stated. First, that country's economy is growing at a good pace in recent years, with 4.0, 4.3 and 3.4 percent expansion reported for 2010, 2011 and 2012, respectively. Secondly, Russia recently joined the World Trade Organization (WTO), meaning the government will commit to lowering tariffs on certain products such as citrus fruits, table grapes and raisins, pears and prunes.
Logistics – the simple movement of goods around Russia – continues to be a major limiting factor affecting trade, Paggi noted. Interior Russia does not have major waterways connected to the sea, such as the Great Lakes region or Mississippi River in the United States. The main sea ports of entry to Russia are St. Petersberg in the west and Vladivostok on the east, bordering China on the Sea of Japan. From either of those two ports, most goods must be shipped sometimes thousands of miles by train or truck to reach inland centers such as Moscow.
"The ongoing development of the mass grocery retail industry will allow producers to route products to the market more efficiently," Paggi said. However, the purchasing power of consumers remains relatively low, and strong competition exists for many products imported from the European Union and other countries, he noted.
With a population of 143 million, Russia is considered among the world's top five future growth engines and markets for global trade (along with Brazil, India, China and South Africa).
"Russia's retail sector is growing, which creates a number of opportunities for prospective U.S. exporters, and significant numbers of consumers can afford purchasing high-quality food products," Paggi said. So in spite of infrastructure weaknesses and other challenges, the market is something California and U.S. producers should considering exploring.
A complete pdf version of Paggi's report is available on the CAB website at www.csufcab.com.


text:
NXIVM: Graphic Details Of Sex-Slaves And Pedophilia Heard As Raniere Trial Gets Underway
May 11, 2019 Featured, Life Stories
Salacious details of pedophilia and sexual slavery were heard on Tuesday in a Brooklyn courtroom as the trial of NXIVM's former leader, Keith Raniere, got underway.
Mr. Raniere, 58, has been indicted on charges of racketeering conspiracy, identity theft, extortion, forced labor, money laundering, wire fraud and sex trafficking.
In recent weeks, five women who were charged as Mr. Raniere's co-defendants have pleaded guilty to various federal charges, leaving Mr. Raniere to stand trial alone. –New York Times
Three carts full of binders marked "USA v. Raniere" being rolled into the courthouse just now. pic.twitter.com/bwRuvTqUV5
— Ayla Ferrone (@AylaFerrone) May 7, 2019
One woman, a 32-year-old identified only as "Sylvie," said that she had been involved in the group for around 13 years for their self-help seminars – only to be later invited to join a secretive sorority within the organization known as "Dominus Obsequious Sororium" (DOS) – Latin for "master over the slave women."
Sylvie said that in order to join DOS she had to provide "collateral" to her sponsor, Monica Duran, in the form of photographs and a stamped letter to her parents telling them that she was a prostitute, according to the New York Times.
"Now I was Monica's slave and she was my master and the collateral was in place to keep that going," said Sylvie, adding that she was given "assignments" that she was to fulfill without question.
Another recruit-turned-coach was India Oxenberg – daughter of Dynasty actress Catherine Oxenberg, who met with prosecutors in New York in late 2017 to present evidence against Raniere.
"This was organized crime. Keith Raniere was an organized crime boss," prosecutor Tanja Hajjar told the jury of eight men and four women during Tuesday's opening statements – adding that Raniere, 58, brought a 15-year-old girl from Mexico, Camilla, to New York along with her two sisters in 2015. Camilla was Raniere's first "sex slave" according to Hajjar. Raniere "wasn't interested in mentoring" the girls, said Hajjar. "Instead, he had sex with all three daughters."
Most recently, Raniere was accused of having sex with children and producing kiddie porn, to which he has pleaded not guilty.
Raniere, 58, is accused of having a child "engage in sexually explicit conduct for the purpose of producing one or more visual depictions of such conduct, which visual depictions were produced and transmitted." –New York Post
Raniere began sleeping with Camilla, the youngest sister, at age 15, and nicknamed her "Virgin Camilla," Hajjar alleged.
The charming Nxivm founder soon pitted "sister against sister" — and retaliated against one of them, Daniela, after learning she had feelings for someone else. Raniere, 58, shut her in a "room for two years" before banishing her to Mexico altogether, according to the prosecutor. –NY Post
Jurors also heard how Raniere "wanted his DOS slaves to be branded with his monogram," and how Camilla procured other slaves to sleep with him.
One recruit, an actress named Nicole in her 30s, was "blindfolded and tied to a table" when she was introduced to Raniere, according to Hajjar, who added "A third person came into the room and started performing oral sex on her… That third person was Camilla."
Prosecutors also said that two of Raniere's co-defendants, Smallville actress Allison Mack – who allegedly occupied the second-most-senior position in the group, and Lauren Salzman, served as master slaves. Mack and Salzman were among five women charged in the case – including Seagram's heiress Clare Bronfman. The five women have pleaded guilty, however it is unclear whether they will testify against Raniere.
"I knowingly and intentionally harbored Jane Doe 4, a woman whose identity is known to me, in a room in the home in the Northern District of New York" and "threatened to deport Jane Doe 4 back to Mexico if she did not complete labor requested by myself and others," admitted Salzman – whose mother Nancy has also pleaded guilty to racketeering conspiracy.
Raniere has remained behind bars since his March 2018 arrest after he fled to Mexico with Bronfman. His trial is expected to last around six weeks.
Whistleblower speaks out
NXIVM whistleblower Frank Parletto sat down with Big League Politics' Patrick Howley last Sunday to discuss the trial, where he describes Sen. Chuck Schumer (D-NY) as a "friendly" ally as well as the copious Clinton connections.
Jeffrey Epstein Has Been Arrested For Sex…
Police SNIPERS deployed to protect "Drag Queen…
Major Red Flags Are Causing Many To Doubt Whether…
THE END OF THE OIL GIANTS: And What It Means
Biden Doubles Down After Reminding Everyone…
Here Are 15 Numbers That Show How The Global Economy…
Previous Post:A Civil War In Sports: Identity Politics Vs Science?
Next Post:Craig Murray: The Real Muellergate Scandal

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Home All The News Rodriguez rejoins Burnley for £10m from West Brom
Rodriguez rejoins Burnley for £10m from West Brom
Date published: Tuesday 9th July 2019 2:56
Jay Rodriguez has rejoined Burnley from Championship side West Brom for a reported fee of £10million.
The 29-year-old has signed a two-year deal to rejoin his hometown club from West Brom, with the fee not made public.
Rodriguez came through the Clarets youth system and made 129 first-team appearances before joining Southampton in 2012.
The striker then spent five years with Saints. He earned England recognition in 2013 but hopes of featuring at the World Cup the following year were dashed by a serious knee injury.
He moved to West Brom in a £12million deal two years ago and scored 33 goals in 84 appearances for the Baggies, helping them reach the Championship play-offs last season.
Rodriguez scored 41 goals in his first spell with the Clarets.
burnley jay rodriguez west brom
Chelsea 3-0 Burnley: Blues actually win winnable home game
Reece James was superb for Chelsea as they easily overcame Burnley at Stamford Bridge.
Dyche refuses to panic despite Burnley's poor PL form
Burnley boss Sean Dyche said logic tells him there is no need to panic as his side bid to halt their poor Premier League run.
Old Folks XI: The right-back is proper Phil Bardsley
Joining Ben Foster on the bench beside the sea is Burnley right-back Phil Bardsley...
QPR spank Swans; Baggies, Northampton through
Bristol Rovers and Coventry face a replay, Barnsley beat Crewe.
Dyche dismisses rumours that Hart could leave for Villa
Sean Dyche indicated that Burnley will not allow Joe Hart to leave during the January transfer window.
January 4 2020, 5:52 pm
Burnley 1-2 Aston Villa: Grealish stars at Turf Moor
Aston Villa climbed out of the bottom three as Jack Grealish scored one and assisted another.
January 1 2020, 11:45 am


text:
CGFloat const kWDYBlurredImageDefaultBlurRadius            = 20.0;
CGFloat const kWDYBlurredImageDefaultSaturationDeltaFactor = 1.8;

@implementation UIImageView (Blur)

- (void)setImageToBlur:(UIImage *)image
       completionBlock:(WDYBlurredImageCompletionBlock)completion
{
    [self setImageToBlur:image
              blurRadius:kWDYBlurredImageDefaultBlurRadius
         completionBlock:completion];
}

