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Section: Abbreviation /Sunday 12th October 2014
* GDP *
جی دی پی ، تولید ناخالص داخلی
(Wikipedia) - Gross domestic product (Redirected from GDP) "GDP" redirects here. For other uses, see GDP (disambiguation).A map of world economies by size of GDP (nominal) in $US, CIA World Factbook, 2012.
Gross domestic product (GDP) is defined by OECD as "an aggregate measure of production equal to the sum of the gross values added of all resident institutional units engaged in production (plus any taxes, and minus any subsidies, on products not included in the value of their outputs)."
GDP estimates are commonly used to measure the economic performance of a whole country or region, but can also measure the relative contribution of an industry sector. This is possible because GDP is a measure of ''value added'' rather than sales; it adds each firm''s value added (the value of its output minus the value of goods that are used up in producing it). For example, a firm buys steel and adds value to it by producing a car; double counting would occur if GDP added together the value of the steel and the value of the car. Because it is based on value added, GDP also increases when an enterprise reduces its use of materials or other resources (''intermediate consumption'') to produce the same output.
The more familiar use of GDP estimates is to calculate the growth of the economy from year to year (and recently from quarter to quarter). The pattern of GDP growth is held to indicate the success or failure of economic policy and to determine whether an economy is ''in recession''.
2 Determining GDP
2.1 Production approach
2.2 Income approach
2.3 Expenditure approach
2.3.1 Components of GDP by expenditure
2.3.2 Examples of GDP component variables
3 GDP vs GNI
3.1 International standards
3.2 National measurement
3.3 Interest rates
4 Nominal GDP and adjustments to GDP
5 Cross-border comparison and PPP
6 Per unit GDP
7 Standard of living and GDP
8 Externalities
9 Limitations and criticisms
10 Lists of countries by their GDP
11 List of newer approaches to the measurement of (economic) progress
13 Notes and references
15.1 Global
15.2 Data
15.3 Articles and books
This section requires expansion. (March 2011)
The concept of GDP was first developed by Simon Kuznets for a US Congress report in 1934. In this report, Kuznets warned against its use as a measure of welfare (see below under limitations and criticisms). After the Bretton Woods conference in 1944, GDP became the main tool for measuring a country''s economy. At that time Gross National Product (GNP) was the preferred estimate, which differed from GDP in that it measured production by a country''s citizens at home and abroad rather than its ''resident institutional units'' (see OECD definition above). The switch to GDP came in the 1990s.
The history of the concept of GDP should be distinguished from the history of changes in ways of estimating it. The value added by firms is relatively easy to calculate from their accounts, but the value added by the public sector, by financial industries, and by intangible asset creation is more complex. These activities are increasingly important in developed economies, and the international conventions governing their estimation and their inclusion or exclusion in GDP regularly change in an attempt to keep up with industrial advances. In the words of one academic economist "The actual number for GDP is therefore the product of a vast patchwork of statistics and a complicated set of processes carried out on the raw data to fit them to the conceptual framework."
Angus Maddison calculated historical GDP figures going back to 1830 and before.
Determining GDP
World GDP (PPP) per capita by country (2012)
History of economics
Economic history (academic study)
Schools of economics
Heterodox economics
JEL classification codes
Expeditionary
Monetary / Financial
Public / Welfare economics
Publications (journals)
Business and economics portal
GDP can be determined in three ways, all of which should, in principle, give the same result. They are the production (or output or value added) approach, the income approach, or the expenditure approach.
The most direct of the three is the production approach, which sums the outputs of every class of enterprise to arrive at the total. The expenditure approach works on the principle that all of the product must be bought by somebody, therefore the value of the total product must be equal to people''s total expenditures in buying things. The income approach works on the principle that the incomes of the productive factors ("producers," colloquially) must be equal to the value of their product, and determines GDP by finding the sum of all producers'' incomes.
Production approach
This approach mirrors the OECD definition given above.
Estimate the gross value of domestic output out of the many various economic activities;
Determine the intermediate consumption, i.e., the cost of material, supplies and services used to produce final goods or services.
Deduct intermediate consumption from gross value to obtain the gross value added.
Gross Value Added Structure
Gross value added = gross value of output – value of intermediate consumption.
Value of output = value of the total sales of goods and services plus value of changes in the inventories.
The sum of the gross value added in the various economic activities is known as "GDP at factor cost".
GDP at factor cost plus indirect taxes less subsidies on products = "GDP at producer price".
For measuring output of domestic product, economic activities (i.e. industries) are classified into various sectors. After classifying economic activities, the output of each sector is calculated by any of the following two methods:
By multiplying the output of each sector by their respective market price and adding them together
By collecting data on gross sales and inventories from the records of companies and adding them together
The gross value of all sectors is then added to get the gross value added (GVA) at factor cost. Subtracting each sector''s intermediate consumption from gross output gives the GDP at factor cost. Adding indirect tax minus subsidies in GDP at factor cost gives the "GDP at producer prices".
Income approachCountries by 2012 GDP (nominal) per capita.
over $102,400 $51,200–102,400 $25,600–51,200 $12,800–25,600 $6,400–12,800 $3,200–6,400 $1,600–3,200 $800–1,600 $400–800 below $400 unavailable
GDP (PPP) per capita (World bank, 2012).
The second way of estimating GDP is to use "the sum of primary incomes distributed by resident producer units".
If GDP is calculated this way it is sometimes called gross domestic income (GDI), or GDP (I). GDI should provide the same amount as the expenditure method described later. (By definition, GDI = GDP. In practice, however, measurement errors will make the two figures slightly off when reported by national statistical agencies.)
This method measures GDP by adding incomes that firms pay households for factors of production they hire - wages for labour, interest for capital, rent for land and profits for entrepreneurship.
The US "National Income and Expenditure Accounts" divide incomes into five categories:
Wages, salaries, and supplementary labour income
Interest and miscellaneous investment income
Farmers'' incomes
Income from non-farm unincorporated businesses
These five income components sum to net domestic income at factor cost.
Two adjustments must be made to get GDP:
Indirect taxes minus subsidies are added to get from factor cost to market prices.
Depreciation (or capital consumption allowance) is added to get from net domestic product to gross domestic product.
Total income can be subdivided according to various schemes, leading to various formulae for GDP measured by the income approach. A common one is:
Nominal GDP Income Approach GDP = compensation of employees + gross operating surplus + gross mixed income + taxes less subsidies on production and imports GDP = COE + GOS + GMI + TP & M – SP & M
Compensation of employees (COE) measures the total remuneration to employees for work done. It includes wages and salaries, as well as employer contributions to social security and other such programs.
Gross operating surplus (GOS) is the surplus due to owners of incorporated businesses. Often called profits, although only a subset of total costs are subtracted from gross output to calculate GOS.
Gross mixed income (GMI) is the same measure as GOS, but for unincorporated businesses. This often includes most small businesses.
The sum of COE, GOS and GMI is called total factor income; it is the income of all of the factors of production in society. It measures the value of GDP at factor (basic) prices. The difference between basic prices and final prices (those used in the expenditure calculation) is the total taxes and subsidies that the government has levied or paid on that production. So adding taxes less subsidies on production and imports converts GDP at factor cost to GDP(I).
Total factor income is also sometimes expressed as:
Total factor income = employee compensation + corporate profits + proprietor''s income + rental income + net interest
Yet another formula for GDP by the income method is:
where R : rents I : interests P : profits SA : statistical adjustments (corporate income taxes, dividends, undistributed corporate profits) W : wages.
Expenditure approach
The third way to estimate GDP is to calculate the sum of the final uses of goods and services (all uses except intermediate consumption) measured in purchasers'' prices.
In economics, most things produced are produced for sale and then sold. Therefore, measuring the total expenditure of money used to buy things is a way of measuring production. This is known as the expenditure method of calculating GDP. Note that if you knit yourself a sweater, it is production but does not get counted as GDP because it is never sold. Sweater-knitting is a small part of the economy, but if one counts some major activities such as child-rearing (generally unpaid) as production, GDP ceases to be an accurate indicator of production. Similarly, if there is a long term shift from non-market provision of services (for example cooking, cleaning, child rearing, do-it yourself repairs) to market provision of services, then this trend toward increased market provision of services may mask a dramatic decrease in actual domestic production, resulting in overly optimistic and inflated reported GDP. This is particularly a problem for economies which have shifted from production economies to service economies.
Components of GDP by expenditureComponents of U.S. GDPNominal GDP Expenditure Approach
GDP (Y) is the sum of consumption (C), investment (I), government spending (G) and net exports (X – M).
Y = C + I + G + (X − M)
Here is a description of each GDP component:
C (consumption) is normally the largest GDP component in the economy, consisting of private (household final consumption expenditure) in the economy. These personal expenditures fall under one of the following categories: durable goods, non-durable goods, and services. Examples include food, rent, jewelry, gasoline, and medical expenses but does not include the purchase of new housing.
I (investment) includes, for instance, business investment in equipment, but does not include exchanges of existing assets. Examples include construction of a new mine, purchase of software, or purchase of machinery and equipment for a factory. Spending by households (not government) on new houses is also included in investment. In contrast to its colloquial meaning, "investment" in GDP does not mean purchases of financial products. Buying financial products is classed as ''saving'', as opposed to investment. This avoids double-counting: if one buys shares in a company, and the company uses the money received to buy plant, equipment, etc., the amount will be counted toward GDP when the company spends the money on those things; to also count it when one gives it to the company would be to count two times an amount that only corresponds to one group of products. Buying bonds or stocks is a swapping of deeds, a transfer of claims on future production, not directly an expenditure on products.
G (government spending) is the sum of government expenditures on final goods and services. It includes salaries of public servants, purchases of weapons for the military and any investment expenditure by a government. It does not include any transfer payments, such as social security or unemployment benefits.
X (exports) represents gross exports. GDP captures the amount a country produces, including goods and services produced for other nations'' consumption, therefore exports are added.
M (imports) represents gross imports. Imports are subtracted since imported goods will be included in the terms G, I, or C, and must be deducted to avoid counting foreign supply as domestic.
A fully equivalent definition is that GDP (Y) is the sum of final consumption expenditure (FCE), gross capital formation (GCF), and net exports (X – M).
Y = FCE + GCF+ (X − M)
FCE can then be further broken down by three sectors (households, governments and non-profit institutions serving households) and GCF by five sectors (non-financial corporations, financial corporations, households, governments and non-profit institutions serving households). The advantage of this second definition is that expenditure is systematically broken down, firstly, by type of final use (final consumption or capital formation) and, secondly, by sectors making the expenditure, whereas the first definition partly follows a mixed delimitation concept by type of final use and sector.
Note that C, G, and I are expenditures on final goods and services; expenditures on intermediate goods and services do not count. (Intermediate goods and services are those used by businesses to produce other goods and services within the accounting year. )
According to the U.S. Bureau of Economic Analysis, which is responsible for calculating the national accounts in the United States, "In general, the source data for the expenditures components are considered more reliable than those for the income components ."
Examples of GDP component variables
C, I, G, and NX(net exports): If a person spends money to renovate a hotel to increase occupancy rates, the spending represents private investment, but if he buys shares in a consortium to execute the renovation, it is saving. The former is included when measuring GDP (in I), the latter is not. However, when the consortium conducted its own expenditure on renovation, that expenditure would be included in GDP.
If a hotel is a private home, spending for renovation would be measured as consumption, but if a government agency converts the hotel into an office for civil servants, the spending would be included in the public sector spending, or G.
If the renovation involves the purchase of a chandelier from abroad, that spending would be counted as C, G, or I (depending on whether a private individual, the government, or a business is doing the renovation), but then counted again as an import and subtracted from the GDP so that GDP counts only goods produced within the country.
If a domestic producer is paid to make the chandelier for a foreign hotel, the payment would not be counted as C, G, or I, but would be counted as an export.
GDP real growth rates for 2010.
A "production boundary" delimits what will be counted as GDP.
"One of the fundamental questions that must be addressed in preparing the national economic accounts is how to define the production boundary–that is, what parts of the myriad human activities are to be included in or excluded from the measure of the economic production."
All output for market is at least in theory included within the boundary. Market output is defined as that which is sold for "economically significant" prices; economically significant prices are "prices which have a significant influence on the amounts producers are willing to supply and purchasers wish to buy." An exception is that illegal goods and services are often excluded even if they are sold at economically significant prices (Australia and the United States exclude them).
This leaves non-market output. It is partly excluded and partly included. First, "natural processes without human involvement or direction" are excluded. Also, there must be a person or institution that owns or is entitled to compensation for the product. An example of what is included and excluded by these criteria is given by the United States'' national accounts agency: "the growth of trees in an uncultivated forest is not included in production, but the harvesting of the trees from that forest is included."
Within the limits so far described, the boundary is further constricted by "functional considerations." The Australian Bureau for Statistics explains this: "The national accounts are primarily constructed to assist governments and others to make market-based macroeconomic policy decisions, including analysis of markets and factors affecting market performance, such as inflation and unemployment." Consequently, production that is, according to them, "relatively independent and isolated from markets," or "difficult to value in an economically meaningful way" is excluded. Thus excluded are services provided by people to members of their own families free of charge, such as child rearing, meal preparation, cleaning, transportation, entertainment of family members, emotional support, care of the elderly. Most other production for own (or one''s family''s) use is also excluded, with two notable exceptions which are given in the list later in this section.
Non-market outputs that are included within the boundary are listed below. Since, by definition, they do not have a market price, the compilers of GDP must impute a value to them, usually either the cost of the goods and services used to produce them, or the value of a similar item that is sold on the market.
Goods and services provided by governments and non-profit organizations free of charge or for economically insignificant prices are included. The value of these goods and services is estimated as equal to their cost of production. This ignores the consumer surplus generated by an efficient and effective government supplied infrastructure. For example, government-provided clean water confers substantial benefits above its cost. Ironically, lack of such infrastructure which would result in higher water prices (and probably higher hospital and medication expenditures) would be reflected as a higher GDP. This may also cause a bias that mistakenly favors inefficient privatizations since some of the consumer surplus from privatized entities'' sale of goods and services are indeed reflected in GDP.
Goods and services produced for own-use by businesses are attempted to be included. An example of this kind of production would be a machine constructed by an engineering firm for use in its own plant.
Renovations and upkeep by an individual to a home that she owns and occupies are included. The value of the upkeep is estimated as the rent that she could charge for the home if she did not occupy it herself. This is the largest item of production for own use by an individual (as opposed to a business) that the compilers include in GDP. If the measure uses historical or book prices for real estate, this will grossly underestimate the value of the rent in real estate markets which have experienced significant price increases (or economies with general inflation). Furthermore, depreciation schedules for houses often accelerate the accounted depreciation relative to actual depreciation (a well-built house can be lived in for several hundred years – a very long time after it has been fully depreciated). In summary, this is likely to grossly underestimate the value of existing housing stock on consumers'' actual consumption or income.
Agricultural production for consumption by oneself or one''s household is included.
Services (such as chequeing-account maintenance and services to borrowers) provided by banks and other financial institutions without charge or for a fee that does not reflect their full value have a value imputed to them by the compilers and are included. The financial institutions provide these services by giving the customer a less advantageous interest rate than they would if the services were absent; the value imputed to these services by the compilers is the difference between the interest rate of the account with the services and the interest rate of a similar account that does not have the services. According to the United States Bureau for Economic Analysis, this is one of the largest imputed items in the GDP.
GDP vs GNI
GDP can be contrasted with gross national product (GNP) or, as it is now known, gross national income (GNI). The difference is that GDP defines its scope according to location, while GNI defines its scope according to ownership. In a global context, world GDP and world GNI are, therefore, equivalent terms.
GDP is product produced within a country''s borders; GNI is product produced by enterprises owned by a country''s citizens. The two would be the same if all of the productive enterprises in a country were owned by its own citizens, and those citizens did not own productive enterprises in any other countries. In practice, however, foreign ownership makes GDP and GNI non-identical. Production within a country''s borders, but by an enterprise owned by somebody outside the country, counts as part of its GDP but not its GNI; on the other hand, production by an enterprise located outside the country, but owned by one of its citizens, counts as part of its GNI but not its GDP.
For example, the GNI of the USA is the value of output produced by American-owned firms, regardless of where the firms are located. Similarly, if a country becomes increasingly in debt, and spends large amounts of income servicing this debt this will be reflected in a decreased GNI but not a decreased GDP. Similarly, if a country sells off its resources to entities outside their country this will also be reflected over time in decreased GNI, but not decreased GDP. This would make the use of GDP more attractive for politicians in countries with increasing national debt and decreasing assets.
Gross national income (GNI) equals GDP plus income receipts from the rest of the world minus income payments to the rest of the world.
Structure of Nominal GNI
In 1991, the United States switched from using GNP to using GDP as its primary measure of production. The relationship between United States GDP and GNP is shown in table 1.7.5 of the National Income and Product Accounts.
The international standard for measuring GDP is contained in the book System of National Accounts (1993), which was prepared by representatives of the International Monetary Fund, European Union, Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development, United Nations and World Bank. The publication is normally referred to as SNA93 to distinguish it from the previous edition published in 1968 (called SNA68)
SNA93 provides a set of rules and procedures for the measurement of national accounts. The standards are designed to be flexible, to allow for differences in local statistical needs and conditions.
This section requires expansion. (August 2009)
National measurement
Within each country GDP is normally measured by a national government statistical agency, as private sector organizations normally do not have access to the information required (especially information on expenditure and production by governments).
Main article: National agencies responsible for GDP measurement Interest rates
Net interest expense is a transfer payment in all sectors except the financial sector. Net interest expenses in the financial sector are seen as production and value added and are added to GDP.
Nominal GDP and adjustments to GDP
The raw GDP figure as given by the equations above is called the nominal, historical, or current, GDP. When one compares GDP figures from one year to another, it is desirable to compensate for changes in the value of money – i.e., for the effects of inflation or deflation. To make it more meaningful for year-to-year comparisons, it may be multiplied by the ratio between the value of money in the year the GDP was measured and the value of money in a base year.
For example, suppose a country''s GDP in 1990 was $100 million and its GDP in 2000 was $300 million. Suppose also that inflation had halved the value of its currency over that period. To meaningfully compare its GDP in 2000 to its GDP in 1990, we could multiply the GDP in 2000 by one-half, to make it relative to 1990 as a base year. The result would be that the GDP in 2000 equals $300 million × one-half = $150 million, in 1990 monetary terms. We would see that the country''s GDP had realistically increased 50 percent over that period, not 200 percent, as it might appear from the raw GDP data. The GDP adjusted for changes in money value in this way is called the real, or constant, GDP.
The factor used to convert GDP from current to constant values in this way is called the GDP deflator. Unlike consumer price index, which measures inflation or deflation in the price of household consumer goods, the GDP deflator measures changes in the prices of all domestically produced goods and services in an economy including investment goods and government services, as well as household consumption goods.
Constant-GDP figures allow us to calculate a GDP growth rate, which indicates how much a country''s production has increased (or decreased, if the growth rate is negative) compared to the previous year.
Real GDP growth rate for year n = / (Real GDP in year n − 1)
Another thing that it may be desirable to account for is population growth. If a country''s GDP doubled over a certain period, but its population tripled, the increase in GDP may not mean that the standard of living increased for the country''s residents; the average person in the country is producing less than they were before. Per-capita GDP is a measure to account for population growth.
Cross-border comparison and PPP
The level of GDP in different countries may be compared by converting their value in national currency according to either the current currency exchange rate, or the purchasing power parity exchange rate.
Current currency exchange rate is the exchange rate in the international foreign exchange market.
Purchasing power parity exchange rate is the exchange rate based on the purchasing power parity (PPP) of a currency relative to a selected standard (usually the United States dollar). This is a comparative (and theoretical) exchange rate, the only way to directly realize this rate is to sell an entire CPI basket in one country, convert the cash at the currency market rate & then rebuy that same basket of goods in the other country (with the converted cash). Going from country to country, the distribution of prices within the basket will vary; typically, non-tradable purchases will consume a greater proportion of the basket''s total cost in the higher GDP country, per the Balassa-Samuelson effect.
The ranking of countries may differ significantly based on which method is used.
The current exchange rate method converts the value of goods and services using global currency exchange rates. The method can offer better indications of a country''s international purchasing power. For instance, if 10% of GDP is being spent on buying hi-tech foreign arms, the number of weapons purchased is entirely governed by current exchange rates, since arms are a traded product bought on the international market. There is no meaningful ''local'' price distinct from the international price for high technology goods.
The purchasing power parity method accounts for the relative effective domestic purchasing power of the average producer or consumer within an economy. The method can provide a better indicator of the living standards especially of less developed countries, because it compensates for the weakness of local currencies in the international markets. It also offers better indication of total national wealth. For example, India ranks 10th by nominal GDP, but 3rd by PPP. The PPP method of GDP conversion is more relevant to non-traded goods and services. In the above example if hi-tech weapons are to be produced internally their amount will be governed by GDP(PPP) rather than nominal GDP.
There is a clear pattern of the purchasing power parity method decreasing the disparity in GDP between high and low income (GDP) countries, as compared to the current exchange rate method. This finding is called the Penn effect.
For more information, see Measures of national income and output.
Per unit GDP
GDP is an aggregate figure which does not consider differing sizes of nations. Therefore, GDP can be stated as GDP per capita (per person) in which total GDP is divided by the resident population on a given date, GDP per citizen where total GDP is divided by the numbers of citizens residing in the country on a given date, and less commonly GDP per unit of a resource input, such as GDP per GJ of energy or Gross domestic product per barrel. GDP per citizen in the above case is pretty similar to GDP per capita in most nations, however, in nations with very high proportions of temporary foreign workers like in Persian Gulf nations, the two figures can be vastly different.
GDP per capita (current USD)
United States of America 46,760 45,305 46,612 48,112 49,641
United Kingdom 43,147 35,331 36,238 38,974 39,090
Source:Helgi Library, World Bank
Standard of living and GDP
GDP per capita is not a measurement of the standard of living in an economy; however, it is often used as such an indicator, on the rationale that all citizens would benefit from their country''s increased economic production. Similarly, GDP per capita is not a measure of personal income. GDP may increase while real incomes for the majority decline. The major advantage of GDP per capita as an indicator of standard of living is that it is measured frequently, widely, and consistently. It is measured frequently in that most countries provide information on GDP on a quarterly basis, allowing trends to be seen quickly. It is measured widely in that some measure of GDP is available for almost every country in the world, allowing inter-country comparisons. It is measured consistently in that the technical definition of GDP is relatively consistent among countries.
The major disadvantage is that it is not a measure of standard of living. GDP is intended to be a measure of total national economic activity—a separate concept.
The argument for using GDP as a standard-of-living proxy is not that it is a good indicator of the absolute level of standard of living, but that living standards tend to move with per-capita GDP, so that changes in living standards are readily detected through changes in GDP.
GDP is widely used by economists to gauge economic recession and recovery and an economy''s general monetary ability to address externalities. It is not meant to measure externalities. It serves as a general metric for a nominal monetary standard of living and is not adjusted for costs of living within a region. GDP is a neutral measure which merely shows an economy''s general ability to pay for externalities such as social and environmental concerns. Examples of externalities include:
Wealth distribution – GDP does not account for variances in incomes of various demographic groups. See income inequality metrics for discussion of a variety of inequality-based economic measures.
Non-market transactions–GDP excludes activities that are not provided through the market, such as household production and volunteer or unpaid services. As a result, GDP is understated. The work of New Zealand economist Marilyn Waring has highlighted that if a concerted attempt to factor in unpaid work were made, then it would in part undo the injustices of unpaid (and in some cases, slave) labour, and also provide the political transparency and accountability necessary for democracy.
Underground economy– official GDP estimates may not take into account the underground economy, in which transactions contributing to production, such as illegal trade and tax-avoiding activities, are unreported, causing GDP to be underestimated.
Asset value–GDP does not take into account the value of all assets in an economy. This is akin to ignoring a company''s balance sheet, and judging it solely on the basis of its income statement.
Non-monetary economy–GDP omits economies where no money comes into play at all, resulting in inaccurate or abnormally low GDP figures. For example, in countries with major business transactions occurring informally, portions of local economy are not easily registered. Bartering may be more prominent than the use of money, even extending to services.
GDP also ignores subsistence production.
Quality improvements and inclusion of new products– by not adjusting for quality improvements and new products, GDP understates true economic growth. For instance, although computers today are less expensive and more powerful than computers from the past, GDP treats them as the same products by only accounting for the monetary value. The introduction of new products is also difficult to measure accurately and is not reflected in GDP despite the fact that it may increase the standard of living. For example, even the richest person in 1900 could not purchase standard products, such as antibiotics and cell phones, that an average consumer can buy today, since such modern conveniences did not exist then.
What is being produced–GDP counts work that produces no net change or that results from repairing harm. For example, rebuilding after a natural disaster or war may produce a considerable amount of economic activity and thus boost GDP. The economic value of health care is another classic example—it may raise GDP if many people are sick and they are receiving expensive treatment, but it is not a desirable situation. Alternative economic estimates, such as the standard of living or discretionary income per capita try to measure the human utility of economic activity. See uneconomic growth.
Sustainability of growth– GDP is a measurement of economic historic activity and is not necessarily a projection. A country may achieve a temporarily high GDP from use of natural resources or by misallocating investment.
Nominal GDP does not measure variations in purchasing power or costs of living by area, so when the GDP figure is deflated over time, GDP growth can vary greatly depending on the basket of goods used and the relative proportions used to deflate the GDP figure.
Cross-border comparisons of GDP can be inaccurate as they do not take into account local differences in the quality of goods, even when adjusted for purchasing power parity. This type of adjustment to an exchange rate is controversial because of the difficulties of finding comparable baskets of goods to compare purchasing power across countries. For instance, people in country A may consume the same number of locally produced apples as in country B, but apples in country A are of a more tasty variety. This difference in material well being will not show up in GDP statistics. This is especially true for goods that are not traded globally, such as houses.
Limitations and criticisms
This section requires expansion. (February 2012)
Simon Kuznets, the economist who developed the first comprehensive set of measures of national income, stated in his first report to the US Congress in 1934, in a section titled "Uses and Abuses of National Income Measurements":
The valuable capacity of the human mind to simplify a complex situation in a compact characterization becomes dangerous when not controlled in terms of definitely stated criteria. With quantitative measurements especially, the definiteness of the result suggests, often misleadingly, a precision and simplicity in the outlines of the object measured. Measurements of national income are subject to this type of illusion and resulting abuse, especially since they deal with matters that are the center of conflict of opposing social groups where the effectiveness of an argument is often contingent upon oversimplification.
All these qualifications upon estimates of national income as an index of productivity are just as important when income measurements are interpreted from the point of view of economic welfare. But in the latter case additional difficulties will be suggested to anyone who wants to penetrate below the surface of total figures and market values. Economic welfare cannot be adequately measured unless the personal distribution of income is known. And no income measurement undertakes to estimate the reverse side of income, that is, the intensity and unpleasantness of effort going into the earning of income. The welfare of a nation can, therefore, scarcely be inferred from a measurement of national income as defined above.
In 1962, Kuznets stated:
Distinctions must be kept in mind between quantity and quality of growth, between costs and returns, and between the short and long run. Goals for more growth should specify more growth of what and for what.
Austrian School economist Frank Shostak has argued that GDP is an empty abstraction devoid of any link to the real world, and, therefore, has little or no value in economic analysis. Says Shostak:
The GDP framework cannot tell us whether final goods and services that were produced during a particular period of time are a reflection of real wealth expansion, or a reflection of capital consumption. For instance, if a government embarks on the building of a pyramid, which adds absolutely nothing to the well-being of individuals, the GDP framework will regard this as economic growth. In reality, however, the building of the pyramid will divert real funding from wealth-generating activities, thereby stifling the production of wealth.
So what are we to make out of the periodical pronouncements that the economy, as depicted by real GDP, grew by a particular percentage? All we can say is that this percentage has nothing to do with real economic growth and that it most likely mirrors the pace of monetary pumping. We can thus conclude that the GDP framework is an empty abstraction devoid of any link to the real world.
The UK''s Natural Capital Committee highlighted the shortcomings of GDP in its advice to the UK Government in 2013, pointing out that GDP "focusses on flows, not stocks. As a result an economy can run down its assets yet, at the same time, record high levels of GDP growth, until a point is reached where the depleted assets act as a check on future growth". They then went on to say that "it is apparent that the recorded GDP growth rate overstates the sustainable growth rate. Broader measures of wellbeing and wealth are needed for this and there is a danger that short-term decisions based solely on what is currently measured by national accounts may prove to be costly in the long-term".
Many environmentalists argue that GDP is a poor measure of social progress because it does not take into account harm to the environment.
In 1989 Herman Daly and John B. Cobb developed the Index of Sustainable Economic Welfare (ISEW), which they proposed as a more valid measure of socio-economic progress, by taking into account various other factors such as consumption of non-renewable resources and degradation of the environment.
India and China have the largest population in the world and hence has the greatest potential in productivity due to the fact that the value of a product is measured as the value of service that can be obtained by the holder in exchange for that product. ( Units per man hour)
Lists of countries by their GDP
Lists of countries by GDP
List of countries by GDP (nominal), (per capita)
List of continents by GDP (nominal)
List of countries by GDP (PPP), (per capita), (per hour)
List of countries by GDP (real) growth rate, (per capita)
List of countries by GDP sector composition
List of countries by future GDP estimates (PPP), (per capita), (nominal)
List of newer approaches to the measurement of (economic) progress
Human development index (HDI) – up until 2009 report HDI used GDP as a part of its calculation and then factors in indicators of life expectancy and education levels. In 2010 the GDP component has been replaced with GNI.
Genuine progress indicator (GPI) or Index of Sustainable Economic Welfare (ISEW) – The GPI and the ISEW attempt to address many of the above criticisms by taking the same raw information supplied for GDP and then adjust for income distribution, add for the value of household and volunteer work, and subtract for crime and pollution.
European Quality of Life Survey – The survey, first published in 2005, assessed quality of life across European countries through a series of questions on overall subjective life satisfaction, satisfaction with different aspects of life, and sets of questions used to calculate deficits of time, loving, being and having.
Gross national happiness – The Centre for Bhutanese Studies in Bhutan is working on a complex set of subjective and objective indicators to measure ''national happiness'' in various domains (living standards, health, education, eco-system diversity and resilience, cultural vitality and diversity, time use and balance, good governance, community vitality and psychological well-being). This set of indicators would be used to assess progress towards gross national happiness, which they have already identified as being the nation''s priority, above GDP.
Happy Planet Index – The happy planet index (HPI) is an index of human well-being and environmental impact, introduced by the New Economics Foundation (NEF) in 2006. It measures the environmental efficiency with which human well-being is achieved within a given country or group. Human well-being is defined in terms of subjective life satisfaction and life expectancy while environmental impact is defined by the Ecological Footprint.
OECD Better Life Index - The better lives compendium of indicators produced in 2011 reflects some 10 years by the organisation to develop a wider of set of indicators more closely attuned to the measurement of wellbeing or welfare outcomes. There is felt to be considerable convergence (in 2011) in high income countries about the kinds of dimensions that should be included in such multi-dimensional approaches to welfare measurement - see for instance the capabilities measurement research project capabilities approach.
Composite Wealth Indicators – Namely yearly material wealth (an amended version of GNI to include depletion of natural resources and the costs of pollution), biological wealth (measured through life expectancy) and thus expected material wealth (or physical wealth), a linear combination of biological and yearly material wealth (the amount of material wealth expected to be produced by an individual during his/her lifetime).
Future Orientation Index - Tobias Preis et al. used Google Trends data to demonstrate that Internet users from countries with a higher per capita gross domestic product (GDP) are more likely to search for information about the future than information about the past. The findings, published in the journal Scientific Reports, suggest there may be a link between online behaviour and real-world economic indicators. The authors of the study examined Google search queries made by Internet users in 45 different countries in 2010 and calculated the ratio of the volume of searches for the coming year (''2011'') to the volume of searches for the previous year (''2009''), which they call the ''future orientation index''. They compared the future orientation index to the per capita GDP of each country and found a strong tendency for countries in which Google users enquire more about the future to exhibit a higher GDP. The results hint that there may potentially be a relationship between the economic success of a country and the information-seeking behaviour of its citizens online.
World Governance Index - Basing their work on the United Nations Millennium Declaration, which was the subject of unprecedented U.N. consensus among the heads of state and government who adopted it in 2000, a team of researchers of the Forum for a new World Governance (FnWG) focused its research on the five main concepts defining the application framework of world governance and constituting key goals to be reached by 2015: Peace and Security; Democracy and Rule of Law; Human Rights and Participation; Sustainable Development and Human Development
Social Progress Index - measures the extent to which countries provide for the social and environmental needs of their citizens. Fifty-two indicators in the areas of basic human needs, foundations of wellbeing, and opportunity show the relative performance of nations. The index uses outcome measures when there is sufficient data available or the closest possible proxies.
Tags:1934, 1968, American, Australia, Australian, Austrian, Bhutan, CIA, Capital, China, Congress, Data, Economic growth, European Union, GDP, GNP, Geography, Google, Governance, Gross domestic product, Human Rights, India, International Monetary Fund, Internet, Life, Nations, New Zealand, Outline, Persian, Persian Gulf, Purchasing power parity, Sustainable Development, U.N, UK, US, USA, USD, United Kingdom, United Nations, United States, Wikipedia, World Bank
See Also:Gross domestic product
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There are no absolute winners in any strike action: an open letter to Joseph Mathunjwa
We expect our stakeholders, including members of Amcu, to respect the rights of other employees to make different choices, including the right not to strike, without fear of threat or intimidation
05 December 2018 - 05:03 Themba Nkosi
Association of Mineworkers and Construction Union leader Joseph Mathunjwa addresses union members in Johannesburg. Picture: SOWETAN
Dear Mr Mathunjwa,
It is with great concern and anguish that we have observed the tragic and unnecessary sequence of events that have unfolded since our employees, who are members of the Association of Mineworkers and Construction Union (Amcu), embarked on a strike at our gold operations on November 21.
The right to peaceful protest or strike action is enshrined in our labour laws and constitution. In addition, the right to life and dignity is enshrined in our bill of rights. As we have clearly stated, Sibanye-Stillwater acknowledges and respects the right of our employees to strike, but at the same time we expect our stakeholders, including members of Amcu, to respect the rights of other employees to make different choices, including the right not to strike, without fear of threat or intimidation.
Unfortunately, the strike called by Amcu has been characterised by intimidation and violence, which has resulted in the needless loss of three lives and several employees being assaulted, and has recently resulted in a female police officer being severely assaulted and stripped of her weapon and equipment. This is unacceptable and we urge Amcu to sign the peace pact that was discussed with all stakeholders, and further request that its members refrain from impeding our attempts to secure peace and stability at our operations.
In my role at Sibanye-Stillwater, I was intimately involved in the wage negotiations between Sibanye-Stillwater and the representative unions, including Amcu, which took place over an extended period from June 2018. In your recent release on the union's website (dated November 29), you stated that a deadlock in negotiations was reached after we had reached a fair and reasonable wage agreement with all of the other unions, following which Amcu obtained a strike certificate from the CCMA.
This is not true. Amcu declared a dispute and received a strike certificate on September 26, which was well before the agreement with the other unions was reached, or the Amcu strike declared. In actual fact, following this early declaration of a dispute by Amcu, we continued to engage extensively in bilaterals, with your representatives and those of the other unions, in an attempt to reach a mutually acceptable outcome.
Previous public correspondence and utterances by Amcu proudly claim that the agreement finally signed by the National Union of Mineworkers (NUM) and other unions was actually an Amcu construct, which suggests (correctly) that Amcu continued to play a significant part in negotiating the terms of the final offer agreed with the other unions. What you fail to mention, is that after jointly negotiating what appeared to be an offer which was acceptable to all the unions (including Amcu representatives), Amcu leadership surprisingly refused to sign the agreement with the other unions and instead added additional demands.
The average basic wages for category 4-8 employees at Sibanye-Stillwater have increased more than 65% since the company was unbundled from Gold Fields in 2013. This is significantly above inflation and represents a very real improvement in the standard of living of our employees. The current wage agreement reached with the NUM, Solidarity and Uasa is again well in excess of inflation, but takes the longer-term sustainability of the gold operations into consideration.
The offer, which has been accepted by the other unions, is final and fair. In terms of this offer, an entry-level employee will earn a guaranteed income of more than R12,800 per month in the first year of the agreement, increasing to more than R14,900 per month in year three. If we include variable pay, such as bonuses and other benefits, an entry-level employee will on average earn more than R14,400 per month in total in year one and more than R16,500 per month in year three. This is significantly higher than entry-level wages in many critical sectors, such as nursing and teaching for instance.
The three other unions, the NUM, Uasa and Solidarity, currently represent 49% of our employees at our gold operations, compared with Amcu's 43% representation, and Sibanye-Stillwater management continues to believe that the rights of those employees to agree on, and receive the higher wages offered, should not be compromised by the obstructive actions of a single union. As such, the agreement was signed in good faith with the other unions and in keeping with the bona-fide spirit that prevailed during negotiations, as well as our company values, we will honour these agreements.
Amcu's actions since then have been vexatious. The union and its members have been unco-operative from the start and have refused to adhere to accepted practices during a protected strike, such as establishing picketing rules during the strike notice period, which are necessary to protect the rights of the striking employees to protest, but also ensure that the safety of nonstriking employees are observed and no unlawful behaviour takes place.
Mr Mathunjwa, you claim in your press release that Amcu attempted to interdict Sibanye-Stillwater to ensure that no violence would take place during the strike and that your members would be protected. You also claim that one of your members was shot dead by Sibanye-Stillwater security personnel. This is blatantly fallacious and disingenuous.
You mention that your interdict against Sibanye-Stillwater to prevent violence, was dismissed, but fail to mention that Sibanye-Stillwater's interdict against Amcu's violent behaviour was upheld and made an order of the court, which your members have failed to respect to date. Your suggestion that the judiciary in SA favours business is a red herring and an attempt to distract from the fact that Amcu called the strike, and that the lawless and violent actions during the course of the last week, are primarily those of your members, and hence the responsibility of Amcu leadership.
To suggest otherwise is disingenuous and dishonest. Your members and official representatives have disregarded the picketing rules directed by the CCMA and have now declared a dispute regarding the picketing rules, adding further to the volatile and inflammatory environment at the operations.
We are aware of the socio-economic challenges facing our employees. Sibanye-Stillwater currently employs over 65,000 people, and now with the Lonmin transaction having received South African Competition Tribunal approval, employment should now increase to over 95,000 people. Factoring the indirect (multiplier) impact we have on the South African economy, implies that our mining has a direct influence on approximately one-million South Africans.
In addition, mining contributes significantly to the fiscus through taxes and royalties and plays a critical role in sustaining local economies and communities. From prior experience, this strike will not only affect the company, but all other stakeholders, with our employees and their families being worst affected.
We engaged intensively with Amcu in order to negotiate a fair agreement, which also takes the current challenges facing our gold operations and their sustainability into account. As previously mentioned though, despite developing an offer with all the unions including Amcu representatives, which was then supported by all the other unions, Amcu national leadership has rejected the offer.
The safety and wellbeing of our employees is our first priority and we will continue with our efforts to resolve the strike peacefully. That said, in line with our vision of creating superior value for all of our stakeholders, we cannot allow the interests of a specific stakeholder to unfairly undermine other stakeholders. As you are aware, striking employees will receive no wages if they do not report for work and an extended strike just before the December holidays will result in many of our employees experiencing significant hardship especially during the upcoming back to school period at the beginning of 2019.
There are no absolute winners in any strike action. Instead, this two-week long strike already has negative repercussions for the local communities, regional economies as well as the mining towns, which are already in distress.
We urge Amcu leadership to consider the wellbeing of all stakeholders and the wellbeing of the industry, which has been shedding jobs over the last couple of years, and to engage in good faith in the interest of a sustainable solution for the gold sector.
• Nkosi is the executive vice-president: head of human resources (SA region) at Sibanye-Stillwater.
EDITORIAL: Amcu brinkmanship at Sibanye mines could backfire on workers
Association of Mineworkers and Construction Union calls a strike at Sibanye-Stillwater's mines despite being aware of the unprofitable nature of the ...
Who will blink first in Sibanye, Amcu stand-off?
Association of Mineworkers and Construction Union jeopardises members' end of year bonuses with call for wage strike at three gold mines
Violence and death mar Amcu's strike at Sibanye
Amcu's violent strike at Sibanye-Stillwater's gold mines, which has left one person dead, could spread to the company's platinum mines
Amcu's deadly strike a poorly timed strategy
The timing of Amcu's wage strike, which has resulted in at least one death, has raised questions whether the union intended to derail Sibanye's ...
What will happen to Lonmin's 13,000 workers?
Lonmin says it has funds only for 18 more months, but union Amcu claims the mine is much better off than that
A bruising battle looms between Sibanye and Amcu
Sibanye CEO Neal Froneman is a tough leader, who has had bitter run-ins with unions in the past, while Amcu president Joseph Mathunjwa is an equally ...

