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Frontiers in Marine Science
Marine Ecosystem Ecology
Christos D. Arvanitidis
Hellenic Centre for Marine Research (HCMR), Greece
Martin Zimmer
Leibniz Centre for Tropical Marine Research (LG), Germany
Paolo Magni
Italian National Research Council (CNR), Italy
B. Mohan Kumar
Kerala Agricultural University, India
Front. Mar. Sci., 13 June 2018 | https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2018.00204
Leaf Nutrient Resorption and Export Fluxes of Avicennia marina in the Central Red Sea Area
Hanan Almahasheer1*, Carlos M. Duarte2 and Xabier Irigoien2†
1Department of Biology, College of Science, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University (IAU), Dammam, Saudi Arabia
2Red Sea Research Center, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
Red Sea mangroves occur in an oligotrophic sea without permanent freshwater inputs. Understanding the mechanisms to cope with nutrient limitation is, therefore, important to understand their distribution and nutrient dynamics in coastal ecosystems. We measured total number of meristems to estimate their leaves production and nutrients (N, P, and Fe) as a function of age in Avicennia marina leaves. Then estimated resorption rates; the recovery of nutrients from senescing leaves before they are shed in a total of 91 leaf from four different mangroves stands in the Central Red Sea. We found that the concentration of N and P but not Fe declined with age. Nutrient content also declined in the older leaves with high resorption capacity of 69 and 72% in N and P vs. low resorption of 42% in Fe. The role of Fe resorption is poorly studied in plants, nevertheless, this study could provide an insight into our knowledge of iron resorption in the mangroves, which has never been assessed before. The leaf nutrient export flux from senescing leaves in monospecific stand of Avicennia marina was 9, 0.4 and 1 g m−2 year−1 for N, P, and Fe respectively, suggesting mangrove litter-fall to be an important source of bioavailable iron in particular, due to its low resorption, to the adjacent oligotrophic ecosystem.
Nutrient resorption, the recovery of nutrients from senescing leaves before they are shed, is a key internal strategy allowing plants to avoid losing nutrients (Aerts and Chapin, 1999). The withdrawal of nutrients from senescing leaves allows plants to reuse them again (Aerts and Chapin, 1999) to reproduce structures and new leaves (Chapin and Van Cleve, 2000; Ochieng and Erftemeijer, 2002). And to conserve nutrients to consequently, influences different processes as competition, nutrient uptake, and productivity (Killingbeck, 1996). Also, at the ecosystem level, nutrient resorption influences nutrient cycling (Aerts and Chapin, 1999).
Nutrient limitation is prevalent among plant communities, including mangroves e.g. (Koch and Snedaker, 1997). Mangroves have different strategies to cope with nutrient limitation, including shifts in biomass allocation, such as increasing root biomass in mangrove seedlings when the nutrients or light are low (McKee, 1995) or, conversely, enhancing the growth rate of shoots compared to roots in response to nutrient enrichment (Lovelock et al., 2009). Ultimately, nutrient limitation (Naidoo, 2009), and other factors result in mangrove dwarfing.
Nutrient limitation in mangrove seedlings and trees has generally been studied in terms of nitrogen and phosphorus limitation (Boto and Wellington, 1983; Naidoo, 1987, 2009; Feller, 1995; Koch and Snedaker, 1997; Feller et al., 1999, 2003a,b; Lovelock et al., 2004, 2006, 2007; Alongi, 2011). Additionally, iron has also been found to be limiting (Alongi, 2010; Almahasheer et al., 2016b), and it has been suggested that the low availability of the three elements may be the reason for mangroves absence in several coastlines otherwise having conditions suitable for mangrove growth (Sato et al., 2011). Nutrient resorption may be, therefore, a key strategy for mangroves to grow in oligotrophic environments, such as the Red Sea (Almahasheer et al., 2016b).
Resorption may occur throughout a leaf's life, especially as leaves become increasingly shaded (Wright and Westoby, 2003), however, sun leaves and shade leaves did not affect nutrient resorption efficiency in some evergreen plant whereas the location did (DOGAN et al., 2015). Resorption mechanisms have been extensively studied in terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems (see reviews in Killingbeck (1996) and Hemminga et al. (1999). Resorption values usually ranged from 50 to 90% of N and P from different plant species (Aerts and Chapin, 1999).
Moreover, N resorption reported in different mangrove species in Kenya ranging from 53 to 69% (Rao et al., 1994), similarly, a review by Reef et al. (2010) reported resorption values in different mangrove species around the world with N resorption ranging from <5 to 69%. And up to 72% for P resorption by Alongi (2002), also P resorption has been reported for a number of Avicennia marina stands (Rao et al., 1994; Ochieng and Erftemeijer, 2002; Alongi et al., 2005; Lovelock et al., 2007, 2010, 2011; Zhou et al., 2010; Wei et al., 2015). Additionally, iron resorption in mangroves has not been assessed as yet. Moreover, mangroves play an important role in the biogeochemical cycle as a source of nutrients to costal ecosystems (Hussain and Badola, 2008), yet the amount is linked to the hydrology of mangrove forests and varies among the different types of mangroves (Twilley and Day, 1999). For e.g. the export of biomass and nutrients from the Matang Mangroves through leaf litter alone was around 3.9 and 0.1 tons ha−1 year−1respectively (Gong and Ong, 1990), whereas, mangrove leaf nutrient export flux from the Red Sea remains unknown.
Here we examine the rate of leaf nutrient resorption and the loss of nutrients involved with leaf shedding in Avicennia marina growing in the oligotrophic Red Sea. By comparing resorption values of Avicennia in the Red Sea to results reported for Avicennia stands elsewhere when possible. Finally, we determine the amount of nutrients export flux per m−2 year−1 supplied by falling senescing leaves of Avicennia marina in the central Red Sea and their stoichiometric ratios.
The Red Sea ranks amongst the most oligotrophic seas due to lack of river runoff and low nutrient supply (Mandura, 1997), and mangrove trees have been shown to be strongly nutrient limited, particularly by iron, in the Central Red Sea (Almahasheer et al., 2016b). Mangroves in the Central Red Sea develop as dwarf trees (<2 m height) along a narrow belt. The Central Red Sea is the most oligotrophic part of the basin indicative of low Chl a concentrations Sea (Raitsos et al., 2013). And the low nutrient concentration could be due to the absence of riverine inputs and limited exchange with Indian ocean (Thompson et al., 2013). Avicennia marina in the Central Red Sea is subjected to extreme arid condition with salinity above 38 psu and water temperature as high as 35°C (Almahasheer et al., 2016c). This study was conducted in ten trees within four different locations in the Central Red Sea. Mangrove locations were composed of monospecific stands of Avicennia marina, away from human disturbances in Khor Alkharar (22°58′14.81″N 38°50′44.27″E), and close to petrochemical activities in Petro Rabigh (22°45′5.81″N 39° 0′46.90″E), while those at Economic City lagoon (22°23′31.10″N 39°7′49.07″E) are under development. Those at Thuwal Island (22°16′54.42″N 39° 5′6.12″E) are less impacted by human activities (22°16′54.42″N 39° 5′6.12″E, Figure 1). Additional information about the study locations and their environmental conditions are described in (Almahasheer et al., 2016b,c).
Figure 1. Location of the Central Red Sea mangrove stands sampled.
Sampling Leaves and Sediment in Mangrove Stands
Leaves and sediment cores were collected in 2014 and 2015 from each location. A total of two to three long axillary branches in each location were randomly selected, to collect a total of 91 leaves from 10 trees. The collected leaves were gently washed with sea water and numbered in the field based on their location in nodes along the axillary shoot starting from the first leaf near the meristem to the last attached senescing leaf. Sediments were sampled from the same locations using 170 cm long PVC cores, with a total of 26 sediment core (6 cores at Khor Alkharar, 4 cores at Petro Rabigh, 8 cores at Economic City and 8 cores at Thuwal Island). Sediments cores were sliced into 1 cm or 3 cm slices down to (24–27 cm compressed, which is equivalent to 26–45 cm decompressed), depending on the core-type (Almahasheer et al., 2017). The slices were dried in the oven at 60°C to constant weight, after measuring their fresh volume to calculate bulk density. The sediments were then subsampled for chemical analyses (C, N, P, and Fe). Then to allow direct comparisons among locations, nutrient stocks in sediment samples at depth (26–45 cm decompressed) were standardized to 30 cm.
Each leaf sampled was individually photographed, dried at 60°C till constant weight, then each leaf was weighted before grinding with a mortar. We then weighted approximately 2 mg of each powdered leaf to the nearest 0.001 mg with an ultra-micro balance in a pre-combusted aluminum capsule, which was then used to determine the concentration of C and N on a FLASH 2000 CHNS Analyzer (Zimmermann et al., 1997). For C and N analyses in the sediment, 1 g of dried ground samples was acidified with 1 M HCl to remove inorganic carbon, centrifuged (3,500 RPM; 5 min) and the supernatant with acid residues was removed using a pipette, then washed in deionized water once, the residues were centrifuged again and the supernatant removed. The residual samples were re-dried (70°C) and encapsulated for C and N analysis using a Thermo Delta V Conflo III coupled to a Costech 4010 at the UH Hilo Analytical Laboratory, USA. The C and %N was calculated for the bulk (pre-acidified) samples.
For Iron and phosphorus concentrations, 0.50 mg dry weight (DW) of each powdered leaf were digested in 6 ml HNO3 and 2 ml of H2O2 following Spalla et al. (2009), and 200 mg of sediment were digested in 6 ml of HNO3 and 2 ml of HCL following the EPA method 3052 (Kingston and Walter, 1995). The samples were let to cool then diluted with Mili-Q water to be subsequently analyzed by Inductively Coupled Plasma-Optical Emission Spectrometry (Varian Inc. model 720-ES). Analyses of replicates (two replicates between each 20 sample with total of 10) and reference materials (e.g., BBOT and Sulfanilamide in the leaves, NIST 8704 in the sediment for N and C; and Inorganic Ventures and PerkinElmer's Pure Plus for P and Fe in the leaves and sediment) were carried out to ensure reproducibility of the results. Then, mean (±SE) of nutrient concentration (g DW Kg−1) and accumulated stock per unit area (i.e., cumulative mass; Kg m−2) in the top 30 cm of the sediment was estimated from the four locations.
The nutrient content in mg leaf−1 was calculated as the product of the nutrient concentration in mg g DW−1 and the total dry mass in g DW leaf−1 of the leaves Lin and Wang (2001; Figure 2). We also calculated the nutrient resorption after Lin and Wang (2001) and Lovelock et al. (2004), as the ratio between the difference in average nutrient content in mg leaf−1 from a fully developed or mature leaf and that of senescing leaves, free of grazing damage, and reported this as a percent. Leaf age was estimated using the plastochrone interval approach, i.e., the time in between development of a new node supporting a new leaf pair (Erickson and Michelini, 1957; Duarte et al., 1994; Coulter et al., 2001). Avicennia marina produced 9.59 nodes year−1, resulting in an estimated plastochron interval of PI = 38 days (Almahasheer et al., 2016c), the time interval between production of two consecutive leaf pairs along a branch.
Figure 2. Diagram of calculations used to estimate leaf export flux (mg element m −2 year −1) and leaf nutrient resorption (%).
Estimating Nutrient Fluxes With Leaf Loss
To calculate the leaf export flux of nutrients in senescing leaves in mg element m−2 year−1, we multiplied the mean nutrient content of each element in the senescing leaves with leaves produced m−2 year−1. We simply estimated number of leaves produced m−2 year−1 after Coulter et al. (2001), which is the product of the number of meristems m−2 multiplied by the number of internodes produced per meristem per year multiplied by two which is the number of leaves per meristem (Figure 2). Specifically, (1) we used a line transect of 3 m wide by 5–15 m long in two locations (n = 74 trees for Khor Alkharar and n = 153 tree for Thuwal Island, Table 1) to measure each tree/ seedling girth and number of meristems, then used as regression analysis to get the total number of meristems in the two locations (Figure 3). Then (2) we used the number of internodes year−1 for the same two locations above that were obtained from (Almahasheer et al., 2016c) (9.56 node year−1 for Khor Alkharrar and 9.72 year−1 for Thuwal Island), and multiplied by 2 which is number of leaves per node, following Duke and Pinzon (1992) as the rates of annual node production = half of leaf production.
Table 1. Mean ± SE (median) for the Avicenna marina girth, total number of meristems produced, tree density and leaves production in from two different locations in the Central Red Sea.
Figure 3. Regression analysis for the Avicenna marina girth and total number of meristems produced in (A) Khor Alkharar and (B) Thuwal Island.
Statistical analyses, including descriptive statistics, linear regression analyses of leaf age vs. element, general linear models to test differences among stands, and Tukey HSD posthoc test to assess pairwise differences were carried out using JMP, a computer program for statistics developed by the SAS Institute.
