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What Are The Benefits of Kratom?
What's The Dose of Kratom?
Kratom Dose for Energy
Kratom Dose for Pain & Sleep Support
Is Kratom Dangerous? What You Should Know
What is the Kratom Wobble?
Side Effects of Kratom
Is Kratom Addictive?
Kratom Addiction vs. Prescription Opiate Addiction
How Kratom Can Lead to Addiction
Signs of Kratom Addiction
What To Do If You're Addicted to Kratom
Fix The Underlying Cause Of the Addiction
The Different Kinds of Kratom
1. Red Vein Kratom
2. White Vein Kratom
3. Green Vein Kratom
Kratom Leaf Powder, Capsules, Tinctures, & Resin Extracts
1. Kratom Leaf Powder
2. Kratom Capsules
3. Kratom Tinctures
4. Kratom Resin Extracts
Is Kratom Legal?
Is Kratom Legal In The United States
Is Kratom Legal in Europe
Is Kratom Legal in Asia & Australia
How Does Kratom Work?
Kratom Active Ingredients
Key Takeaways: Kratom
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Sources Cited in This Article
Kratom is a controversial plant.
Some think it should be banned because it has opiate-like effects; others argue it should remain legal as an alternative to prescription painkillers.
Like all things, it's imperative kratom is used responsibly.
By Justin Cooke Last Updated: September 23, 2022
Kratom has gotten a bit of a bad reputation over the past couple of years.
The DEA refers to it as a "drug of concern" — but the plant is not explicitly illegal in the United States.
While there are concerns over kratom use — it's not nearly as dangerous as it's made out to be.
Kratom activates the opioid receptors, which is the same receptor many prescription pain pills and illicit drugs like heroin target as well. This has many jumping to the conclusion that if painkillers are bad, kratom must be bad too.
In this article, we'll cover everything you need to know about kratom — including how it works, how much to use, and when you should avoid it altogether. We'll cover the current research on this herb to show you why kratom isn't as bad as it's made out to be, but also what you need to know to stay safe while using it.
Kratom (Mitragyna speciosa) is a medicinal plant species from Southeast Asia. It's a member of the coffee family (Rubiaceae). Like coffee, kratom is a central nervous system stimulant used to increase energy and productivity.
However, the effects of kratom are highly dose-dependent.
In lower doses, it's a stimulant but in higher doses, the effects flip-flop and become sedative instead.
As a result, there are a few different reasons someone may want to use kratom.
In smaller doses, it's used much like coffee — as a stimulant and nootropic for use at work or university.
In higher doses, kratom is used as an alternative to alcohol (not recommended) for its euphoric effects, to promote sleep, and as an alternative to opiate painkillers.
Many of the active ingredients in kratom are powerful opiate agonists — which means they bind to the opioid receptors to block the transmission of pain signals from the body to the brain. This also triggers the release of the feel-good neurotransmitter, dopamine.
People addicted to opiates use kratom to wean themselves off the drugs. The effects of kratom help alleviate withdrawal symptoms while undergoing detox for prescription or illicit opiates (more on this later).
Kratom is not particularly dangerous, but there are risks to using it. While far less addictive compared to prescription painkillers, kratom is still an opiate. Over time, the body can become dependent on its effects and become addicted.
Kratom: Specs & Technical Details
Primary Active Ingredients Mitragynine, specioginine
Level of Risk Moderate to High
Common Names Kratom, Kakuam, Ketum, Biak-biak, Ithang, Thom
Most Common Side Effects Nausea, fatigue, dependency
Legality Legal-Grey Area
Kratom is used as a sedative to help with sleep, as a painkiller for chronic pain symptoms, and as a stimulant for boosting productivity at work or in the gym.
Kratom's benefits change depending on whether you're using a high dose or low dose.
Benefits of low-dose kratom:
As a nootropic supplement
As a coffee replacement for combatting fatigue
To support fibromyalgia or chronic fatigue symptoms
To boost mood
Benefits of high-dose kratom:
Alleviates chronic pain symptoms
Supports arthritis symptoms
Reduces diarrhea
Reduces stress & anxiety symptoms
Cough suppressant
Supports immune function
Induces feelings of euphoria
The effects of kratom change with the dose, so it's important to get it right.
The ideal dose for you depends on a few other factors as well:
Your weight
Your tolerance to the plant (the more often you use it, the higher dose you need for the same effects)
If you're using kratom for the first time or only use it occasionally (recommended), most people find a dose of 0.04 grams per kg of body weight is sufficient for the stimulating effects.
For sedative or painkilling action, aim for a dose of around 0.06 grams per kg.
This works out to around 0.025 grams (stimulating) and 0.04 grams (sedative) per pound.
People who have a tolerance to the plant may need to tweak the dose slightly to get the same effects. It isn't an exact science — tolerance forms differently in everybody.
The most common form of kratom is the dried powdered leaf — which is best measured in grams. You can also measure the leaf in tablespoons, but this is less accurate because kratom leaf that has a fine grind will weigh more than a leaf with a coarser grind despite taking up the same amount of volume.
Imperial To Metric Conversions
Metric Weight Imperial Volume
2.5 Grams 1 Teaspoon
7 Grams 1 Tablespoon
Kratom Dosage Based on Weight:
Weight in Lbs Weight in Kg Dose of Kratom For Energy Dose of Kratom For Pain & Sleep
80 lbs 36 kg 2.0 grams 3.5 grams
100 lbs 45 kg 2.5 grams 4.0 grams
220 lbs 100 kg 5.5 grams 9.0 grams*
260 lbs 118 kg 6.5 grams 10.5 grams*
*Doses over 8 grams are considered very high and should only be used when you have experience with kratom and know how it affects your body individually.
If using kratom for its nootropic and stimulating effects, the usual dose is between 2 and 8 grams of dried, powdered leaf, depending on your weight.
This dose is easily achieved taking capsules. The lower dose means you don't need to take too many capsules at once. It usually works out to around 2 or 4 capsules.
You can also use the toss and wash method if you're using raw powder.
The effects usually take about 20 to 40 minutes to kick in and last for about 2 or 3 hours.
Avoid taking a second dose until the first one is mostly worn off to avoid crossing over into the sedative effects — which would be counter-intuitive to using kratom for the purpose of increasing energy and focus.
What This Dose Feels Like:
Lower doses of kratom are rarely psychoactive in any way. It feels similar to drinking coffee but with less anxious side effects.
Kratom increases both mental and physical energy. While working or studying, you may find your focus becomes sharper, and it becomes much easier to enter flow states.
If on the move, say at the gym, on a run, or doing some yard work, you'll likely find you're more enthusiastic with your movement and can perform your tasks for a longer period of time before tiring out.
This dose still provides some pain relief but may not be enough for anything more than mild pain. Many people with mild arthritis or back pain note improvements while doing yard work or manual labor, even with smaller doses of kratom.
The opioid-like effects of kratom only start to take effect in the higher dosage range of around 0.12 grams per kilogram (0.06 grams per pound). This works out to around 5 to 16 grams for most people.
This higher dose can be achieved through capsules, but you'll need to take several at a time. Single 00 capsules only hold about 600 milligrams of kratom, so you may need to take more than ten capsules at a time. It's much easier to use the toss and wash method for doses this large.
Higher doses of kratom become mildly psychoactive. You'll likely feel bouts of euphoria and relaxation. People often feel like they're "floating."
The initial effects tend to be more stimulating in nature but quickly become more relaxed and sedating.
As the kratom kicks in, pain symptoms also start to diminish.
The effects usually peak around the 2-hour mark and can sustain for another 2 or 3 hours. It can make you feel very social and talkative without being overstimulated or energetic.
Some people find it forces them to sleep — others don't feel sedated but can get to sleep more easily due to feeling more relaxed and less anxious.
There's a lot of controversy around the use of kratom.
This controversy primarily stems from its effects on opiate receptors. This is the same pathway prescription and illicit opiate painkiller work through — leading many to jump to the conclusion that kratom has all the same risks as these powerful synthetic chemicals.
While kratom does activate the opioid receptors — it isn't nearly as dangerous or addictive as its pharmaceutical counterparts.
Kratom overdose is very different from overdoses on prescription pain meds or illicit drugs like heroin. When you take too much kratom, you'll experience a series of symptoms referred to as the "kratom wobble" (more on this in the next section).
There have been some reported deaths from using kratom — but this is extremely rare and almost always involves mixing other drugs or alcohol. It's not safe to mix kratom with alcohol or other illicit or prescription drugs — especially other opiates.
An older study exploring the toxic dose of kratom found that even very high doses of mitragynine (920 mg/kg) didn't have any lethal side effects [4]. To put this into context, this would be the equivalent of using roughly 62 grams of kratom leaf for an average 150 lb person. This is nearly impossible for anybody to consume in one sitting. You would start to feel the uncomfortable kratom wobble side effects long before you ever reach a toxic dose.
There's a classic set of symptoms people often experience after using too much kratom. Symptoms involve a combination of dizziness and loss of coordination. It's aptly referred to as the "kratom wobble" because everything looks and feels wobbly.
The symptoms of the kratom wobble include:
Many users report feeling like the room is spinning and may find it difficult to move around or do much of anything.
This side effect is uncomfortable but acts as an important safety mechanism when using kratom. The effects of the kratom wobble prevent people from ever reaching lethal doses. Once these effects start to appear, it's very unlikely for you to want to take any more.
The kratom wobble is, by far, the most common side effect of taking too much kratom. It's so common; there's a universal rating system for kratom strains called "the wobble threshold" — which refers to the likelihood a particular strain of kratom stands for producing these effects.
The lower the wobble threshold, the more likely a strain is at causing these side effects.
What to do if you experience the kratom wobble:
Find a quiet place to lay down and relax
If you're feeling anxious, put on some gentle music and focus on slow and rhythmic breathing
Drink some ginger tea or warm water (avoid any caffeinated teas)
Remember to reduce the dose of kratom the next time you use it to avoid having these side effects again or consider finding a strain of kratom with a higher wobble threshold.
Aside from the kratom wobble, there are other potential side effects of using the plant. We can break these side effects into two different categories depending on which system is involved.
Kratom targets both the adrenergic system (involved with the fight or flight) and the opioid system (involved with pain transmission and the reward pathway). The side effects that can result from interaction with these systems can seem contradictory at times, so we've decided to split them into separate groups.
Adrenergic Side Effects:
Increased urination
Opioid Side Effects:
The short answer to this is yes — kratom can become both physically and behaviorally addictive with long-term use.
The potential for addiction is one of the main concerns people have around using kratom.
Addiction is not a disease — it's a physiological and psychological attempt to find release from the discomforts of life. When we use a substance (or activity) to cope with pain, discomfort, or sadness, we may become reliant on these substances to feel this way.
Kratom improves mood, enhances focus, and alleviates pain — which gives it ample potential to become addictive in people suffering from any of these problems. This is called behavioral addiction — which means we're addicted to the effects of the substance.
Over long periods of time, kratom can also become physically addictive — which means the body adjusts to the effects of plants in such a way that without it we're unable to maintain balance. When the effects wear off, it can cause withdrawal symptoms that make the body seek another dose of the drug.
Kratom is addictive — but it's far less physically addictive than pharmaceutical opiates.
When we become addicted to opiates, what's happening is that the body is adjusting the opiate receptors to counteract the effects of the substance. The stronger the substance acts on the opiate receptors, the faster the body makes these changes — leading to addiction.
Kratom has a much weaker effect on opiate receptors than prescription drugs.
In fact, kratom is often used as a treatment for prescription opiate addiction because it can help alleviate the side effects of withdrawal while being significantly less addictive than pharmaceutical opiates overall.
The idea is that people addicted to opiates slowly transition from using prescription or illicit drugs to using kratom. They can then quit the kratom much more easily.
Opiate addiction has become a global pandemic over the last 20 or 30 years. According to a report published in 2020, an estimated 16 million individuals around the world have had or are currently suffering from opioid addiction disorders [3]. Roughly 500,000 people in the US alone are currently addicted to heroin, and many thousands more are addicted to prescription painkillers.
What Makes Opiate Drugs So Addictive?
Opioid drugs push one button, and they do so with a lot of force. The button they press is the opioid receptors — which are involved with blocking the transmission of pain and regulating the dopamine-reward pathway in the brain. When the opiate receptors are activated, it stops pain signals from reaching the brain and causes the release of dopamine — which gives us a quick hit of euphoria.
The dopamine-reward system deserves a whole article on its own and is extremely complicated. But the basic function of this system is to create positive reinforcement from doing things that benefit the body — such as eating, exercising, or having sex.
By releasing dopamine to trigger the experience of euphoria (pleasure) as a reward, it makes us want to perform the action that caused this effect again.
Unfortunately, opiates trigger this effect even though they don't directly benefit us. It makes us want to use these drugs again and again to get another hit of dopamine.
Interestingly, all addiction works through this effect — including non-substance addictions such as sex, gambling, shopping, porn, or video-game addiction.
Opiate drugs form addiction much more quickly because they work directly on the reward pathway.
When we're physically addicted to opiates, we feel ill when the drugs wear off — prompting us to use more of the drug just to feel normal again.
What's happening here is that the drug is causing a force on the opiate receptors that pushes it beyond the normal balance. The body doesn't like being out of balance (even if it feels good), so it makes adjustments to counteract the drug. These adjustments usually mean hiding some of the receptors. We then need to take more of the drugs to achieve the same effect.
Think of this like using the tare function on a scale.
When we place some force on the scale, it adds weight. The body wants to be at 0.00 (balanced), so this added weight is considered an "imbalance." To correct it, the body uses the "tare button" to counteract the force — bringing us back to 0.00.
If the weight is removed (aka, the drug wears off), the scale shows a negative number — which means it's out of balance in the other direction.
This imbalance is what causes withdrawal symptoms.
Dopamine Neurons
Kratom can also lead to dependence and addiction in a similar way as opiate drugs — but it takes a much longer amount of time and tends to be much less severe.
Unlike prescription opiates like fentanyl, morphine, codeine, or oxycodone — kratom has less force on the opioid receptors. This means the body doesn't need to adjust itself as much.
In order to become physically addicted to kratom, we need to use it regularly for a much longer period of time compared to prescription painkillers.
Additionally, kratom exerts its effects through several other pathways in the body — rather than relying solely on the opioid receptors.
Instead of forming dependency and tolerance in just a few weeks, it can take several months of consistent kratom use before it leads to dependency and addiction.
The signs of kratom addiction are very similar to other opiate medications.
Here are some basic signs you may be addicted:
You require a very high dose of kratom to feel the desired effects
You feel physically ill when you're not using kratom
You constantly think about using kratom
You've lost motivation for other responsibilities such as work, school, or housework
You've become isolated from friends or family
The physical signs of withdrawal can include muscle pain, diarrhea, vomiting, anxiety, rapid heart rate, fatigue, insomnia, or muscle tremors.
Treating kratom addiction follows the same philosophy as any other addiction. It involves gradually weaning yourself off the drug. This process is referred to as detoxing.
Weaning off any opiate you've formed a dependency on is inherently uncomfortable. You're essentially going to feel mild to moderate withdrawal symptoms for a couple of weeks until your body can adjust to not having the drug in the system anymore.
The process works the same way as the addiction formed in the first place, only in reverse.
Once you stop taking the herb, the body will start to "unhide" the opiate receptors to achieve balance once again.
Fortunately, treating kratom addiction is significantly easier than prescription pain pills or heroin — but that doesn't mean it's easy. It requires discipline and motivation.
You'll be constantly fighting the urge to use more kratom as you go through the detox. But just know that these feelings are only temporary. As long as you stick to the detox regimen, these cravings and the uncomfortable side effects will gradually start to fade away completely.
It's possible to treat kratom addiction at home yourself with the right motivation. It helps to have family or friends for the first couple of days to help you through the most challenging part of the detox.
If you find it difficult to break through the first few days of treatment, you can visit a detox or rehab center to help you through it.
Kratom addiction can be treated in as little as two weeks, but many people stretch it out to 4 weeks.
The idea is that instead of quitting completely right off the bat, you gradually reduce each dose over time and work your way towards zero. This reduces the severity of withdrawal symptoms but stretches the detox out over a longer period of time.