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
ASTC Dimensions
Inside the current issue:
The Field Trip Challenge: Finding Common Ground
Connecting with Curriculum:
A Hands-On Biotech Lab
Serving Teachers, Supporting Schools:
A Collaborative Solution
Science Oasis:
Solving the Distance Problem
Online vs. On-Site:
The 'Burarra Gathering' Experience
Chaperone-Led Field Trips:
The Road Less Traveled?
Videoconferencing:
Closing the Distance at COSI
Browse Back Issues ASTC Dimensions: September/October 2004
Farther Afield:
The Changing School Visit
By Dennis Schatz
"We are no longer allowed to schedule field trips or bring programs into our schools without justifying in writing how they will help us meet the stated standards."
"The amount of subject matter we need to teach each year to meet the demands of our school's mandated curriculum is so great that there is no time to schedule visits to the science center."
"The school's budget is so tight that it is nearly impossible to pay for buses to go to the science center or get the PTA to pay for the outreach program to come to the school."
These are the types of comments I hear from teachers, parents, and science center professionals whenever we talk about why, in this world of "No Child Left Behind," it can be so difficult to get school groups to visit science centers. At Pacific Science Center (PSC), as at many other U.S. institutions, school group attendance has plateaued since the beginning of the new millennium.
As a science center professional with 30+ years working in the education arena, I have tried to delve deeper into the underlying causes for these comments. As I considered the sometimes conflicting, sometimes complementary needs, goals, and constraints of schools and science centers, I found myself visualizing a system (see diagram below) in which these factors might overlap to suggest a new approach to the classic "field trip."
The needs of schools. As the standards movement has been implemented across the United States, state departments of education have (1) begun specifying which science concepts need to be learned in which grades and (2) created mandatory tests to document that learning. School districts have responded by aligning their instructional materials to the mandated concepts and requiring teachers to cover them. Teachers, many with their jobs hanging on successful testing results, are thus less willing (or able) to spend a day at the science center simply for the joy of learning; they now demand that the experience relate directly to the curriculum they teach.
The goals of science centers. Historically, the missions of science centers have not been tied to a specific curriculum. We exist to inspire an interest in and appreciation for science and a lifelong desire to explore scientific concepts. High priorities for science centers include (1) making it possible for individuals to freely explore exhibits and programs that appeal to them and (2) providing experiences not available in a school setting.
The financial constraints on both. Adding to the complexity of the issue is the fact that budgets at both schools and science centers are increasingly strained. In schools, the costs of busing students to a science center have increased; principals' discretionary funds are down; and PTA fund-raisers must now pay for a wider range of school expenses. Museums are facing more local competition in the out-of-school science experiences market than they did a decade ago. Since I came to PSC in 1977, for example, Seattle has added a flight museum, an aquarium, a children's museum, and several environmental education centers. So resources are spread more thinly.
The "central triangle"
Is there a place where these diverse needs, goals, and constraints overlap? Can science centers find ways to meet teachers' expectations, keep program costs in check, and still maintain our core identity? Here are some ideas-gathered from conversations with science center staff from across the United States-for modifications that can help keep our field trip programs attractive to school group audiences in coming years.
Offer structured exploration. The new emphasis on aligning with standards and teaching specific concepts requires us to offer something more than opportunities for free exploration. Teachers look to science centers to provide a mechanism to structure students' use of exhibits and programs. Some museums are developing standards-linked worksheets for students to complete during their visit; others may not wish to go this far. But providing open-ended questions for students to answer as they use exhibits can meet schools' needs while still falling within the science center's mission.
Connect to specific curricula. Teachers are most familiar with the units they teach. It is not hard to link a science center's exhibits and programs to state or national standards, but we can serve teachers even better by identifying the curriculum units commonly taught in our community and explicitly stating how our exhibits and programs help convey the concepts in those units. A strong approach is to combine exhibit exploration with a related laboratory experience for a specific curriculum unit. PSC now offers all kindergarten classes, for example, a combination of exhibit and laboratory experiences that conveys the concepts covered in the FOSS Wood and Paper module.
Emphasize unique experiences. As competition from other informal science attractions increases and teachers are faced with justifying the value of a trip to the science center, we need to offer experiences that cannot be found elsewhere or duplicated in the classroom. Observing the motions of the night sky in a planetarium, doing electrophoresis to examine DNA, exploring the life cycle of a butterfly in a butterfly atrium-all of these are strong reasons for a school group to visit the science center, especially if the experience can be modified to meet the needs of different grade levels and curricula.
Improve physical and virtual outreach. With budget constraints making it more difficult for schools to get to the science center, we need to find new ways to take our programs to them. These can include not only the traditional outreach van of exhibits, demonstrations, and laboratory experiences, but also virtual ways to convey unique experiences to the classroom. Institutions like the Liberty Science Center, COSI Columbus, and the New York Hall of Science are finding success with videoconferencing, in which schools pay for virtual access to a live science center program keyed to local curricula or to a mediated third-party experience, such as a live surgical procedure.
These are not the only possibilities, of course, and it is important that whatever programs we devise not place added burdens on museum resources. If school groups make up only a small percentage of overall attendance at a given institution, it might be more cost-effective to explore modest ways to align school visits to the state's education reform effort and put remaining resources toward improvements for the general visitor.
One thing is clear, however: In today's climate, science centers must take the lead in developing school programs more intimately connected to what teachers are required to teach in the classroom.
Dennis Schatz is vice president for education and exhibits at the Pacific Science Center, Seattle, Washington; www.pacsci.org.
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no design no life. no shopping no life.
Wish you happiness, good luck and health in the year 2016.
Nendoroid Co-de: Cinderella Girls Rin/Uzuki/Mio Set – My First Star Co-de set released during WonFes 2015 Summer. "Nendoroid Co-de" is a new series of nendoroid with fix posture and no extra parts for changes, while head and face share the same format with ordinary nendoriods.
It's 22 June 2015. "Angels" are coming to invades The Tokyo-3 in Neon Genesis Evanegelion on the day.. Well, I still cannot believe that it was 20 years before while I was shocked when watching EVA in TV.
ねんどろいど 初音ミク ハロウィンVer. | Nendoroid Hatsune Miku Halloween ver.
Nendoroid Hatsune Miku Halloween. Many Nenodoroid Mikus are seasonal or festival related, like Sakura Miku in spring, Family-mart's swimsuit and Yukata ver in summer, Santa and Snow Miku in winter. Finally, an Autumn Miku in halloween costume arrives.
Just received the Nendoroid Racing Miku 2014. Goodsmile invites different illustrator and designer for Racing Miku every year. Racing Miku 2014's costume is designed by KOYAMASHIGETO – the art director of Kill-la-kill. The key visual is illustrated by Oguchi, the illustrator of Kanokore's Wo-Class aircraft carrier.
New design of Racing Miku comes annually since 2009. This year, the costume of Racing Miku is designed by Mari Shimazaki (who designed BAYONETTA) and illustrated by saitom.
ねんどろいどぷち ミクいっぱい! So many nendoroid petit Mikus!
Nendoroid Petit Hatsune Miku selection have just released in late September. Inside the box, there are 6 vocaloids in their original cloth, and the others are styles selected from different hit songs. I could hardly found place to keep all 12 nendos, hence I only keep those from Music videos and Miku as well.
Mikudayo is a mascot suit made by SEGA for promoting their Miku game. It is made based the shape of Nendoroid Hatsune Miku, but the ratio and its facial expression made it looks somehow terrible. However the weird look, on the contrary looks lovely enough and Mikudayo have become a popular character afterward.
RG ウィングゼロ EW パールグロスver. | RG Wing Zero EW Pearl Gross ver.
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McPhee, Stephen J., et al. "Somatostatin." Guide to Diagnostic Tests, 7th ed., McGraw-Hill Education, 2017. Emergency Central, emergency.unboundmedicine.com/emergency/view/GDT/619038/all/Somatostatin.
McPhee SJ, Lu CM, Nicoll D. Somatostatin. Guide to Diagnostic Tests. 7th ed. McGraw-Hill Education; 2017. https://emergency.unboundmedicine.com/emergency/view/GDT/619038/all/Somatostatin. Accessed April 24, 2019.
McPhee SJ, Lu CM, Nicoll D. Somatostatin [Internet]. In: Guide to Diagnostic Tests. McGraw-Hill Education; 2017. [cited 2019 April 24]. Available from: https://emergency.unboundmedicine.com/emergency/view/GDT/619038/all/Somatostatin.


