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Medieval Indonesia
The Ancient Languages of Indonesia
Jun 23, 2017·10 min read
In the last post I described what we mean when we talk about 'medieval Indonesia' or 'ancient Indonesia'. Plenty of historical work is set more or less in that region, a region that actually amounts to the main landmasses, and generally the coastal parts of those, in western Indonesia and Malaysia: Sumatra, Java, Bali, Borneo, and the Malay Peninsula. Eastern Indonesia is treated entirely separately by historians. The reason for that is that writing and Indian influence were not really present east of Borneo and Bali, at least not to the same extent as they were in that core region. And this is true; it's not how I think history should be done these days ('prehistory' is just part of human history) and eastern Indonesia played an enormous role in making the archipelago what it was when Muslims and Europeans started arriving in large numbers. But it is certainly true that 'Indianization' and inscriptions were restricted to the western islands.
So if you want to use primary sources on Indonesia/Indo-Malaysia before the sixteenth century then the languages you need are mostly from western Indonesia and India. Chinese and Arabic are also helpful, the former especially so. There are also European sources from the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries (Polo, Odoric, Conti). The reports in Portuguese by Tomé Pires, Duarte Barbosa, and Afonso de Albuquerque the younger (among many others) from the early-to-mid sixteenth century are extremely useful in making sense of the history of poorly documented parts like Ternate.
Ethnohistory is important in Indonesia because of the relative lack of local sources, and I'll write a post on European, Middle Eastern, and Chinese texts on the archipelago at some point. In this post, though, I'll give a brief survey of the local languages that a historian of Indo-Malaysia up to 1500 CE might need. In sort-of-chronological order, they are: Sanskrit, Malay, Javanese, and Sundanese. Aside from Sanskrit, they are all related languages — all are members of the Malayo-Polynesian branch of the Austronesian language family, and therefore related to Māori, Malagasy, Fijian, and countless others in the Indo-Pacific.
a) Sanskrit.
The first inscriptions in the archipelago come from eastern Borneo, way away from the main trade routes. Nobody really understands why this is, actually, but either way they were inscribed in the fourth century CE in Sanskrit. Sanskrit is an Indo-European language of North India, but the script used in these early inscriptions (along with a few other clues) suggests that it was brought to Southeast Asia by South Indians — Tamil speakers, perhaps — and first by Hindus rather than Buddhists. Sanskrit seems to have been the only language of Indonesian inscriptions for at least a few centuries; other Sanskrit inscriptions include the Purnawarman stones from West Java, dated to the fifth century, and the Canggal inscription from Central Java, dated 732 CE. Sanskrit was gradually replaced by local languages, however, and for the period I'm interested in (fourteenth and fifteenth centuries) Sanskrit isn't a particularly useful language to know, except to the extent that it helps you to figure out the meanings of loanwords in the local languages.
One of the inscribed stones from Kutai, eastern Borneo, c. 350 CE? Currently in the Museum Nasional, Jakarta.
Sanskrit is difficult and time-consuming. It has a tricky inflectional morphology that takes time to fully understand. I do not know Sanskrit, although I'm familiar with a good chunk of the common vocabulary. If you're really into this early period, however, it seems essential.
b) Malay
Malay is a big language — really a group of closely related dialects spread over a wide geographical area with lots of loanwords mixed in, somewhat akin to modern English. It has something like 300 million speakers, although most of these grow up bilingual with something else (Javanese, maybe, or Ternate, or Minangkabau); either way it's one of the biggest languages on Earth by number of speakers. One of its dialects, Indonesian (bahasa Indonesia), is the national language of Indonesia; another, Malaysian (bahasa Malaysia), is the national language of Malaysia. It likely served as a lingua franca throughout the archipelago from quite an early point, and there are other (generally less prestigious dialects) scattered among the islands from Terengganu Malay to Kupang Malay to Ternate Malay to Betawi, the modern dialect of the city of Jakarta.
Malay was also the first language indigenous to the archipelago to have been written down, beginning in 683 CE with the Kedukan Bukit inscription. The inscription is one of several from the kingdom of Śrīvijaya in southern Sumatra, whose capital appears to have been at Palembang (now the second-largest city on the island). Śrīvijaya became wealthy and powerful by monopolizing trade in the Strait of Malacca; it was this trading advantage that probably gave Malay a significant boost in the direction of becoming the archipelago's lingua franca. The stage of the language represented by the inscriptions from Śrīvijaya is known as Old Malay, characterized by a lack of distinction between the voiced labial consonants /b/ and /w/ and by a large proportion of Sanskrit loans. Inscriptions in Old Malay can be found in Sumatra, the Malay Peninsula, Bangka (off the east coast of Sumatra by Palembang), and even Java.
There is no point at which the Old Malay phase can be definitively considered to have ended because few texts from this period have survived. Insects, heat, humidity, and the fragility of the materials used all meant that early (pre-paper) manuscripts had a limited shelf-life. Periodisation is thus tricky. Only one manuscript in Malay has survived from before the sixteenth century, and it's a legal text known as the Nītisārasamuccaya, written in late-fourteenth century Dharmasraya, Sumatra, on bark paper (daluang). Commonly known as the Tanjung Tanah manuscript (TK 214), it was preserved in an attic in Kerinci, Sumatra, where the smoke from the hearth kept insects and damp away. Uli Kozok is the chief (but not sole) investigator of the text at the moment, and you can find his website here.
After that, though, Malay entered a stage now called 'Classical Malay'. Nearly all of the texts in Classical Malay are written in Jawi script, a writing system derived from Perso-Arabic script. As you might expect, Classical Malay is therefore also associated with the rise and spread of Islam in Indo-Malaysia. The oldest extant example of Jawi is the Terengganu Inscription Stone, dated to 1302 CE and found in the state of Terengganu on the east coast of the Malay Peninsula. The oldest Malay historical text, Hikayat Raja Pasai, is dated to later in the fourteenth century on internal references, but most Classical Malay texts are later even than that. Most of the manuscripts themselves are considerably more recent; the oldest MS of Hikayat Raja Pasai was penned in 1797 (and can be found here, completely digitized by the British Library).
What Classical Malay looks like in the Jawi script. BL MS Or. 14350, f.3v
Malay is fairly easy to learn. Since the 1950s it has been written primarily in the Roman script. It has very little if any inflectional morphology, its derivational morphology is a bit trickier but no harder than that of any European language, and the phonology is simple and easy to pronounce for speakers of, well, most languages. Tense marking is not obligatory and is performed by independent morphemes (e.g. sudah 'already' = past tense, placed before the verb). The sole difficulty is that there are lots of dialects; I know Standard Indonesian and can understand everything they say on the news, and I can get by reading Classical Malay, but the other dialects take me a bit of time. Nevertheless, if you have the opportunity to take a class in Malay/Indonesian, you will be amply rewarded. It's a great language to know.
c) Old Javanese
Javanese is now spoken by about 80 million people, most of whom live in Central and East Java. There is a significant Javanese diaspora in Suriname, Singapore, Malaysia, and the Netherlands (and elsewhere), but the vast bulk of Javanese people are Muslims who live in Java, representing perhaps the largest single ethnic group in Southeast Asia and one of the largest Muslim ethnolinguistic groups in the world. The only thing that stops Javanese from consideration as a major world language is that it is not a national language.
The form of Javanese found in pre-sixteenth-century texts is called Old Javanese. Some scholars like to distinguish another phase known as 'Middle Javanese' from the fourteenth century on, but it's probably not distinct enough to justify such a division and work in 'classical' Old Javanese was still being produced late into the fifteenth century (including the work that inspired my twitter handle, the Śivarātrikalpa, a beautiful kakawin written around 1470). P. J. Zoetmulder's Old Javanese-English Dictionary, first published in 1982 and available for free online here, does not mark the distinction.
Old Javanese philology is where the real meat of ancient and medieval Indonesia is considered to be, at least in the Dutch tradition — which, by the way, is probably the greatest unknown contribution to the humanities of which I am aware, with so many fantastic texts transcribed and studied. Transcribed from what, though? What has survived?
Well, most texts in Old Javanese are actually from Bali, the island east of Java. Bali has remained predominantly Hindu-Buddhist-indigenous in religious orientation, deliberately and sometimes violently resisting Muslim domination for more than five centuries. Bali has its own language (see below) and its religious traditions today are doubtless different from those of fourteenth-century Java, but the island has in any case served as the repository of a lot of non-Islamic Javanese texts. Some Old Javanese texts survived in Java and there are non-Muslim Javanese people still, but most manuscripts are from Bali or the Balinese-speaking bits of Lombok, the island just to the east of Bali. Most of these are palm-leaf manuscripts, with several species of palm used to make them. The most popular is probably lontar (Borassus flabellifer). Some of these texts are superb pieces of world literature, and represent the only surviving literature of any size in any ancient or medieval Southeast Asian language.
An Old (Middle?) Javanese inscription from Candi Sukuh in the east of Central Java. The date (the final text box) says 1361, equivalent to a Common Era date of 1439. These chunky letters are unusual and restricted entirely to two fifteenth-century sites in Central Java, Candi Sukuh and Candi Ceto. Image found here on Leiden University Digital Collection's wonderful searchable website: https://digitalcollections.universiteitleiden.nl/view/item/8307
There are also plenty of Old Javanese inscriptions written in a range of often very different scripts that changed a lot over time. Learning the language isn't too hard and the tools are there if you want to do it (including this free textbook by Willem van der Molen, as well as the aforementioned dictionary), but the palaeographic skill takes time to develop. I can make sense of texts in Old Javanese with the help of a dictionary and I can sight-read simple prose texts in transcription, but inscriptions require some serious up-close investigation — and even then scholars don't always agree. There's a thriving Indonesian palaeography blog scene, though, and you can often find a solution to a palaeographic difficulty by googling the right term in Indonesian.
Old Javanese morphology is more complex than that of Malay, but it's nowhere near as complex as e.g. Latin or Sanskrit, or even French. It uses a few affixes to mark passive moods, and there's an arealis form, but that's really about it. A lot of the vocabulary, though, is Sanskrit.
I should also point out that Bali has its own language (Balinese) and that there are early texts in an early form of it known (unsurprisingly) as Old Balinese. I don't know any Old Balinese and the language was replaced by Old Javanese for formal occasions at some point after the twelfth century. The reason I'm not discussing it in detail here is because, frankly, I don't know enough about it; most texts are, as far as I'm aware, copperplate and stone inscriptions.
d) Old Sundanese
Before 1500 Javanese was spoken principally in Central and East Java. West Java was (and still is!) home to Sundanese, a language with a large number of speakers these days — around 40 million — and an interesting ancient literature. Sundanese is fairly close to Malay and some core vocabulary is actually the same, although it is marginally more morphologically complex (it has a plural form, for example — Malay just reduplicates the noun, e.g. tas 'bag', tas-tas 'bags'). Sundanese has also been profoundly influenced by Javanese at various points, including in the medieval period.
The oldest inscriptions in West Java are in Sanskrit and Malay and then Old Javanese. Old Sundanese language and script developed rather later than Old Javanese and most Old Sundanese texts use a lot of Old Javanese loanwords, including both inscriptions (like the Kawali inscriptions, probably fourteenth century) and manuscripts (like the wonderful Sanghyang Siksakandang Karesian, dated 1518, the full transcribed text of which can be found here). Old Sundanese is a fourteenth-to-sixteenth-century language, and while its manuscripts often can't be easily dated and tend to languish unread in Western collections, it appears to have fallen out of use in the eighteenth century, when (modern) Javanese took over as the literary language of West Java.
There is no textbook for Old Sundanese, nor is there a dictionary. This is a pity. Texts have to be interpreted etymologically and contextually through comparison with Old Javanese/Malay/modern Sundanese vocabulary. About half the texts are prose and half are poetic, and as far as I know all the poetic texts are organised in metrical/syntactic lines of eight syllables. Some of these texts have incredible value both as historical documents and literary works, and their neglect by all but modern Sundanese scholars and a select few Western academics is a real shame, not just for West Java but for the world. My particular favourite is Bujangga Manik, a poetic work of 1757 octosyllabic lines about the journey of an ascetic around Java in the late fifteenth century.
Naturally I haven't said everything there is to say about ancient languages in Indonesia. There are also a few inscriptions in Tamil (as far as I'm aware exclusively from Sumatra, but I could easily be wrong), and Arabic texts are found on tombstones from quite an early period. Chinese people have been in the region for centuries; it's hard to believe they didn't write down texts in Chinese while there. It is an incredibly diverse place — at least as diverse as Europe when you include the Outer Islands. Poor preservation means that there are fewer texts to read than for comparably sized regions with literate traditions of similar antiquity, but that's not an excuse for ignoring Indonesia entirely, and if you want to be able to read some of these languages then you should know that they really aren't as difficult as they're exotic names make them sound to European and American ears.
Posting about ancient and medieval Indonesia, up to ~1500 CE. Mainly into 14th & 15th century stuff, but earlier is fine too.
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XOXOAD is excited to welcome bestselling author Lisa Renee Jones back to the blog! Today she's popped in to tell us all about how her new book, DEMAND, relates to her Inside Out and Careless Whispers series. Sounds complicated, but if anyone could untangle those knots, we know it's Lisa! Read on for some inside scoop, and don't miss the excerpt of DEMAND that follows the post!
Hi, everyone, and a huge thank you to the XOXO Blog for having me again! If you haven't heard, my current series, CARELESS WHISPERS, is releasing book two, DEMAND, on May 31st! A lot of you might know or have heard about my INSIDE OUT series–well, CARELESS WHISPERS is effectively part of that series too. It follows Sara's (the main heroine in INSIDE OUT) best friend Ella after she disappears, though it can be read as a separate series as well. Fast forward to we're now in book two of CARELESS WHISPERS, Sara and Chris's story has come to a close, but I've thrown myself and readers for a bit of a loop. Sara and Chris won't just be playing a standby, cameo role in Ella's story. Oh no, no, these two characters are as stubborn as ever and they return in a big way. Not until book three, SURRENDER, which I'm currently writing, but nonetheless they're back in the game and it's so great to be writing them again. And they do show up in DEMAND, so readers will get a taste of that as well.
I'm the author that loves her characters and loves to see/write them again. Especially with Chris and Sara, they're just never far from my author brain, and while that could pose a threat to my current work in progress, it also lends the ability to create really fun interactions amongst my different series. Though CARELESS WHISPERS is a continuation of INSIDE OUT, it is Ella's own story and a different world when we meet up with her again. She's in Italy, for heaven's sake, with this incredibly sexy man, yet she's not sure who to trust and that includes Kayden. So it was interesting to take readers along on that journey, but then eventually also pull Chris and Sara into her world as well. Which only made sense. A lot of their time in the original INSIDE OUT books was spent looking for her, and now in book two of CARELESS WHISPERS, Ella finally gets her bearings, and with the help of another surprise guest, gets to finally connect with Sara again in DEMAND.
The crossovers can be tricky at times, but I enjoy them far too much to ever stop them and I can't wait until readers get the little taste of Chris and Sara in this upcoming book. Speaking of, I would love to share a little teaser of DEMAND with you! This is book two, and book one, DENIAL, does have to be read first, though this teaser doesn't have any spoilers in it, so feel free to read on 🙂
Crossing behind the couch toward the kitchen, I find myself remembering those naked, intimate moments with Kayden only a short time ago. The passion. The trust I'd felt for him. And then his words: "We both want more. Until we don't." The words send a surge of adrenaline and nerves through my body.
The scent of freshly brewed coffee teases my nostrils as I reach the kitchen, where I immediately find Kayden standing behind the island. But it's not him that makes my heart lurch, as usual. It's my gun that's lying on the counter between us.
And when I should perhaps step backward I find myself charging forward to claim the other side of the counter.
"What is that for?"
"You thought you needed it earlier," he says. "I want you to have it now."
My fingers curl on the tiled counter. "Do I need it?"
"That's for you to decide."
"That isn't the answer I want."
His jaw sets hard. "If you're expecting an answer you'll want, you'd better pick up that gun."
We stare at each other, a push and pull between us that has nothing to do with fear or intimidation, and everything to do with a bond we both know is being tested. "I know what you're doing."
"What am I doing?"
"The same thing you did outside that church, when you helped me hold the gun to your chest."
"Which is what?"
"Offering me the façade of control."
"You holding a loaded gun on me in no way equals a façade."
"I know you now," I counter. "You don't give up control, even when you say you are."
He rests his hands on the counter, one turned just enough for me to catch a glimpse of the hawk inked on his wrist, its wings spread, the mark of a man whose rules of many must dictate his actions. "There are two sides to this coin," he says, his words drawing my attention, his pale blue eyes piercing mine. "The me with you, and the me with everyone else."
"We barely knew each other at the church."
"I'd already decided you were mine. You just didn't know it yet."
Thanks so much, Lisa! We can't wait to devour DEMAND. And as if this wasn't enough, fans can visit Lisa's page for more info and to enter an amazing giveaway–just click the links below!
More about the series and buy links here: http://lisareneejones.com/careless-whispers-series-page
A MASSIVE giveaway with a COACH purse, tons of gift cards and more here: http://lisareneejones.com/demand-goodreads-giveaway/
The sexy, breathtaking mystery continues in New York Times and USA TODAY bestselling author Lisa Renee Jones's stunning second novel in the suspenseful Careless Whispers series—where shocking revelations will reveal themselves and nothing, and no one, will ever be the same.
Available until November 30th
The New York Times and USA TODAY bestselling author of the explosively sexy Inside Out and the Secret Life of Amy Bensen series will seduce you with this sultry tale of possession and ecstasy, wild fantasies and dangerous secrets--first in the racy and suspenseful Careless Whispers series. *Please note, this is only a sampler!
Saucy, sexy, tie-me-up-tie-me-down fun!
Sara McMillan is still searching for Rebecca, the mysterious woman whose dark, erotic journal entries both enthralled and frightened her. Tormented by a strong desire to indulge the demands of her new boss while also drawn deeper into her passionate bond with the troubled artist, Chris Merit, Sara must face a past as deeply haunting as Rebecca's written words.
Revealing Us
He has become her life, her heart, her very soul. But he is dark and damaged, and his secrets are many. Sara will risk everything for him. He, in turn, will dare to expose his deepest needs, his most erotic desires. And in the fury of passion he will reveal all that torments him, all that he can never escape. To love him, Sara must embrace the darkest part of him, and become his shelter in a storm that will be his ultimate salvation.
No In Between
The fourth in the Inside Out erotic romance series by New York Times bestselling author Lisa Renee Jones, this steamy novel resolves Chris and Sara's relationship and leads into Mark's story.
The stunning conclusion to Mark and Crystal's relationship in the passionate, all-consuming Inside Out series by New York Times bestselling author Lisa Renee Jones. Master. Being that person, that man, is how I define myself, how I allow the rest of the world to define me as well. And now, with a terrible loss shredding me inside out and someone trying to destroy my family to punish me, control is more important than ever. It is everything. It is what I need. It is all I need. Or maybe I just need her.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