Leaf Production and Nutrient Concentration
The number of meristems in Avicennia marina trees increased with tree girth both in Khor Alkharar and Thuwal Island (R2 = 0.95, F = 1350, P < 0.0001; and R2 = 0.98, F = 8809 and P < 0.0001, respectively; Figures 3A,B). When combined with tree density, girth distribution and previous estimates of nodes production (Table 1), these relationships allowed to estimate that Avicennia marina in Khor Alkharar produced 7871.5 leaves m−2 year−1 and the stand in Thuwal Island produced 7345.2 leaves m−2 year−1, which, provided the life span of Avicennia marina leaves is ≤1 year, is equivalent to the leaf litter fall fluxes, as grazing losses were minimal.
The average leaf nitrogen concentration in mg N g DW−1 tended to be low and was significantly higher in Petro Rabigh compared to the other mangrove stands, where average leaf nitrogen content did not differ significantly among these locations (Table 2A). Similarly, the average leaf phosphorous concentration was also low (Table 2A). Leaf P concentration and content did not vary significantly among stands (Table 2A). Likewise, the average leaf iron concentration was very low (Table 2), and both the average leaf iron concentration and content were higher in Petro Rabigh and Economic City compared to Khor Alkharar, while Thuwal Island showed intermediate values (Table 2A).
Table 2. (A) Mean (±SE) for nutrients concentration (mg g DW−1), nutrients content (mg leaf−1) and (B) nutrients resorption (%) in Avicennia marina leaves from four different locations in the Central Red Sea, and the results (F-ratio) from ANOVA and Tukey HSD post hoc tests for differences in nutrient concentrations among locations.
The nitrogen and phosphorous concentration in the leaves declined with leaf age as a result of either or both the dilution or leaching of nutrients as the leaves mature and expand (Figure 4). However, iron concentration was stable or tended to increase with leave age (Figure 4). The leaf nutrient content was highly variable between trees, with a general trend to decline in leaves around 200 days old in most of the trees suggesting a retrieval of nutrients from old leaves before these are shed (Figure 5). The trends in elemental concentration and content with leaf age were described, based on regression analysis (Tables S1, S2 and Figures S1, S2). The leaf P: Fe ratio declined sharply with leaf age from 20 in young leaves to around 3 in mature 200 days old then a ratio of 1 in senescing leaves, similarly, N: Fe also declined sharply from values of >1,000 to 100 in mature leaves of 200 days old then 50 in senescing leaves. Contrary, the leaf N: P ratio showed a general trend to increase from values of 30 in young leaves to around 40 at mature leaves of 200 days old and remained the same in senescing leaves (Figure 6).
Figure 4. Accumulation rate of nutrients concentration (Difference in mg g DW−1 to the value of the first leaf) with the age of Avicennia marina leaves in the Central Red Sea, each smoothed line present one tree branch in a tree.
Figure 5. Accumulation rate of nutrients content (difference in mg leaf−1 relative to the value of the youngest leaf) with age of Avicennia marina leaves in the Central Red Sea, each smoothed line present one tree branch in a tree.
Figure 6. Change in the leaf N: P, N: Fe, and P: Fe ratio with age of Avicennia marina leaves in the Central Red Sea. * for senescing leaves, ▴ for mature leaves. Solid line shows a smoothed line for trees within a location.
N and P resorption was detected in all sampled trees, whereas Fe resorption was not detected in one out of the 10 trees (Table 2B). There was no significant difference in resorption efficiency between locations for either N, P, or Fe (Table 2B). Hence, we calculated the grand mean (±SE) of resorption to be 69 ± 4% N, 72 ± 2% P and 42 ± 5% Fe, with Fe having lower resorption efficiency compared to N and P. Resorption efficiency was independent of the maximum nutrient concentration and, therefore, independent of the nutrient status of the plants. However, resorption of N and P were significantly correlated (rN−P = 0.8, P = 0.004), whereas that of Fe with either N or P was not significant (rFe−P = 0.6, P = 0.08; rN−Fe = 0.4, P = 0.29). Moreover, leaf stoichiometry (1918 C:36 N:1 P: 0.5 Fe for all leaves, Figure 7) showed a shift from mature leaves (1715 C: 39 N:1 P:0.5 Fe) to senescing leaves (4213 C:40 N:1 P: 1.1 Fe) involving a decrease in N/Fe and P/Fe ratios by half during senescence (Figure 7).
Figure 7. The average nutrient input from senescing leaves in Central Red Sea mangroves and the stoichiometric ratios of the leaf export flux (mature, senescing and average of all ages).
Nutrient Concentration and Accumlated Stock in the Sediment
Both sediment nutrient concentration in g DW Kg−1 and accumulated nutrient stock in sediment (Kg m−2) averaged over the top 30 cm of sediment did not differ significantly among sites for both nitrogen and phosphorous, whereas the iron sediment concentration was significantly higher in Petro Rabigh, followed by Economic City, Khor Alkharar, and mangroves in Thuwal Island showing the lowest Fe sediment stocks (Table 3).
Table 3. Mean (±SE) of nutrient concentration (g DW Kg−1) and accumulated stock (Kg m−2) in the top 30 cm of the sediment from four different mangrove locations in the Central Red Sea and the results (F-ratio and results from post-hoc Tukey HSD analysis) from ANOVA to tests for differences between locations.
Avicennia marina in the Central Red Sea was characterized by low nutrient concentrations, as expected from the oligotrophic nature of this ecosystem. The average leaf nitrogen concentration in mg N g DW−1 tended to be low, about half of the levels of 2% N of DW considered to represent nitrogen-sufficient plants, similarly, the average leaf phosphorous concentration was also low, about 1/3 of the 0.2% P of DW considered to represent P-sufficient plants (cf. Almahasheer et al. (2016b). And about half of the concentrations that was found the same species in Kenya of about 20 mg g DW−1, yet comparable to other species e.g., Xylocarpus granatum, Lumnitzera racemosa, Sonneratia alba in Kenya (Rao et al., 1994). Whereas, leaf nutrient content was highly variable between sites which could be due to different nutrient inputs. The N and P resorption efficiency were in the range of previous estimates of nutrient resorption in Avicennia marina elsewhere (Table 4), which, in turn, are in the higher range of nutrient resorption efficiency reported for aquatic and terrestrial plants (Hemminga et al., 1999; Chapin and Van Cleve, 2000; Reef et al., 2010). However, to the best of our knowledge, iron resorption had not been previously assessed in mangroves. Our results reveal a low iron resorption efficiency (≤42%) for Avicennia marina in the Central of the Red Sea, about half that for N and P. The comparatively low efficiency in iron resorption, compared to N and P resorption helps explain experimental results reporting that iron additions resulted in significantly taller plants compared with complete fertilizer additions, and consistent with the biogenic nature of the sediments in the Red Sea (Almahasheer et al., 2016b), similar to the iron deficiency of seagrass growing above carbonate sediments reported in the Mexican Caribbean (Duarte et al., 1995). These results also support the findings of a mesocosm experiment (Alongi, 2010) reporting that mangroves growth in some forests may be limited by the rate at which iron is solubilized by iron- reducing bacteria. Particularly when considering the high sediment Fe stock in this study of 1 Kg m−2 compared to around 0.1 Kg m−2 for N and P respectively.
Table 4. Comparison of nutrients resorption in Avicennia marina leaves from different locations worldwide.
The changes in N and P concentration with leaf age indicate that there is a dilution effect where an increased leaf mass can be sustained with the same amount of N and P. However this is not observed with iron, where concentration remains stable or increases, possibly because the concentration of iron is already very low in young leaves and may not be possible to decrease it further and maintain leaf functionality. Aerts and Chapin (1999) proposed that foliar N: P mass ratios <14 point at N limitation, whereas foliar ratios > 16 would indicate P limitation. This ratio has been used to show N limitation in Avicennia marina (Wei et al., 2015) and situations where the N:P ratio of mature leaves was higher than the one of young and senescent leaves (Zhou et al., 2010). However, N: P ratios should only be used to diagnose nutrient limitation when factors other than N or P are unlikely to be limiting (Güsewell and Koerselman, 2002). Hence, the prevalence of iron limitation in Central Red Sea renders the N: P ratios of limited diagnostic power. Rather, leaves N: Fe and P: Fe ratios should be taken in account.
The overall mean of 1918 C: 36 N:1 P: 0.5 Fe in our study revealed nutrient depletion, and was higher than those reported for both plankton 106 C:16 N:1 P (Redfield, 1963) and seagrass of 474 C:24 N:1 P (Duarte, 1990), yet, lower than terrestrial plant litter 3007 C:45 N:1 P (McGroddy et al., 2004). Whereas, C: N: P: Fe ratio in our study of (4213 C:40 N:1 P: 1.1 Fe) in senescing leaves was quite comparable to Avicennia marina senescent leaves in Kenya of 3869 C:52 N:1 P.
Also because of the poor resorption of iron during leaf senescence and the lack of dilution of iron, as opposed to N and P, during leaf development, the export flux of senescing leaves contains a high amount of iron of 1 g m−2 year−1 (Figure 7). Specifically, leaf stoichiometry (1918 C:36 N:1 P: 0.5 Fe for all leaves, Figure 7) showed a shift from mature leaves (1715 C: 39 N:1 P:0.5 Fe) to senescing leaves (4213 C:40 N:1 P: 1.1 Fe) involving a decrease in N/Fe and P/Fe ratios by half during senescence, indicative of poor resorption of iron during leaf senescence. Hence, the leaf export flux involved a comparatively high amount of Fe (Figure 7). This points at very high differential iron loss relative to N and P with leaf shedding. Therefore, leaf shedding represents a significant source of iron to the Red Sea, an oligotrophic ecosystem without rivers and where the annual budget of nutrients input from the Indian Ocean is considered to be null or even negative (Bethoux, 1988; Souvermezoglou et al., 1989). The leaf export flux of senescing leaves in this study was 813, 9, 0.4, and 1 g m−2 year−1 for C, N, P, and Fe respectively, which is extremely low when compared to the lower estimate of biomass and nutrients from the Matang Mangroves through leaf litter of about one billion g m−2 year−1 (Gong and Ong, 1990).
When considering the nutrient export with leaf shedding (Figure 7), extrapolated to the total area covered by mangroves in the Red Sea of around 135 km2 (Almahasheer et al., 2016a), This result in nutrient inputs from mangrove leaf litter (from the senescing leaves) release is 1,214 tons N, 59 tons P and 120 tons Fe. Although nitrogen fixation rates in Red Sea mangroves have not yet been quantified, nitrogen inputs are likely supported by nitrogen fixation from the atmosphere as the δ15N values in leaves, stems, roots and seeds of Avicennia marain in Central Red Sea were 1.7 ± 0.2 (Almahasheer, 2016), indicative of an atmospheric origin of nitrogen.
In summary, our results show that Avicennia marina in the Central Red Sea is able to support a tight nitrogen and phosphorus economy, reflected in the dilution of N and P during leaf development followed by high (about 70%) resorption capacity during leaf senescing, and ranged from 50 to 90% of N and P from different plant species (Aerts and Chapin, 1999). In contrast, however, iron is continuously supplied during leaf development and resorption efficiency is poor. As a result, the plants experience differentially high Fe, compared to N and P, losses, with leaf litter produced by mangroves representing a main source of bioavailable Fe for the Red Sea ecosystem.
HA, CD, and XI designed the study, and carried out the field measurements. HA did the analytical measurements. All authors contributed to the statistical analysis and writing of the manuscript.
The research reported in this paper was supported by King Abdullah University of Science and Technology through the baseline funding to XI and CD. We thank staff at the Coastal and Marine Resources core lab in KAUST, as well as Amr Gusti, Red Sea Research Centre, for help in the field, and Vijayalaxmi Dasari for sediment analyses.
The Supplementary Material for this article can be found online at: https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmars.2018.00204/full#supplementary-material
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Keywords: leaves, nitrogen, phosphorous, iron, limitation, retention, mangroves, coastal ecosystem
Citation: Almahasheer H, Duarte CM and Irigoien X (2018) Leaf Nutrient Resorption and Export Fluxes of Avicennia marina in the Central Red Sea Area. Front. Mar. Sci. 5:204. doi: 10.3389/fmars.2018.00204
Received: 06 September 2017; Accepted: 25 May 2018;
Published: 13 June 2018.
Christos Dimitrios Arvanitidis, Hellenic Centre for Marine Research, Greece
Paolo Magni, Consiglio Nazionale Delle Ricerche (CNR), Italy
Martin Zimmer, Leibniz Centre for Tropical Marine Research (LG), Germany
B. Mohan Kumar, Nalanda University, India
Copyright © 2018 Almahasheer, Duarte and Irigoien. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.
*Correspondence: Hanan Almahasheer, halmahasheer@iau.edu.sa
†Present Address: Xabier Irigoien, AZTI - Marine Research, Herrera Kaia, Portualdea z/g – 20110 Pasaia (Gipuzkoa), Spain IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao, Spain