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Pioneer Girl A Pioneer Girl Project publication https://sdshspress.com/books/pioneer-girl-the-annotated-autobiography https://sdshspress.com/@@site-logo/sdshp-logo.jpg
Pioneer Girl
The Annotated Autobiography
A Pioneer Girl Project publication
by Laura Ingalls Wilder
edited by Pamela Smith Hill
472 pages | 125 black-and-white images, 8 maps, appendices, index, bibliography
$39.95, Hardback
$29.95, Mobi EBook
$29.95, ePub EBook
"Pioneer Girl: The Annotated Autobiography offers Wilder's complete first draft of her own story, enhanced by scrupulous and wide-ranging new research. . . . And I'm happy to say is a treasure. . . . Wilder pulls off the difficult trick of telling a rich, satisfying story about good people being good. The Pa of Pioneer Girl is still a selfless provider, Ma is a skilled homemaker, Mary a prim playmate, and Laura a good-hearted tomboy. Their stories may have been tidied up on the path between nonfiction and fiction, but their characters remain reassuringly intact. . . . Pioneer Girl is a welcome reminder of the power, even the genius of the Little House books. . . . this annotated edition of Pioneer Girl will deepen and enrich a great American story."—Ruth Graham, The Slate Book Review
"Wilder's memoir is a fascinating piece of American history, but it's the annotations that set Pioneer Girl apart as the most important work of its kind. . . . It thrills with new insights and mature content, educates with historical facts and documentation, and enlightens with cultural perspective and commentary, all while maintaining the spirit of adventure and integrity that is the backbone of the Little House world and Wilder herself. . . . in and of itself, Pioneer Girl is a fascinating slice of Americana, but it is Hill's annotations, based on years of research and the efforts of the Pioneer Girl Project contributors, that set Pioneer Girl apart as the most important and relevant work of its kind. . . . With Pioneer Girl: The Annotated Autobiography, Hill has ensured that not only will Laura Ingalls Wilder continue to inspire, but that her audience will grow and expand for generations to come."—Pallas Gates McCorquodale, Foreword Reviews Magazine
More reviews can be found here.
Hidden away since 1930, Laura Ingalls Wilder's original autobiography reveals the true stories of her pioneering life. Some of her experiences will be familiar; some will be a surprise. Pioneer Girl: The Annotated Autobiography re-introduces readers to the woman who defined the pioneer experience for millions of people around the world.
Through her recollections, Wilder details the Ingalls family's journey through Kansas, Missouri, Wisconsin, Minnesota, Iowa, back to Minnesota, and on to Dakota Territory— sixteen years of travels, unforgettable stories, and the everyday people who became immortal through her fiction. Using additional manuscripts, diaries, and letters, editor Pamela Smith Hill adds valuable context and explores Wilder's growth as a writer.
Pioneer Girl: The Annotated Autobiography also explores the history of the frontier that the Ingalls family traversed and the culture and life of the communities Wilder lived in. The book features over one hundred images, eight fully researched maps, and hundreds of annotations based on census data and other records, newspapers of the period, and other primary documents.
Pioneer Girl: The Annotated Autobiography is a publication of the Pioneer Girl Project, which is a research and publishing program of the South Dakota State Historical Society. For more information, visit www.pioneergirlproject.org.
(1867-1957) finished her autobiography, Pioneer Girl, in 1930 when she was sixty-three years old. Throughout the 1930s and into the early 1940s, Wilder utilized her original manuscript to write a successful series of books for young readers. Wilder died in Mansfield, Missouri, at ninety years of age on February 10, 1957.
Pamela Smith Hill
Pamela Smith Hill has taught creative and professional writing at universities in Oregon, Washington, and Colorado, as well as a course on Laura Ingalls Wilder through Missouri State University. She grew up forty miles from Rocky Ridge Farm, launched her writing career not far from De Smet, and now lives and works in Portland, Oregon.
Early Chapter Books
Eastern South Dakota
Exploring South Dakota
Historical Preservation Series
Northern Great Plains
Prairie Tale Series
South Dakota Biography Series
The Mystery Series
Visual Coffee Table Books
Young Adult/Middle Grade