An important development for Pennsylvania Employers. Earlier this year, the Pennsylvania Superior Court ruled that employers could not make wage payments to their employees via mandatory payroll debit cards. Partially in response to that decision, the Legislature recently amended the Pennsylvania Wage Payment and Collection Law to now permit Employers to use payroll debit cards as a means by which to pay wages. The new law will become effective May 5, 2017.
For the use of debit cards to be lawful, certain conditions must be met. First, the employee must voluntarily agree to accept wages in that manner. Second, the bank or other financial institution must provide the employee with certain disclosures and account access information along with disclosures required by federal law related to electronic funds transfers. Finally, the account may not be charged any fees for applications, account initiation or participation, or other enumerated reasons. Importantly, no fees may be charged when the card is used at a point of sale, and funds in the account cannot expire due to inactivity.
Use of a payroll debit card may not be a condition of employment or any benefit of employment. Employers who are requested by an employee to change their wage payment method from a debit card to a direct deposit account or check must honor the request as soon as practicable but not later than the first pay day after 14 days following the request. Before obtaining the employee's consent to receiving wages via a debit card, the employer must notify the employee in writing or electronically of all available payroll options, the terms of the debit card arrangement, including any applicable fees, a notice that third parties might assess fees in addition to the fees assessed by the issuer of the card and all methods by which the employee can access wages without fees. Further, the employee must be able to make at least one withdrawal per pay period (for up to the full amount of the net wages) and one in-network ATM withdrawal per pay period without any fee. The arrangement must provide the employee with a means to obtain a written or electronic statement of earnings and deductions for each pay period, providing the payroll and deduction information required by law.
A violation of the Act would bring into play the penalties normally associated with its violation, which can include personal liability for those employees of an Employer responsible for the payment of wages.
The use of payroll debit cards has been on the rise in states that have been ahead of the curve on this issue. It is likely that we will now see an increase in their use in Pennsylvania; however, Employers need to ensure that the system they put in place is compliant in order to avoid both legal sanctions and employee morale issues.