March 1972, Everton are away to Manchester United, the result was a scoreless draw – I can sense you're already asking, what on earth is there to recall that's worth putting pen to paper over?
Well it was a tough time back then, as the miners were on strike against the Ted Heath led Tory government, the country was enduring power cuts, and heading inexorably and ultimately to three-day weeks and all sorts of other industrial strife.
I was still at grammar school in Salford when, because of the power cuts, the football authorities decided United should host the Blues on a Wednesday afternoon to avoid the need for floodlights.
Considering it was the middle of the working week, a more than respectable crowd of over 38,000 turned out to watch Frank O'Farrells United take on Harry Catterick and his boys in Royal Blue.
As an aside, O'Farrell lived right across the road from one of the school entrances and he was a real gentleman, never refused anyone an autograph and such was the demand, he had to ask the school to limit the queuing up to one afternoon a week.
He lined his United side up as follows: Alex Stepney, Tommy O'Neill, Tony Dunne, Martin Buchan, Steve James, David Sadler, Frank Burns, Alan Gowling, Brian Kidd, Denis Law and George Best, with Sammy McIlroy on the bench to eventually replace Gowling.
The Catt selected his Everton side: Gordon West, Peter Scott, John McLaughlin, Howard Kendall, Roger Kenyon, Colin Harvey, Billy Kenny, Terry Darracott, Mike Lyons, Tommy Wright and Bernie Wright.
Now being brutally honest, I don't remember too much about the actual game, nil-nil draws of over 46 years ago tend not to linger too long in the memory.
What I do recall vividly was a swathe of green, Salford Grammar Technical School uniform blazers, sprinkled around the Old Trafford terracing.
Back then SGTS accommodated in the region of 1200 pupils, the overwhelming majority of whom were United fans and a rough guesstimate would suggest in the region of 400 had 'wagged' the afternoon off school to watch the match.
The following morning's school assembly is what sticks in the memory.
After the prayers and the usual school notices, the Deputy Headmaster addressed the whole school, patently simmering as he desperately tried to keep a lid on his patent anger.
At this point, the teaching staff, bar one, and about two-thirds of the pupils left the assembly hall.
At a hint of sniggering from the remaining pupils, the Deputy Head turned to see the one teacher left on the stage behind him – Stan Hayton.
Stan was a Spanish teacher who hailed from Kirkby and was himself a passionate Evertonian.
The DH said, "Mr.Hayton, I will see you in my study privately after I've dealt with this lot", casting a large thumb over his shoulder in the direction of the remaining pupils.
Stan sloped off leaving the DH to then demand to know where everybody had been the previous afternoon.
He went to the first boy and back came the response, "Sir, I was at the doctor's".
He went to the second boy and back came the response, "Sir, I was at the dentist".
This carried on in metronomic, mind-numbing fashion and sitting four rows back, I lost interest and track of where I had allegedly been the previous day.
When he came to me, I was flummoxed and spurted, "Sir, I was at the dent.. er the doct… oh sod it, sir, you know I'm an Everton fan, I was at the match".
My mates were stunned, but the DH refrained from exploding and instead commented, "For being the only one so far, to be honest and admit you were at the match, you can go to your first class".
As I beat a hasty exit, he proclaimed to the rest that they would all serve post-school detentions and have to write a thousand word essay on 'Why watching Manchester United is not conducive to providing me with a suitable education'.
The icing on the cake was Stan, the Spanish teaching Bluenose, getting off with just a finger-wagging on the grounds that as most of his class pupils had been at the match, his non-attendance was akin to overseeing a school outing.
Happy Days, just wish we'd won.