Eric Stein, who grew up in Madison, Wisconsin, believes his interest in film and television was unintentionally spurred by his mom's decision to make their household TV-less. While he feels that some may find that a bit strange, he doesn't think it's as odd as growing up lactose intolerant in the Dairy State.
He began his career while attending the University of Arizona, squeezing classes between jobs as a college marketing rep for Columbia Pictures, a weekend news producer/anchor for PBS affiliate KUAT-AM/FM, and as a production crew member for KUAT-TV. He acknowledges some benefits of having a degree, but feels the value of his may have been diminished by the fact that Geraldo graduated from the University of Arizona as well.
After graduating Phi Kappa Phi with High Distinction, he began working as a copywriter for an ad agency in Tucson, where he created radio, television, and print ads for a number of businesses.
With a host of award-winning ads under his belt, he moved to Los Angeles and began writing for Star Street, a European children's television series. Shortly thereafter, he was a supervising producer on Defenders of Dynatron City, an animated children's special that was the highest rated show for its time slot on the Fox Children's Network.
With co-author Michael S. Bandy, he wrote the children's book White Water and the award-winning script of the same name, which also garnered him a Cosby Screenwriting Fellowship. They also penned the scripts Man of the Cloth, The Messiah from Madison, and Lemonade, a Gordon Parks Award finalist. Eric Stein wrote the book Everything I Know About Life I Learned From Trash Talk TV. His award-wining song, "Long Distance Lover," made the top 40 on MP3's adult contemporary chart.
He has also worked as an executive with Lucasfilm and MGM, where he negotiated licenses for properties including Star Wars, Indiana Jones, and Pink Panther. At the Greek Theatre, he created and executed promotions for more than eighty shows in one of the Greek's highest grossing seasons.
Eric Stein's professional affiliations include the Academy of Television Arts & Sciences, the Authors Guild, the Animation Writers Caucus of the Writers Guild of America, and the American Society of Composers, Authors and Publishers.