The FLEA 4750 is an omnidirectional replaceable head for the FLEA 47 or Neumann U47 microphones. The basket of the 4750 is equipped with a 38mm acrylic ball with 1/2-inch gold-sputtered capsule. It has a similar sound characteristic to the M50. Turn your 47 into a great weapon for ambient recording from classical to rock-n-roll. As a pair, it´s great for AB stereo recording (e.g., of a symphonic orchestra). Simply unscrew three screws on your U47 basket, remove your U47 head and fit with the 4750. The head is stored in wooden box.
Click the button below to add the Flea 4750 microphone replaceable head in wooden box. to your wish list.


After today we are further away from getting a good overbought reading to act on. Pinpointing when we will be overbought is tough because we chopped along the bottom for a few days before we took off. Today's consolidation likely means it will take until early next week to get a decent reading. We are also not close to being oversold. If traders were expecting clarity after Labor Day there was none offered today. Have a good night.


A memorial service for LSC-Kingwood Speech Professor Collier Patton will be held Tuesday, August 14, 2012 at the LSC-Kingwood Performing Arts Center (PAC) Theatre at 6 p.m.
Patton passed away Thursday, August 2. He will be long remembered for his professionalism, dedication to students, and great sense of humor. Patton's natural charisma and love for teaching and coaching forensics benefitted his students both in the classroom and in competition. He will be missed by all who were fortunate to have known him as a colleague and friend.


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Q: How to create date table with given datetime range? I'm trying to create a table for calendar.But sql server stops at '2000-01-11 17:45'. How can i do create dates adding 15 minutes until 2050
Create Table Calendar
(id int IDENTITY(1,1) Primary key,CalendarDate DATETIME)

Declare @beginDate DATETIME, @endDate DATETIME
Select @beginDate = '2000-01-01 17:45', @endDate = '2050-01-01 09:00'

While @beginDate <= @endDate
Begin
    Insert Into dbo.Calendar(CalendarDate)
    Select
        @beginDate As CalendarDate

    Set @beginDate = DateAdd(MINUTE, 15, @beginDate)
End

A: Your current syntax suggest SQL Server, so i would try with recursive  CTE :
with cte as (
      select @beginDate as  st
      union all
      select DATEADD(MINUTE, 15, st)
      from cte
      where st < @endDate

)

Insert Into dbo.Calendar(CalendarDate)
   select st as CalendarDate
   from cte
   option (maxrecursion 0);

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
Q: SQL Database with duplicate Say I have multiset in my table and  with the below I will get the duplicates
         select name, address from users group by
         name, address having count(*) > 1

But my problem is ... say I  have another field called credit. I would want to compare credits in the duplicate values and would take the second   if the second credit is higher than the first (that is max)
         select name, address,  from users group by
         name, address having count(*) > 1

A: use
select A.name, A.address, max ( A.credits ) mc from users A
where (A.name, A.address) in
(
   select B.name, B.address from users B group by
   B.name, B.address having count(*) > 1
)
group by A.name, A.address


text:
package org.apache.kafka.streams.state.internals;

import org.apache.kafka.common.utils.Bytes;
import org.apache.kafka.streams.KeyValue;
import org.apache.kafka.streams.state.KeyValueIterator;
import org.apache.kafka.streams.state.StateSerdes;

import java.util.NoSuchElementException;

/**
 * Merges two iterators. Assumes each of them is sorted by key
 *
 * @param <K>
 * @param <V>
 */
abstract class AbstractMergedSortedCacheStoreIterator<K, KS, V> implements KeyValueIterator<K, V> {
    private final PeekingKeyValueIterator<Bytes, LRUCacheEntry> cacheIterator;
    private final KeyValueIterator<KS, byte[]> storeIterator;
    protected final StateSerdes<K, V> serdes;

    AbstractMergedSortedCacheStoreIterator(final PeekingKeyValueIterator<Bytes, LRUCacheEntry> cacheIterator,
                                           final KeyValueIterator<KS, byte[]> storeIterator,
                                           final StateSerdes<K, V> serdes) {
        this.cacheIterator = cacheIterator;
        this.storeIterator = storeIterator;
        this.serdes = serdes;
    }

    abstract int compare(final Bytes cacheKey, final KS storeKey);

    abstract K deserializeStoreKey(final KS key);

    abstract KeyValue<K, V> deserializeStorePair(final KeyValue<KS, byte[]> pair);

    abstract K deserializeCacheKey(final Bytes cacheKey);

    private boolean isDeletedCacheEntry(final KeyValue<Bytes, LRUCacheEntry> nextFromCache) {
        return nextFromCache.value.value == null;
    }

    @Override
    public boolean hasNext() {
        // skip over items deleted from cache, and corresponding store items if they have the same key
        while (cacheIterator.hasNext() && isDeletedCacheEntry(cacheIterator.peekNext())) {
            if (storeIterator.hasNext()) {
                final KS nextStoreKey = storeIterator.peekNextKey();
                // advance the store iterator if the key is the same as the deleted cache key
                if (compare(cacheIterator.peekNextKey(), nextStoreKey) == 0) {
                    storeIterator.next();
                }
            }
            cacheIterator.next();
        }

        return cacheIterator.hasNext() || storeIterator.hasNext();
    }

    @Override
    public KeyValue<K, V> next() {
        if (!hasNext()) {
            throw new NoSuchElementException();
        }

        final Bytes nextCacheKey = cacheIterator.hasNext() ? cacheIterator.peekNextKey() : null;
        final KS nextStoreKey = storeIterator.hasNext() ? storeIterator.peekNextKey() : null;

        if (nextCacheKey == null) {
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
High winds, low humidity and dry conditions fuel wildfires in Texas. In Abilene authorities have ordered evacuation. We'll have the latest. And: Extradition can ensure those who flee to another country face justice. A judge in Scotland though ruled returning a man would be a human rights violation because of poor conditions in Texas prisons. Also: A trailblazing Secret Service agent talks about being one of the first women hired to do the job. Plus: The Texas border chef nominated for a prestigious national award three years after opening his restaurant in El Paso. All of those stories and more today on the Texas Standard
By Texas StandardMarch 18, 2022 9:40 amTexas Standard Original, Whole Shows
Illustration by Wells Dunbar/Texas Standard
Here are the stories on Texas Standard for Friday, March 18, 2022.
The latest on the wildfires dotting Central Texas
Evacuation orders have been issued for several areas in Central Texas, due to wildfires. Erin O'Connor, a spokesperson for the Texas A&M Forest Service talks with us about what she's seen so far and what she expects as the fires continue.
A Scottish Judge Won't Extradite A Suspect To Texas, Citing Inhumane Conditions at Texas Prisons
In 2016, a man admitted to shooting a security guard in the foot at a frat party in Austin. But before he went to trial, he fled to his home nation, Scotland. Late last year, a Scottish judge denied the extradition request from American authorities, citing inhumane conditions in the Texas prison system. We're talking about the case with Keri Blakinger, Texas-based reporter for The Marshall Project and a columnist for NBC.
The U.S. Will Boost Oil Production in The Wake of Russia's Invasion of Ukraine, But Energy Independence Remains a Dream
The Biden administration is calling for increased domestic oil production to help lessen skyrocketing gas prices. Republican lawmakers are saying it's just lip service. Houston Public Media's Andrew Schneider reports on what the White House can do to increase production and bring down prices.
African American Roots Music Fest Spotlights Banjos, Fiddles in Fort Worth
A new music festival kicks off in Fort Worth this weekend. The Fort Worth African-American Roots Music Festival spotlights African-American roots music. KERA's Jerome Weeks reports on how banjos and fiddles fit in today's world of hip-hop and K-pop.
The El Paso Chef Nominated for a James Beard Award
Emilio Marentes opened his restaurant Elemi in El Paso in 2019. Marentes' menu reflects his border roots and dedication to cooking using sustainably sourced ingredients from the U.S. and Mexico. His bordertown influences earned him a prestigious James Beard nomination. We'll hear from him today.
What It Was Like to be the First Female Secret Service Agent
Kathryn Clark Chiders dreamed of being Annie Oakley, so her father taught her how to shoot. Years later she found herself on a shooting range in Washington D.C. on her way to becoming one of the first women secret service agent. She details it all in her book "Scared Fearless: An Unlikely Agent in the U.S. Secret Service." She shares her story with us today.
The gang delivers another timely poem. Submit your own suggestions online!
The Week in Texas Politics
Texas Tribune political reporter James Barragán stops by with a recap of the week that was, including more questions about Gov. Greg Abbott's border security initiative, pressure on investment firms over fossil fuel divestment, and more on the investigation into a disgraced home for trafficked children,
All this and Texas News Roundup, plus Social Media Editor Wells Dunbar with the talk of Texas.
Drought conditions across much of the state fuel Central Texas wildfires
Scottish judge rejects extradition request due to Texas prison conditions
US will boost oil production in the wake of Russia's invasion of Ukraine, but energy independence remains a dream
El Paso chef nominated for James Beard Award
New questions over Abbott border initiative, after troops found stationed at wealthy ranches far from Mexico
'We didn't want to be the last': 'Scared Fearless' author looks back at early years of women in Secret Service
Typewriter Rodeo: Texas Road Trips