There's always a reason why you became addicted to something — including kratom.
Addiction stems from the desire to feel happy, healthy, and free from pain and suffering. The substances we become addicted to often provide temporary relief from these feelings.
In order to remain free from addiction once the detox process is over, we have to identify the cause of our pain and learn ways to manage it without the use of substances.
All kratom comes from the same species of plant (Mitragyna speciosa). However, there are many different strains of kratom available.
A strain describes plants that are within the same species but have different epigenetic qualities. This means they have the same genetic makeup, but there are differences in the way these genes are expressed.
Some kratom makes higher concentrations of stimulating alkaloids; others are more sedative.
There are dozens of different strains of kratom — but we can classify them under one of three main categories based on the color of the leaf veins.
Red vein kratom is considered to have the fastest onset of effects and is generally more sedative than the other types of kratom.
The red vein kratom strains have a higher concentration of 7-hydroxymitragynine overall.
Red vein kratom strains:
Red Asia Kratom
Red Bali Kratom
Red Borneo Kratom
Red Dragon Kratom
Red Elephant Kratom
Red Horn Kratom
Red Hulu Kratom
Red Indo Kratom
Red Jongkong Kratom
Red Kali Kratom
Red Malay Kratom
Red Sumatra Kratom
Red Thai Kratom
In contrast to red vein kratom, white vein strains have a much lower concentration of 7-hydroxymitragynine. As a result, they tend to be a little more stimulating and are preferred by people looking for the energizing or nootropic effects of kratom.
White vein strains also tend to be the mildest in terms of side effects and are better for daily use.
White vein kratom strains:
White Bali Kratom
White Borneo Kratom
White Dragon Kratom
White Elephant Kratom
White Horn Kratom
White Indo Kratom
White Jongkong Kratom
White Maeng Da Kratom
White Malay Kratom
White Sumatra Kratom
White Thai Kratom
White Vein Kratom
Green vein kratom can be thought of as balanced kratom. These strains are usually somewhere between the sedative red vein and stimulating white vein. They're a great all-around option for pain, sleep, focus, and mood.
The effects of green vein kratom strains are much less predictable in their effects — some are much more sedative, others more stimulating.
Green vein kratom strains:
Green Bali Kratom
Green Borneo Kratom
Green Dragon Kratom
Green Horn Kratom
Green Hulu Kratom
Green Indo Kratom
Green Kali Kratom
Green Malay Kratom
Green Sumatra Kratom
Green Thai Kratom
Green Vein Kratom
Green Vietnam Kratom
Super Green Malay Kratom
Kratom is available in many different formats. Most people who use kratom will use the raw, powdered leaf. You can mix it in with water (similar to making matcha) or follow the "toss and wash" method of swallowing the raw powder in one gulp and following it up with some water or another liquid to wash it down.
Kratom has a horrible taste — it's bitter and chalky — so many people will seek out other forms of using this herb instead.
Capsules and tinctures are good options but require larger doses to provide the same level of benefit.
Using the dried, powdered kratom leaf is the most preferred method. It's a simple and effective way to consume larger doses.
The downside is that kratom leaf powder doesn't taste very good. Most people follow a method called the "toss and wash," — which involves swallowing a quick dose of the powder, followed up with some water or another beverage to wash it down.
This method is like ripping off a bandaid — it's uncomfortable, but doing it quickly means it only takes a second.
You can also mix the kratom leaf into the water and drink it that way. Some people add maple syrup, honey, or another sweetener to cut out some of the bitterness. It also helps to mix the kratom with water and leave it in the fridge for a while to make it nice and cold. This does a great job of cutting the taste of the mixture.
Kratom capsules are popular because you don't have to suffer through its bitter taste.
The only problem with capsules is that you generally need to take quite a few to get the dose. Capsules are much better for people looking for the energizing effects of the plant — which require much lower doses.
If you're using kratom for pain or to get the sedative effect, you'll need to take several capsules at a time.
You can buy kratom capsules premade or mix your own at home using a capsule machine.
A tincture is a liquid extract of a herb. Virtually all herbs can be made into a tincture using alcohol, water, glycerine, or oil as a base.
Tinctures are easy to use, are rapidly absorbed, and have a long shelf-life.
Avoid tinctures with alcohol as a base. Kratom and alcohol are not safe to take together. Instead, look for tinctures that use vegetable glycerine as the base. The mildly sweet flavor of glycerine has the added benefit of cutting out much of the bitterness of the kratom as well.
Resin extracts are like the jet fuel of the kratom world. They're made by extracting and concentrating the pure alkaloid-rich resin in the leaves.
These products are very strong, so only those with a lot of experience with kratom should dabble in their use.
Some people prefer resin extracts because of their potency. You need a much smaller dose to get the same level of effects.
However, as a trade-off, resin extracts have a slightly different effect profile. I'd consider them to even be a little bit lacking in their effects. Some of the complementary compounds present in the leaves are removed from a resin extract, which makes them more likely to result in side effects and, in my opinion, strips away some of the herb's beneficial effects.
Kratom laws don't always make a lot of sense. Some countries outright ban kratom as a schedule I drug (punishable with large fines or jail time); other countries don't regulate it at all.
There are some laws that position kratom as part of the problem of opiate addiction — others position it as a solution.
Most countries allow the sale of kratom, but there are exceptions — so make sure you're familiar with your local laws before you place an order.
Kratom is legal in the United States on a federal level, but there are some states and municipalities that have independently banned the sale of kratom locally.
The DEA considered moving kratom to the Schedule I status in 2016 — which would place it among the ranks of substances such as heroin, cocaine, and LSD. However, before the ruling was made, the DEA withdrew their motion. It's officially listed as a "drug of concern" but remains legal federally in the United States.
States Where Kratom is Banned
US Municipalities Where Kratom is Banned
Sarasota County, Florida
Jerseyville, Illinois
Kratom laws vary widely in Europe — some countries consider it a useful herb for reducing the societal burden of opioid addiction; others ban it in fear of contributing to the addiction epidemic instead.
European Countries Where Kratom is Banned
Some of the countries where kratom originates have outright banned the sale, possession, and use of the plant. There's a lot of conspiracy around this that suggests the pharmaceutical companies that manufacture opioid medications lobbied local governments in the 1940s because the plant was a direct competitor with their products.
Thailand recently revoked its ban, and kratom is now one of the countries major economic exports.
Countries in Asia & The Pacific Where Kratom is Banned
There are well over a dozen active ingredients in kratom — each one contributing a separate set of effects. Some activate the opioid receptors to block pain signals from reaching the brain — others target different neurotransmitters or receptors such as dopamine, serotonin, or glutamate.
The overall impact of this plant comes from the combined impact of all these different chemicals.
How kratom works:
Activates mu-opioid receptor — blocks pain transmission & induces a euphoric sensation
Blocks alpha-1 & alpha-2 adrenergic receptors — lowers blood pressure
Activates 5-HT2A serotonin receptors — mild psychoactive effects
Most of the active ingredients in kratom are alkaloids — which are compounds that contain a nitrogen atom. Alkaloids are notorious for their ability to interact with human physiology.
Many of the most powerful compounds and drugs used today are alkaloids. Just a few examples include caffeine, cocaine, morphine, nicotine, and ephedrine.
In kratom, there are dozens of different alkaloids (mostly indole and oxindole alkaloids). However, just four compounds make up about 90% of the alkaloid content in the plant — mitragynine, paynantheine, speciogynine, and 7-hydroxymitragynine.
The alkaloid content of kratom varies from one plant to another. Factors such as the strain, soil and growing conditions, and processing techniques used after harvest can all impact the alkaloid ratio of the final product. Differences in alkaloid ratios can affect the overall effect profile of the plant — which is why not all kratom feels the same.
1. 7-Hydroxymitragynine
This alkaloid acts on the mu-opioid receptors, giving it potent painkilling and cough-suppressant benefits. It's especially abundant in red-vein kratom strains [1].
2. 9-Hydroxycorynantheidine
This alkaloid is only a partial opioid receptor agonist — which makes it much less potent than other kratom alkaloids. Some studies suggest this compound works to enhance the effects of other alkaloids in the plant.
3. Ajmalicine
This compound is well-known for its presence in another stimulating herb called Yohimbe, where it is usually referred to as δ-yohimbine.
Ajmalicine works primarily through the α-1 adrenergic receptor. It blocks the effects of this receptor, causing smooth muscles in the arterial system to relax. Synthetic versions of this compound are currently under development as a potential treatment for high blood pressure and erectile dysfunction.
4. Akuammiline
Akuammiline is an indole alkaloid most prevalent in a herb called akuamma (Picralima nitida) — hence the name.
The specific effects of this compound are still under investigation, but it's thought to have a similar profile to ajmalicine and mitragynine due to close similarities in chemical structure. This means the effects would be mild to moderate sedative and hypotensive.
5. Ciliaphylline
This compound is present in low concentrations in the kratom plant, and there isn't much research available on its effects. It's thought to be an antitussive (cough suppressant) and analgesic (painkiller).
6. Corynantheidine
Corynantheidine works against most of the other alkaloids in the kratom plant. Instead of activating the opioid receptors, it blocks them. It's also an α2-adrenergic receptor inhibitor — which gives it a subtle relaxing, sedative, and hypotensive effect profile.
This is another one of the shared alkaloids present in both kratom and Yohimbe.
7. Corynanthine
Corynanthine is poorly understood — however, some preliminary studies suggest it acts as a calcium-channel blocker. This gives it a hypotensive effect profile unique from most of the other compounds produced in the kratom plant.
8. Corynoxine A & B
Two closely related compounds — Corynoxine A and Corynoxine B — both share almost identical effect profiles. They've been shown to offer neuroprotective effects through an interaction with dopamine receptors in the brain. They're both thought to offer mild sedative action as well.
Corynoxine A is found in another medicinal herb called cat's claw (Uncaria tomentosa) — which is renowned for its powerful protective action on the neurological system.
9. Iso Mitraphylline
This alkaloid is an isomer of mitraphylline and shares a similar effect profile. It's present in much smaller concentrations (less than 1%).
Some studies suggest this compound accounts for the majority of the immunostimulant effects of kratom despite its low concentrations.
10. Isopteropodine
Isopteropodine has been shown to stimulate immune activity through similar mechanisms as iso mitraphylline. It's also a 5-HTP serotonin receptor modulator, which gives its mood-supportive benefits.
11. Isorhynchophylline
This alkaloid is also found in the Asian cat's claw (Uncaria rhynchophylla). It's been shown to provide immunostimulating and calcium-channel blocking activity [2].
12. Mitragynine
This is the primary alkaloid in the kratom plant. It makes up approximately 66% of the total alkaloid content of the plant. Because of the high prevalence, there's been a lot of research on the effects of this compound.
Mitragynine is a potent opioid receptor agonist, adrenergic receptor agonist, and 5HT2A receptor agonist (mild). The 5HT2A receptors are the primary target of many psychedelics — however, kratom has very low psychoactive effects and likely only has mild activity at the 5HT2A receptor sites.
This compound has been shown to reduce pain transmission, reduce the urge to be caught, alleviate diarrhea, and exert both stimulating and sedative effects (dose-dependent).
13. Mitraphylline
This compound is classified as an oxindole alkaloid. Its primary effects are vasodilating (reduced blood pressure), muscle relaxant, and diuretic (increases urine output).
14. Mitraversine
This alkaloid is present in low concentrations in some kratoms strains — but it's much more abundant in a related species called Mitragyna parvifolia.
15. Paynantheine
This is the second most abundant compound in most kratom samples. It's been shown to act as a smooth muscle relaxant and opioid receptor agonist. Some studies have also suggested this compound acts on the adrenergic receptors — giving it mild relaxing effects.
16. Rhynchophylline
Rhynchophylline is abundant in both kratom and Chinese cat's claw. It's currently being explored as a new antihypertensive medication because it's been shown to reduce blood pressure without affecting blood flow in the kidneys — which is a major side effect of modern blood pressure medications.
Other studies have shown this compound offers anti-inflammatory, NMDA agonist, dopaminergic, serotonergic, and calcium channel-blocking activity.
17. Speciociliatine
This compound is structurally very similar to mitragynine and possesses a similar set of effects — only much weaker. Some early studies suggest it may inhibit the release of acetylcholine in the brain — but more research is needed to confirm.
18. Speciogynine
Speciogynine is the third most abundant alkaloid in the plant. It's been shown to provide muscle-relaxant and anxiolytic effects. Some sources suggest this compound works to directly reduce some of the key side effects of the more stimulating compounds in the kratom plant.
19. Speciophylline
Seciophylline is one of the several alkaloids shared by both kratom and the Chinese cat's claw plant. Unfortunately, there isn't much research available for this compound due to its low concentration in both species of plants.
Some of the preliminary research on this compound derived from the cat's claw plant suggests it may offer a protective action against leukemia cancer cell lines.
20. Epicatechin
Epicatechin is not an alkaloid — it's a flavonoid with potent antioxidant action also found in the tea plant (Camellia sinensis), chocolate (Theobroma cacao), and grapevine (Vitis vinifera).
This compound is well studied for its ability to reduce oxidative damage and protect the lungs, skin, and cardiovascular system from the harmful effects of free radicals and heavy metals.
21. Daucosterol
This is another one of the primary non-alkaloid ingredients in the kratom plant. Chemically this compound is classified as a saponin. It's thought to be one of the primary ingredients in kratom that provide the immune-boosting benefit of the plant.
Kratom is a psychoactive plant from Southeast Asia. It's used in lower doses for its stimulating effects — very similar to coffee. In higher doses, the effects of the plant are much more sedative, euphoric, and analgesic.
The most popular use of this herb is for its stimulating or nootropic effects, but many people are also using it to relieve chronic pain or improve mood.
Alkaloids in the kratom plant bind to the opiate receptors, which makes them especially useful for managing pain and can also be used to relieve withdrawal symptoms from opiate drugs.
Kratom can also be used for its psychoactive effects as an alternative to prescription pain medications or alcohol — however, due to the potential for addiction to this herb, this is not recommended. It's also not safe to mix kratom with alcohol or any other medications.
Email Address What's Your Name? What's Your Favorite Psychedelic?
Ponglux, D., Wongseripipatana, S., Takayama, H., Kikuchi, M., Kurihara, M., Kitajima, M., … & Sakai, S. I. (1994). A new indole alkaloid, 7 α-hydroxy-7H-mitragynine, from Mitragyna speciosa in Thailand. Planta medica, 60(06), 580-581.
Shi, J. S., Yu, J. X., Chen, X. P., & Xu, R. X. (2003). Pharmacological actions of Uncaria alkaloids, rhynchophylline, and isorhynchophylline. Acta Pharmacologica Sinica, 24(2), 97-101.
Azadfard, M., Huecker, M. R., & Leaming, J. M. (2020). Opioid Addiction. Treasure Island, FL: StatPearls.
Macko, E., Weisbach, J. A., & Douglas, B. (1972). Some observations on the pharmacology of mitragynine. Archives internationales de pharmacodynamie et de thérapie, 198(1), 145.
Suwanlert, S. (1975). A study of kratom eaters in Thailand. Bull Narc, 27(3), 21-27.
Hassan, Z., Muzaimi, M., Navaratnam, V., Yusoff, N. H., Suhaimi, F. W., Vadivelu, R., … & Jayabalan, N. (2013). From Kratom to mitragynine and its derivatives: physiological and behavioral effects related to use, abuse, and addiction. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, 37(2), 138-151.
Jansen, K. L., & Prast, C. J. (1988). Psychoactive properties of mitragynine (kratom). Journal of psychoactive drugs, 20(4), 455-457.
Khor, B. S., Jamil, M. F. A., Adenan, M. I., & Shu-Chien, A. C. (2011). Mitragynine attenuates withdrawal syndrome in morphine-withdrawn zebrafish. PLoS One, 6(12), e28340.
Mossadeq, W. S., Sulaiman, M. R., Mohamad, T. T., Chiong, H. S., Zakaria, Z. A., Jabit, M. L., … & Israf, D. A. (2009). Anti-inflammatory and antinociceptive effects of Mitragyna speciosa Korth methanolic extract. Medical Principles and Practice, 18(5), 378-384.
Matsumoto, K., Mizowaki, M., Suchitra, T., Murakami, Y., Takayama, H., Sakai, S. I., … & Watanabe, H. (1996). Central antinociceptive effects of mitragynine in mice: contribution of descending noradrenergic and serotonergic systems. European Journal of Pharmacology, 317(1), 75-81.
Klitenick, M. A., DeWitte, P., & Kalivas, P. W. (1992). Regulation of somatodendritic dopamine release in the ventral tegmental area by opioids and GABA: an in vivo microdialysis study. Journal of Neuroscience, 12(7), 2623-2632.
Sasaki, K., Fan, L. W., Tien, L. T., Ma, T., Loh, H. H., & Ho, K. (2002). The interaction of morphine and γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) ergic systems in anxiolytic behavior: using μ-opioid receptor knockout mice. Brain research bulletin, 57(5), 689-694.
Tripsitter > Explore > Other Psychoactive Substances > What is Kratom? Is it Safe?
Kanna: Exploring One of Nature's Best Antidepressants
EuphoricsNatural PsychedelicsOther Psychoactive Substances
What is DMT? (The Spirit Molecule)
DMTNatural PsychedelicsPsychedelicsSynthetic PsychedelicsTryptamines
Areca Nut, The Fourth Most Popular Psychoactive Substance in the World
Natural Psychedelics
Kava (Piper methysticum)
Yopo (Anadenanthera peregrina): Psychedelic Snuff From the Amazon
Psychoactive Toad Venom (Bufo Alvarius)