Ring it on if you dare!
If you think 'Hi-Winds' you think 'Bright' right? And this year Amstel Bright provided even more fun on the beach with a simple game we reshaped for Amstel Bright. Every surf loving visitor had a chance at winning a retro collector's item Bright surf shirt by tossing a ring around an Amstel Bright bottle! You would think it is the easiest thing… Maybe some got a little distracted by the promo ladies.


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South Sudan: Trade Profile
Foreign trade accounted for 66% of the country's GDP in 2015 (World Bank, last available data). Policies established by South Sudanese government since its independence in 2011 aim to integrate the country into the international trade network. South Sudan has gradually moved closer to the East African Community (EAC), which includes Burundi, Kenya, Uganda, Tanzania and Rwanda, and has officially become its latest member to August 15, 2016. South Sudan has only one road connecting the capital Juba to Nimule on the border with Uganda. Road restoration should pave the way for trade with Central and East Africa. In 2020, South Sudan mainly imported vehicles (16.27% of total exports), electrical appliances (7.36%), machinery (6.37%), beverages (5.14%), flour (4.97%), food preparations (4.33%), sugar (3.84%), plastics (3.37%) and cereals (3.55%). The country mainly exported oil (82.6% of total exports) and gold (13.02%) (ITC, 2020).
South Sudan's main suppliers are China, The Netherlands, Thailand, Pakistan and Germany. Its main clients are China, Pakistan and Germany (ITC, 2017). The peace agreement signed in September 2018 to end the civil war led South Sudan and Sudan to open four border crossings, which will increase commercial traffic.
According to the World Bank, South Sudan's balance of trade posted a surplus of USD 888 million in 2019 (after a deficit of USD 1.135 billion in 2014). In 2018, exports of services reached USD 217 million (+ 11%), while imports amounted to USD 596 million (+ 7%) (WTO). In 2020, due to the COVID-19 pandemic, global trade volumes decreased sharply. South Sudan's exports were hit by the collapse in oil prices. In 2021, South Sudan imported goods for USD 39.767 million while it exported for USD 3.961 billion, resulting in a trade deficit of USD 35.806 billion (ITC, 2021). South Sudan proceeded to rebuild the facilities for the production and export of hydrocarbons, and stability was restored, which supported oil exports.
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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Commission Decision No. 02-M-041-2019: Proposed Acquisition by Fernwood Holdings, Inc. of Shares in Liquigaz Philippines Corporation
Commission Decision No. 02-M-041-2019: Proposed Acquisition by Fernwood Holdings, Inc. of Shares in Liquigaz Philippines Corporation ABSTRACT: The proposed transaction pertains to the acquisition by Fernwood Holdings, Inc. ("Fernwood"), a Philippine holding company, of the following shares of stock held by Canaria Holdings Corporation ("Canaria") in the following corporations: Eight Hundred Twenty-Six Thousand Five… continue reading ››
Commission Decision No. 01-M-33/2019: Proposed Acquisition of Chelsea Logistics Holdings Corporation of Shares in Trans-Asia Shipping Lines, Inc.
Commission Decision No. 42-M-038/2018: Merger of iPeople, Inc. and AC Education, Inc.
Commission Decision No. 42-M-038/2018: Merger of iPeople, Inc. and AC Education, Inc. ABSTRACT: The proposed transaction is a merger between iPeople Inc. a subsidiary of House of Investments Inc. and AC Education Inc. (AEI) , a subsidiary of Ayala Corporation, with iPeople as the surviving entity of the merger. Both iPeople and AEI are… continue reading ››
Commission Decision No. 41-M-037/2018: Acquisition by PT Indonesia Asahan Aluminum (Persero) of Shares in PT Freeport Indonesia
Commission Decision No. 41-M-037/2018: Acquisition by PT Indonesia Asahan Aluminum (Persero) of Shares in PT Freeport Indonesia ABSTRACT: PT Indonesia Asahan Aluminium (Persero) ("Inalum") is proposing to increase its (direct and indirect) shareholding in PT Freeport Indonesia ("PTFI") from 9.36% to 51.232%. The transaction is subject to required regulatory approvals in a number of… continue reading ››
Commission Decision No. 40-M-036/2018: Acquisition by Mulgrave Corporation B.V. of Shares in Rose Pharmacy, Inc.
Commission Decision No. 40-M-036/2018: Acquisition by Mulgrave Corporation B.V. of Shares in Rose Pharmacy, Inc. ABSTRACT: The proposed transaction is between Mulgrave Corporation B.V. (MCBV) and BRG Realty Corporation (BRG). MCBV currently owns 49% of the issued and outstanding shares of Rose Pharmacy, Inc. (RPI). MCBV is now considering acquiring the remaining 51% of… continue reading ››
Commission Decision No. 39-M-040-2018: Acquisition by Kepco Philippines Holdings, Inc. of Shares in Solar Philippines Calatagan Corporation
Commission Decision No. 39-M-040-2018: Acquisition by Kepco Philippines Holdings, Inc. of Shares in Solar Philippines Calatagan Corporation ABSTRACT: The proposed transaction involves the acquisition of KPHI, a wholly-owned corporation of Korea Electric Power Corporation, of a 38% equity interest in SPCC (the "Transaction"). SPCC has been established to develop, finance, design, engineer, construct, complete,… continue reading ››
Commission Resolution No. 20-2018: Approving and Adopting the Enforcement Strategy and Prioritization Guidelines
Commission Decision No. 38-M-031/2018 In the Matter of Macsteel Global S.à.r.l. B.V. and MSSA Investments B.V.'s Alleged Violation of the Compulsory Notification Requirements Under Section 2.1 of the PCC Rules on Merger Procedure
Commission Decision No. 38-M-031/2018 In the Matter of Macsteel Global S.à.r.l. B.V. and MSSA Investments B.V.'s Alleged Violation of the Compulsory Notification Requirements Under Section 2.1 of the PCC Rules on Merger Procedure [PCC Case No. M-2018-005]
Commission Decision No. 37-M-031/2018 Acquisition by Macsteel Global S.à.r.l. B.V. of Shares in Macsteel International Holdings B.V.
Commission Decision No. 37-M-031/2018 Acquisition by Macsteel Global S.à.r.l. B.V. of Shares in Macsteel International Holdings B.V. ABSTRACT: The target firm in the proposed transaction, Macsteel International Holdings B.V. ("MIHBV"), is a joint venture company whose shares are held 50% by Macsteel Global S.à.r.l. B.V. ("MacGlobal") and 50% by MSSA Investments B.V. ("MSSA"), a… continue reading ››
Commission Decision No. 36-M-035/2018: Acquisition by Coca-Cola South Asia Holdings, Inc. and Coca-Cola Holdings (Overseas) Limited of Shares in Coca-Cola FEMSA Philippines, Inc.
Commission Decision No. 36-M-035/2018: Acquisition by Coca-Cola South Asia Holdings, Inc. and Coca-Cola Holdings (Overseas) Limited of Shares in Coca-Cola FEMSA Philippines, Inc. ABSTRACT: The proposed transaction is the acquisition by Coca-Cola South Asia Holdings, Inc. and Coca-Cola Holdings (Overseas) Limited of the 51% stake in the Coca-Cola FEMSA Philippines, Inc. (CCFPI) held by… continue reading ››