text:
Wikipedia:Reference desk/Archives/May 2004
< Wikipedia:Reference desk | Archives (Redirected from Wikipedia:Reference Desk archive May 2004)
1 Easy-to-install wiki software with free links and versioning?
2 blood group O recessive, thus dominant?
3 Plastic bullets in NI
4 Descendants of Cain?
5 the science of whistling
6 FDR's Four Policemen
7 Medals for Suez Canal Zone Veterans
8 science assignment - really need information fast!
9 light bulb
10 original name of China
11 Economic track time
12 Prostitution and singing
13 Speaking of cousins
14 Towns in Bohemia
15 Operation Overlord
16 Washington State Name
17 Rare Beatle Recording
18 Wikipedia Talk and Google
19 Bridget Riley Questions
20 Thatcher?: 'any man who finds himself on a bus at the age of 26 can account himself a failure'
21 Lindi and Malindi
22 Venomous snakes
23 Join venture 100-yen shop in Bangladesh
24 Wikipedia Talk and Google (2nd Post)
25 Wikipedia Languages
26 Lect
27 How do I refrence this website if I need to use it as a source for a research project?
28 Sorted list meta tag
29 definition of "dramatic programming" ?
30 Church of Ireland dioceses
31 exact size of DVD-R
32 tuberculosis
33 Who were the romans and what were their effects on modern life?
34 Semantax and Layering
Easy-to-install wiki software with free links and versioning?[edit]
I'm looking to start a simple wiki for my own purposes, and I need to choose software to use. MediaWiki's install process is scary, and most of the simpler options lack the features I need (free links and version history). Wikipedia-like syntax would be nice, but not required. I would prefer PHP, or maybe Python/CGI; MySQL or flat files would both work.
Does such a thing exist? Thanks a lot. Eurleif 20:50, Apr 29, 2004 (UTC)
Well, if you haven't tried it, mediawiki really isn't as scary as it might at first appear (at least on windows). One really just runs four windows installers (apache, php, mysql, mediawiki) and twiddles two or three config files (a couple of lines in apache, and I think four or five in mediawiki's), all of which are fairly elementary (and pretty well documented). I think I did the whole thing in about half an hour (plus download time) the first time I tried. And I'm as thick as a plank :) -- Finlay McWalter | Talk 21:11, 29 Apr 2004 (UTC)
But to answer your actual question, see Wiki software and Ward'sWiki's list. -- Finlay McWalter | Talk 01:47, 30 Apr 2004 (UTC)
I've personally had good success with MoinMoin http://moinmoin.wikiwikiweb.de/ and PHPWiki http://phpwiki.sourceforge.net/ Thunderbolt16 01:26, Apr 30, 2004 (UTC)
Do you have to run MediaWiki on your own server, or can it be set up on a webhost, if they have Apache, PHP and MySQL capabilities? Catherine - talk 04:54, 30 Apr 2004 (UTC)
You can run it on a hosted server. I believe there were some issues on hosted accounts which lack the root account on the MySQL, but I think those are fixed. And of course if you have virtual hosting there's no effective difference between that and a dedicated machine. -- Finlay McWalter | Talk 00:06, 2 May 2004 (UTC)
Thanks Finlay! It'd be great if the m:MediaWiki User's Guide had step-by-step instructions for installing on a hosted account -- it would make the whole thing less intimidating for those who just want a wiki on their own little website... I'll go suggest it over there. Catherine - talk 20:59, 4 May 2004 (UTC)
blood group O recessive, thus dominant?[edit]
It is not clear to me why the blood group O is the more frequent around the world, when it is stated that either A or B alleles are codominant over i (O)allele.
Thanks. sleopoldo@tiscali.it
While the A and B alleles are codominant over i, the i allele is very common in many populations. Additionally, people with A or B blood can carry the i allele and pass it on to their children. As an example from real life, my grandfather had A blood, my grandmother has B, yet my mother is O, one of her sisters is A and the other is AB, so geneticly my grandfather was Ai, and my grandmother is Bi. For another example, blue eyes are recessive, yet lots of people have blue eyes because the blue eyed allele is very common in some populations. Gentgeen 10:31, 30 Apr 2004 (UTC)
PS: I found an article that discribes this better than I did above. Dominance relationship. -gent
Dominance relationship does help explain codominence, but the reason the blood group O is more frequent is a result of gene frequency rather than of dominance. The 'i' allele is much more frequent than the "A" and "B" alleles: that is, it all breaks down to allele frequency and the Hardy-Weinberg principle. For example, among the American white population, blood type frequency is 45% O, 41% A, 10% B, and 4% AB. From this it can be calculated that the frequency of the i allele is 67%, the frequency of the A allele is 26%, and the frequency of the B allele is 7%. So type O blood predominates because 67% of the alleles in the population are allele O. - Nunh-huh 07:37, 1 May 2004 (UTC)
Plastic bullets in NI[edit]
are rubber/plastic bullets still used in northern ireland?
May we have the circumstances for this question? Dieter Simon 23:40, 1 May 2004 (UTC)
Per Plastic bullet, rubber bullets were replaced by plastic bullets in 1975. I believe plastic bullets are still issued to riot police in northern ireland, but the circumstances in which they were used have (almost) disapeared. The plastic bullet page "in 1999 only 112 rounds were fired, compared to 8,300 in 1996", and that there hasn't been a PB related fatality since 1989 (which is both a reflection increased civil order in the province, and changes in police tactics when using PB rounds). -- Finlay McWalter | Talk 23:48, 1 May 2004 (UTC)
Descendants of Cain?[edit]
Bible question - someone once tried to persuade me that (per biblical tradition) there were no surviving descendants of Cain, citing Noah as being descended only of Abel (and all postdilluvial humans being descended only of him). Neglecting the in-the-air provenance of 'er indoors (Naamah), does this theory, er, hold water (in a purely biblical sense)? -- Finlay McWalter | Talk 02:00, 2 May 2004 (UTC)
Well, this isn't my field, but I'm pretty sure that Genesis says that (a) only Noah and his sons and their wives went into the ark, and (b) that all flesh, including "every man", died in the flood except what was in the ark. This would indeed imply that all of humanity now alive is descended from Noah. (Making us really, really inbred, I suppose)
Obviously this contradicts the legend--where did it originate?--that Cain was doomed not to die, but that, as I understand it, has no particular biblical basis.कुक्कुरोवाच
Some popular (pulpy) stories like to explain vampires as being the "children of Cain", their doom indeed being not to die. This doesn't explain how they survived the great flood, but I suppose several months clinging to a log would explain their profound dislike of water :) -- Finlay McWalter | Talk 17:08, 2 May 2004 (UTC)
I've encountered related uses of the mythology. It doesn't hold water, I don't think, unless you can call them something other than flesh. Also, the original "children of Cain" (i.e., in some accounts, the nephilim), were definitely killed off in the flood, as that was the whole point of the flood.कुक्कुरोवाच 22:44, 2 May 2004 (UTC)
Thanks (I'd forgotten the nephilim). I can't seem to find a wikipedia article like Old testament family tree or Genesis family tree, which is rather surprising. -- Finlay McWalter | Talk 23:28, 2 May 2004 (UTC)
You are being way too scientific! The Bible and Logic Based on Tangible Evidence? Not very hand-in-hand. --Menchi 00:28, 3 May 2004 (UTC)
That's why I said "in a purely biblical sense", hoping to sidestep discussions of out-of-africa hypotheses etc., while still entertaining tall tales of giants and vampires. -- Finlay McWalter | Talk 00:38, 3 May 2004 (UTC)
At least you're making the Bible entertaining -- Something some priests fail to achieve with their numb audience.... But seriously, the Bible is so ingrained in the Western society, it is intransically linked with many elements of semi-secular folklore and culture. Quite intriguing these "pulpy" connections are. --Menchi 00:48, 3 May 2004 (UTC)
Genesis 4:15 says: '[The LORD said] "if anyone kills Cain, he will suffer vengeance seven times over." Then the LORD put a mark on Cain so that no one who found him would kill him.'. and 4:17 'Cain lay with his wife, and she became pregnant and gave birth to Enoch.'. So God prohibited Cain's family from taking vengenace on him, but did not say he would never die. Also Cain had descendants.
As to the question of whether Noah was descended from Abel only, Genesis 5 indicates that Noah is not descended from Abel at all, but from Adam's third son, Seth. DJ Clayworth 17:56, 3 May 2004 (UTC)
Noah may have been descended only from Abel, but is there anything that says his sons' wives (or Noah's wife, for that matter) were so "pure"? Or does the female bloodline not count in this discussion? Catherine - talk 21:18, 4 May 2004 (UTC)
The Noah article sheds much unlight on this: "Noah's wife is not named in the Bible; according to later Jewish traditions ... her name is Naamah". So the distaff line seems to be a "don't know". I dunno about the son's wives. DJ: thanks! -- Finlay McWalter | Talk 22:03, 4 May 2004 (UTC)
the science of whistling[edit]
Is whistling a voiced sound; that is, are the vocal folds vibrating during the production of a whistle? Please direct answers/comments to mari65@optonline.net. Thank you.
Whistling has nothing to do with the vocal folds; it's entirely labial. It is possible to whistle one note and hum (with the vocal folds) another - I can do this (I guess everyone can), although I don't (yet) have the ability to properly control the interval between the two notes. -- Finlay McWalter | Talk 17:11, 2 May 2004 (UTC)
FDR's Four Policemen[edit]
Firstly, I just want to say, I'm hooked on Wikipedia! It's sad! But in a good way! Now, to the question. I'm a Poly Sci major at Old Dominion University (Norfolk, VA) and I'm currently reading Henry Kissinger's Diplomacy and he makes reference to FDR's Four Policemen in Chapter 16. The Four Policemen is a term coined by FDR before D-Day that suggested that the US, UK, the Soviet Union and possibly China would be the only armed nations in the post WWII era that would restore and maintain peace, throughout Europe or so that's what I get from it. I was wondering if any of you other learnt scholars could perhaps create a page about that, because I would like to learn more about this idea of the Four Policemen, and why it didn't work? Who gave up on it first? And why did Russia play for keeps, rather then simply liberating Eastern Europe. (Maybe I just answered my own question) So can someone make a page about the Four Policemen?
Tony C. Anderson a.k.a. ConsensuOmnium
ConsensuOmnium@aol.com
Medals for Suez Canal Zone Veterans[edit]
imported from Village pump by IMSoP 18:40, 2 May 2004 (UTC)
It has been reported that there is significant delay in issuing these medals although I received mine without too much delay.
Why wait for applications? The M o D must have records of all those who served out there during the appropriate period. Army Navy RAF Records will also have such lists. Why not issue them based on these lists.? Many Veterans will have answered Roll Call elsewhere and their Descendants may not even be aware.
Maurice Scott ex 1 R Lincolns Mauricescott@Hotmail.com
science assignment - really need information fast![edit]
[original submitter left no text]
Well, as an encyclopedia, this site is chock full of information, including plenty on Science, so you've come to the right place; but maybe you're after some specific information, in which case perhaps you could let us know what, and we may be able to point you in the right direction... - IMSoP 21:04, 2 May 2004 (UTC)
light bulb[edit]
I read the entry on light bulbs but still am confused about what makes the wattage of light bulbs different. For example, what is the difference in the light bulb between a 15 watt bulb and a 150 watt bulb that makes the 150 brighter? Is the filament thicker or does the bulb base reduce the voltage to it? Also if you drop a bulb, it often burns brighter for a short time before burning out. What causes that?
Let me try to answer that from a few things I remember from school :) A watt (the unit of power) by definition is unit Energy output per unit time. In electrical terms, that makes it 1 Volt Potential difference multiplied by 1 Ampere of Current. But Voltage/Resistance = Current. So, it becomes obvious that one cannot try to alter one quantity independent of the other two. But, on standard power supply lines, the voltage is practically maintained constant, by the huge capacity power grids which can pump in enough "energy" to compensate for any drop in the voltage due to commercial/domestic usage. So, in a constant voltage scenario, the only way to increase your power output is by increasing the current (by decreasing the resistance.)
When the power output increases, one needs to go for a compromise. In the absence of a suitable resisting medium, the excess power gets dissipated to the surroundings in the form of heat and also by raising the temperature of the carrying medium - which can in turn push the medium to higher energy levels and make it glow. The objective in a light bulb is to maximise the power output in the form of light. This also means that the substance that glows (in this case a filament) should be capable of withstanding the high temperature and glow without melting. This leads to a compromise which makes the best conductors of electricity (like silver and copper) unsuitable for the job, while others like Tungsten are better suited.
When we desire lesser luminosity, the power output desired is small and hence the resistance can be kept quite high, employing poorer conductors of electricity and/or substances, which are not capable of going beyond a particular luminosity without melting. The reverse holds good for bulbs, of which we expect higher luminosity. Note that I only mentioned "better" and "poorer" conductors here, because two filaments of the same substance can possess different resistances based on its thickness (the thicker the filament, the lower its resistance), and in most cases it is indeed the thickness of the filament coil that makes the difference. So, it is generally assumed that the wattage of the bulb has a direct bearing on the amount of power dissipated and the luminosity of the filament - all other factors considered equal. It is a complicated picture overall, where the wattage can only give a general idea of the luminoxity that can be expected of the bulb (more determinant in lower wattage operations, while at higher voltages wattage and luminosity are rarely in proportion) and can never pinpoint the exact behaviour of the bulb/luminosity under various circumstances (like the duress of the filament cause by voltage fluctuations, air pressure and the oxygen levels). Much of what I said may be crude/inaccurate, but I guess this is the big picture. Chancemill 13:54, May 3, 2004 (UTC)
Let me offer a shorter answer to the question. The wattage is set by the length and thickness of the filament. The are no extra components in the base to alter the voltage. -- Heron 14:21, 3 May 2004 (UTC)
About your second question, when you drop a bulb, it might develop a crack and allow air to get inside the previously vaccumised bulb. The oxygen in the air aids speedier combustion/oxidation of the filament (oxidation reactions are generally exothermic - they give out energy) which perhaps causes the bulb to glow a bit brighter than normal. However, oxides of almost all the metals possess lower melting points and strengths and hence go crack! Chancemill 14:13, May 3, 2004 (UTC)
original name of China[edit]