- (void)setImageToBlur:(UIImage *)image
            blurRadius:(CGFloat)blurRadius
       completionBlock:(WDYBlurredImageCompletionBlock) completion
{
    NSParameterAssert(image);
    blurRadius = (blurRadius <= 0) ? kWDYBlurredImageDefaultBlurRadius : blurRadius;
    dispatch_async(dispatch_get_global_queue(DISPATCH_QUEUE_PRIORITY_DEFAULT, 0), ^{

        UIImage *blurredImage = [image applyBlurWithRadius:blurRadius tintColor:nil saturationDeltaFactor:kWDYBlurredImageDefaultSaturationDeltaFactor maskImage:nil];
        dispatch_async(dispatch_get_main_queue(), ^{
            self.image = blurredImage;
            if (completion) {
                completion();
            }
        });
    });
}

@end

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
AREA ROUNDUP: Bancroft, Speight lead Fike to 7th-place finish at WRAL Invite
Led by Aaron Bancroft and Joseph Speight, who each finished second in their respective weight classes, the Fike High wrestling team finished seventh out of 31 teams Saturday at the WRAL Invitational at Athens Drive High in Raleigh. Golden Demons who placed in the top eight in their respective divisions are, from left, Saulo Rodriguez (285 pounds, sixth), Jayleen Bullock (195, third), Aaron Bancroft (160, second), Joseph Speight (182, second), Noah Gullet (152, eighth), Zametrie Bagley (220, eighth) and Taylor Gay (126, eighth).
Posted Wednesday, December 26, 2018 11:57 pm
RALEIGH — Junior Aaron Bancroft and senior Joseph Speight each finished second in their respective weight classes to lead the Fike High wrestling team to a seventh-place finish out of 31 teams at the WRAL Invitational on Saturday, Dec. 23.
Five other Golden Demons placed in the top eight of their respective divisions, led by sophomore Jayleen Bullock in third place at 195 pounds. Also earning places were sixth-place Saulo Rodriguez (285 pounds) along with Taylor Gay (126), Noah Gullet (152) and Zametrie Bagley (220), all of whom finished eighth.
Bancroft pinned his first two opponents in less than 30 seconds each before winning a 5-3 decision against Ricardo Harrington of Cave Spring (Roanoke, Virginia) in the 160-pound semifinals. Bancroft was defeated in a 7-5 decision in the final by Jaden Bullock of Oscar Smith (Chesapeake, Virginia), which won the team competition.
After receiving two byes at 182 pounds, Speight claimed a win by fall and then by technical fall, setting a semifinals showdown with Bryan Aragao of North Brunswick. Speight prevailed 3-2 but was pinned in the championship match by Holden Cypher of Raleigh Millbrook.
Bullock ended up 4-1 on the day, losing a 10-7 decision in the 195-pound semifinals before bouncing back with two wins in the consolation bracket.
Fike will compete in the four-team Big Horn Duals on Friday and Saturday at Havelock.
SWE falls in Nash Co. tournament final
ROCKY MOUNT — A big second-half run by Rocky Mount sunk Southwest Edgecombe's chances at winning the girls basketball Nash County Christmas Tournament on Saturday, 51-36.
The 2-A Eastern Plains Conference Lady Cougars (7-1) took a 22-20 lead at halftime, but the 3-A Big East Conference Lady Gryphons (5-2) came out and won the third quarter 16-9 on their way to a 51-36 victory. It was the first loss in eight games for SouthWest while Rocky Mount rose to 5-2.
Southwest Edgecombe was led by a pair of sophomores — Alonee Smallwood with 15 points and Jada Battle with 11 points, seven assists and five steals.
To get to the championship game, Southwest defeated East Wake of the 3-A Greater Neuse River Conference 59-52 in the semifinals Friday after dispatching Northern Nash of the 3-A Big East 46-42 in the first round Thursday.
Bailey Davis led the way against the Lady Warriors (7-4) with 21 points. Battle also finished with 14 points, 11 assists and five steals. Smallwood tallied nine points.
Davis also led the way against the Lady Knights (1-7) with 17 points in the first round. Smallwood grabbed a team-high nine rebounds to go with her 11 points. Kenasja Dunn added seven points as well.
The Cougars will next be in action on Friday in the Edgecombe County Holiday Classic at 3:30 p.m. against Southeast Halifax (0-8) at Tarboro High.
SW EDGECOMBE (36)
Smallwood 15, Battle 11, Davis 5, Moody 3, Thigpen 2
ROCKY MOUNT (51)
Pittman 18, Moore 16, Morris 8, Wiggins 3, Barnes 3, Coleman 2, Young 1, Wilkins
Score by quarters:
SW Edgecombe 11 11 9 5 — 36
Rocky Mount 9 11 16 15 — 51
Cougars take 7th in Nash Christmas tourney
ROCKY MOUNT — Keishon Porter scored 24 points as the SouthWest Edgecombe varsity boys basketball team salvaged seventh place in the Nash County Christmas Tournament with a 64-59 win over Nash Central on Saturday.
The Cougars trailed 46-44 their 2-A Eastern Plains Conference rivals heading into the fourth quarter before rallying to even their record at 4-4 after losing their first two games of the tournament. Freshman Zay Mayo added 18 points in the victory while senior Jayden Lewis tallied 10 points as well.
The Bulldogs dropped to 1-7 with their fourth straight loss.
East Wake handed SouthWest Edgecombe a 66-51 loss in the consolation semifinals after 3-A Big East Conference Northern Nash blasted the Cougars 74-50 in the first round.
Porter again led SWE with 17 points while Lewis and May had 12 and nine points respectively against the 3-A Greater Neuse River Conference Warriors, now 6-3. Porter averaged 16 points a game in the tourney.
The Knights, No. 12 in the Maxpreps.com 3-A rankings, eventually won the tournament, beating fellow Big East foes Southern Nash and Rocky Mount.
Freshman Jaquan Wilkins and junior Dorian Ruffin led the Cougars in scoring with eight points each.
The Cougars will next be in action on Friday in the Edgecombe County Holiday Classic against Southeast Halifax (0-7) at Tarboro High.


The Balvenie 40 Year Old is true bottled perfection. With notes of dried apricots, candied fruit peels and ginger on the nose, the aroma is elegant and tantalising. The palate is made up with notes of nutmeg, cinnamon and honey – an exquisite dram.


In the 90's and early 2000's the point-and-click games were propably the games I played the most back then. One of my absolutely favourite series were Syberia, The Secret Of Monkey Island and The Longest Journey. I liked the fact how I could take my time and not worry of sudden deaths, making the characters and story the most important point of the game. After I heard of Trüberbrook I was ready to dive back to old memories, and Trüberbrook being about physics, mystery and psychology it took my total interest, not mentioning how the game was done by making all the game's secenery of real landscape models.
Hans Tannhauser is a physicist in the 1960's who won a vacation to rural Germany, even though he doesn't recall of ever being taking part to such of contest. He soon finds out the towns people of being little bit odd and someone stealing his notes. Everything turn soon into a huge mystery as things happen after another and getting to know everyone little bit better.
The way Trüberbrook is written is very interesting even though sometimes I only managed to progress in the story by chunks as I usually got stuck in situations for a long time as I didn't know how to go on. I realized I cannot tell much of the details about the plot as it would give too much away.
What comes to the characters, their personalities are various and even though I would like to think Hans was the most 'normal' of them all, he also was very much funnily-weird. Everyone seemed to be little extremely something and nothing between, which made this whole experience hilarious, but also managing to retain the needed seriousness.
Trüberbrook is rather simple with gameplay and controls, as it's point-and-click game. No sudden or timed things was presented, everything was figuring out puzzles, collecting needed items and dealing with people and situations. I'm not sure am I the only one who eventually ends up to the same situation in every puzzle game, that I run out of every option and simply just try every possible item and option there is. I honestly got stuck so badly that I couldn't figure the solution, even after trying everything I could in every area I could. Then my only solution was to see the walkthrough online (Trüberbrook was released on PC last month) and the problem simply was something I thought I tried or thought I could skip as it surely wouldn't make any difference.
As of controlwise I didn't find anything new or innovative. What I must address about the moving the player is how he got stuck very easily on everything. It became frustrating very quickly and I'm not sure is this something that'll be fixed in the final release.
I love the idea how Trüberbrook was made by creating all the areas as miniature and then scanning them. Some sceneries looked nice and in the end part of the game it was nicely played with few segments. Even the computer model characters were made to match the theme of looking like part of the scenery and not just looking like something added afterwards. As the developer writes, the mood of the game is inspired from TV-Series such as Twin Peaks, X-Files and Stranger Things and it really shows. Overall I'm very impressed of how this is put together.
I found the voice acting to be good and slighlty of B-movie-ish which fit to the theme perfectly. As of any game, voice acted or not, it's very frustrating to hear the NPCs saying the same things all over again as you try to alk to them. Especially in situations where I had to try everything as getting stuck. Trüberbrook did barely have any background music, other than easy tunes and natural sounds of the environments. I don't think it would've even needed anything else.
It was sometimes difficult to understand my next task completely and knowing is something doable, is just by trying it. Trüberbrook is maybe 5 hours long if you know what to do exaclty, but I don't think anyone can play it that short in their first playthrough. I did get frustrated sometimes as I was watching how much time had passed from the last time I made progression in the game. I'm not saying the game is super hard, but it needs focusing and patience.
Now thinking if Trüberbrook was anything I expected and I have to say it kinda was. Weird, hilarious, slow paced. I really admire of someone still doing these kind of old style games which heyday is long gone, but not forgotten. I think anyone who have ever played or want to play this type of games Trüberbrook is very good game to add to your collection.