What does it take to execute visual marketing on social media effectively? Here are 7 guidelines to ensure a successful campaign.
Over the last couple of blog posts, we've talked about visual marketing and why it's important to incorporate it in your social media management strategy.
However, just because you have the right tools on hand and an eagerness to start developing your visual content, doesn't mean you're guaranteed to have a successful campaign.
It's a valid question – what does it take to, er, see success in your visual marketing campaign?
Speaking from experience, I can tell you that the tips I've listed below have proven to be quite helpful to me. While they may seem quite simple (and even no-brainers, in the case of some of the items), they contributed significantly to the effectiveness of my visual marketing strategy. Why don't you give the following tips a shot?
1. Before attempting to attract your audience, understand how you should go about it.
What does your audience like? More importantly, what is your audience like?
By understanding your followers' demographics, needs, and preferences, you can come up with more effective ways of using visual content to attract your audience. Figure out what they're into, so that you can come up with the best messaging for your brand. Your visual marketing and social media strategy should revolve around the characteristics of your audience.
2. Make use of the different types of visual content.
While well-written copy is definitely a must when it comes to your social media updates, a bit of visual flair doesn't hurt. In fact, statistics show that 40% of people tend to respond better to visual information than just ordinary text. Being on social media platforms presents the unique advantage of having the option to include engaging visuals in your content.
Don't be shy to admit it: we human beings are attracted to pretty things. That's why adding pictures, graphs, or videos will definitely boost your chances of attracting more followers – and, more importantly, keeping their attention – whether you're writing a press release or a blog post.
3. Take the time to create original visual content.
If there's one thing that I can say with confidence about reading reports filled to the brim with percentages and decimals, it's that, well, nobody really enjoys reading them. It takes extra effort for you to fully get the gist of what the report is saying (and number after number after number can be quite dizzying, too!), and it would take more time for you to process exactly what those numbers mean instead of, say, just looking at an infographic or pie chart.
That's why it's a good idea to take that long, boring report, turn those intimidating numbers into friendly-looking pie charts and visuals, and let your audience appreciate your creative way of presenting data. Slap your logo on it, and boom, instant brand-building content! Sharing funny pictures of cats is entertaining, but you'll definitely want to make the most out of your visual content. Remember: When it comes to visual marketing, a little effort goes a long way.
4. Stick to a theme or "feel" – build your visual identity.
The beauty of using visual content for your social media updates is that you can imbue them with your unique brand identity. Use consistent fonts, adhere to a specific color theme, or add your logo to your image – these are all simple but effective ways to build a certain style that your audience will eventually learn to associate with you immediately.
Furthermore, by sticking to a specific theme or exuding a certain "feel," you can elicit the right emotions that you want to see you're your target market, and even influence their decision-making process. Sometimes, it's as simple as the type of filter you use on Instagram; if you've been consistently posting images with muted colors, for example, you will eventually reach the point where your audience will associate that filter with your brand. This is called your visual identity, and it's important to keep it consistent.
Your visual identity encompasses all your visual content – from your logo, to your typical design templates, to your chosen font style, and even the colors you use most often. Establishing these design conventions will help you build a cohesive brand identity, helping with your recognizability in the long run.
5. Your content (and your efforts) should be on the right social media channels.
Even if you have the best visual content or the most skilled designers working on your infographics, it wouldn't mean a thing for you if you're on the wrong social media channel.
Pick social media platforms that would best help you achieve your business goals, and don't be pressured into signing up for as many social media platforms as you can. One or two should be enough, depending on your target demographic. Trust me, it's better for you to pool your time and resources into a couple of really effective channels than to try and catch everyone and end up with a very flimsy strategy that doesn't yield the results you were hoping for.
6. When you create visual content, think about how easily you can use or repurpose it for different social media platforms.
Naturally, you'd want to make the most out of the visual content you'll be producing. Videos and infographics should be shared on all the social media platforms that you're active on – you can even link to them via emails to clients or your online newsletters.
7. Don't lose your messaging in the sea of your visually striking content.
Focusing on keeping things pretty is one thing, but don't make the mistake of forgetting to put substance over style. Remember not to lose track of your goals, and that the primary objective in running a visual marketing campaign is to take you closer to them.
Thus, every aspect of your visual marketing campaign – from materials to management – needs to be well-planned and carefully executed. This is why it's important for you to remain consistent with regard to your visual content; your output should be geared towards getting people to sign up for your services, visit your website, or whatever your end goal is.
If you're still unsure about how you should approach creating and sharing your visual content, you might find this infographic about the components of a successful visual marketing campaign to be helpful.