Why China is also known as zhong guo (mandarin pronunciation) ie.Middle Why its people were also called Hua ren? China was known as shen zhou or the God's Land, and why does this change and when was it changed. Thank you. --Anon
The answers can be found in China in world languages + Chinese. Shenzhou is not an original name, it is just a nickname. It is still in use in literary occasions. It was never changed. --Menchi 08:29, 3 May 2004 (UTC)
There's a bit more non-NPOV to the story than the Wikipedia article has. China is "中國" (Zhongguo) because in the days of the old Empire, China's official ideology was very ego-centric. They believed that China was the centre of the world, thus theirs was the "Middle Kingdom". I've never heard of China being called "神洲" (Shenzhou), but then, my Chinese sucks pretty hard so I probably wouldn't have. Diderot 19:04, 6 May 2004 (UTC)
Economic track time[edit]
I am a keen researcher on economic matters of current day relevance. Presently, I am working on a subject i.e. Economic track time, which essentially mean the effective time taken for the movement of logistics from one place to another and its implication on national economy.
Please refer to educative articles on the subject and if possible, a communication to my e-mail raktimdutta@rediffmail.com
Do you mean Time and Motion Studies? --bodnotbod 16:54, May 7, 2004 (UTC)
Prostitution and singing[edit]
I was reading the article of the day on prostitution and it mentioned in some cultures prostitutes where the only women allowed to sing publicly. I was wondering what cultures (and what time periods) these were.
Speaking of cousins[edit]
I generally have difficulty in comprehending what people mean when they speak of cousins (especially the nth removed jargon). The article on Family says -
Two persons who share a grandparent are "first cousins" (one degree of collaterality); if they share a great-grandparent they are "second cousins" (two degrees of collaterality) and so on. If the shared ancestor is the grandparent of one individual and the great-grandparent of the other, the individuals are said to be "first cousins once removed"
My question - If my grandparent is the great-grandparent of another, will that make us first cousins once removed (from my perspective) or second cousins once removed (from the others perspective)? How did this phrase come into common parlance? Around where I live, regardless of the "removal factor" - the elder is usually considered an uncle or an aunt to the younger person. And while we are at it, is there a "once added" clause too :) ? Chancemill 07:16, May 4, 2004 (UTC)
To quickly answer the first and last of those questions, you are both "first cousin once removed" to each other. If the other person had a child, that child would then be your "first cousin twice removed". The "... removed" part of the terminology uses the word "remove" not as the opposite of "add": it's a technical term in Genealogy describing the number of generations between two people: if you drew up a family tree where each member appeared as high up as possible (given that some people might appear more than once because cousins may be married) people "twice removed" would appear two rows apart. HTH HAND --Phil | Talk 12:42, May 4, 2004 (UTC)
On "aunt" and "uncle"--commonly used affectionately for any close adult, usually but not always related to the child because we have no other term for it. My mom's cousin was always "aunt" to us; our great-aunts we also called "aunt"; close family friend of parents who was around a lot and maybe took kids places & did special treats and so on also "aunt". Elf | Talk 23:24, 4 May 2004 (UTC)
And just to further clarify Phil's excellent answer - regarding removed: you are only ever "removed" in one direction - that is, your second cousin's parent is seen as "one step down from a first cousin" never "one step up from a second cousin" - so they will be a "first cousin once removed" to you just as you are to them. - IMSoP 10:35, 5 May 2004 (UTC)
Thanks everybody :) Chancemill 12:42, May 5, 2004 (UTC)
Towns in Bohemia[edit]
Do you have a source for the names of Towns, Villages etc. in Bohemia in the years 1905-1906?
Operation Overlord[edit]
What was the name of proposed British plan to build a pontoon airfield off the French coast for use in Operation Overlord?
How many of the 92 early warning stations were put out of action in the NEPTUNE area of Operation Overlord?
I've never heard of the pontoon airfield plan, and it seems an unlikely one given the immense logistical effort involved and the fact that it would, according to expectation, only be needed for a few days until an airfield was captured or built on land. If the Allies had really wanted air support closer than the British coast they had aircraft carriers available.
The second question is much easier. I don't have the exact figures but the answer is 'most'. I believe there were virtually no German radar stations left working in the Normandy area, resulting in a low in-air casualty rate for the airborne assault. However a few were left working in the Pas de Calais so that they would pick up large fleet of aircraft specifically sent there as a decoy. I think I got that from Keegan's "The Second World War". DJ Clayworth 16:49, 5 May 2004 (UTC)
Washington State Name[edit]
I heard somewhere that Washington (the state, I mean) was originally going to be called "Colombia" or "Columbia" or something like that. Is this true?
If you look at Washington Territory, you'll see that you're exactly right! :-) Richard Stanton was the one who proposed "Washington" as a name. Jwrosenzweig 22:39, 4 May 2004 (UTC)
That's fairly ironic, considering Washington, DC stands for District of Columbia :-) --WhiteDragon 15:19, 5 May 2004 (UTC)
Rare Beatle Recording[edit]
I have been trying to track down an extremely rare (in 24 years I haven't found one person, Beatlemanic and or whomever that has ever heard of it?) recording done by a Belgian Pianist around 1979/1980/1981 of various Beatle Songs (this is all intrumental Piano) done up in the style of the Great Composers.
ie; Obladi-Obblada was performed by this Pianist as if he were interpreting a composition written by Mozart and so on. A Day in the Life was performed as if Rahmaninoff had written it and so on. This pianist covered Chopin/Bach/Shubert and most of the biggies?
I can't for the life of me remember his name? My father bought it for me as a Christmas present around 1980 I think? He purchased it through at that time what was called: "The Book of them Month Club" which at that point was also offering various LP's for sale.
I have never come across it anywhere? I have never seen any reference to it in even the foggiest details and I have been searching for 20 years. I lent it to a musician friend back in '82 and never got it back. Naturally, I lost track of him and have not been able to locate him either.
I would pay handsomely to find a copy of the LP (better yet on CD?) and or Cassette.
If you have any info on this and or could direct me to an internet url or what have you that might provide any clues what-so-ever, I would be grateful. Better yet, I would like to buy a copy, albeit from you and or one of your connections.
Kip Long e-mail elangroup@hotmail.com 516-690-1206
I may be way off, but this sounds a lot to me like Richard Clayderman. I have no idea if he's Belgian, but I know he's from Western/Central Europe, and my recollection is that he did albums like this for a number of years. Hope this helps. Jwrosenzweig 07:17, 5 May 2004 (UTC)
Clayderman is French. --Auximines 09:41, 5 May 2004 (UTC)
Alternatively, how about the details of the musician friend, we could try to track them down! Mark Richards 01:08, 6 May 2004 (UTC)
I'm emailing my brother about this. We had a record of similar description in our house many years ago, I just looked for it, but it wasn't there. The cover of the vinyl LP was a painting, possibly airbrushed, of - presumably - the pianist sitting at his piano. Eleanor Rigby was one of the tracks. I didn't used to play it much cos the cover scared me as a child. I'm pretty sure Bach is in the title. But I'll report back when my brother answers my email. --bodnotbod 15:14, May 6, 2004 (UTC)
I can answer your question : The name of the Belgian pianist you are looking for is : François Glorieux. The tracks on that recording are :
Yesterday (F. Chopin) listen
Let it be - Help (R. Schumann) listen
Can't buy me love (G. Gershwin/S. Prokofiev) listen
Ob-la-di, Ob-la-da (W.A. Mozart) listen
Hey Jude (J.S. Bach)
Michelle (M. Ravel)
Yellow Submarine (L. Van Beethoven)
Girl - Ob-la-di, Ob-la-da (J. Brahms)
Norwegian Wood (D. Milhaud)
The fool on the hill (S. Rachmaninoff)
In my life (C. Debussy)
Eleanor Rigby (B. Bartok)
Something (E. Grieg)
When I'm sixty four (J. Strauss) - I want to hold your hand (J.P. Sousa)
Penny Lane - Eight days a week (F. Glorieux)
You've got to hide your love away - Lady Madonna (F. Liszt)
Here there and everywhere (F. Glorieux)
Please, please me - All my loving (P. Tchaikovsky)
Lucy in the sky with diamonds (F. Glorieux)
Nowhere man - I will (F. Mendelssohn)
With a little help of my friends (F. Schubert)
The long and winding road (A. Scriabin)
Hello Goodbye (E. Satie)
His official website is : François Glorieux
In case you would ask : no, I don't possess any recordings of him. I still remember his performances on the VRT, the Flemish Television. A real remarkable man. JoJan 10:20, 16 May 2004 (UTC)
Wikipedia Talk and Google[edit]
Moved to Wikipedia:Help desk#Wikipedia Talk and Google - the Reference desk is for factual/encyclopedic information, the help desk is for Wikipedia-specific/technical information. - IMSoP 17:28, 6 May 2004 (UTC)
Bridget Riley Questions[edit]
To Wikipedia: I read your text about Bridget Riley, and I had a couple of questions for you. 1. Which of Bridget Riley's art pieces would you believe to be her masterpiece? Why? 2. How is Bridget Riley important to modern day life, and how has she effected the course of art and culture? Thank You.
1) the one with all the zigzag lines 2) having personally experienced a Riley-exhibition induced migraine, I can attest that her works surely have a future as non-lethal weapons for riot control or crushing political dissent. -- Finlay McWalter | Talk 03:39, 5 May 2004 (UTC)
In case you have missed the point here, your questions sound awfully like a request to write a homework essay. We're not here to do your homework for you. --136.186.1.116 05:58, 5 May 2004 (UTC)
Thatcher?: 'any man who finds himself on a bus at the age of 26 can account himself a failure'[edit]
I have come across this quote, at least twice at different sources, but wonder if the attribution to Thatcher is correct? -- Kaihsu 09:26, 2004 May 5 (UTC)
Google returns one hit for the quote, attributed to That cher. Anárion 09:44, 5 May 2004 (UTC)
A man who, beyond the age of 26, finds himself on a bus can count himself as a failure.
The attribution is correct. She said it in 1986.
Mrs Thatcher was a snide conservative. Seems to me there is another word for her attitude, one that rhymes with "itchy", but it eludes me for the moment. (I am over the age of 26 and ride the bus to work, so I may perhaps be a bit POV.)
If you need an attribution, you can find it in refered to in the UK Hansard [1] on 2 July 2003 by Mr. Don Foster, MP for Bath. The exact time and place of the original speech I have not been able to identify, but my guess is that it is in the 1986 Hansards, which are not online. Diderot 09:49, 5 May 2004 (UTC)
I have made a tinyurl out of the above link: and will add her quote to Wikiquote. I hope to eventually locate the Hansard source (1986). -- Kaihsu 09:59, 2004 May 5 (UTC)
The earliest reference I can find is (with Factiva) in the "Observer", 26 July 1998, article by Joanna Walters, as "if a man finds himself a passenger on a bus having attained the age of 26, he can account himself a failure in life". Would love to see a photo of the Hansard page. Given the outrageousness of the quote I'm surprised it didn't make the press at the time, so feeling a bit skeptical. -- 2005-12-22
Writing in The Daily Telegraph 30.10.06 Philip Johnston states "it has been attributed to Thatcher, principally by people on the left who seek to give the impression that this is something that she would have said, when the oppostite is the case". It goes on to that this quotes like this are put out by cavalier Labour ministers with scant regard to the truth.
Lindi and Malindi[edit]
(from Village pump)
Dear Ms/Sir
Is Lindi the new name of the ancient city of Malindi in Tazania?
Some one had said that Malindi is the name of three ancient cities located in Kenya, Tazania and South Africa. Is this true?
Malindi has been mentioned in Zhenghe's navigation chart as the last port of call in East africa.
kk Tan
Venomous snakes[edit]
To my fellow Wikipedians, I'm researching a piece of fiction and stumbled upon a problem. I need to find info on a venomous snake, its venom highly neurotoxic to humans, causing death in about 5 seconds (preventing someone from making a quick defensive move). The catch is: this particular snake needs to handled by a skilled herpetologist and temporarily put in a briefcase - so its size is limited. Also, I'd like the signs of poisoning to be minimal, besides the bite marks. I have no clie where to start. Can anyone point me to some relevant info?
Rest assured, I'm not intending to handle snakes or use them to kill someone. - MGM 12:24, May 5, 2004 (UTC)
I don't know very much about snakes but I believe that even the most dangerous kill with in hours rather the seconds. (well they kill their prey much more quickly but a rat is a lot smaller than a man) I don't know of any snake that can kill within seconds. What about man made poisions. There are plenty, I think many of the cyanide typew compounds would work. theresa knott 13:34, 5 May 2004 (UTC)
In Kill Bill, author Quentin Tarantino uses a black mamba for this purpose. It is the fastest moving land snake, and has fairly fast-acting venom. (in the movie the speed was perhaps slightly unrealistic, but hey, it's fiction) -Anon
Yes poetic licence is a wonderful thing. According to this web site at U of C San diego 30 - 120 minutes is a more realistic timing. theresa knott 19:47, 5 May 2004 (UTC)
Well, in the movie, it could have been that much time. Half an hour is certainly within the time frame of the movie. Two hours might be stretching a bit. --WhiteDragon 14:59, 7 May 2004 (UTC)
Perhaps this explains why real assassins rarely use poisonous insects, venomous spiders, sawmill blades, runaway trains, burning ropes suspending heavy objects, or teenage japanese girls with katanas, but stick instead to a prosaic diet of bombs, rockets, and particularly guns. The "mercenary" manual for the ancient Traveller role-playing game gave sage advice in killing people. Despite technological innovations, it said, the easiest way to kill someone is to inject their body with a large amount of kinetic energy, ideally imparted by a large chunk of metal moving at speed. -- Finlay McWalter | Talk 20:00, 5 May 2004 (UTC)
The fierce snake produces the most toxic venom of any snake. LD-50 is 0.025 mg/kg [2]. Trouble is, there are no recorded deaths. All recorded bites to date have been snake handlers, who generally have some anti-venom handy. [3] The Black Mamba venom has a toxicity of 0.32 mg/kg. Unfortunately readily-available toxicity data isn't particularly closely related to kill time. Hydrogen cyanide, when injested, has a toxicity of about 1 mg/kg, but kills much faster than snake venom. Perhaps you should pick some exotic snake that nobody has ever heard of, and claim it kills in 5s. -- Tim Starling 02:20, May 6, 2004 (UTC)
Are we decided on snakes? I think there are types of sea creatures that are more poisonous - what about the Blue-ringed Octopus, or the Pufferfish? Mark Richards 03:12, 6 May 2004 (UTC)