Clara is from Central Oregon Community College, and studied abroad on a Customized Program with COCC during the Fall of 2015.
Montserrat was absolutely incredible! I've never experience anything like that before and ill remember that hike forever. The hike even though it was hard was well worth it. I'd do it again in a heartbeat. I left wishing I could spend the whole day there exploring the many trails, and beautiful cathedral.
Really get to know the Raval area, especially the area behind the MACBA. There is always something interesting to see or some cool little shop to explore.
First I would go to Marmalade for brunch, then I would walk over to the greek theater on Mt. Juic to read. After an hour or two I would move on to cafe Diamonte near the college for the best tortilla espana with friends. Then we would go down to the beach for a game of soccer or swimming or probably both. If we could scamper fast enough we would scurry back up Mt. Juic to watch the sunset from the barricades on top. Tapas next, then drinks at Gipsy Lou or Foxy together.
Keep an open mind. Expect the unexpected and push yourself out of your comfort zone. It will be worth it.
Barcelona SAE always provided enough information and events to always stay busy. The staff was so wonderful and willing to help at all times. I loved the program because it had just enough structure, yet there was also plenty of freedom to enjoy and live life to the fullest in Barcelona.


Here is the menu for Poki Bowl Express.
Want some mouthwatering protein in Fresno to satisfy your cravings? If you know what's good for your tummy, FISH OF COURSE, then you know Poki Bowl Express is the "goodest" place around town to get your grubby hands them. Where else in 93727 can give you what you're craving for, what your tummy craves, to satisfy that poke addiction.