This hands-on workshop is designed to introduce you to the basics of motorsports photography as you experience race day from the perspective of a media photographer shooting trackside and in the pits. During this workshop, you will hone your composition, panning, and editing skills as you work to fulfill a client's brief.
This workshop will give participants a glimpse into the typical day of a motorsports photographer. You will enter the Dubai Autodrome as a signed-on member of the media working in active pits and shooting on a race day at Dubai Autodrome. As such, a heavy emphasis is put on the safety of working on a live track as well as the skills required to shoot there.
You will be provided with a brief to supply race teams with a set number of images from the race weekend suitable for social media and press use. You will be instructed how to manage your day, be provided with theory on how to photograph race teams in the pits and on the track, have plenty of time to shoot at the track, and will be given time to post-process your images in order to have them ready by the deadline set by your client.
You should have a thorough understanding of ISO, aperture, shutter speed, and how all of these relate to each other to achieve a correct exposure. If you are not familiar with these terms or currently shoot in Auto or P mode, we recommend enrolling for our Photography Level 1 workshop prior to attending Introduction to Motorsports Photography.
If you have completed our Photography Level 2 workshop you will be equipped to benefit most fully from this workshop.
No prior motorsport experience is necessary to participate in this workshop, but this is a fast-paced workshop with an extended period of time spent walking around the track to work with composition, leading lines, and lighting conditions. In light of this, please note that you should be relatively fit and active, and you must be able to carry your gear with you for extended periods of time.
Please download and read the following two documents; you cannot attend your workshop without first reading the briefing and completing the disclaimer.
You must be 18 years of age or over to attend this workshop.