Hmmm, for some reason whenever people talk about poisonous animals, the discussion turns to Australian native wildlife. Blue-ringed octopuses aren't particularly dangerous, they take many hours to kill and even then I don't think they kill 100% of people. Pufferfish aren't really dangerous unless you eat them. No, if you wanted a truly dangerous poisonous sea creature, the obvious choice would be the Box jellyfish. They can kill in half an hour or so, fast enough that the victim might not be able to get medical attention. -- Tim Starling 01:56, May 7, 2004 (UTC)
It's true about Australia! It has a reputation ;) Mark Richards 16:46, 11 May 2004 (UTC)
Please keep discussing, your ideas so far have been great...- MGM 19:38, May 7, 2004 (UTC)
I just remembered some information about snake bites that I learnt in school. In most cases, the snake venom is not injected directly into a blood vessel. Instead it's picked up by the lymphatic system. Unlike the circulatory system, material is moved by a ratchet effect, with help from gravity and muscle movement. The huge majority of snake bites are to a limb. Applying a pressure bandage to the affected limb, immobilising it with a splint or similar, and keeping the patient still can slow progression of symptoms by a large factor. I heard on the weekend about someone dying from a Black Mamba bite in a couple of minutes, because he sprinted away to get help. If the snake bit a person and by chance struck an artery, and the person had a very high heart rate at the time, perhaps death could occur in seconds. -- Tim Starling 02:31, May 10, 2004 (UTC)
Join venture 100-yen shop in Bangladesh[edit]
Hello! Last November03 I've visited some of the 100-yen shop Japan.I'm really interested to establish such type shop in Bangladesh. In this regard, I hope to get your assistance.Your experiance can guide our footsteps.I'm looking forward.Thank you. Major Rahman Bangladesh
I think you may be in the wrong place. We are an encyclopedia and have no money. DJ Clayworth 17:07, 5 May 2004 (UTC)
Who knows though, there may well be people here with experience that can guide this gentleman's steps. Mark Richards 18:48, 5 May 2004 (UTC)
A name change would be a start. But I can't seem to determine how many Bangladeshi Paisas are in 100 yen (or vice versa). This venture sounds like what we in Britain call "Pound Shops" - everything within the shop costs £1 and stock consists of piles of buckets, rickety picture frames and gaudy plastic ornaments. --bodnotbod 20:18, May 5, 2004 (UTC)
Well, a brief look seems to show that 100 Japanese Yen = approx 56 Bangladeshi Taka, which would make the equivalent a '56-Taka Shop'. Of course, I'm not sure what the buying power of the Taka is in Bangladesh - it might be wise to set the value either higher or lower depending on the relative cost of living / earnings. Perhaps this is what Major Rahman needs advice on? Mark Richards 00:29, 6 May 2004 (UTC)
Some of you may be amused (or dismayed) to hear that in Romania they are "dollar stores", based on the value of the U.S. dollar. The Romanian leu is too volatile to provide a useful denomination for this purpose. -- Jmabel 01:45, 6 May 2004 (UTC)
...So does Israel....heaven knows why, as the currency is fairly stabel...I guess theres just nothing to sold for a shekel, and it sounds better than 4.3 shekel shop...I remember before the Euro, in the Netherlands I knew both of a couple 5 gulden shops, and few 2.5 ones....I always thought that was funny for some reason...Datepalm17 18:47, 7 May 2004 (UTC)
Interesting, that may be a good approach for Major Rahman. A quick and crude estimate (Bangladesh's per capita GDP is 1,800USD, Japan's is 28,700USD), I calculate that a 6 Taka shop might be more appropriate - it's possible (although I don't know) that there is a 5 Taka note or coin, which might make a more convenient value. Bear in mind that there is 40% unemployment in Bangladesh, so a low value is probably better than a high. Best wishes, Mark Richards 15:30, 6 May 2004 (UTC)
Indeed there are 5 Taka notes here for a picture! I think we're in business - all we need now is to know how to write 'Everything for five Taka' in Bangladeshi, and we're away! Mark Richards 23:33, 6 May 2004 (UTC)
I think this would be the place to ask about translation - Bengali Wikipedia, but I can't read their main page to know where to ask... Mark Richards 19:45, 7 May 2004 (UTC)
Wikipedia Talk and Google (2nd Post)[edit]
I've merged this with the question it was a continuation of - please just edit a section to continue a discussion, rather than starting a new one. I've then moved the whole discussion to Wikipedia:Help desk#Wikipedia Talk and Google, as this page is for finding facts, whereas that one is for asking about Wikipedia itself. - IMSoP 17:33, 6 May 2004 (UTC)
Wikipedia Languages[edit]
I would like to know how many languages the Wikipedia articles are available in and which ones they are.
Check the "other languages" links at the bottom of every page theresa knott 20:02, 5 May 2004 (UTC)
Since all the translations are done manually, it depends on the article in question. You can also see a list of languages an article is available in at the top of the page.. - MGM 22:39, May 5, 2004 (UTC)
Lect[edit]
In sociolinguistics, what is a lect?
"any variety of a language: family lect, village lect, etc." [4] -- Finlay McWalter | Talk 22:58, 5 May 2004 (UTC)
How do I refrence this website if I need to use it as a source for a research project?[edit]
see Wikipedia:Citing Wikipedia - IMSoP 17:19, 6 May 2004 (UTC)
Sorted list meta tag[edit]
I feel we should extend the Wikilanguage to include a meta tag for specifying that a section is going to be a lexically sorted list, so that in whatever order Wikipedians add entries to the list, the list will always be rendered in a lexically sorted order.
I don't know if this is the right forum to ask this question.
Sundar 06:31, May 6, 2004 (UTC)
Of course it isn't. You're not even asking a question. Put it here. And make sure nobody else has already listed it or similar. --bodnotbod 15:44, May 6, 2004 (UTC)
I'd have been a bit more polite than that, but yes, that's the best place for this kind of dicussion. I also think that feature would be a bit magic and unwikilike, but that's just my opinion - the main problem would be dealing with the formatting of the list, which would vary from article to article. Once I'm not officially too busy, I intend to offer my services using Perl to sort lists that are badly out of order, and other similar jobs that are easier for a computer than a human. - IMSoP 17:13, 6 May 2004 (UTC)
Thanks both of you. -- Sundar 12:02, May 20, 2004 (UTC)
definition of "dramatic programming" ?[edit]
Hi, could someone familiar with entertainment industry terms give a short definition of dramatic programming? (as used in BBC World Service for example, we stumbled over it while trying to translate that entry into German.) I understand that it is sort of an umbrella term for comedy, sports, sitcoms, movies...? thanks, High on a tree 13:46, 6 May 2004 (UTC)
I'm not British, the definition may be a bit different at the Beeb, but I would define it as programming produced from a teleplay - e.g., there was a script, a director, and actors playing parts. This excludes sports, news, reality TV programs, award shows, stand-up comedy... that sort of thing. There is, to my mind, a strong implication of work commissioned for television, or at the limit theatre films being broadcast on TV. I would include sitcoms but not variety programs like Saturday Night Live or The Man Show, even though they are scripted and have actors. The sense I have is that dramatic programming ought to have a dramatis personae, along with a plot and a denouement.
However, there could be regional difference. This term is not often heard in America. Diderot 14:24, 6 May 2004 (UTC)
'programming' in BBC speak just means the making of programmes. 'dramatic programming' would be the making of programmes that are 'drama'. Drama shows (almost) are always scripted and fictional (so sports, news, reality and game shows are not drama). Drama is usually used in radio and TV to mean 'serious' or 'not comedy'. So a sitcom is not usually considered 'drama'. However it isn't a unniversal rule; a production of a classic play would normally be 'drama', even if it is funny. Miniseries are often 'drama' even if they are comedies. And some organisations may consider sitcoms 'drama'; it depends.
In the US I believe there is a very simple guideline - half hour shows are comedies; one hour shoows are dramas. But that's just hearsay or maybe common usage. DJ Clayworth 14:52, 6 May 2004 (UTC)
I'm British. Diderot is right. At the BBC there is a job description Head of Drama (various posts throughout the regions). Instead, maybe, of trying to condense Diderot's reply - which is hardly short - perhaps you could red link it and someone else can make an article later on? Alternatively Google BBC "Head of Drama" to explore this topic. --bodnotbod 15:52, May 6, 2004 (UTC)
thanks for your replies! I googled a bit further (1920 hits for "dramatic programming"). Most hits seem to be for Canadian TV, there is a mandatory v-chip program rating system there which defines among other categories drama programming: dramatic series and soap operas, made-for-television movies, comedy series. That is in accord with Diderot's definition. Btw I'm not sure it is an official BBC term. Also, the article BBC World Service uses it in a radio (not TV) context: In addition (to news broadcasts), the World Service provides educational, dramatic, and sports programming.. regards, High on a tree 16:20, 6 May 2004 (UTC)
I'll write a stub. -- Jmabel 19:08, 6 May 2004 (UTC)
Church of Ireland dioceses[edit]
The Church Temporalities Act of 1833 degraded the archdioceses of Tuam and Cashel to dioceses. It also merged ten dioceses with other dioceses: does anyone know which dioceses were merged together? -- Emsworth 22:43, May 7, 2004 (UTC)
List of Church of Ireland dioceses -- Jim Regan 21:13, 11 May 2004 (UTC)
exact size of DVD-R[edit]
The DVD-R article gives the capacity of DVD-R media as the commonly reported 4.7GB. Does anyone know the exact size in bytes? I want to burn an ISO 9660 filesystem with one file on it. What is the largest file size I can use?
thanks, WhiteDragon 18:05, 6 May 2004 (UTC)
(not really answering your question directly) I dunno about the actual size of the disk (if it's anything like CD then it's horribly variable) but if you _really_ want to squeeze the max from it, don't burn a filesystem at all - just burn the file you want directly to the disk. The only way to read it back would be with dd, but you'd save some (rather trivial) amount of filesystem space. -- Finlay McWalter | Talk 23:55, 6 May 2004 (UTC)
According to http://www.osta.org/technology/dvdqa/dvdqa6.htm a DVD has 4.7GB space. However, this is missleading as the manufacturers use the term GB differently to how Windows(tm) uses it (Windows is in the right for once).
DVD-R can apparently store 4,700,000,000 bytes, although there might be minor variations in this size depending on your media.
4,700,000,000 bytes == 4,589,843 kbytes == 4,482 Mbytes == 4.377 GB
But because the disks can hold 4,700,000,000 bytes, manufacturers (incorrectly) call thier disks 4.7GB when in fact they can only hold a max of 4.377GB
tuberculosis[edit]
Anyone know about the derivation of the word tuberculosis? And about old children songs that include disease?
"tuberculosis" means roughly "tubercle-disease". A tubercle is a tuber-like little lesion on the lung tissue, which the disease causes. It's called that because it looks a bit like a tuber. -- Finlay McWalter | Talk 23:41, 6 May 2004 (UTC)
urgh. Well, "tuber" in latin is, I believe, "a lump". So really it means "lump-disease". -- Finlay McWalter | Talk 23:46, 6 May 2004 (UTC)
Tuberculosis is so named because of the "tubercles" (bumps or nodules) it causes (specifically the nodules of greyish matter (characterized as caseating necrosis) in diseased lungs). The word originated in the Latin tuber, meaning a bump or swelling. When first used (in English, about 1860) tuberculosis could mean any disease characterized by the formation of tubercles. Since the discovery by Robert Koch in 1882 of the tubercle-bacillus it is restricted to diseases caused by it. -- Nunh-huh 23:48, 6 May 2004 (UTC)
I can't think of any British children's songs about tuberculosis, not that I'm claiming there is any special reason I should know them, or that it's my field. You may be thinking of (what I call) Ring o' ring 'o roses - documented there in a number of different forms quite different to those I sang as a child and, apparently, NOT related to the black plague as I've thought for many years. How disillusioning this knowledge business can be. I quite liked the idea a song I sang at school had sinister origins. --bodnotbod 12:54, May 7, 2004 (UTC)
Who were the romans and what were their effects on modern life?[edit]
from the pump
P.S. this won't be a huge rabling on commentary article, unlike the title! Please participate in this discussion! ==
So we all know who the ROmans were, but what is their relevancy to modern day technology and life? They certainly were interesting folk, letting the most part of their P.O.W.s actually become citizens of their empire, which lasted over 2000 years!!!! The aqueducs are another sign of their ingenuity and originality. So, what do YOU know about the Romans, who influenced our life today? Where would we be without them? Comments, please!
This might be somewhat more appropriate on a page about the Romans? Mark Richards 01:59, 7 May 2004 (UTC)
BBC - What the Romans Did For Us - knock yerself out ;o) --bodnotbod 12:58, May 7, 2004 (UTC)
Try also: http://www.mwscomp.com/movies/brian/brian-09.htm :) Adam Bishop 05:00, 8 May 2004 (UTC)
Excellent for the minority view is Petr (sic) Beckmann's A History of π, if you can find it: chapter 5 is titled "The Roman Pest". A flavor: "Rome was not the first state of organized gangsterdom, nor was it the last, but it was the only one that managed to bamboozle posterity into an almost universal admiration. Few rational men admire the Huns, the Nazis or the Soviets; but for centuries, schoolboys have been expected to read Julius Caesar's militaristic drivel and Cato's revolting incitements to war. They have been led to to believe that the Romans had attained an advanced level in the sciences, the arts, law, architecture, engineering and everything else....What the Romans excelled in was bullying, bludgeoning, butchering and bloodbaths. Like the Soviet Empire, the Roman Empire enslaved peoples whose cultural level was far above their own. They not only ruthlessly vandalied their countries, but they also looted them, stealing their art treasure, abducting their scientists and copying their technical know-how, which the Romans' barren society was rarely able to improve on. No wonder, then, that Rome was filled with great works of art. But the light of culture which Rome is supposed to have emanated was a borrowed light: borrowed from the Greeks and the other peoples that the Roman militarists had enslaved." Well worth reading just for the prose style. - Nunh-huh 22:09, 13 May 2004 (UTC)
Semantax and Layering[edit]
In linguistics, what do the terms semantax and layering mean?
Semantics (if that is what you meant) is the study of meaning. I'm not too sure about layering, but you may want to check out the series of articles related to linguistics. -- Wapcaplet 04:09, 7 May 2004 (UTC)
Try a Google search on "Semantic layering" (over 500 hits), include the quote marks. Here's the top hit. It's all greek to me. --bodnotbod 13:01, May 7, 2004 (UTC)
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Reference_desk/Archives/May_2004&oldid=903639963"