Rise of the Tomb Raider has to be one of the most anticipated titles of the year and for good reason. Not only is Lara Croft the most notorious game character of all time, but she has also been part of a very popular franchise that was born during the 90's. The previous title breathed new life into old fans while players who didn't really like the games early on converted into followers instantly. It's a game that has gone through the hands of different developers and with the latest installment it seems the evolution has been very successful.
Those who played the previous version will notice that the story continues where it left off. For those who don't know, Lara narrowly escapes the supernatural powers that are active on the island of Yamatai. The story picks up after she escapes and then has to face the aftermath of what happened. An organization called Trinity covers everything up, making Lara look like she is losing her mind. In an attempt to get behind the truth she and Jonah Maiava go to Siberia in search of a city that could have all the answers. Unfortunately she has to battle the Trinity organization, survive her surroundings and stay clear of dangerous animals if she is going to prove her point.
Now, there is no doubt that the initial formula that came with the previous title was successful. The amazing story, characters and the reality of Lara only being human really brought everything to life. But it was the other stuff as well. The fighting, the shooting, the running, everything flowed in perfect harmony. The graphics and camera angles were particularly good, which automatically raised expectations for this release. How could the developers possibly upgrade on what they already did?
If you can't get the weapons you are looking for then simply make them yourself. This is what the crafting system is all about and will allow the player to use objects from the animals and the environment to craft weapons.
The weather is going to play a much bigger part in this game, because it's going to run on a day/night cycle that will affect humans and animals. Lara will also be able to swim and it will add to her tactics regarding combat and stealth.
In terms of the combat, the player will have more options for stealth actions and Lara will be able to scale trees in order to hide or run from enemies. The basic weapon package is there, which includes her pistol and climbing axe, while new weapons have joined in the fun.
As pointed to before, the environment can be a very useful tool for Lara. Whether you need to get out of sight or use it to confuse the enemy, it's at her disposal.
At this time it's only going to be available on the Xbox 360 and the Xbox One, but we can hope that other platforms will come to the party. The release date is set for November 15th, so start saving up, because it's going to be an amazing Christmas present for Lara fans out there.