Nov. 1, 2018—Mitchell International Inc. has announced that its Mitchell Diagnostics system has completed 300,000 scans.
Mitchell also announced significant enhancements to its Freedom Platform, which was designed in an effort to facilitate the proper and safe repair of vehicles.
The Mitchell Diagnostics system was launched in July 2017. The system was created with the idea of being a comprehensive collision repair diagnostics solution, operating on numerous vehicle makes and providing both scanning and diagnostic repair capabilities without per-vehicle transaction fees.
For repairers, the Mitchell Diagnostics system may be utilized to perform diagnostic repairs in-house, including recalibrations, system resets an module reprogramming. The recently announced MCS-415 target recalibration system was created to allow repairers to complete target-based recalibrations on many major OEMs.
To learn more about Mitchell and its line of products, click here.


text:
The Legenday F4U Corsair as you have never seen it before
Jul. 30, 2015, 2:49 PM
Tom Doizer
The Vought F4U Corsair is probably one of the most famous American fighter planes ever.
More than 12,500 examples of this aircraft were manufactured by Vought beginning in 1940, with final delivery of 1953, in what is known as the longest production run of any piston-engined fighter in U.S. history.
The Corsair, designed to operate from the flight deck of US aircraft carriers, saw service during the WWII, during which it initially mainly operated from land bases in the hands of US Marine pilots because of issues with carrier landings: once these were solved, the F4U became the most capable carrier-based fighter-bomber of the conflict.
The Corsair flew also during the Korean War.
As mentioned before, it is one of the most famous warbirds ever: even my son knows this plane very well as its fame was boosted amoung younger generations by its participation in the Disney movie "Planes" that features a Corsair named "Skipper" among the leading characters.
The following video shows a civilian registered F4U-1 (NX83782), the oldest airworthy Corsair in the world, during the 2012 Planes of Fame Air Show fly by.
SEE ALSO: Stunning images show US Air Force A-10s operating on a dry lake bed in California
NOW WATCH: 11 game-changing military planes from the last 15 years
More: The Aviationist plane flight ww2

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


COLORADO SPRINGS, Colo. — Sierra Nevada Corp. is showing off a prototype of its Dream Chaser space plane, but its focus is quickly shifting to building the real thing to send to orbit.
And as if that's not enough, there's an orbital power plant and space habitat to work on as well.
SNC executives provided what they promised would be a series of status reports today here at the 34th Space Symposium, in front of the engineering test vehicle for the Dream Chaser program.
The 30-foot-long, stubby-winged plane was built for atmospheric tests, to check the aerodynamics and flight control systems for an autonomous mini-space shuttle that will be capable of ferrying cargo to and from the International Space Station starting in 2020.
The plane flew a "completely successful" test last November after being dropped from a helicopter hovering at a height of 12,000 feet, SNC's Mark Sirangelo told reporters. The flight profile was similar to that used for the space shuttle Enterprise's atmospheric tests during the early days of NASA's shuttle program, but without a pilot at the controls.
"This is our Enterprise," said Sirangelo, who heads the company's Space Systems business area.
After its star turn at the Space Symposium, the test vehicle will be transported to SNC's production facility in Louisville, Colo., and put in "flyable storage," said Steve Lindsey, a former NASA astronaut who now serves as SNC's vice president of space exploration systems.
It's not expected to fly again unless and until SNC revives its plans to build a crew-capable version of the Dream Chaser. But thanks to the data acquired during its flight tests, SNC is moving ahead with development of the still-uncrewed but space-worthy Dream Chaser.
Lindsey said plans for the orbital vehicle has gone through critical design review, and the first parts of the primary structure are due to arrive in Louisville next month. "We're going into production now," he said.
Once it's assembled, the plane will be tested on the ground, in vacuum chambers and on runways. If all proceeds according to plan, it will go all the way to the space station on its first launch, scheduled for the fourth quarter of 2020 on a United Launch Alliance Atlas 5 rocket. Once it makes its delivery, the reusable plane can fly itself back to a runway landing.
SpaceX, Orbital ATK and Sierra Nevada Corp. are all due to share in a NASA cargo resupply program that could dole out as much as $14 billion in the 2019-2024 time frame. Each carrier is guaranteed at least six flight orders, but NASA hasn't said how the payments will break down on a per-flight basis.
SNC is also in the running to provide two key pieces of hardware for NASA's future space exploration program, which focuses on the in-space construction of a Lunar Orbiting Platform – Gateway in the mid-2020s.
The company won separate NextSTEP-2 contracts to build a ground-based prototype for the first piece of the gateway, known as the power and propulsion element, as well as for an expandable deep-space habitat that could be attached to the complex.
NASA awarded the contracts as part of a competitive program that involves other companies as well, and it'll be a while before the agency awards contracts for the actual space hardware. The power and propulsion element is currently due for launch in 2022.
"In a weird sort of way, for those of us who've seen that movie, if you remember, there was a commercial space plane going to a commercial space station in that movie," Sirangelo said.


Just wanted to wish everyone a Happy Winter Solstice. Thank you very much for visiting this humble blog of mine. I think this year in particular has been somewhat trying for many I know. I suppose that would include us as well in a way, though I would say we have been relatively fortunate.
I believe that 2008 will be a very good year. And I'm not just saying that because it's customary during the holiday season, but I know it to be true. I at least know it to be true for us. It will be a year of many changes, most of which will be positive. It marks my first return to my country of origin after thirteen years, and that's kind of a big deal.
In addition, I will be pursuing my art with greater interest and determination than ever before. It is being put forth as one of my greatest priorities for the year, and I have already taken step to ensure that this resolution will be realized. Not to mention the Presidential Elections are coming up, and this will be the first time I will be allowed to vote (if you don't know, this is why).
As for now, I hope that everyone can keep above the commercial holiday flood-waters. I have been lucky to not have to drive through that traffic but once so far. A huge difference from previous years of working at the front-lines of consumerism. I think that is true for several of us, most notably the old "CHGS" folks. You know who you are!
So once again, Happy Solstice, Blessed Yule, and Merry Christmas to all of you. The darkest days of the year are passing, and my best wishes to you extend with the dawn-light of tomorrow.


text:
Translation, adaptation and validation of the Hospital Consumer Assessment of Healthcare Providers and Systems (HCAHPS) for use in Japan: a multicentre cross-sectional study
Takuya Aoki Division of Clinical Epidemiology, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Minato-ku, Tokyo, JapanSection of Clinical Epidemiology, Department of Community Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan PubMed articlesGoogle scholar articles
Yosuke Yamamoto Department of Healthcare Epidemiology, School of Public Health in the Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Kyoto, Japan PubMed articlesGoogle scholar articles
Tomoaki Nakata Hakodate Goryoukaku Hospital, Hakodate, Hokkaido, Japan PubMed articlesGoogle scholar articles
Correspondence to Dr Takuya Aoki; taoki{at}jikei.ac.jp
Aoki T, Yamamoto Y, Nakata T
BMJ Open 2020;10:e040240. doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2020-040240
Received May 8, 2020
Revised August 1, 2020
Accepted October 13, 2020
First published November 19, 2020.
Online issue publication
Data supplement 1
© Author(s) (or their employer(s)) 2020. Re-use permitted under CC BY-NC. No commercial re-use. See rights and permissions. Published by BMJ. http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/This is an open access article distributed in accordance with the Creative Commons Attribution Non Commercial (CC BY-NC 4.0) license, which permits others to distribute, remix, adapt, build upon this work non-commercially, and license their derivative works on different terms, provided the original work is properly cited, appropriate credit is given, any changes made indicated, and the use is non-commercial. See: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/.


text:
. ${FB_SDK_SCRIPT:-$(dirname $0)}/common.sh

# -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
# Call out to build .framework
#
. $FB_SDK_SCRIPT/build_framework.sh

# -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
# Build docs
#
. $FB_SDK_SCRIPT/build_documentation.sh

# -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
# Call out to build samples (suppress building framework)
#
. $FB_SDK_SCRIPT/build_samples.sh Release
. $FB_SDK_SCRIPT/build_samples.sh Debug

# -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
# Call out to build distribution (suppress building framework)
#
. $FB_SDK_SCRIPT/build_distribution.sh

common_success

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
package io.jeffrey.world.document.history;

import io.jeffrey.world.WorldTestFramework;

public class TestHistory extends WorldTestFramework {

}


text:
from reporter.core import Schedule
from reporter.connections import RedcapInstance
from reporter.application_abstract_reports.redcap.percentage_complete import (
    RedcapPercentageCompleteReport,
)
from reporter.application_abstract_reports.redcap.withdrawn_or_excluded_with_data import (
    RedcapWithdrawnOrExcludedWithDataReport,
)
from reporter.emailing import (
    RECIPIENT_SCAD_ADMIN as RECIPIENT_ADMIN,
    RECIPIENT_SCAD_MANAGER as RECIPIENT_MANAGER,
    RECIPIENT_IT_DQ,
)
from reporter.application_abstract_reports.redcap.web_data_quality import (
    RedcapWebDataQuality,
)

REDCAP_CLINICAL_VISIT_PROJECT_ID = 28
REDCAP_REGISTRY_PROJECT_ID = 31
REDCAP_INSTANCE = RedcapInstance.internal

class ScadRedcapPercentageCompleteReport(RedcapPercentageCompleteReport):
    def __init__(self):
        super().__init__(
            'SCAD',
            [RECIPIENT_ADMIN, RECIPIENT_MANAGER],
        )

class ScadRedcapWithdrawnOrExcludedWithDataReport(
        RedcapWithdrawnOrExcludedWithDataReport):
    def __init__(self):
        super().__init__(
            'SCAD',
            [RECIPIENT_ADMIN, RECIPIENT_MANAGER],
            Schedule.never,
        )

class ScadRedcapClinicalVisitWebDataQuality(RedcapWebDataQuality):
    def __init__(self):
        super().__init__(
            REDCAP_INSTANCE,
            REDCAP_CLINICAL_VISIT_PROJECT_ID,
            [RECIPIENT_IT_DQ],
        )

class ScadRedcapRegistryWebDataQuality(RedcapWebDataQuality):
    def __init__(self):
        super().__init__(
            REDCAP_INSTANCE,
            REDCAP_REGISTRY_PROJECT_ID,
            [RECIPIENT_ADMIN],
        )