text:
170. Elasticity Of Note Issues
Each chartered bank is allowed to issue notes in amount equal to its capital without deposit of security of any kind. Since 1908 the Canadian banks have had the right to issue during the crop-moving season, October 1 to January 1, an additional emergency circulation equal to 15 per cent of their capital and surplus or "rest" fund. This additional circulation is subject to a tax not exceeding 5 per cent assessed by the Governor in Council. The recent revision of the Canadian Bank Act, which became effective July 1, 1913, provides for a further increase of circulation by depositing gold or Dominion notes, in what is termed the "Central Gold Reserves." These reserves will be under the control of trustees appointed by the Canadian Bankers' Association and the Minister of Finance.
Note holders are protected (1) by a first lien upon the assets of the bank; (2) by the double liability of the stockholders; (3) by a 5 per cent circulation redemption fund. The note holder is further protected by the provision that the notes of failed banks shall draw 5 per cent interest from the time of default until announcement is made of readiness to redeem them. This holds them at par pending redemption as the yield of 5 per cent makes them a desirable investment for other banks. The redemption fund of 5 per cent of the circulation, which is required of each bank, is in the custody of the Minister of Finance and draws interest at 3 per cent. If the fund becomes impaired the banks may be called upon to restore it, but the rate of contribution is not to exceed 1 per cent a year. Since 1890, however, this fund has never been drawn upon. A few banks have failed, but their notes have been redeemed either out of the assets or by recourse to the double liability of the stockholders.
The law requires each bank to redeem its notes at its head office and in certain commercial centers designated by the treasury board. The redemption cities are the same for all banks and now include Montreal, Halifax, St. John, Charlottetown, Toronto, Winnipeg and Victoria. When the note of a bank is in circulation it is earning money for the bank, so each bank is anxious to keep out as large a volume of its own notes as possible. Hence every bank pays out its own notes through its branches and sends in the notes of other banks for redemption as fast as they are received. They are redeemed in the same way as checks are collected; in cities having clearing houses the notes and checks alike appear in the collections. There is, therefore, a constant process of redemption and issue and the volume of notes rises and falls with the needs of business.
This system of automatic redemption thus provides a safe and clastic currency without the danger of inflation. When a merchant deposits notes, together with his checks, drafts and like items in the local branch bank, this branch sorts out the notes of other banks and sends them to the nearest redemption agency or uses them as an offset in the local clearing house if the issuing banks have branches in that particular town. Thus each bank is constantly send ing in for redemption the notes of other banks and at the same time is paying out its own notes to depositors who want cash. In this way inflation is avoided, and the volume of currency responds automatically to the demands of business.
Though Canada, like the United States, makes use of more currency at the crop-moving season than at other times, it is singularly free from the monetary disturbances and anxiety that we formerly experienced every autumn. The bank note has practically exclusive possession of the currency field in Canada. Though the circulation of all the banks does not ordinarily exceed 50 or 60 per cent of the capital, it may be issued up to the full capital and in emergencies an additional 15 per cent is possible. No security is required against the circulation and no fixed reserve. The Canadian banks meet the need for additional currency by the issue of their own notes, but this leaves their liabilities unchanged, for their deposits decline in proportion as their notes inerease. When a depositor draws $1,000 from his bank and reeeives $1,000 of the bank's own notes, the liability of the bank has simply been changed from a deposit liability to a note liability, and since its reserve of legal tender money remains undisturbed, the transaction does not involve any reduction in its loans.1
The Canadian banks are not required to keep a specified cash reserve against notes or other liabilities. The only legal provision is that of whatever reserve a bank may keep, 40 per cent shall be in Dominion notes. Each bank is free to keep whatever reserve it deems adequate, and adequate reserves are always carried. There is a tacit understanding among the banks that in normal times the reserve should equal 15 per cent of the liabilities, and that about 8 per cent should be cash on hand, the rest being in balances due from other banks.2 The ratio varies with the season and with local conditions, but the whole matter is left to the judgment of the bank managers. The Canadian banks have not suffered from a crisis or panic for over thirty years.
1 Johnson: Canadian Banking System (Nat. Mon. Comm.), p. 62. 2 Ibid., p. 71.
prev: 169. The Canadian Banking System
next: 171. Branch Banking