Nothing else works as effectively to support healthy blood pressure, cholesterol, circulation, and heart health as L-arginine Plus®.
We back every bottle we sell with our 100% Money Back Guarantee. If you aren't satisfied with the results for any reason, you can get a FULL refund. We're that confident L-arginine Plus® will work for you.
Sign up for our email list and get 10% off instantly! Plus we'll send you more news, updates, and savings in the future.
*By completing the form, I grant express permission to receive emails from L-arginine Plus® - I understand I can unsubscribe at any time.
High blood pressure is a huge problem across the country and if you're here reading about it, that is a step in the right direction to ensure blood pressure is where it needs to be so you can avoid the serious problems high blood pressure can lead to.
L-arginine Plus® is the best L-arginine supplement available! But it doesn't stop there. Each order comes with an unmatched 100% GUARANTEE, the most exceptional and responsive customer service and attention to every detail to ensure you're satisfied with L-arginine Plus®.
It's difficult to find something that really works for health, but this makes the process as simple as possible.
"I have been using L-arginine Plus® for years and find it to be an OUTSTANDING WAY FOR ME TO MAINTAIN HEALTHY BLOOD PRESSURE. The product is of the highest quality and is easy to use. There is also a choice of great flavors."
Helps support healthy blood pressure, increases energy levels, boosts vitality and vigor, improves muscle development and supports your overall health.
Clinically-tested ingredients to help offer real, lasting support for your health.
Healthy and safe support for your blood pressure and overall health.
FREE shipping available when you order multiple bottles of L-arginine Plus®.
Quality-tested to meet the highest standards in the industry.
Take just once a day and see a big difference.
"I have been a firefighter for over 33 years and have been exposed to lack of sleep for many years. A side effect of this was an elevated blood pressure. A leading cause of firefighter illnesses are cardiac related. I was always looking for a product that was not pharmaceutical to assist me in controlling my blood pressure, and then I stumbled across I-Arginine Plus when a co-worker brought some in for us to try. After two weeks of using this product, I have lowered my Systolic number and my Diastolic number. A welcome side effect of this product may also be an increased amount of energy too. If you are looking for a product that may actually work in controlling an elevated BP, you may want to give I-Arginine Plus a try."
you've always sent it out in less time than i expected ...for free! thanks so much. I tell everyone about you at the gym.
*Reviews are submitted via a form, or by email. Elements of Health Care and its sister companies do not imply any medical claims for customer reviews. Individual results will vary and aren't meant to represent typical results - whether it would be positive or negative. This is true of our products, as well as any other product that you would ever try.
Every 8 oz glass contains proven healthy ingredients to support your blood pressure and overall health: Get L-Arginine (5110mg) for an instant nitric oxide boost and L-Citrulline (1010mg) for longer lasting results. In just 2 weeks you'll be surprised with your results . . . or we will give you your money back!
L-arginine Plus® is a uniquely developed powdered drink mix that quickly goes to work to support your health. By expanding the vessels in a safe and natural way, users notice significant support when it comes to their energy levels, blood flow, immune health, hormone health and their entire overall health.
L-arginine Plus® is based on a Nobel Prize winning medical breakthrough and the discovery of nitric oxide, which some consider the most important advancement in the fight to maintain healthy blood pressure and overall health! Each serving comes with 5110mg of L-arginine and 1010mg of L-citrulline.
Healthy, Safe Formula that is Better for Your Health!
Feel good about the healthy ingredients in L-Arginine Plus®. Looking to increase muscle development, increase energy levels, improve your vigor and performance and improve your overall health, then give L-Arginine Plus®a try today!
L-arginine Plus® stands out as the best l-arginine supplement because it is so much more than simple l-arginine.
Order the 100% GUARANTEED L-arginine Plus®!
Try L-arginine Plus® 100% Risk Free with our 100% Money Back Guarantee. If you're not satisfied, you get your money back.
When You Start Your Exclusive 30% Off VIP Membership Today!
To get the most out of L-arginine Plus® I recommend you take it continuously. It's easy when you join the VIP Auto Ship Program. You'll never have to worry about running out.
You get FREE Shipping Forever when you join the VIP 3-month Auto Ship Program now plus we'll send a 4th bottle FREE today. As a VIP, you'll get a 3-month supply of L-arginine Plus® for just $34.95 per bottle shipped today and then every 3 months we'll ship 3 more bottles. And shipping and handling is FREE for as long as your VIP membership continues.
For your convenience, your credit card will be automatically charged with each shipment. You never have to worry about reordering and you can cancel anytime. There's no risk!
I bought this for my husband and he loves the way it makes him feel. He simply will not go a day without it.
I have been taking L-Arginine Plus now for two years and last year I got my wife to try it and she is really particular in what she takes. It also worked for her, so now we both take it and it really works for both of us. We are in our 70's and it has given us both more energy and it has helped both of our eyes, something I have never seen you advertise. - Wayne W.
How to Use this for the Best Results Possible!
Step 1: Mix 1 scoop of powder with 8-12 oz of water.
Step 2: Stir to dissolve. If water is very cold, mixture may take longer to dissolve.
Step 3: Drink between meals or on an empty stomach to enjoy your health benefits!
Call 1-800-583-8004 to order or simply complete your purchase below.
Order as many bottles as you like. Use the first bottle, completely. If after using that first bottle, you aren't convinced you're seeing results . . . simply return the empty bottle, along with the full, unopened remaining bottles within 90 days of your purchase date . . . and I will refund every penny of your purchase price to you. No questions asked.
Start Your Exclusive 30% Off VIP Membership Today!
Oh, and this is a 100% Guarantee. That's as generous of a guarantee as you'll ever see from anyone. I trust you completely. You can, of course, order a single bottle. If you aren't happy, for any reason, just return it, empty, for a fast refund. If you order more than one bottle, just be sure the others aren't opened when you return them.
AstraGin® is NuLiv Science's exclusive absorption enhancing ingredient. This 100% natural ingredient has been shown in cell, animal, and human studies to support the absorption of many essential life supporting and health promoting nutrients, such as amino acids, glucose, and vitamins into human cells (over 60% increase in bioavailability). By fostering a cellular environment to allow a greater amount of these nutrients to pass from the blood stream into the cells, AstraGin® supports better absorption as it increases the bioavailability of the ingredients in L-arginine Plus®.
L-arginine is a chemical building block called "an amino acid." and is necessary for the body to make proteins. L-arginine is found in red meat, nuts, poultry, fish, and dairy products.
L-arginine Helps support healthy blood pressure, increases energy levels, boosts vitality and vigor in the bedroom, improves muscle development and supports your overall health. L-arginine causes the body to create a gas called Nitric Oxide (NO) which acts as a vasodilator by relaxing and expanding blood vessel walls increasing blood flow thereby increasing oxygen and nutrients to the cells of the body.
Side effects/cautions: In hundreds of clinical trials conducted on L-arginine, it has been used safely with very few side effects side effects. Minor side effects of overuse have been reported and include abdominal pain, bloating, stomach discomfort and diarrhea.
L-citrulline has shown to be an effective supplement for targeting healthy circulation. It is converted to L-arginine by the kidneys over time, thus producing a longer lasting supply of Nitric Oxide (NO) to the body. Increased NO means increased blood flow which translates directly to better overall health, healthy blood pressure levels and enhanced sexual performance and endurance.
Side effects/cautions: There are no reported side effects of L-citrulline. You should not take L-cittruline if you take Nitrates for heart disease or ED drugs such as Cialis, Levitra, or Viagra.
One of the B vitamins, long-term supplementation of folate is associated with reductions in the risk of stroke (up to 10%) and cardiovascular disease. Folate is essential for the body to make DNA, RNA, and metabolise amino acids which are required for cell division. Since the human body cannot make folic acid, it is required as part of a healthy diet.
Folic acid taken during pregnanc has been linked to a lessened risk of neural tube defects and a 28% lower risk of newborn congenital heart defects. The United States Preventative Services Task Force recommends folic acid supplementation for all women able to become pregnant.
Folate deficiency may result in a type of anemia, symptoms can include tiredness, heart palpitations, and shortness of breath.
AstraGin® is NuLiv Science's exclusive absorption enhancing ingredient. It's 100% natural food ingredient has been shown in cell, animal, and human studies to support the absorption of many essential life supporting and health promoting nutrients, such as amino acids, glucose, and vitamins into human cells (over 60% increase in bioavailability). By fostering a cellular environment to allow a greater amount of these nutrients to pass from the blood stream into the cells, AstraGin® provides for truly improved bioavailability.
This high-impact ingredient is derived from highly purified Panax notoginseng and Astragalus membrenaceus.
People who regularly drink moderate amounts of red wine tend to have 20 percent to 30 percent fewer instances of coronary heart disease. The secret may be in a component of the wine called resveratrol.
Red Wine extract may be able to fight hardening of the arteries, cancer and coronary heart disease with antioxidant properties, anti-inflammatory effects and the ability to keep platelets in the blood from sticking together to form clots.
Side effects/cautions: When Red Wine Extract (resveratrol) is consumed in the amount normally occurring in foods, it is generally considered safe. It could cause a reaction in those who are allergic to grapes or wine.
Magnesium is a mineral that is important for normal bone structure in the body. People get magnesium from their diet, but sometimes magnesium supplements are needed if magnesium levels are too low. Dietary intake of magnesium may be low, particularly among women. Magnesium deficiency is also not uncommon among African Americans and the elderly. Low magnesium levels in the body have been linked to diseases such as osteoporosis, high blood pressure, clogged arteries, hereditary heart disease, diabetes and stroke.
An easy way to remember foods that are good magnesium sources is to think fiber. Foods that are high in fiber are generally high in magnesium. Dietary sources of magnesium include legumes, whole grains, vegetables (especially broccoli, squash, and green leafy vegetables), seeds, and nuts (especially almonds).
Side effects/cautions: Magnesium has no common side effects.
Also called pyridoxine HCL, this water-soluble nutrient is necessary in over 100 key metabolic processes of the body. Vitamin B6 is also involved in brain development during pregnancy and infancy as well as immune function and adrenal function.
Side effects/cautions: People almost never get too much vitamin B6, however extremely high amounts (over 100mg per day) over a long period is not recommended.
Vitamin B12 is an essential vitamin, which means that the body requires vitamin B12 to work properly. Vitamin B12 can be found in foods such as meat, fish, and dairy products, it is required for the proper function and development of the brain, nerves, blood cells, and many other parts of the body. Vitamin B12 is often supplemented to treat and prevent Low B12 levels, Anemia, to improve memory, slow aging, boost mental function, to combat Alzheimers' disease, and decrease the risk of heart disease.
Side effects: Vitamin B12 is safe and has very few common side effects.
Vitamin C, or Ascorbic acid, is one of the most effective and safest nutrients. The human body doesn't have the capacity to generate Vitamin C. Therefore, it needs to be received through food and other supplements. Vitamin C is needed for normal growth and development. It is water-soluble, meaning it dissolves in water – and leftover amounts of the vitamin leave the body through the urine. That means you need an ongoing supply in your diet.
It is a powerful antioxidant for the synthesis of collagen, which helps to make blood vessels and body muscles strong.
Health benefits include the treatment of the common cold, boosting the immune system, lowering hyper tension, treating cataracts, treatment of cancer, combating stroke, maintain elasticity of the skin, the healing of wounds, and controlling the symptoms of asthma.
Side effects/Cautions: Because the body cannot store this vitamin, serious side effects from too much vitamin C are very rare. However, amounts greater than 2,000 mg/day are not recommended. Doses this high can lead to stomach upset and diarrhea.
For more than a century, scientists have recognized that Vitamin D3 is involved in bone health and newer research shows that Vitamin D3 deficiency is linked to a surprising number of other health conditions such as depression, back pain, cancer, both insulin resistance and pre-eclampsia during pregnancy, impaired immunity and macular degeneration.
The vitamin D3 used in L-arginine Plus is the cholecaciferol form, which is derived from lanolin obtained from sheep's wool. The sheep are not killed or harmed, the wool is sheared and lanolin from the wool is chemically altered in the lab to produce vitamin D3 or cholecaciferol. It is generally considered vegetarian but not vegan. Elements of Healthcare does not claim to be an expert in this area, this ingredient is derived from animals and each person must make their own judgement.
Side effects: Vitamin D3 has very few side effects. Extremely high doses (above 6000 IU daily) may have side effects which include weakness, fatigue, sleepiness, headache, loss of appetite, dry mouth, metallic taste, nausea, and vomiting.
Info: L-arginine Plus ® contains 20mcg per serving of Vitamin K1, also known as phylloquinone, phytomenadione, or phytonadione. Vitamin K1 synthesized by plants, and is found in highest amounts in green leafy vegetables because it is directly involved in photosynthesis. It may be thought of as the "plant" form of vitamin K. It is active as a vitamin in animals and performs the classic functions of vitamin K, including its activity in the production of blood-clotting proteins.


Changes to documentation of the history and exam are looming for 2019–2021. As a healthcare provider, you need to be prepared for these changes. You should know under what narrow situations the changes are allowed, the changes to the payment structure effective January 1, 2019, and other key changes that will help ensure compliance and lead to increased reimbursements in 2019.
Get up to speed with the changes to the documentation and payment structure for office E&M services in this informative audio conference by healthcare expert Jill Young. Young will walk you through the changes made to documentation of the history and exam; payment changes to office E&M services; new add-on codes for E&M services (prolonged care and complexity); new codes for Store and Forward and Virtual Check-in services; and the respective timelines for the implementation of all these changes.
Attending this conference will prepare you for the changes in documentation (especially in regard to EMR entry), financial remuneration, and auditing. You will be able to ensure proper documentation and compliance, thereby maximising your reimbursements in 2019.


text:
Glyndwroprøret, det walisiske oprør eller Den sidste krig for uafhængighed () var et walisisk oprør mellem 1400 og 1415 mod det engelske overherredømme. Det blev ledet af Owain Glyndwr. Det var den sidste store manifestation af en walisisk uafhængighedsbevægelse inden Wales blev inkorporeret i England ved Laws in Wales Acts 1535–1542.