Our train from Satna – an express train from Varanasi to LTT terminal, Mumbai - reached Jabalpur quite late - nearly 2 hours – at 08.30 in the night. The hotel had offered a free pick up from the station. But the taxi wasn't in sight, despite a personal conversation with the travel manager of the hotel. Probably there was a goof up. We were, in fact, frustrated, waiting outside the chilly railway station and that too, after a boring rail travel. I had to give the hotel reception staff a bit of my mind in the strongest terms. To appease us, the manager offered a free breakfast to us for the next morning. Other than this goof up, the hotel, the stay there, and the food were excellent.
Next morning, we had arranged a taxi to take us to Bheda Ghat Marble rocks – some 25 kilometers away from Jabalpur town - and other sightseeing places around Jabalpur.
On our way, we stopped over at the 'Balancing Rock' and Rani Durgawati Fort. From the picture of the balancing rock you might wonder how these rocks had been balancing themselves delicately over thousands of years, as I had wondered too. Rani Durgawati Fort is situated on a small hill, and one can view this dilapidated fort, climbing some 200 steps. In northern India, this is possibly the story in many places; several kings and queens building small forts in places not easily accessible to enemies, to protect or hide themselves from (mostly) the barbaric Islamic invaders. Or, some of them hideouts built by Islamic chieftains to protect their Hindu concubine queens from the view of others.
We also went to a famous 1000-year-old Tiruparasundari temple.
Bheda Ghat offers a fabulous view of Narmada River flowing between tall marble rocks, just similar to a canyon.
After loitering around the viewpoints and after doing window shopping at several makeshift shops selling exquisitely carved marble statues and articles of varied sizes along the way we went for the boat ride on the river. Another remarkable experience. A small boat which can accommodate about 15 persons.
The boat rower told a number of stories about the river, the rocks, the film shootings, the film stars, and what not as he rowed the boat. Some funny, some hilarious, and some not-so-serious stories. At many places, the river was quite narrow between tall rocks and was a bit scary too. The pictures on the sides will tell the beauty of the river and the marble rocks. No need to explain in word.
At one place, three young lads, not even 10-12 aged, jumped from sharp rocks, some 100 meters tall, into the river to entertain the boat riders and collect money. Dare devils! The river was very deep in many places – some 80 to 100 feet deep.
After visiting Bheda Ghat, we went to Bargi dam – another 40 kilometers drive. I have read about Bargi dam that it was one of the first of the chain of 38 dams built across Narmada River for irrigation and power generation. However, it turned out that other than a cruise on the waters there was nothing else to see there. When we went, only a motorized speed boat was run, and we had a 5 minutes ride in a speed boat for the first time in our life. Visitors, better avoid Bargi dam, if you want to save time.
We returned back quite disappointed from Bargi dam, went straight to the 76 feet tall Lord Shiva Statue temple in Kachnar, on the outskirts of Jabalpur.
A mammoth statue, indeed. We could see a lot of people visiting the temple – some devotees and many tourists. From there, we rushed to Gwarighat to watch the holy Aarti to Narmada River, which takes place at 7 at night every day. In the chilly darkness of the night, with the silhouette of the river in the background, five pundits performed the Pooja and Aarti to Narmada Devi to the meticulous chanting of Vedic mantras. Yes, in India, all rivers are considered very holy and as a form of female gods, reverently called Devis. The Aarti song always lifts up my mood, anywhere, everywhere, and anytime. So, for about thirty minutes I spent my time in some different world, forgetting all my worldly connections. Really, a fantastic spiritual experience. A must see when one visits Jabalpur. There was quite a good crowd to watch the Aarti. In fact, they allowed a number of visitors too to perform the Aarti, holding the huge Aarti plates. We were one among the fortunate to perform this Aarti.
After the Aarti got over, we were dropped off at the Jabalpur railway station to catch our 21.30 train to Ujjain. We reached Ujjain the next morning at around 08.30 am.
"Short Stories for Young Readers: For Personality Development- Book 1"