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Home > Chemistry > Biomolecule > Monosaccharides
We all consume some form of carbohydrates via our food every day. The biggest source of carbs for us is through sugars. Monosaccharides are the simplest form of sugars found in innumerable common food items such as honey, cane sugar, fruits. Let us have a detailed look at monosaccharides.
2 Monosaccharide
2.1 Browse more Topics under Biomolecule
2.2 General Formula of Carbohydrate
2.3 Types of Monosaccharides
2.4 Structure of Monosaccharides
3 Glucose
4 Fructose
5 Solved Example for You
We have already learned about carbohydrates and what constitutes a carbohydrate. Now monosaccharides are nothing but the simplest form or classification of carbohydrates. They are hence known as the most basic unit of carbohydrates. They are defined as any carbohydrates (or sugars) that cannot be hydrolyzed any further to give simpler sugars.
Browse more Topics under Biomolecule
Structure of Proteins
Structure of Nucleic Acids
You can download Biomolecules Cheat Sheet PDF by clicking on Download Button Below
General Formula of Carbohydrate
Types of Monosaccharides
Monosaccharides have two broad classifications on the basis of the functional group present in them. So if they contain an aldehyde group they are known as "aldose". And if they contain a keto group we call them "ketose". There is also additional classification on the number of carbon atoms each molecule consists of. This following table will make the names easy to remember
Number of Carbon Atoms Aldehyde Ketone
3 Aldotriose Ketotriose
4 Aldotetrose Ketotetrose
5 Aldopentose Ketopentose
6 Aldohexose Ketohexose
7 Aldoheptose Ketoheptose
Structure of Monosaccharides
The chemical formula that most monosaccharides have is Cx(H2O)y, where generally x≥ 3. The molecule is always formed by three elements and three elements only: Carbon (C), Hydrogen (H) and Oxygen (O). The molecule of monosaccharides is very small and compact in size. This is another reason we call monosaccharides simple sugars.
The most abundant monosaccharide found in nature is in fact glucose. It is the most abundant organic compound on earth. We can find glucose in varies fruits, honey and even in starch and cane sugar. We obtain a large part of the energy in our bodies from glucose through the foods we eat. It is an aldohexose, which means it has six carbon atoms in its molecule. Its chemical formula is C6H12O6
We obtain glucose mainly from two sources which are starch and sucrose. Let us look at how we can prepare glucose from these sources
On a large and commercial scale glucose is prepared from hydrolysis of starch by boiling it with dilute H2SO4. The chemical reaction is as follows
(C6H10O5) + n (H2O) ————-> n ( C6H12O6 )
Starch Glucose
Also, another way of preparing glucose, with fructose as a joint or by-product, is to boil sucrose in dilute HCl or even H2SO4 in an alcoholic solution. This chemical reaction is as follows
C12H22O11 + H2O ————> C6H12O6 + C6H12O6
Sucrose Glucose + Fructose
Fructose is a simple ketonic monosaccharide. We mostly find fructose in plants and their fruits, flowers and root vegetables, hence earning it a moniker of fruit sugar. It is also abundantly present in honey and corn syrup. Generally, fructose bonds with glucose to form a disaccharide we know as sucrose. Fructose was first discovered by a French chemist Augustin – Pierre Debrunfaut.
The chemical formula of fructose is also C6H12O6 but the bonding of fructose is very different than that of glucose. Fructose has a cyclic structure. The structure is an intramolecular hemiacetal. It has its carbonyl group at its number two carbon (its a ketone function group). In its cyclic form, it (generally) forms a five-member ring which we call a Furanose ring.
Solved Example for You
Q: Which one of the following is the reagent used to identify glucose?
neutral FeCl3
CHCl3
Ammonical AGNO3
C2H5ONa
Sol: The correct answer is option "c". We use Tollen's reagent to identify Glucose. Glucose contains aldehyde group and is oxidised by ammonical AGNO3.
Nuclear Reaction