Oprøret begyndte i år 1400, da Henrik Bolingbrok som Henrik 4. overtog tronen fra Richard 2., der hidtil havde givet waliserne muligheder i samfundet. Henrik kørte en hårdere linje. Efter en strid med en engelsk stormand udråbte Owain sig selv som prins af Wales og angreb stormandens borg. Tudor-familien fra Anglesey startede en guerillakrig mod englænderne, og Henrik sendte sin hær til Wales for at slå oprøret ned. Flere engelske borge faldt for oprørerne, og Owain opnåede stor succes og popularitet i Wales. Englænderne vedtog særlige love for at forhindre waliserne i at få for meget magt i deres hjemland. Omkring 1402 begyndte Frankrig også at støtte waliserne, da de så et svækket England som en fordel i den verserende konflikt imellem de to nationer.

Flere engelske borge faldt eller blev belejret, og waliserne brugte en taktik med små hurtige angreb mod englænderne og undgik åbne konfrontationer. I 1404 blev Owain kronet som prins af Wales i Machynlleth. Omkring 1406 begyndte Frankrig at trække deres støtte til oprøret, og englænderne påbegyndte en ny strategi med økonomisk blokade af Wales. Langsomt genvandt englænderne vigtige borge som Aberystwyth og Harlech. Flere af oprørslederne blev dræbt på slagmarken eller taget til fange, men Owain forblev på fri fod. I 1415 havde englænderne igen fuld kontrol over Wales, og de store familier, der havde støttet oprøret, var enten ruineret eller udryddet. Kun Maredudd ap Tudur formåede for alvor at klare sig godt, idet han rejste til London og grundlagde det, som senere blev Tudordynastiet.

Baggrund

Richard 2.s fald

I de sidste ti år af 1300-tallet havde Richard 2. af England indledt en storstilet plan for at konsolidere sit greb om kongeriget og tage magten fra de stormænd, som konstant udfordrede og truede hans autoritet. Som en del af planen begyndte Richard at flytte sin magtbase fra sydøst og London mod grevskabet Cheshire, og han opbyggede systematisk sin magt i det nærliggende Wales. Wales var mange små semi-autonome feudale stater, bispedømmer, herreder og områder under direkte kongelig kontrol. Richard eliminerede sine rivaler og overtog deres land, eller gav det til sine allierede. I denne proces opfostrede han en hel klasse walisere til at overtage embeder i hans nye len. For dem var de sidste år af Richard 2.s styre fyldt med muligheder. For de engelske stormænd derimod, var det et yderligere tegn på, at Richard var ude af kontrol.

I 1399 vendte den landflygtige Henrik Bolingbroke, som var arving til hertugdømmet Lancaster, tilbage for at gøre krav på sine landområde. Henrik samlede en hær og marcherede mod kongen. Richard skyndte sig tilbage fra Irland til Wales for at tage sig af Bolingbroke, men han blev arresteret af Henry Percy, 1. jarl af Northumberland på vej fra Conwy Castle til sit møde med Bolingbroke ved Flint Castle, hvor han skulle diskutere tilbageleveringen af Henriks landområder. Richard blev fængslet i Chester før han blev ført til London. Parlamentet gjorde hurtigt Henry Bolingbroke til regent og derefter til konge. Richard døde på Pontefract Castle kort efter den mislykkede Epiphany Rising blandt de engelske adelige i januar 1400, men hans død blev ikke kendt før et stykke tid efter. I Wales blev Owain Glyndwr o.a. for første gang bedt om at vælge side. Waliserne havde generelt støttet kong Richard, der havde efterfulgt sin far, Edvard, den sorte prins som prins af Wales. Da Richard var blevet fjernet fra tronen, blev walisernes mulighederne for forbedre deres status i samfundet begrænset. Mange walisere var tilsyneladende usikre over, hvad der videre skulle ske med dem.

I et stykke tid forblev kongens støtter på fri fod. Den 10. januar 1400 udbrød der voldsomme civile uroligheder i den engelske grænseby Chester som støtte til Epiphany Rising. Langs den engelsk-walisiske grænser opstod der en følelse af oprør og uorden.

Striden mellem Owain Glyndwr og de Grey
Oprøret begyndte efter sigende som et skænderi med Owain Glyndwr og hans engelske nabo. Skiftende indehavere af titlen som Baron Grey de Ruthyn af Dyffryn Clwyd var engelske godsejere i Wales. Glyndwr havde været en del af en langtrukken strid med dem. Han havde tilsyneladende gået til parlamentet for at få dem til at løse problemet, og under kong Richard havde han vundet sagen. Reginald Grey, 3. Baron Grey de Ruthyn — der var loyal mod den nye konge — brugte sin indflydelse til at få beslutningen omstødt. Owain Glyndwr appellerede, men sagen blev afvist. En anden historie lyder, at de Grey med overlæg tilbageholdt en kongelig indkaldelse til Glyndwr om at slutte sig til kongens nye skotske felttog i august 1400. Teknisk set var Glyndwr forpligtet til at stille med soldater til den engelske krone, som han også havde gjort tidligere. Ved ikke at respondere på den gemte indkaldelse har han, muligvigs uforvarende, påkaldt sig Henriks vrede.

Det walisiske oprør, 1400–15
Den 16. september 1400 blev Owain udråbt til prins af Wales af en lille gruppe tilhængere, med hans ældste søn, hans svogere og Dean of St Asaph. Det var i sig selv en revolutionær udmelding. Owains mænd spredtes hurtigt over det nordøstlige Wales. Den 18. september blev de Greys fæstning Ruthin Castle angrebet og stort set ødelagt. Denbigh, Rhuddlan, Flint, Hawarden og Holt fulgte hurtigt efter. den 22. september blev byen Oswestry svært ødelagt af Owains plyndring. Den 23. september bevægede Owain sig sydpå for at angribe Powis Castle og plyndrede Welshpool.

På omkring samme tidspunkt startede Tudor-brødrene fra Anglesey en guerillakrig mod englænderne. Tudors of Penmynydd var en prominent familie fra Anglesey, der havde tætte forbindelser til Richard 2. Gwilym ap Tudur og Rhys ap Tudur var begge militære ledere for et kompagni soldater, der var blevet samlet i 1396 for at beskytte Nordwales mod enhver invasion, som Frankrig kunne finde på. De sluttede sig til kongen under hans militærekspedition til Irland i 1398. Da Glyndwr bekendtgjorde sit oprør, svor Rhys, Gwilym og deres tredje bror, Maredudd ap Tudur, åbent troskab til ham; de var Glyndwrs fætre på deres mors side.

Kong Henrik 4., der var på vej tilbage efter en invasion i Skotland, sendte sin hær mod Wales. Den 26. september var han i Shrewsbury og klar til at gå ind i Wales. I et hurtigt felttog ledte Henrik sin hær rundt om Nordwales. Han var hele tiden generet af dårligt vejr og angreb fra den walisiske guerilla. Da han ankom til Anglesey, hærgrede han øen og angreb landsbyer og klostre som Llanfaes Friary nær Bangor. Dette var det historiske gravsted for Tudor-familen. Rhys ap Tudur ledte et baghold på kongens soldater ved Rhos Fawr. Efter kampene flygtede englænderne tilbage i sikkerhed i Beaumaris Castle. Den 15. oktober var Henrik tilbage i Shrewsbury, hvor han løslod flere fanger, og to dage senere var han i Worcester.

I 1401 begyndte oprøret at sprede sig. Owain fik kontrol over en stor del af det nordlige og centrale Wales. Der blev registreret adskillige angreb på engelske byer, borge og herregårde i nord. Selv mod syd i Brecon og Gwent var der forlydender om røvere og lovløshed. Kong Henrik udnævnte Henry "Hotspur" Percy – krigersønnen af den magtfulde jarl af Northumberland – til at genoprette ro og orden i landet. I marts blev der givet amnesti til alle rebeller med undtagelse af Owain og hans fætre, Rhys og Gwilym ap Tudur.