text:
Poorest Poor in Us Hits New Record: 1 in 15 People
Hope Yen and Laura Wides-Munoz the Associated Press
WASHINGTON (AP) -- The ranks of America's poorest poor have climbed to a record high - 1 in 15 people - spread widely across metropolitan areas as the housing bust pushed many inner-city poor into suburbs and other outlying places and shriveled jobs and income.
New census data paint a stark portrait of the nation's haves and have-nots at a time when unemployment remains persistently high. It comes a week before the government releases first-ever economic data that will show more Hispanics, elderly and working-age poor have fallen into poverty.
In all, the numbers underscore the breadth and scope by which the downturn has reached further into mainstream America.
"There now really is no unaffected group, except maybe the very top income earners," said Robert Moffitt, a professor of economics at Johns Hopkins University. "Recessions are supposed to be temporary, and when it's over, everything returns to where it was before. But the worry now is that the downturn - which will end eventually - will have long-lasting effects on families who lose jobs, become worse off and can't recover."
Traditional inner-city black ghettos are thinning out and changing, drawing in impoverished Hispanics who have low-wage jobs or are unemployed. Neighborhoods with poverty rates of at least 40 percent are stretching over broader areas, increasing in suburbs at twice the rate of cities.
Once-booming Sun Belt metro areas are now seeing some of the biggest jumps in concentrated poverty.
Signs of a growing divide between rich and poor can be seen in places such as the upscale Miami suburb of Miami Shores, where nannies gather with their charges at a playground nestled between the township's sprawling golf course and soccer fields. The locale is a far cry from where many of them live.
One is Mariana Gripaldi, 36, an Argentinian who came to the U.S. about 10 years ago to escape her own country's economic crisis. She and her husband rent a two-bedroom apartment near Biscayne Bay in a middle-class neighborhood at the north end of Miami Beach, far from the chic hotels and stores.
But Gripaldi said in the past two years, the neighborhood has seen an increase in crime.
"The police come sometimes once or twice a night," she said in Spanish. "We are looking for a new place, but it's so expensive. My husband went to look at a place, and it was $1,500 for a two-bedroom, one bath. I don't like the changes, but I don't know if we can move."
About 20.5 million Americans, or 6.7 percent of the U.S. population, make up the poorest poor, defined as those at 50 percent or less of the official poverty level. Those living in deep poverty represent nearly half of the 46.2 million people scraping by below the poverty line. In 2010, the poorest poor meant an income of $5,570 or less for an individual and $11,157 for a family of four.
That 6.7 percent share is the highest in the 35 years that the Census Bureau has maintained such records, surpassing previous highs in 2009 and 1993 of just over 6 percent.
Broken down by states, 40 states and the District of Columbia had increases in the poorest poor since 2007, and none saw decreases. The District of Columbia ranked highest at 10.7 percent, followed by Mississippi and New Mexico. Nevada had the biggest jump, rising from 4.6 percent to 7 percent.
Concentrated poverty also spread wider.
After declining during the 1990s economic boom, the proportion of poor people in large metropolitan areas who lived in high-poverty neighborhoods jumped from 11.2 percent in 2000 to 15.1 percent last year, according to a Brookings Institution analysis released Thursday. Such geographically concentrated poverty in the U.S. is now at the highest since 1990, following a decade of high unemployment and rising energy costs.
Extreme poverty today continues to be prevalent in the industrial Midwest, including Detroit, Grand Rapids, Mich., and Akron, Ohio, due to a renewed decline in manufacturing. But the biggest growth in high-poverty areas is occurring in newer Sun Belt metro areas such as Las Vegas, Riverside, Calif., and Cape Coral, Fla., after the plummeting housing market wiped out home values and dried up construction jobs.
As a whole, the number of poor in the suburbs who lived in high-poverty neighborhoods rose by 41 percent since 2000, more than double the growth of such city neighborhoods.
Elizabeth Kneebone, a senior research associate at Brookings, described a demographic shift in people living in high-poverty neighborhoods, which have less access to good schools, hospitals and government services. As concentrated poverty spreads to new areas, including suburbs, the residents are now more likely to be white, native-born and high school or college graduates - not the conventional image of high-school dropouts or single mothers in inner-city ghettos.
The more recent broader migration of the U.S. population, including working- and middle-class blacks, to the South and to suburbs helps explain some of the shifts in poverty.
A study by the Joint Center for Political and Economic Studies found that the population of 133 historically black ghettos had dropped 36 percent since 1970, as the U.S. black population growth slowed and many blacks moved to new areas. The newest residents in these ghettos are now more likely to be Hispanic, who have more than tripled their share in the neighborhoods, to 21 percent.
Just over 7 percent of all African-Americans nationwide now live in traditional ghettos, down from 33 percent in 1970.
"As extreme-poverty neighborhoods emerge in more places, that is shifting the general makeup of those populations," said Kneebone, the lead author of the Brookings analysis.
New 2010 poverty data to be released next week by the Census Bureau will show additional demographic changes.
The new supplemental poverty measure for the first time will take into account non-cash aid such as tax credits and food stamps, but also additional everyday costs such as commuting and medical care. Official poverty figures released in September only take into account income before tax deductions.
Based on newly released estimates for 2009, the new measure will show a significant jump in overall poverty. Poverty for Americans 65 and older is on track to nearly double after factoring in rising out-of-pocket medical expenses, from 9 percent to over 15 percent. Poverty increases are also anticipated for the working-age population because of commuting and child-care costs, while child poverty will dip partly due to the positive effect of food stamps.
For the first time, the share of Hispanics living in poverty is expected to surpass that of African-Americans based on the new measure, reflecting in part the lower participation of immigrants and non-English speakers in government aid programs such as housing and food stamps. The 2009 census estimates show 27.6 percent of all Hispanics living in poverty, compared with 23.4 percent for blacks.
Alba Alvarez, 52, a nanny who chatted recently in Miami, said she is lucky because her employer rents an apartment to her and her husband at a low rate in a comfortable neighborhood on the bay. But her adult children, who followed her to the U.S. from Honduras, are having a tougher time.
They initially found work in a regional wholesale fruit and vegetable market that supplies many local supermarkets. But her youngest son recently lost his job, and since he has no legal status, he cannot get any help from the government.
"As a mother, I feel so horrible. There's this sense of powerlessness. I wanted things to be better for them in this country," Alvarez said. "I (recently) suggested my youngest go back to Honduras. It's easier for me to help him there than here, where rent and everything is so expensive."
Wides-Munoz reported from Miami.
http://www.census.gov
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about-poverty


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Britain reviews sending prince in Iraq
Prince Harry wants to be an ordinary soldier, but his army career has left military chiefs with an extraordinary predicament.
Britain's Sun newspaper reported Thursday that army bosses were reconsidering their decision to allow the prince to serve on the front line in Iraq for fear his presence could endanger other soldiers. Harry's regiment, the Blues and Royals, is due to begin a six-month tour of duty in Iraq within weeks.
The Ministry of Defense would say only that deployments are kept "under constant review."
"It is still our intent that Prince Harry will deploy as a troop leader," a spokeswoman said on the government's customary condition of anonymity.
Over the weekend, newspapers reported threats by Iraqi insurgents to kill or kidnap the prince, including claims his photograph had been widely circulated among militants. Military chiefs accept that the third in line to the throne would be an attractive target for insurgents and that his presence could lead to an upsurge in attacks on British forces.
But some military experts said it was too late to change the decision now.
"It's good for morale of the other soldiers if Prince Harry goes to Iraq," said retired Maj. Charles Heyman, editor of "Armed Forces of the United Kingdom." "They feel it's good to have someone from the royal family sharing the risks and the trials and tribulations.
"And if we don't send Prince Harry the insurgents and jihadis will say it is a moral victory for them - that we're afraid to send the prince."
Clarence House, Prince Charles' London office, insisted Harry was on track to go to Iraq, but declined to comment further.
"It's an army decision and always has been and always will be," a spokesman said on condition of anonymity in line with palace policy. Prime Minister Tony Blair also said the decision was "a matter for the army."
The government announced in February that it would begin withdrawing 1,600 of the 7,000 British troops in Iraq this summer as it hands over control of southern Iraq to local forces.
But the past few weeks have seen an upsurge in violence, with 11 British soldiers killed in Iraq this month. In all, 145 British troops have died there since the 2003 invasion.
Harry, a second lieutenant, is a tank commander trained to lead a 12-man team in four armored reconnaissance vehicles. If deployed, he would become the first royal to serve in a war zone since his uncle Prince Andrew flew as a helicopter pilot in the Falklands war against Argentina in 1982.
Despite its hopes of treating Harry as an ordinary soldier, the Defense Ministry has said the prince could be kept out of situations where his presence could jeopardize his comrades.
The Sun newspaper quoted unnamed senior military officials as saying that the review was likely to lead to Harry being banned from the battlefield, although he could still do a desk job.
The British Broadcasting Corp. cited friends as saying Harry, 22, would be disappointed, while other unidentified sources told Sky News that the prince would quit the army if he was not allowed to serve with his men.
The younger son of the late Princess Diana, Harry has been a frequent face on the front of Britain's tabloid newspapers, which have provided a constant stream of coverage of his party-going lifestyle at glitzy London nightclubs.
But he has said he is serious about an army career. After graduating from the Royal Military Academy at Sandhurst last year, Harry insisted on getting the opportunity to serve his country.
"There's no way I'm going to put myself through Sandhurst and then sit on my arse back home while my boys are out fighting for their country," he said in an interview to mark his 21st birthday.
Heyman, the military expert and editor, said keeping the prince away from the front line "will certainly destroy his career."
"A soldier who hasn't been in an operational zone is like an actor who has not been in a play," he said. "It will have an effect on him for the rest of this life."


IMCDb.org: JAC HFC-Series in "Tres Caínes, 2013"
I checked the Colombian market for this design but could not come up with anything sold there else than JAC. The design (grill and headlights) is definitely of Chinese origin and you can tell it is Isuzu Elf based as the JAC is. Can you read any of the letters of the text below the windshield? The badge below looks like Jinbei to some extent but they never used this design.
Perhaps it's just a JAC disguised with false badges.
P.S. Judging by the other vehicles in the newest episodes, I presume that the story has only reached the 1980s or 1990s, so an undisguised JAC would be an obvious anachronism.
I agree it looks most like a JAC, though it does seem to be missing a sidemarker.
And Gag's right about the anachronism--this is 1992.