Brothers and best friends Wilbur and Earl are looking for their new forever home. Both boys will be 10 this year and have been together since birth. These two adorable pals are a bonded pair and need to be adopted together. Earl and Wilbur prefer the retired, easy life and have quiet, submissive natures. They don't require much space and enjoy watching people carry on with their silly human activities from the comfort of their soft beds.
Earl is a very happy and well adjusted boy. He has shorts bursts of excitable energy, loves snacks and playing with stuffed toys. Cheerful Earl has a common pug problem of chronic dry eye and doesn't mind his daily eye drops. He also appears to be blind in this eye but doesn't let it slow him down any!
Wilbur is very affectionate and loves to be petted, brushed and hugged. He will paw at you begging you to pet him just a little longer. Cuddly Wilbur is growing in athleticism thanks to a treatment he is receiving for his hip dysplasia. His treatment will be over in July, but he may require maintenance with this condition. Though he's a little clumsy, he enjoys spending time with his brother, foster friends and the neighborhood children.
Both boys get along well with other animals including cats, are kennel trained and housebroken. They enjoy daily walks and love soft chew toys. If you are looking for some low key pals to keep you company around the house, Earl and Wilbur could be your pair!
They will be adopted together for $250.


From the University of California, Irvine, Project Hope Alliance, Second Harvest and THINK Together, the 'Our Kids' podcast series features the issues impacting our kids and thwarting their ability to end the cycle of hunger, homelessness and under education. Through dialogue and study we can both educate and invigorate our community to see and meet the needs of our children. Join the conversation.


Thirty-five years ago today, Barry and I began our lives together promising to love each other for better, for worse, for richer, for poorer, in sickness and in health. Thirty-five years is a long time, yet it slipped through our fingers so quickly. Through it all, we've seen God's faithfulness over and over. Happy Anniversary, hon. I love you!
We dance together, you and I, in step to life's music.
Twirls us around dizzy, back and forth.
Bring matching steps of duty.
We will always dance . . . together.
Happy Anniversary, Barry and Sarah!
Thank you, Jo Ann and Cindy! Grateful for God's blessings all along the way . . .


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Researchers mine Twitter to reveal Congress' ideological divide on climate change
by Thea Singer May 30, 2016
The deep ocean is not on fire. So what's all that soot doing in…
Twitter has banned political ads. Is Facebook next?
Marine organisms can evolve and adapt to new climates. But will they?
The first line of defense for Hurricane Dorian is the shoreline
Want to win a pair of Airpods? Enter this global photo contest.
Experience the catwalk with the Fashion and Retail Society
Hang out with the Recreational Rock Climbing Club
Tune in to Pitch, Please!
Live the NU Motorsports experience
Does human activity drive global climate change? For members of Congress, the answer often depends on party affiliation. In general, Republicans say "nay," Democrats "yea."
A research team led by Brian Helmuth—professor in the College of Science and the School of Public Policy and Urban Affairs—wants to change that.
In a new paper published Monday in the journal Climate Change Responses, Helmuth and his Northeastern colleagues analyzed the Twitter accounts of U.S. senators to see which legislators followed research-oriented science organizations, including those covering global warming. Democrats, they found, were three times more likely than Republicans to follow them, leading the researchers to note that "overt interest in science may now primarily be a 'Democrat' value."
Yet out of that political polarization, says Helmuth, came a ray of hope: 15 Senate Republicans bridged the aisle, displaying a draw to science and thus a way to bring scientific information to those not receiving it on their own.
"Increasingly, people are using Facebook and Twitter as a means of getting news, which determines what information they are exposed to," says Helmuth. A marine biologist and an ecologist, Helmuth investigates the effects of climate change on marine organisms, aiming to provide policymakers with scientifically accurate forecasts to inform their decisions.
"Our study tells us which organizations and senators we should work with to get science-related findings into the hands of people who otherwise might not see them," says Helmuth.
Two distinct 'echo chambers'
The study sprang from the researchers' desire to make their forecasts more accessible to policymakers. The coauthors of the paper are Tarik Gouhier, assistant professor, and Steven Scyphers, associate research scientist, both in the Department of Marine and Environmental Sciences at Northeastern, and Jenn Mocarski, administrative assistant in the School of Public Policy and Urban Affairs.
"We used to make forecasts using quantitative methods and then put them out in the world," says Helmuth. "The shift now is: Let's start by learning what information end users actually want. What matters to them, and what common ground can we find to communicate our science in an effective way?"
The bias was so great that the two parties were seeing completely different worlds.
— Brian Helmuth, professor
They turned to Twitter to unearth the legislators' interests as well as the image each office projected to the public: Was a particular senator "pro science" or not? All told, they evaluated Twitter data from 89 senators—49 Republicans, 38 Democrats, and two Independents. In the paper they include a list of the total number of Twitter accounts followed by each senator and the proportion of accounts categorized as "science."
Using network analysis, they sifted through the nearly 79,000 Twitter accounts the senators followed and tracked how their science-related follows compared with their votes on amendments to the Keystone XL pipeline bill, including one regarding the role of human activity in causing climate change.
Not surprisingly, says Helmuth, the Republican and Democratic senators landed in two distinct "echo chambers." The Republicans were, let's say, in right field, bouncing the same select information back and forth, and the Democrats were in left field, bouncing their own select information back and forth.
"The bias was so great that the two parties were seeing completely different worlds," says Helmuth. "That leaves no basis for dialogue. They weren't looking at, for instance, a report with the Republicans saying, 'I interpret this report this way based on my political leanings,' and the Democrats saying, 'Well, I interpret it this way.' The divisions have gotten so great that identifying as being 'pro science' or not now looks as if it's part of party identity."
Seeking common ground
Yet there's good news, too, notes Helmuth. The researchers found it by correlating the senators' Twitter follows with their pipeline amendment votes. There are champions of science in both parties, says Helmuth, "people we identified who are willing to cross party lines and to get information from both ends of the spectrum."
The science of climate change is not political—it's based on objective facts. It's the solutions to climate change that are political.
Helmuth suggests that scientists target these "crossovers," as well as apolitical "boundary organizations," which straddle the science-policy divide, to help get their messages across. Focusing the conversation on issues everyone cares about, such as national defense and human health, opens doors, too.
"The science of climate change is not political—it's based on objective facts," says Helmuth. "It's the solutions to climate change that are political. But you can't force information down people's throats, and oftentimes you can't even influence positions with data. You need to concentrate on where people are starting from—the stories that are relevant to them. Then you put what you're trying to say in that context."
Research carbon emissions echo chambers emocrats global climate change global warming Keystone XL pipeline mcs-research Republicans twitter
Thea Singer.
Brian Helmuth b.helmuth@neu.edu
Professor of Marine and Environmental Sciences
She bought a one-way ticket out of Moscow and never looked back
At the age of 15, Elina Mariutsa bought a one-way ticket out of Moscow and never looked back, leaving behind…
How two foodie friends became gurus on the 'gram
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Personalise this Grandparents 8x10 wooden frame with any message over 2 lines and up to 30 characters per line.
The personalisation will feature below the photograph.'Grandparents' is fixed text.
The frame can hold a 8\"\"x 10\"\" Print or comes with a mount board to display 5 photos.


text:
The Fortified Church of St. Arbogast () in the municipality of Muttenz in the Swiss canton of Basel-Land is the only church in Switzerland that is surrounded by a defensive wall.  It is an example of the fortified church type of construction, and is a Swiss heritage site of national significance. The church is still used as a local village church.