Størstedelen af landet indvilligede i at betale de normale skatter, men Tudur-fammilien vidste, at de havde brug for noget at forhandle med, hvis de skulle fjerne truslen, som hang dem over hovedet. De besluttede at erobre Edvard 1.s store borg i Conwy. Selvom bemandingen på Conwy Castle kun bestod af 15 soldater og 60 bueskytter var det rigeligt til at forsvare den. Desuden havde den havde masser af forsyninger, og man kunne nemt få nye via havet. Turdurnes folk bestod af kun 40 mand. På langfredag, den 1. april, var hele garnisonen på borgen, på nær fem mand, i den lille kirke i byen, da en tømrer gik mod porten, som ifølge Adam af Usks krønike "fingerede at ankomme til sit normale arbejde". Da han var kommet ind på borgen, angreb han de to vagter og åbnede porten, så oprørerne kunne komme ind. Da Percy ankom fra Denbigh med 120 soldater og 300 bueskytter vidste han, at det ville kræve langt flere mænd at komme ind i den mægtige fæstning, og han blev derfør nødt til at forhandle. Der blev indgået et kompromis, der resulterede i, at der blev givet benådninger til de implicerede, men den 20. april underkendte kongen Percys lokale beslutning. Det var ikke før, at Gwilym ap Tudur begyndte at skrive direkte til kongen, at der blev indgået en aftale den 24. juni. Betingelserne indbefattede dog, at ni af forsvarerne, der havde indtaget borgen, måtte overdrages til domstolen.

Owain skaffede sig også sin første store sejr på slagmarken i maj eller juni ved Mynydd Hyddgen nær Pumlumon. Owain og hans hær på nogle få hundrede mænd havde slået lejr i bunden af Hyddgen Valley da omkring 1.500 engelske og flamske bosættere fra Pembrokeshire ('lille England i Wales'), angreb dem. Owain mobiliserede sin hær og kæmpede imod, og dræbte omkring 200. Situationen var seriøs nok til, at kongen samlede endnu en strafekspedition. Denne gang angreb han i oktober via det centrale Wales. Fra Shrewsbury og Hereford Castle drev Henrik 4.s styrker igennem Powys mod Strata Florida Abbey. Cistercienserordenens hus var kendt som et sted, der støttede Owain, og Henrik havde derfor som formål at minde dem om, hvor deres loyalitet burde ligge, og at stoppe oprøret i at sprede sig længere mode syd. Efter en del chikane fra Owains tropper nåede han Strata Florida. Henrik ønskede dog ikke at være nådig. Hans hær ødelagde delvist klostret og henrettede en munk, der var mistænkt for at bære våben mod kongen. Han formåede dog ikke at angribe Owains tropper i større antal. Owains folk chikanerede kongens hær og kom med hurtige små angreb for derefter at flygte. De brugte denne hit-and-runtaktik på kongens forsyningstropper, mens de undgik en åben kamp. Henriks hær var tvunget til at trække sig tilbage. De ankom til Worcester den 28. oktober 1401 uden at have opnået meget. Året blev afsluttet med slaget ved Tuthill, der blev udkæmpet under Owains belejring af Caernarfon Castle den 2. november 1401. Udkommet af slaget var dog ikke endegyldigt for nogen af parterne.

Englænderne forstod, at hvis oprøret fik mere fremgang, ville de ende med at tiltrække utilfredse støtter af den afdøde kong Richard, som der cirkulerede rygter om stadig var i live. De var bekymrede over den potentielle utilfredshed i Cheshire og var mere bekymrede over nyhederne fra Nordwales. Hotspur klagede over, at han ikke modtog den nødvendige støtte fra kongen, og den undertrykkende politik, som Henrik førte, opmuntrede blot oprørerne. Han mente, at forhandlinger og kompromiser ville overbevise Owain om at stoppe oprøret. Hotspur var muligvis i hemmelige forhandlingen med Owain og de andre ledere om at forhandle en løsning allerede så tidligt som 1401. Kernen blandt de Lancastriske tilhængere ønskede dog ikke et kompromis. De kæmpede imod med anti-walisiske love, der var designet til at etablerede engelsk dominans i Wales. Loven inkluderede forbud mod at nogen waliser købte jord i England, afholdt dem fra at have nogle offentlige embeder, fra at bære våben, fra at have nogle borge eller forsvare noget hus, intet walisisk barn kunne blive uddannet eller stå i lære til at blive håndværker. Desuden kunne ingen englænderne blive dømt i et søgsmål, hvis anklageren var waliser og walisere blev straffet hårdt, hvis de giftede sig med en englænder, ligesom enhver englænder, der giftede sig med en waliser, blev frarøvet stemmeret, og alt offentlig forsamling var forbudt. Disse love sendte en besked, om at englænderne så alle walisere som lige skyldige. Mange af de walisere, der havde forsøgt fremme deres karriere hos englænderne, følte sig nu skubbet ud af oprørerne, da det spinkle fælles flodslag mellem Henrik og Owain forsvandt.

Det samme år, i 1402, fangede Owain sin ærkefjende Reynald eller Reginald Grey, 3. baron Grey de Ruthyn i et baghold i slutningen af januar eller starten af februar i Ruthin. Han blev holdt fanget i et år indtil Owain modtog en betragtelig løsesum fra kong Henrik. I juni 1402 mødtes Owains tropper en hær ledet af Sir Edmund Mortimer, jarlen af Marchs onkel ved Bryn Glas i det centrale Wales. Mortimers hær blev besejret, og Mortimer selv blev taget til fange. Der var forlydender om, at walisiske kvinder fulgte Owains hær og dræbte de sårede engelske soldater og lemlæstede deres lig. Efter sigende var dette en hævn for de plyndringer og voldtægter, som de engelske soldater havde foretaget året inden. Glyndwr tilbød at befri Mortimer for en stor løsesum, men Henrik nægtede at betale. Mortimer havde på nogle punkter større ret til den engelske krone end Henrik selv, så det var ikke en mulighed at få ham løsladt. Som modsvar forhandlede Sir Edmund en alliance med Owain og giftede sig med Owains datter, Catrin.

Det var ligeledes i 1402, at de første forlydender om at franskmænd og bretonere hjalp Owain begyndte at optræde. Frankrig, der var midt i hundredårskrigen med England, håbede i særdeleshed på at bruge Wales, som de havde brugt Skotland som et udgangspunkt for deres kamp mod englænderne. Franske kapere begyndte at angribe engelske skibe det Irske Hav og gav våben og andre forsyninger til waliserne. Franske og bretonske pirater deltog også i Owains angreb.

Oprøret spredes

1403 markerer året, hvor oprøret for alvor blev nationalt i Wales. Owain drog mod vest og syd. Han genskabte Llywelyn den Stores felttog mod vest og marcherede ned langs floden Tywi Valley. Landsby efter landsby sluttede sig til ham. Engelske herregårde og borge faldt eller også overgav beboerne sig. Til sidst faldt også Carmarthen, der var en af de primære engelske magtbaser i vest, og den blev overtaget af Owain og hans folk. Han vendte derefter om og angreb Glamorgan og Gwent. Abergavenny Castle blev angrebet og byen blev brændt ned. Owain gik ned langs floden Usk og ud mod kysten, hvor han brændte byen Usk og erobrede både Cardiff Castle og Newport Castle. Kongelige embedsfolk rapporterede, at walisiske studenter på Oxford University forlod deres studier for at slutte sig til Owain, og walisiske arbejdere og håndværkere forlod deres arbejde i England for at vende tilbage til Wales. Owain kunne også trække på gamle soldater fra de engelske felttog i Frankrig og Skotland. Hundredvis af walisiske bueskytter og erfarne soldater forlod den engelsk hær for at slutte sig til oprøret.

I det nordlige Wales påbegyndte Owains tilhængere yderligere angreb på Caernarfon Castle, denne gang med fransk støtte, og den blev næsten erobret. Som modsvar angreb og nedbrændte Henrik af Monmouth (søn af Henrik 4. og den fremtidige Henrik 5.) Owains hjem i Glyndyfrdwy og Sycharth. Den 10. juli 1403 erklærede Hotspur sig i opposition til kongen ved at udfordre sin fætter Henriks ret til tronen, ved at samle sine bannere i et oprør i Cheshire ved Chester, der var en bastion for Richard 2.s tilhængere. Henrik af Monmouth, der kun var 16 år, tog mod nord for at møde Hotspur. Den 21. juli ankom Henrik til Shrewsbury lige før Hotspur, hvilket tvang oprørshæren til at slå lejr uden for byen. Henrik startede slaget inden jarlen af Northumberland var ankommet til Shrewsbury. Således var Henrik klar til kamp den 22. juli inden oprørernes fulde styrke var samlet, og på et sted som han selv havde valgt. Slaget varede hele dagen, prins Henrik blev slemt såret i ansigtet af en pil, men fortsatte kampen side om side med sine mænd. Da beskeden om at Hotspur var død begyndte oprørernes modstand at mindskes og falde fra hinanden. Da dagen var omme, var Hotspur død og hans oprør var ovre. Mere end 300 riddere og op mod 20.000 mænd blev dræbt eller såret.