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GSI Technology, Inc. Reports First Quarter Fiscal 2023
By GlobeNewswire On Jul 29, 2022
SUNNYVALE, Calif., July 28, 2022 (GLOBE NEWSWIRE) — GSI Technology, Inc. (NASDAQ: GSIT) today reported financial results for its first fiscal quarter ended June 30, 2022.
Summary Financial Results Table (in thousands, except per share amounts)
June 30, 2022 March 31, 2022 June 30, 2021
Net revenues $8,909 $8,731 $8,791
Gross margin (%) 60.2 % 58.6 % 54.4 %
Operating expenses $9,307 $8,059
Operating loss ($3,942 ) ($2,943 ) ($4,361 )
Net loss ($3,976 ) ($3,011 ) ($4,209 )
Net loss per share, diluted ($0.16 ) ($0.12 ) ($0.17 )
Lee-Lean Shu, Chairman and Chief Executive Officer, commented, "Our legacy SRAM business remains stable and continues to fund our APU hardware and software R&D. In the first quarter of fiscal 2023, our gross profit increased by 12% on modest revenue growth compared to the first quarter of fiscal 2022. The rise in gross margin to 60.2% reduced our operating loss from the same quarter a year ago, and, as a result, we narrowed our net loss for the quarter."
"The team continues to advance APU opportunities on several fronts. Searchium.ai, our SaaS platform that runs on our LEDA boards, is expected to be launched in August for alpha users and is on-track to go live later in calendar 2022. Searchium.ai accelerates Elasticsearch and OpenSearch workloads by 6x and can scale to a billion-vector dataset without losing accuracy. The platform also offers fast vector search, providing high-speed, accurate searches of large vectorized databases of text, images, video and audio. In addition, our pipeline of defense and military POCs and engagements continues to grow. Currently, we have numerous early-stage projects that are in the initial discussions phase. Several of the larger opportunities are with new contacts that arose from our first place win in the MoSIAC challenge."
"Our current expectations for the second fiscal quarter are net revenues in a range of $8.5 million to $9.5 million, with gross margin of approximately 61% to 63%. We maintain an attractive balance sheet with a surplus of cash and no debt."
First Quarter Fiscal Year 2023 Summary Financials
The Company reported a net loss of $(4.0 million), or $(0.16) per diluted share, on net revenues of $8.9 million for the first quarter of fiscal 2023, compared to a net loss of $(4.2 million), or $(0.17) per diluted share, on net revenues of $8.8 million for the first quarter of fiscal 2022 and a net loss of $(3.0 million), or $(0.12) per diluted share, on net revenues of $8.7 million for the fourth quarter of fiscal 2022.
Gross margin in the first quarter of fiscal 2023 was 60.2%, compared to 54.4% in the prior year quarter and 58.6% in the preceding fourth quarter. The improvement in gross margin was primarily due to changes in product mix sold in the quarter compared to prior periods.
In the first quarter of fiscal 2023, sales to Nokia were $1.3 million, or 14.7% of net revenues compared to $3.8 million, or 42.7% of net revenues, in the same period a year ago and $2.0 million, or 23.1% of net revenues in the prior quarter. First quarter fiscal 2022 net revenues included orders for buffer stock shipped to Nokia amounting to approximately $1.1 million that were made in anticipation of continued market tightness.
Military/defense sales were 22.3% of first quarter shipments compared to 20.0% of shipments in the comparable period a year ago and 22.3% of shipments in the prior quarter. SigmaQuad sales were 44.8% of first quarter shipments compared to 63.6% in the first quarter of fiscal 2022 and 47.6% for the previous quarter.
Total operating expenses in the first quarter of fiscal 2023 were $9.3 million, compared to $9.1 million in the first quarter of fiscal 2022 and $8.1 million in the prior quarter. Research and development expenses were $6.6 million, compared to $6.1 million in the prior year period and $6.5 million in the prior quarter. Selling, general and administrative expenses were $2.7 million in the quarter ended June 30, 2022, compared to $3.0 million for the previous year quarter and $1.5 million in the previous quarter.
First quarter fiscal 2023 operating loss was $(3.9 million) compared to $(4.4 million) in the prior year period and $(2.9 million) in the prior quarter.
First quarter fiscal 2023 net loss included interest and other expense of $26,000 and a tax provision of $60,000, compared to interest and other expense of $(20,000) and a tax benefit of $(172,000) in the prior year. In the preceding fourth quarter, net loss included interest and other expense of $(47,000) and a tax provision of $21,000.
Total first quarter pre-tax stock-based compensation expense was $638,000 compared to $823,000 in the comparable quarter a year ago and $714,000 in the prior quarter.
At June 30, 2022, the Company had $41.5 million in cash, cash equivalents, and short-term investments and $875,000 in long-term investments, compared to $44.0 million in cash, cash equivalents, and short-term investments and $3.3 million in long-term investments at March 31, 2022. Working capital was $44.8 million as of June 30, 2022, versus $45.8 million at March 31, 2022, with no debt. As of June 30, 2022, stockholders' equity was $61.3 million compared to $64.5 million as the fiscal year ended March 31, 2022.
GSI Technology will review its financial results for the quarter ended June 30, 2022 and discuss its current business outlook during a conference call at 1:30 p.m. Pacific (4:30 p.m. Eastern) today, July 28, 2022. To listen to the teleconference, please call toll-free 1-877-407-3982 in the U.S. or 1-201-493-6780 for international approximately 10 minutes before the above start time and provide Conference ID 13731441. You may also listen to the teleconference live via the Internet at www.gsitechnology.com, where it will be archived.
About GSI Technology
Founded in 1995, GSI Technology, Inc. is a leading provider of semiconductor memory solutions. GSI's resources are focused on bringing new products to market that leverage existing core strengths, including radiation-hardened memory products for extreme environments and Gemini-I, the associative processing unit designed to deliver performance advantages for diverse artificial intelligence applications. GSI Technology is headquartered in Sunnyvale, California, and has sales offices in the Americas, Europe, and Asia. For more information, please visit www.gsitechnology.com.
The statements contained in this press release that are not purely historical are forward-looking statements within the meaning of Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, including statements regarding GSI Technology's expectations, beliefs, intentions, or strategies regarding the future. All forward-looking statements included in this press release are based upon information available to GSI Technology as of the date hereof, and GSI Technology assumes no obligation to update any such forward-looking statements. Forward-looking statements involve a variety of risks and uncertainties, which could cause actual results to differ materially from those projected. These risks include those associated with the normal quarterly and fiscal year-end closing process. Examples of risks that could affect our current expectations regarding future revenues and gross margins include those associated with fluctuations in GSI Technology's operating results; GSI Technology's historical dependence on sales to a limited number of customers and fluctuations in the mix of customers and products in any period; global public health crises that reduce economic activity (including the ongoing COVID-19 global pandemic and the governmental and regulatory actions relating thereto); the rapidly evolving markets for GSI Technology's products and uncertainty regarding the development of these markets; the need to develop and introduce new products to offset the historical decline in the average unit selling price of GSI Technology's products; the challenges of rapid growth followed by periods of contraction; intensive competition; and delays or unanticipated costs that may be encountered in the development of new products based on our in-place associative computing technology and the establishment of new markets and customer and partner relationships for the sale of such products. Many of these risks are currently amplified by and will continue to be amplified by, or in the future may be amplified by, the COVID-19 global pandemic. Further information regarding these and other risks relating to GSI Technology's business is contained in the Company's filings with the Securities and Exchange Commission, including those factors discussed under the caption "Risk Factors" in such filings.
Source: GSI Technology, Inc.
GSI Technology, Inc.
Douglas M. Schirle
Hayden IR
Kim@HaydenIR.com
Finn Partners for GSI Technology
Ricca Silverio
gsi@finnpartners.com
CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS
June 30, March 31, June 30,
Cost of goods sold 3,544 3,615 4,009
Gross profit 5,365 5,116 4,782
Research & development 6,619 6,510 6,103
Selling, general and administrative 2,688 1,549 3,040
Total operating expenses 9,307 8,059 9,143
Operating loss (3,942 ) (2,943 ) (4,361 )
Interest and other income, net 26 (47 ) (20 )
Loss before income taxes (3,916 ) (2,990 ) (4,381 )
Provision (benefit) for income taxes 60 21 (172 )
Net loss per share, basic ($0.16 ) ($0.12 ) ($0.17 )
Weighted-average shares used in
computing per share amounts:
Basic 24,523 24,484 24,095
Diluted 24,523 24,484 24,095
Stock-based compensation included in the Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations:
Cost of goods sold $60 $56 $70
Research & development 351 372 470
Selling, general and administrative 227 286 283
$638 $714 $823
Cash and cash equivalents $33,533 $36,971
Short-term investments 7,928 6,992
Accounts receivable 4,309 4,518
Inventory 4,780 4,655
Other current assets 1,809 1,555
Net property and equipment 7,234 7,359
Long-term investments 875 3,345
Total assets $71,669 $76,422
Current liabilities $7,569 $8,861
Long-term liabilities 2,835 3,110
Stockholders' equity 61,265 64,451
Total liabilities and stockholders' equity $71,669 $76,422
SHAREHOLDER ALERT: Weiss Law Investigates Heritage Southeast Bancorporation, Inc.
Japan Screw Compressor Market Report 2022: Growth in the Pharmaceutical, Food & Beverages and Textile Industries Bodes Well For Sector – ResearchAndMarkets.com