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Australian police identify remains of missing French backpacker
China says no cooperation with U.S. companies that sell arms to Taiwan
Norway's Telenor warns on Q2 profit after error at Grameenphone
U.S.-led coalition says it has started Syria withdrawal
QAMISHLI, Syria (Reuters) – The U.S.-led coalition against Islamic State has begun the process of withdrawing from Syria, a spokesman said on Friday, indicating the start of a U.S. pullout that has been clouded by mixed messages from Washington.
U.S. President Donald Trump's announcement last month that he had decided to withdraw 2,000 U.S. troops stunned allies that have joined Washington in the battle against Islamic State in Syria. Senior U.S. officials were shocked too, among them Defense Secretary Jim Mattis, who quit in protest.
The coalition "has begun the process of our deliberate withdrawal from Syria. Out of concern for operational security, we will not discuss specific timelines, locations or troop movements," Colonel Sean Ryan said.
Russia, which has deployed forces into Syria in support of the Damascus government, said it had the impression that the United States wanted to stay despite the announced withdrawal of U.S. troops, RIA news agency reported.
Residents near border crossings that are typically used by U.S. forces going in and out of Syria from Iraq said they had seen no obvious or large-scale movement of U.S. ground forces on Friday.
The U.S. decision has injected new uncertainties into the eight-year long Syrian war and a flurry of contacts over how a resulting security vacuum will be filled across a swathe of northern and eastern Syria where the U.S. forces are stationed.
On the one hand, Turkey aims to pursue a campaign against Kurdish forces that have allied with the United States, and on the other the Russia and Iran-backed Syrian government sees the chance to recover a huge chunk of territory.
U.S. National Security Adviser John Bolton suggested on Tuesday that protecting Washington's Kurdish allies would be a pre-condition of the U.S. withdrawal. That drew a rebuke from Turkish President Tayyip Erdogan who called his comments "a serious mistake".
FILE PHOTO: Kurdish fighters from the People's Protection Units (YPG) head a convoy of U.S military vehicles in the town of Darbasiya next to the Turkish border, Syria April 28, 2017. REUTERS/Rodi Said/File Photo
U.S. Secretary of State Mike Pompeo, who has been touring the Middle East this week to reassure allies of Washington's commitment to regional security, said on Thursday the withdrawal would not be scuppered despite the Turkish threats.
The Kurdish groups that control the north have turned to Moscow and Damascus in the hope of striking a political deal that will stave off Turkey and shield their autonomy in the north.
RUSSIA URGES DAMASCUS-KURDISH DIALOGUE
Maria Zakharova, a Russian Foreign Ministry spokeswoman, said it was important for Syrian Kurds and the Syrian government to start talking to each other in light of the U.S. withdrawal plans.
She also said the territory previously controlled by the United States should be transferred to the Syrian government.
"In this regard, establishing dialogue between the Kurds and Damascus takes on particular significance. After all, the Kurds are an integral part of Syrian society," Zakharova said.
Turkey views the U.S.-backed YPG Syrian Kurdish militia as an extension of the Kurdistan Workers' Party (PKK), which has waged a 34-year insurgency in Turkey for Kurdish political and cultural rights, mostly in southeastern areas near Syria.
A Kurdish politician told Reuters last week the Kurds had presented Moscow with a road-map for a deal with Damascus. Syria's deputy foreign minister said on Wednesday he was optimistic about renewed dialogue with the Kurds.
Foreign Minister Jean-Yves Le Drian of France, which is part of the U.S.-led coalition, welcomed what he believed was a slower withdrawal by the U.S after pressure from its allies.
"President Macron spoke to him (Trump) several times and it seems that there has been a change that I think is positive," he said in a television interview on Thursday.
In a rare acknowledgment that French troops were also in Syria, he said they would leave when there is a political solution in the country.
Reporting by Tom Perry in Beirut, John Irish in Paris and Andrey Ostroukh in Moscow; Writing by Tom Perry; Editing by Angus MacSwan
2nd Qassim Book Fair attracts big crowds
Florida governor suspends sheriff for response to school massacre
Dancing queen? Theresa May boogies to Abba in final days as British PM
Norway's Adevinta says new French digital tax may hit earnings
Norway's Telenor warns on second quarter profit after error at Grameenphone
Philippines' top senator chides Iceland for abortion, U.N. drugs war probe
South Africa's Zuma to face corruption inquiry
Norway's Adevinta says French digital tax to impact earnings
China's Xiaomi continues chip strategy revamp with investment in semiconductor designer