I sommeren 1404 erobrede Owain de store borge i Harlech og Aberystwyth, og han bemandede dem begge. Ivrig efter at demonstrere sin magt som hersker holdt han hof i Harlech og udpegede den dygtige, unger Gruffydd Young som sin kansler. Kort efter indkaldte han ifølge Adam af Usk til sit første parlament (eller mere sandsynligt cynulliad eller "samling") i hele Wales ved Machynlleth, hvor han blev kronet som prins af Wales. Højtstående gejstelige og andre vigtige personer i samfundet flokkedes til hans banner. Den engelske modstand blev isoleret til nogle få borge, befæstede byer og forskansede herregårde.

Tripartite Indenture og franskmændenes år

Owain demonstrerede sin nye status ved at forhandle den såkaldte "Tripartite Indenture" i februar 1405 med Edmund Mortimer og Henry Percy den 1. jarl af Northumberland. Aftalen gik ud på at dele England og Wales mellem de tre. Wales ville gå helt til floderne Severn og Mersey mod øst, inklusive det meste af Cheshire, Shropshire og Herefordshire. Mortimer Lords af March ville overtage hele Syd- og Vestengland, mens Thomas Percy, 1. jarl af Worcester, ville få det nordlige England. Lokale engelske samfund i Shropshire, Herefordshire og Montgomeryshire havde stoppet deres aktive modstand og lavede deres egne fredsaftaler med oprørerne. Der gik rygter om, at Richard 2.s gamle allierede sendte penge og våben til waliserne samt at både cistercienerne og franciskanerne kanaliserede deres penge til også at støtte oprøret. Yderligere fungerede Percys oprør stadig, selv efter Percy Archbishop Scropes nederlag i maj. Faktisk sluttede dette oprør ikke før udgangen af 1408, da sheriffen af Yorkshire besejrede Henry Percy ved Bramham Moor. Owain kapitaliserede på den politiske situation for at lave den bedst mulige aftale.

Tingene blev også forbedret på den internationale front. Selvom forhandlingerne med de irske lords mislykkedes havde Owain grund til at håbe, at franskmændene og bretonerne ville være mere velkommende. I maj 1404 havde Owain sendt Gruffydd Young og sin svoger, John Hanmer, til Frankrig for at forhandle en traktat med franskmændene. Resultatet blev en formel aftale, hvor Frankrig lovede at hjælpe Owain og waliserne. En walisisk hær støttet af fransk-bretonske styrker havde allerede angrebet og belejret Kidwelly Castle i november 1403. Waliserne kunne også regne med en semiofficiel hjælp fra kelterne i det uafhængige Bretagne og Skotland. Skotske og franske kapere hærgrede i walisiske farvande under hele Owains oprør. Skotske skibe havde plyndret engelske bosættelser på Lleynhalvøen i 1400 og 1401. I 1403 havde en bretonsk deling besejret englænderne i Den Engelske Kanal, og plyndret og hærgret Jersey, Guernsey og Plymouth, mens Frankrig gik i land på Isle of Wight. I 1404 plyndrede man de engelske kyster med walisiske tropper ombord, og der blev sat ild til Dartmouth og gjort store ødelæggelser langs Devons kyster.

1405 var "franskmændenes år" i Wales. På kontinentet havde Frankrig presset englænderne tilbage, idet den franske hær havde invaderet Aquitaine. Samtidig havde Frankrig sat styrker i land ved Milford Haven i det vestlige Wales. De var taget afsted fra Brest i juli med mere end 3.000 riddere og soldater ledet af Jean 2. de Rieux, en bretonsk lord og Marshal af Frankrig. Desværre havde de ikke været i stand til at skaffe ferskvand nok, og mange krigsheste døde. De medbragte moderne belejringsmaskiner. Sammen med Owains mænd marcherede de ind i landet og erobrede byen Haverfordwest men formåede ikke at overtage borgen. De marcherede videre og generobrede Carmarthen og belejrede Tenby. Det der nu skete, er fortsat et mysterium; fransk-walisiske tropper fortsatte tværs over det sydlige Wales (ifølge lokale sagn) og invaderede England. Ifølge en middelalderlig krøniker, den utroværdige Monstrelet, marcherede de igennem Herefordshire og videre ind i Worcestershire, hvor de mødtes med den engelske hær vest for Great Witley kun 10 km fra Worcester. Her lå Henrik 4.s hær på Abberley Hill mod syd, mens Owains tropper vendte mod nord på det defensive jernalderfort Woodbury Hill, der lokalt stadig kendes som Owain's Hill. Hærerne stillede dagligt op til slag og kiggede hinanden med en mil imellem dem, men uden nogle større konfrontationer i otte dage. Ingen af dem ønskede at indlede slaget. Derefter trak begge sider sig tilbage, af årsager som stadig ikke er klarlagt. Henriks strategi var at forlænge den ikke-blodige konfrontation og skræmme den walisiske hær. Waliserne og franskmændene havde ikke mulighed for nye forsyninger, og de trak sig tilbage til Wales ved nattetid. Hvis disse begivenheder virkelig skete, er det bemærkelsesværdigt, at der ikke findes nogen omtale af dem i officielle engelske statsdokumenter eller krøniker.

Der ankom flere franske soldater i løbet af året, men højdepunktet for den franske deltagelse i oprøret var overstået.

Oprørets grundlæggere

I 1406 annoncerede Owain sit nationale program. Han erklærede sin vision om en uafhænging walisisk stat med et parlament og en særskilt walisisk kirke. Der skulle være to nationale universitetter (ét i syd og ét i nord) og den traditionelle lov, Hywel Dda, skulle genoprettes. Nu havde de fleste franske tropper trukket sig tilbage efter politikken i Paris var blevet mere fredssøgende. Selv Owains såkaldte "Pennal Letter", hvor han lovede Karl 6. af Frankrig og Modpave Benedikt 13. at skifte den walisiske kirkes tilhørsforhold fra Rom til Avignon, havde ingen effekt.

Der var også andre tegn på, at oprøret havde problemer. I begyndelsen af året oplevede Owain nederlag ved Grosmont og Usk under slaget ved Pwll Melyn. Selvom det er vanskeligt at forstå, hvad der skete under disse to slag, lykkedes det tilsyneladende Henrik af Monmouth eller måske Sir John Talbot at overvinde en betragteligt walisisk styrke ledet af Rhys Gethin ("Swarthy Rhys") og Owains ældste søn, Gruffudd ab Owain Glyndwr. Den præcise dato og rækkefølge for slagene er genstand for en del debat. De har dog muligvis resulteret i Rhys Gethins død ved Grosmont og Owains bror Tudurs død ved Usk samt tilfangetagelse af Gruffudd. Gruffudd blev sendt til Tower of London og efter seks år døde han i fængslet. Kong Henrik viste også, at englænderne brugte en stadigt mere hensynsløse taktik. Adam af Usk skriver, at efter slaget ved Pwll Melyn ved Usk fik kong Henrik 300 fanger halshugget foran Usk Castle. John ap Hywel, der var præst i det nærliggende cistercienerkloster i Llantarnam, blev dræbt under slaget ved Usk, da han fungerede som præst for de døende på begge side. En endnu større trussel for oprøret var, at engelænderne gik i land på Anglesey fra Irland. Det næste år lykkedes det dem gradvist at skubbe den walisiske modstand tilbage på Anglesey, der formelt sluttede mod udgangen af 1406.