History
The first church on the site was built in the Early Middle Ages, possibly as early as the 6th century but certainly by the 8th century.  It is first mentioned in 793.  Around 1000 the nave was extended toward the west.  The second church was built around 1100.  This new building had a wider and longer nave and the choir was rectangular with massive walls.  The second church was replaced in the mid-12th century by the third church, parts of which still stand today.  The third church, a Romanesque building, had a round apse, a rectangular choir and a bell tower on the north side which were probably grafted on the earlier nave.  The church was heavily damaged in the 1356 Basel earthquake.  Three years later, under Konrad Münch-Löwenberg, the church was rebuilt.  The rounded apse was replaced with the current rectangular choir and the nave was raised to a height of about  below its current height.  In 1420 Hans Thüring Münch-Eptingen became the owner of the village and had a new, larger bell tower built.  Five years later, his mother gave the church a bell.

Under Hans Thüring Münch-Eptingen the church was fortified with a  rampart around 1435.  The walls had two gatehouses north and south of the church.  By fortifying St. Arbogast, the towns people now had defenses to replace the destroyed Hintere Wartenberg, Mittlere Wartenberg and Vordere Wartenberg Castles.  The northern gatehouse is decorated with the coat of arms of the Münch or Münch von Münchenstein family.   In 1450 Hans Thüring had the interior of the church covered in frescoes.  The Münch family had to sell the right to appoint priests and collect money for the church to Peter zum Luft in the late 15th century.  He probably built the charnal house adjoining the church.  After Peter's death, Arnold zum Luft took over the church in 1474.  Under Arnold, the nave was raised the final  to its current height and in 1504 given a richly painted wooden ceiling by Ulrich Bruder.  Large windows were added on the north and south sides of the nave.  Additional frescoes depicting the legend of St. Arbogast were added in 1507.  In 1513 the charnal house was decorated with frescoes on the interior and exterior walls and ceiling.

In 1517 the city of Basel took over the church.  When Basel converted to the new faith of the Protestant Reformation in 1528, St. Arbogast became a Protestant church.  The relics of St. Arbogast were destroyed and the altars were sold off.  The frescoes were painted over as part of the wave of iconoclasm from the Reformation.

The Sigristenhaus was built outside the south wall in 1553.  In 1630 the bell tower was had an additional story added to it and was topped with a pointed spire.  At the same time, the nave windows were replaced with new pointed arch windows and another pointed arch window was added on the south side of the choir.  During the 17th century the Wächterhaus was added to the south wall to the west of the Sigristenhaus.

The town decided to demolish the walls and gatehouses around the church in 1853, but Zurich historian Johann Rudolf Rahn convinced the council in Basel to preserve them instead.  In 1880/81 the church was renovated and the old frescoes were discovered.  However their condition was judged to be too poor and they were covered in new plaster.  The only exception was a painting of the Last Judgment above the portal which was repainted in 1884 by Karl Jauslin. In the 1970s the church was renovated again.  This time, the 19th century plaster was removed and the medieval frescoes were restored.  A new organ was built by Neidhart & Lhòte in Geneva in 1976.  Today's congregation forms part of the Evangelical Reformed Church of the Canton Basel-Landschaft.

Frescoes

Nave
All three walls are decorated with a series of paintings of the Apostles (1507).  Additionally, the south side had the life of Mary and the Ten Commandments (1507).  The west side is the Last Judgment (1507), repainted in 1884 by Karl Jauslin. The north side is a fresco of the Passion (1507).

Choir
On the north side of the choir above the sacristy is the apostle's medallion from the early 14th century.  A fragment of another medallion is visible on the opposite wall.  Also on the north wall are two frescoes of the life of St. Arbogast from 1450.  In the first King Dagobert brings his son Siegbert, killed in the hunt, to Bishop of Strassburg, Arbogast, and asks for help.  In the second the king and his wife pray as Arbogast awakens Siegbert from death.

On the south side the frescoes depict the Assumption of Mary and her crowning in heaven.  Another fresco from 1450 shows Saint Nicholas giving three gold purses to the daughters of a poor man.

The vault of the choir features the coat of arms of Münch-Löwenberg from the second half of the 14th century.  The remaining frescoes were too badly damaged to be repaired.
The rest of the paintings were badly destroyed.

Charnal house
The exterior of the charnal house has a fresco of Saint Christopher on the left side and protective mantel on the right.  Saint Michael is above the door and the year 1513 is above the window.  Inside the charnal house is a fresco of the Last Judgement from 1513 and an example of the Legend of the grateful dead from the same year.  The legend is of a knight who always prays for the souls of the dead.  One day he is attacked by robbers and the dead come to his aid, driving off the robbers.

Gallery

References

 Muttenz - Gesicht einer aufstrebenden Stadtsiedlung; Kanton Basel-Landschaft, 1968
 Werner Meyer; Burgen von A bis Z, Burgenlexikon der Regio; Basel, 1981

External links

Fortified church buildings in Switzerland
Fortified Church of St. Arbogast
Fortified Church of St. Arbogast
Fortified Church of St. Arbogast
Fortified Church of St. Arbogast

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
13 killed in building collapse in Syria's second city
A building collapsed Sunday in Syria's second city of Aleppo, killing 13 people including children, authorities and media reported. The stat...
A building collapsed Sunday in Syria's second city of Aleppo, killing 13 people including children, authorities and media reported.
The state news agency SANA had initially given a death toll of 10 before quoting an interior ministry statement revising it upwards to 13 and projecting that it was likely to rise.
A Kurdish news agency meanwhile said five children were among the dead, and a war monitor said they were all Syrians displaced during more than a decade of fighting in the country.
Only one person had been rescued from the rubble, the interior ministry said, adding that rescue and search efforts were ongoing.
The five-storey building, which was inhabited by seven families, had collapsed in the early hours of the day, the ministry added.
Locals told AFP that about 35 people lived in the building.
Video footage shared on state television showed dozens of rescue workers toiling to unearth people from the rubble while bulldozers worked to clear the debris.
SANA quoted a police source as saying earlier that the building, located in Aleppo's Sheikh Maksoud neighbourhood, had collapsed "due to a water leak" in the foundations.
Much of Aleppo was destroyed during Syria's nearly 12-year conflict, with many of the remaining buildings left in a decrepit state.
The Britain-based Syrian Observatory for Human Rights reported that the victims were all displaced people from the northern district of Afrin.
The Sheikh Maksoud neighbourhood is predominantly inhabited by Syrian Kurds and governed by the People's Protection Units (YPG).
Many of its residents fled from Afrin after Turkey began an offensive there in 2018.
Nearly half a million people have been killed in Syria's conflict since it broke out in 2011, and about half of its pre-war population has been displaced.
Many of those displaced have had to move into buildings that are structurally unsound, resulting in relatively frequent collapses.
Last September, a building collapse in the Ferdaws neighbourhood of Aleppo killed 10 people, including three children.
And in February 2019, another collapse in the city killed 11 people, including four children.


text:
Q: Bootstrap Row/Container is cut off when columns expand to new line I am trying to build a mobile-first header. I have a single div class="row" with 4 columns on a single line for viewports of md, lg, but when the viewport drops to sm, xs I push 2 columns to a new row, and at this point the row and/or fluid-container does not resize (grow in height) causing a cut-off that only shows the top two columns.
Is there a way to prevent this, or to tell Bootstrap 3's row or container to grow?
Customer and total are cut off on xs and sm views, the gray area is a new div with the main page's content:

          {{subtitle}}

          {{title}}

          Total

          {{Total | currency}}

A: Try this. I built it from scratch to get away from the extra classes in your code so you could clearly see what's going on. I'm basically just relying on Bootstrap to stack the cols for me at different display widths - without overdoing the classes.
I think this is what you're going for.
Here's a Fiddle

            Invoice

            <button class="btn btn-default">Void</button>
            <button class="btn btn-default">Post</button>

                <select class="form-control">
                </select>

            Totals

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


Marie Kondo is an organization guru and she will show us today how to clean up efficiently. Help the girl to clean this house up. Sort clothes, get rid of the dust and choose a complete outfit for Marie Kondo. Have fun!