Alzheimer's disease can have a profound effect on families and caregivers, in particular. If you are caring for a loved one with Alzheimer's or related dementias, you are in good company. About 140,000 North Carolinians today are affected by Alzheimer's; a number that is expected to quadruple by 2025.
Fortunately, there are many local, state and national resources available to help you and your family cope. Here are just a few.
Alzheimer's North Carolina (ALZ NC) provides family support, community education, public awareness and supports research for the prevention, cure and treatment of Alzheimer's disease and related disorders. ALZ NC serves 51 of North Carolina's 100 counties–from the Triangle to the coast.


Fishing Monthly Magazines : Prime Time to Wet a Line "
Trout fishing is in its prime throughout West and South Gippsland so wet a line now before the season closes from June 8 through to the September 4.
May provides for an exciting month fishing for trout. The water temperature drops, energising trout activity, and more feed is brought in to the tributaries from rainfall run-off in the hills. Big trout will also start emerging from the hard to reach holes along the streams as they chase rapids gearing up for the breeding season.
The Tanjil River is flowing well and there is an abundance of rainbows and browns ranging from 100-500g with the odd larger specimen taking you by surprise. This could be said for the Latrobe, Toorongo, Loch and Tarago rivers in West Gippsland too, which are all still providing a lot of fun for anglers.
Going south, Shady Creek, Lang Lang and Bunyip Rrivers are fishing very well. I heard a report of small pan-sized redfin being caught in Shady Creek using garden worms under a float. If you remember back to last month's article, I suggested the Bunyip River as a hot spot to try before the trout season closes.
I popped over to the Bunyip River near the town of Bunyip for a couple of hours one afternoon and I had an absolute ball! When I first got there I noticed the stream flow was well down due to a lack of rainfall in March and there didn't appear to be any trout in the large pools or slow runs. My first thought was that I had directed readers to a dud spot, certainly not a hot spot. After a while I managed to work out where all the trout were hiding which led to a 100% strike rate.
After each rapid there is generally a small, deep pool that the water flows into creating turbulence. Within these deep pools were some fantastic trout. An educated guess is that the water temperature was quite warm in the large pools and slow runs, making it uncomfortable for the fish to feed. This pushed them into these cooler, well-oxygenated holes. Because of the turbulence, it made it very hard to hold a fish as it fights to get off the hook. Consequently I came home empty handed but I lost 20 odd browns ranging 200-600g. One fish I dropped was an absolute ripper that would have been well over a kilo and probably the biggest stream brown I've fought for a while. I was using a Squidgy Wriggler with a yellow tail on a Squidgy Finesse Head Jig 0.5g #6 and Rapala F5 in a rainbow trout pattern when I fished the Bunyip.
Another positive for the Bunyip River is that there has been extensive environmental improvement works over the last six months resulting in improved angler access to the river along Southbank Road.
Whatever your speciality, whether you are a lure, bait or a fly angler, you are sure to hook into a May stream trout before the season closes. Please email me any reports or photos or feel free to ask me any questions.
The author making the most of the trout season on the Tanjil River West Branch before the season closes on Monday the June 8.