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Dababy Net Worth 2022 | Glusea.com
Dababy Net Worth 2022
Cybill Shepherd Net Worth, Houses, Children
Dababy net worth 2022: Known for trap and hip-hop, Dababy is an American music star who was previously known as "Baby Jesus". His rise to fame came in 2019 after the release of his studio album Kirk ranked number one on Billboard 200. He has been shaking up the American music industry since he came on board, and he has shown no signs of retarding. He is presently one of the richest and prominent supers in the American music industry as Dababy net worth shows, read on to find out more thrilling facts about the rap star.
Dababy Early Life
Dababy Net worth
Dababy Career
Billion Dollar Baby Entertainment
List of BDBE Signings
Arrest and Detention
Dababy Personal Life
Dababy's Quotes
Dababy Net Worth Summary
Born Jonathan Lyndale Kirk, Dababy is the the last of the three children born to his parents on December 22,1991 in Ohio, USA. While growing, Dababy developed the burning desire to become one of the best music star in history. His role models were Kanye West, Lil Wayne, 50 Cent and Eminem. He is always seen listening to the songs of the aforementioned music legends.
Dababy had a rough childhood as he was always engaging street fights and crimes as a result of the environment his family relocated to when he was 6 years old.
Bababy net worth is $5 million. He is among the best rappers list. DaBaby came under intense pressure after passing some homophobic comments that led to his removal from from the Lollapalooza lineup, New York City's Governors Ball Music Festival
Dababy's career began in 2014 but he started gaining some level of prominence after the release of his debut album titled 'nonfiction' in 2015. He later relocated to Texas where he joined the 'South by Southwest Festival' which he was given the opportunity of performing live at the festival.
Following the event of 2015 and the release of 'Nonfiction' was the release of Dababy's debut mixtape titled 'God' s work: Resurrected'. At the start of his next mixtape, he started using the cognomen 'DaDababy'which he is popularly known as.
DaBaby began dropping several tracks and albums on various online platforms such as SoundCloud,' where he developed a significant fan base over the years. It was in 2019 that his debut album 'nonfiction' ranked number 7 on Billboard 200 while 'kirk', his second studio album ranked number 1.
Read Lil Baby net worth
Dababy released his third studio album in 2020, becoming his second consecutive number one album in the US. One of his hit singles in the album titled 'Rockstar' ranked number one on Billboard Hot 100 for one month and three weeks. The song featured popular music star Roddy Ricch.
Billion Dollar Baby Entertainment is a record label in America, created by Dababy himself, with the sole aim of producing other superstars. It is situated at Charlotte, North Carolina. BDBE has welcomed five artists since its inception in 2017. The list of the new signings are presented below;
Stunna 4 Vegas
DJ K.i.D
Rich Dunk
KayyKilo
Dababy was apprehended and detained in January, 2020 in Miami on the grounds of robbery. He was suspected to have been involved in a robbery incident. He was later arrested after authorities found he had an arrest warrant out in Texas stemming from a battery charge
Dababy currently has two children who were born to him in 2017 and 2019 respectively.
"There was so much music growing up. But definitely Lil Wayne was a big influence because I had more of an understanding of what I was listening to when I was getting older. " – DaBaby
"I didn't know of any rappers in Charlotte. Not to sound like I'm bragging, but I brought the music scene alive and shed the proper light on it. I took it to a whole other level when I started rapping." – DaBaby
"My name was originally Da Baby Jesus, but I changed it like two years into my career because I didn't want to offend anyone; although I feel like my purpose in the game is related and still is, I didn't want my name to be a distraction from the music." – DaBaby
"It's just the risk that I take and the sacrifice that I make: Putting myself, my career, my family's peace of mind on the line just to do right by my fans. It ain't no gray area: You're either with that and willing to go out of your way to make people who contribute to your dreams coming true happy or you aren't. " – DaBaby
Dababy has taken the American music industry by surprise with his unique style of music, Trap and hip-hop which has earned him a huge fan base. He is currently one of the most influential and wealthy superstars with a net worth of $3 million.
What is Dababy's net worth ?
According to Celebrity Net Worth, DaBaby has a net worth of $5 million in 2021. Most of his net worth comes from his successful chart-topping singles and albums. His first bout of success came in 2019, when he released his debut studio album, "Baby on Baby."
Related Topics:Dababy net worth
Lil Uzi Vert Net Worth 2022
Lil Baby Net worth 2022
What is Cybill Shepherd Net Worth?
Full name Cybill Lynne Shepherd
Occupation Professional Actress
Cybill Shepherd Net Worth
Cybill Shepherd Profile
Cybill Shepherd Net Worth is estimated at $40 million. She is one of the best and successful Hollywood movie stars. She is famous for her appearances in films such as "The Last Picture Show" and "Taxi Driver". Shepherd began modeling in her teenage years. After winning the Miss Teenage Memphis title, she was offered several modeling jobs.
Cybill Shepherd is an actress , model, and singe from America. She is famous for her appearances in films such as "The Last Picture Show" and "Taxi Driver". Shepherd began modeling in her teenage years. After winning the Miss Teenage Memphis title, she was offered several modeling jobs. She appeared on the cover of the fashion magazine "Glamor", which caught the attention of film director Peter Bogdanovich.
She made her film debut with his film "The Last Picture Show". Her debut brought Shepherd a nomination for the "Golden Globe Award" for "New Star of the Year – Actress".
After her success in the film, Shepherd was given major roles in such films as "The Heartbreak Kid", "Daisy Miller" and "Taxi Driver" and began working in the regional theater. When she returned to screen appearances, Shepherd focused on television series.
For her outstanding performance in the series "Moonlighting", Cybill Shepherd was awarded the "Golden Globe Award" for "Best Actress – TV Series Musical or Comedy". "Cybill" was another sitcom in which she made a notable performance. She is a social activist and advocates issues such as gay marriage and abortion rights. Shepherd also wrote her autobiography.
Lovers of Hollywood have been debating on Cybill Shepherd's Net Worth, her achievements and career. This article provides more thrilling facts about Cybill Shepherd's Net Worth, biography and achievements.
Cybill Lynne Shepherd was born on February 18, 1950 in Memphis, Tennessee. Her father, William Jennings Shepherd, was a manager of a house appliance business while her mother Patty was a housewife.
Information about her siblings is unknown. Cybill Shepherd schooled at Hunter College, the College of New Rochelle, New York University, and the University of Southern California.
In 1966, Shepherd won the Miss Teenage Memphis title. In the same year she won the Congeniality Award at the Miss Teenage America competition. After that victory, Shepherd was offered several modeling jobs.
In 1970 Cybill Shepherd was featured on the cover of Glamor women's magazine. This was an important turning point in her life. Well-known director Peter Bogdanovich noticed her picture and offered her a role in the 1971 film "The Last Picture Show". It was a drama starring Jeff Bridges. The film tells the story of two friends. Shepherd appeared as "Jacy Farrow", the friend of one of the protagonists.
The film was a huge hit and won several awards and honors. Her performance in the film earned Shepherd a Golden Globe Award nomination for New Star of the Year Actress.
In 1972 Cybill Shepherd starred as "Kelly Corcoran" in the dark romantic comedy "The Heartbreak Kid". The film tells the story of a man who falls in love with another girl during his honeymoon trip with his wife. "Kelly Corcoran" was the beautiful college girl who was the protagonist's love interest.
The film received positive reviews from critics. In 1974 Shepherd played the title role in the drama "Daisy Miller". It was about a rich and beautiful young woman who disregards the morals of the upper class. Directed by Peter Bogdanovich. It turned out to be a cash register mistake. In the same year she recorded her debut album "Cybill Does It … To Cole Porter".
In 1976 Cybill Shepherd starred in the psychological thriller "Taxi Driver". The film tells a story about a taxi driver who became fascinated with a girl named "Betsy" and was eventually driven insane.
The film starred Cybill Shepherd as "Betsy". Shepherd received loads of appreciation for her work in the film. In the second half of the 1970s, Shepherd experienced a setback in her acting career. Several films with her, such as "At Long Last Love", "The Lady Vanishes" and "The Return", turned out to be box office mistakes. Shepherd returned to her hometown of Memphis and focused on performing in the regional theater
In 1982 Shepherd returned to New York for a theater tour with Jean Kerr's "Lunch Hour". From 1983 to 1984 she appeared in the television series "The Yellow Rose", which was broadcast on the "NBC" network.
The series was about the lives of the "Champion" family, with Shepherd starring as "Colleen Champion". From 1985 to 1989 Shepherd starred in the comedy drama series "Moonlighting", which aired on "ABC". It starred Bruce Willis and Shepherd.
Both played private detectives in the series. The show was a mix of comedy, drama, mystery and romance. It was hugely popular with viewers and helped Shepherd establish her career on screen. Her performance helped her win two Golden Globe Awards for Best Actress – Television Series Musical or Comedy.
From 1995 to 1998 Shepherd starred in the title role of "Cybill Sheridan" on the "Cybill" series which aired on "CBS". She told the story of a struggling middle-aged actor and a single mother of two daughters.
Her performance in the series brought Shepherd the "Golden Globe Award" for "Best Actress – TV Series Musical or Comedy". She was also nominated for an "Emmy Award". In the 2000s, Shepherd appeared in series such as "The L Word" and "The Client List". In 2012 she made her debut on "Broadway" with a revival of the play "The Best Man" by Gore Vidal. She has also appeared in films such as "Listen to Your Heart", "Expecting Mary" and "Do You Believe?"
In 2000 Shepherd published her autobiography "Cybill Disobedience: How I Survived Beauty Pageants, Elvis, Sex, Bruce Willis, Lies, Marriage, Motherhood, Hollywood, and the Irrepressible Urge to Say What I Think". She is a strong advocate On topics such as gay rights and abortion rights.
She will appear in 2019 as "Nancy" in the drama "The Lunch". She decided to try her luck with a music career and released a number of pop and jazz albums such as "Somewhere Down the Road" and "Jazz Baby Volumes 1-3".
She also contributed to the soundtracks of "Cybill" and "Moonlighting". She worked as an executive producer on several episodes of "Cybill". She anchored a talk show version of the book "Men Are from Mars, Women Are from Venus".
Nominations:
1986 – Outstanding Lead Actress – Drama Series – Moonlighting
1995 – Outstanding Lead Actress – Comedy Series – Cybill
In her autobiography, Shepherd talked about rumors that she was jealous of her co-stars Bruce Willis and Christine Baranski for winning Emmy awards while she has not: "The grain of truth in this controversy was that of course I was envious. Who doesn't want to win an Emmy?"
1985 – Best Actress in a TV series, Comedy/Musical – Moonlighting
1995 – Best Actress in a TV series, Comedy/Musical – Cybill
1971 – Most Promising Newcomer (Female) – The Last Picture Show
Cybill Shepherd has been married twice. From 1978 to 1982, she was married to David M Ford with whom she has a daughter for. In 1987, she married Bruce Oppenheim. They have a son and a daughter who are both twins.
Cybill Shepherd Net Worth Summary
Cybill Shepherd has risen to become a popular figure in USA and currently sits on a mouthwatering net worth of $40 million.