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text:
namespace config
{
	std::string _executable_folder;

	void set_folder(const char* exec_path)
	{
		_executable_folder = exec_path;
		size_t last = _executable_folder.find_last_of('/');
		if(last == std::string::npos)
			last = _executable_folder.find_last_of('\\');
		if(last == std::string::npos)
			_executable_folder = "./";
		else
			_executable_folder.resize(last + 1);
	}

	std::string to_abs(const std::string& path)
	{
		std::string r = _executable_folder;
		r += path;
		return r;
	}
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
Tvoríme nové vedomosti a dodržiavame termíny
Current Page Parent Our activities
Populist governance and policies in central governments led by populist parties. National Report Slovakia
Our activities 22. August 2021 admin
Author(s): Andrej Školkay, Igor Daniš, Veronika Vass-Vigh, Rastislav Bednárik, Ivan
Smieško
After the parliamentary elections in 2016, the government was formed by the social democratic party Smer-SD (Direction -Social Democracy), the (self-defined) national, centreright conservative Slovak National Party (SNS) and Most-Híd (the Bridge), the liberal "civic" party of ethnic minorities, with an emphasis on the Hungarian minority.
In fact there were two rather competing political parties in the government: social democracy Smer-SD introduced social measures and minimum wage upgrades mostly through the Cabinet legislative initiatives (which increased public spending) and some long-term probusiness measures such as de-bureaucratisation packages (to be discussed later), while SNS managed to pass tax breaks for SMEs and other short-term and mid-term pro-business measures (which reduced public revenues) as well as competed in proposing policy measures aimed at employees, pensioners and families (which also increased public spending and debt). Smer-SD for most of the period was rather conservative in governmental spending, in an attempt to show fiscal responsibility. Thus, although it showed occasionally some populist rhetoric, features and initiatives (especially before the general elections), it could not be identified as full-blown populist party. This, however, cannot be said about SNS. In contrast to these parties, Most-Híd represented a moderate, clearly anti-populist part of the government.
From March 2016 to March 2018 the government was headed by the Prime minister Robert Fico (Smer-SD). After a series of public protests related to the murder of the journalist Ján Kuciak, Fico was replaced as PM by his party deputy, Peter Pellegrini, who served as PM from March 2018 to March 2020, when Smer-SD could not find coalition partners after the general elections, to form a new government. It should be mentioned that SNS fared poorly in February 2020 Parliamentary elections, barely passing the 3% threshold that qualified it for state contributions but not for any seat in the Parliament.
NationalReport_Task5.2-SLOVAKIAFINALStiahnuť
Symposium on Social Media and Regulation in Converged Environment
New Media Literacy for Media Professionals (seminar Timisoara, September 2013)
Successful Seminar on Online Media in Romania
Škola komunikácie a médií, n.o. © 2023. All Rights Reserved.


Newly released by Nike and now available at Sports Fitness is the Nike Pro Older Girls Shorts (Black). These shorts are part of the latest Nike clothing range and are available to order today in numerous sizes that are suitable for girls aged between 8-10 years.
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text:
Q: PHP PREG_MATCH 2 criterias How can I do this easily:
$ipp='/(?:(?:25[0-5]|2[0-4][0-9]|[01]?[0-9][0-9]?)\.){3}(?:25[0-5]|2[0-4][0-9]|[01]?[0-9][0-9]?)([\s\:\-]+[0-9]{2,5})/'; // IP Address

preg_match_all($ipp, $line, $matches);

This matches ip:port in multiple formats. I want to define a second criteria like you would do it at a shell script with (A && B) that only match if the port number is NOT "143" exactly. In the future I would might like to extend this with additional ports like "993", "995" etc.
Thanks

A: Whenever I have to do a task like that, I create a custom function for it so I could modify it, add - remove parameters, if it needs more functions, I create an object. in that case I will just create a function for that tsak.
    function check($ip, $against){
        $ipChecked = false;
        $againstChecked = false;
        //pregmatch statement with the ip, if true, the $ipChecked = true;
        //pregmatch $against with the ip, if false then $againstChecked = true;
        if ($ipchecked === true && $againstChecked===true)
             return true;
        else
             return false;
    }

Feel free to customise that function to add any parameter you want
then use it like this:
$ip = '145.254.021';
$against ='143';
$check = check($ip, $against);
if($check === true){
     //Insert code here...
}

Did I understood your question well?


text:
Sriramachandra
Sriramachandra is a 1992 Indian Kannada-language film directed by D. Rajendra Babu and produced by P. Dhanraj.[1] The film stars Ravichandran in dual roles, along with Mohini, Vajramuni and Srinath amongst others. The music and lyrics were composed by Hamsalekha. The film is a remake of the Tamil film Kalyanaraman (1979), written by Panchu Arunachalam.
D. Rajendra Babu
R. Rajashekhar (dialogues)
Screenplay by
Panju Arunachalam
P. Dhanaraj
Ravichandran
Srinath
Vajramuni
Kabir Lal
K. Balu
Music by
2 Cast
SynopsisEdit
Srirama and Chandra are twins born to Srinath and Sumithra. Over a family difference, the couple splits and Srirama lives with his father in the Kalasa (Chikmagalur district) tea estate, while Chandra is raised by his mother in Bangalore city. Srirama is born as an innocent and immature boy whose life revolves around his father and friend Seetha, whom he intends to marry. However, with an urge over property, Srinath's manager Vajramuni hatches a successful plan to murder him and leaves Srirama orphaned and the sole property owner. Srirama, without a knowledge in accounts, gets cheated regularly by his manager. Before dying, Srirama's father reveals the secret about his mother and twin brother staying in Bangalore. Knowing this, manager tricks a drama couple as his mother and brother and makes him believe it. However, Srirama learns about the gang's plan and runs away to inform the police. En route, he gets killed by falling off a cliff, making Seetha lose her consciousness and become mentally unstable. The rest of the plot tells about how Srirama becomes a ghost and informs all the incidents to his twin brother in the city and how Chandra deals with the situation.
CastEdit
Ravichandran as Srirama and Chandra
Mohini as Geetha
Vajramuni as Estate manager
Dheerendra Gopal as Bhatta
Mukhyamantri Chandru
Umashree
Sumithra as Rajalakshmi
Rajanand as Estate Jeep driver
Shivaram
Krishne Gowda as Estate Lawyer
Mafia Shashi as lingappa
Bank Suresh
Tiger Juneja
Stunt Devu
SongsEdit
Hamsalekha composed and written all songs of the movie which became hits.[2]
1 "Gaganadali Maleya Dina" Mano, K. S. Chithra
2 "Enaayitu Nanageedina" S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, K. S. Chithra
3 "Bhootavilla Pishachiyilla" S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, Mano
4 "Sundari Sundari" S. P. Balasubrahmanyam
5 "Sundari Sundari" (sad version) Mano[3][4][5]
ReceptionEdit
The film and music composed by Hamsalekha was well received and the audio sales hit a record high.
^ Sriramachandra (1992)
^ "Shriramachandra film songs". Jio Saavan.com. Retrieved 10 July 2021.
^ "Sriramachandra Kannada film songs". Jiosaavn.com. Retrieved 24 March 2022.
^ "Sriramachandra Kannada movie songs". pendujatt. Retrieved 24 March 2022.
^ "Sriramachandra Kannada movie songs". wsongs.com. Retrieved 24 March 2022.
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