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Q: My reactjs app didn't open in incognito tab or new browsers and show this errors I am new in react/redux and trying to deploy my first application but after deploying it I see some unknowing errors, the app open in my chrome normally without errors, but its showing errors in the incognito tab and also in the other persons normal browsers and showing this errors, also i can't deploy my app in this case :( I need help please.
click here to see a screenshot of error

A: I assume your browser is picking things from cache as it is not opening in your incognito and others browser as well.
Coming to your error you need to check your createStore method.
Your enhancer should be your third argument always. Please check if the correct parameters are being passed in right place.
createStore expects to receive the following arguments:
reducer (Function): A reducing function that returns the next state tree, given the current state tree and an action to handle.
[preloadedState] (any): The initial state. You may optionally specify it to hydrate the state from the server in universal apps, or to restore a previously serialized user session. If you produced reducer with combineReducers, this must be a plain object with the same shape as the keys passed to it. Otherwise, you are free to pass anything that your reducer can understand.
[enhancer] (Function): The store enhancer. You may optionally specify it to enhance the store with third-party capabilities such as middleware, time travel, persistence, etc. The only store enhancer that ships with Redux is applyMiddleware().
Remember the root reducer in your app should combine all your reducers into one single reducer.
From the Redux docs

A: See the image here https://prnt.sc/l0w8nh
I think If you are using redux dev tools with your app in production environment will be your problem and you have to disable it if environment isn't in development.
And you can see that in action in this repo
 https://github.com/mohamedGamalAbuGalala/burger-builder
And the app is deployed successfully here
https://react-galala-burger.firebaseapp.com/

A: I faced the same issue. I figured out that I had some wrong configurations of react-redux dev tools.
I changed the redux store configuration to:
import { createStore, applyMiddleware } from 'redux';
import { composeWithDevTools } from 'redux-devtools-extension';
import thunk from 'redux-thunk';
import rootReducer from '../reducers/index';

const middleware = applyMiddleware(thunk);

const store = createStore(rootReducer, {}, composeWithDevTools(middleware));

export default store;

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


For this year's charity event, the Cancer Support group will gather on 10 December (from 12.30H to 15h) in the Berlaymont Piazza at lunchtime for a book and homemade cakes sale.
Colleagues will also sing and play some music.
The collected funds will go to Kick Cancer asbl, a Belgian asbl which supports research projects in the field of pediatric cancer.
The assocation was proposed by Anna Tylman (COMP) who lost her daughter to cancer last year and has now written a book about their lives and combat.
The book was published earlier this year in French, but was originally written in Polish. The Cancer Support Group will support her by providing the funding for publishing the Polish version.
The event is organised under the auspices of Commissioner Andriukaitis, who will make the introductory remarks.