På samme tid begyndte englænderne en ny strategi. I stedet for at fokusere på straffeekspeditioner, som hans far havde brugt mange kræfter på, begyndte Henrik af Monmouth på økonomisk blokade. Han brugt de resterende borge, der var under engelsk kontrol, og begyndte gradvist at generobre Wales, mens han afskar deres forsynings- og handelsruter, så de ikke kunne få nye våben og andet udstyr. I 1407 begyndte denne strategi at bære frugt. I marts kom over 1.000 mand fra hele Flintshire til Chief Justitiar for at betale en fælles bøde for deres tilslutning til Glyndwr. Gradvist blev det samme mønster gentaget i hele landet. I juli underkastede jarlen af Arundels nordøstlige herresæde omkring Oswestry og Clun sig. Én efter én begyndte de forskellige lordships at overgive sig. Halvvejs gennem sommeren var Owains borg ved Aberystwyth under belejring, og samme efterår overgav Aberystwyth Castle sig. I 1409 var det Harlech Castles tur. I sidste øjeblik blev der sendt besked til franskmændene om hjælp, men der kom intet svar. Gruffydd Young blev sendt til Skotland for at koordinere et modangreb, men der kom intet ud af dette heller. Harlech Castle faldt i 1409. Edmund Mortimer døde i det sidste slag, og Owains hustru, Margaret, samt to af hans døtre (inklusive Catrin) og tre af hans børnebørn blev taget til fange og flyttet til Tower of London. De døde alle i fangeskab inden 1415.

Owain forblev på fri fod, men var nu en jaget guerillaleder. Oprøret fortsatte, men ikke med samme effektivitet. I 1410 gjorde Owain sig klar til et sidste plyndringstogt til Shropshire. Mange af hans mest loyale officerer var til stede. Det har muligvis været et sidste desperat selvmordstogt. Uanset, hvad intentionen var, så gik det frygtelig galt, og mange af ledenderne, der stadig var på fri fod, blev taget til fange og henrettet af englænderne. Rhys Ddu ("Black Rhys") fra Cardigan, der var en af Owains mest trofaste kommandører, blev fanget og bragt til London for at blive henrettet. En kronikør fra samme tid skriver, at Rhys Ddu blev "... lagt på et hegn og herefter slæbt til Tyburn igennem byen og blev hængt der og taget ned. Hans hovedet blev hugget af og sat på London Bridge." hans krop blev parteret og blev sendt til fire byer, Philip Scudamore og Rhys ap Tudur blev ligeledes halshugget og deres hoveder blev sat op i Shrewsbury og Chester, for at svække moralen hos oprøreren.

I 1412 fangede Owain den ledende tilhænger af kong Henrik i Wales, Dafydd Gam ("Crooked David"), i et baghold i Brecon. Han blev løsladt mod en løsesum. Dette var de sidste dele af oprøret, for det var sidste gang, at Owain blev set i live af sine fjender. Så sent som i 1414 var der rygter om, at den Herefordshire-baserede Lollardleder, sir John Oldcastle, kommunikerede med Owain, og at der blev sendt forstærkninger til vigtige borge i Nord- og Sydwales. Fredløse og banditter var stadig aktive i Snowdonia.

På dette tidspunkt ændrede tingene sig dog meget. Henrik 4. døde i 1413, og han søn, konge Henrik 5., begyndte en ny strategi overfor waliserne. Der blev tilbudt kongelige benådninger til de store ledere i oprøret og andre modstandere af hans fars regime. I en symbolsk handling blev liget af kong Richard 2. begravet i Westminster Abbey. I 1415 tilbød Henrik 5. sågar en benådning til Owain, mens han forberedte en krig mod Frankrig. Der er tegn på, at den nye kong Henrik 5. forhandlede med Owains søn, Maredudd ab Owain Glyndwr, men der kom intet ud af dette. I 1416 blev Maredudd selv tilbudt en benådning, men han nægtede dette. Muligvis var hans fader stadig i live og ville ikke acceptere det, mens han levede. Han accepterede endeligt den kongelige benådning i 1421, hvilket indikerer at Owain Glyndwr var død. I den walisiske Bard Llawddens poesi er der tegn på, at nogle få helhjertede fortsatte med at kæmpe efter 1421 under lederskab af Owains svigersøn Phylib ap Rhys.

Annals of Owain Glyndwr (Panton MS. 22) blev skrevet færdig i året 1422. I den sidste tekst om prinsen står der:
1415 – Owain gik under jorden på St Matthews dag i høsten (21. september), og derefter var hans gemmested ukendt. Mange sagde, at han døde; seerne fastholdt, at han ikke gjorde.

Efterspil af oprøret
I 1415 var det engelske styre genoprettet i Wales. De ledende oprørere var døde, fængslet eller forarmede igennem store bøder. Stort set alle familier i Wales, om de var engelske eller walisiske, var blevet påvirket af oprøret på en eller anden måde. Mange liv var tabt, der var store ødelæggelser i flere områder og manges liv lå i ruiner. Wales, der var allerede et fattigt område på den yderste grænse af England, blev endnu fattigere af plyndringer, økonomisk blokade og bøder. Beretninger fra rejsende beskriver ødelagte borge som Montgomery Castle og klostre som Strata Florida Abbey og Abbeycwmhir. Der voksede græs på markedspladserne i mange byer som Oswestry, og den walisiske handel var stort set gået i stå. Landområder, der tidligere havde været produktive, lå nu brak uden bønder til at dyrke jorden. Så sent som i 1492 beskrev en kongelig embedsmand i lavlandet Glamorgan at årsagen til, at han ikke kunne levere de lovede indtægter til kongen, var oprørets skyld.

Mange prominente familier var blevet ruineret. I 1411 havde John Hanmer påberåbt sig, at fattigdom var årsagen til, at han ikke kunne betale de bøder, som han havde fået. Tudor-familien herskede ikke længere over Anglesey og det nordvestlige Wales, som de havde gjort gennem slutningen af 1300-tallet. Familien syntes at være et afsluttet kapitel i de højere samfundslag, indtil den tredje Tudor-bror, Maredudd, tog til London, hvor han etablerede et nyt familiedynasti. Andre overgav sig til sidst, og affandt sig med den nye situation. Den frygtede Henry Dwn, der sammen med franskmændene og bretonerne havde belejret Kidwelly Castle i 1403 og 1404, fik fred og accepterede en bøde. Han formåede dog på en eller anden måde at betale så meget som en penny. I mange år efter han overgav sig og på trods af officielle proskriptioner husede han oprørere på flugt, opkrævede bøder blandt 200, som ikke havde støttet ham, red omkring i grevskabet med følge og planlagde at myrde kongens domsmand i Wales. Ikke desto mindre kæmpede hans barnebarn sammen med Henrik 5. i 1415 under slaget ved Agincourt. Andre kunne ikke affinde sig med det nye system. Et ukendt antal af Owains tilhængere gik i eksil. Henry Gwyn ("White Henry") — der var arving til det store lordship Llansteffan — forlod Wales for evigt, og døde senere i Karl 6. af Frankrigs tjeneste, hvor han kæmpede mod sin gamle forbundsfæller under slaget ved Agincourt. Gruffydd Young var en af de andre prominente, der gik i permanent eksil. I 1416 var han i Paris. Han levede endnu 20 år og blev først biskop i Ross i Skotland og senere i Hippo i Nordafrika.

Der blev vedtaget en serie straffelove, der skulle forhindre yderligere optøjer. Disse forblev aktive indtil slutningen af rosekrigene og kong Henrik 7. af England; også kendt som Henrik Tudor, som nedstammede fra Tudors of Penmynydd og var delvist walisisk. Indtil da kunne waliserne ikke eje ejendomme eller land i de walisiske boroughs, de kunne ikke sidde i en jury, måtte ikke gifte sig med englænderne, og der var forbud mod at ansætte dem i officielle embeder under kongen. Yderligere kunne et udsagn fra en waliser ikke bruges som bevis under søgsmål, der gik mod en englænder ved hoffet. Der var dog adskillige lejligheder, hvor walisere fik bevilget legal status som englænderne, som eksempel Edmund og Jasper Tudor, der var Henrik 6. af Englands halvbrødre. Tudorbrødrenes far, Owen Tudor, blev arresteret, da han i al hemmelighed giftede sig med enkedronningen, Katherine af Valois. Henrik 6. sørgede for, at han blev løsladt og blev en del af det kongelige hushold.

Referencer

Litteratur

 R. Rees Davies, The Revolt of Owain Glyn Dwr (1995) Oxford University Press
 Geoffrey Hodge, Owain Glyn Dwr: The War of Independence in the Welsh Borders (1995) Logaston Press
 Jon Latimer, Deception in War, (2001), John Murray, pp. 12–13.

Wales' historie

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia